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Home Blog Miscellaneous Independence of Judiciary: A Bird's Eye View
Independence of Judiciary: A Bird's Eye View
Nabila Rubaiyat Anzara
Focus Keyword: Independence of Judiciary in Bangladesh
"The importance of an independent judiciary is not less but all the greater when judges have to serve under an all-powerful parliament dominated by a party cabinet, and concentrating all the powers and more than all powers of the executive and legislature combined in one coherent complex." -Lord Hailsham (1)
The Judicial independence is a cornerstone of the rule of law. The doctrine of due process of law is also based on judicial independence. From time immemorial, the judicial system of Bangladesh has not been completely independent from the interference of the executive branch of the government. It has also been found that from the beginning of the British colonial rule, the question of separation of the judiciary from the executive had been a continuing debate. Presently, even after the separation of the judiciary, the interference of the executive over the judiciary is still continuing. Without separation of the judiciary from other organs of the state, the absolute independence of the judiciary is not possible. An attempt has been made in this write up to sketch the brief historical background of the judicial system in Bangladesh through analyzing the meaning and basic principles of judicial independence and to what extent these principles exist in Bangladesh.
Questions that now arise are- how was the judiciary finally separated from the executive? After separation of the judiciary, what is the status of executive interference over the judiciary in Bangladesh? These issues have been addressed below:
Historical Background and Developments (In a Nutshell):
The idea of independence of the judiciary was first worked out by a French philosopher Montesquieu, who articulated the famous "Theory of Separation of Power" in the sixteenth century. Separation of the judiciary from the executive refers to a position in which the judicial branch of government can act without any interference from other branches of government, particularly the executive.
The Constitution of Bangladesh provides for an impartial and independent judiciary as one of its cornerstones. In reality, though the judiciary has been subservient to the all-powerful executive government since independence in 1971, various governments made rhetorical promises to separate the judiciary from the executive only to appease popular demand for an independent judiciary. The domineering culture of executive autocracy over the constitutional imperative of the separation of power militated against the creation of an independent judiciary. This situation led Masdar Hossain, a lower court judge, to lodge a writ petition with the Supreme Court (SC) seeking an order for the separation of the judiciary from the executive as required in Article 22 of the Constitution.
The High Court Division (HCD) in May 1999 issued a directive to the government to separate the judiciary, both higher and lower, from the executive within eight weeks. This ruling prevailed on appeal in November 2000 and reaffirmed in the revision case in June 2001 in the Appellate Division (AD). The SC ruling worked out 12 directives for the government to implement the separation without any constitutional amendments, which went unheeded. Despite Articles 102 and 112 of the Constitution making all SC rulings binding for all citizens and authorities, the then government sought 26 extensions of time to implement the ruling and eventually left the office in October 2006 without separating the judiciary. The interim caretaker government that assumed office after October 2006 declared the separation in January 2007 and enacted four sets of rules to effect this separation. These rules, implemented by 1 July 2007, rendered the SC independent and brought the magistrates exercising judicial functions under the control of the SC, free of executive influence. This reform is yet to be implemented in the lower judiciary, which remains largely under the control of the executive.(2)
Introduction to the Doctrine of Separation and Elements of the Independence of Judiciary:
The Judiciary is an important organ of the government, which primarily administers the law by expounding and defining its true meaning. In a free society, the necessity of the judiciary is keenly felt to ascertain and decide both public and private rights, to administer justice, to punish crimes and to protect the innocent from injury and usurpation. (3)
At modern times, it is contended that the independence of the judiciary is principally a result of the doctrine of separation of powers, the doctrine which means the distribution of powers among different organs of the government. In earlier history, however, the doctrine had nothing to do with the independence of judges, but now it is said to have received its application in democratic countries by securing the independence of courts from the control of the executive. (4)
The most central and traditional meaning of the independence of the judiciary is that the judges are in a position to arrive at their decisions free from interference of the political branches, especially the executive, and apprehension for suffering personally as a result of exercising their judicial powers. But the concept of judicial independence has broadened over the years. Now it has many facets. Recent international efforts have particularly led four meanings of judicial independence:
a) Substantive independence
b) Personal independence
c) Collective independence
d) Internal independence
It is to be noted that the concept of substantive and personal independence is something that was always universally recognized in the legal world. But the latter two was first recognized by the International Bar Association's Minimum Standards of Judicial Independence, 1982 and following them by the Montreal Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, 1983. This recognition is considered one of the most significant contributions of the international standards to judicial independence.
Importance of an Independent Judiciary:
Judicial independence is a sine qua non (an essential condition; a thing that is absolutely necessary) in a democratic society proclaiming the rule of law. For, it is the judiciary charged with the ultimate decision over life, liberty, freedom, rights, duties and property of citizens.
The Judiciary is an important organ of the government, which primarily administers the law by expounding and defining its true meaning. In a free society, the necessity of the judiciary is keenly felt to ascertain and decide both public and private rights, to administer justice, to punish crimes and to protect the innocent from injury and usurpation.
Since its modern beginnings, the international human rights law has incorporated the principle of judicial independence within its jurisprudence. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principle of the independence of the judiciary. (5) Similarly, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 provides that everyone is entitled to a fair public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. (6) Later, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 imposed upon governments the duty to preserve the judicial independence in the administration of criminal justice. (7)
Referring to the importance of the independence of the judiciary, an eminent authority, namely, Henry Sidgwick, has gone so far as to say that "in determining a nation's rank in political civilization, no test is more decisive than the degree in which justice as defined by the law is actually realized in its judicial administration…" (8)
· Enforcement of Fundamental Rights Through Independence of Judiciary:
The precise meaning and application of constitutionally guaranteed rights to particular situations is left to the judiciary. The enforcement of rights is assured only by an independent and impartial judiciary. In Madison's words:
"Independent tribunals of justice will consider themselves in a peculiar manner the guardians of those (constitutionally protected) rights. They will be naturally led to resist every encroachment upon rights expressly stipulated in that Constitution by the declaration of rights." (9)
Without an independent judiciary to interpret and enforce them, such constitutional guarantees are of little worth. One of the conclusions of the International Conference of Jurists, held in Bangkok in 1965, emphasized the importance of judicial independence to enforce rights thus:
"The ultimate protection of the individual in a society governed by Rule of Law depends upon the existence of an enlightened, independent and courageous judiciary and upon adequate provision for the speedy and effective administration of justice."
Thus, a bill of rights will only be as effective as the judiciary is independent. Unless and until the common man finds that the judiciary upholds the constitutional guarantees independently and earnestly, the roots of the rule of law cannot go deep into the society. The judiciary must be the watchdog and formidable protector of the rights of the individuals entrenched in the constitution. "An impartial judiciary composed of competent judges is the best guarantee of proper administration of justice, and in the final analysis, of defense of human rights." (10)
The increasing attention of the United Nations (the first U.N. Standards in the field is the Basic Principles on the independence of the Judiciary adopted in 1985), and other international organizations to formulate universal principles and safeguards of judicial independence, demonstrate the realization that the independence and impartiality of the courts are essential to the effective implementation of human rights instruments and perhaps, even more, important than providing for human rights.
· Protection of People Against the Usurpations of the Executive and Legislative Departments:
The independence of the judiciary is indispensable to secure the people against the intentional as well as unintentional usurpations of the executive and legislative departments. As Madison says:
"Independent tribunals of justice will consider themselves… an impenetrable bulwark against every assumption of power in the Legislature or Executive." (11)
The citizen must look primarily to an independent judiciary for redress if there is a denial of benefits to which a citizen is entitled of unlawful interference with his freedom of action according to law. For example, in the United States, there is scarcely any sort of government action, or threatened government action, which is not subject to judicial review. America has indeed moved a long way in the direction of government by the judiciary. (12)
An independent and impartial judiciary can only determine whether the executive actions challenged were exercised outside the provisions of the constitution and other laws of the country. Other than reviewing executive actions, such a judiciary can also determine by reference to the constitution, the validity of challenged legislation remaining unaffected either by the policy or the wishes of the government.
