text:
ANR news releases
News releases from the UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
New Huanglongbing detection process wins UC advisor international prize
Alireza Pourreza, UCCE agriculture engineering advisor.
Newly appointed UC Cooperative Extension agricultural engineering advisor Alireza Pourreza has been awarded the 2016 Giuseppe Pellizzi Prize by the Club of Bologna, an honor presented every other year to the best doctoral dissertations focused on agricultural machinery and mechanization. The Club of Bologna is a world taskforce on strategies for the development of agricultural mechanization.
Pourreza, who earned his Ph.D. at the University of Florida in 2014, worked on early detection of Huanglongbing disease of citrus. Huanglongbing, an incurable disease that is spread by Asian citrus psyllid, has seriously impacted citrus production in Florida. The disease has been found in commercial and residential sites in all counties with commercial citrus.
Early detection allows growers to remove infected trees before the disease can spread to healthy trees. Currently HLB infection is confirmed when leaves with yellowing and blotches are submitted for PCR testing, which is expensive and time consuming. However, the yellowing can be also symptomatic of other conditions, such as nutrient deficiency.
"We discovered we could see the symptoms of Huanglongbing using a camera, a set of cross-polarizers and narrow band lighting before it is visible to the human eye," Pourreza said.
He said the yellow blotches on HLB-infected leaves are caused by starch accumulation.
"If we could detect abnormal levels of starch in the leaf, we could tell it is affected with HLB," Pourreza said. "Starch showed the ability to rotate the polarization plane of light. We used this optical characteristic to develop the sensing methodology."
Pourreza said the team has patented the technique and is working on developing a commercial product. He is seeking funding to continue the research in California, where, to date, HLB has only been detected in isolated Los Angeles neighborhoods. Asian citrus psyllid is found in important California commercial citrus production regions from the Mexican border to as far north as Placer County.
Pourreza is based at the UC Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Parlier.
Yellow blotches show on the leaves of an HLB-infected tree in Florida. (Photo: Beth Grafton-Cardwell)
Tags: Alireza Pourreza (3), Huanglongbing (7)
Spring in California is time to inspect citrus trees for Asian citrus psyllid
Inspect the new flush on citrus trees to see whether the tree is infested with Asian citrus psyllid. (View a four-minute video below.)
View a four-minute video.
A tell-tale sign of spring in California is a flush of new leaf growth on citrus trees. Because the feathery light green leaves are particularly attractive to Asian citrus psyllids (ACP), the leaves' emergence marks a critical time to determine whether the pest has infested trees.
"We encourage home citrus growers and farmers to go out with a magnifying glass or hand lens and look closely at the new growth," said Beth Grafton-Cardwell, UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) citrus entomologist. "Look for the various stages of the psyllid – small yellow eggs, sesame-seed sized yellow ACP young with curly white tubules, or aphid-like adults that perch with their hind quarters angled up."
Pictures of the Asian citrus psyllids and its life stages are on the UC ANR website at http://ucanr.edu/acp. If you find signs of the insect, call the California Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Exotic Pest Hotline at (800) 491-1899.
Asian citrus psyllids are feared because they can spread huanglongbing (HLB) disease, an incurable condition that first causes yellow mottling on the leaves and later sour, misshapen fruit before killing the tree. ACP, native of Pakistan, Afghanistan and other tropical and subtropics regions of Asian, was first detected in California in 2008. Everywhere Asian citrus psyllids have appeared – including Florida and Texas – the pests have found and spread the disease. A few HLB-infected trees have been located in urban Los Angeles County. They were quickly removed by CDFA officials.
"In California, we are working hard to keep the population of ACP as low as possible until researchers can find a cure for the disease," Grafton-Cardwell said. "We need the help of citrus farmers and home gardeners."
Grafton-Cardwell has spearheaded the development of the UC ANR ACP website for citrus growers and citrus homeowners that provides help in finding the pest and what to do next. The site has an interactive map tool to locate residences and farms that are in areas where the psyllid has already become established, and areas where they are posing a risk to the citrus industry and must be aggressively treated by county officials.
The website outlines biological control efforts that are underway, and directions for insecticidal control, if it is needed. An online calculator on the website allows farmers and homeowners to determine their potential costs for using insecticides.
There are additional measures that can be taken to support the fight against ACP and HLB in California.
When planting new citrus trees, only purchase the trees from reputable nurseries. Do not accept tree cuttings or budwood from friends or relatives.
After pruning or cutting down a citrus tree, dry out the green waste or double bag it to make sure that live psyllids won't ride into another region on the foliage.
Control ants in and near citrus trees with bait stations. Scientists have released natural enemies of ACP in Southern California to help keep the pest in check. However, ants will protect ACP from the natural enemies. Ants favor the presence of ACP because the psyllid produces honeydew, a food source for ants.
Learn more about the Asian citrus psyllid and huanglongbing disease by reading the detailed pest note on UC ANR's Statewide Integrated Pest Management website.
Assist in the control of ACP by supporting CDFA insecticide treatments of your citrus or treating the citrus yourself when psyllids are present.
Support the removal of HLB-infected trees.
Spanish version.
Tags: Asian citrus psyllid (7), Beth Grafton-Cardwell (7), huanglongbing (7)
New resource for growers and homeowners waging Asian citrus psyllid battle
UC's new website for Asian citrus psyllid management.
Detailed and scientifically sound guidelines for treating farm- and home-grown citrus infested with Asian citrus psyllid are available on a new UC Cooperative Extension website, http://ucanr.edu/sites/acp.
The site's launch coincides with the announcement last month by the California Department of Food and Agriculture that six more psyllids were found in three Tulare County yellow sticky traps. In 2012, three psyllids were found on two traps and an eradication program ensued.
The new website was developed by Beth Grafton-Cardwell and Matt Daugherty, UCCE specialists in the Department of Entomology at UC Riverside, Karen Jetter, economist with the UC Agricultural Issues Center, and Robert Johnson programmer with the UC Agriculture and Natural Resources Informatics and GIS Statewide Program program. Funding for the site was provided by UC Agriculture and Natural Resources.
The website includes information on the psyllid's distribution in California, monitoring methods and treatment options. For example, the website suggests citrus farmers and homeowners not rely on yellow stick card traps to monitor for the pest.
"At certain times of the year, the yellow sticky cards are totally unattractive to Asian citrus psyllid," Grafton-Cardwell said. "The cards are just color, but citrus flush is an attractive color and also emits irresistible volatiles or smells."
The website advises farmers to regularly conduct systematic visual surveys along the margins of their orchards looking carefully at new green shoots and conducting tap sampling. To tap sample, spray a plastic surface with soapy water, position the plastic sheet underneath a branch and tap the branch above to dislodge adult ACP. The insects will stick to the filmy plastic where they can be studied with a magnifying hand lens to determine if they are psyllids.
If psyllids are found, the UC website outlines the immediate action that is required.
Adult psyllids should be placed in a container with 90 percent alcohol and reported to the county agricultural commissioner's office so the insects can be tested for huanglongbing disease. Immature stages of the pest should be left on the tree so the ag commissioner's office can make an official regulatory collection.
Immature Asian citrus psyllids should be left on the tree and reported to the county agricultural commissioner.
An ACP find should also trigger rapid and wide treatment with the most effective pesticides possible. Grafton-Cardwell said the pesticide recommendations on the website are based on scientific data from Florida and Texas, where ACP is already well established. Types of foliar-applied and systemic insecticides that are effective against psyllids are listed and an online calculator allows growers and homeowners to compare costs.
