text:
For other uses, see Midshipman (disambiguation).
A midshipman is an officer of the lowest rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Canada (Naval Cadet), Australia, Bangladesh, Namibia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Kenya.
In the 17th century, a midshipman was a rating for an experienced seaman, and the word derives from the area aboard a ship, amidships, either where the original rating worked on the ship, or where he was berthed. Beginning in the 18th century, a commissioned officer candidate was rated as a midshipman, and the seaman rating began to slowly die out. By the Napoleonic era (1793–1815), a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present-day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. Midshipmen in the United States Navy were trained and served similarly to midshipmen in the Royal Navy, although unlike their counterparts in the Royal Navy, a midshipman was a warrant officer rank until 1912.
During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a naval college. Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college. Trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, time at sea declined to less than a year as the entry age was increased from 12 to 18.
Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility. In many Romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde marine, Spanish guardia marina, Portuguese guarda-marinha, and Italian guardiamarina. Today, these ranks all refer to naval cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers.
1.1 Apprentice officers
1.1.1 Royal Navy (1662–1836)
1.1.1.1 Origins
1.1.1.2 Entry
1.1.1.3 Social background and uniform
1.1.1.4 Duties and promotion
1.1.2 United States Navy (1794–1845)
1.2 Cadet officers
1.2.1 Royal Navy from 1836
1.2.2 United States Navy from 1845
1.2.3 Commonwealth navies
1.3 Snotty
2 Modern usage
2.1 Royal Navy
2.1.1 Royal Australian Navy
2.1.2 Royal New Zealand Navy
2.1.3 South African Navy
2.1.4 Indian Navy
2.1.5 Pakistan Navy
2.2 United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies
3 Other countries
3.1 Comparative ranks and insignia
Apprentice officers
Royal Navy (1662–1836)
Midshipman of the Royal Navy (c. 1799),[1] by Thomas Rowlandson
The rank of midshipman originated during the Tudor and Stuart eras, and originally referred to a post for an experienced seaman promoted from the ordinary deck hands, who worked in between the main and mizzen masts and had more responsibility than an ordinary seaman, but was not a military officer or an officer in training.[2] The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662.[3] The word derives from an area aboard a ship, amidships, but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship,[2] or the location where midshipmen were berthed.[4]
By the 18th century, four types of midshipman existed: midshipman (original rating), midshipman extraordinary, midshipman (apprentice officer), and midshipman ordinary.[5] Some midshipmen were older men, and while most were officer candidates who failed to pass the lieutenant examination or were passed over for promotion, some members of the original rating served, as late as 1822, alongside apprentice officers without themselves aspiring to a commission.[6] By 1794, all midshipmen were considered officer candidates, and the original rating was phased out.[7]
Midshipman Henry William Baynton aged 13 (1780)
Beginning in 1661, boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a "letter of service" from the crown, and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen.[8] The letter instructed the admirals and captains that the bearer was to be shown "such kindness as you shall judge fit for a gentleman, both in accommodating him in your ship and in furthering his improvement".[9] Their official rating was volunteer-per-order, but they were often known as King's letter boys, to distinguish their higher social class from the original midshipman rating.[8][10]
Beginning in 1677, Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman, and promotion to midshipman required some time at sea.[11] By the Napoleonic era, the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or master's mate and six years of total sea time.[12] Sea time was earned in various ways, most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating,[13] either as a servant of one of the ship's officers, a volunteer, or a seaman.[12]
By the 1730s, the rating volunteer-per-order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers. For example, a captain was allowed four servants for every 100 men aboard his ship; many of these servants were young men destined to become officers.[14]
In 1729, the Royal Naval Academy in Portsmouth – renamed the Royal Naval College in 1806 – was founded, for 40 students aged between 13 and 16, who would take three years to complete a course of study defined in an illustrated book, and would earn two years of sea time as part of their studies.[5][12] The rating of midshipman-by-order, or midshipman ordinary, was used specifically for graduates of the Royal Naval College, to distinguish them from midshipmen who had served aboard ship, who were paid more.[5] The school was unpopular in the Navy, because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship.[14]
In 1794, officers' servants were abolished and a new class of volunteers called 'volunteer class I' was created for boys between the ages of 11 and 13 who were considered future midshipmen and lived in the gunroom on a ship-of-the-line or with the midshipmen on a frigate or smaller vessel.[14] Volunteers were paid £6 per year.[14] By 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen.[5]
Social background and uniform
Portrait of Midshipman John Windham Dalling (c. 1800)
In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between gentlemen and non-gentlemen.[15][A 1] Boys aspiring for a commission were often called young gentlemen instead of their substantive rating to distinguish their higher social standing from the ordinary sailors.[9][18] Generally, aboard most warships common seamen berthed in the gundeck, while officers were quartered at the stern. Occasionally, a midshipman would be posted aboard a ship in a lower rating such as able seaman but would eat and sleep with his social equals in the cockpit.[19][A 2]
Approximately 50 percent of midshipmen were the sons of professional men, which included the sons of naval officers, and there were notable sailing families throughout the Age of Sail, such as the Saumarez, Hood, and Parker families. The niceties of preferment and promotion made family connections an obvious advantage for prospective officers. Members of the peerage and landed gentry formed the next largest group, about 27 percent of officers. The numbers were smaller, but similarly, their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion, and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy. A notable member of this group was Prince William, later William IV, who served as a midshipman from 1780 to 1785. The rest were from commercial or working class backgrounds, and because of the advantages possessed by the nobility and professional sailors, their chances of promotion to lieutenant were slim.[14]
Since most midshipmen were from the gentry or had family connections with sailing ships, many used their connections to have their names placed on a ship's books. The practice, known colloquially as "false muster" was common even though it was technically illegal and frowned upon.[21] This allowed some boys to be promoted to midshipmen, or in some cases lieutenant, without having completed the required amount of time at sea. A notable example was Thomas Cochrane, whose uncle had him entered at the age of five; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission.[12]
When uniforms were introduced in the Navy in 1748, midshipmen started wearing the same uniform as commissioned officers.[22] They also began wearing their traditional badge of rank, a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.[23] The uniform emphasized that midshipmen were gentlemen and officers under instruction.[22]
Duties and promotion
Further information: Passed midshipman, Master's mate, and Sub-lieutenant
Midshipmen were expected to work on the ship, but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship. They were expected to have learned already, as able seamen and volunteers, to rig sails, other duties included keeping watch, relaying messages between decks, supervising gun batteries, commanding small boats, and taking command of a sub-division of the ship's company under the supervision of one of the lieutenants. On smaller ships, midshipmen were instructed by a senior master's mate, often a passed midshipman, who taught them mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. Larger ships would carry a schoolmaster, who was rated as a midshipman but usually was a civilian like the chaplain. Midshipmen were expected to keep detailed navigational logs, which were shown to the captain to assess their progress.[14]
Route to a commission in the Royal Navy, c. 1810[24]
Prior to promotion to lieutenant, a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to pass a formal examination. Officially, a prospective lieutenant was at least 19, and was expected to produce proof of his service, which would include certificates from his commanders and journals kept while a midshipman.[25] However, most midshipmen aspired to take the lieutenant examination at age 17 or 18, and the typical age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22.[13] The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about seamanship, navigation, and discipline. The board would ask questions such as:
An enemy is observed; give orders for clearing your ship, and make all the necessary preparations for engaging.[25]
Like the board, which might be an ad hoc affair, the actual exam questions were not standardized and their content depended mostly on individual captains. In seamanship, the candidate was expected to be able to splice ropes, reef a sail, work a ship in sailing and shift his tides. In navigation, he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship's way by plane sailing, to use Mercator projection maps and observation of the sun and stars to determine the course and position of the ship, and to understand the variation of the compass. He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an able seaman and midshipman.[25]
Failure usually meant six more months of sea service before the examination could again be attempted. Some men never passed it. Successful completion made the midshipman a 'passed midshipman'.[25] From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant's examination did not automatically receive a commission. Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first, while others would wait their turn on a roster. During wartime, when large numbers of ships and men might be lost in battle, most passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two, but during peacetime the wait might be so long that the midshipman would eventually be considered too old and lose his chance for a commission.[26]
Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mates, a high-ranking petty officer who assisted the master with his duties, served on watch as deputy to the lieutenants, and commanded small boats.[27] A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £2 5s to £3 16s per month but initially reduced his chances at a commission because master's mates, along with masters, were assumed to have a working-class background.[28][29] Over time, however, appointment to master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles – master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission – held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.[30]
By the first years of the 19th century, the term 'mate', without the prefix master's, was used for passed midshipmen, to distinguish them from master's mates who had not served as midshipmen. In 1824, the rating of master's assistant replaced master's mate, and mate continued to be used unofficially by passed midshipmen.[28] These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.[30] In 1838 a Royal Commission, presided over by the Duke of Wellington, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.[31] In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub-lieutenant.[31]
United States Navy (1794–1845)
When Congress created the United States Navy in 1794, midshipman was listed as a rank of warrant officer in the Naval Act of 1794, and they were appointed by the President of the United States.[32] Midshipmen had similar duties and responsibilities as in the Royal Navy, and were typically young men between the age of 14 and 22 in training to become a naval officer. "Passed midshipman" was first used in 1819, and was an official rank of the US Navy.[33]
During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846 midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion, and their warrants were often obtained via patronage. The poor quality of officer training in the US Navy became visible after the Somers Affair, an alleged mutiny aboard the training ship USS Somers in 1842, and the subsequent execution of midshipman Philip Spencer. Spencer had gained his post aboard the Somers via the influence of his father, United States Secretary of War John C. Spencer.[34]
Cadet officers
Royal Navy from 1836
Further information: Selborne-Fisher scheme
The original Royal Naval College closed in 1837, after which the only method for training midshipmen in the Royal Navy was aboard ships. In 1844 the rank of naval cadet was created, and to qualify as a midshipman a candidate had to be 14 years old, successfully pass an admiralty examination and have two years of service as a naval cadet or three years of service in the Navy.[35] A decline in qualified officers prompted the Navy to order training in a ship at anchor for all cadets, which began in 1857 aboard HMS Illustrious, which was replaced by HMS Britannia in 1859.[36] Britannia was moved to Portland in 1862, and to the present location of the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1863.[37]
Beginning in the 1840s, the normal entry age for executive officer cadets, those destined to command ships and fleets, was between 12 and 13, and instruction consisted of two years of classroom training, during which time trainees were rated as naval cadets.[38] Cadets who received a first-class passing grade in studies, seamanship and conduct on their final examination could receive a credit for up to a year of sea time, and could be rated as midshipmen immediately after passing out of the college.[38] After passing out of the college, cadets served aboard a special training vessel for one year.[38] Cadets were then rated as midshipmen, and served aboard the fleet another two years. Midshipmen lived in the gunroom, kept watches, and ran the ship's boats. They received instruction in navigation every day. After five total years of training and having reached the age of 19, the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant.[39][40] After passing the examination for lieutenant, midshipmen were commissioned as sub-lieutenants, and were transferred to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, which opened in 1873 as the 'University of the Navy'.[39]
Midshipmen George Drewry, Wilfred Malleson, and Greg Russell in April 1915.
Beginning in 1903, officer training of military and engineering students was reformed by the Selborne-Fisher scheme, and engineering and executive officer candidates began to enter the Navy in the same way, which was termed 'Common Entry'.[41][A 3] Previously, engineer cadets had been trained separately at the Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham which was closed in 1910.[41] In 1903 a new preparatory college was opened at the Royal Naval College, Osborne, in part of Queen Victoria's favorite residence but not a favorite of her successor Edward VII who had donated it to the nation in 1902. Training initially consisted of two years at Osborne and two years at Dartmouth as cadets, later four years at Dartmouth, followed by approximately 3 years of sea duty as midshipmen prior to promotion to sub-lieutenant.[39] In 1905, a new building was completed on shore to replace Britannia, which was named Britannia Royal Naval College.[43] In 1913, increasing demand for officers led to recruitment of 18-year-old graduates of public schools, which was called 'Special Entry', and was conducted separately from Selborne scheme cadets.[44] Special entry cadets trained for approximately 6 months prior to service in the fleet as midshipmen.[44] When World War I began in 1914, all the cadets at Dartmouth were quickly mobilized as midshipmen in the Reserve Fleet.[45] During the war, two midshipmen, George Drewry and Wilfred Malleson were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award of the British Commonwealth for gallantry, during the Landing at Cape Helles.[46] After World War I ended, opposition to the Selborne-Fisher scheme led to re-segregating executive and engineering officers into separate branches, while common entry and special entry were maintained.[39]
After World War II another series of reforms, influenced by the quality of officers produced by the special entry scheme and other nations' experience with training officer candidates in a university setting, were initiated to increase the quality of officers in the Navy.[8] In 1949 the entry age was increased to 16, and by 1955 the entry age was increased to 18 and entry required a minimum of two A levels.[47] After 1957 midshipmen no longer served in the fleet.[48] In 1972, all cadets became midshipmen when the rank of cadet was abolished.[49]
United States Navy from 1845
Congress formally authorized the establishment of the United States Military Academy in 1802, but it took almost 50 years to approve a similar school for naval officers.[50] One major reason for the delay was that Navy leaders preferred the apprenticeship system, citing famous officers such as Nelson and the captains of the War of 1812 who did not attend a formal naval school.[50] However, after the Somers Affair, officers realized that the system for training officers had to change to be more efficient.[50]
Midshipman Theodorus B. M. Mason of the United States Navy (c. 1868)[51]
George Bancroft, appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1845, decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers.[50] He formed a council led by Commodore Perry to create a new system for training officers, and turned the old Fort Severn at Annapolis into a new institution which would be designated as the United States Naval Academy in 1851.[50] Midshipmen studied at the Academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer.[52] Midshipman began to mean "passed midshipman" at this time, and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman.[33] The rank of ensign was created in 1862, and passed midshipmen were promoted to ensign when vacancies occurred.[33]
In 1865, the Department of Steam Enginery was created and cadet engineers were admitted to the Academy for the first time.[53] In 1874, Congress changed the curriculum to include four years of classroom training and two years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations as warranted midshipmen.[54] In 1882, Congress eliminated the distinction in training between engineer and naval cadets, and designated the student officers as naval cadets; the name reverted to midshipmen in 1902.[52] By an act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as midshipmen were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. In 1912, Congress authorized commissioning midshipmen as ensigns on graduation day, and ended the previously required two years of post-graduation sea service as warrant officers.[52][55]
In 1930, the Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved technological institution.[52] In 1933, a new law enabled the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies to award bachelor of science degrees, and the class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma.[52] In 1937, the superintendent of the Naval Academy was granted the authority to award bachelor of science degrees to all living graduates.[52]
Commonwealth navies
As Dominions of the British Empire formed their own navies during the 20th century, further countries began using the rank of midshipman. Today Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Kenya use the rank.[56] Prior to 1968 Canada also used the rank of midshipman, until the National Defence Act consolidated the Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military, called the Canadian Forces. As part of the act, the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.[57]
Snotty
In Royal Navy slang, a midshipman is sometimes referred to as a "snotty". Two popular stories give origins for the term: the first claims that it arose from a shortage of handkerchiefs among midshipmen, who would consequently use their sleeves to wipe their noses. Prince William, later William IV, is sometimes cited as a notorious example of this practice among midshipmen.[58] The other story claims that the three buttons formerly sewn onto midshipmen's jacket cuffs were placed there to prevent them from wiping their noses on their sleeves.[48][58]
Modern usage
See also: Officer cadet
Royal Navy midshipman's insignia[59]
In the modern Royal Navy, a midshipman is the lowest rank of officer, and ranks with second lieutenant in the British Army and pilot officer in the Royal Air Force and above all enlisted and warrant ranks.[60][61][A 4] A midshipman's rank insignia, which has changed little since Napoleonic times,[62] is called a "turnback":[63] a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.[64]
Prospective officers must have at least five GCSEs, including English and maths, plus at least 72 (new tariff) UCAS points from at least two A levels or other suitable qualifications (each qualification must be over 45 (old tariff) UCAS points). They must pass a two-and-a-half-day assessment, called the Admiralty Interview Board, and a medical examination.[65][66] As of 2013, it is no longer the case that those joining the Navy as university graduates start as sub-lieutenants, with non-graduates joining as midshipmen. Graduates and non-graduates all start as midshipmen, and wait to be promoted at the same time.[65]
General basic training (initial officer training) for Royal Navy officers takes place at the Britannia Royal Naval College.[67] Training takes up to a year depending on specialisation; all midshipmen participate in at least the first two terms, which are 14 weeks each. Until they have completed initial fleet training, both midshipmen and sub-lieutenants at Britannia Royal Naval College do not use their substantive ranks, but instead use the rank of officer cadet.[68]
During the first seven weeks of training, officer cadets learn militarisation and sea sense, focusing on learning about the military environment, along with team and leadership skills.[67] During the second seven weeks, officer cadets learn essential sea officer skills, including navigation and the marine environment, strategic studies, and basic sea survival.[67] During the second term officer cadets spend 6 weeks in Initial Sea Time (IST), serving aboard capital warships as junior ratings.[67] Upon completion of Initial Sea Time, officer cadets return to Dartmouth for four weeks to complete their final leadership assessment, the Maritime Leadership Exercise (MARL).[67] MARL may be completed prior to IST depending on scheduling. If they have been successful, officers of all branches then pass out of the college.[67]
Upon completion of initial officer training, university cadet entrants, engineering, logistics and flight specialisation officer cadets move to their second phase of training elsewhere within the Royal Navy.[67] Midshipmen specializing in warfare remain at the college for the Initial Warfare Officer's Foundation course, which completes part of a foundation degree in naval studies (equating to two thirds of a bachelor's degree), on completion of initial professional training.[69] Officers can complete degrees via distance learning with the Open University, although completion is not required.[69]
A midshipman in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) holds a commission, which is effective from the date of their appointment. Officer candidates enter the RAN at various ranks depending on previous experience or degree qualifications; graduates from a three-year course, non-degree qualified entrants, and sailor changeovers below the rank of leading seaman enter as midshipman.[70][A 5]
On joining the RAN, midshipmen complete six months' initial officer training (New Entry Officers' Course) at the Royal Australian Naval College. Following this, all members serve six months in the fleet completing Primary Qualification (PQ) continuation training.[71] Direct entry midshipmen continue their normal training and Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) entry midshipmen post to Canberra to study at the ADFA in their second year in the Navy.[71] Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years, whilst also completing elements of their naval training.[72] ADFA midshipmen are also undergraduate students of the University of New South Wales (UNSW). When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three- or four-year undergraduate program, they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW – the same degree received by graduates of UNSW's campus in Sydney.[73] During Single Service Training (SST) at ADFA, midshipmen have the opportunity to return to sea during the SST period as well as visiting shore establishments for PQ related training.[72]