Public Confidence in Judicial Impartiality:
The Judiciary, which is the last hope of the citizen contributes vitally to the preservation of social peace and order by setting legal disputes and thus promotes a harmonious and integrated society. The quantum of its contribution, however, largely depends upon the willingness of the people to present their problems before it and to submit to its judgments. What matters most, therefore, is the extent to which people have confidence in judicial impartiality. According to Justice Frankfurter "the confidence of the people is the ultimate reliance of the Court as an institution." (13)
Thus the "independence of the judiciary lends prestige to the office of a judge and inspires confidence in the general public."(14) In fact, the significance of public perception in the judiciary is well reflected in the oft quoted maxim that "Justice must not only be done, but also be seen to be done." It is also reflected in the two basic rules of natural justice -impartiality and fairness of the proceedings applied for self-disqualification for bias. Hence public perception is one of the fundamental values of the administration of justice.
Hence the public perception of the independence of the judiciary is also to assure public confidence in the courts. As chief Justice Holland of the Ontario Supreme Court puts it in the case of R. v. Valente (15) thus-
"It is most important that the judiciary be independent and be so perceived by public. The Judge must not have cause to fear that they will be prejudiced by their decisions or that the public would reasonably apprehend this to be the case."
It is hence justified to say that the independence of the judiciary is essential for maintaining purity of justice in the social system and enabling it to earn public confidence in the administration of justice.
The Present Scenario in Bangladesh:
In line with the landmark judicial decision by the Appellate Division in Masder Hossain case back in 1999, the Caretaker Government headed by Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed amended the Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 in November, 2007 along with these changes the lower judiciary was separated from the organs of the executive. Although the term 'executive magistrate' still exists in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, 'executive magistrates' are no longer vested with any judicial functions; their functions are administrative in nature. However, it is to be noted that by the Mobile Court Ordinance, 2007 (Ordinance No. 31 of 2007) some judicial powers have been given to the executive magistrates. Through the addition of sub-section (4) of section 190 of The Code of Criminal Procedure Amendment Act, 2009 the executive magistrates may hold the authority to send for trial to the court of competent jurisdiction under order specifying the reasons and the period stated by the Government. This is an exceptional situation. Besides this, the parliamentary standing committee on law, in line with the mounting pressure from the admin cadre, decided to recommend that the parliament vest authority in the government to empower executive magistrates to take cognizance in "extra-ordinary circumstances" or "in all circumstances"
The Parliamentary Committee has also suggested that this power of cognizance will be given to executive magistrates for maintaining law and order situation and this has nothing to do with trial and giving punishment. This easy logic sounds easy, but the consequence will lead to a very sordid picture in ensuring the rule of law in the country.
After November 1, 2007 the basic laws with regard to the separation of the judiciary are constituted through the Judicial Service Commission.
· Cognizance Power and Separation of Judiciary:
Giving cognizance power to executive magistrates gives rise to an expected question- Will it be an executive and/or administrative power or judicial power?
The answer is that cognizance is a judicial power and any misuse or abuse of such power is to be corrected through judicial process. This is normally done by filing an application in the High Court Division under section 561A of the CrPc. However, an executive power cannot be questioned in 561A application. Again, if cognizance power is given to executive magistrates, how will the apex court exercise its supervisory powers? So the accommodation of powers between judicial and executive magistrates will be difficult.
Also, if an executive magistrate is given the power questions like 'Where will a petitioner or the informant file application against the decision of the executive magistrate?' or 'what will be the remedy for the accused against the rejection of bail prayer?' or 'where will he file prayer for consideration of bail?' Hence the ultimate result will lead to a power clash between two authorities.
The parliament may give cognizance power to executive magistrates by special law like Special Powers Act if needed in special circumstances, but giving a blanket power to take cognizance in a general law like CrPC will mean dependent dispensation functions like before.
Most importantly, as cognizance power is a judicial power, and the same would be exercised by an executive magistrate, he be armed with subsequent powers associated with it as laid down in section 200 of the CrPC which will ultimately lead to a clash within a historic verdict in the Masder Hossain case as there will no longer remain a separate judiciary. This is because the Appellate Division held in the case that, "executive and administrative services of the Republic with which the judicial service cannot be placed on par on any account and that it cannot be amalgamated, abolished, replaced, mixed up and tied together with the civil executive and administrative services." (para 76)
Debates regarding Article 22 of the Constitution and Separation of Judiciary:
The Constitution of Bangladesh in Article 22 speaks of the separation of the judiciary from the executive stating, "The State shall ensure the separation of the judiciary from the executive organs of the State."
An argument which has been is that since Article 22 is not judicially enforceable, the separation of the judiciary as implemented by the two ordinances amending CrPC by the Caretaker Government is invalid. However, it is to be emphasized that the Appellate Division while delivering its judgment nowhere mentioned that it was giving directions to the government to implement Article 22 although Justice Latifur Rahman referred to this Article in paragraph 78 of the judgment. The decision and directions given in the Masder Hossain Case are based on the interpretation of Articles 115, 116, 116A of the Constitution which are mandatory in nature. For example,
Article 116A states,
"Subject to the provisions of the Constitution, all persons employed in the judicial service and all magistrates shall be independent in the exercise of their judicial functions." (16)
Further, like Article 22, there are 18 Articles in the Constitution, which are not judicially enforceable. They are not judicially enforceable as such, but the Constitution itself makes it clear that these directives shall be applied in making laws by the Government and parliament and they shall act as a guide to the interpretation of the constitution and the laws of the country. Fundamental principles enunciated in the constitution like Article 22 are political commitments to the nation and the elected governments are oath bound to implement them on priority basis.
Now it remains to be seen how the government will give this judicial power to the executive magistrates and once this power is given to the question of legality of such power might come before the apex court by way of writ petition. (17)
The foregoing discussion reveals that the central principle underlying the administration of justice is the independence of the judiciary. An enlightened, independent and courageous judiciary is the fundamental requisite, a basic element for the very existence of any society that respects the rule of law as a subservient judiciary cannot be relied upon to accomplish the task of protecting human rights and the rule of law.
If judicial independence exists in a democratic country like Bangladesh, absolutism in government cannot establish here. For it is the independent judiciary, which "stands between the subject and any attempted encroachments of his liberty by the executive, alert to see that any coercive action is justified in law." (18)
It should be kept in mind that judicial independence is something that must never be taken for granted, and like freedom, exacts the price of eternal vigilance. "Justice" says Henry Cecil, "is such a precious commodity that everything reasonable should be done to attain the highest standard."
An impartial administration of justice "is like oxygen in the air, they (the people) know and care nothing about it until it is withdrawn." (Lord Atkin) In the long run, the manner in which judges perform their duties can build up public opinion for the courts and public opinion is a better safeguard for the independence of judges than laws and constitutional guarantees. The public will support the courts if they are seen as an effective impartial forum for resolving disputes. Hence the independence of the judiciary should be protected with utmost care.
[1] Hailsham, Lord, The Door Wherein I went, 245 (1975)
[2] International Journal of Law and Management; Vol. 54 No. 1, 2012, pp. 61-77
[3] Dr. M. Ershadul Bari, Importance of an independent Judiciary in a Democratic State
[4] Philips, O. Hood (& Jackson, Paul) Constitutional & Administrative Law, 15 (1978)
[5] Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
[6] Article 6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom
[7] Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
[8] Sidgwick Henry, The Elements of Politics, 481 (1897)
[9] Quoted in Agresto, J, Supreme Cort and Constitutional Democracy, 25 (1984)
[10] Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, 182 (1985)
[11] Quoted in Agresto, J, op.cit, 25
[12] Griswold, Erwin N. "The Judiciary and the Government", a paper presented at the 2nd International Conference of Appellate Judges, Australia 28 (1980)
[13] Frankfurter, "The Supreme Court in the Mirror of Justices" (1957), 105, University of Pennsylvania Law Review 781,796.
[14] Robson, W.A. Justice and Administration Law, 47 (1951)
[15] Ontario Ministry of Attorney General, White Paper on Courts Administration, 13 (1976)
[16] The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
[17] The Legal System of Bangladesh by MD Abdul Halim
[18] Lord Atkin in his memorable war-time dissent in Liversidge v. Anderson (1942) A.C. 206, 44
Cite this article as: Nabila Rubaiyat Anzara, 'Independence of Judiciary: A Bird's Eye View' (Bangladesh Law Digest, August 13, 2016) <https://bdlawdigest.org/independence-of-judiciary-in-bangladesh.html>
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Nabila Rubaiyat Anzara is currently studying LLB at the University of Dhaka. She is working with the BDLD as a contributor.