"Florida and Texas don't have exactly the same insecticides that are available in California and the environmental conditions are different," Grafton-Cardwell said. "Over time we will compare different treatments and determine how long they will protect the trees. Any new developments will be posted to the website."
Because the goal in the San Joaquin Valley is eradication, Grafton-Cardwell recommends aggressive action against a psyllid infestation.
"The best approach is using two broad-spectrum insecticides within a short period of time," she said. "No one insecticide will kill all the stages of the pest."
Another key to successful eradication is area-wide treatment coordination. Grafton-Cardwell suggests farmers work closely with their treatment liaisons and treat their orchards in a coordinated manner.
"The bigger the area being sprayed at the same time, the better," Grafton Cardwell said. "If we get a blanket effect over the whole area, that's been shown in Florida and Texas to have the greatest impact on the psyllid populations."
The aggressive psyllid treatment aims to buy time for researchers to find long-term strategies for maintaining the California citrus industry in the presence of ACP and, especially, with the incurable and fatal citrus disease they spread, huanglongbing.
Tags: ACP (2), Asian citrus psyllid (7), Beth Grafton-Cardwell (7), HLB (2), huanglongbing (7)
Newly found Asian citrus psyllids prompt quick action in Tulare
Adult Asian citrus psyllid (left) with yellow immature psyllids under the shoot.
After finding six Asian citrus psyllids (ACP) on three Tulare County yellow sticky traps last month, California scientists and officials are encouraging farmers to aggressively monitor and treat their orchards to prevent the sad fate befalling citrus farmers in Florida, where the pest and a serious disease it spreads are running rampant.
The July ACP find prompted the California Department of Food and Agriculture to quarantine 178 square miles in the Porterville area, placing severe restrictions on the movement of local citrus nursery stock and citrus fruit outside the area. It also prompted several hundred farmers and pest control advisers to gather July 30 at the International Agri-Center in Tulare for an update on the threat.
Like a scene from the film "Scared Straight," Ken Keck, former executive director of the Florida Department of Citrus and now director of the California Citrus Research Board, admonished the California farmers to learn from the Sunshine State's mistakes.
"I feel like the ex-con in front of a room of 17-year-olds," Keck said. "All I can say is, 'prevent, prevent, prevent.'"
Asian citrus psyllid is established in Southern California. Efforts in the southern part of the state are focused on managing the psyllids to reduce the likelihood they will find a tree infected with huanglongbing. Huanglongbing (HLB) is an incurable and fatal disease of citrus spread by ACP.
By working together and following science-based treatment strategies, UC Cooperative Extension specialist Beth Grafton-Cardwell believes farmers and CDFA can still eliminate ACP in the San Joaquin Valley, where the bulk of the state's commercial citrus is grown.
At the Tulare meeting, Grafton-Cardwell explained the eradication strategy she developed by studying Asian citrus psyllid and huanglongbing disease management programs in Florida and Texas, another state where the pest is well established.
"We want to slow the spread of psyllid into new areas," Grafton-Cardwell said. "We want to prevent psyllids from finding HLB infected trees."
Although it is unlikely the pest and disease can be kept at bay indefinitely, Grafton-Cardwell said the battle will buy time for researchers to discover long-term approaches for maintaining California's citrus industry in the presence of ACP and HLB.
Developing citrus varieties resistant to HLB through traditional breeding or genetic modification will take too long, she said. Scientists are considering such futuristic solutions as inserting HLB resistance into a mild form of the Tristeza virus and inoculating trees with the virus to fight HLB.
"Everyone is racing to come up with tactics to fight ACP and HLB," she said. "I believe we will eventually be using multiple approaches, such as a repellent spray to keep ACP off the trees and perhaps breeding ACP that can't transmit HLB and then flooding the population with these incapacitated psyllids."
To fight ACP and HLB, growers and homeowners can access detailed information on the pest's distribution, monitoring methods and treatment options on a new website created by Grafton-Cardwell with funding from UC Agriculture and Natural Resources.
For tap sampling, spray a plastic surface with
soapy water and tap branch over surface.
The website advises farmers and homeowners to regularly conduct visual surveys and tap sampling (see video on right) in their orchards. "Yellow sticky card traps are not very attractive to psyllids," it says.
If psyllids are found, immediate action is required.
Adult psyllids should be placed in a container with 90% alcohol and reported to the county agricultural commissioner's office so the insect can be tested for HLB. Immature stages of the pest should be left on the tree so the ag commissioner's office can make an official regulatory collection.
An ACP find should also trigger rapid and wide treatment with the most effective pesticides possible.
Controlling a deadly citrus disease
Author: Iqbal Pittalwala, (951) 827-6050, iqbal@ucr.edu
Huanglongbing is probably the most devastating citrus disease threatening the global citrus industry.
Citrus greening, also named Huanglongbing (HLB), is probably the most devastating citrus disease threatening the global citrus industry. To prevent its further spread, early diagnosis before the appearance of the dreaded symptoms is particularly important. But the unculturable nature of the bacteria, their low concentration and uneven distribution in their hosts make it extremely difficult to detect HLB infection.
Hailing Jin, an associate professor of plant pathology and microbiology at the University of California, Riverside, recently published a paper in the journal Molecular Plant in which she reports having profiled small ribonucleic acid (sRNA) from citrus plants, some of which were affected by HLB.
Her research showed that several sRNAs were found to have been induced specifically by HLB, meaning they could potentially be developed into early diagnosis markers for the disease.
The study also showed that in a three-year field trial in southwest Florida diseased trees suffered from severe phosphorus deficiency and that application of phosphorus solutions to the diseased trees significantly alleviated HLB symptoms, improving fruit yield.
In the trial, 19 healthy sweet orange trees were grafted with HLB-positive bark or leaf pieces. As controls, five trees were mock-inoculated with pathogen-free healthy tissue. Phosphorus solutions were applied to the 19 HLB-positive trees three times a year. After two years of treatment, the diseased trees displayed significantly reduced HLB symptoms.
"Compared with the mock-treated plants, the phosphorus-treated trees had a greener appearance and more vigorous growth," Jin said. "Fruit yield increased approximately two-fold compared with the mock-treated plants."
She cautioned that the application of phosphorus solutions did not cure the trees. Her research suggests, however, that additional phosphorus application may help diseased trees look healthier and improve fruit yield.
Jin was joined in the research by Hongwei Zhao, Ruobai Sun, Chellappan Padmanabhan, Airong Wang, Michael D. Coffey, Thomas Girke, Timothy J. Close, Mikeal Roose and Georgios Vidalakis at UC Riverside; and researchers at Nanjing Agricultural University, China; the U.S. Department of Agriculture; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China; and the University of Florida.
The research was supported by a grant to Jin from California Citrus Research Board.
Tags: Asian citrus psyllid (7), Huanglongbing (7)
Tamarixia radiata (female)
UCCE advisor Janine Hasey, who transformed walnut production, retires after 38 years
Dave Campbell retires as UCCE community development specialist after 29 years
UCCE palm tree expert Hodel to retire after 36 years of advising landscape industry
UCCE specialist Carl Winter, the "Elvis of E. coli," retires after 32 years
Native son completes fruitful career as UC tree crops advisor and director in Tulare County
What a well-written article....
Four Canada Geese flew over our...
Terrific news. Long overdue and I...
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I like your tip about stopping the...
Agricultural Issues Center (22)
cost studies (19)
Robert Hodel: What a well-written article....
Cindy Watkins: Four Canada Geese flew over our...
Tonya Light: Terrific news. Long overdue and I...
Sam Withoff: I have bought many brands of Extra...
• retirement • Agricultural Issues Center • cost studies • drought • wildfire • Water • Barbara Allen-Diaz • Glenda Humiston • cost of production • 4-H • almonds • Gabe Youtsey • nutrition • Water Quality • agritourism


My name is Kamal Shah and i run my own Business. I have completed my MBA. I live in Kerala, Looking for a fusion of a person who can abide by traditional values in the modern world.
I am a Banking Service Professional with a Bachelor's degree working in Government sector. I am currently living in Thrissur. I come from an Upper middle class, Joint family background with Liberal values.


I have been fortunate to have taken part in a number of man powered expeditions and endurance races over the last number of years. One the most rewarding parts of these expeditions has been the memories earned through undergoing hardship. Those handful of occasions when you felt like you had nothing else to give. When the heat, the cold or the wind seemed to have won. When your body cried out to stop but you continued on. These are the moments that you end up remembering years after they are done.
After completing my last expedition I returned home with the view to setting up an endurance race that would mirror the mental and physical struggle experienced during an expedition. Along with Maghnus Collins and Gartan Adventure Centre we set out to create an event that would challenge competitors to the point where they felt that they had nothing left to give.
Canadian athlete Bill Wells at the finishing line. He completed the course in an astonishing 15 hours and 22 minutes. Ireland's Sean Mcfadden and Michael McCarron were only minutes behind. Christina Mackenzie was the first placed female,completing the course in 18 hours and 37 minutes. In total 54 competitors began The Race 2014 with 38 finishing. Congratulations to all who took part.
Registration is now closed. Congratulations to all competitors who have signed up. The talent and variety of experience throughout the field is remarkable and is sure to result in a truly fascinating contest.
Rolling hills thoughout with a big climb in the middle. Check out the elevation profile for The Race 2014.


text:
using Autofac.Configuration.Core;
using Autofac.Configuration.Util;
using Autofac.Core;
using Microsoft.Framework.Configuration;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Globalization;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Reflection;
using Xunit;
using Microsoft.Framework.Configuration.Memory;

namespace Autofac.Configuration.Test.Core
{
    public class ConfigurationExtensionsFixture
    {
        [Theory]
        [InlineData(null)]
        [InlineData("")]
        [InlineData("   ")]
        public void DefaultAssembly_AssemblyNameEmpty(string value)
        {
            var config = SetUpDefaultAssembly(value);
            Assert.Null(config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void DefaultAssembly_AssemblyNameMissing()
        {
            var config = new ConfigurationBuilder().Build();
            Assert.Null(config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void DefaultAssembly_AssemblyNotFound()
        {
            var config = SetUpDefaultAssembly("NoSuchAssembly");
            Assert.Throws<FileNotFoundException>(() => config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void DefaultAssembly_FullAssemblyName()
        {
            var expected = typeof(String).GetTypeInfo().Assembly;
            var config = SetUpDefaultAssembly(expected.FullName);
            Assert.Equal(expected, config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void DefaultAssembly_NullConfiguration()
        {
            var config = (IConfiguration)null;
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void DefaultAssembly_SimpleAssemblyName()
        {
            var expected = typeof(String).GetTypeInfo().Assembly;
            var config = SetUpDefaultAssembly("mscorlib");
            Assert.Equal(expected, config.DefaultAssembly());
        }

        [Theory]
        [InlineData("")]
        [InlineData("   ")]
        public void GetAssembly_EmptyKey(string key)
        {
            var config = new ConfigurationBuilder().Build();
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => config.GetAssembly(key));
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetAssembly_NullConfiguration()
        {
            var config = (IConfiguration)null;
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => config.GetAssembly("defaultAssembly"));
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetAssembly_NullKey()
        {
            var config = new ConfigurationBuilder().Build();
            Assert.Throws<ArgumentNullException>(() => config.GetAssembly(null));
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetParameters_ParameterConversionUsesTypeConverterAttribute()
        {
            var container = EmbeddedConfiguration.ConfigureContainerWithJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json").Build();
            var obj = container.Resolve<HasConvertibleParametersAndProperties>();
            Assert.NotNull(obj.Parameter);
            Assert.Equal(1, obj.Parameter.Value);
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData("GetParameters_SimpleParameters_Source")]
        public void GetParameters_SimpleParameters(string parameterName, object expectedValue)
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasSimpleParametersAndProperties).FullName).First();
            var objectParameter = typeof(HasSimpleParametersAndProperties).GetConstructors().First().GetParameters().First(pi => pi.Name == parameterName);
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetParameters("parameters").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(objectParameter, new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));
            Assert.NotNull(parameter);
            Assert.NotNull(provider);
            Assert.Equal(expectedValue, provider());
        }

        public static IEnumerable<object[]> GetParameters_SimpleParameters_Source
        {
            get
            {
                yield return new object[] { "number", 1 };
                yield return new object[] { "ip", IPAddress.Parse("127.0.0.1") };
            }
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_DictionaryPropertyEmpty()
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasDictionaryProperty).FullName).First();
            var property = typeof(HasDictionaryProperty).GetProperty("Empty");
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetProperties("properties").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(property.SetMethod.GetParameters().First(), new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));

            // Gotcha in ConfigurationModel - if the list/dictionary is empty
            // then configuration won't see it or add the key to the list.
            Assert.Null(parameter);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_DictionaryPropertyPopulated()
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasDictionaryProperty).FullName).First();
            var property = typeof(HasDictionaryProperty).GetProperty("Populated");
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetProperties("properties").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(property.SetMethod.GetParameters().First(), new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));
            Assert.NotNull(parameter);
            Assert.NotNull(provider);
            var value = provider();
            Assert.NotNull(value);
            Assert.IsType(typeof(Dictionary<string, int>), value);
            var dict = (Dictionary<string, int>)value;
            Assert.Equal(1, dict["a"]);
            Assert.Equal(2, dict["b"]);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_DictionaryPropertyUsesTypeConverterAttribute()
        {
            var container = EmbeddedConfiguration.ConfigureContainerWithJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json").Build();
            var obj = container.Resolve<HasDictionaryProperty>();
            Assert.NotNull(obj.Convertible);
            Assert.Equal(2, obj.Convertible.Count);
            Assert.Equal(1, obj.Convertible["a"].Value);
            Assert.Equal(2, obj.Convertible["b"].Value);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_ListConversionUsesTypeConverterAttribute()
        {
            var container = EmbeddedConfiguration.ConfigureContainerWithJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json").Build();
            var obj = container.Resolve<HasEnumerableProperty>();
            Assert.NotNull(obj.Convertible);
            var convertible = obj.Convertible.ToArray();
            Assert.Equal(2, convertible.Length);
            Assert.Equal(1, convertible[0].Value);
            Assert.Equal(2, convertible[1].Value);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_ListPropertyEmpty()
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasEnumerableProperty).FullName).First();
            var property = typeof(HasEnumerableProperty).GetProperty("Empty");
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetProperties("properties").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(property.SetMethod.GetParameters().First(), new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));

            // Gotcha in ConfigurationModel - if the list/dictionary is empty
            // then configuration won't see it or add the key to the list.
            Assert.Null(parameter);
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_ListPropertyPopulated()
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasEnumerableProperty).FullName).First();
            var property = typeof(HasEnumerableProperty).GetProperty("Populated");
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetProperties("properties").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(property.SetMethod.GetParameters().First(), new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));
            Assert.NotNull(parameter);
            Assert.NotNull(provider);
            Assert.Equal(new List<int> { 1, 2 }, provider());
        }

        [Fact]
        public void GetProperties_PropertyConversionUsesTypeConverterAttribute()
        {
            var container = EmbeddedConfiguration.ConfigureContainerWithJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json").Build();
            var obj = container.Resolve<HasConvertibleParametersAndProperties>();
            Assert.NotNull(obj.Property);
            Assert.Equal(2, obj.Property.Value);
        }

        [Theory]
        [MemberData("GetProperties_SimpleProperties_Source")]
        public void GetProperties_SimpleProperties(string propertyName, object expectedValue)
        {
            var config = EmbeddedConfiguration.LoadJson("ConfigurationExtensions_Parameters.json");
            var component = config.GetSection("components").GetChildren().Where(kvp => kvp["type"] == typeof(HasSimpleParametersAndProperties).FullName).First();
            var property = typeof(HasSimpleParametersAndProperties).GetProperties().First(pi => pi.Name == propertyName);
            var provider = (Func<object>)null;
            var parameter = component.GetProperties("properties").Cast<Parameter>().FirstOrDefault(rp => rp.CanSupplyValue(property.SetMethod.GetParameters().First(), new ContainerBuilder().Build(), out provider));
            Assert.NotNull(parameter);
            Assert.NotNull(provider);
            Assert.Equal(expectedValue, provider());
        }

        public static IEnumerable<object[]> GetProperties_SimpleProperties_Source
        {
            get
            {
                yield return new object[] { "Text", "text" };
                yield return new object[] { "Url", new Uri("http://localhost") };
            }
        }

        private static IConfiguration SetUpDefaultAssembly(string assemblyName)
        {
            var source = new MemoryConfigurationSource();
            source.Add("defaultAssembly", assemblyName);
            var config = new ConfigurationBuilder();
            config.Add(source);
            return config.Build();
        }

        public class Convertible
        {
            public int Value { get; set; }
        }

        public class ConvertibleConverter : TypeConverter
        {
            public override bool CanConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, Type sourceType)
            {
                return sourceType == typeof(string) || base.CanConvertFrom(context, sourceType);
            }

            public override object ConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, CultureInfo culture, object value)
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    return null;
                }
                var str = value as String;
                if (str == null)
                {
                    return base.ConvertFrom(context, culture, value);
                }
                var converter = TypeDescriptor.GetConverter(typeof(int));
                return new Convertible { Value = (int)converter.ConvertFromString(context, culture, str) };
            }
        }

        public class ConvertibleDictionaryConverter : TypeConverter
        {
            public override bool CanConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, Type sourceType)
            {
                return sourceType == typeof(ConfiguredDictionaryParameter) || base.CanConvertFrom(context, sourceType);
            }

            public override object ConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, CultureInfo culture, object value)
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    return null;
                }
                var castValue = value as ConfiguredDictionaryParameter;
                if (castValue == null)
                {
                    return base.ConvertFrom(context, culture, value);
                }
                var dict = new Dictionary<string, Convertible>();
                var converter = new ConvertibleConverter();
                foreach (var item in castValue.Dictionary)
                {
                    dict[item.Key] = (Convertible)converter.ConvertFrom(item.Value);
                }
                return dict;
            }
        }

        public class ConvertibleListConverter : TypeConverter
        {
            public override bool CanConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, Type sourceType)
            {
                return sourceType == typeof(ConfiguredListParameter) || base.CanConvertFrom(context, sourceType);
            }

            public override object ConvertFrom(ITypeDescriptorContext context, CultureInfo culture, object value)
            {
                if (value == null)
                {
                    return null;
                }
                var castValue = value as ConfiguredListParameter;
                if (castValue == null)
                {
                    return base.ConvertFrom(context, culture, value);
                }
                var list = new List<Convertible>();
                var converter = new ConvertibleConverter();
                foreach (var item in castValue.List)
                {
                    list.Add((Convertible)converter.ConvertFrom(item));
                }
                return list;
            }
        }

        public class HasConvertibleParametersAndProperties
        {
            public HasConvertibleParametersAndProperties([TypeConverter(typeof(ConvertibleConverter))] Convertible parameter)
            {
                Parameter = parameter;
            }

            public Convertible Parameter { get; set; }

            [TypeConverter(typeof(ConvertibleConverter))]
            public Convertible Property { get; set; }
        }

        public class HasDictionaryProperty
        {
            [TypeConverter(typeof(ConvertibleDictionaryConverter))]
            public IDictionary<string, Convertible> Convertible { get; set; }

            public Dictionary<string, int> Empty { get; set; }

            public Dictionary<string, int> Populated { get; set; }
        }

        public class HasEnumerableProperty
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


On April 2nd, 116 girls in U4 and L5 took part in The National Enterprise Challenge, an inter-school entrepreneurial competition backed by Lord Sugar. The girls were competing for a place to represent St Swithun's in the national final in London later this year.
Working in teams of six, the U4 girls had to come up with a social enterprise business idea. The L5 girls were challenged to think of a product or service based around the theme 'brand Britain'. After deciding on an idea, each team had to prepare a business case, design a logo and website and prepare a presentation to sell their idea to their peers. The judges from TNEC were very impressed with the quality of the girls' ideas and work, and found it very difficult to choose a winner.
In the end, the L5 team of Kitty Addison, Maria Burbidge-King, Alicia Dent, Hannah Cole, Sophie Bennett and Mia Bickford, who devised the concept of The Big Red Pub (a café on a Big Red Bus) was announced as the overall winner. This team will go on to represent the school at the national finals in London in July, when they will pitch their idea to specially chosen guest judges from the business community followed by dinner and a Q&A session with Lord Sugar.


text:
Bathed in Blood
Schuldig is bored, until he zeroes in on a member of Weiss and find something interesting.
Thanks to Soph for the beta. Written for MMOM 2008.
Sex was as much of a game as the rest of life and Schuldig made it a rule to have fun. Some games were serious, like chess, but sex was more like Snap; just for fun, well most of the time anyway. There was no doubt it could be used as a tool when necessary, but that then made it part of a larger game, so it was merely a piece in a chess game and Schuldig didn't count those times. Sex in its purest form was about pleasure and nothing more complicated than that.
When he had caught the whiff of sex in one of the Weiss Kitten's minds he had felt no qualms about eavesdropping. Life had been so dull lately and he was on 'make sure Weiss don't mess up the big picture' duty and it was boring. Anything was better than just sitting there out of sight, so he attached himself mentally to the kitten and sat back to enjoy the view.
The kittens had just been on a mission; nothing to worry Schwarz, but Crawford had sent him out anyway just to make sure Weiss didn't make any ripples. At least he'd had a chance to see the assassins in action, something that always thrilled him, even if he didn't care to admit that to anyone. Schwarz and Weiss may have been enemies, evil and good, dark and light, but he could still admire Weiss' abilities. They were pretty if nothing else and Schuldig knew how to admire beauty. It was a shame that Abyssinian was so repressed; the tall redhead was full of unresolved passion that would have been so much fun to watch if the leader of Weiss had just let it out.
It had quite shocked him that it had been Abyssinian's mind from which he had sensed the tendrils of sex. Usually all he ever got from Abyssinian was work, or if he was in sight, a constant stream of abuse. As he delved a little deeper into the redhead's thoughts, it began to become clear that the evening's mission had Abyssinian rather worked up, but Schuldig couldn't work out why without alerting the redhead to his mental presence. He was just going to have to wait and see.
He mentally followed the redhead as the leader of Weiss disappeared into the building and was quite amused to find that Abyssinian was stripping off as he went. It had clearly been a messy kill, since the assassin was covered in blood; it had even seeped under Abyssinian's clothes. Abyssinian was headed straight for the bathroom and, from a quick mental cast around, Schuldig knew the kitten's friends thought their leader just wanted a shower, but something wasn't quite right.
By now he knew that Abyssinian was painfully aroused, but he still wasn't quite sure why. Clothes had all been loosened and, the moment the bathroom door swung shut, Schuldig found himself grinning as he realised Abyssinian couldn't get rid of his clothes fast enough. He was surprised that the other assassin did not immediately step into the shower, but Abyssinian leant against the door and reached desperately for the now exposed erection.
It was only as Abyssinian began to stroke himself somewhat frantically that it finally dawned on Schuldig what was off. Abyssinian had blood on his hands and it wasn't putting the assassin off, it was egging him on. Schuldig almost laughed out loud when he realised just what was turning on Abyssinian; an assassin with a blood fetish had to be the epitome of cliché. He knew it would kill Abyssinian to be a living cliché and it amused him no end.
This was too good to pass up and he let himself sink a little further into Abyssinian's mind. He could feel the arousal coursing through the almost desperate assassin and he tapped into it, letting is run through him as well. He imagined a pool of blood, as red as Abyssinian's hair and he deftly inserted the idea into the other assassin's mind. He sensed Abyssinian's excitement rise almost instantly and he could feel his own arousal growing by the second. This was one very good game and he quickly undid his belt and fly, slipping his hand into his own pants. He hadn't thought that this evening was going to turn out to be so rewarding.
He stroked himself slowly, soaking in Abyssinian's barely controlled arousal while keeping the assassin just back from the edge. He wanted this to be very good and for it to be perfect he had to be ready and it had to be really good for Abyssinian too. It could never be said that he wasn't a generous lover, even when his partner didn't know he was there; there was no faking in his world. The real burning need in Abyssinian was fantastic and the slight edge of disgust that he could feel running underneath it was incredible.
He brought himself to the very edge with his hand and with Abyssinian's arousal and then he prepared to end it. With a simple thought, he exploded the pool of blood he had created in the other's mind and mentally showered the other assassin with it. Abyssinian gasped in surprise and came and the thrill of the other man's orgasm ran through Schuldig, tipping him over into his own. It felt so good and he revelled in it; very few people ever gave him a thrill like that.
It wasn't until it passed that he realised he had not withdrawn enough and Abyssinian had come down before him. Instantly he knew that the redhead knew he was there and he felt the beginnings of anger taking over from arousal in his adversary. It was almost as delicious as the sex had been, but he knew better than to hang around. He laughed aloud now and hastily put himself together before starting his car.
"Be seeing you, Kitten," he mentally said and, still laughing, sped away.
Crawford would probably be annoyed that Weiss had found out he was there, but it had been far too much fun not to play. He'd definitely be coming back for more of this game.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Pineapple House was born from this passion. We are not a full-service yoga retreat or a cheap surf camp. We are quite small and personal but perfectly formed.
Do as much as you want or nothing at all, at the Pineapple House we can ensure you will find your perfect combination.
With its proximity to great surf, the world class yoga on our doorstep & the creative vibe, Canggu is the place to feel inspired.
With uber cool hangouts, a pumping surf & yoga scene, a heavy focus on wellbeing and healthy living we couldn't think of a place we would rather be!
Be inspired by new cultures, reinvigorate yourself with endless activities, nourish yourself with healthy cuisine and hang out with like-minded people.
From the best wave on the current tide to the number one spot to take in a dramatic sunset, from hidden temples to stunning rice fields; at the Pineapple House we can guarantee that you will get the inside story and recommendations that don't appear in any guidebook.
The group classes are held at Desa Seni, the amazing yoga resort!
There is an abundance of yoga classes to choose from, including hatha, vinyasa, yin, ashtanga & kundalini, to name a few.
There are several teachers at the yoga resort, and all of them are seriously good.
Group classes are on offer throughout the days at so you can pick and choose to your hearts delight!
Board rental is included during the lessons/guides.
From The Pineapple House it takes you only a few minutes by bike to reach a variety of different waves suitable for all levels. Beginner spots, punchy beach breaks, point breaks with easy paddle, 12 waves right here down the beach.
There are a number of quality spots like Brawa, Batu Bolong, Old Mans', Pererenan, and the renowned Canggu Left and Right. These breaks are so diverse, and surfers of all levels will have a good time.
We leave it up to our expert surf instructors to make that call on where to surf each day, it depends on your level and the conditions each day.
There is so much to do around here, that quite frankly, 5 days probably won't be enough!
There is an abundance of uber cool cafes and hangouts, great sunset spots and live music venues.
If a healthy dose of surfing & yoga hasn't satiated your need for adventure and creative inspiration here's a little list of some of the other amazing stuff you can do either at The Pineapple House HQ or a little further afield!
Lunches and dinners are for you to explore the delights of beautiful food that is available in the cafes and restaurants here in Canggu, Bali.
Our guests stay with us, because they want a chilled, but supported private villa hideaway that includes a generous helping of exercise, relaxation, and fun.
We make sure that you get the very best yoga and surfing experience that Bali has to offer, but this will probably only take up three or so hours of each day, leaving you with plenty of time to explore the endless sights and activities on offer across the Island of the Gods.
She has trained in Vinyasa, Hatha, Ashtanga, Self Awakening, Yin, and Meditation.
The breakfasts are incredible - we had something different every day for the 7 days we stayed with fresh French press coffee if we wanted it (which we did, every day!).
We were provided with a mobile phone, pre-loaded with credit so we could contact local takeaways, the masseuse, scooter rental companies, and keep in contact with the other people in the villa who quickly became our friends.
The vibe of the villa is just perfect; it's small, sits amidst paddy fields and is set far apart from the more touristy parts of Bali. After having been to Bali twice before this and never having a 'stand-out' experience, this one was truly magical and I have a very special connection with Bali now.
It would not be the same with Rachel who manages The Pineapple House. She greeted me like I was a friend who she hadn't seen for years and was always happy to talk for advice on where to go, and always happy to listen when myself and my friend returned from our mad adventures into the surf and around the island or calmer adventures to yoga and massage therapists.
Not only is her knowledge of the local area brilliant (she'll always have a recommendation) but she is such an inspiring woman!
I even did a one-on-one yoga class with her and it was an incredible session. I never thought I'd enjoy this kind of class because I thought it would be awkward but it really wasn't - it was amazing we worked on handstands and side-crow and she took me to a place in yoga which I wouldn't have achieved had there been more people in the class.
I could go on with an entire essay about this place, but essentially whether you're a lone traveler or meeting a friend there for a week of adventures alongside R&R, just go and discover it for yourself - you're bound to have your very own journey of self-discovery, relaxation, and adventure!
The Pineapple House was the best of both worlds! Rachel (the owner) was there to help me organized everything I wanted to do, but I chose my own timetable and I wasn't locked into anything.
Each room comes with its own phone, which was really useful, and Rachel helped me rent a scooter as well.
The Pineapple House is a beautiful villa with 3 clean, spacious rooms with private bathrooms, and a really welcoming common area with a pool. Since I was traveling on my own, it was really nice to be able to talk to other guests when I felt like some company, but still have my own private space as well.
It is just a really nice, welcoming, unpretentious and relaxing space.
I would definitely stay at the Pineapple house again, and I would recommend it to anyone going to Bali!
The owner, Rachel (who was just lovely by the way, so helpful and welcoming!) arranged for me to be collected from my accommodation and driven to the Pineapple House.
Stepping over the threshold into the open plan garden/living area, complete with calm turquoise pool and cushioned areas to relax after a long day, I knew I would be able to unwind here.
The vibe was so chilled and my room was gorgeous. A big four-poster bed with lots of pillows and my own outdoor bathroom… Aaaaah, bliss!
Planning my day was easy and the surfing and yoga were flexible and non-fussy which was just what suited me. Some days I lay around the pool or spent the morning by the beach. Others I had a massage and talked about life and the world with the owner, who was able to share her knowledge of the tastiest places to eat in the area and the cool places to grab a drink and watch the sunset.
Would recommend it to anyone looking to do some surf or yoga in Bali, or even just experience a hip area where the people who actually live in Bali hang out… in fact, I wish I lived there all year round!
With a large doorway between the two villas there's lots of space for you to hang out and relax in the two large living areas. There are also plenty of bean bags and sofas to sit and read or catch up with your fellow guests on the days' activities. The kitchen and dining areas are fully equipped and ready for expert and novice chefs alike! The villas were designed specifically for laid back fun. The Pineapple House also has super-fast wireless (WiFi) internet throughout.
The villas can be opened up to make one large space with five bedrooms or used as two separate villa, depending on guest requirements.
Our guest accommodation consists of five private bedrooms with en-suites, hot water, fans and air conditioning. Two of the downstairs bedrooms have four-poster king sized beds and a single bed along with a walk in wardrobe, the remaining two downstairs rooms have four-poster double beds, walk in wardrobe and outdoor bathroom including a large bathtub. The upstairs bedroom is a double and comes complete with its own Romeo & Juliet balcony overlooking the working rice paddies.
There are two refreshing swimming pools with decking area for your ultimate relaxation when not in the surf or in a yoga session, and not forgetting the "Nap Shack", a comfy poolside gazebo that beckons you for an afternoon snooze.
High humidity can be expected during the Wet Season between the months of December - February. The Dry Season between the months of March - November have also the lowest humidity.
The Wet Season brings daily rain and quiet overcast days. Occasionally rainfall can also be expected during the dry season but usually at night or very early morning.
June - August there is usually a very refreshing cool breeze all day long. The central mountain area is typically cooler than the lower coastal areas mainly especially at night.
You can walk around in the tourist areas in shorts and vest tops, no worries. But save your bikinis for the beach, and only the beach.
Guys, it's recommended you wear a t-shirt when walking around, no bare chests unless you're on the beach.
If you head away from the tourist areas make sure you have some long lightweight trousers and something to cover your shoulders with.
However please do check with your local Indonesian embassy.
Please check with your travel insurance company for more detailed information.
Were very small and personal. A stay with us is not a full-service yoga retreat or a cheap surf camp experience.


text:
Allerdale agrees private model for stadium construction
By Martin Ford | 29 March 2019
Allerdale BC is turning to the private sector to build its new stadium in Workington.
The 8,000 capacity stadium will be a host venue for the Rugby League World Cup in 2021 and future home of both Workington Town Rugby League Club and Workington Reds Football Club.


I swear, it's NOT what it looks like.
Yaaaaay Otakus! We love 'em, and most of the time relate to them immensely, unless you're one of those who believe they know anime after watching Sword Art Online and Naruto, in which case I hate you and wish for us to never meet. As fellow anime watchers, it's always nice to find shows in which we can somehow relate and feel a personal attachment to as no other commoner ever would. Shows featuring Otakus and their culture sometimes involve tough genres to handle for lovers of conventional, normal anime, but usually end up parodying what we love most in a way which makes us feel like part of a big inside joke which no one else will understand. It's awesome. Please enjoy these shows, as they are precious to me and I secretly hope to spread the Otaku culture even more with these shows.


Entrepreneurship spells opportunity for entrepreneurship and finance student Ashley Sutton.
HOUSTON, TX, Sept. 9, 2008 – The entrepreneurship program at the University of Houston's C. T. Bauer College of Business has made a giant leap from number two to number one in the country on The Princeton Review's list of top undergraduate entrepreneurship programs in the U.S. for Entrepreneur magazine.
The Cyvia and Melvyn Wolff Center for Entrepreneurship at UH Bauer is the nation's leading entrepreneurship program on the 2008 Top 25 Undergraduate Schools for Entrepreneurs, which was released on Sept. 9. The program was ranked No. 2 in 2007 on a list that also included Baylor University, the University of Arizona, Notre Dame, University of Southern California, University of Maryland and Syracuse University.
Houston Mayor Bill White lauded the achievement and praised the college for continuing the city's long history of being a haven for successful entrepreneurs. "Houston is a great city of opportunity in large part because we're not satisfied to rest on our laurels. The Bauer College's No. 1 ranking is an example of that kind of energy and commitment to excellence. Houston is fortunate to have such an asset," White said.
University of Houston System Chancellor and UH President Renu Khator agreed, noting that the ranking also brings distinction to the University. "This top national ranking by the entrepreneurship program at the Bauer College of Business is another bold step toward greatness and adds to the University of Houston's stellar reputation as an outstanding, highly respected metropolitan university," she said.
"It is an impressive achievement that validates our commitment to student success ― not just at the Bauer College, but throughout the university ― as we strive to provide the support and environment that allow our students to develop the skills they will need to be successful in their lives," Khator added.
Bauer College has been educating business leaders for decades, with the Wolff Center for Entrepreneurship cementing the school's status as a leader in entrepreneurship when it was created in 1993. The Commission for Higher Education approved entrepreneurship as a major in 1995. Since then, the program has flourished and now attracts more than 1,800 students a semester.
The program has also gained respect from members of the Houston community, who mentor students in the program. Longstanding and highly respected Houstonians Cyvia and Melvyn Wolff became the namesakes of the program in January 2008. Wolff is a 1953 graduate of Bauer College and a member of the Dean's Executive Board.
Before 2007, Bauer's entrepreneurship program was recognized regionally. This national ranking is indicative of the tremendous growth and breadth of the program, which educates business students as well as those from other disciplines through its global business minor, said program director Dan Steppe.
"The Wolff Center is teaching an entrepreneurial process that is equally applicable to any major at Bauer and students across the University. We do not teach about subjects; we teach how to use information. The power of this is that you have a highly transferable process. About 40 percent of students involved in the Entrepreneur program are not business majors, and 53 percent of undergraduate students at Bauer participate in the program," Steppe said.
The ranking also validates the world-class education Bauer students have been receiving through the Wolff Center's entrepreneurship program, its global business minor and its intrapreneurship certification program, he added.
"Most importantly, students are starting businesses. In the past year, 50 percent of the students started a business while enrolled in school, and 80 percent of them are still in business today," Steppe said.
In addition, the WCE certification program in intrapreneurship is the foundation of the college's global business minor for non-business students. More than 700 non-business students take WCE courses each year and have an opportunity to see how entrepreneurial thinking can be applied to their interests in engineering, science, social science or the arts.
Between 2005 and 2008, an average of 65 percent of WCE students started a business while in school or shortly after graduating. WCE students have also won numerous awards in national business plan competitions — even outperforming MBA teams from other schools including Carnegie Mellon. Students in Bauer's executive MBA program have also had the opportunity to take elective courses in entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship.
"It is just one more example of Bauer's quality. We have been recognized for high quality programs in almost every field of business — MBA, Investment Management, Accounting, Global Energy Management, Selling, you name it — and this is just one more example that we have great programs," said Dr. Edward Blair, chairman of the Department of Marketing & Entrepreneurship.
The Kaufman Foundation has estimated that approximately 495,000 people per month created new businesses in the United States in 2007. Small firms have generated 60 to 80 percent of new net jobs annually over the last decade and produce 13 to 14 times more patents per employee, according to the U.S. Small Business Administration.
The Princeton Review determined the rankings by evaluating key criteria in the areas of academics and requirements, students and faculty, and outside-the-classroom support and experiences from more than 300 undergraduate programs that were surveyed.
UH Bauer will celebrate on Oct. 30 with a special Distinguished Entrepreneur Speaker Series in Cullen Performance Hall.


text:
Q: Why are json arrow operators not working in postgres? I am trying to extract info from a json-type column. This is my query:
SELECT column_name -> 'key_name' FROM table.

I'm getting the following error message, referred to the arrow operator:

No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts.

Same if I try with ->>.
-- edit: this is the complete error message:
ERROR:  operator does not exist: text -> unknown
LINE 1: SELECT candidate_owner_json -> 'ownerid' FROM candidate
                                    ^
HINT:  No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts.
SQL state: 42883
Character: 29

A: I tried with this and it works:
SELECT json_array_elements(candidate_owner_json::json)->'ownerId' FROM ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange