Graphene may be the most remarkable substance ever discovered. But what's it for?
One atom thick, graphene is the thinnest material known and may be the strongest.
On one such evening, in the fall of 2002, Geim was thinking about carbon. He specializes in microscopically thin materials, and he wondered how very thin layers of carbon might behave under certain experimental conditions. Graphite, which consists of stacks of atom-thick carbon layers, was an obvious material to work with, but the standard methods for isolating superthin samples would overheat the material, destroying it. So Geim had set one of his new Ph.D. students, Da Jiang, the task of trying to obtain as thin a sample as possible—perhaps a few hundred atomic layers—by polishing a one-inch graphite crystal. Several weeks later, Jiang delivered a speck of carbon in a petri dish. After looking at it under a microscope, Geim recalls, he asked him to try again; Jiang admitted that this was all that was left of the crystal. As Geim teasingly admonished him ("You polished a mountain to get a grain of sand?"), one of his senior fellows glanced at a ball of used Scotch tape in the wastebasket, its sticky side covered with a gray, slightly shiny film of graphite residue.
It would have been a familiar sight in labs around the world, where researchers routinely use tape to test the adhesive properties of experimental samples. The layers of carbon that make up graphite are weakly bonded (hence its adoption, in 1564, for pencils, which shed a visible trace when dragged across paper), so tape removes flakes of it readily. Geim placed a piece of the tape under the microscope and discovered that the graphite layers were thinner than any others he'd seen. By folding the tape, pressing the residue together and pulling it apart, he was able to peel the flakes down to still thinner layers.
Geim had isolated the first two-dimensional material ever discovered: an atom-thick layer of carbon, which appeared, under an atomic microscope, as a flat lattice of hexagons linked in a honeycomb pattern. Theoretical physicists had speculated about such a substance, calling it "graphene," but had assumed that a single atomic layer could not be obtained at room temperature—that it would pull apart into microscopic balls. Instead, Geim saw, graphene remained in a single plane, developing ripples as the material stabilized.
Geim enlisted the help of a Ph.D. student named Konstantin Novoselov, and they began working fourteen-hour days studying graphene. In the next two years, they designed a series of experiments that uncovered startling properties of the material. Because of its unique structure, electrons could flow across the lattice unimpeded by other layers, moving with extraordinary speed and freedom. It can carry a thousand times more electricity than copper. In what Geim later called "the first eureka moment," they demonstrated that graphene had a pronounced "field effect," the response that some materials show when placed near an electric field, which allows scientists to control the conductivity. A field effect is one of the defining characteristics of silicon, used in computer chips, which suggested that graphene could serve as a replacement—something that computer makers had been seeking for years.
Geim and Novoselov wrote a three-page paper describing their discoveries. It was twice rejected by Nature, where one reader stated that isolating a stable, two-dimensional material was "impossible," and another said that it was not "a sufficient scientific advance." But, in October, 2004, the paper, "Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films," was published in Science, and it astonished scientists. "It was as if science fiction had become reality," Youngjoon Gil, the executive vice-president of the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, told me.
In 2010, six years after Geim and Novoselov published their paper, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. By then, the media were calling graphene "a wonder material," a substance that, as the Guardian put it, "could change the world." Academic researchers in physics, electrical engineering, medicine, chemistry, and other fields flocked to graphene, as did scientists at top electronics firms. The U.K. Intellectual Property Office recently published a report detailing the worldwide proliferation of graphene-related patents, from 3,018 in 2011 to 8,416 at the beginning of 2013. The patents suggest a wide array of applications: ultra-long-life batteries, bendable computer screens, desalinization of water, improved solar cells, superfast microcomputers. At Geim and Novoselov's academic home, the University of Manchester, the British government invested sixty million dollars to help create the National Graphene Institute, in an effort to make the U.K. competitive with the world's top patent holders: Korea, China, and the United States, all of which have entered the race to find the first world-changing use for graphene.
The progress of a technology from the moment of discovery to transformative product is slow and meandering; the consensus among scientists is that it takes decades, even when things go well. Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield shared a Nobel Prize for developing the MRI, in 1973—almost thirty years after scientists first understood the physical reaction that allowed the machine to work. More than a century passed between the moment when the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius purified silicon, in 1824, and the birth of the semiconductor industry.
New discoveries face formidable challenges in the marketplace. They must be conspicuously cheaper or better than products already for sale, and they must be conducive to manufacture on a commercial scale. If a material arrives, like graphene, as a serendipitous discovery, with no targeted application, there is another barrier: the limits of imagination. Now that we've got this stuff, what do we do with it?
Aluminum, discovered in minute quantities in a lab in the eighteen-twenties, was hailed as a wonder substance, with qualities never before seen in a metal: it was lightweight, shiny, resistant to rust, and highly conductive. It could be derived from clay (at first, it was called "silver from clay"), and the idea that a valuable substance was produced from a common one lent it a quality of alchemy. In the eighteen-fifties, a French chemist devised a method for making a few grams at a time, and aluminum was quickly adopted for use in expensive jewelry. Three decades later, a new process, using electricity, allowed industrial production, and the price plummeted.
Some highly touted discoveries fizzle altogether. In 1986, the I.B.M. researchers Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller discovered ceramics that acted as radically more practical superconductors. The next year, they won a Nobel, and an enormous wave of optimism followed. "Presidential commissions were thrown together to try to put the U.S. out in the lead," Cyrus Mody, a history-of-science professor at Rice University, in Houston, says. "People were talking about floating trains and infinite transmission lines within the next couple of years." But, in three decades of struggle, almost no one has managed to turn the brittle ceramics into a substance that can survive everyday use.
Samsung, the Korea-based electronics giant, holds the greatest number of patents in graphene, but in recent years research institutions, not corporations, have been most active. A Korean university, which works with Samsung, is in first place among academic institutions. Two Chinese universities hold the second and third slots. In fourth place is Rice University, which has filed thirty-three patents in the past two years, almost all from a laboratory run by a professor named James Tour.
Tour brings a special energy to the endeavor. Raised in a secular Jewish home in White Plains, he became a born-again Christian as a freshman at Syracuse University. Married, with four grown children, he rises at three-forty every morning for an hour and a half of prayer and Bible study—followed, several times a week, with workouts at the gym—and arrives at the office at six-fifteen. In 2001, he made headlines by signing "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism," a petition that promoted intelligent design, but he insists that this reflected only his personal doubts about how random mutation occurs at the molecular level. Although he ends e-mails with "God bless," he says that, apart from a habit of praying for divine guidance, he feels that religion plays no part in his scientific work.
Many of his lab's recent inventions are designed for immediate exploitation by industry, supplying funds to support more ambitious work. Tour has sold patents for a graphene-infused paint whose conductivity might help remove ice from helicopter blades, fluids to increase the efficiency of oil drills, and graphene-based materials to make the inflatable slides and life rafts used in airplanes. He points out that graphene is the only substance on earth that is completely impermeable to gas, but it weighs almost nothing; lighter rafts and slides could save the airline industry millions of dollars' worth of fuel a year.
In Tour's laboratory, a large, high-ceilinged room with tightly configured rows of worktables, a score of young men in white lab coats and safety goggles were working. Tour and I stopped at a bench where Loïc Samuels, a graduate student from Antigua, was making a batch of graphene-based gel, to be used in a scaffold for spinal-cord injuries. "Instead of just having a nonfunctional scaffold material, you have something that's actually electrically conductive," Samuels said, as he swirled a test tube in a jeweller's bath. "That helps the nerve cells, which communicate electrically, connect with each other." Tour showed me videos of lab rats whose back legs had been paralyzed. In one video, two rats inched themselves along the bottom of a cage, dragging their hind legs. In another video, of rats that had been treated, they walked normally. Tour warned that it takes years before the F.D.A. approves human trials. "But it's an incredible start," he said.
In 2010, one of Tour's researchers, Alexander Slesarev, a Russian who had studied at Moscow State University, suggested that graphene oxide, a form of graphene created when oxygen and hydrogen molecules are bonded to it, might attract radioactive material. Slesarev sent a sample to a former colleague at Moscow State, where students placed the powder in solutions containing nuclear material. They discovered that the graphene oxide binds with the radioactive elements, forming a sludge that could easily be scooped away. Not long afterward, the earthquake and tsunami in Japan created a devastating spill of nuclear material, and Tour flew to Japan to pitch the technology to the Japanese. "We're deploying it right now in Fukushima," he told me.
Working at one of the benches was a young man with a round, open face: a twenty-five-year-old Ph.D. student named Ruquan Ye, who last year devised a new way to make quantum dots, highly fluorescent nanoparticles used in medical imaging and plasma television screens. Usually made in tiny amounts from toxic chemicals, such as cadmium selenide and indium arsenide, quantum dots cost a million dollars for a one-kilogram bottle. Ye's technique uses graphene derived from coal, which is a hundred dollars a ton.
"The method is simple," Ye told me. He showed me a vial filled with a fine black powder: anthracite coal that he had ground. "I place this in a solution of acids for one day, then heat the solution on a hot plate." By tweaking the process, he can make the material emit various light frequencies, creating dots of various colors for differentiated tagging of tumors. The coal-based dots are compatible with the human body—coal is carbon, and so are we—which suggests that Ye's dots could replace the highly toxic ones used in hospitals worldwide. In a darkened room next to the lab, he shone a black light on several small vials of clear liquid. They fluoresced into glowing ingots: red, blue, yellow, violet.
The news galvanized the semiconductor industry, which was struggling to keep up with Moore's Law, devised in 1965 by Gordon Moore, a co-founder of Intel. Every two years, he predicted, the density—and thus the effectiveness—of computer chips would double. For five decades, engineers have managed to keep pace with Moore's Law through miniaturization, packing increasing numbers of transistors onto chips—as many as four billion on a silicon wafer the size of a fingernail. Engineers have further speeded computers by "doping" silicon: introducing atoms from other elements to squeeze the lattice tighter. But there's a limit. Shrink the chip too much, moving its transistors too close together, and silicon stops working. As early as 2017, silicon chips may no longer be able to keep pace with Moore's Law. Graphene, if it works, offers a solution.
There's a problem, though. Semiconductors, such as silicon, are defined by their ability to turn on and off in the presence of an electric field; in logic chips, that switching process generates the ones and the zeros that are the language of computers. Graphene, a semi-metal, cannot be turned off. At first, engineers believed that they could dope graphene to open up a "band gap," the electrical property that allows semiconductors to act as switches. But, ten years after Geim and Novoselov's paper, no one has succeeded in opening a gap wide enough. "You'd have to change it so much that it's no longer graphene," Tour said. Indeed, those who have managed to create such a gap learned that it kills the mobility, rendering graphene no better than the materials we use now. The result has been a certain dampening of the mood at semiconductor companies.
I recently visited the Thomas J. Watson Research Center, the main R. & D. lab for I.B.M., a major fabricator of silicon semiconductor chips. A half hour north of New York City, the center is housed in a building designed by Eero Saarinen, in 1961. A vast arc of glass with an upswept front awning, it is a kind of monument to the difficulty of predicting the future. Saarinen imagined that transformative ideas would emerge from groups of scientists working in meeting areas, where recliners and coffee tables still sit beside soaring windows. Instead, the scientists spend much of the day hunched over computer screens in their offices: small, windowless dens, which seem to have been created as an afterthought.
In one cramped office, I met Supratik Guha, who is the director of physical sciences at I.B.M. and who sets the company's strategy for worldwide research. A thoughtful man, as precisely understated as Tour is effusive, Guha lamented the "excessive hype" that has surrounded graphene as a replacement for silicon, and talked mournfully about how the effort to introduce a band gap is, at best, "one major innovation away." He hastened to add that I.B.M. has not written off graphene. In early 2014, the company announced that its researchers had built the first graphene-based integrated circuit for wireless devices, which could lead to cheaper, more efficient cell phones. But in the quest to make graphene a replacement for silicon, Guha admits, they hold little hope.
Cyrus Mody, the historian, is equally cautious. "This idea that there's a form of microelectronics that is theoretically much, much faster than conventional silicon is not new," he told me. He points to the precedent of the Josephson-junction circuit. In 1962, the British physicist Brian David Josephson predicted that electricity would flow at unprecedented speeds through a circuit composed of two superconductors separated by a "weak link" material. The insight led to a Nobel Prize in Physics—and to dreams of exponentially faster electronics.
Perhaps the most expansive thinker about the material's potential is Tomas Palacios, a Spanish scientist who runs the Center for Graphene Devices and 2D Systems, at M.I.T. Rather than using graphene to improve existing applications, as Tour's lab mostly does, Palacios is trying to build devices for a future world.
At thirty-six, Palacios has an undergraduate's reedy build and a gentle way of speaking that makes wildly ambitious notions seem plausible. As an electrical engineer, he aspires to "ubiquitous electronics," increasing "by a factor of one hundred" the number of electronic devices in our lives. From the perspective of his lab, the world would be greatly enhanced if every object, from windows to coffee cups, paper currency, and shoes, were embedded with energy harvesters, sensors, and light-emitting diodes, which allowed them to cheaply collect and transmit information. "Basically, everything around us will be able to convert itself into a display on demand," he told me, when I visited him recently. Palacios says that graphene could make all this possible; first, though, it must be integrated into those coffee cups and shoes.
When that might be possible was uncertain; she hoped to have the device working in three months. "The laser needs more approval from the powers that be," she said, glancing balefully at the printer's mirrored base—the kind perfect for bouncing laser beams all over a room. De Fazio suggested that they cover it with a silicon wafer.
"That could work," Aby said.
Palacios recognizes that millennial change comes only after modest, strategic increments. He mentioned Samsung, which, according to industry rumor, is planning to launch the first device with a screen that employs graphene. "Graphene is only a small component, used to deliver the current to the display," he said. "But that's an exciting first application—it doesn't have to be the breakthrough that we are all looking forward to. It's a good way to get graphene into everyone's focus and, that way, justify more investment." In the meantime, one of his students, Lili Yu, has been working on a prototype for a flexible screen.
For the moment, the challenges are more earthbound: scientists are still trying to devise a cost-effective way to produce graphene at scale. Companies like Samsung use a method pioneered at the University of Texas, in which they heat copper foil to eighteen hundred degrees Fahrenheit in a low vacuum, and introduce methane gas, which causes graphene to "grow" as an atom-thick sheet on both sides of the copper—much as frost crystals "grow" on a windowpane. They then use acids to etch away the copper. The resulting graphene is invisible to the naked eye and too fragile to touch with anything but instruments designed for microelectronics. The process is slow, exacting, and too expensive for all but the largest companies to afford.
The tech-research firm Gartner uses an analytic tool that it calls the Hype Cycle to help investors determine which discoveries will make money. A graph of the cycle resembles a cursive lowercase "r," in which a discovery begins with a Technology Trigger, climbs quickly to a Peak of Inflated Expectations, falls into the Trough of Disillusionment, and, as practical uses are found, gradually ascends to the Plateau of Productivity. The implication is not (or not only) that most discoveries don't behave as expected; it's that a new thing typically becomes useful sometime after the publicity fades.
The Marco Polo of neuroscience.
Graphene is science's latest "miracle" material. This is a look back at what became of its predecessors—plastics, superconductors, and nanotubes.


text:
Scarlett Evans
Scarlett is a Verdict staff reporter and writer
Scarlett Evans 12th November 2018
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.dianping.cat.system.page.config;

import org.unidal.web.mvc.view.BaseJspViewer;

import com.dianping.cat.system.SystemPage;

public class JspViewer extends BaseJspViewer<SystemPage, Action, Context, Model> {
	@Override
	protected String getJspFilePath(Context ctx, Model model) {
		Action action = model.getAction();

		switch (action) {
		case PROJECT_ALL:
			return JspFile.PROJECT_ALL.getPath();
		case PROJECT_ADD:
			return JspFile.PROJECT_ADD.getPath();
		case PROJECT_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
			return JspFile.PROJECT_ALL.getPath();
		case PROJECT_DELETE:
			return JspFile.PROJECT_ALL.getPath();
		// Node Config
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_DELETE:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_LIST:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_NODE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		// Edge Config
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_DELETE:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_LIST:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
			return JspFile.TOPOLOGY_GRAPH_EDGE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		// Product Line
		case TOPO_GRAPH_FORMAT_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.TOPO_GRAPH_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case STORAGE_GROUP_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.STORAGE_GROUP_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case HEARTBEAT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.HEARTBEAT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE.getPath();
		case HEARTBEAT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
			return JspFile.HEARTBEAT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT.getPath();
		case HEARTBEAT_RULE_CONFIG_LIST:
			return JspFile.HEARTBEAT_RULE_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case HEARTBEAT_RULE_DELETE:
			return JspFile.HEARTBEAT_RULE_DELETE.getPath();
		case ALERT_DEFAULT_RECEIVERS:
			return JspFile.ALERT_DEFAULT_RECEIVERS.getPath();
		case ALERT_POLICY:
			return JspFile.ALERT_POLICY.getPath();
		// Excepton Config
		case EXCEPTION:
		case EXCEPTION_THRESHOLD_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
		case EXCEPTION_THRESHOLD_DELETE:
			return JspFile.EXCEPTION.getPath();
		case EXCEPTION_THRESHOLD_UPDATE:
		case EXCEPTION_THRESHOLD_ADD:
			return JspFile.EXCEPTION_THRESHOLD_CONFIG.getPath();
		// Exception Exclude Config
		case EXCEPTION_EXCLUDE_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
		case EXCEPTION_EXCLUDE_DELETE:
			return JspFile.EXCEPTION.getPath();
		case EXCEPTION_EXCLUDE_ADD:
			return JspFile.EXCEPTION_EXCLUDE_CONFIG.getPath();

		case TRANSACTION_RULE:
		case TRANSACTION_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
		case TRANSACTION_RULE_DELETE:
			return JspFile.TRANSACTION_RULE.getPath();
		case TRANSACTION_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.TRANSACTION_RULE_UPDATE.getPath();
		case EVENT_RULE:
		case EVENT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
		case EVENT_RULE_DELETE:
			return JspFile.EVENT_RULE.getPath();
		case EVENT_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.EVENT_RULE_UPDATE.getPath();
		case STORAGE_RULE:
		case STORAGE_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE_SUBMIT:
		case STORAGE_RULE_DELETE:
			return JspFile.STORAGE_RULE.getPath();
		case STORAGE_RULE_ADD_OR_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.STORAGE_RULE_UPDATE.getPath();
		case ROUTER_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.ROUTER_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case SAMPLE_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.SAMPLE_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case ALERT_SENDER_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.SENDER_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case HEARTBEAT_DISPLAY_POLICY:
			return JspFile.DISPLAY_POLICY.getPath();
		case DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIGS:
		case DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIG_DELETE:
		case DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIG_SUBMIT:
			return JspFile.DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIG_LIST.getPath();
		case DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.DOMAIN_GROUP_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case SERVER_FILTER_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.SERVER_FILTER_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case ALL_REPORT_CONFIG:
			return JspFile.ALL_REPORT_CONFIG.getPath();
		case SERVER_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.SERVER_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		case REPORT_RELOAD_CONFIG_UPDATE:
			return JspFile.REPORT_RELOAD_CONFIG_UPDATE.getPath();
		}

		throw new RuntimeException("Unknown action: " + action);
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Layth Yousif quizzed Arsenal boss Unai Emery on Alex Iwobi after the Gunners 2-1 victory over Huddersfield on Saturday. Read on for what the Gunners head coach told the Islington Gazette.
Arsenal boss Unai Emery has hailed Alex Iwobi after the 22-year-old grabbed the first goal in the Gunners hard-fought 2-1 victory at Huddersfield on Saturday.
The former academy star's volley helped the visitors on their way to a vital three points at the John Smith's Stadium in their hunt for a top four spot and a coveted place in the Champions League.
Alex Lacazette slotted home a second for the North Londoners, who held firm against a determined Terriers side who could count themselves unfortunate not to have got something out of the game – despite Adama Diakhaby grabbing a consolation with seconds remaining.
Speaking after the match in response to a question on Iwobi from the Gazette Emery said: "He scored and he had another very good chance.
"He had also the chance to assist Lacazette but I think his [performance against Huddersfield] starting with his attitude, was very big.
Iwobi has been the subject of criticism since failing to build on his impressive breakthrough season in 2016 when he starred against Barcelona in the Nou Camp in the Champions League as a 19-year-old.
The Lagos-born attacker also made the headlines when notching important goals in tough away games such as in the 2-0 victory over Everton at Goodison Park in March of that year, days after catching the eye in Catalonia.
Yet the Arsenal star lost his way under the latter stages of Arsene Wenger's reign when his under-par performances did not merit a regular starting berth, prompting accusations of being indulged by the Frenchman while his progress stalled.
However the Nigerian international, who played for England U18 before opting to play for the west African country, appears reinvigorated under former PSG boss Emery this term as his work rate and influence down the right flank has increased substantially.
Emery still believes there is far more to come from Iwobi, who has now hit 11 league games for Arsenal in 88 starts – but was happy to praise his contribution against Jan Siewart's Terriers.
He told the Gazette: [Iwobi] is young. He has a big commitment. He has a very good physical condition.
"He needs to improve, tactically maybe also, some things.


text:
Company (Heroes)
Company (disambiguation)
Sâles, Fribourg
A company is an association or collection of individuals, whether natural persons, legal persons, or a mixture of both. Company members share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific, declared goals. Companies take various forms such as:
Voluntary associations which may include nonprofit organization
A group of soldiers
Business entities with an aim of gaining a profit
Financial entities and banks
A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept Limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform (or fail) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared "birth certificate" or published policy.
Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies – often known as a corporate group. When the company closes it may need a "death certificate" to avoid further legal obligations.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Company
The Company refers to a fictional covert international organization in the NBC drama Heroes. Its primary purpose is to identify, monitor and study those individuals with genetically-derived special abilities. The Company played a central role in the plot of Volume Two, during the second season of the series. It is a very notable organization in the series and is connected to several of the characters.
In season two, Kaito Nakamura revealed that there were twelve founders of the Company, and a photo of the twelve is later seen (listed below under "Group photo"); it did not include Adam Monroe, an immortal human with the ability of rapid cellular regeneration, who is described as the one who "brought them all together." The Company began sometime between January 1977 and February 14, 1977. Monroe was locked away for thirty years on November 2, 1977, concluding that he only spent about 10 to 11 months with the Company. In the first season of the show, Daniel Linderman heads the Company until his demise. He is substituted in the second season by Bob Bishop, who is implied to be the Company's financial source. However, when Sylar kills him in the beginning of Season 3, Angela Petrelli takes over. Several of the founders have children who are posthumans and who are main characters within the series.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Company_(Heroes)
A company is a group of more than one persons to carry out an enterprise and so a form of business organization.
Company may also refer to:
Company (military unit), a group of typically 75–200 soldiers
Opera company, an instituted company that performs operas
Theatre company, of touring actors, singers and/or dancers
In titles and proper names:
Company (band)
Company (film), a 2002 Hindi film directed by Ram Gopal Varma
Company (free improvisation group), a jazz collective founded in 1968
Company (Heroes), a fictional covert international organization in the NBC drama Heroes
Company (LGBT magazine), the only existing LGBT print magazine in Hungary, published monthly
Company (magazine), a monthly fashion, celebrity and lifestyle magazine published in the United Kingdom
Company (musical), music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by George Furth
Company (novel), a 2006 book by Max Barry
Company (song), the title song from the Broadway musical, Company
"Company" (short story), by Samuel Beckett
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Company_(disambiguation)
Sâles is a municipality in the district of Gruyère in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. In 2001 the municipality was created when Maules, Romanens, Rueyres-Treyfayes and Sâles (Gruyère) merged.
Sâles has an area, as of 2009, of 18.8 square kilometers (7.3 sq mi). Of this area, 13.66 km2 (5.27 sq mi) or 72.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.79 km2 (1.46 sq mi) or 20.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.14 km2 (0.44 sq mi) or 6.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.19 km2 (0.073 sq mi) or 1.0% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, 18.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.6% is used for growing crops and 56.6% is pastures.
The municipality is located in the Gruyère district. It consists of the villages of Maules, Romanens, Rueyres-Treyfayes and Sâles (Gruyère) which merged in 2001.
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/Sâles,_Fribourg
SALES is an American guitar-based pop band from Orlando, Florida. The band's members are musicians Lauren Morgan and Jordan Shih.
In July 2014, the band was named "Ones to Watch" for the second half of 2014 by The Hype Machine for being one the most blogged artists yet to release a long play album.
The band is independent and self-released their first 7" Single renee/tonka time on December 1, 2013 through the music platform Bandcamp.
Artwork for all of the band's releases is done by collage artist and designer Alana Questell.
Morgan (guitar, vocals) and Shih (guitar, programming) formed the band in Orlando, Florida after the longtime friends had been recording music together on and off for several years. Their latest musical project, SALES, is based on vocal and instrumental improvisation as well as sampling.
On January 31, 2014, the first day of the Chinese New Year, the band released their second single titled "chinese new year." The band subsequently received positive acclaim from music blogs, including CMJ, Stereogum, and Pigeons and Planes. CMJ described the track as a "...sandy, sashaying tune with singer Lauren Morgan's slightly cooing vocals skipping over upbeat guitars and a little synthy buzz. At least the Year Of The Horse is sounding pretty good so far."
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -	https://wn.com/SALES
cgisales.com
companyb.org
companymanagementservices.com
salescompany.com
fashioncompany.com
companysharetrade.net
yachtsalesagency.com
landsalesattorney.com
cyprusoffshorecompany.org
indianlandsales.com
americancompany.net
badcompanygaming.com
salesforcecenter.com
curtaincompanystudio.com
environmentalcompany.org
domainsalesteam.org
bunkersales.com
indonesiaminingcompany.com
indonesiasales.com
aaayachtsales.com
Latest News for: Sales company
Two companies -- Indian Railway Finance Corporation and Sequoia Capital-backed Indigo Paints -- are set to hit the market with their initial share-sale offers this week to raise an estimated over Rs 5,800 crore ... On Friday, the company raised Rs 1,390 crore from anchor investors....
SalesOptimize raises €2m and targets taking on 30 new employees this year
Dublin-based market intelligence company, SalesOptimize, which was set up by a former PayPal executive, has just raised €2m and plans to hire 30 people this year. Company founder Liz Fulham told the Sunday Independent that her target is to get to 180 employees over the next five years....
Euler Motors eyes 10-fold increase in revenue as it gears up to expand operations
Business Line 17 Jan 2021
Automotive technology start-up Euler Motors is eyeing a 10-fold increase in its revenue to $20 million (around Rs 146 crore) by the end of next fiscal as it looks to start sales of its electric cargo three-wheeler and expand operations in the country, a top company official said....
Live Mint 17 Jan 2021
At PSA, the turnaround was largely achieved by pulling back on profit-damaging sales discounts and pushing the company to be hypervigilant about costs ... He also needs to reinvigorate the business in China, where the two companies' combined sales now account for less than 1% of a ......
IPOs of IRFC, Indigo Paints to hit market this week
Two companies -- Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) and Sequoia Capital-backed Indigo Paints -- are set to hit ......
IRFC garners over ₹1,398 cr from anchor investors ahead of IPO
The Indian Railway Finance Corporation on Friday raised a little over ₹1,398 crore from anchor investors ahead of its initial share sale that opens for public subscription on Monday. A total of 5,34,563,007 equity shares have been allocated to 31 anchor investors at an upper price band of ₹26 per equity shares, the company said in a statement....
Apple Products to Look Out for at Amazon Great Republic Day Sale: Best Deals on iPhone 12, AirPods Pro
Yahoo Daily News 17 Jan 2021
Amazon India's Great Republic Day Sale is back, and the company will host the event between January 20 to 23 ... Similarly, a range of Apple products that includes the iPhone 12 mini will be available with sale offers that effectively lowers its market price ... Republic Day Sale....
Zoom begins to hire workers in Ireland
It has made a number of roles open to Irish applicants to work remotely for the company, including a marketing lead for healthcare-focused products, sales executives and VAT analysts ... Dubliner Harry Moseley is the company's CIO. The company would ......
Is Amazon done building in south Louisiana? These are the pieces to the puzzle
The Advocate 17 Jan 2021
Ty Gose, a commercial sales and leasing agent with NAI/Latter & Blum, who has worked with Amazon and its ... In 2020, Amazon ranked Louisiana fifth for the fastest annual growth among its digital entrepreneur partners making sales through the company, state officials said....
Upcoming events for the week of Jan. 17, 2021
The Roanoke Times 17 Jan 2021
An agent will be present, but no sales activities are allowed ... BUILDING A SALES STRUCTURE FOR SUPERIOR RESULTS. Presented by Glenn Kurtz, president of James River Sales Advisors, this workshop is designed to address the sales challenges faced by small and medium-sized companies....
Companies expect corporate giving to hold, increase for some in 2021
Crains Detroit Business 17 Jan 2021
About half of the 69 companies who shared their giving projections for this year said they expect to donate about the same amount as last year ... Respondents included privately held, publicly traded and family-owned companies and reflected a mix of budget sizes, with 56 percent reporting $100 million or more in annual sales....
Labour peer Lord Alli feels heat over 'Asos of India' deal
The Times/The Sunday Times 17 Jan 2021
The company dubbed the "Asos ... Alli picked it up on the cheap through a pre-pack sale, where a buyer is lined up before a company goes into administration....


text:
module Diles {
    export var authority: number = Authorities.diles;
    export enum MessageDomains {
        core = 0x00,
    }

    export enum CoreLibraries {
        core = 0x00,
    }
}


text:
Tag Archives: Jack Felton Award
The Golden Ruler Award – Do you know Jack?
In mid-May, the Institute for Public Relations announced the Call for Entries for the 2008 Jack Felton Golden Ruler Award, an award created by the Commission on Public Relations Measurement & Evaluation. I am proud to be a member of the Commission.
The award's primary objective is to identify superb examples of measurement integrated into public relations practice, and to publish these as case studies on the Institute's website. The judging criteria fall into three broad categories: research methods, contributions to the practice of public relations, and quality and substance of findings.
Entry forms, which are available here, must be received by July 31, 2008. As is the Institute's practice, winners will be honored at an award ceremony at the Summit on Measurement held in October in Portsmouth, NH. In addition to the Golden Ruler, this year the judging committee may also select silver and merit level award winners.
I encourage all of you with measurement efforts you are proud of to submit them for consideration. Best of luck!
Tags: Institute for Public Relations, Jack Felton Award, measurement awards
Categories Industry Awards


Yiwu Tiande Import And Export Co., Ltd.
Yiwu TIANDE BELT FACTORY was established in 2002 by experienced people who have been doing BELTS line business for more than 10 years. TIANDE BELT factory is located in the international commercial city - Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, China. Founded Yiwu Tiande Imp&Exp Co,Ltd in 2011.


text:
Fellini Pizzeria
166 Wickenden St, Providence, RI
stephen.denis
Fantastic slice. Great crisp. A bit of flop but nothing too wild to tame. The sauce is so authentic. Perfect amount of cheese. Got myself a second slice. Some of the best pizza in RI.
mike.opereira1/18/20, 6:32 p.m.
Good crust
adam.vincent1/11/20, 5:03 a.m.
18 views•3 likes
theripizzaguy1/4/20, 8:06 p.m.
Fantastic slice. Some of the best in Providence.
ken.mello12/1/19, 9:07 p.m.
bear.bru11/29/19, 4:26 p.m.
Tangy, papa ginos like, perfect crust thickness and structure with flop
stoolpresidente11/26/19, 11:00 p.m.
9,473 views•838 likes
danny.dye11/26/19, 6:15 p.m.
Pizza was good. I'd come back but, wouldn't go out of my way.
marrrrioo11/24/19, 4:05 a.m.
edward.sardinha11/19/19, 6:22 p.m.
big.pie.guy.698/28/19, 12:55 a.m.
weak flop, great pizza though , great sauce, fresh
smassucci157/13/19, 10:58 p.m.
miguel.cristóvão6/24/19, 12:24 a.m.
jake.donahue5/12/19, 9:08 p.m.
mulvey_andrew5/4/19, 4:25 a.m.
Better than your local shop but wouldn't travel out of my way for it. Sauce had some tang but the ratio was off.
jled8911gmail.com4/28/19, 5:53 a.m.
Drunk pizza. All the flop andgrease. But if its 1am it becomes a 9.0
mark.smith133/1/19, 4:04 a.m.
jimmy91pizza2/23/19, 10:41 p.m.
Pretty good pizza. Too much flop but crust had good crunch.
terrence.manning1/19/19, 9:18 p.m.
Doughy but good tang and cheese flavor
daniel.dorazio12/21/18, 7:20 p.m.
Not Bad, I remember this being better though.
heyawesomedude12/6/18, 12:50 a.m.
cj.steiner10/30/18, 11:46 p.m.
kevan.higgins10/5/18, 8:54 p.m.
ripizzaguy10/3/18, 12:19 a.m.
Great slice. No grease no flop crust could be crispier. Zesty sauce flavorful cheese.
marioribs9/30/18, 5:38 a.m.
347 views•1 like
166 Wickenden St
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Silikids Siliskin Bottles - $6.00 8oz./$5.00 4 oz. - 50% off the $12.00/$10.00 retail prices!
These glass baby bottles come encased in a colorful Siliskin, made by Silikids, so baby can grab, hold and avoid slippage when feeding. Microwave safe, hypo allergenic and dishwasher friendly, the translucent silicone sleeves allow you to see measurements and liquid in the bottle. Cleaner than any plastic, parents-in-the-know realize that glass bottles are the best. Available in two sizes: 4 oz. and 8 oz.
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text:
The domain within your query sequence starts at position 441 and ends at position 502; the E-value for the RasGEF domain shown below is 7e-31.
VDEYSPQKKNKALFHQFSLKENWLQHRGTVAETEEIFCHVYITEHSYISVKAKVSSTAQE
The domain was found using the schnipsel database
RasGEF
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases
Ras proteins are membrane-associated molecular switches that bind GTP and GDP and slowly hydrolyze GTP to GDP [(PUBMED:1898771)] in fundamental events such as signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular trafficking. The balance between the GTP bound (active) and GDP bound (inactive) states is regulated by the opposite action of proteins activating the GTPase activity and that of proteins which promote the loss of bound GDP and the uptake of fresh GTP [(PUBMED:8259209), (PUBMED:15335949)]. The latter proteins are known as guanine-nucleotide exchange (or releasing) factors (GEFs or GRFs) (or also as guanine-nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs)). GEFs catalyze the dissociation of GDP from the inactive GTP-binding proteins. GTP can then bind and induce structural changes that allow interaction with effectors [(PUBMED:9438849),(PUBMED:7786285)].
The crystal structure of the GEF region of human Sos1 complexes with Ras has been solved [(PUBMED:8094051)]. The structure consists of two distinct alpha helical structural domains: the N-terminal domain which seems to have a purely structural role and the C-terminal domain which is sufficient for catalytic activity and contains all residues that interact with Ras. A main feature of the catalytic domain is the protrusion of a helical hairpin important for the nucleotide-exchange mechanism. The N-terminal domain is likely to be important for the stability and correct placement of the hairpin structure.
Some proteins known to contain a Ras-GEF domain are listed below:
Cdc25 from yeast.
Scd25 from yeast.
Ste6 from fission yeast.
Son of sevenless (gene sos) from Drosophila and mammals.
p140-RAS GRF (cdc25Mm) from mammals. This protein possesses both a domain belonging to the CDC25 family and one belonging to the CDC24 family.
Bud5 from yeast, that may interact with the ras-like protein RSR1/BUD1.
Lte1 from yeast, whose target protein is not yet known.
ralGDS from mammals, which interacts with the ras-like proteins ralA and ralB [(PUBMED:8094051)].
This entry represents the catalytic domain of the Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors.
GO process:
small GTPase mediated signal transduction (GO:0007264)
GO function:
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity (GO:0005085)
There are 18332 RasGEF domains in 18317 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.
Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing RasGEF domain.
This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with RasGEF domain is also avaliable.
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing RasGEF domain in the selected taxonomic class.
Cellular role: signalling
Binding / catalysis: protein-binding, Ras-binding, guanine nucleotide exchange activity towards Ras
Nimnual AS, Yatsula BA, Bar-Sagi D
Coupling of Ras and Rac guanosine triphosphatases through the Ras exchanger Sos.
Science. 1998; 279: 560-3
The Son of Sevenless (Sos) proteins control receptor-mediated activation of Ras by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate on Ras. The NH2-terminal region of Sos contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain in tandem with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. In COS-1 cells, the DH domain of Sos stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on Rac but not Cdc42 in vitro and in vivo. The tandem DH-PH domain of Sos (DH-PH-Sos) was defective in Rac activation but regained Rac stimulating activity when it was coexpressed with activated Ras. Ras-mediated activation of DH-PH-Sos did not require activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase but it was dependent on activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. These results reveal a potential mechanism for coupling of Ras and Rac signaling pathways.
Geyer M, Wittinghofer A
GEFs, GAPs, GDIs and effectors: taking a closer (3D) look at the regulation of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins.
Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1997; 7: 786-92
Cell biology depends on the interactions of macromolecules, such as protein-DNA, protein-protein or protein-nucleotide interactions. GTP-binding proteins are no exception to the rule. They regulate cellular processes as diverse as protein biosynthesis and intracellular membrane trafficking. Recently, a large number of genes encoding GTP-binding proteins and the proteins that interact with these molecular switches have been cloned and expressed. The 3D structures of some of these have also been elucidated.
Byrne JL, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ
p21Ras activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos, requires the Sos/Grb2 interaction and a second ligand-dependent signal involving the Sos N-terminus.
Oncogene. 1996; 13: 2055-65
It has been suggested that a key event in growth factor-induced p21Ras activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos, is the recruitment of Sos to the plasma membrane by its interaction with the adaptor protein Grb2. However, other evidence argues that the sub cellular localisation of Sos is independent of Grb2, and that the Sos/Grb2 interaction can be dispensed with for p21Ras activation. To clarify the role of the Sos/Grb2 interaction in ligand-stimulated p21Ras activation, we have utilised the observation that overexpression of the Sos C-terminal domain can effectively inhibit p21Ras-dependent signalling in three different mammalian systems. We have shown that concurrent expression of Grb2, but not SH2 or SH3 domain mutants of Grb2, or the alternative adaptor protein Nck, can rescue this inhibitory effect of the C-terminus. This shows that the Grb2/Sos interaction is required to mediate growth factor-dependent activation of p21Ras, and requires the presence of intact SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2. This approach was also used for a functional analysis of Sos which revealed that growth factor dependent signals are transmitted through both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains.
Quilliam LA, Khosravi-Far R, Huff SY, Der CJ
Guanine nucleotide exchange factors: activators of the Ras superfamily of proteins.
Bioessays. 1995; 17: 395-404
Ras proteins function as critical relay switches that regulate diverse signaling pathways between cell surface receptors and the nucleus. Over the past 2-3 years researchers have identified many components of these pathways that mediate Ras activation and effector function. Among these proteins are several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which are responsible for directly interacting with and activating Ras in response to extracellular stimuli. Analogous GEFs regulate Ras-related proteins that serve other diverse cellular functions. In particular, a growing family of proteins (Dbl homology proteins) has recently been identified, which may function as GEFs for the Rho family of Ras-related proteins. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure, biochemistry and biology of Ras and Rho family GEFs. Additionally, we describe mechanisms of GEF activation of Ras in signal transduction and address the potential that deregulated GEFs might contribute to malignant transformation through chronic Ras protein activation.
Boguski MS, McCormick F
Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives.
GTPases of the Ras superfamily regulate many aspects of cell growth, differentiation and action. Their functions depend on their ability to alternate between inactive and active forms, and on their cellular localization. Numerous proteins affecting the GTPase activity, nucleotide exchange rates and membrane localization of Ras superfamily members have now been identified. Many of these proteins are much larger and more complex than their targets, containing multiple domains capable of interacting with an intricate network of cellular enzymes and structures.
Li N et al.
Guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor hSos1 binds to Grb2 and links receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras signalling.
Nature. 1993; 363: 85-8
Many of the actions of receptor tyrosine kinases are mediated by the protein Ras, including the activation of various downstream serine/threonine kinases and the stimulation of growth and differentiation. The human protein Grb2 binds to ligand-activated growth factor receptors and downstream effector proteins through its Src-homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3, respectively, and like its homologue from Caenorhabditis elegans, Sem-5, apparently forms part of a highly conserved pathway by which these receptors can control Ras activity. Here we show that the SH3 domains of Grb2 bind to the carboxy-terminal part of hSos1, the human homologue of the Drosophila guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor for Ras, which is essential for control of Ras activity by epidermal growth factor receptor and sevenless. Moreover, a synthetic 10-amino-acid peptide containing the sequence PPVPPR specifically blocks the interaction. These results indicate that the Grb2/hSos1 complex couples activated EGF receptor to Ras signalling.
Skolnik EY et al.
The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways.
Science. 1993; 260: 1953-5
Insulin-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases [ERKs, also known as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases] is mediated by Ras. Insulin activates Ras primarily by increasing the rate of guanine nucleotide-releasing activity. Here, we show that insulin-induced activation of ERKs was enhanced by stable overexpression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) but not by overexpression of GRB2 proteins with point mutations in the Src homology 2 and 3 domains. Moreover, a dominant negative form of Ras (with Ser17 substituted with Asn) blocked insulin-induced activation of ERKs in cells that overexpressed GRB2. GRB2 overexpression led to increased formation of a complex between the guanine nucleotide-releasing factor Sos (the product of the mammalian homolog of son of sevenless gene) and GRB2. In response to insulin stimulation, this complex bound to tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1) and Shc. In contrast to the activated epidermal growth factor receptor that binds the GRB2-Sos complex directly, activation of the insulin receptor results in the interaction of GRB2-Sos with IRS-1 and Shc, thus linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways.
Shou C, Farnsworth CL, Neel BG, Feig LA
Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor for Ras p21.
The stimulation of a variety of cell surface receptors promotes the accumulation of the active, GTP-bound form of Ras proteins in cells. This is a critical step in signal transduction because inhibition of Ras activation by anti-Ras antibodies or dominant inhibitory Ras mutants blocks many of the effects of these receptors on cellular function. To reach the active GTP-bound state, Ras proteins must first release bound GDP. This rate-limiting step in GTP binding is thought to be catalysed by a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor (GRF). Here we report the cloning of complementary DNAs from a rat brain library that encode a approximately 140K GRF for Ras p21 (p140Ras-GRF). Its carboxy-terminal region is similar to that of CDC25, a GRF for Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS. This portion of Ras-GRF accelerated the release of GDP from RasH and RasN p21 in vitro, but not from the related RalA, or CDC42Hs GTP-binding proteins. A region in the amino-terminal end of Ras-GRF is similar to both the human breakpoint cluster protein, Bcr, and the dbl oncogene product, a guanine-nucleotide-releasing factor for CDC42Hs. An understanding of Ras-GRF function will enhance our knowledge of the many signal transduction pathways mediated by Ras proteins.
Hart MJ, Eva A, Evans T, Aaronson SA, Cerione RA
Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange on the CDC42Hs protein by the dbl oncogene product.
THE superfamily of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins, for which the ras proteins are prototypes, has been implicated in the regulation of diverse biological activities including protein trafficking, secretion, and cell growth and differentiation. One member of this family, CDC42Hs (originally referred to as Gp or G25K), seems to be the human homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-division-cycle protein, CDC42Sc. A second S. cerevisiae protein, CDC24, which is known from complementation studies to act with CDC42Sc to regulate the development of normal cell shape and the selection of nonrandom budding sites in yeast, contains a region with sequence similarity to the dbl oncogene product. Here we show that dbl specifically catalyses the dissociation of GDP from CDC42Hs and thereby qualifies as a highly selective guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the GTP-binding protein. Although guanine nucleotide exchange activities have been previously described for other members of the Ras-related GTP-binding protein family, this is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of the involvement of a human oncogenic protein in catalysing exchange activity.
12.04 map04010 MAPK signaling pathway
3.72 map04912 GnRH signaling pathway
3.72 map04320 Dorso-ventral axis formation
3.72 map04540 Gap junction
1.75 map04720 Long-term potentiation
1.09 map04020 Calcium signaling pathway
This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentage points are related to the number of proteins with RasGEF domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing RasGEF domain. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers above will not always add up to 100%.
3D Structures of RasGEF domains in PDB
1bkd COMPLEX OF HUMAN H-RAS WITH HUMAN SOS-1
1nvu Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS
1nvv Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS
1nvw Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS
1nvx Structural evidence for feedback activation by RasGTP of the Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factor SOS
1xd2 Crystal Structure of a ternary Ras:SOS:Ras*GDP complex
1xd4 Crystal structure of the DH-PH-cat module of Son of Sevenless (SOS)
1xdv Experimentally Phased Structure of Human the Son of Sevenless protein at 4.1 Ang.
2byv Structure of the cAMP responsive exchange factor Epac2 in its auto- inhibited state
2ii0 Crystal Structure of catalytic domain of Son of sevenless (Rem-Cdc25) in the absence of Ras
2ije Crystal Structure of the Cdc25 domain of RasGRF1
3cf6 Structure of Epac2 in complex with cyclic-AMP and Rap
3ksy Crystal structure of the Histone domain, DH-PH unit, and catalytic unit of the Ras activator Son of Sevenless (SOS)
3qxl Crystal structure of the CDC25 Domain from Ral-specific Guanine-nucleotide Exchange Factor RalGPS1a
3t6a Structure of the C-terminal domain of BCAR3
3t6g Structure of the complex between NSP3 (SHEP1) and p130Cas
4f7z Conformational dynamics of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP
4jgw The conformation of a docking site for SH3 domains is pre-selected in the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Rlf
4l9m Autoinhibited state of the Ras-specific exchange factor RasGRP1
4mgi 4MGI
4mgk 4MGK
4mgy 4MGY
4mgz 4MGZ
4mh0 4MH0
4nyi Approach for Targeting Ras with Small Molecules that Activate SOS-Mediated Nucleotide Exchange
4nyj Approach for Targeting Ras with Small Molecules that Activate SOS-Mediated Nucleotide Exchange
4nym Approach for Targeting Ras with Small Molecules that Activate SOS-Mediated Nucleotide Exchange
4uru 4URU
4urv 4URV
4urw 4URW
4urx 4URX
4ury 4URY
4urz 4URZ
4us0 4US0
5cm8 5CM8
PROSITE
GDS_CDC25


text:
Maithan Alloys Limited is a publicly listed company at NSE which manufactures, sells manganese and ferro-alloys within India and internationally, is traded as MAITHANALL. It has registered office in Kolkata, India. It's led by Subhas Agarwalla as chairman and managing director, Subodh Agarwalla as chief operating officer. It's part of Maithan's group which is currently valued at Rs. 16,000 crores (2.5 Billion U.S. dollars) and has a market capitalization of Rs. 3,842 crores (650 million U.S. dollars) in 2019. On 20 March 2017, it was criticized by Meghalaya's chief minister Mukul Sangma as being one of the major polluters of the state. It has plants in multiple states: Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh.

References

Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Manufacturing companies based in Kolkata
Metal companies of India
Companies with year of establishment missing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Prior to launching ¡Brava!, Martha Flores was the Chief Editorial Officer of mitú, where she created a voice that was culturally specific, unapologetically Latino and awesome.
She created the CholosTry and CholasTalk franchises. She also held key positions at Demand Media, Us Weekly and Los Angeles Times.
¡Brava! reflects the Latina experience from East LA to East Coast. Founded by Martha E. Flores, ¡Brava! shows the world Latina strength with video-driven storytelling that is a true reflection of Latinx life.
There are 26 million Latinas in the US. One out of five adult women are Latinas. One out of four high school females are Latinas. Yet we are often overlooked because we are mainstream or we are targeted using an outdated model that is in Spanish on TV and using stereotypes.
In 2015, of all the movies released in the US, only three percent featured Latinas. We deserve to see a genuine reflection of ourselves in tv shows, movies and online storytelling. We also deserve to see our complexity in the narratives told. We should not settle for taco memes and abuela caricatures as the only reflection we see.


Malicious key generation (keygen) software is one of the fastest-growing types of a malware, according to the latest Microsoft Security Intelligence Report (SIR).
In the past year, malicious keygen software has increased from a million detected instances to five million – and 26 times as frequent as the first half of 2010, when this type of malware was first detected.
In the first half of 2012, malicious keygen software escalated rapidly above malware exploiting the Win32 Autorun vulnerability, to establish itself as the top malware family.
Some 76% of this malware is linked to other malware, Tim Rains, director of Microsoft Trustworthy Computing told Computer Weekly, underlining the need for user awareness as a first line of defence.
Keygen software typically generates a licensing key, serial number or some other registration information necessary to activate a software application.
Attackers are using this kind of software to lure people who are seeking to activate unlicensed copies of popular software, particularly Adobe Photoshop, Autocad and Nero Multimedia, said Rains.
Malicious keygen software, which relies heavily on social engineering, was among the top 10 threats of a handful of countries in 2010, but now features in the top 10 of 98% of regions featured in the SIR.
Researchers have even seen instances of malicious links for downloading free software such as Adobe Flash.
"It is always safer to go directly to software makers rather than through third parties," said Rains.
Similarly, he said, web users should be wary of free music or video because these are popular ways used by cyber criminals to trick people into downloading malware or lure them onto compromised sites.
Ensuring that all software, including browsers, are up to date to include the latest security is an important basic step in protecting against drive-by infections from compromised websites, said Rains.
Another trend highlighted by SIR volume 13, is that vulnerability disclosures across the software industry in the first half of 2012 were up 11.3% from the second half of 2011.
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses in software that enable an attacker to compromise the integrity, availability or confidentiality of the software or the data it processes.
"We have seen a gradual decline since 2008, but now there is this sudden increase, mostly in web and line-of-business applications rather than operating systems and browsers," said Rains.
Known exploits feature in the top 10 threats in many countries, including the UK, which means that it has never been more important to patch applications with security updates than now, he said.
The top 10 threats in the UK include three exploits, which is on the high side said Rains. These are the Blacole or Blackhole exploit kit, Java exploits and .pdf exploits.
"Attackers continue to take advantage of organisations that are failing to update all the software they are using," said Rains.
Conficker also remains a top threat for both the consumer and enterprise markets, he said, despite the fact that there have been no new variants in over four years.
The main method of propagation is using common or default passwords like "password123" or abusing vulnerabilities in Win 32 Autorun.
But simply by implementing complex passwords throughout and updating to the latest Windows operating system (OS), businesses can go a long way to blocking further Conficker infections, said Rains.
The best primary form of defence remains keeping software up to date, he said, although enterprises should ensure they are using Microsoft update rather than Windows update to ensure that all Microsoft products are updated automatically, and not just the OS.


According to safety professionals, four of five serious injuries are the result of workers not being sensible on the job and taking unnecessary chances. Common sense on the job is irreplaceable.
Always wear the proper personal protective equipment.
Don't over exert yourself – get help with heavy tasks.
Don't over extend yourself when on ladders – and risk losing your balance.
Always use the proper tool for the job.
Look for unsafe acts or unsafe working conditions – and then report them.
Watch out for others – remember you are part of a team.
Are the conditions safe to do the work?
Are the methods we are going to use safe?
Does everyone know how to do it?
Can I fall, get struck by, get caught between or under, or get electrocuted on this job?
Remember: By remembering and following common sense rules and by asking yourself about the conditions, methods, job site hazards and knowing what to do, you should be able to decrease your chances of being injured. Be "common sense smart" and prevent accidents, not cause them.


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Home › News › Northern Ireland
Thieves use digger to steal ATM from Tesco
Police recovered the ATM unit a few miles away.
The scene of the ATM theft in Antrim (@PaulmichaelUUP/Twitter)
By Max McLean, PA
December 6 2019 13:23 PM
Thieves used a digger to steal an ATM from a Tesco supermarket in Antrim in the middle of the night.
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/thieves-use-digger-to-steal-atm-from-tesco-38760065.html
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/b7ee4/38760063.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/bpanews_660dc39e-2eaf-4803-9fce-fcba80be267a_1
Police Service Northern Ireland said it received a report of the theft just after 3am.
The machine was recovered just a few miles away about half an hour later.
Paul Michael, who was mayor of Antrim and Newtownabbey until May this year, told the PA news agency that the incident was "an attack on the whole community".
Police recover stolen ATM machine taken from premises in Antrim during the early hours of today (Friday, 6th December). pic.twitter.com/YcQ6fziTTJ
— Police Service NI (@PoliceServiceNI) December 6, 2019
He continued: "The location of (the) ATMs did not just service Tesco shoppers, but the residents of the whole town.
"A crime against the community."
Mr Michael said the Tesco supermarket was open for business.
In a statement, Detective Inspector Richard Thornton appealed to owners of heavy plant machinery to secure the vehicles properly to prevent such incidents in the future, and asked the public to be aware of diggers on the roads in the evening or middle of the night.
In November, a man was charged over an attempted ATM theft that caused the collapse of a petrol station roof in Ballynahinch, Co Down.
Northern Ireland schools warned as man uses Snapchat to target more than 200...
By David O'Dornan Parents have been informed that a man has been targeting more than 200 children at 30 schools in Northern Ireland on the social media platform Snapchat.
Driver 'travelled 14 miles with explosive device on car'
By Michael McHugh, PA A driver may have travelled nearly 14 miles with an explosive device attached to his car, police in Northern Ireland said.
Translink 'sympathetic' to Northern Ireland farmers after vegan bus ads spark...
Gareth Cross Public transport operator Translink has said it is "sympathetic" to the pressures faced by Northern Ireland farmers and recognised the "important role" they have in the economy and in rural...


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Don Gayton
Ecologist, Writer
Resume of Writing
Literary Recognition
Man Facing West
Okanagan Odyssey
Interwoven Wild
The Wheatgrass Mechanism
Landscapes of the Interior
Kokanee – The Redfish and the Kootenay Bioregion
Don Gayton – Proud owner of his first vehicle, a 1953 Chevrolet pickup.
I've reached a stage in life where writing is a distinct pleasure, and I use it to indulge a series of personal fascinations. The evolution of landscape painting. The aerodynamic mysteries of the airplane wing. Rural development, the ecology of natural grasslands, the geology of the Great Spokane Flood. And more of that ilk. I call myself a scientist, but really I'm a "gentleman scientist" because I flunked Algebra.
For me, science is the undiscovered country of the literary imagination. As a reader, fiction has always been my first love, followed closely by scientific journals. So as a writer, I like to threaten the fortified boundaries of non-fiction, shouting and waving my arms. More and more I gravitate to story as our primal form of communication.
My childhood was spent in 1950's southern California, in a new invention called the suburb. My father's powerful attraction to fishing prompted a move to a tiny coastal community on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, where I spent a couple of glorious years roaming beaches and fields and forests. We then moved to Seattle, where I attended a multi-racial highschool, played football, read Dostoevskii and channeled the beatniks. Hitchhiked around Europe after graduation, and then answered Kennedy's call, spending a couple of fascinating years in Colombia as a Peace Corps volunteer.
Meanwhile Vietnam loomed larger and larger. I returned to the US in the fall of 1968, to race riots and body counts. The notion that my government would ask me to help peasant farmers in the Peace Corps, and then ask me to kill them in Vietnam, did not sit well. Tumultuous years followed, ending in our move to Canada. We have six children (thank god for socialized medicine!). All of us are proud Canadians, but America still tastes of home waters to me, in spite of the politics.
I work as an ecologist, specializing in grasslands, grazing management and fire ecology, and I write in my spare time. In the last century, the physicists interpreted science for the public; in this next beleaguered century, we ecologists will get our turn.
Places I've lived or worked:
San Pedro, Pasadena and Fullerton, California
Dungeness, Seattle, Twisp, Tonasket and Omak, Washington
San Felipe de Ocoyotepec, Mexico
Riosucio (Choco) and Zuluaga (Huila), Colombia Zagreb, in the former Yugoslavia
Saskatoon, Regina and Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan
Nelson, Vancouver and Summerland (our current home), British Columbia
Occasional posts on obscure topics and passing fascinations, arriving punctually about once a month.
Eocene Walk
Naming the Nameless
A Canadian Adventure
The Mechanics of Warmth
An Antidote for America's Illness
Subscribe to this website via Email


To me, food isn't just fuel for the body, it is an expression of love. It is an art form. It is a conversation piece. It is a bridge between people. To cook for someone is to show them how much you care.
There is no need to settle for the ordinary when you can experience the extraordinary!
We have a very extensive menu, so you can pick the foods that fit your event perfectly. Not sure what to choose? We have lots of experience and will be happy to help you assemble just the right menu.


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Halifax Acupuncture
Acupuncture Services
Classical Five Element Acupuncture
At Elizabeth Heffelfinger R.Ac., we ensure our customers' healthcare and well-being when providing our acupuncture services. We understand how pain and discomfort can challenge their daily life and relieve them of stress to make them feel at ease. Give us a call today in Halifax to book an appointment. Check out our customer testimonials to see their feelings about our service.
"Thanks so much for today's appointment and for all the treatments in the past while."
- Marissa from Halifax, NS
Amazing Treatment
"I'm feeling more fluid and loose after the amazing treatment combo. Namaste."
- Lizzy from Halifax, NS
I'll Miss You
"Thank you for being the only one who could save me. I'll miss you when I'm away."
- Sarah from Halifax, NS
Pain is Completely Gone
"Just wanted to let you know that after I left your office and even now, the tightness and pain of my SI joint area is completely gone. You definitely touched on something essential."
- Jennifer from Halifax, NS
Sinuses Clear
"Just to let you know, I slept from 7:30 until 7:30 (up a bit around 4). Sinuses still clear. Thank you!"
- Jane from Halifax, NS
Slept Like a Baby
"Good morning. Thank you for a wonderful treatment. I slept like a baby. Deep, without interruption of any kind. I feel wonderful this morning!"
- Mary in Halifax, NS
Calm, Thoughtful, Listen Closely
"It is difficult to sum up the impact you have made on me. Always calm, thoughtful and with an incredible power to listen closely. "
- Jim in LA, California
Wonderful Treatment
"Thanks for the wonderful treatment today Elizabeth. I feel like myself again :)"
- Kate in Halifax, NS
Really Appreciate It
"Just wanted to thank you again for all you did for me during the holidays – I really appreciate it! So after that last day of acupuncture you did on me, my ear was still vibrating a bit, but then it stopped and hasn't bothered me since! My trip was fantastic and carefree!"
- Michael in Halifax, NS
Like Getting a Warm Cuddle
"Acupuncture feels like getting a warm cuddle. It's so relaxing."
- Jen from Halifax, NS
Much More Engaged
"Really appreciate the work you are doing with my daughter. She has really come alive and is much more engaged over the past few days."
- Tom in Halifax, NS
You Made Such a Difference
"I just wanted to thank you for all that you've done for me over the past several months. You have made such a difference in my state of mind and overall well-being during such a difficult time in my life. Now, you have seen me through to the most exciting part-pregnancy!"
- Ginny in LA, California
"I wanted to let you know that we had our baby boy last night at 11:14 pm! He is healthy and doing well and labour was intense but fairly short. All is well. Thanks for all your help."
- Monica in Ojai, California
"It feels like my atoms are all lined up."
- Sue from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Copyright Elizabeth Heffelfinger R.A.C. 2023 - Legal


Weekly auto rail, with online car-shopping tips, Car Q&A with Junior Damato and more.
Shopping for cars online is easier than ever, and more and more buyers are turning to the Internet during the shopping process. According to the 2011 Automotive Buyer Influence Study, conducted by Polk and AutoTrader.com, new- and used-vehicle buyers spend 18 to 19 hours researching cars before purchasing, and they spend 60 percent of their shopping time online.
While the Internet has made used-car shopping easier than ever, consumers need to be cautious in order to protect themselves from fraud. Most automotive classified sites connect shoppers and sellers, but the actual purchase transactions take place through other avenues - offline and online. Consumers who want to make the move from shopping to purchasing online should exhibit the most caution.
- Choose and contact a reputable escrow service yourself after verifying their legitimacy by checking with state regulators or the Better Business Bureau. Scammers will try to make you believe they are using an escrow service, when they have actually set up fake accounts using real company names.
- Do not use money transfer services to purchase a vehicle online. Money transfer services are fast, easy and convenient ways to send funds to people you know. They are not intended to be a payment vehicle when doing business with a stranger you have not personally met.
- Be a cautious buyer and be prepared to walk away. Make sure you see the car and have it checked out before purchasing it. If the seller does not allow this and tells you that he or she will only accept a money transfer before allowing you to see the car, be prepared to walk away. If the seller tells you how to safeguard your purchase by putting the transaction in the name of a friend, don't believe it. It won't protect you from a fraudulent seller.
- If the deal seems too good to be true, it probably is. If you can't find a comparable deal on a car locally, it may be too good to be true. Fraudulent sellers often have long stories about why they aren't available to show you the car, why they can only be reached via email or why they have to sell it fast and therefore priced the car below market value, so be suspicious if you hear reasons along those lines.
The Range Rover Evoque recently was chosen by Motor Trend magazine as its SUV of the Year.
Q: We own a 2004 BMW model 325CI two-door. For the past three years we have detected a strong oil odor in the interior cab and trunk. Oddly, BMW service said they do not detect any odor, which I can't believe. Other lay people have confirmed the strong odor when they are in the car. Recently, the check engine light went on and I had it serviced by a company other than BMW. The technician found fault code P0174 and noted, upon further testing, the engine had excessive crank case ventilation. He replaced the crank case vent valve, vent pipe, connection line, return pipe and engine air filter. Engine light was reset. The oil smell is still present. Any suggestions? Thanks.
A: For an oil smell to be smelled in the interior of any vehicle, the smell has to start under the hood or exhaust. The fault code P0174 is a lean condition due to much unmetered air entering the engine. I would take the car to an independent shop and have them check for oil leaks under the car. There is no way to actually know the problem without looking at the car.


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Q: Magento change product name adding to cart I want to change some values of some products while adding them to the cart in Magento CE 1.7
Im trying with the Observer checkout_cart_add_product_complete for this. Change the price (CustomPrice) works well if I try to change the product name or product images, its not saved.
Is there a way to change this attributes already on adding to cart?
public function checkout_cart_add_product_complete(Varien_Event_Observer $observer) {
    [...]
            // Set new Price
            $lastAddedItem->setOriginalCustomPrice($originalProduct->getPrice());
            $lastAddedItem->setCustomPrice($originalProduct->getPrice());

            // Set Product-Name
            $lastAddedItem->setName($originalProduct->getName());

            // Set Product-Images
            $lastAddedItem->setImage($originalProduct->getImage());
            $lastAddedItem->setSmallImage($originalProduct->getSmallImage());
            $lastAddedItem->setThumbnail($originalProduct->getThumbnail());

            // Save updated Item and Cart
            //$lastAddedItem->save();
            Mage::getSingleton('checkout/cart')->save();

            // Recalc Totals and save
            $quote->setTotalsCollectedFlag(false);
            $quote->collectTotals();
            $quote->save();

            Mage::getSingleton('checkout/session')->setCartWasUpdated(true);
}

A: The function Mage_Sales_Model_Quote_Item::setProduct resets some of the basic information each time a product is saved (updated).  Luckily there is an event "sales_quote_item_set_product" you can latch onto.
config.xml
<config>
...
    <global>
        <events>
            <sales_quote_item_set_product>
                <observers>
                    <samples>
                        <type>singleton</type>
                        <class>samples/observer</class>
                        <method>salesQuoteItemSetProduct</method>
                    </samples>
                </observers>
            </sales_quote_item_set_product>
        </events>
    <global>
...
</config>

Observer.php
class Mynamespace_Samples_Model_Observer
{
    public function salesQuoteItemSetProduct(Varien_Event_Observer $observer)
    {
        /* @var $item Mage_Sales_Model_Quote_Item */
        $item = $observer->getQuoteItem();

        $item->setName('Ians custom product name');

        return $this;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Austin Tyler Knittle, 20, of Vermilion, passed away Thursday, January 24, 2019 at his home.
He was born June 17, 1998 in Lorain and had been a life long Vermilion resident.
Austin graduated from Vermilion High School where he ran cross country and track.
He was a veteran of the United States Army where he was a specialist and qualified to be a sharp shooter.
He was working for J H Routh Packing Co., Sandusky and had also worked at Burger King, Huron while he was in High School.
Austin loved reading and studying history. He also enjoyed being in the outdoors, the beach, riding his bike, his dogs and cats, and he especially enjoyed spending time with his family, friends, and his Digger Dog. He will be missed for his wit and humor.
He is survived by his wife, Faith (nee Canter) Knittle; son, Varric James Knittle; parents, Lowell E. Jr. and Angela (nee Mullins) Knittle of Vermilion; paternal grandparents, Janet and Lowell Knittle, Sr. of Vermilion; his maternal grandfather, Gary (Carol) Mullins of Bonita Springs, FL; several aunts, uncles, loving cousins, and dear friends.
He was preceded in death by his brother, Jacob Daniel Knittle in 2000 and his maternal grandmother, Betty Chandler.
The family will receive friends on Monday, Jan. 28, 2019 from 5:00 pm to 8:00 pm at the Riddle Funeral Home, 5345 South Street, Vermilion, Ohio. Funeral services will be Tuesday, Jan. 29, 2019 at 11:00 am at the funeral home. Pastor Jim Cooper will officiate. Military Honors will be presented by the Vermilion Veterans Council just prior to the funeral service. Interment will follow at Maple Grove Cemetery, Vermilion.