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Robertson Draw and other blazes kick off what could be a devastating fire season
'I pretty much watched our house burn down'
By: Arren Kimbel-Sannit - June 19, 2021 12:58 pm
The Robertson Draw Fire burns near the Shetler property. (Courtesy Paul Thomas)
Lorna and Earl Shetler's place outside of Belfry didn't seem likely to burn.
The Robertson Draw fire, first spotted on Sunday about 12 miles south of Red Lodge in the Beartooth Mountains, was headed away from their home. The wind direction was encouraging.
The Shetlers had been out of town for Earl's dad's 94th birthday in Oregon when the fire first began to spread. By the time they got back to town Monday, the Carbon County Sheriff's Office had already ordered and lifted an evacuation for their area around Ruby and Gold creeks, though the subdivisions remained under warnings. The couple figured they were safe.
"The fire was way over in Robertson Draw — we weren't too concerned, we were just going about our business," Earl Shetler, 60, said.
But with abnormally high temperatures, the stage was set. Tuesday, the winds changed. Hot, dry air buffeted and fueled the flames; the family says the fire moved about 3 miles toward their house in less than an hour. A friend texted to tell Earl that the blaze had jumped into Ruby Creek. Firefighters told the Shetlers they'd have to leave; Lorna went ahead, but Earl said he got the OK from the fire crew to wait a little longer to take care of some final tasks.
"The fire still seemed to be in Ruby Creek," he said. "Then I could see it come over the mountain into the Gold Creek drainage — and then all of a sudden it appeared on our property. The winds were so high and intense. It swept right up our draw."
The house sat on a bluff, adjacent to a canyon. The winds were so intense that the flames bounded over that natural trench.
"This is abnormal," Earl Shetler said. "Now we have August in late June."
The Shetlers loaded up two trucks when it became clear they'd need to evacuate. Lorna had already left, so Earl took the remaining truck down the mountain. He stopped part of the way down to take some pictures.
"I pretty much watched our house burn down," he said.
The couple stood over the ashy remains the next day. Their son-in-law, Paul Thomas, had come up from central Wyoming to help out.
"If it could burn, it did," he said. The Shetler home, several sheds and almost all the family's earthly possessions were gone.
Earl Shetler, a Christian, said he measures his wealth beyond the material, and that the support the family has received from the community in the form of donations and places to stay show he is indeed wealthy in a way "that people don't measure."
He recalled thinking, as he watched his house burn, that the fire would bring him closer to Christ, and that one day, Christ would burn the whole world.
What was once the Shetler home (Courtesy Paul Thomas)
The Shetler home is one of eight standalone properties and 13 outbuildings to burn so far in the Robertson Draw Fire, according to the Carbon County Sheriff. At more than 27,000 acres as of Saturday with another hot, dry, gusty weekend ahead, it's liable to burn fast once again.
"All you need is one little spot to have it go and take off again," said Red Lodge Fire Chief Tom Kuntz at a public meeting held earlier in the week. "This fire is not out, and it's not going to be out for a while."
Kuntz said it's one of the biggest fires he's seen — especially this early in the summer — and one of the toughest to fight.
"When we arrived on scene, it was moving, and it was moving fast up the hill," Kuntz said. "Just from when we got to the Belfry to where we actually got into the fire, you could see the column grow. We had to change our mindset fighting this fire, and we had to think of this as being August."
This is the theme for not just the Robertson Draw fire, but also several other fires burning around the state — and for that matter, the West. The Deep Creek fire outside of Townsend, now at 4,600 acres and 7 percent containment, likewise caused evacuations in the area. At one point, the winds around Deep Creek Canyon were so ferocious that they spun and downed a helicopter operated by the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, the first heli crash in the history of the department's Aviation Program. The crew survived with only minor injuries.
And to the east of Red Lodge, near Bridger, the Crooked Creek Fire has torched 5,200 acres of National Forest land.
"Some historic factors came into play — when was the last time someone saw 90 degrees in Red Lodge in June?" said Ken Coffin, a Beartooth District Ranger, at the same briefing on Wednesday.
Two weeks ago, state and federal officials came to Helena to brief Gov. Greg Gianforte on the forthcoming fire season. Especially east of the continental divide, persistent drought had baked in a predisposition to wildfire. Fuel moistures were unusually low, and the existing aridity was exacerbated by plummeting temperatures in February that effectively freeze-dried the soil. By August, the whole state will be subject to an elevated fire risk.
And a new study from researchers at the University of Montana found that as climate change has intensified, Rocky Mountain subalpine forests are burning more than at any point in the last 2000 years.
Many of these same factors govern the fires that the state has seen in the last week, said Coleen Haskell, a meteorologist with the Missoula-based Northern Rockies Coordinating Council.
"We know it's gonna be hot and dry — but more specifically, what I'm keying in on for these high-level events are those ridges of high pressure followed by when they break down," said Haskell. "That's our critical fire weather pattern here."
These high-pressure ridges are coming earlier and stronger this year than others. When these ridges sit over an area, they prevent fuels from recovering humidity at night, desiccating the ground. The fires, as was the case in Red Lodge, just keep burning through the night. On the hot-dry-windy index, a relatively new creation of fire meteorologists, the conditions in the last week reached the 97th percentile, Haskell said.
NOAA Update
Thursday in a NOAA climate update, climatologist Ahira Sanchez-Lugo said much of the West is entrenched in drought. Sanchez-Lugo, with the NOAA Centers for Environmental Information, said 88 percent of the West was in some drought as of the most recent report, and 55 percent was in "extreme to exceptional drought."
The drought has many implications for fire, said Gina Palma, fire meteorologist, on the same NOAA call. For one thing, she said, fuels are drying even more rapidly than usual.
The trend is pushing many areas into an early start to fire season, said Palma, with the Great Basin Coordination Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
"In areas of severe or exceptional drought, we are seeing field conditions that we would typically see in July and August," Palma said.
Fuel moisture has peaked in sage brush and some timber, she said. Grass growth has slowed, and she said that's one positive development for fire season.
"That is going to be an important note at our lowest elevations, where grass fires typically drive fire season," Palma said.
Already, big fires are burning in the southwest and even in Montana, and the forecast means more blazes on the near horizon. In this weather, she said, dry fuels are more susceptible to ignition with high heat, strong winds and dry lightning, even in the absence of significant weather, she said.
By the time August rolls around, a map from the NOAA projected the state of Montana would be covered in red, showing the entire land mass is completely above normal for wildland fire potential.
The high pressure also creates a phenomenon where the hottest, driest areas are at elevation, where fuels are heavier and forests more difficult to navigate.
"It's burning at like 6,800 feet or higher — in a high pressure ridge, that is the thermal belt," she said. "At night, it is the driest and the warmest area of the fire."
Haskell describes a 1-2 punch: When the ridges break, it's as if a bowl of hot air is descending to the surface, creating hot, high-speed winds. In areas like canyons, the winds are even stronger — "like putting your thumb on a garden hose," she said.
Even the light rains forecasted for Sunday and later into next week will do little to alter these conditions, she said. Relative humidity is still low.
"A 10th to a quarter of an inch can feel really good, but it's gonna be gone so fast," she said. "The longer term drought seems to be winning over the short term benefits."
Another commonality is the presence of human error (or maliciousness): The vast majority of wildfires are human-caused, as was the case with the Robertson Draw Fire. Local authorities say they have a suspect, but the Carbon County Attorney has yet to decide on charges.
"It's up to each of us to prevent wildfires and reduce the burden on our firefighting resources," Gianforte said at a visit to Red Lodge last week. "I'm asking all Montanans to take precautions when working or recreating outdoors."
In 2017, a record 1.4 million acres burned in Montana. The Great Falls Tribune reported total firefighting costs that year at $400 million and the state's bill at $86 million, an anomaly and the biggest for Montana since 2008. The state's fire suppression resources were devastated.
But state officials are more optimistic that they can weather the storm this year, at least financially, even as it shapes up to be especially hot, dry and fiery across the West.
Much of the West is in drought, and Montana is projected to be under significant wildfire potential by August. (Provided by NOAA for the Daily Montanan.)
Rep. Llew Jones, R-Conrad, one of the Legislature's chief budget architects, said Montana has $90 million in its fire fund and the piggy bank can afford a season that costs more than usual. He said the fire fund will be close to its statutory maximum of roughly $100 million, and the Legislature "gets really uncomfortable if it has less than $50 million."
"We're ready for a pretty bad fire season," Jones said. "Obviously, I hope it's not, but it is a hot ugly year."
Incident reports issued this weekend by the fire teams tackling Robertson Draw and Deep Creek Canyon said the former fire had already cost almost $2 million, with Deep Creek at $1.3 million.
Gianforte has already successfully requested Federal Management Assistance Grants from FEMA, which allow the state to pay 75 percent of eligible costs with federal money.
In an email, Sue Clark, deputy administrator for the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, said the fire suppression fund will be replenished with any reversions at the end of next year. Clark also said the Governor's Emergency Fund will reach $16 million at the start of the next biennium, and that money also can be used for fire.
Perhaps the bigger concern then is the prospect of a fire season that starts earlier, burns hotter and ends later than others before it, devastating natural resources, destroying livelihoods, clouding the air, scarring the environment, all while more and more homes are built in what experts call the wildland-urban interface, which increases potentially deadly human interactions with the forest.
"I don't mind telling you. It's disconcerting when you see this type of event staring down your community," Coffin said at the Robertson Draw fire briefing this week. "Even some of these guys, hardened fire people over here, would probably say the same thing. We'll be living with this fire for at best several more weeks, if not several more months."
Keila Szpaller contributed to this story.

Robertson Draw and other blazes kick off what could be a devastating fire season

by Arren Kimbel-Sannit, Daily Montanan
June 19, 2021

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Nystalea inchoans är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Walker 1857. Nystalea inchoans ingår i släktet Nystalea och familjen tandspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Tandspinnare
inchoans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tabitha is a Jr. Lash Stylist trained by Blushbaby Lash & Makeup Studio owners, Khadija and Michelle. She is also an experienced makeup artist having worked with prestige beauty brands.


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Ancient otter tooth found in Mexico suggests mammals migrated across America
Discovery of an ancient otter's tooth may have solved a scientific mystery.
By GROVE POTTER
"Now that we have this evidence of these animals moving through Mexico, we can now look for evidence of other animals doing the same."
Jack Tseng, assistant professor
Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences
Late in the afternoon on a hot March day in central Mexico, a paleontologist uncovered a jawbone and called over to Jack Tseng.
Tseng, assistant professor in the Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences in UB's Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, was on the dig researching intercontinental immigration of fossil mammals.
"I thought it was a badger," Tseng recalls, "but a colleague on the site had just finished a study of otters and he said it was sea otter-like. But what would a sea otter be doing in central Mexico?"
Turns out the otter, from about 6 million years ago, may have been part of an immigration event from Florida to California. Based on the discovery, Tseng and his colleagues have written a paper, published yesterday in the journal Biology Letters. They propose a new east-west passage for the otter — and potentially other mammals — along the northern edge of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which runs across the country at the latitude of Mexico City.
"This is an entirely new idea that no one else has proposed," Tseng says. "We think it's very likely other animals utilized this route."
The right tooth
The ancient otter jawbone found in Mexico by Jack Tseng and colleagues.
Like many breakthroughs, this one came from a fortunate tiny detail. The jawbone held several teeth.
"One tooth was a lower first molar, the most diagnostic tooth in a carnivore," Tseng explains. "If we are lucky enough to find a fossil molar tooth that is complete, there is a lot of useful information."
The tooth was almost identical to a tooth from another Enhydritherium terraenovae (an ancient sea otter) fossil found in Florida. Similar finds had only been made along the coasts in Florida and California, but paleontologists did not know how the animals got across the continent. One hypothesis was that they moved up and around through northern Canada, an 8,000-kilometer trip. Another was they made it down to Panama and crossed over to the west.
The possibility of an east-west migratory route in Mexico in the Miocene geologic epoch (roughly 23 million to 5.3 million years ago) has implications for a much larger biologic event — the Great American Biotic Interchange, when land bridges were formed and animals dispersed to and from North America and South America. It shows the region's fossil sites could have recorded details of this biological interchange of historic proportions.
But why don't we know more about this already?
"Compared to the U.S., Mexico is a blank slate in terms of paleontology," Tseng says. The region is difficult to work in because of the topography and flora, like cactus. So not many long-term field projects exist there.
"This is the beginning of the study," he says. "Now that we have this evidence of these animals moving through Mexico, we can now look for evidence of other animals doing the same."
Expanding ranges
The site in central Mexico where Jack Tseng and colleagues discovered the ancient otter jawbone.
Adolfo Pacheco-Castro, a PhD student at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Centro de Geociencias, and an author of the study, found the jawbone at the dig site in the Juchipila Basin, about 535 miles southeast of Laredo, Texas. The bone was taken to the university in Mexico, cleaned off and studied.
"We compared it to the original tooth from Florida, and based on the cusps and the size, it couldn't be anything else," Tseng says. The fossils in Florida are older than those in California, so researchers speculate that immigrations went east to west.
But why did they travel at all?
"Animals tend to expand their range when and where there is opportunity," Tseng says. "As in when there is a geographic connection to suitable habitats. So as populations expand their range, they can move across a continent, or even between continents."
The Miocene-Pliocene transitional period was a time of disturbance, Tseng says. The plains of America would have been like Africa, with many large mammals. But the first ice age was approaching.
Many large mammals perished in the ice age from environmental and anthropogenic causes, but relatives of the smaller Enhydritherium — about the size of a small to medium dog — survived into modern times and still live around central Mexico today.
New area of study
Tseng says he expects some people will not agree with the new interpretation of an east-west corridor through Mexico for other mammals. But more research may confirm it.
"We are aware it is a single discovery," he says. "It essentially opens up a can of worms. We are throwing a different factor in. We now have a connection between Florida and California, and it's not in a straight line."
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Comments are limited to 125 words and must follow the university's Comment Guidelines.
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7/12/19 UB receives two top CASE awards
7/12/19 Advisers sought for Alternative Break trips
7/11/19 UB communicators recognized at Excalibur Awards
Your city probably won't feel like itself in 30 years
An article on Salon interviewed Nicholas Rajkovich about research that looked at 520 major cities around the world and calculated which ones were expected to experience a climate more similar to another region by 2050.
How to feed kids, without resorting to 'kid' food
An article in The Washington Post about how to feed kids without resorting to "kid" food interviews Stephanie Anzman-Frasca."We are born with a predisposition to accept sweet and reject bitter tastes, but children's food preferences are malleable from there," she said.
The forgotten history of segregated swimming pools and amusement parks
An article in The Conversation by Victoria Wolcott, looks at the forgotten history of segregated swimming pools and amusement parks.
More UB in the News>
9/12/16 About UBNow


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2017 KAC Annual Report
KAC: Where Are They Now
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Census Data >
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KAC BLOG
Remembering the 1992 LA Riots 25 Years Later
LA City Council President Herb Wesson
On April 25, KAC's Executive Director Joon Bang had the pleasure of joining community members at the residence of LA City Council President Herb Wesson to engage in open dialogue about the 1992 LA Riots and race in Los Angeles. KAC would like to thank Council President Herb Wesson for his leadership and invitation to join this insightful event.
"Remembering Saigu" at UC Irvine
On April 27, KAC's Executive Director Joon Bang took part in UC Irvine Korea Law Center's "Remembering Saigu" forum as a panelist. The panel brought together speakers from across groups and generations to speak on Saigu and its impact on the Korean American community.
Statement of Unity
On April 28, KAC's Executive Director Joon Bang stood with legendary civil rights activist Connie Rice, Regional Director of the Anti-Defamation League Amanda Susskind, and Deputy Chief Commanding Officer Robert Arcos to present a Statement of Unity in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the LA Riots before the LA City Council.
"Hands Across City Hall"
On April 28, KAC joined LA City Council President Herb Wesson, the LA City Council, and community members at City Hall. In a gesture of unity, cross-cultural support, and understanding, those in attendance stood together with hands clasped in an effort to reclaim one of the most destructive and divisive days in Los Angeles history.
"Hands Across LA"
On April 29, KAC partnered with the Unification of Disabled Latin Americans for "Hands Across LA" to bring together members of the diverse Los Angeles community to join hands and promote unity, healing, and reconciliation in commemoration of the 25th year of the LA Riots.
"Wet Sand: Voices from LA"
On April 29, KAC partnered with the 33rd Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival to present "Wet Sand: Voices from LA." The 33rd Los Angeles Asian Pacific Film Festival takes place from April 27 to May 4, 2017 at the Aratani Theatre at the Japanese American Cultural & Community Center, Downtown Independent, Tateuchi Democracy Forum at JANM, CGV Cinemas, and additional cinemas in the Los Angeles area.
KAC Takes Action
KAC #StandsUp
On Friday, April 7, 2017, the Korean American Coalition (KAC) contacted both parties embroiled in the Airbnb host and guest exchange that has since been at the center of a media firestorm highlighting the discriminatory language used by the host.
On April 10, KAC held a press conference with Airbnb user Dyne Suh to acknowledge and applaud her courage in speaking out against the discrimination she experienced from an Airbnb host, Tami Barker. The screenshots of the exchange, in which Ms. Barker made racial and discriminatory remarks and denied Ms. Suh access to an Airbnb residency, went viral, and KAC offered Ms. Suh a platform to speak through this press conference. The Executive Director of KAC Joon Bang said, "We don't want to use this opportunity to vilify someone for his/her actions, rather we want to highlight the courage of Ms. Suh for sharing her story and encouraging others to speak up against discrimination."
KAC also brought attention to the Alternative Dispute Resolution Center (4.29 Center) as a resource for anyone in need of mediation and dispute resolution. The 4.29 Center places special focus on working with the diverse ethnic populations of Los Angeles County to resolve disputes outside of the courtroom.
Media coverage: Korea Daily, Korea Times, Koreatown Daily, Radio Korea, LA18, SBS Evening News, MBC America, KBS America, RKTV
On April 18, KAC commended Airbnb host Tami Barker on her formal apology. After sending her apology to Ms. Suh, Ms. Barker contacted KAC and provided a copy of her apology. Ms. Barker stepped up and formally apologized to Ms. Suh, with her attorney saying "Ms. Barker is deeply sorry for the comments she made. She asks your forgiveness for grossly stereotyping in a racist way the Asian community, and, specifically, you. Overtired and stressed, Tami made the statements out of heated frustration - but that's merely a reason, not an excuse, as she explained to me she fully understands. She knows there was no basis for her ad hominem attack."
"It takes courage to admit wrong and seek forgiveness in the face of public scrutiny. Given the climate of race relations in the nation, it's up to us now to move forward and perhaps be willing to engage one another in tough conversations to bridge gaps between diverse people and communities," said Joon Bang, Executive Director of KAC.
Media Coverage: Korea Daily, Korea Times
Korean Immigration Forum
KAC, LAPD Olympic Division, the Office of LA City Council President Herb Wesson, and the Office of Assemblymember Miguel Santiago partnered to host an immigration forum on April 13th at MAGA Methodist Church of Los Angeles.
LA City Attorney Mike Feuer, Field Representative Jackie Kim from California Assembly District 53, Deputy Jamie Hwang from Council District 10, Captain David Kowalski from LAPD Olympic Area, Deputy City Attorney Veronica Soto from the Neighborhood Prosecution Program, Senior Pastor Peter Park of Christian Total Ethos of CA, KAC Board Member Alex Cha, Esq., Korean Consul Sang Wook Park from the South Korean Consulate, and Community Development Manager Jong Ran Kim from the Korean Health Education Information and Research (KHEIR) answered the Korean community's questions and provided information about immigration fraud, immigrant rights, and the immigration process.
Media Coverage: LA18, Korea Times, Korea Daily
Congressional District 34 Special Primary Election
On April 4th, the 34th Congressional District election took place and decided the two candidates to continue to the run-offs on June 6th: Assemblymember Jimmy Gomez and Robert Lee Ahn. Gomez led with a total of 10,728 votes, and Ahn, who would be the only Korean in Congress if elected, came in a close second with 9,415 votes. Korean voter turnout is widely regarded as the reason for Ahn's impressive performance.
Erroneous Korean Language Sample Ballots in Congressional District 34
Last month, KAC fervently fought to bring attention to the error on Korean language sample ballots in the Congressional District 34 election. KAC held press conference, released statements, spoke at the March 28 LA County Board of Supervisors Public Hearing, and met with Registrar-Recorder/City Clerk Dean Logan and Board Chairman Mark Ridley-Thomas' staff. The sample ballot issue is now being reviewed by the Voting Rights Section of the U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division.
NCLC & SCIP
The National College Leadership Conference
The Korean American Coalition is pleased to announce the 37th National College Leadership Conference (NCLC). Every year, KAC brings together Korean American college students from across the nation to meet with accomplished Korean American leaders and established professionals from a variety of fields.
NCLC is the perfect place to get inspired by professionals from fields like government, finance, non-profit, art, technology, law, and entertainment. NCLC's wide range of speakers offers access to information about an extensive variety of careers and ideas for what to do post-grad. For students who have already decided on a career path, NCLC provides opportunities to network with and learn from established professionals in your field of interest.
NCLC also offers connection. Attendees learn about and discuss Korean American issues, identity, and history--all of which unite and connect attendees and speakers. Come meet fellow Korean Americans from all over the country, with their diversity and unique (but likely familiar) experiences. You'll learn more than you think. Wonder what we mean? See what NCLC 2016 had to say here.
Make sure to apply before June 1 to take advantage of this opportunity to meet established professionals from a variety of fields, learn essential leadership skills, and get to know your accomplished Korean American peers from all over the US.
2017 National College Leadership Conference Details
Date: Monday through Friday, June 19 - June 23, 2017
Location: University of Redlands,
1200 E. Colton Ave, Redlands, CA 92374
Cost: The conference cost is $395, which includes room and board. Financial aid is available for students who qualify.
How to Apply: Submit the completed online application by June 1, 2017. Consideration of applications and phone interviews will take place on a rolling basis.
Questions? Email info@kacla.org or call 213-365-5999.
The Summer College Internship Program
KAC's Summer College Internship Program (SCIP) builds on NCLC by connecting students with 8-week internships (four days a week) in Los Angeles and providing community advocacy training (one day a week). To learn more, visit our website. Attending NCLC is a requirement for taking part in KAC's Summer College Internship Program, which you can apply to here, but you can choose to attend NCLC without applying for SCIP.
Applications are due June 1!!
Southern California MUN
On April 1st and 2nd, nine of KAC's MUN students competed at USC in their final conference of the year. In competition with 400 delegates from all over Southern California, our team came home with a Best Research and a Best Delegate award. Congratulations on your hard work and all of your successes this year! We're proud to see how much you've grown. KAC would also like to acknowledge our MUN advisors, Daniel Park and John Yi, for all that they've done to support our students. Thank you!
Royal Thai Consulate-General
KAC's MUN students visited the Royal Thai Consulate-General in Los Angeles on April 25 to learn more about Thailand, its policies, stances, and priorities on international and domestic issues. KAC would like to thank the Thai consul-general for meeting with our students, answering their questions, and informing them of the Thai perspective.
2017-2018 MUN Applications: Now Open
You've been following the progress of our 2016-2017 MUN students all year--now it's time to join the team. Applications for KAC MUN 2017-2018 are now open, so learn more about the program on our website before applying online here. Make sure to apply if you are a student, remind your children to apply if you are a parent, and share this opportunity with all of the middle and high school students you know! The application deadline is August 21, 2017, but the sooner the better. We look forward to meeting you!
KAC in the News
AsAm News
An AsAm News article from April 2, reporting on the effects of President Donald Trump's immigration policies on the Asian community, quoted KAC's Executive Director Joon Bang on the fears in the Korean community and the impacts of such fears.
On April 11, KAC's Executive Director Joon Bang was quoted on Korean American voter turnout and political engagement in a KPCC article about the results of the April 4 Congressional District 34 election.
KCRW's "The Mixer"
On April 14, KAC went on KCRW radio show "The Mixer" hosted by Steve Chiotakis to discuss concerns about North Korea nuclear and missile testing. KAC Executive Director Joon Bang went on air to describe how this escalation of fear affects the Korean community in Los Angeles. To listen to the segment, please click here.
A CNN article from April 28 depicts KAC's Alternative Dispute Resolution Director Andy Yoo's experiences of the 1992 LA Riots.
LAPD Video Policy
The LA Police Commission is developing a new policy on releasing video footage after officer-involved shootings and other serious use of force incidents.
In order to ensure that the new policy is responsive to community concerns, the commission is gathering public input on what the policy should be. Now is our chance to #SpeakUp.
Please complete the online survey here by May 7.
You can also make your voice heard at a community forum on this issue:
Date: Wednesday, May 3, 2017
Location: TBD, South Bureau.
Community Philanthropy
John Kim Memorial Fund
A community member recently contacted KAC to inform us about the passing of a beloved father, educator, and mentor in the community. If you would like to contribute to help the single income family and to help cover funeral costs, please visit their GoFundMe page here.
Overseas Koreans Foundation
KAC received a $6,000 grant from Overseas Koreans Foundation to support our Alternative Dispute Resolution Center (4.29 Center), which is a resource for anyone in need of mediation and dispute resolution. We appreciate your support!
Philanthropy Spotlight
KAC would like to highlight this month's major donors:
Alex Cha
Douglas Lee
Thank you for your involvement, contributions, and support for KAC and the work that we do.
KAC: Where Are They Now?
Jeanne Min: External Affairs Coordinator (2001)
How were you involved with KAC?
I was hired to be the External Affairs Coordinator in May 2001 - Nov 2001. During that time some of the projects and issues I managed on behalf of KAC: Koreatown redistricting at all levels of government, establishing a new Wilshire Center/Koreatown Neighborhood Council, partnering with the Legal Aid Foundation of LA to provide free legal services to KAs who needed assistance with immigration, and strengthening relations with our local legislators.
Why is KAC important to you?
I don't believe it was an accident I started working at KAC. Though I was clueless about the makings of government or politics at that time, I quickly learned KAC gave voice to the KA community here in Los Angeles. People relied on the organization's existence. Looking back, 25 years ago, KAC was the ONLY voice speaking for the community, which was still vulnerable to racism, discrimination, and its lack of political representation. Thanks to our leaders - past and present, much has been done, but KAC is not done yet...there is still much to do.
What are you up to now?
After my stint at KAC, I was hired to become a field deputy with LA City Councilmember Tom LaBonge (4th District). I later became his Chief of Staff. In 2013, I was tapped to serve LA City Councilmember Mitch O'Farrell (13th District) as his Chief of Staff where I have been for the last 4 years.
Is there a message you'd like to share with the Korean American community?
KAC has always been fighting and advocating for you. Whether you know it or not, the mission of KAC has positively impacted you. Though we have come far economically and politically, the Korean American community needs to stay engaged and be strengthened by its own diversity of beliefs/values. Only then can we also embrace other communities and continue to work for the common good.
Korean American Coalition - Los Angeles
3727 W. 6th Street, Suite 305,
Email: info@kacla.org


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Large mountain lion killed near Iowa home where children play outdoors; DNR says "really no alternative"
December 7, 2013Written by Cindy
Mountain lion/Wikipedia photo
The Iowa Department of Natural Resources is reporting today that a large male mountain lion was shot and killed in western Iowa.
Mountain lions have no legal wildlife protection in Iowa; the same as black bears.
DNR spokesman Kevin Baskins said the DNR has not had any opportunity to tranquilize an animal for relocation purposes.
"Tranquilizing can be an inexact science with the risk of putting the animal and/or humans in danger," he said. "The other problem is once the animal is tranquilized, where do you go with it?"
The DNR report is below, along with information about the status of mountain lions in Iowa:
Dec. 7, 2013: A large male mountain lion was shot and killed late Friday afternoon in a wooded area near the Rock River approximately four miles south of Rock Valley in Sioux County.
The mountain lion was first spotted by a hunter checking his trail camera Thursday evening. When the cat, sitting about 40 yards away did not move, the man slowly backed away and called a neighbor. Returning to the spot, the mountain lion was still in the same place, but walked away from a buck it had recently killed. The men then called Conservation Officer John Sells.
Sells checked the area on Friday afternoon and was able to verify the lion from paw prints and photos on the trail camera. The cat was hidden in the area and did not move until the other man nearly stepped on it.
Both Sells and the other man then shot and killed the mountain lion.
"This was definitely something I did not want to do, but this cat was within just a couple of hundred yards of a house with small children who often play in the woods exactly where the lion was," said Sells.
Sells said the decision to shoot the lion was based on its proximity to houses, approximately eight within a mile, and the fact that the cat was not exhibiting normal behavior of trying to avoid humans.
Within a minute of having shot the lion, Sells said a school bus come down the gravel road and dropped off kids at the nearby house. The children all began sledding in an open area right next to the kill site and would have been playing less than 200 yards from where lion had been.
"It is unfortunate that the lion had to be killed, but given the obvious public safety concern there was really no alternative. Our primary concern is the protection of human life in this case," said Sells.
The mountain lion was a larger animal than other cats that have been killed or spotted in Iowa, weighing an estimated 160 to 180 pounds. The cat did not have any tattoos or any other signs of having been raised in captivity. Tissue samples were taken to have DNA analysis done to try and determine where the mountain lion originated. Most mountain lions that have been spotted in Iowa are believed to have been males driven from their territories in western states.
Mountain lion/cougar photo/Wikipedia
Read more from the DNR regarding the status of mountain lions in Iowa (which are also known as cougars, pumas and other names) with an excerpt here:
Mountain lions have no legal wildlife status in Iowa. That means that they can be taken and possessed by anyone at anytime as long as legal methods and means are used to take the animal. Mountain lions and black bears are not listed in the Iowa Code as designated wildlife species, because they were extirpated before fish and game legislation became prominent. The pioneers did not see their presence of any value to their own way of life, so basically persecution by humans brought their demise. In the late 1990's, the DNR began to receive several reports of mountain lions in the state. In midsummer 2001, we received enough reports that we felt it appropriate to make a news release stating the possibility of the presence of a few free ranging mountain lions in Iowa. Two weeks after we made the first announcement that there may be a few free ranging mountain lions in the state a road kill occurred near Harlan in late August, 2001.
Since that time, 2 more mountain lions have been shot and one actual photo taken by a trail master motion sensitive camera. The DNA results of the 3 dead mountain lions, as well as the lack of worn claws or broken teeth, indicates that all 3 dead animals in Iowa are of wild western origin. Numerous other fake photos of so called Iowa mountain lions are circulating the Internet.
The Great Outdoors Department of Natural Resources, DNR, hunters, Iowa, John Sells, killed, mountain lion, photo, protection
Iowa Valley Food Co-op makes a move to new Kingston Village site in Cedar Rapids
Mourning the end of the Lincoln Cafe
this is so sad guns should not be here


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Kurago Updates
Make Digital Happen
Beti Prest
Kuragers
Kurago Updates Make Digital Happen Beti Prest Kuragers
03/2022 Make Digital Happen
Digitizing to humanize
In recent years, digitization has become increasingly important in industrial sectors, to the point that it has sometimes been said that companies that do not digitize will eventually die. What has generated a great deal of controversy among some professionals reluctant about digitalization's possibilities can offer their businesses. In many cases, myths generated around digitization are the basis for this reluctance.
One issue that seems to emerge periodically is the belief that digitalization will destroy millions of jobs. These claims are made from a mechanics perspective of what the factories of the future will be like, a factory in which automated solutions will replace humans.
Our approach is entirely the opposite: digitalization is for us an ally at the service of human beings, not an element that works against them. Software must cooperate with humans to improve the lives of those using it, simplifying processes, interconnecting systems, unifying data.
"Digitalization is for us an ally at the service of humans"
For us, the digital factory is the factory of the future. A factory in which systems are interconnected and cooperate. This interconnection makes it possible to break down the information silos in specific organizations, allowing information to flow in a transparent organization.
Consider a sales manager who receives a request for urgent order. Many tensions arise in the past because of the acceptance of this kind of order, which results in overtime. The commercial manager must discuss this decision with the production manager, who must spend some time calculating whether it is feasible to make this change in production. In a company with interconnected systems, the sales manager could access the planning, make the simulation himself, and determine its impact. Make a decision knowing whether it would be possible to undertake it and the consequences, without the need for other people to invest time in making this calculation.
Digitalization will enhance the capabilities of the various actors, foster teamwork mutual knowledge of different areas, and may even influence the perception that they perceive others.
This will enhance the capabilities of the various actors, foster teamwork mutual knowledge of different areas, and may even influence the perception that they perceive others. Knowing the tasks that other departments must solve to carry out a process helps us understand why these other areas require specific tasks to continue developing their work in the best way possible.
The software will solve processes and reduce specific administrative tasks that require a large number of resources with low added value and have a high risk of error. For example, let's take the case of a production manager who has to collect worksheets from the shop floor workers and then enter the information into the system. This task can take up a large part of his shift. However, suppose the same production manager has the information on how many work orders have been completed in a given period through a system that allows each team member to enter the information during his shift. In that case, the production manager can focus on taking conclusions with the data he gets from the system. he could use these changes in planning. This won't be possible if he is overwhelmed by the administrative work of entering the information into the system himself.
Our vision of the digital factory places the human being at the center of everything. The European Commission has launched a series of publications in which it has adopted the new term Industry 5.0. This approach aims to complement the current "Industry 4.0" approach by specifically putting research and innovation at the service of the transition to a sustainable, human-centered, and resilient European industry. Digitalization is a process that can bring enormous value to the sheet metal industry, but its implementation must be aimed at improving people's lives.
Asier Ortiz
The technical debt in software: a present issue with future implications
Asier Ortiz - 07/2022
Does digital manufacturing need standards?
Corporate Communication - 04/2022
Artificial Intelligence: The future of sheet metal starts today
How containerization can contribute to sheet metal digitization
The Kurago Digital Maturity Model – the first step towards the optimum software solution for the digital factory
Kurago - 08/2021
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Arizona Senate To Vote On Private School Voucher Legislation This Week
Published: Monday, February 20, 2017 - 7:57am
Updated: Monday, February 20, 2017 - 3:18pm
02-20-17s-schoolvouchers.mp3
Legislation aimed at opening the state's private school voucher program, also known as Empowerment Scholarship Accounts, to any Arizona student is expected to go before the full senate this week.
The vote will likely be close.
Senate Bill 1431 has proved to be controversial since it was introduced last month. When it went before the state Senate Education Committee a few weeks ago, people waited for hours just for the opportunity to testify before state lawmakers.
"I believe in giving parents choice," said Debbie Lesko, a Republican from Peoria and the bill's sponsor.
Right now, ESA's are only available to a limited group of students like kids with disabilities and kids going to an under-performing public school.
If passed, Lesko's bill would open the program to all students by 2021.
"This basically works just like what would happen now," Lesko said. "If a student in a district school left the district school and moved to a charter school. The money moves with a child to the charter school"
The same thing happens with an ESA.
Lesko said it will save taxpayers money considering local, state and federal taxes together.
But a report from the Joint Legislative Budget Committee shows when looking at just the cost to the state general fund, sending a child to a private school with an ESA is more expensive than a public school.
"The ASBA is opposed to ESAs in all forms," said Chris Kotterman with the Arizona School Boards Association. The ASBA is one of several education groups opposed to the bill.
"It's inappropriate for the state to fund private means of education when the public schools are still below their normal funding levels and suffering funding cuts and problems. such as teacher retention and capitol needs," Kotterman said.
Republicans hold a 17-13 lead in the senate, but the vote will likely be close. One senator has already come out against it and, at least, one other has told reporters they're on the fence.
The governor's office has also not commented on whether Doug Ducey would sign the bill if it passed.


DMSO is a 501(c)(3) organization that is not affiliated with the military branches of government, but is a group comprised of community volunteers whose goal is to support the health, welfare and morale of the military men and women and their families where needed.
When founder and Chairman Bill Hare played Santa Claus at Dover Air Force Base in 2013, he realized something essential was missing in the state of Delaware. As a little girl prepared to tell him what she wanted for Christmas, he caught the child's mother out of the corner of his eye indicating that he should not promise to bring the little girl what she wanted: a Barbie doll. The mother had been working nights with her husband caring for the children during the day. When he was deployed, she was unable to switch her hours and was forced to quite her job because she could not afford daycare. Quite simply, the more could not afford a Barbie doll. And so the idea for Delaware Military Support was born.
Website Design by Austen Marketing & Communications, LLC - Copyright © 2018 Delaware Military Support - All Rights Reserved.


text:
using System;

namespace Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents errors that occured during the regions' update.
    /// </summary>
    public partial class UpdateRegionsException : Exception
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UpdateRegionsException"/>
        /// </summary>
        public UpdateRegionsException()
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UpdateRegionsException"/> class with a specified error message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="message">The message that describes the error.</param>
        public UpdateRegionsException(string message)
            : base(message)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="UpdateRegionsException"/> class with a specified error message and a reference
        /// to the inner exception that is the cause of this exception.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="message">The error message that explains the reason for the exception.</param>
        /// <param name="inner">The exception that is the cause of the current exception, or a null reference
        /// (Nothing in Visual Basic) if no inner exception is specified.</param>
        public UpdateRegionsException(string message, Exception inner)
            : base(message, inner)
        {
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the most prevalent complaints I hear is that Thanksgiving has become nothing but the start of the Christmas shopping season and the true meaning has been forgotten. I never understood why they call the day after Thanksgiving "Black Friday." That term has a connotation that something bad is happening, which might be true if you hate shopping. Certainly that has all changed with stores starting their Christmas promotions earlier each year. I guess you could call it a "Black Friday" if you over spent your budget and face a January financial meltdown when credit card bills arrive.
Actually the commercialization of Thanksgiving is nothing new. In 1939 President Franklin Roosevelt moved the date of Thanksgiving to the third Thursday of November. The idea was to boost retail sales during the later years of the Depression. That date change backfired on FDR and there was a huge, angry public outcry. In 1941, he signed legislation officially designating the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day.
According to what I've read the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Indians probably held the first Thanksgiving in December 1621. For the Pilgrims it was a time to give thanks for surviving a brutal, and for many fatal, winter. The idea of sports started with the first Thanksgiving as there was competition in a variety of foot races and contests.
There is some controversy about whether that was actually the first "Thanksgiving" celebration.
Some historians say the first period of thanksgiving was observed by early English settlers in 1565. The idea of a day to give thanks dates back to the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans.
President George Washington declared the first national day of Thanksgiving in 1789. After that some states had special observances however New York was the first state to officially set a day of Thanksgiving in 1817.
The dogged determination of a writer – Sarah Josepha Hale – is probably the reason we have the national holiday. She wrote many articles urging action by U. S. presidents to officially proclaim a national day of Thanksgiving. Her pleas fell on deaf ears until the bloody Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln declared a "national day of thanks" in November 1863. Most states had a Thanksgiving observance but it did not become a federal holiday until the 20th century.
Reading the old issues of The Chieftain, Thanksgiving Day sporting events were popular a century ago with high school teams or local semi-pro teams having games. Probably my favorite was a girls' basketball game between Bonner Springs and Basehor played on an outdoor court. The score wasn't reported the next week and I can only hope they had nice weather.
While family gatherings, food and football are fun, they are not the reason for the holiday. It is a time for each of us to pause a moment and give thanks for what we have. We live in a wonderful time in history. We have more conveniences than at any other time in history.
But beyond that I give thanks for my wonderful family and life. I am thankful for people who pause to hold the door open for an old guy who walks with a cane. Yes, it's a small act of kindness, but those small acts add up to make it a wonderful world. Have a joyous Thanksgiving and remember the real reason for the holiday.


Albert Einstein famously said, "Everything should be as simple as possible but no simpler." Sadly, though he's famous for saying this, it's pretty clear that like most internet quotes he never actually said this. Still, it's a great principle and quotes are like tennis shoes, hamburgers or sodas. If you put them next to a celebrity, they seem way more legit. Regardless of who came up with it though, it's a great principle. Silicon Valley understands this trade off really well. Great software often becomes worse over time because it suffers from a disease known as featuritis or feature creep. It's an easy trap to fall into. The idea is that if the software is good then if you keep adding new widgets, doodads and other functionalities that it will be even better. Actually though, it gets worse because it becomes increasingly unusable. While writers of New York Times op-eds can wave their hands and say things are complicated, Mixed Mental Artists don't have that option. And while pandering politicians can offer super simplistic solutions to voters that make sense but don't work in the real world, Mixed Mental Artists don't have that option. We are entering the octagon and struggling with problems until we find real world solutions. In practice, Bryan is the perfect person to do this with because, as of today, he's intellectually bipolar. One moment he's simplistic. The next moment things are too complicated to be understood. One of Bryan's great Mixed Mental Arts abilities is the ability to escape any train of thought but Hunter pins him down and trains him out of some old habits into some new more effective ones. Why? It's almost like Hunter is grooming Bryan for something…and in this episode we find out what it is.


text:
Toothbrush is the first studio album by Dr. Dog. It was self-released in 2002 by Dr. Dog, although the official release date and record label is speculated. Little is known on the official release and mass distributions of the album.

Stylistically, the 60s pop roots of Dr. Dog's  style are apparent, presented in a lo-fi quality for which they are renowned. The album is considered more of a debut than Psychedelic Swamp mainly due to its availability on the iTunes Music Store and major online music retailers, such as Amazon .

Track listing

Personnel
Dr. Dog is:
Taxi: most of the instruments and vocals
Tables: the rest of the instruments and vocals
All tracks written and recorded by: Dr. Dog
Artwork by: W. Ben Smith
Toothbrush being Dr. Dog's 1st official debut album is the closest to where they're accredited for their lo-fi descriptions of their sound. This album was a strong yet mostly rediscovered gem amongst the most hardcore fans. It is also the reason they are said to be compared to lo-fi pioneers like Pavement, Sebadoh and Guided by Voices. It also shows the bands talent of whole band member harmonies and the band 1st blending of 1990's indie rock pioneers with rarely or not as popularly known Beach Boys albums such as The Beach Boys Love You, Wild Honey (the Beach Boys white soul album), Smiley Smile, Sunflower & Friends. There also are hints of The Beatles, which become more acknowledged by "We All Belong" widely compared to The Beatles White Album along w/ being compared  with the sounds of many rare and well known 60s & 70s classic rock bands & 90's indie rock acts. Toothbrush is the perfect preview into the modern day Dr. Dog. Also it belonged to no label upon its 2001/2002 release, it therefore can be speculated that it was 1st released on cd-r, recorded on  8 track and believed to 1st be handed out amongst their family and friends and sold at the bands local small venue Philly shows and among small East Coast venues touring up and down the East Coast and at various house shows. It's the perfect place to begin your musical education of such a genre flipping, iconic band.

External links
 Official 'Toothbrush' Webpage

Notes

2002 debut albums
Dr. Dog albums


text:
Q: How to modify deeper level attributes in Mongodb? I have an object that looks something like this:
{articleId:"1"
 promotions:[{promoterId:"2"
              viewerIps:['3', '4', '5']},
              {promoterId:"6"
              viewerIps:['7', '8', '9']}]}

Basically, I want to keep track of how many people (and their IP's) view some article based on a user specific link they share.
If someone is the first view a specific article from that promoter, I can push to the promotions array like this:
Views.update({articleId:articleId}, {$push: {promotions:{promoterId:promoterId,
viewerIps:[viewerIp]}}});

But suppose the I want to push onto a specific viewerIps array -- specific to both the articleId and the promoterId. How can I do this?
Thanks

A: You could use . notation
Views.update({articleId:articleId},
   {
      $push: {"promotions.0.viewerIps"  :viewerIp}
   },
      $set:  {"promotions.0.promoterId":promoterId}
});

The number there 0 comes from the index position in the array you want to alter. You can use the positional operator, $ to make a query on which array you want to alter. The reason i've used a number above instead of $ is that the $ isn't fully supported on meteor yet.
You can use it only on the server if you want to. There is an open github ticket about this

A: One aspect of meteor I love is that you get to use javascript/coffeescript everywhere.  I humbly suggest you extend that strategy to your use of mongo updates.  I find myself just using my json/object manipulation abilities directly and $set the whole thing, rather than learning another syntax.  Some would say it is premature optimization to limit the fields you retrieve until proven it would have an effect, so you probably retrieve the data anyway.
In the abstract, there may be some time when it is just horrible to move huge data structures around, but if you get to that point with this problem, creating a new document for each promoter may be what you should do anyway.  Especially as my instinct says I would probably like more info than promoter id and viewer ip.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange