by Danny Nicol. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2010. 220pp. Hardcover. £35.00/$70.00. ISBN: 9781841138596.
Reviewed by Bogdan Iancu, Faculty of Political Science, University of Bucharest. Email: bogdan.iancu [at] fspub.unibuc.ro.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF CAPITALISM is an ambitious title, which makes a worthy academic promise by posing a foundational question. The theoretical fathers of modern constitutionalism viewed property as a pre-political right attached to personality. Locke's argument in the SECOND TREATISE, where 'estate,' life, and liberty are analytically on the same par and inextricably interlinked is the classic example. Consequently, protecting property from public interference as a matter of principle meant respecting personal dignity and safeguarding natural individual and –incidentally-- societal autonomy against the state. Even censitary suffrage was justified in an essentially individualistic-meritocratic key: holding a certain amount of property was perceived to reflect both a "rough index of capacity, stability, and good will in the individual" (Pitkin 1967, p.191) and the best indicator of independence from undue influence. Actual legal arrangements (constitutional law) mirrored the philosophical presuppositions of limited government (constitutionalism). Classical systems guaranteed property protections as a matter of foremost principle, with the federal US Constitution of 1787 as the harbinger and preeminent example. By the same token, the defense of property against political encroachments regarded as illegitimate by constitutional default conferred upon public law an ancillary character. Just as the classical liberal state was the accessory of society, classical constitutional law was in effect "the accessory of private law" (Grimm 1987, p.195).
The entire paradigm started to be called into question with increasing urgency during the second half of the 19th century, not just as a result of the rising mass democracy but also, and perhaps primarily, by virtue of a structural economic upheaval: the advent of technologically standardized and concentrated late capitalism. In US law, due to the entrenchment of property protections in the Constitution and the legal and political entrenchment of the Constitution itself, the juridical stakes of the transformation were higher and more visible than in other Western democracies. The legislative and judicial ambivalence surrounding the Sherman and Federal Trade Commission Acts evinced foundational uncertainties from the onset (Henderson 1924). By the turn of the new century even the most fiery regulators and trustbusters were somewhat at a loss as to the deeper causes of and the possible solutions to the problems at hand, as Mr. Dooley's rendition of Theodore Roosevelt's first Message to Congress forcefully indicated: "Th' thrust are heejous monsthers built up be th' inlightened [*91] intherprise iv th' men that have done so much to advance pro-gress in our beloved counthry. On wan hand I wud stamp thim undher fut; on th' other hand not so fast." (in Hurst 1984, p.84) The uncertainty remained, as the uneasy coexistence of different and irreconcilable economic philosophies within the New Deal reveals (Hawley 1966) and was by no means fully resolved by the post-New Deal (respectively, in other Western democracies, post-WWII) constitutional retrenchment to accommodate the rising administrative state. The 'state of the industrial society' (Forsthoff, 1971), with its blurred social, economic, political, and constitutional realities, was already firmly in place and there to stay.
Professor Nicol's new book seeks to give a contemporary British answer to these fundamental and universal constitutional questions. While the general argument has a broader relevance and its essential tenor can be easily extrapolated to other jurisdictions, the primary concern of the book is with the impact of "transnational constitutionalism" on the British constitution. Nicol argues in essence that a number of transnational legal regimes (the WTO, the EU, and the ECHR) entrench neoliberalism with a juridical and political intensity that deserves the designation of "transnational constitutionalism." This supranational entrenchment of neoliberal ideology in fundamental law ("the constitutional protection of capitalism") has according to Nicol surreptitiously and progressively encroached upon British constitutionalism over the last decades and has by now illegitimately altered the latter's essence.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4, identify the essential features of the three regimes and the parallel developments that eventually coalesced into a unitary, neoliberal trend towards democracy, oppressive transnational constitutionalism. Whereas each chapter discusses a distinct regime, the general analysis distinguishes certain common processes that snowballed during the late 80s and 90s into the current arrangements. All these systems are said to have exhibited from the onset potential towards continuous "competence creeps," whereby newer areas of competence, initially at the fringes of their main jurisdictional purviews, were gradually drawn into the mainstream range of attributions (e.g., the inclusion of public procurement and subsidies in the general WTO mechanism). A general "ratchet effect" tendency appears to characterize the three arrangements as well. For example, whereas at the beginning the EC and WTO systems were apparently able to accommodate a wide variety of [*93] economic models and social policies, the subsequent evolution ossified into one single framework, by accentuating systematically the bias for undistorted private competition in the neoliberal ideal-typical market. The systemic presumption against any form of public intervention in the autonomous operation of the transnational market processes is only rebuttable when intervention is needed to save from demise the neoliberal system as such (e.g., by means of bailout packages, such as is the case nowadays). To wit, in the EU, the neoliberal bias towards market liberalization has accentuated the tendency toward privatization and against public property. The latter process, although legally-analytically distinct, is implicit in the logic of the former and in the progressive operation of the system as such. Trends which favor the free operation of the market, once set in place, are very hard to reverse and "ongoing policy choice is therefore replaced with a once-and-for-all decision." (p.76) For instance, once an area is liberalized, nationalization or milder forms of public intervention by subsidies or selective procurement policies are close to impossible. Thus, in effect, the purpose clearly expressed by the provision of Art. 345 TFEU, according to which the system of property ownership is reserved to the Members States and should have been unaffected by the exercise of Union competences, was in practice gradually defeated (e.g., discussion at p.112).
The last chapter sums up the argument and proffers as a solution to the neoliberal predicament the "dismantling of the teleological state." The author dismisses potential transnational solutions to the problems as misguided, partial, or plainly illusory. As he convincingly argues, the state must be freed from its transnational neoliberal shackles at the state level. Nicol closes by contending that, since there was nothing inevitable in the initial slip towards the unfettered global market, the time has come to reverse the trend. This is an interesting, coherent, and timely argument, which reads well from beginning through to the end. In particular, the general discussion of the transnational "constitutional" regimes is often sophisticated and overall informative. Furthermore, it is hard not to be swayed by Nicol's anti-neoliberal conviction. The relatively few reservations which may be raised knowledge-wise derive precisely from and are the flip-side of the qualities of his book as a piece of advocacy scholarship. Although the distinction is a matter of degree and the two extreme poles of the continuum are ideal types, sometimes the two formats (understanding the world vs. criticizing aspects of it and promoting their change) work against each other.
To begin with, the author works alternatively with and puts in opposition two definitions of the "constitution," at the national and transnational level, respectively. This is an excellent advocacy device but the ensuing persuasiveness and rhetorical buoyancy come at the price of general epistemological usefulness. British constitutionalism is defined in a narrow legal-positivistic fashion, as residing essentially in parliamentary sovereignty. For instance, Dicey and Blackstone are referred to in support of the definition of parliamentary sovereignty. The citations are nonetheless selectively deceptive, since in Dicey's famous account of the English constitution, the sovereignty of Parliament was only one element of the general, much richer description. Blackstone's definition needs to be likewise contextualized. In fact, in COMMENTARIES, property is given a legal definition strikingly resemblant to that of parliamentary sovereignty ("despotic dominion"/ "absolute despotic power"). This pick-and-choose footnoting strikes a disingenuous chord but Nicol is forced by the polemical needs of his account to ignore or dismiss out of hand, in a dogmatically positivistic way, qualifications and reservations. For instance, Tom Allen's argument that property protections have always been a part of British constitutionalism is rejected as "a relic of our pre-democratic past" and as constitutionally irrelevant (where "constitutional" strictly equals positive law): "a 'fundamental law' that cannot be enforced might be better regarded not as a fundamental law as such but rather as a durable political consensus." (p.131) The version of democracy which informs and justifies this understanding of constitutionalism and parliamentary supremacy is – of necessity – equally reductive. Nicol defines as undemocratic "[advance commitment] to any set of rules and practices" (emphasis supplied, p.41). This definition is certainly possible in the abstract but such a Bakunian-Rousseauian-extreme Jeffersonian understanding of democracy is, if anything, at big odds with constitutions and constitutionalism. It is certainly at variance with [*95] English/British constitutional traditions, which have famously built, slowly and incrementally, on past practices.
In contrast to the positivistic "domestic" view of the constitution, transnational constitutionalism is defined pragmatically, in a strikingly critical legal realist fashion, as "enmeshment" and "entrenchment;" it includes private power and allows scrutiny of dominant power positions (both real and potential, apparently). The European Court of Human Rights is for instance criticized for interpreting Art. 1, Protocol 1 to the Convention in a way that privileges the right to property and protects existing possessions: "it is not a right to be put in possession of things one does not already have" (p.137). The Court in Strasbourg is also castigated for devising a balancing test that gives the right presumptive priority: "the majority managed to eradicate a balancing test in which the presumption would be in favor of the pursuit of the public interest by the state" (p.140). But then this is how constitutionalism and constitutional adjudication generally work. Interpretations of fundamental rights and interpretive tests devised for their application always privilege the rights involved to the detriment of potential causes for restriction (e.g., a balancing exercise involving the right to life will hopefully not give a presumptive vantage point to capital punishment). A similar observation goes for the property entitlements vs. property redistribution argument. Outside the worlds of Orwell, bad Marxian legal theory, and Humpty Dumpty, things cannot be made to mean their opposites, thus a right to "protection of property" could not be construed as a judicial roving commission to approve of or prompt redistribution policies. Furthermore, in evaluating transnational "enmeshment" even unsubstantiated suspicion seems an acceptable argumentative tool. Although Nicol admits that the ECtHR has been in practice, result-wise, fairly restrained in its interpretations of the article, the tendency as such is labeled as nefarious: the judges have wantonly opened the judicial door and neoliberalism will eventually step in.
As it is the general case with polemical exercises, one finds in the book a good measure of predictability. This was to be expected. At times, however, the brush strokes are rather thick and the impression is on occasion that Nicol preaches to the converted. Friedrich Augustus von Hayek, the expectable voodoo doll, is paraded twice through the argument but the reason is not fully apparent to the layman and, judging strictly from the text, the needle-sticking exercise seems largely ceremonial. At page 129, for instance, Hayek is accused of having emphasized "private property as an essential condition for the prevention of coercion." That should apparently make the Austrian economist a forerunner of global neoliberal excesses and by implication an archenemy of British democracy. Nonetheless, as the reference is made, Hayek's position is very modest, uncontroversial, and hence of little use to Nicol's general argument, even as a straw man to be taken down. The overwhelming majority of political constitutional theorists, from Aristotle onwards, would agree with the above claim and ample historical experience proves it right. This brings us to a related but more fundamental issue. Nicol's essential account of the causes of the present-day neoliberal sideslip is that of [*96] a political cabal. At the deciding moments when those arrangements were being devised, most major Western leaders were allegedly of neoliberal persuasion. They collaborated to entrench their predilections in international instruments. All went downhill from there, especially as more recent Labour leaders (i.e., Blair and Brown) defected to the dark side. Aware that this parade of horribles may read on the whole simplistic and conspiratorial, Nicol disclaims such implications but does so tongue-in-cheek and unconvincingly: "No belief in any grand conspiracy is required (although we cannot discount the possibility that such a conspiracy existed)." (p.18) Cloak and dagger scenarios are exciting, to be sure, but usually unsatisfactory outside their proper literary and theatrical settings. A demanding academic reader will still be left with an uneasy feeling, as he or she should be. Methodological orthodoxy requires the careful substantiation of claims to knowledge and "bad/gullible people" explanations to the evolution of complex systems are not in general very persuasive.
This leads to a final and germane remark of form, which addresses author and copy editor alike. Unfortunately, typographical errors and style mishaps in printed text – in moderate numbers at any rate – have come to be accepted as inevitable and pointing them out comes across as nitpicking. It was not always so but such are things now and the reviewer must be presumptively accommodating. Nonetheless, not all style and language mistakes are minor. Reading that "accountability to Parliament and accountability to the electorate are complimentary" (at p.35) is quite irksome. Even more disturbing is the misspelling of the major principle of international public law as Pacta sunt survenda ( at p.6), in a book dealing extensively with international public law regimes, rules, arguments (in the index, somewhat better, the word, wrongly cited in an article title, is misspelled as "survanda", at p.175).
Professor Nicol's warning regarding the global tendencies towards the gradual suppression of genuine political choice and constitutional democracy and his call to action against these trends are timely and commendable. More substantial work will be needed in the future to unravel the crucial specifics: how did this oppressive phenomenon come about and how, if at all, can constitutional democracy escape its grasp.
Allen, Tom. 2000. THE RIGHT TO PROPERTY IN COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTIONS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Forsthoff, Ernst. 1971. DER STAAT DER INDUSTRIEGESELLSCHAFT-DARGESTELLT AM BEISPIEL DER BUNDESREPUBLIK DEUTSCHLAND. München: C. H. Beck.
Hawley, Ellis. 1966. THE NEW DEAL AND THE PROBLEM OF MONOPOLY:A STUDY IN ECONOMIC AMBIVALENCE. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Henderson, Gerald. 1924 (1968). THE HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION:A STUDY IN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROCEDURE. New York: Agathon Press.
Pitkin, Hanna. 1967. THE CONCEPT OF REPRESENTATION. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Willard Hurst, James. 1984. LAW AND THE CONDITIONS OF FREEDOM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY UNITED STATES. Madison, WI: University of Madison Press.
© Copyright 2011 by the author, Bogdan Iancu.


El presidente de acaba de llevar al bolsillo 600.000 acciones.
) Each restricted stock unit ("RSU") represents a contingent right to receive one share of Novavax, Inc. (the "Company") common stock.
(2) Vesting of the RSUs subject to this grant under the Company's Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, is subject to the satisfaction of both (1) a time-based vesting requirement, pursuant to which one hundred percent (100%) of the RSUs vesting on the first anniversary of the March 8, 2019 grant date subject to continued employment through such vesting date; and (2) performance-based vesting requirements, pursuant to which (i) 80% of the RSUs will vest based on achieving a regulatory milestone associated with ResVax on or before September 30, 2019; or (ii) 20% of the RSUs will vest based on achieving a regulatory milestone associated with NanoFlu on or before September 30, 2019.


From writing an award-winning tale of a dragon falling from the stars in the 3rd grade to regency romance written at thirty, Sarah McConkie has always had a passion for creating intriguing stories. After years of singledom looking for romance (and teaching Junior High Choir to fill up real life), Sarah began a Master's degree in Literacy. When love finally found her, she married and became a wife and eventually a mother. After tucking in her own little princess one January evening she determined to attempt her life-long dream to write and publish a novel. Using her many years of experience in the single realm, a robust knowledge of regency classics, and a love of all things old fashioned and proper, Sarah wrote Love and Secrets at Cassfield Manor. She now lives with her own Mr. Right and her two daughters, and believes providing stimulating and moral stories promotes literacy in a world which needs more readers. This is her first novel.


Your bid must be at least 1.000,00 EUR.
A LARGE ICON OF THE HODIGITRIA MOTHER OF GOD Greek, Cretan, 17th century Tempera on wood panel. Executed on a gold ground. The Mother of God portrayed half-length, looking at the beholder, supporting Christ on her left forearm. The garments of the Mother of God coloured in complimentary deep red. Christ's orange himation highlighted with dense chrysography. Losses to the borders. 44.2 x 37.8 cm.


text:
Pictured: the moment Khalid Masood was shot during the Westminster attack
The moment Khalid Masood is shot dead as hero cop Keith Palmer lies wounded on the floor Credit: Times Newspapers/Sam Coates
Helena Horton
24 March 2017 • 2:55pm
Parliament shooting
This is the moment Khalid Masood was shot dead by police after he tried to run into Parliament armed with a knife.
Hero policeman Keith Palmer, who lost his life protecting Parliament from the attacker, is seen lying wounded on the floor.
In the top left of the picture, Khalid Massod can be seen sprawled on the floor.
Westminster terror attack scene, London Credit: Sam Coates/The Times
In the bottom right, injured police officer Pc Palmer can be seen on the ground.
Four members of the public were killed by Masood as he mowed down pedestrians on Westminster Bridge.
He then tried to run into Parliament while brandishing a knife, and was stopped by police officers including Pc Keith Palmer.
Khalid Masood in a picture released by police Credit: Metropolitan Police
Pc Palmer was stabbed to death by Masood as he protected Parliament from the killer.
In the days after the attack, a picture emerged of the killer's nomadic lifestyle. Masood, a 52-year-old father-of-three with a string of convictions stretching back decades, claimed he was an English teacher.
He was born in Kent on Christmas day, before later converting to Islam.
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Hours before carrying out his atrocity, the career criminal stayed at a hotel in Brighton, telling staff as he checked out that he was he was going to London. He reportedly added: "It isn't what it used to be."
Two people remain in hospital in a critical condition, one with life-threatening injuries. Two police officers injured in the attack are also in hospital with "significant injuries".
How the Westminster attack unfolded
Gallery: Storm Christoph - Manchester evacuations and danger to life warnings, in pictures

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: How to make a tuple with components belonging to a type class an instance I have the following problem: I defined a type class and want to declare tuples of types of this class to be instances as well. But I don't know how to get GHC to accept this declaration. Here a very simple example:
class Test a where
    elm :: a

And know for tuples I want to do something like
instance (Test a, Test b) => Test (a,b) where
    elm = (elm, elm) :: (a,b)

(Actually, I want to do something similar for more fancy type classes corresponding to vector spaces.)
How can this been done? Thanks in advance for any suggestions!

A: Try this instead:
instance (Test a, Test b) => Test (a,b) where
    elm = (elm, elm)

This should work. The issue with you code, is that the :: (a,b) type annotation that you added is actually confusing GHC instead of helping it. The problem is that when GHC sees a and b it thinks that they represent some arbitrary types. But you don't want them to be arbitrary, you want them to be exact same types referenced in the above line. But GHC doesn't know that. If you leave the type annotation out, GHC will figure the correct types itself. Alternatively, you can change GHC's behavior by enabling the ScopedTypeVariables language extension, by adding the following at the top of your file:
{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}

This will tell GHC that whenever there is a class definition, the type variables referenced at the top line, will be in scope for the rest of the definition. I am one of those people who think that ScopedTypeVariables should have been on by default but unfortunately this is not the case, mostly for historical & compatibility reasons. In fact, this question provides a good argument why ScopedTypeVariables being off by default is counterintuitive.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


View Nicholasville Realty available in Nicholasville, Kentucky. Nicholasville sits 12 miles south of Lexington, surrounded by the rolling hills of Kentucky's Bluegrass Region. Nicholasville is true small town America, with a cute historic downtown that just exudes charm. Nicholasville residents have access to lots of local amenities and a low cost of living. Nicholasville Realty is available to buyers with all budgets - homes, condos, townhouses, land, farms and horse properties. Nicholasville benefits from a stable housing market, where many properties are more than affordable. Central Kentucky and the Lexington area are highly sought-after for their real estate, friendly people and quality of life. Contact Rector Hayden Realtors for more information about Nicholasville Realty and Central Kentucky Real Estate.


text:
title: Fibonacci n-step number sequences
localeTitle: Secuencias numéricas de Fibonacci
---
## Secuencias numéricas de Fibonacci

Esto es un talón. [Ayuda a nuestra comunidad a expandirla](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/tree/master/src/pages/certifications/coding-interview-prep/rosetta-code/fibonacci-n-step-number-sequences/index.md) .

[Esta guía rápida de estilo ayudará a asegurar que su solicitud de extracción sea aceptada](https://github.com/freecodecamp/guides/blob/master/README.md) .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Once upon a time there was a man, who travelled around the world in search of eternal life. After he failed to find such place, he returned to his motherland. He sat himself down on a carpet spread in the middle of Syrdariya river and started to play music. This music was so divine, that all the beasts and birds came to listen to it, and even the Death enjoyed its leisurely tune. But one day the restless man fell asleep, and the Death in the form of a black snake jumped out of the water and bit him. That's how Korkut met his Death.
The video/slide show was inspired by this old Kazakh myth, it is a sequence of drawings slowly replacing one another. Every new drawing derives from associations coming from the previous one. The video is not an illustration of the myth. The transition between the associations is more important, than the accuracy of the story itself.
I aim to create a sequence of visual metamorphoses that would be similar to the process of thinking and fantasizing. I parallel the flow of water with the flow of thoughts: both are free, changeable, and can take any forms. And similarly to the natural flow of thoughts, where any further thought is based on a previous one, any new drawing I make is based on and influenced by a previous one, rather than the story itself.


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Great Guns is a 1941 film directed by Monty Banks, and produced by Sol M. Wurtzel for 20th Century Fox starring Laurel and Hardy. It is also known as Forward March.

Plot
The young, spoiled but feeble Daniel Forrester IV (Dick Nelson), a very rich eligible bachelor, gets his draft notice from the US Army and is beside himself with joy, because now he has a chance to prove he does not have the weak constitution his aunts Martha (Mae Marsh) and Agatha (Ethel Griffies) believe him to have. Daniel performs well at his army physical and is enrolled in the army soon afterward.

To look after Daniel during his service, his chauffeur Ollie (Oliver Hardy) and gardener Stan (Stan Laurel) join the army at the same time. They all go to basic military training at legendary Fort Merritt in Texas. Daniel finds the army to his liking, performing excellently at the exercises, but Stan and Ollie are less happy with their new duties. Their drill sergeant, Hippo (Edmund MacDonald), considers Stan and Ollie to be lazy, and their antics drive the sergeant crazy. Stan's pet crow Penelope is a constant source of irritation to the sergeant. But what irritates Hippo most is that the fort's photo developer, Ginger Hammond (Sheila Ryan), takes a special interest in Daniel. The sergeant, who has tried to catch Ginger's heart himself for quite some time, becomes jealous of Daniel. Daniel confesses his love for her in his sleep, while Stan and Ollie listen in. They do not want Daniel to pursue Ginger, since they are not certain that his health will cope with the strain of a romantic involvement.

Stan and Ollie worry that a such relationship between the two will kill their employer, so posing as businessmen, they pay Ginger a visit at home and try to deflect her by telling her that Daniel is broke and not the catch she believes he is. She recognizes them and throws them out of her apartment. Hippo also tries to break up the loving couple by cancelling Daniel's night leave and making him a prisoner in the guard room instead.

Stan and Ollie get into trouble when they are captured by the opposing team in a military exercise. When Daniel hears about their unfortunate situation, he escapes his lock-up and uses Penelope to find Stan. Penelope helps find Stan, and the team that Stan and Ollie belong to win the maneuver. Daniel and his employees become heroes, and Daniel and Ginger become a couple. Penelope gets her own bird-size uniform and all the boys participate in a military parade together, while the aunts and Ginger watch.

Cast

Production notes
The first of Laurel and Hardy's post-Hal Roach features, Great Guns is generally regarded as the start of the team's decline, since they were given unsuitable, out-of-character scripts to work with, and very little artistic freedom. At Hal Roach Studios, Stan Laurel looked on such creativity behind as well as in front of the camera as routine, but 20th Century Fox did not allow such luxuries. Biographer John McCabe was among those who documented Laurel's unhappiness with these later films for Fox and MGM.

Alan Ladd appears briefly as a photo store customer.

References

External links

1941 films
1941 comedy films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Monty Banks
Laurel and Hardy (film series)
Military humor in film
20th Century Fox films
1940s American films

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Corrected test suite so tests needing to shell out call $^X to get their perl instead of getting the firt perl in the path. Thanks to Andreas Koenig for finding this problem.
UML::Sequence - Render UML sequence diagrams, often by running the code.


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Thomas Locher -- suspended
In his fourth individual exhibition, his first at Georg Kargl BOX, Thomas Locher presents his new installation Suspended. The work is a textual, topological display hanging from the ceiling of the exhibition space, a spatial, object work about space, location, and placelessness. With this object, the artist picks up on earlier works and exhibition presentations that included the proposition that written or spoken language has a spatial impact and territorializing significance. Formally speaking, Suspended corresponds to a model to provide orientation, with arrows and pointers, with text and commentary, with a front and rear, with layers and overlaps, with side views and superimpositions. The spatial structure allows the beholder to see or to read the work from the "outside" and from the "inside," to stand inside or outside the work, indeed in general to pose the question of where the inside or the outside might be. For the work itself tries to give form to the problematic of the undecidability of inside and outside of law. To that extent, the installation is more an arrangement of a lack of orientation.
In Homo Sacer, G. Agamben describes the site of undecidability between law and violence, between validity and exception, between inside and outside using a spatial, topological model. Despite the permanent appeal and invocation of human rights, their suspension has become common practice in current policy making. People are systematically persecuted, expelled, or treated inhumanely without being able to claim their rights. Ever since their fundamental formulation, the refugee has been the central figure of human rights. Originally termed a "displaced person," he is dependent on the arbitrary decision of a country ready to take him in, a permanent refugee without any claim to citizenship or any kind of legal security. The formulated claim to a certain right, to be able to assert rights, thus proves empty. Human rights are the rights of those who have no rights. The only asserted rights belong to the citizens of nation-states governed by the rule of law. Human rights thus prove to be paradoxical rights addressed at poor, not public, and apolitical individuals.
In the legal format of the state of emergency, intended as a limited period in crisis situations, the political praxis of the suspending of basic rights finds its most intense expression. For he who controls the legal power to suspend the validity of law (for example, to declare a state of emergency), that is, to suspend law, places himself outside the law. Sovereign power is thus located both outside and inside the law. In this installation, the attempt is made to give form to the various contradictions and paradoxes of human rights. In so doing, the political power of sovereignty is not present in this work. It goes unmentioned; it is not directly illustrated or represented. But as an absent threat, it remains entirely real.


This entry was posted in Heating, HVAC, Ventilation and Air Quality and tagged furnaces, pollution on December 29, 2014 by .
The cold weather is rolling in and that means furnaces all across the county will be kicking on. With houses being tightly sealed, this can lead to the accumulation of carbon monoxide inside your home. If your furnace vent is working properly, you don't have anything to worry about. But if there is an issue with the venting or if your furnace isn't burning properly, carbon monoxide can quickly build up to dangerous – even deadly – levels.
Carbon monoxide is created when the furnace fuel is not completely burned. That means fuel oils, natural gas, coal, wood, kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel and charcoal can all be potential contributors to carbon monoxide. Dangerous levels of carbon monoxide can build up around furnaces, fireplaces, wood stoves, and also around gas water heaters, generators and in the garage if you are running an automobile.
According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, carbon monoxide is the number one cause of accidental poisoning in the United States. 1,500 people die from it every year and over 10,000 more are treated for symptoms at hospitals. Most of this is because the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning mimic those of common ailments like the flu.
If you think you or your family are suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning, seek immediate medical attention.
The best way to protect your family from this type of poisoning is to install carbon monoxide detectors on every level of your home. If you cannot afford to put one on every level, place one in your sleeping area so it will wake you if there is a build-up while you are sleeping.
In addition to getting carbon monoxide detectors for your home, having a yearly furnace check and tune up is highly recommended. We will check your furnace for carbon monoxide off-gasing as well as for problems in your plenum and heat exchanger units. We'll also check gas burning appliances like your water heater and dryer to make sure there are no leaks their either. If you have any questions about carbon monoxide, or need your furnace checked call My Plumber CA at (619) 447-5556 today.


Whether it be a Masala or Tandoori, Biryani or Rogan Josh, surely everyone loves a good Indian takeaway.
We've already given you the top Chinese restaurants in Wakefield, now we have the top ranked Indian takeaways, based on reviews and user ratings on the TripAdvisor website.
138 Kirkgate, Wakefeild. One recent review said: "The food was fantastic, very tasty and lots of it (too much for one ). Staff were very friendly and all at an excellent price."
187 Bradford Road, Wakefield. Recent reviewer said: "The food is always so good! Brilliant customer service and friendly, welcoming staff. Can't ever fault it."
17 George Street, Wakefield. Review: "Food is great, prices are good and service is in point."
93 New Road, Wakefield. Review: "Food is always great and the service is top quality. Definitely recommend this as the best curry house in the area."


text:
Q: Clipboard.js script works in view file but not in seperate .js file I am using clipboard.js to allow users to copy snippets of code from an API docs page.
<script> var clipboard = new Clipboard('.copyButton');</script>

When I run this script in my view the functionality all works as it should. However if i place the script in its own js file I get the error
Uncaught ReferenceError: Clipboard is not defined

I am using Yii2 framework so i am using assets to register sources like so:
 public $js = [
    "js/api.js",
];

And then I am registering that Asset inside of my main layout like so:
use metis\assets\ApiAsset;
ApiAsset::register($this);

Anyone got any ideas why?

A: It sounds like either the Clipboard object isn't being initialized in time, or the clipboard.js file is registered after the script that is using it.  Can you verify from the client source that the clipboard.js file is defined before the script that is using it?


can implement. For more information, log on to stand-deliver.com. Find Steve on Facebook @steveadubatophd and Twitter @SteveAdubato.
;; ;;; ;;;; ;; President Trump's decision in August to withdraw from the Paris climate accord, at least ;; states, including New York and Connecticut, remain committed to meeting the greenhouse-gas emission targets established by the pact. New Jersey is not in that group—but that doesn't mean we can't continue to take steps to combat global warming.
Global warming is not a distant threat. The e;ects of global warming are happening now, and the actions we take—or fail to take—will have profound consequences for future generations.
warm as they are in Alabama today.
Precipitation is expected to increase too, with significant impact on agriculture, plant and animal life, flooding, and our supply of clean water. Rising sea levels are a huge concern for New Jersey. According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, if we stay the present course, the sea is likely to rise ;; inches to ; feet along our coastline in the next century.
according to the Fund for NJ report.
energy, says the Fund for NJ report.
for the health of New Jersey citizens.
and their children, is at stake.


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text:
American Zionism and Soviet Jews
By Michael Dorman
During the early 1960s American Jews began realizing the severity of the anti-Semitic policies under which the 3 million Jews in the Soviet Union were living. This sparked an organized effort across American Jewish communities to raise awareness about the human rights violations being faced by Soviet Jews. Throughout the decade the White House frequently received letters from Jewish organizations and leaders requesting that the President use his influence to persuade the Soviets to rethink their anti-Semitic policies. Jewish organizations also wrote directly to the Soviet government pleading for it to ease its discriminatory policies targeted at Jewish culture and religious practices. Letters sent to the Kremlin were often asking the Soviet government to merely follow its own laws, citing cultural freedom as a right that was granted to all Soviet citizens in the 1917 Declaration of Rights. Another common request sent to the Soviet government was that Soviet Jews, who had been separated from family members as a result of the Holocaust, be allowed to reunite. Many organizations, especially those with an underlying Zionist agenda, used such arguments with the Soviets (and the White House) in hopes that it would provide a convincing pretense for a mass emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
In response to Zionist efforts to use the discrimination of Jews in the Soviet Union as an opportunity to increase the population of Israel, Jewish anti-Zionists leaders began writing to the White House expressing their concerns. During his time in office, President Johnson, a strong and vocal supporter of Jewish causes, received numerous letters from anti-Zionist rabbis and Jewish organizations asking him to take their views and solutions into consideration. These letters were primarily aimed at explaining to the Johnson administration that Zionism is not synonymous with Judaism, thus supporting a Zionist approach in the Soviet Union should not be thought of as supporting a Jewish approach. These letters often point out that the vast majority of the American Jewish community at that time was either not supportive of the Zionist movement or outright anti-Zionist.
Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Via Wikipedia.
One letter in particular, sent to President Johnson by The American Council For Judaism, an organization of Anti-Zionist, reform rabbis, was quite explicit in expressing opposition to Zionism. In this letter the Council attempts to draw the White House's attention to the fact that Zionism is not the humanitarian rescuing of the Jews, nor should it be viewed as a movement that is particularly inline with the tenets of Judaism as a religion. The letter explains to the president that, from the Council's perspective, the aim of Zionism is not to create a Jewish state, but a Zionist state, emphasizing ethnicity over religion.
The letter goes on to point out that Zionists have worked hard to make it so that criticism of Israel (especially by non-Jews) has become synonymous with criticism of Jews as a whole, and sometimes unjustly labeled anti-Semitism. According to the Council this is an intentional way to not only deflect criticisms of Zionist ideologies, but also to make criticism of the State of Israel and its legitimacy completely off limits. As a result of this, many American Jews and non-Jews shied away from speaking out against the Johnson administrations' whole hearted support of Zionism and the solutions it offered in efforts to ease the plight of Soviet Jews.
As the decade progressed, Jewish special interest groups would continue to work with the White House in the battle to end the state imposed hardships on Soviet Jewry. Ultimately the Israeli voice would prevail, and during the 1970's a noticeable trickle of Soviets emigrants to Israel would begin. This is perhaps to be expected, as every Prime Minister Israel has ever had was either born in the Russian Empire or born to parents born in the Russian Empire, thus the connection to the region's Jewish population runs deep among Israel's elites. Over the next several decades more than a million Jews would leave the USSR (and the post-Soviet territories) to settle in Israel.
The documents cited in the essay are held in the LBJ Library and Museum, "White House Central File; RM (Religious Matters) Box #7. They include a letter from the American Council For Judaism to Jack Valentini on December 18,1963, a letter from the American Council For Judaism to President Johnson on January 25, 1967, a letter from the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America to Bill Moyers on December 8, 1966, a letter from Richard Korn (president of the American Council For Judaism) to President Johnson on June 16,1966, and a letter from the Satmar Rebbe Joel Teitelbaum and Rabbi S. A. Berkowits to President Johnson on September 23,1966.
Posted May 4, 2016 More 1900s, Blog, Europe, Politics, Religion, United States


text:
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Regular captain Duncan Ekasi came off the bench to score the winning try in the 79th minute as Resolution Impala Saracens beat Menegai Cream Homeboyz 32-29 at the Impala Club on Saturday to maintain Kenya Cup leadership.
The gazelles remain joint top with Kenya Harlequin on 41 points. Quins beat Nondescript 35-21 after trailing 14-16 at halftime.
Ekasi who started at bench replaced flanker Anthony Oyugi at the start of the second half.
With Homeboyz narrowly leading 29-27, flyhalf Nato Simiyu won territory for Impala with his trademark place kick. Ian Minjire rose high above Homeboyz players to gather the ball and Impala attacked.
Their persistent mauling resulted in a ruck inches of the try line and Ekasi barged over to win it for Impala at the whistle. "It feels awesome but this win is as a result of teamwork. If you look at the catch by Minjire, it shows we played as one and won as one. It reminds me when we were young and we were saying 'never die' as we played here,"Ekasi told Sports News Arena after the match.
At one point, Impala trailed 6-24 and the match appeared to have slipped out of their hands until the comeback late in the second half. "At halftime, we told guys to play calm and stop thinking about the margin. Impala is a real contender for the title this year and we just want to play well and enjoy home advantage during playoffs. That will shape out on its own,"explained Ekasi.
The match was uncharacteristic of Impala who played second-fiddle at home. In the first minute, full-back Sammy Oliech kicked wide a penalty. The opening five minutes had both teams play a kicking game.
Oliech gave Impala a 3-0 lead in the seventh minute with a penalty. With 10 minutes played, Homeboyz had a lineout which they won but Impala regained possession. A kick by Simiyu to clear the ball was charged down but Impala were lucky not concede a try.
On the other end, Homeboyz had a similar scenario. Center Billy Omondi blocked a kick by Homeboyz fullback Nelson Sangura and they mauled. But, Homeboyz infringed resulting in a penalty that was slotted by Oliech for 6-0 lead.
In the 20th minute, Homeboyz took a 7-6 lead. Impala infringed at the scrum in front of the goal lines and Homeboyz were awarded a penalty from which Augustine Lugonzo delivered a long pass to Haroun Lubisia at the left corner to touch down and convert.
Leon Lubanga touched down in the 35h minute with Lubisia converting for a 14-6 halftime lead to Homeboyz who were dominant at set pieces in this half.
Within five minutes of resumption, Homeboyz went 24-6 up. Philip Ikambili touched down first after two minutes and Lubanga completed his brace from a rolling maul after Homeboyz won a lineout.
Three minutes later, Oliech did the hard work for Anthony Nyandigisi to pull back a try for Impala. Oliech kicked the conversion for 24-13. Lubisia was sent to the sin bin in the 55th minute but Homeboyz did not feel the heat.
A minute afterwards, winger Alvin Otieno scored a replica try from their win over KCB last weekend to extend the lead to 29-13.
The try resulted from an Impala mistake after they were awarded a scrum inside Homeboyz' 22 which they successfully won. As they were connecting passes to lay ground for a try, Otieno intercepted the ball and sprinted for the entire length to touch down unchallenged.
The closing 20 minutes belonged to Impala who dominated possession. In the 65th minute, Robert Aringo picked up the ball from a ruck, passed to Simiyu who fed Minjire to touch down at the left corner. Oliech converted for 29-20.
Substitute Mohamed Omollo then picked up the ball from a scrum to score in the 73rd minute taking scores to 29-27 before Ekasi struck late. Homeboyz collected two bonus points from the loss and moves to 36 points same as KCB who had a 58-0 bonus point win over Thika RFC.


Deborah Levison is a native Brazilian designer based in Boston, MA. Currently she is working as senior digital designer at State Street Global Advisors. Previously she was senior designer at the branding agency, Corey McPherson Nash.
She is currently available for freelance and part-time opportunities.


Console behavior with process error message.
If there is no error in the source file the script executes and the results are reported in the console window.
If there is an error in the source file the interpreter (eui.exe) reports the error(s) and terminates the process. The console window does NOT report the errors and continues as though the process is still running.
type c:\euphoria\bin\eui.exe test_4.ex (which is a text file on disk that is the result of the notepad++ save) in cmnd window. The cmnd window reports the errors and shows the process terminated.
Question: How do I get the Notepad++ console to behave like the Windows cmnd window and report everything?


text:
Mičakovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov, pe malul râului . Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 133 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Mičakovce este atestată documentar din 1390.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia


text:
\section{Introduction}

In the past few years, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have unprecedentedly advanced the field of computer vision.
Generally, vision tasks are solved by training models on large-scale datasets with label annotations~\cite{kim2019self}. Typically, CNNs pre-trained on ImageNet~\cite{ImageNet16} incorporate rich representation capability and have been widely used as initial models.

Nevertheless, annotating large-scale datasets is costly and labor-intensive, particularly when facing tasks involving complex data ($e.g.$, videos) and concepts ($e.g.$, action analysis and video retrieval)~\cite{fernando2017self,kay2017kinetics}.

To conquer this issue, self-supervised representation learning, which leverages the information from unlabelled data to train desired models, has attracted increasing attention from the artificial intelligence community.
For video data, existing approaches usually define an annotation-free proxy task, which provides special supervision for model learning by fulfilling the objective of the proxy task.

In the early research~\cite{doersch2015unsupervised,WangXiaoLong2015}, relative location of the patches in images or the order of video frames were used as a supervisory signal. However, the learned features were merely on a frame-by-frame basis, which are implausible to video analytic tasks where spatio-temporal features are prevailing. Recently, ~\cite{wang2019self} proposed to learn representations by regressing motion and appearance statistics. In~\cite{fernando2017self},
an odd-one-out network is proposed to identify the unrelated or odd video clips from a set of otherwise related clips. To find the odd video clip, the models have to learn spatio-temporal features that can discriminate video clips of minor differences.%

Despite of the effectiveness, existing approaches are usually developed upon domain-knowledge and therefore are not capable to incorporate various spatial-temporal operations. This seriously restricts the representation capability of learned models. Furthermore, the lack of a model assessment approach strikingly limits the pertinence of self-supervised representation learning.

In this paper, we propose a new self-supervised method called Video Cloze Procedure (VCP). In VCP, we withhold a video clip from a video sequence and apply multiple spatio-temporal operations on it. We train a 3D-CNN model to identify the category of operations, which drives learning rich feature representations. The motivation behinds VCP lies in that applying richer operations on video clips facilities exploring higher representation capability, Fig.\ \ref{fig:vcp}.

VCP consists of three components including blank generation, option creation, and cloze completion. The first component generates blanks by withholding video clips from given clip sequences. The second component facilitates multiple spatial-temporal representation learning by applying spatial-temporal operations on the withheld clips. Finally, cloze completion fills the blanks with options and learns representations by predicting the category of operations.

VCP can act as either a proxy task or a target task in self-supervised learning. As a proxy task, it converts rich self-supervised representations into video clip operations, which enhances the flexibility and reduces the complexity of representation learning. As a target task, it can assess learned representation models in an interpretable manner.

The contributions of this work are summarized as follows:
\begin{itemize}

    \item We propose Video Cloze Procedure (VCP), providing a simple-yet-effective framework for self-supervised spatio-temporal representation learning.

    \item We propose a new model assessment approach by designing VCP as a special target task, which improves the interpretability of self-supervised representation learning.
    \item VCP is applied on three kinds of 3D CNN models and two target tasks including action recognition and video retrieval, and improves the state-of-the-arts with significant margins.
\end{itemize}

\section{Related work}
Self-supervised learning leverages the information from unlabelled data to train target models. Existing approaches usually define an annotation-free proxy task which demands a network predicting information latent in unannotated videos.
The learned models can be applied to target tasks (supervised or unsupervised) in a fine-tuning manner.
\subsection{Proxy Tasks}
In a broad view of self-supervised learning, the proxy tasks can be constructed over multiple sensory data such as ego-motion and sound~\cite{SeeByMoving2015,AutoEncoding14,EgoMotion2017,LookListenLearn2016,LookListenLearn2017}. In a special view of visual representation learning, proxy tasks can be categorized into: (1) Image property transform and (2) Video content transform.

\subsubsection {Image Property Transform}
Spatial transforms applied on images can produce supervision signals for representation learning~\cite{larsson2017colorization}. As a representative research, \cite{gidaris2018unsupervised} proposed learning CNN features by rotating the images and predicting the rotated angles. \cite{kim2018learning,doersch2015unsupervised} proposed learning image representations by completing damaged Jigsaw puzzles.
~\cite{Inpainting2016} proposed context inpainting, by training a CNN to generate the contents of a withheld image region conditioned on its surroundings.
~\cite{Invariance2017} proposed unsupervised correspondence, by training a representation model to match image patches of transform in-variance.

\subsubsection {Video Content Transform}
A large number of video clips with rich motion information provide various self-supervised signals. In ~\cite{WangXiaoLong2015}, the order of video frames was used as a supervisory signal. In ~\cite{misra2016shuffle,lee2017unsupervised}, predicting the orders of frames or video clips drives learning spatio-temporal representation. In~\cite{fernando2017self}, an odd-one-out network was proposed to identify the unrelated or odd video clips from a set of otherwise related clips. To find the odd video clip, the models have to learn spatio-temporal features that can discriminate similar video clips. In~\cite{WatchingMove2017}, unsupervised motion-based segmentation on videos was used to obtain segments, which performed as pseudo ground truth to train a CNN to segment objects.

Early works usually learned features based on 2D CNN and merely on a frame-by-frame basis, which are implausible to video analytic tasks where spatio-temporal features are prevailing.
Recently, ~\cite{wang2019self} proposed learning 3D representations by regressing motion and appearance statistics, ~\cite{xu2019self} proposed predicting the order of video clips. \cite{kim2019self} proposed training 3D CNN by completing space-time cubic puzzles.

However, existing self-supervised learning methods are typically designed for specific target tasks, which restricts the capability of learned models. In addition, few of the proxy tasks are capable of assessing feature representation, which strikingly limits the pertinence of learned models.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=1.8\columnwidth]{2527-Figure2.pdf}
     \caption{Illustration of the VCP framework. Given a video sequence, a sampled video clip is withheld and multiple spatio-temporal operations are applied on the withheld clip (up). A 3D-CNN model is applied to identify the category of operations, which drives learning rich feature representations. The motivation behinds VCP lies in that applying richer operations on the video clips facilities exploring richer feature representation (down). }
     \label{fig:framework}
 \end{figure*}

\subsection{Target Tasks}
In this work, the self-supervised representation models are applied to target tasks including video action recognition and video retrieval.
In many recent works,
~\cite{tran2018closer,tran2015learning} investigated training 3D CNN models on a large scale supervised video database.
Nevertheless, the models trained on specific self-supervised tasks lack general applicability, $i.e.$, fine-tuning such models to various video tasks could produce sub-optimal results. To conquer these issues, we propose the novel VCP, which, by incorporating multiple self-supervised representations, improves the generality of the learned model.

\section{Video Cloze Procedure}
Cloze Procedure was firstly introduced by Wilson Taylor in 1953 as a metric to evaluate the capability of human language learning. Specifically, it deletes words in a prose selection according to a word-count formula or various other criteria and evaluates the success a reader has in accurately supplying the deleted words \cite{bickley1970cloze}. Motivated by the success of Cloze Procedure in the field of language learning, we design the Video Cloze Procedure.

In this section, we first describe the details of VCP which consists of three components, $i.e.,$ blank generation, option creation, and cloze completion. We then discuss the advantages of the VCP over state-of-the-art methods in three aspects, including complexity, flexibility, and interpretability.

\subsection{Blank Generation}
Considering the spatial similarity and the temporal ambiguity among video frames, we take video clips~\cite{xu2019self} as the smallest unit in VCP. Considering that semantic information of different videos is temporally non-uniform, we generate the blanks in VCP using every-nth-words manner \cite{bickley1970cloze}. Specifically, the blank generation component consists of two steps including clip sampling and clip deletion.

\subsubsection{Clip Sampling} The clips including $k$ frames (with equal length) are sampled every $l$ frames (with equal interval without overlap) from the raw video. In this way, the relevance of the low-level vision cues, such as texture and color, among clips is weakened compared to those in successive or overlapped clips. As a result, the learner is forced to focus on middle- and high-level spatio-temporal features.

\subsubsection{Clip Deletion} A video sequence of $m$ successive clips is considered as a whole cloze item. We randomly delete one of the co-equal clips with the same probability in the cloze item to generate blanks. The removed clip is then utilized to create options. For clarity of description, we give an example of VCP by sampling three clips and deleting the middle one, as shown in Fig.\ \ref{fig:framework}.

\subsection{Option Creation}
Aiming at training a model to distinguish the deleted clip from a heap of perplexing optional clips, we design spatial and temporal operations to create the optional clips (options). To learn richer representations, the operations should effectively confuse the learners, while reserving the spatial-temporal relevance. Under this principle, we design four operations including spatial rotation ($S_{R}$), spatial permutation ($S_{P}$), temporal remote shuffling ($T_{R}$), and temporal adjacent shuffling ($T_{A}$) for VCP.

\subsubsection{Spatial Operation}
 To provide options that focus on spatial representation learning, we introduce spatial rotation and spatial permutation.
 %
 With spatial rotation ($S_{R}$), a video clip is rotated by 90, 180, and 270 degrees so that the model is forced to learn orientation related features.
 %
 With spatial permutation ($S_{P}$), a video clip is divided into four tiles ($2\times2\times1   grids)$ and either two tiles are permuted to produce a new option. There are $C_4^2=6$ kinds of options produced in total. Permutation with two tiles produces options with spatial structure information partially remained, which prevents models from learning low-level statistics to distinguish spatial chaos.

\subsubsection{Temporal Operation}
 To provide options that focus on temporal features we further introduce two kinds of temporal operations.
 %
 One operation is temporal remote shuffling ($T_{R}$), where the deleted clip is substituted with a clip that has large temporal distance forward or backward. As the background of frames with reasonable temporal distance is probably similar which means the discriminative difference lies in the foreground, $T_{R}$ drives the model to learn more temporal information related to the foreground.
 %
 The other operation is temporal adjacent shuffling ($T_{A}$), where the original clip is divided into four sub-clips, and two of them are randomly shuffled once. Different from VCOP \cite{xu2019self}, we do not shuffle all the sub-clips and reduce the difficulty by forcing the model to judge whether or not the clip is shuffled instead of predicting the exact orders. In this way, rich temporal representation can be easy to learn.

 \subsection{Cloze Completion}
To complete cloze, we fill the blanks by randomly sampling the clip options with operation category labels.
To predict the operation categories applied on the clips, we use three 3D CNNs as the backbones and concatenate their output features according to the order of the clips in the raw video as illustrated in  Fig.\ \ref{fig:framework}.
The three CNNs share parameters so that a single strong model can be learned.
The concatenate feature is fed to a fully connected (FC) layer, which predicts the corresponding operation category.

\begin{figure}[t]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{2527-Figure3.pdf}
     \caption{VCP can be utilized for representation learning with only the original labeled data (dataset L) for target tasks or using extra unlabeled data (dataset U). VCP can also act as a target task for model assessment, which can be used to evaluate self-supervised representation models. }
     \label{fig:VCPusage}
 \end{figure}
\section{Self-supervised Representation Learning}
We implement self-supervised representation learning and model assessment by treating VCP as a proxy task and a target task, respectively.

\subsection{Representation Learning}

As a proxy task, VCP can learn spatio-temporal representations using only the original labeled data for target tasks or using extra unlabeled data, Fig.\ \ref{fig:VCPusage}.

For the target task, deep models learn to extract features in a direct manner trying to minimize the training loss with the supervision of specific annotations, $i.e.,$ category labels. During the procedure, the task-specific representation capability of models can be enforced while the general representation capacity of models is unfortunately ignored. With spatio-temporal operations applied on the clips, VCP learns rich and general representations by pre-training the models, which enhances the performance of target tasks without extra labeling efforts required.

On the other hand, VCP can leverage massive unlabeled data to break the overhead of model representation capability. With VCP, we pre-train a representation model on an un-annotated dataset as a warm-up initialization and then fine-tune such model on the annotated target dataset. VCP has the potential to learn the general representation, $e.g.,$ spatial-temporal integrity and continuity, in spatio-temporal domain, which facilitates improving the representation capability of models in video-based vision tasks.

\subsection{Model Assessment}
Beyond acting as a proxy task, VCP can also act as a target task, which offers a uniform and interpretable way to evaluate self-supervised representation models. In VCP, the classification accuracy of operations reflects what the models learn and how good they are. By simply replacing the head of the classification network with a fully connected layer to be fine-tuned while the parameters of the backbone network are fixed, operation category classification is implemented as a target task, Fig.\ \ref{fig:VCPusage}.

In this way, the feature representative capability obtained from self-supervised proxy tasks is reserved. Meanwhile, corresponding features are utilized to train a classifier, the performance of which can be regarded as a metric to assess the representation models. With the hint dropped by VCP, we can not only elaborately assess models learned from different self-supervised proxy tasks but also can figure out how to improve a self-supervised method. This casts a new light on the significance of VCP.

\subsection{Discussion}
To analyze the advantages of VCP over existing self-supervised methods, we contrast them from three aspects including complexity, flexibility, and interpretability.

\subsubsection{Complexity}
Existing approaches that use spatio-temporal shuffling and order prediction ~\cite{kim2019self,xu2019self,lee2017unsupervised} have $O(n!)$ computational complexity, given $n$ video frames/clips units.

The high complexity is caused by the requirement to predict the exact order, which might be not necessary when learning representations.
In contrast, VCP solely chooses $n$ optional options to fill the blanks while predicting the operation category of the option. It thus has a $O(n)$ computational complexity.

\subsubsection{Flexibility}
For various target tasks, VCP can be adaptively applied by configuring the options (operations).
For example, we can apply spatial permutation ($S_{P}$) to enhance spatial representation and apply temporal adjacent shuffling ($T_{A}$) to boost the temporal representation. In a flexible manner, VCP can incorporate special information in special spatial and/or temporal operations for different target tasks.

\subsubsection{Interpretability}
In existing approaches, different proxy tasks learn different representation models. It requires an interpretive way to explore the relationship between representation models and target tasks.
With well-designed options, VCP offers the opportunity to analyze the models by testing their classification accuracy on uniform options (operations), which has great potential to contrapuntally overcome the weakness of models.

\section{Experiments}
We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate VCP and its applications on target tasks.
Firstly, we elaborate experimental settings for VCP. We then evaluate the representation learning of VCP with different option configurations and data strategies. We further conduct experiments on model assessment with VCP. Finally, we evaluate the performance of VCP applying on target tasks, $i.e.$, action recognition and video retrieval, and compare it with state-of-the-art methods.

\subsection{Experiment Setting}
\subsubsection{Datasets}
The experiments are conducted on UCF101 \cite{soomro2012ucf101} and HMDB51 \cite{jhuang2011large} datasets. UCF101 contains 13320 videos over 101 action categories, exhibiting challenging problems include intra-class variance of actions, complex camera motions, and cluttered backgrounds. HMDB51 contains 6849 videos over 51 action categories. The videos are mainly collected from movies and websites including the Prelinger archive, YouTube, and Google videos.

\subsubsection{Backbone Networks}
 C3D \cite{tran2015learning}, R3D and R(2+1)D \cite{tran2018closer} are employed as backbones in VCP implementations. C3D extends the 2D convolution kernels to 3D kernels, so that it can model temporal information of videos. The size of convolution kernels
is $3\times 3\times 3$. R3D is an extension of ResNet \cite{he2016deep} with C3D. In R(2+1)D, 3D convolution kernels are decomposed. For spatial convolution, each kernel is set to be $1\times n\times n$ where $n=3$. For temporal convolution, it is set to be $m\times 1\times 1$ where $m=3$.

\subsubsection{Implementation Details}
In the blank generation, to avoid trivial results, three successive 16-frame clips are sampled every 8 frames from the raw video as a whole cloze item. Each frame is resized to $128\times171$ and randomly cropped to $112\times112$. In the option generation, we define the clips sampled from 16 frames away to the cloze item as remote clips. We set the initial learning rate to be 0.01, momentum to be 0.9 and stop training after 300 epochs.

\begin{table}
    \resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
    \hline
     3D CNNs&  Overall(\%)& $O$(\%) & $S_{R}$(\%) & $S_{P}$(\%) & $T_{R}$(\%)& $T_{A}$(\%)\\
    \hline
    C3D &78.42& 60.49& 95.04& 97.53  &47.32&94.57\\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
    }

    \caption{Accuracy of operation classification. ``$O$'' denotes original video clips, ``$S_{R}$''  the spatial rotation, ``$S_{P}$'' the spatial permutation , ``$T_{R}$'' the temporal remote shuffling, and ``$T_{A}$'' the temporal adjacent shuffling .}
    \label{fig:vcp acc}
\end{table}

\begin{figure*}
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=2.1\columnwidth]{2527-Figure4.png}
     \caption{Model assessment results of VCOP \cite{xu2019self} and 3D Cubic puzzle \cite{kim2019self}. ``S-Puzzle" denotes spatial permutation, and  ``T-Puzzle" temporal permutation, ``ST-Puzzle" spatial and temporal permutation.}
     \label{fig:Video assessment}
 \end{figure*}

\subsection{Representation Learning}
To validate what VCP learns, we first conduct ablation studies of VCP. We further conduct experiments with different data strategies to demonstrate the generality of the representations learned via VCP.

\subsubsection{Ablation Study}
We firstly train a model to classify the categories of five options. Table \ref{fig:vcp acc} shows the results on UCF101, which are trained and  evaluated on the first split. It can be seen that VCP achieves 78.42\% overall accuracy, For spatial rotation ($S_R$), spatial permutation ($S_p$), and temporal adjacent shuffling ($T_A$), VCP respectively achieves 95.04\%, 97.53\% and 94.57\% accuracy. The results show that the designed five operations are plausible.

\begin{table}
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{rcc}
        \hline
    Method  &UCF101(\%)  \\
    \hline
    random & 62.0 \\
        \hline
    $S_{R}$-VCP&64.3\\
    $S_{P}$-VCP&63.4\\
    $S_{R,P}$-VCP&66.0\\
        \hline
    $T_{R}$-VCP &67.8\\
    $T_{A}$-VCP & 65.0\\
    $T_{R,A}$-VCP&68.0\\
        \hline
   $ S_{R,P}T_{R,A}$-VCP&\textbf{69.7}\\
        \hline
        \end{tabular}
    \caption{Ablation study of spatio-temporal operations. The figures refer to action recognition accuracy.}
    \label{table:options}
\end{table}

To clearly show the effect of option creation for representation learning, we conduct ablation experiments on VCP with various options for action recognition, Table \ref{table:options}. The experiments are conducted using C3D as the backbone. We pre-train VCP and then fine-tune the action recognition model on UCF101. The recognition accuracy is evaluated on the first test split.

It can be seen that when pre-training with a single spatial rotation ($S_R$-VCP) or permutation ($S_P$-VCP) operation, the accuracy of action recognition outperforms the baseline (random) by  2.3\% or 1.4\%. When using both spatial operations ($S_{R,P}$-VCP), the performance further increased to 66.0\%. Pre-training with a single temporal remote shuffling ($T_R$-VCP) or adjacent shuffling ($T_A$-VCP) operation improves the performance by 5.8\% or 3.0\%, where the performance is further improved to 68.0\% when using both temporal operations ($T_{R,A}$-VCP). Combining the spatial and temporal operations ($S_{R,P}T_{R,A}$-VCP) finally improves the performance to 69.7\%, significantly outperforming the baseline by 7.7\%. The experiments show that the options can be used in a flexible way including using standalone or combining with each other. VCP can learn more representative features by adding rich and complementary options.

\begin{table}
    \resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lccc}
    \hline
    Data Strategy & VCOP~\cite{xu2019self} (\%) & VCP(ours) (\%)\\
    \hline
UCF101(random)&61.8&61.8\\
UCF101(UCF101)&65.6&\textbf{68.5}\\
UCF101(HMDB51)&64.1&\textbf{66.7}\\
    \hline
HMDB51(random)&24.7&24.7\\
HMDB51(HMDB51)&31.3&\textbf{31.5}\\
HMDB51(UCF101)&28.4&\textbf{32.5}\\
    \hline
        \end{tabular}
    }

    \caption{Performance (average on all test splits) comparison under different data strategies. UCF101 (HMDB51) dentoes the model is pre-trained on HMDB51 and fine-tuned on UCF101.}
    \label{table:cross_training}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Data Strategy}
To further validate the generality of VCP, we conduct experiments for VCP under different data strategies, with C3D as the backbone. Firstly, we pre-train VCP on UCF101 and HMDB51, and then respectively fine-tune each pre-trained model on UCF101 and HMDB51 for action recognition, Table \ref{table:cross_training}. Specially, the supervised action recognition task is directly trained on the target datasets, with random initialization.

It can be seen that when pre-training and fine-tuning on UCF101, VCP outperforms VCOP by 2.9\%; when pre-training and fine-tuning on HMDB51, VCP slightly outperforms VCOP, showing that the strategy used in VCP is better than that in VCOP. Note that using VCP as a pre-train model further significantly improves the performance of supervised methods by 6.7\% (68.5\% vs. 61.8\%) on UCF101 and 6.8\% (31.5\% vs. 24.7\%) on HMDB51, which shows that VCP is complementary to supervised model learning. After pre-training on UCF101 and fine-tuning models on HMDB51, VCP significantly outperforms VCOP by 4.1\%. It is noteworthy that when pre-training on the smaller dataset HMDB51 but fine-tuning on the larger dataset UCF101, the performance of VCP also outperforms that of VCOP by 2.6\%, which shows the generality of VCP.

\begin{figure*}[t]
     \centering
     \includegraphics[width=2.0\columnwidth]{2527-Figure5.pdf}
     \caption{Comparison of video retrieval results. Red fonts indicate correct retrieval results. (Best viewed in color)}
     \label{fig:video retrieval}
 \end{figure*}

\subsection{Model Assessment}
Regarding VCP as a target task, we only fine-tune the fully connected layer with the parameters of the self-supervised model fixed to get the operation classification accuracy curve, Fig.\ \ref{fig:Video assessment}. We fine-tune the fully connected layer for 30 epochs and then output the test scores every 5 epochs.

It is obvious that the model trained with VCP can recognize the $S_{R}$, $S_{P}$, and $T_{A}$ operations with high accuracy ($\sim$90\%), Fig.\ \ref{fig:Video assessment}(b)(c)(e).
Nevertheless, it experiences difficulty when classifying the original clips and the remote shuffled clips, Fig.\ \ref{fig:Video assessment}(a)(d).
It can be seen that the accuracy of $O$ and $T_{R}$ is negatively correlated, which means the perplexity of them.
In contrast, the accuracy of VCOP and 3D Cubic Puzzle is divergent, which implies they fail to classify the two categories.

For spatial operation classification, Fig.\ \ref{fig:Video assessment}(b)(c), ST-Puzzle and S-Puzzle outperform T-Puzze and VCOP, while for temporal operation classification, Fig.\ \ref{fig:Video assessment}(d)(e), they underperform T-Puzze and VCOP.
It shows that spatial representation learning is not consistent with temporal representation learning. Consequently, VCP benefits from integrating existing and newly designed spatial and temporal operations.

\subsection{Action Recognition}
\begin{table}
    \centering
        \resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{

    \begin{tabular}{lcc}
    \hline
    Method&UCF101(\%)&HMDB51(\%)  \\
    \hline
    Jigsaw\cite{noroozi2016unsupervised}&51.5&22.5 \\

    OPN\cite{lee2017unsupervised} &56.3&22.1\\
    B\"uchler\cite{buchler2018improving}  &58.6&25.0 \\
    Mas\cite{wang2019self} & 58.8&32.6\\
    3D ST-puzzle\cite{kim2019self}& 65.0 &31.3\\
    ImageNet pre-trained&67.1&28.5\\
    \hline
    C3D(random) &61.8&24.7\\
    C3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) &65.6& 28.4\\
    C3D(VCP) &\textbf{68.5}&\textbf{32.5}\\
    \hline
    R3D(random) &54.5&23.4\\
    R3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) &64.9& 29.5\\
    R3D(VCP) &\textbf{66.0}& \textbf{31.5}\\

    \hline
    R(2+1)D(random) &55.8&22.0\\
    R(2+1)D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) &72.4& 30.9\\
    R(2+1)D(VCP) &\textbf{66.3}& \textbf{32.2}\\
    \hline

    \end{tabular}
    }

    \caption{Comparison of action recognition accuracy on UCF101 and HMDB51.}
    \label{fig:state of the art}
\end{table}

Once a 3D CNN is pre-trained by VCP, we use it to initialize and fine-tune  models for action recognition.
For action recognition, we feed the features extracted by backbones to fully-connected layers for classification. During fine-tuning, we initialize the backbones from VCP while the fully-connected layers are randomly initialized. The hyper-parameters and data pre-processing are the same as VCP training process.
The fine-tune procedures are carried out for 150 epochs. During test, we follow the protocol of \cite{tran2018closer} and sample 10 clips for each video. The predictions on the clips are averaged to obtain the video prediction.

The classification accuracy over 3 splits are averaged to obtain the final accuracy.
As shown in Table \ref{fig:state of the art}, with a C3D backbone, VCP (ours) outperforms the randomly initialized C3D (random) by 6.7\% and 7.8\% on UCF101 and HMDB51 respectively.
It also outperforms the state-of-the-art VCOP approach \cite{xu2019self} by 2.9\% and 4.1\%.
With an R3D backbone, VCP has 11.5\% (54.5\% vs. 66\%) and 9.8\% (32.5\% vs. 27.4\%) performance gain over the random initialization (random) approach. It also outperforms the state-of-the-art VCOP \cite{xu2019self} with significant margins. The good performance validates that VCP can learn richer and more discriminative features than other methods.

\subsection{Video Retrieval}

VCP is also validated on the target task of nearest-neighbor video retrieval. As it does not require training data annotation, it largely relies on the pre-trained representation models.
We conduct this experiment with the first split of UCF101, following the protocol in \cite{xu2019self}.
The model trained by VCP is to used to extract convolutional (conv5) features for all samples (videos) in the training and test sets. Each video in the test set is used to query  $k$ nearest videos from the training set. If a video of the same category is matched, a correct retrieval is counted.

It can be seen in Table \ref{fig:retrieve ucf101} and \ref{fig:retrieval hmdb} that
VCP significantly outperforms the compared approaches on all evaluation metrics, $i.e.,$ top-1, top-5, top-10, top-20, and top-50 accuracy. In Fig.\ \ref{fig:video retrieval}, qualitative results also shows superiority of VCP.

\begin{table}
    \resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lccccc}
    \hline
    Methods&top1(\%)&top5(\%)&top10(\%)&top20(\%)&top50(\%)  \\

        \hline
    Jigsaw\cite{noroozi2016unsupervised} &19.7&28.5&33.5&40.0&49.4 \\
    OPN\cite{lee2017unsupervised} &19.9&28.7&34.0&40.6&51.6 \\
    B\"uchler\cite{buchler2018improving} &25.7&36.2&42.2&49.2&59.5 \\
        \hline
    C3D(random) &16.7&27.5&33.7&41.4&53.0 \\

    C3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 12.5 & 29.0&39.0&50.6&66.9\\

    C3D(VCP)&\textbf{17.3}&\textbf{31.5}&\textbf{42.0}&\textbf{52.6}&\textbf{67.7} \\
    \hline
    R3D(random) &9.9&18.9&26.0&35.5&51.9 \\
    R3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 14.1 & 30.3&40.4&51.1&66.5\\

    R3D(VCP)&\textbf{ 18.6}&\textbf{33.6}&\textbf{42.5}&\textbf{53.5}&\textbf{68.1} \\
    \hline
    R(2+1)D(random) &10.6&20.7&27.4&37.4&53.1 \\
   R(2+1)D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 10.7 & 25.9&35.4&47.3&63.9\\

     R(2+1)D(VCP)& \textbf{19.9}&\textbf{33.7}&\textbf{42.0}&\textbf{50.5}&\textbf{64.4} \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
    }

    \caption{Video retrieval performance on UCF101.}
    \label{fig:retrieve ucf101}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
    \resizebox{1.0\columnwidth}{!}{
    \centering
    \begin{tabular}{lccccc}
    \hline
    Methods&top1(\%)&top5(\%)&top10(\%)&top20(\%)&top50(\%)  \\
        \hline
    C3D(random) &7.4&20.5&31.9&44.5&66.3 \\
    C3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 7.4 & 22.6&34.4&48.5&70.1\\
    C3D(VCP) &\textbf{7.8}&\textbf{23.8}&\textbf{35.3}&\textbf{49.3}&\textbf{71.6}\\

    \hline
    R3D(random) &6.7&18.3&28.3&43.1&67.9 \\
    R3D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 7.6 & 22.9&34.4&48.8&68.9\\
    R3D(VCP) & \textbf{7.6}&\textbf{24.4}&\textbf{36.3}&\textbf{53.6}&\textbf{76.4} \\

    \hline

    R(2+1)D(random) &4.5&14.8&23.4&38.9&63.0 \\
    R(2+1)D(VCOP\cite{xu2019self}) & 5.7 & 19.5&30.7&45.8&67.0\\

    R(2+1)D(VCP)&\textbf{6.7}&\textbf{21.3}&\textbf{32.7}&\textbf{49.2}&\textbf{73.3} \\
    \hline
    \end{tabular}
    }

    \caption{Video retrieval performance on HMDB51.}
    \label{fig:retrieval hmdb}
\end{table}

\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised method, referred to as Video Cloze Procedure (VCP), to learn rich spatial-temporal representations.
 With VCP, we train spatial-temporal representation models (3D-CNNs) and apply such models on action recognition and video retrieval tasks.
 We also proposed a model assessment approach by designing VCP as a special target task, which improves the pertinence of self-supervised representation learning.
 Experimental results validated that VCP enhanced the representation capability and the interpretability of self-supervised models. The underlying fact is that VCP simulates the fashion of human language learning, which provides a fresh insight for self-supervised learning tasks.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
This work is supported by the National Key R\&D Program of China
(2017YFB1002400)
and the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences
(XDC02000000)

\bibliographystyle{aaai}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


The cloud is the big buzzword for 2012. It refers, of course, to an effective data storage system that can be accessed from remote locations. Instead of hefting the burden of running programs onto a limited number of local servers, functions are divided among an entire cloud network.


text:
Q: Understanding Complex Integrals (those containing exp functions and probability distributions) It's easy to understand simple integrals like ∫3xdx, improper integrals, or surface integrals, but how does one interpret more complex integrals like figure 6.3 in the following images:

For example, does all of this condense down into a basic integral once the distributions/variables are known?  If not, how do these integals compare with simpler ones? If someone could explain the basic parts of each integral it would be much appreciated.

A: Calculating the marginal with respect to $\alpha$ of a density function with two variables $ \alpha$, $\beta$ is done by the following definition $ D'_\alpha (\alpha):=\int _{-\infty}^{+\infty} D'(\alpha,\beta)\ \mathrm{d}\beta$. This can be treated as a "normal" integral, where $\beta$ is the integration variable (usually $x$) and $\alpha$ a arbitrary parameter. So you might simply replace $\beta$ with $x$, if this makes you feel more comfortable, and solve the integrals as usual.
Marginals have less information than the original density function. You disregard the additional information of $\beta$ and consider only the density of $\alpha$. Therefore that you have to integrate over all possible values of $\beta$. Afterwards there is no dependency on $\beta$ left.


text:
Eastlake Middle School students stay on feet…
Eastlake Middle School students stay on feet for autism awareness (with video)
John Arthur Hutchison/JHutchison@News-Herald.com Eastlake Middle School students perform a line dance during the second annual dance-a-thon held to raise awareness of autism and to raise money for the Deepwood Foundation.
John Arthur Hutchison/JHutchison@News-Herald.com Hope Zidan, 12, a sixth-grader at Eastlake Middle School, dances with a Hula Hoop at the second annual Danceathon to create awareness about autism and raise money for the Deepwood Foundation.
By John Arthur Hutchison J, John Arthur HutchisonJ, John Arthur Hutchinson and John Arthur |
PUBLISHED: April 10, 2011 at 9:08 a.m. | UPDATED: July 15, 2021 at 11:55 a.m.
Hallie Crow and about 170 of her classmates at Eastlake Middle School didn't mind spending 12 consecutive hours on their feet Saturday for a good cause. The school hosted its second annual dance-a-thon to help raise awareness for autism and to raise money for Deepwood Foundation. Dancers each raised a minimum of $50 in pledges, and more than $9,500 was collected by the beginning of the event, said Derek Grabski, a sixth-grade math and science teacher who is the student council adviser. http://eplayer.clipsyndicate.com/cs_api/get_swf/3/&pl_id=21436&wpid=10005&page_count=12&windows=1&va_id=2365099&show_title=0&auto_start=0&auto_next=1 Grabski said the event is designed to create more awareness about the struggles people with autism face and to teach students to be able to respond in a more friendly way to someone who has autism. With the exception of restroom breaks, Grabski said, the event's rules stipulated that the participants had to be on their feet the entire time, even when they eat lunch and dinner. The concept was designed to represent the struggles and challenges each person with autism faces on a daily basis. "People with autism are somewhat limited in what they can do, so we're limiting things (the students) can do just like people with autism," he said. About halfway through the event, dancers appeared to be going strong and their energy level didn't seem to waver as the DJ continued to play energetic dance music. "People are getting tired, but when the songs come on they get fired up," said Hallie, an eight-grader who is the student council president for the middle school. Seventh-grader Alex Seberino was enjoying herself at the dance-a-thon and took pride in doing something to help classmates and others who have autism. "I'm tired a little bit, but they help keep your energy up," Alex said. "There are things that kids with autism struggle with and you have to understand it's not their fault." Gary Humble, president of the Lake County Board of Developmental Disabilities, has a 12-year-old son with autism, and he spoke to the students at the event. "I told them I was so proud of them, that on a Saturday they have a day off school and they spent the day dancing for autism and their classmates," Humble said. He said he is grateful and excited that so many students gave their time to help others and the money would be used to help Deepwood Foundation continue to fund various projects geared toward the issues of autism. About one in 110 children is diagnosed with a form of autism, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Autism spectrum disorders are a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges and people with ASDs handle information in their brain differently than those who are not affected. For more information about the Lake County Board of Developmental Disabilities visit
www.lakemrdd.org
. To learn more about the Deepwood Foundation visit
www.deepwoodfoundation.org
John Arthur Hutchison J
John Arthur HutchisonJ
John Arthur Hutchinson
John Arthur