Royal New Zealand Navy
In the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), midshipman is the lowest officer rank for officers under training and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree.[74] Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army, midshipmen are treated as officers but do not hold a commission.[75] The RNZN has approximately 60 midshipmen in service at a time.[74]
Midshipman begin their career at Junior Officer Common Training, which lasts 23 weeks.[76] After completing their initial training course, midshipmen serve aboard ships for a short time, followed by specialty training for 16 weeks.[76] After approximately two years in the Navy, midshipmen are promoted to ensign.[77] Officers who entered the service with a university degree are promoted to sub-lieutenant after completion of Junior Officer Common Training.[78] Officers without a degree have the option of earning a university degree while serving in the Navy.[79]
South African Navy
A midshipman in the South African Navy (SAN) is an officer of the lowest rank.[80] Officer candidates are citizens between the ages of 18 and 22, either in grade 12 or graduated from high school with an academic background in mathematics and science.[81] Cadets initially spend a year training at the South African Naval College in Gordon's Bay, about 55 km southeast of Cape Town, and upon graduation are commissioned as midshipmen.[82] Midshipmen can then study for three more years at the South African Military Academy, and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from Stellenbosch University.[83]
Midshipmen in the Indian Navy begin their career as cadets at the National Defence Academy or the Indian Naval Academy, where they study for approximately three years. After graduation they receive a B Tech degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University and are assigned to training ships for one year. After six months aboard the training ship, the cadets are promoted to midshipman.[84] At the end of their training midshipmen are examined by a board and are cleared for promotion to sub-lieutenant.[85]
Cadets in the Pakistan Navy undertake an initial 18 months' training at the Pakistan Naval Academy. They study humanities, engineering, professional and technical subjects.[86] After passing out they are appointed midshipmen, and undertake another six months of training at sea. They are assigned to operations, weapons engineering, mechanical engineering, or logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant.[87]
Midshipman insignia of Commonwealth nations
RAN midshipman insignia and patch[88]
RNZN midshipman patch[74]
SAN midshipman insignia[80]
Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia
United States Naval and Merchant Marine Academies
U.S. Navy midshipman rank structure (USNA & NROTC)[89]
In the modern United States Navy, a midshipman is classified as an officer of the line, though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status.[90] Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of uncommissioned officer that ranks between the senior noncommissioned enlisted grade (E-9) and the lowest grade of chief warrant officer (W-2, in the U.S. Coast Guard, which does not currently use the grade of warrant officer (W-1))[90][91][A 6] or warrant officer (W-1), U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, or U.S. Marine Corps.[A 7]
Students at the United States Naval Academy (USNA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy, by the President, alone, without Senate confirmation.[92] Students at the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) are appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy Reserve, by the Secretary of the Navy, using delegated Presidential authority, and are likewise not subject to Senate confirmation.[93] Students in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) are also appointed to Office as midshipmen, United States Navy Reserve, by the Secretary of the Navy, without Senate confirmation.[A 8] The student body at the USNA is the Brigade of Midshipmen,[95] and the student body at the USMMA is the Regiment of Midshipmen.[96]
Generally, a nomination from a member of Congress or the Vice President is required to receive an appointment to the USNA.[92] A nomination does not guarantee an appointment; in a typical year about 38% of nominees receive an appointment.[92] Currently each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time.[97] Other nomination sources include the Secretary of the Navy, who may appoint 170 enlisted members of the regular and reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year,[98] and the President may nominate an unlimited number of children of career military personnel for up to 100 appointments each year.[99] Additionally, children of Medal of Honor recipients and select cadets of JROTC Honor Unit with Distinction units do not need a nomination but need only qualify for admission.[100] The United States Merchant Marine Academy only accepts nominations from members of Congress. There are currently no Presidential, Vice-Presidential, military-affiliated, JROTC-honor unit, ROTC or Unit Commander, or Medal of Honor nominations permitted to the USMMA.[101]
Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy, US Merchant Marine Academy, and in the NROTC wear uniforms that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the Navy, with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or midshipman officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations.[89] Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and gold plain anchors as collar insignia on service dress and full dress uniforms. Marine-option midshipmen in the NROTC wear gold Eagle, Globe and Anchor insignia in place of the fouled anchor insignia worn by all other midshipmen.[89][102]
Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy study a core curriculum of engineering, natural sciences, the humanities, and social sciences,[103] and participate in a required "surface cruise" with an active vessel during the summer.[104] Upon graduation, midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps.[105]
Midshipmen at the United States Merchant Marine Academy study a similar core curriculum, except they are split into deck (navigation oriented) and engineering programs. Additionally, they typically spend a year at sea working as cadets on U.S. flagged merchant ships, visiting ports around the world. At graduation they have two options: (1) a job in the maritime industry ashore or sailing aboard commercial US-flagged vessels, plus a US Navy Reserve commission,[A 9] or (2) an active-duty commission in any of the United States Uniformed Services (Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, or United States Public Health Service) as an ensign or second lieutenant.[106][107]
Today, ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many countries. Using U.S. midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a U.S. ensign in role and responsibility.[3]
The Dutch navy has since the early 17th century included a midshipman rank which literally means 'young gentleman' (Dutch: Adelborst); today, adelborsten train at the Royal Netherlands Naval College (Dutch: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine) for 3 years.[108] Officer cadets in the German navy begin their training at the Naval Academy Mürwik (German: Marineschule Mürwik) in Flensburg-Mürwik holding enlisted ranks with the qualifier officer candidate (German: Offizieranwärter), abbreviated as OA.[109] After about a year, they are promoted to Seekadetten,[109] equivalent to the non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank Mate (German: Maat), and move to the University of the German Federal Armed Forces.[60] About nine months later, they are promoted to Fähnrich zur See rank,[109] equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain (German: Bootsmann).[60] After 30 months of total training they are promoted to the final officer candidate rank, Oberfähnrich zur See,[109] equivalent to the NCO rank Hauptbootsmann, and after about 4 years of total training graduate with a bachelor's degree.[60]
In many romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde-marine,[110] Spanish guardia marina,[111] Portuguese guarda-marinha, and Italian guardiamarina, and in most cases the term refers to the lowest ranking commissioned naval officer. The French rank of garde de la marine was established in 1670, when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the Gardes de la Marine. The concept of the Gardes was borrowed from the various guards units within the Maison militaire du roi de France.[112] In 1686 these guards were organized into companies of cadets at the ports of Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy, the Gardes trained mostly on shore and focused on military drill and theory rather than practical skills in gunnery, navigation and seamanship.[110][112] After the succession of the Bourbon Philip V of Spain to the Spanish throne, the French system of naval officer education spread to Spain.[112] The Spanish navy created the rank of guardia marina in 1717, with the formation at Cadiz of the Royal Company of Midshipmen (Spanish: Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas).[112][113]
By restricting the French officer corps to members of the nobility, there were not enough Gardes to man all of the ships during wartime.[112] To fill the gaps, volunteers were temporarily recruited from the merchant service; they were allowed to hold permanent rank in the navy starting in 1763.[112][114] These professional officers wore blue uniforms to distinguish them from the Gardes de la Marine who wore red uniforms.[114] After the revolution, the royal connotations of the term garde marine led to its replacement with aspirant (officer cadet), and later élèves de la Marine (naval officer candidate).[110] Contemporary French naval officer training still reflects this structure: students at the École navale begin their first year as élève-officier, are promoted in their second year to aspirant, and in their third year are commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant (French: Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe). In a modern French-English dictionary, élève officier translates to midshipman, but both the historical term garde-marine and the modern term for an officer candidate, aspirant, are also equivalent to midshipman.[115][A 10]
Comparative ranks and insignia
See also: Comparative military ranks and Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies
Country, equivalent rank
Naval Cadet · Aspirant de marine [116]
Aspirant [117]
Seekadett
Fähnrich zur See
Oberfähnrich zur See [109][118]
Oberfähnrich zur See
Aspirante guardiamarina [119]
Guarda-marinha
Aspirante [120]
(student from the Escola Naval)
(not student from the Escola Naval)
Adelborst [108]
Korporaal adelborst
Sergeant adelborst
Adelborst
Guardiamarina · Aspirante [121]
Kvartermester [60][A 11]
^ A midshipman was a petty officer who could be demoted by the captain, but outranked most other petty officers and lesser warrant officers, such as the Master-at-arms.[16][17]
^ Horatio Nelson served as an able seaman aboard the Seahorse,[19] and Peter Heywood served as an able seaman aboard HMS Bounty.[20]
^ The scheme included the Royal Marines but they did not participate in the scheme.[42]
^ Pre-1956 Royal Navy and Royal Marines warrant officers and commissioned officers from Warrant Rank were senior to midshipmen.[61]
^ On entry to the Navy, candidates with 3–4 year degrees enter as acting sub-lieutenants or sub-lieutenants. Medical personnel enter as lieutenants, and chaplains enter as commanders.[70]
^ The Navy and Coast Guard abolished the grade of warrant officer (W-1) in 1975, but the US Navy again began using W-1 in 2019.
^ The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps continue to appoint officers to the grade of warrant officer (W-1), as warrant officers they outrank midshipmen (as well as cadets), who are in training to become officers and have yet neither a commission nor warrant of authority. The U.S. Air Force no longer uses the warrant officer ranks, the U.S. Public Health Service and U.S. Maritime Service, while authorized warrant officers, have never appointed or commissioned warrant officers, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is not authorized warrant officers.
^ Legally, NROTC midshipmen enlist in the Navy Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve for the purpose of being appointed as a midshipman; USNA midshipmen are neither enlisted nor commissioned or warrant officers.[94]
^ Graduates of the USMMA may also request a commission in any of the reserve components, such as the U.S. Coast Guard Reserve, although the request is subject to approval by both the U.S. Navy and the gaining Service.
^ Aspirant: Élève de deuxième année de l'École navale translates to second year student at the Naval Academy.[115]
^ Officer candidates in the Norwegian Navy hold the rank of Kvartermester.[60]
^ "Ranks in Nelson's Navy". Port Cities London. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
^ a b Penn 1957, pp. 3–4
^ a b "midshipman, n." Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
^ Morris & Kearns 1998, p. 186
^ a b c d Lewis 1939, pp. 217–220
^ Penn 1957, p. 8
^ King 2001, p. 299
^ a b c Davies 1991, p. 16
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Midshipman". Encyclopædia Britannica. XVIII (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 423. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
^ Penn 1957, pp. 10–11
^ Lewis 1939, p. 221
^ a b c d Lavery 1989, p. 89
^ a b Phillipson 1996, p. 2
^ a b c d e f Lavery 1989, p. 90
^ Lavery 1989, p. 270
^ Blake & Lawrence 2005, p. 72
^ a b Lewis 1939, p. 267
^ "Pitcairn Crew". Pitcairn Island Study Center. 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "false muster, n." Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
^ a b Lewis 1939, pp. 221–222
^ Lavery 1989, p. 92
^ Walker 1938, p. 185
^ "Officer ranks in the Royal Navy". Royal Naval Museum. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
^ a b Walker 1938, p. 186
^ Lewis 1960, p. 146,197
^ a b Lewis 1939, p. 212,230
^ a b Walker 1938, pp. 188–189
^ "Warrant Officer". Naval Historical Center. 2005. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ a b c Hamersly 1881, p. 496
^ Miller 1997, p. 102
^ Hautlain, Charles (1844), The New Navy List, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., p. 90, retrieved 19 July 2010
^ Walker 1938, p. 37
^ a b c Pack 1966, pp. 42–43
^ a b c d Winton 1995, pp. 267–269
^ Hamersly 1881, p. 16
^ a b Penn 1957, pp. 122–124
^ Penn 1957, p. 123
^ Davies & Grove 1980, p. 12
^ a b Pack 1966, p. 195
^ Snelling, Stephen (1995), Gallipoli, VCs of the First World War, Stroud: Sutton, p. 29, ISBN 0-7509-0566-2, OCLC 32387181
^ a b "M Class – Muster". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
^ a b c d e Miller 1997, p. 103
^ "Midshipman Theodorus B. M. Mason". NYPL Digital Gallery. New York Public Library. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
^ a b c d e f "A Brief History of the US Naval Academy". United States Navy. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
^ "US Naval Academy – Mechanical Engineering Department – History". United States Naval Academy. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
^ Commission of ensign to graduates of the Naval Academy at end of four years' course, Pub. Law No. 62-98. 37 Stat. 73 (1912). Retrieved 2009-11-11 from Lexis/Nexis Congressional.
^ Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2008). Jane's Fighting Ships 2008–2009 (111 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-7106-2845-9.
^ "National Defence Act (R.S., 1985, c. N-5)". Department of Justice of Canada. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
^ a b Penn 1957, p. ix
^ "Uniforms and Badges of Rank". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 27 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
^ a b c d e f STANAG 2116: NATO Codes for Grades of Military Personnel. NATO. 13 March 1996.
^ a b Lavery, Brian (1994). Hostilities Only: Training the wartime Royal Navy. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum. p. 150.
^ The Navy list. H.M. Stationery Office. 1834. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
^ "Royal Navy Uniform Regulations" (PDF). Royal Navy. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
^ "Uniform and Medals:Research guide U1: Uniforms: The National Maritime Museum Collection". National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
^ a b "Royal Navy Officer". Royal Navy. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ "Royal Navy Officer". UCAS. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "Initial Officer Training". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
^ "Initial Fleet Time". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ a b "In Service Degree Scheme". Royal Navy. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
^ a b "What It Takes to Become a Naval Officer in Five Easy Steps". Australian Department of Defence. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
^ a b "Single Service Training". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
^ a b "The Australian Defence Force Academy – Training at ADFA". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
^ "University of New South Wales". Australian Department of Defence. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
^ a b c "RNZN Midshipman Rank Slide". Royal New Zealand Navy. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
^ "Defence Act 1990". Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 12 May 2009. Officer, in relation to the Navy, means a person who is of or above the rank of midshipman.
^ a b "Warfare Officer". Royal New Zealand Navy. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^ "Climbing the Ranks". Royal New Zealand Navy. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ "Supply Officer". Royal New Zealand Navy. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ "Tertiary Sponsorship". Royal New Zealand Navy. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
^ a b "Rank Insignia". Department of Defence, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
^ "Military Skills Development" (PDF). South African Navy. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ "Career Progression". South African Navy. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ "About the Military Academy". University of Stellenbosch. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
^ Hiranandani, G M (2000). "21". Transition to Triumph: history of the Indian Navy, 1965–1975. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. ISBN 1-897829-72-8. OCLC 44603776. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
^ "Midshipmen". Indian Navy. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "Pakistan Navy Website". Pakistan Navy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
^ Cheema 2003, p. 89
^ "Uniform Ranks". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ a b c "Officer Accession Programs (Article 6101.1)". United States Navy Uniform Regulations (NAVPERS 15665I). Navy Personnel Command. March 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
^ a b Brackin, William L. (1991). Naval Orientation (NAVEDTRA 12966). United States Navy Naval Education and Training Command. p. 9‑9. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ "Insignias – Midshipman". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
^ a b c "FAQ". U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ "Merchant Marine: Officer Opportunities: Careers and Jobs: Navy Reserve". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
^ "Regulations for Officer Development for the Naval Reserve Training Corps" (PDF). United States Navy. 2 July 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^ "USNA Admissions". United States Navy. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
^ "US Merchant Marine Academy". US Merchant Marine Academy. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "Apply For Nomination". United States Naval Academy. 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ "Active Duty and Reserve Applicants". www.usna.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ "USNA Admissions – Steps for Admission – Nominations – President". U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ "USNA Admissions – Steps for Admission – Nominations – Children of Medal of Honor Awardees". U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
^ "Nominations". US Merchant Marine Academy. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
^ "Military Service Requirements". Naval Service Training Command Officer Development. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ "Academic Education". United States Naval Academy. 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
^ "Midshipmen Get Taste Of Life At Sea On USS Philippine Sea | Mayport Mirror". Mayportmirror.jacksonville.com. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
^ "Career Opportunities". U.S. Naval Academy. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
^ "After Graduation". U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
^ "Obligation Compliance". U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ a b "Voorschrift Koninklijke Marine 003: Uniformen Voor Militairen van de Koninklijke Marine (VKM 003)" (PDF) (in Dutch). Koninklijke Marine. 2008. p. 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
^ a b c d e Petra Schmittberger (4 February 2009). "Offizier Marine" (PDF) (in German). German Federal Armed Forces. p. 12. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
^ a b c Lavery 1989, p. 281
^ a b c d e f Harding 1999, p. 145
^ "Historia" (in Spanish). Armada Española. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
^ a b Harding 1999, pp. 229–230
^ a b "le Grand Robert" (in French). Dictionnaires Le Robert. Retrieved 6 April 2009. (Login required)
^ "Army Rank and Appointment Insignia". Canadian Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ "Les grades de la Marine nationale" (in French). Ministère de la défense. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
^ "Uniformen" (PDF) (in German). Deutsche Marine. p. 20. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
^ "Gradi" (in Italian). Ministero della Difesa. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ "Postos" (in Portuguese). Marinha Portuguesa. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ "Badges and Emblems" (in Spanish). Armada Española. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005), The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy, Stackpole Books, ISBN 0-8117-3275-4, OCLC 70659490
Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2003), The Armed Forces of Pakistan, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-1633-4, OCLC 49959459
Davies, E. L.; Grove, E. J. (1980), The Royal Naval College Dartmouth: Seventy-five years in Pictures, Portsmouth: Gieves & Hawkes Limited, ISBN 0-85997-462-6
Davies, J.D. (1991), Gentlemen and Tarpaulins : The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820263-6
Hamersly, Lewis (1881), A Naval Encyclopædia, Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co., OCLC 8514211
Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and naval warfare, 1650–1830, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-888-7, OCLC 41106614
King, Dean (2001), A Sea of Words: Lexicon and Companion for Patrick O'Brian's Seafaring Tales, Henry Holt, ISBN 0-8050-6615-2, OCLC 59538604
Lavery, Brian (1989), Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-258-3, OCLC 20997619
Lewis, Michael (1939), England's Sea-Officers, London: George Allen & Unwin, OCLC 1084558
Lewis, Michael (1960), A Social History of the Navy, London: Ruskin House, OCLC 2832855
Miller, Nathan (1997), The U.S. Navy: a history (3rd ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-595-0, OCLC 37211290
Morris, James; Kearns, Patricia (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-3406-5, OCLC 37903579
Pack, S.W.C. (1966), Britannia at Dartmouth, London: Redman, OCLC 957379
Penn, Geoffrey (1957), Snotty: The Story of the Midshipman, London: Hollis & Carter, OCLC 8317840
Phillipson, David (1996), Band of Brothers: Boy Seamen in the Royal Navy 1800–1956, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1976-0, OCLC 41959874
Walker, C.F. (1938), Young Gentlemen: The Story of Midshipmen from the XVIIth Century to the Present Day, London: Longmans, Green, OCLC 2936648
Winton, John (1995), "Life And Education in a Technically Evolving Navy: 1815–1925", in J.R. Hill (ed.), Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-211675-4, OCLC 32237618


Blue Foam Warwing Kits - Kit preparation begins!
RE - My memory is kind of fuzzy... don't know what you are talking about???
I have heard that having an opportunity to revisit the 'triggering incident' (that which caused the memory loss) may be therapeutic and help one in recovering lost memories.
While not being a qualified therapist of any kind, I will attempt to assist you using the photo provided below, to help you regain incite into the matter contributing to your subsequent memory loss.
WARNING Glen - I can't guarantee this will work.
If this doesn't work, please take another step in your recovery by checking for remnants in your garage or where ever you store or place your downed aircraft that you intend to reuse, rebuild, or otherwise strip for salvage.
Also, please consider taking further steps by rebuilding that which you have lost.
I am always here for you buddy.
Nope, cannot quite recall the incident. May full Hypnotic regression to get that awful day back!
I walked down stairs, looked to my left and it sent chills up and down my spine........It's BACK!
During one combat session I cut off 3 feet of Glen's red ribbon and gave it back to him. And later someone said there were no victors, but I said "I got some of Glen's ribbon". And Glen said "got any proof?" - he is so "tricksey" (what Gollum says about hobbits in Lord of the Rings movie).
As "tricksey" as Glen is, he seems to have done a nice repair job on his warwing ("Damage? No damage here").
We need to keep a watchful eye on "tricksey" Glen during the next combat sessions. I'm looking forward to joining in again!
Glenn - Re your comment I walked down stairs, looked to my left and it sent chills up and down my spine........It's BACK!
Richard - Re your comment I'm looking forward to joining in again!
Re: Blue Foam Warwing Kits - Kit preparation begins!
The blue foam Warwing Kit assembly plant is back into full production.
For those who have ordered their kits, delivery is still scheduled for the Pilots Meeting on January 9th.
Note: If you can't make it for pick-up Wednesday, your order will become subject to the regular storage and handling fee.
Thanks so much for doing this again Bruce. You're such a Star.
I'm afraid I can't be at the meeting next week. Sorry! Would you mind billing me for 2 weeks storage?
I'm sorry Simon, but costs are going up and up. I will be away for a while, so you won't be able to get it from me in 2 weeks, nor 3 weeks, not even 4 weeks.
So considering the added storage fees that you would be assessed by having to deal with me at a later time, I will save you a fortune and leave it with Frank or someone else, to provide to you at the next build class.
I'll trust you will reimburse me, next time we see each other. You're like 'money in the bank'.
Thanks Bruce! I'll see you next week!
This is the CG details for our Warwing.


If you need a ride from the airport, please let us know and we will try to coordinate transportation for you.
Hotel has been recently renovated. Bistro available in lobby.
NOTE: If plans change, you must cancel your reservation within 24 hours from the date of arrival or you will be charged.
NOTE: If plans change, you must cancel your reservation by 4pm the day of arrival or you will be charged.
NOTE: Call hotel directly to book. Rates cannot be booked online or through IHG Central Reservations.


Rush's solid performances in recent practices during a Week 6 bye might have prompted the coaching staff to give him a look, dallascowboys.com reported.
Rush, who played for Central Michigan, completed 38 of 51 passes for 398 yards and six touchdowns in the preseason, with no interceptions. He had a 135.9 passer rating, the best of any quarterback in the preseason, according to the Star-Telegram.
Moore's preseason was less impressive. He was 32 of 59 for 392 yards with one TD and one interception.
But on dallascowboys.com, Moore is still listed at No. 2 on the depth chart and Rush at No. 3.
The Cowboys have not released a game day roster for their matchup at the Washington Redskins on Sunday.
More money headed Lawrence's way?
Dallas defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence recorded another sack against the 49ers, improving his season total to 9.5. He's only a half-sack behind current NFL leader Calais Campbell of Jacksonville.
If Lawrence is able to keep up his current pace, he would surpass the NFL's single-season record of 22.5, set by Michael Strahan with the Giants.
Cowboys Hall of Famer Michael Irvin recently weighed in on Lawrence's breakout season.


Find all PS4 Game Download Code stores and prices to download and play The Dark Pictures Man of Medan at the best prices on Playstation Network. Save time and money: Compare PS4 Game stores. Activate The Dark Pictures Man of Medan Game Code on PSN to download your PS4 game.
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The Dark Pictures Man of Medan is a story-driven horror game developed by Supermassive Games and published by BANDAI NAMCO.
Man of Medan is the introductory game in The Dark Pictures anthology.
This installment tells a blood-curdling tale of a group consisting of five friends on an expeditious diving trip with a rumored WWII wreck.
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This amazing game will allows you to pick up the guitar, bass, microphone or drums and experience The Beatles extraordinary back catalogue of music in gameplay that actually allows you to become one of the fab four as you experience their amazing story from the inside.
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This lengha is the perfect something blue for the bride.
Beautiful detailing at the neckline and wrists.
For the elegant and conservative bride, this beautiful Midnight Blue Embroidered Lengha will look lovely. The lengha is a midnight blue and is adorned with a silver embroidered pattern at the neckline and wrists. It opens up at the waistline and is floor length, creating a beautiful flow when walking and dancing the evening away.
Size: Please take your measurements before ordering as these sizes may run small.
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text:
and the summa mamas had nuthin' to do with it. really!
smockmomma
on October 29, 2006 4:01 PM | Permalink
now how's this for a kick? sheriff clint low (of mason county in TEXASisthebest) is running a pink prison. and, while mamaT or i may think it's awfully grand to slide in under some pretty pink sheets, apparently some good ol' boys do not.
according to low, he's been pinking up his prison to keep the population down. he says that the inmates did't care for the bubblegum shoes and jumpsuits, so he made the towels and linens pink as well. eventually, he painted the walls pink for good measure.
"most Texas males have an aversion to wearing pink, so obviously already they don't want to come back," he says, adding that he knows "for a fact it's helping." low says that in 2004, before his jail went pink, about a third of all arrests were repeat offenders. but the next year, almost nobody was coming back. same thing so far this year.
This page contains a single entry by smockmomma published on October 29, 2006 4:01 PM.
Wow! was the previous entry in this blog.
Yesterday's hymns is the next entry in this blog.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Electricity Reform in Ontario: Getting Power Prices Down finds that the Ontario government could reduce current electricity prices for Ontarians by 24 per cent by either cancelling or renegotiating existing contracts with wind and solar-power generators. These contracts represent almost 40 per cent of the Global Adjustment charge on Ontarians' hydro bills while providing just seven per cent of the province's total electricity generation.
Creating Policy Calling Cards to Attract Business to Ontario finds that major reforms in different policy areas are required to make the province "open for business," as the new government has pledged. Suggested reforms include: cutting corporate and personal income taxes, reducing business subsidies, lowering electricity costs and reforming the province's labour laws.
The Ford government tables its budget next week.
Ontario's debt-to-GDP ratio is forecasted to be 40.4 per cent.
Ontario increased its top rate to 20.53 per cent.
Ontarians are on the hook for approximately 40 per cent of the federal government's net debt.


Our Summer Fun Day Camp welcomes campers ages 4 and above and is filled with a variety of activities, crafts, and fun games both on and off the ice. With our in-house team of camp counselors, campers will laugh and learn while building new friendships and getting all the summer activities kids love.
From beginner to pros, learn and improve all aspects of the wonderful game of hockey from skating to stick handling, shooting, defending or goal tending.
Learn from the best and most passionate coaches this wonderfully complex art, while having fun and building self esteem.
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text:
using Xamarin.Forms;
using Plugin.ExternalMaps;
using MyShop.Helpers;

using Xamarin.Essentials;

namespace MyShop
{
    public class StoreViewModel : ViewModelBase
    {
        public Store Store { get; set; }
        public string Monday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.MondayOpen, Store.MondayClose); } }
        public string Tuesday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.TuesdayOpen, Store.TuesdayClose); } }
        public string Wednesday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.WednesdayOpen, Store.WednesdayClose); } }
        public string Thursday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.ThursdayOpen, Store.ThursdayClose); } }
        public string Friday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.FridayOpen, Store.FridayClose); } }
        public string Saturday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.SaturdayOpen, Store.SaturdayClose); } }
        public string Sunday { get { return string.Format("{0} - {1}", Store.SundayOpen, Store.SundayClose); } }

        public string Address1 { get { return Store.StreetAddress; } }
        public string Address2 { get { return string.Format("{0}, {1} {2}", Store.City, Store.State, Store.ZipCode); } }

        public StoreViewModel(Store store, Page page) : base(page)
        {
            this.Store = store;
        }

        Command navigateCommand;
        public Command NavigateCommand
        {
            get
            {
                return navigateCommand ?? (navigateCommand = new Command(() =>
                CrossExternalMaps.Current.NavigateTo(Store.Name, Store.Latitude, Store.Longitude)));
            }
        }

        Command callCommand;
        public Command CallCommand
        {
            get
            {
                return callCommand ??
                    (callCommand = new Command(() =>
                        PhoneDialer.Open(Store.PhoneNumber.CleanPhone())
                    ));
            }
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Sounding the Call for Domestic Violence Awareness Month: Join Me On a Blog Tour to Win Prizes and Support a Cause!
The first time I heard the name Sandra Ramos, I was in my office speaking with Marsha Zinberg my first editor at Harlequin. Now head of Feature and Custom Publishing, Marsha asked if I was interested in writing a novella for the upcoming More Than Words anthology – five short stories written by best-selling Harlequin authors based on the lives of women involved with charities (usually charities they've founded). These charities are the recipients of a significant donation through the More Than Words program. Was I interested? The opportunity was a huge honor. I accepted. Immediately. And then Marsha told me about Sandra and asked if I'd like to work with her. Again, my acceptance was immediate, as Marsha had known it would be. Sandra's charity was one to which I could completely relate, her cause one I already supported.
Sandra Ramos is the founder of the first battered women's shelter in the United States. She started out, in the 1970s, housing battered women and their children in her living room. And as word spread – this idea that there was actually a safe place for women who were being abused by their spouses – so did the number of Sandra's house guests, until the city knocked on her door and threatened to put her in jail if she didn't downsize her "family." It was against the law for her to have so many people under one residential roof.
Looking at the battered women and children in her home, Sandra knew she'd go to jail before she put them out on the streets – or made them feel they had no other choice but to return to their abusers. Thus began Sandra's life work. She fought the establishment. Some battles she won. Some she lost. But she kept the people in her care safe from harm. She kept them warm and fed and dry. She gave them the time and the resources and the help to develop new lives for themselves.
Thirty years later Sandra's shelter, Strengthen Our Sisters, consists of ten homes filled to capacity with battered women and their children. SOS also has a daycare. A thrift shop. A computer school. Transportation facilities. Sandra accompanies women to court. She holds hands. She fights bureaucracy when she has to. She teaches college. And she fundraises.
I wrote a story based on the life and work of Sandra Ramos ("The Mechanics of Love," More Than Words, volume 5). And my life was changed yet again. I gained strength from Sandra's example. How could I quit or lose faith or even get tired of the fight, if Sandra could single handedly move mountains? She didn't quit. Or lose faith. Or get too tired to fight. In a sense, Sandra gave me back my life, too. She reminded me how full of determination and belief I'd been as a high school graduate heading off to college. That girl was still inside me. I just had to set her free.
I wrote "The Mechanics of Love" three years ago, and I've carried Sandra's message with me ever since, waiting for a chance to give back to her just a small measure of the gifts she's given the world. I was looking for an opportunity to show her the kind of support she's shown to hundreds of women over the years.
And this Fall my chance is finally here. I have a new four-book romantic suspense series out from Harlequin and MIRA Books called The Chapman Files.
The Chapman Files centers on expert witness/psychologist Kelly Chapman. Each book is one of her cases. I was asked to do internet publicity for the series, and the idea of a blog tour was introduced. A blog tour. Traveling to new and different places and, through cyberspace, connecting with thousands of people around the world. I had a message – The Chapman Files are the best work I've ever done and are well worth buying. But I had another message, too. And now an opportunity. My message was about Sandra and about her work. About all the victims of domestic abuse who need not only financial help but emotional sustenance as well. I was going to talk about Sandra and about the victims of domestic abuse on my blog tour. I was going to tell the world about Sandra's efforts. About how they made a real difference in our world. It fit perfectly with my own project. Jane Hamilton, the heroine in The First Wife, a successful magazine editor, volunteers at a domestic abuse center. And her ex-husband is on trial for murdering his wife. Jane's testifying at the trial.
I called Sandra Ramos to tell her what I wanted to do. To obtain her permission. And I found out that, in a down economy, Strengthen Our Sisters lost $400,000 in donations this year. Sandra was working almost around the clock to raise funds to pay mortgages. Thirty years of fighting, and she's still struggling to keep safe roofs over the heads of battered women and their children. Staff members at SOS were working without pay. One, for instance, has taken a second job so she can pay her own mortgage while she works full time at SOS.
I not only have a message. I now have a mission. Over the next three months, as Kelly Chapman and I tour, both in cyberspace and physically, to promote The Chapman Files, we're also asking for help for Sandra and SOS. On each of our more than seventy blog stops, we're giving a link for readers to donate directly to SOS through a secure Paypal link. And at every physical stop, we have a computer with a secure Paypal link to donate directly to SOS. We're also giving away free books, prizes and hosting a monthly mystery game.
And we aren't stopping there. Kelly Chapman is an avid in-line skater. (Funny, how that worked, as I am, too.) We put our heads together with Tim, our Business Director (also an in-line skater), and with loads of help from Penny Wright, personal trainer and founder of the award winning Predators speed skating team, we're hosting The Chapman File Book Launch and Charity Skate in Chandler, Arizona, on December 4th, 2010 at 8:30am. The skate is a 10K race, with awards given to the top three places; following the skate is a 5k walk. All participants will receive special participation medallions designed specifically for this event. Registration fee for either event is $20. All proceeds will go directly to Strengthen Our Sisters.
Following the skate, Phoenix, Arizona, is hosting a grand party for the book launch in the auditorium at the Burton Barr Central Library (1221 N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85004) at 1:00 pm. Sandra Ramos will be there to celebrate with us! We'll be giving away 200 autographed copies of The First Wife, holding drawings for blog tour and door prizes, taking donations for Strengthen our Sisters and announcing the skate award winners! The entire event is going to be broadcast live on-line at www.eharlequin.com. The party is open to the public and everyone is encouraged to attend.
In addition to monies raised during the tour and the skate and the party, I'm going to be donating 5 cents from every copy of The Fourth Victim's retail sales during the month of December, 2010.
I've published fifty-four books with Harlequin over the past seventeen years. I plan to continue writing stories until the day I die. Because I believe in what I write. I believe in the message that Harlequin's been sending out into the world for more than sixty years. The message of hope, the promise of love conquering all. I believed in the message as a fourteen-year-old girl when I picked up and read my first Harlequin Romance. I believed during the ensuring ten years when I read a Harlequin Romance a day. I believed during the years of submitting to Harlequin and receiving kind and encouraging rejections. And I've believed through the writing of the fifty-four titles that Harlequin has purchased to date. I believe because I know, first hand, about the healing power of love. I don't just write the books. I live the life. And this partnership with Sandra Ramos gives me the opportunity to help others live the life, too. This is what we're all about – the healing power of love.
This post is brought to you as part of The Chapman Files International Blog Tour. Over the next three months, as we celebrate The Chapman Files, expert witness psychologist, Kelly Chapman and I are going to be asking for help. If you can, join us in our fight against Domestic Abuse. If you'd like to help, click here to go directly to a secure Paypal site. Or just comment here to show your support.
There's an item from our new book, The Second Lie, hidden on the tour with us. Guess the item to enter the drawing to win it! Today's clue: Some people use it. Some don't. Send all guesses to staff@tarataylorquinn.com. To see previous clues visit blog sites listed at www.tarataylorquinn.com. Guess as many times as you'd like!
Don't miss The Chapman File tour party on December 4th at www.eharlequin.com! Tour prize winners will be announced!
Next blog tour stop: Wednesday, October 13th, 2010 on Petit Fours and Hot Tamales . We hope to see you there! The more blogs you visit with us, the more chances you have to win! Every time you comment your name is dropped in the bag for the prize drawings.
For weekly blog tour dates, visit www.tarataylorquinn.com. Or to have the weekly schedule sent directly to your email, send request to staff@tarataylorquinn.com.
Author Dana Marton's 12 Early Days of Christmas!
The thing about abuse is that it can happen to anyone, anytime. I think the books are an excellent way to help bring the issue of abuse to the forefront.
I can't imagine the stregnth it takes on a daily basis to do what needs to be done to keep Strengthen Our Sisters open. I applaud you and your many volunteers.
Thank you so much for you support. It's this collective caring that will make a difference.
every woman needs to know they are important and worthy!!! i give a standibg ovation to Sandra for her work as well as her many volunteers!
People needs to know that domestic violence can happen to anyone. It's a question of paying attention. There is always a sign that someone is a domestic violence victim.
I was able help someone to escape domestic violence by helping her plan her escape from an abusive boyfriend and failed to help a close friend of mine. Her ex-husband shot her and then killed himself. Twelve years later, that failure still haunts me and have me questioning if there was more I could have done.
The fight is still on. No one should ever be abuse.
Thanks for sharing the story connecting your books and your mission with Sandra's. The passion you both share in working towards a common goal is inspirational! And thanks for the reminder that everyone can make a difference and has the opportunity to help.
Thank you all for caring. We're making a difference. And…I hope…giving some women support enough to know that they can seek help.
I know we're making a difference for Sandra. The women at SOS are very aware of our efforts and are strengthened by them.
I can't speak to your situation, and yet, I feel compelled to say that none of us can know for certain what to do and when in terms of helping a particular situation. It's hard sometimes to determine when stepping in will help, or only push the victim more closely into the clutches of the abuser. You were a friend. That counted.


text:
January 21, 2016 One Guys Opinion
Hungarian director Laszlo Nemes makes an auspicious debut with this harrowing portrait of life and death at Auschwitz-Birkenau that also becomes a tale of redemption for one of its Jewish prisoners. And Saul (Geza Rohrig) is more than just a prisoner: he's one of the Sonderkommandos, inmates who, in return for some paltry privileges and a chance to live a bit longer, herd those selected for execution into the gas chambers, collect their clothes and valuables and then take their corpses to the crematoria for disposal (and clean up the ashes). As some commentators have observed, the system was one that only increased the barbarity of Nazi methods, since in a way it tried to make the prisoners themselves complicit in the fulfillment of the Final Solution.
The opening sequence of the film—in which cinematographer Matyas Erdely, utilizing the old, square aspect ratio that concentrates our eyes on a limited perspective, rigorously follows Saul as he engages in his grisly work, keeping the focus on him as the horrors occur just out of reach visually (though we can hear the screams of the dying)—is incredibly gripping, and that same claustrophobic effect continues throughout the film, which never leaves Saul's presence. The effect is almost of a single tracking shot that makes it impossible for us to look away from Saul even as our view remains limited by his experience, the terrors of which, of course, he strains to minimize.
But in that first sequence at the gas chamber something extraordinary happens: a young boy, who should have been killed by the fumes, has just barely survived. The camp doctors are astonished, and quickly finish the job; but they intend an autopsy to try to determine how the youth could have escaped death. More astoundingly, Saul recognizes the boy as his son, or at least says that he does; and he's determined both that the body will not be desecrated and that he will find among the prisoners a rabbi to say the Kaddish over it. That quest becomes so all-consuming that Saul brushes aside demands that he join in an uprising the other Sonderkommandos are planning, since their term of service are coming to an end and they are scheduled to be liquidated and replaced. (That aspect of the plot situates the tale in early October, 1944, quite late in the war—a fact confirmed by Saul's Hungarian nationality, since the roundup of Jews from that country was delayed until spring of that year.)
Clearly for Saul the desire to honor this one body with a proper burial is more than a chance decision, or even a father's desire to see that his son's corpse is treated rightly. It's a means by which Saul can, in some small measure, atone for his role in the camp's grisly work, a reassertion of his humanity, and of his Jewish identity, in the face of the profound evil that he feels he's collaborated in. Whether the boy is truly his biological son is immaterial—for Saul he represents every Jew, and the need to recover to some degree the dignity that has been ripped from them all.
Of course no single story—whether it be Spielberg's "Schindler's List" on the screen or Elie Wiesel's "Night" on the page—can encompass the full horror of the Holocaust, and "Son of Saul" is no exception; Nemes realizes this, as the intense focus on a single man, both narratively and visually, suggests. Whether the redemption scenario can bear the weight of meaning Nemes places upon it is debatable. Still, he and his co-writer Clara Royer have adroitly employed the film's concentration to point toward a larger perspective. By including the references to the prisoner rebellion of October 7, for example, they raise the issue of the types of resistance that individuals could choose—violent, as in the case of the rebels, or spiritual, as with Saul. And by alluding to the imminent execution of the Sonderkommando unit within the same context, the film points up the fanaticism of the Nazis in trying to complete their genocidal mission even as the Soviets were pushing further and further into Eastern Europe. So while "Son of Saul" necessarily presents a limited viewpoint, it's one that encourages the viewer to think beyond it.
And within that perspective, it's extraordinarily powerful, the combination of Nemes' kinetic direction, Laszlo Rajk's grimly evocative production design, Erdely's subtle camerawork (which reveals a great deal at the margins of the boxy frame), Tamas Zanyi's sound design (which tells much that the visuals don't explicitly show and creates a cacophony of languages and ambient noise) and Rohrig's intense performance carrying us along on an emotional whirlwind. The supporting cast does uniformly excellent work, but their contributions are like pieces of a mosaic in which Rohrig is the dominant figure.
There's no question that "Son of Saul" is difficult to watch. But there's no question that it's worth watching.
Previous PostTHE 5TH WAVENext PostDIRTY GRANDPA


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How to access APFS volumes on older versions of macOS
By Killian Bell • 7:27 am, February 20, 2018
Paragon's new Retrofit Kit for Mac.
Photo: Paragon Software
Paragon Software today unveiled its free Retrofit Kit that allows users to access Apple File System (APFS) volumes on older versions of macOS and Mac OS X. It works with traditional spinning hard disks, solid-state drives, and USB flash sticks.
Here's how to get set up.
Everything you need to know about the new Apple File System
By Killian Bell • 11:40 am, March 28, 2017
APFS arrives in 2017.
(Editor's Note: This article was originally published in June 30, 2016, but has been updated with new info since the release of iOS 10.3)
It's hard to believe that Apple's speedy Macs are still using a file system that was developed more than 30 years ago, when floppy disks and spinning hard drives were considered cutting-edge technology.
But that's going to change in 2017 with the new Apple File System — or APFS — that debuts in iOS 10.3 and macOS 10.12.4. Here's everything you need to know about APFS and how it's going to make your life better, no matter what Apple device(s) you use.
Formatting External Hard Drives In OS X [Video How-To]
By Michael Steeber • 6:22 am, May 1, 2011
When you buy an external Hard Drive for use with Time Machine, Apple's backup software, you will most likely need to format it before you can use it, since chances are that it is formatted for a Windows based computer. You could always spend the extra money to get a Mac formatted Hard Drive, but what's the sense in that? You can format your own external Hard Drive right from Mac OS X. This video will show you how.


text:
Q: Web View in Android In my android app whole web page is loading in web view to which i gave the link, but I want to load only some component from that web page not rest of the component. Can anybody tell me is it possible to load only required component from web page and how?

A: It can be done using Jsoup html parsing library.
1.Get the data from url to jsoup document.
Document doc = Jsoup.connect("http://example.com/").get();

*

*remove the unwanted content html tag using remove().
doc.select("span[style*=display:none]").remove(); //put unwanted tag inside.

*Save the remaining content to a string.
String newcontent=doc.toString();
4 Set the newcontent as Webview content.
webView.loadDataWithBaseURL(null, newcontent, "text/html", "UTF-8", null);

Sorry for poor english.

A: I dont know if there is a standard api to do this, but if not you could load the html first then manipulate it. So you could delete the areas you dont need and only display the necessary parts.
Cheers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Whether you call them list articles or "listicles," you've almost certainly seen your share of web content pieces with lists at the center. You probably know that they're popular, and met with a bit of derision from time to time, you may not know why they work. Before you discount the idea of using list format posts for your blog, take a moment to consider all of the reasons why they're so popular.
The Brain Loves Lists – Your daily agenda, the things you need to buy at the grocery store and rules for your babysitter all have one thing in common: they're more likely to be acknowledged and fulfilled if they're in list form. This is because the human brain naturally seeks to categorize information, boosting not only recall at a later date by also comprehension in the moment. List articles appeal to a very specific quirk in how the brain operates.
They Encourage Readers to Commit – Scrolling through a Facebook feed or Twitter timeline translates to a never-ending barrage of information. Readers have so many options before them, and some are bound to get lost in the shuffle. The very nature of a list article appeals not only because of the information they promise, but because the headline itself lets the reader know exactly what they'll be asked to invest. The certainty that the headline will be explained in a specified number of points is appealing, and greater appeal to readers translates to more traffic to your blog.
List Articles are Heavy on Skim-ability – Online reading tends to be more akin to quick skimming than in-depth concentration on the subject at hand. Because a list article is broken into easy-on-the-eye chunks, they're more comfortable for web readers and better lend themselves to skimming than a solid wall of text.
Easily Digestible Content – A quick breakdown of a particular subject may not communicate all of the nuances and intricacies of the given situation, but it will allow readers to quickly and easily digest the most salient points. With a basic understanding accessible in relatively short order, readers are able to become a bit better informed without investing hours of research time.
Engaging Audiences Naturally – The very nature of a list article allows it to, if written properly, become a magnet for readers and post engagement. Opinion posts using the list article format as a ranking system naturally encourages readers to engage with the content, even if it's just to disagree with the inclusion of a particular bullet point or the omission of another. When readers engage, even to disagree with you, you've created a successful blog post.
Sharing is Caring –Just as list articles can naturally encourage engagement with readers by urging them to share their own opinions, they also encourage social media sharing. More traffic is always a good thing, even if it's generated as a show of opposition. "Can you believe what this post says?!" is still a share, and leads to more eyes on your work.
A Time-Honored Tradition – List articles may be one of the more popular and favorable formats for web content, but they're not a new invention. From the Ten Commandments to the Top 10 Cat Gifs, lists are a venerable format with plenty of history.
They Don't Have to Be Vapid – One of the more common criticisms of the modern listicle is that it's long on fluff and short on informative content. While this can be true, it certainly doesn't have to be the case. The same structured order that makes a list article easy for the brain to categorize and process can lend itself to sharing substantive and informative content.
Making Content Less Intimidating – A 5,000 word article in long form is intimidating to the casual reader, and can immediately put them off reading content sharing useful information. Breaking the same long form article into a list format immediately makes the content more approachable, even if the word count never changes. As a blogger, you want to present an inviting face to new readers. If your message is lengthy, a list article may be just the thing to draw those readers in and grab their attention.
List Articles and SEO Impact – Not only does the human brain love lists; so do search engines. Heavy on the structured HTML, a list article naturally lends itself to better search engine optimization. Because SEO is so important for web content creators and bloggers, it's always a good idea to look for ways of boosting search engine friendliness.
Even if the list article is something of a guilty pleasure for more "serious" readers, they're still one of the most popular forms of web content out there and do have the ability to make a very real impact. If you're looking for a quick, easy way to share content and communicate a particular point, consider the power of the list article for your next blog post.


text:
Alex Mihailovich is a veteran television journalist and foreign affairs expert. His reporting has focused on Ukraine, Russia, the Balkans, China, US and the Middle East. Born and raised in Toronto, Alex has also extensively covered Canadian politics through his decades long career. Since 2015, Alex Mihailovich has been an independent journalist with frequent appearances on RT and radio programs, as well as guesting on the CBC and a number of podcasts. He was a reporter and news anchor at Sun News Network in Canada from 2011 until the television station closed its doors in 2015. Prior to that, Alex was a reporter for Global News Toronto and a correspondent for 16:9 – The Bigger Picture, a Canadian investigative news magazine television series which aired nationally on Global TV. At the beginning of his career, Alex was with CTV Television Network for 5 years, which included a role as news anchor at CTV Northern Ontario and as a reporter at CTV Toronto. He attended Carleton University, where he was a founding member of the Sigma Pi fraternity chapter. He graduated from Seneca College with a radio-television broadcast diploma and has a BA Honours degree in political science from the University of Western Ontario. Before becoming a journalist, he worked for a United Nations agency in the former Yugoslavia from 1995 to 1999, where attained an MBA.

References

Canadian television reporters and correspondents
Canadian people of Serbian descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Size: Grows to around 80mm S.L.
Comments: This species first became available in late 2007. The specimens were about 50mm in standard length and have grown over the last six months or so to adults of about 80mm. Devario malabaricus is a native of Sri Lanka and the west coast of India – some considerable distance from Myanmar. Now that the fish have grown, it can be seen that the fish does not resemble malabaricus either in colour, size or body shape and in my opinion is probably a colour morph of Devario brownii. Samples are with the LNHM for examination.
This is a very active species and should not be housed with slow moving 'nervous' fishes. It is an excellent jumper!


'AN LEABHAR AIFRINN RÓMHÁNACH' will serve those who celebrate the liturgy in Irish and will help to preserve the Irish language as a living language for worship.
IN HIS NEWEST prayer video Pope Francis focusses his monthly intention on families in difficulty, praying that they receive the help they need and that children can grow up in a healthy environment.
THE VATICAN has confirmed details of Pope Francis' pastoral visit to Poland this summer for World Youth Day.
JUST IN time for St. Patrick's Day, genealogical research website Ancestry.com is making 10 million Catholic parish records from Ireland — some dating to 1655 — available online for free to help people trace their Irish heritage.


Norco Rural Stores offers sales and distribution services for an extensive range of animal health products, animal feeding products and supplements. With several years of experience in the agricultural product supply and marketing industry, Norco Rural Stores offers reliable and efficient distribution services for animal health and feeding products. Norco Rural Stores is an operating division of Norco Co-Operative. Using innovative packaging and marketing strategies, Norco Rural Stores efficiently distributed its agricultural products.
Some of the agricultural and farm support products distributed by Norco Rural Stores include agricultural chemicals, packaging products, fencing equipment, farm equipment, water equipment and fertilisers. Livestock owners and cattle breeders with animal health care and maintenance requirements can benefit from the animal health product supply services offered by Norco Rural Stores. The animal health products supplied by Norco Rural Stores are sourced from renowned manufacturers including Fort Dodge, Phzer, Coopers, Bayer, Virbac Animal Health and Novartis.
The animal health products supplied by Norco Rural Stores are tested for quality and efficiency. Norco Rural Stores supplies an extensive range of health products suitable for dogs, cats, cattle, horses, goats and sheep.


text:
Q: Python : Extracting variables from a join I have joined two datasets in Spark (pySpark)and the output looks likes this
    (u'SomeThing', (u'ABC', u'500'))

I would like to do the following: Define a function that extracts and returns only ABC, 500. I wrote a function like this
       def extract_lasttwo_cols(three_cols):
       a,b,c = three_cols.split(',')
       return b,c

But this function results in an error "tuple object has no attribute split()"
Is it possible to extract the variables without saving the results as text files and then processing them?

A: Your value is a tuple with two elements, whereby the second element is a tuple by itself
def extract_lasttwo_cols(three_cols):
    return three_cols[1]

A: Tuples are immutable. split() is for str types.
This will return the b and c separately:
def extract_lasttwo_cols(three_cols):
    b, c = three_cols[1][0], three_cols[1][1]
    return b, c


Yoga in these times has many applications.
From the known physical benefits until the relaxation and mental welfare provides.
Therefore we apply it in very different fields.
Including stress management, healthy posture, for the different professionals, especially in the field of health and education.
We are specializing in yoga for special children with psychological supervision.
Also as an introduction to people who start in weekends or monographs.
And we are already several years forming yoga instructors in Spain and also in India.