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Climate Change Report Includes Some False Solutions Claims Environmental Coalition
Leading environmental groups call for an end to UK subsidy program for power plants relying on forests for fuel and highlight need for the government to invest in genuine renewables to meet net zero emissions target.
Alison Jones
The UK government's continued support for burning trees for electricity — so-called "biomass" — threatens a net zero emissions goal. Moreover, while the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) has rightly challenged the government to go further and faster in fighting climate change, its reliance on biomass with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) to get there is misguided and risks driving even more tree burning in the UK, with enormous climate and ecological risks. The Natural Resources Defense Council and its partners at Biofuelwatch, the Dogwood Alliance, and the Southern Environmental Law Center urge the UK government to put an immediate end to biomass electricity subsidies and channel investment into energy efficiency and conservation, genuinely zero-emission renewable energy like wind, wave, and solar power, and smart resources, such as electricity storage.
"Biomass-burning at a massive scale in the UK today is a clear and present threat to any last gasp we have of avoiding the worst consequences of climate change. The UK needs to reverse course and end its multi-billion pound subsidy programme for wood-fired electricity generation now if the country is going to help the world avoid devastating planetary warming," said Sasha Stashwick, Senior Advocate at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
Almuth Ernsting from Biofuelwatch adds: "The Committee for Climate Change's endorsement of BECCS is badly misguided. If BECCS was to ever work, it would suck up billions of subsidies urgently needed for true climate solutions, and lead to yet more trees being burned for less energy."
The CCC has acknowledged that biomass must not be considered as carbon neutral but can result in carbon emissions comparable to those from fossil fuels. UK legislation only accounts for a sliver of the full lifecycle impacts of biopower plants.
"The CCC warned in a report last autumn that without significant reforms, reliance on large-scale biopower may lead to worse outcomes for the climate than using fossil fuels – a critical admission from the UK government's official climate advisory board," said David Carr, General Counsel at the Southern Environmental Law Center. "As long as Drax and others continue to burn trees, their power stations cannot be considered green, with or without carbon capture technology added on."
The CCC has rightly underscored the risks associated with biomass imports, such as from forests in the US Southeast where NGOs have documented that biomass harvesting to supply the UK energy market is contributing to the destruction of ecologically valuable bottomland hardwood forests.
"Year after year, our on-the-ground investigations expose the damaging logging practices used to source the biomass industry, driven in a large part by misguided UK policies," said Rita Frost, Campaigns Director at Dogwood Alliance. "If the UK is serious about leading on climate change, it must cut emissions, not forests."
Recently, the UK hit a new record for powering the country without coal, achieving a total of 90 hours and 45 minutes. Worryingly, 4 percent of this record power generation came from biomass and an increasing share of the UK's 'renewable' energy generation currently comes from biopower plants – such as Drax – which burn biomass, primarily in the form of wood pellets imported from the Southeastern US. This generates climate pollution both at the smokestack, where burning biomass results in more carbon than burning coal, and from the land, where increased wood harvesting replaces mature forests with young saplings, reducing forest 'carbon sinks' and foregoing sequestration.
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Iran Warns EU Not To Leave JCPOA, Vows Not To Seek Nuclear Weapons
Iranian President Hassan Rohani chairs a cabinet meeting in Tehran, January 22, 2020
Iran's President Hassan Rouhani and the speaker of parliament have warned European states not to leave the 2015 nuclear deal with Iran and has vowed never to seek nuclear weapons.
Rouhani in remarks on Wednesday, January 22 told Europeans, "If you violate the JCPOA you shall be responsible for all the consequences," although he did not say what those consequences could be. Iran's parliament speaker, Ali Larijani also repeated the warning on Wednesday at a different gathering.
Meanwhile, he vowed once again that "Iran is not and has never been after nuclear weapons with or without the nuclear deal."
Speaking at a cabinet meeting in Tehran, he called the U.S. withdrawal from the deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) "a big ethical, political and legal mistake" and "disrespect to international regulations and the United nations."
Promising that the U.S. will be punished for this mistake, Rouhani asked the UK, France and Germany as the European parties to the JCPOA, "Do you want to make the same mistake?"
Rouhani was referring to the EU-3's decision to activate the "trigger mechanism" of the JCPOA by reporting Tehran's steps reducing its obligations under the deal to the United Nations Security Council. The move could potentially return Iran's nuclear case to the UNSC as well as potentially bringing back all the international sanctions that were suspended after Iran's 2015 deal with the West.
Israeli Army Says Iran Will Have Enough Material For A Bomb By End Of 2020
After the United States vowed to bring Iran's oil exports down to zero last May, Iran announced its gradual reduction of commitments, including staying within the limits of the agreement in uranium enrichment. Since then, Iran has increased both the quantity of purity of the uranium it enriches.
However, Rouhani said: "All of us have to fulfil our obligations under the JCPOA. It is so arrogant that a government stops fulfilling its obligations and expects others to remain committed to the deal", in a reference to the U.S.
He accused the EU-3 of violating the 11 commitments they made after the U.S. pull-out from the JCPOA, charging that Europe has stopped to fulfil its obligations fearing that the U.S. might introduce tariffs on car imports from Europe. "A man does not break his promise because of tariffs. A man's honor should be valued more than tariffs," he said.
Rouhani who has been accused by Europe of leaving not much of the JCPOA by violating Iran's obligations about limitations the extent and level of Uranium enrichment and the type and number of centrifuges among other things, stressed: "We have not left and will not leave the JCPOA. The reductions we have made are based on the JCPOA and on the same day that you return to your full obligations, we will do likewise."
"Stand by your promises, and we will do the same," he said.
Meanwhile, he warned that Europe will be responsible for all the consequences if it violates the JCPOA.
Earlier on Wednesday, Rouhani's Chief of Staff Mahmoud Vaezi reminded the Europeans of a letter Rouhani had sent them in May 2019 on the anniversary of the U.S. pull-out from the nuclear deal. In that letter Rouhani had stressed that Iran will remain in the JCPOA and encouraged the remaining parties to do the same.
Vaezi, further said that the Rouhani administration is the only authority in Iran that will decide about the country's next step if the European parties leave the JCPOA.
In another development, the Speaker of Iranian Parliament (Majles), Ali Larijani, said the enmity between Iran and the United States has never been as serious and intense as today, IRGC-linked Tasnim news agency reported on Wednesday January 22.
Meanwhile, he said about the stand-off with Europe that Iran will certainly to respond to EU-3's move about the JCPOA.Like Rouhani, Larijani also said that the EU-3's move will have consequences for Europeans but did not elaborate.
Larijani also stressed that Iran will not seek nuclear weapon and will continue to respect the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions
Eugene A. Rosa1,2 &
Thomas Dietz3
Nature Climate Change volume 2, pages581–586(2012)Cite this article
Climate-change mitigation
Centuries of speculation about the causes of human stress on the environment is now being disciplined with empirical evidence, including analyses of differences in greenhouse-gas emissions across contemporary nation states. The cumulative results can provide useful guidance for both climate projections and for policy design. Growing human population and affluence clearly contribute to enhanced environmental stress. Evidence does not support the argument for amelioration of greenhouse-gas emissions at the highest levels of affluence. However, the role of other factors, such as urbanization, trade, culture and institutions remains ambiguous.
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E.A.R. was partially supported by the Boeing Environmental Sociology Professorwhip. T.D. was partially supported by AgBio Research of Michigan State University. We thank R. Kelly for her overall assistance and S. Bryant for a close reading of the manuscript.
Department of Sociology, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164, Washington, USA
Eugene A. Rosa
Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, California, USA
Department of Sociology, Environmental Science and Policy Program, Animal Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, Michigan, USA
Thomas Dietz
Correspondence to Eugene A. Rosa.
Rosa, E., Dietz, T. Human drivers of national greenhouse-gas emissions. Nature Clim Change 2, 581–586 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1506
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1506
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Do you ever wish you could interview God? You've probably got a lot of questions for Him, and it would be great to hear straightforward answers from our Father. Here is one person's interpretation of what an interview with God would be like. Set to calming music and reassuring scenery, this video will give you something to ponder.


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Saturday 6 Rajab 1444 - 28 January 2023
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Ad'iyah Mahzoorah (forbidden du'aa's)
Du'aa' for protection
Publication : 28-01-2012
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In one of the mosques I found a piece of paper on which was written "Du'aa' al-Tahseen (prayer for protection). The du'aa' was as follows:
"I seek protection in Allaah besides Whom there is no god, my God and the God of all things. I seek the protection of my Lord and the Lord of all things. I put my trust in the Ever-Living Who does not die, and I ward off evil with (the words) there is no power and no strength except with Allaah. Allaah is sufficient for us and He is the best disposer of affairs. Allaah is sufficient for me Who is sufficient for us. The Lord is sufficient for me and I have no need of His slaves. The Creator is sufficient for me and I have no need of His creation. The Provider is sufficient for me and I have no need of those who are granted provision. He is sufficient for me Who is sufficient for me. He is sufficient for me in Whose hand is the sovereignty of all things, Who protects (all), while against Whom there is no protector (i.e. if Allaah saves anyone, none can punish or harm him; and if Allaah punishes or harms anyone, none can save him) [cf. al-Mu'minoon 23:88]. He is sufficient for me. Allaah hears those who call upon Him, and there is no object of hope beyond Allaah. Allaah is sufficient for me, there is no god but He. In Him do I put my trust and He is the Lord of the mighty Throne."
Is this hadeeth saheeh?.
Praise be to Allah.
This du'aa' is not proven from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Something similar was narrated by Ibn Abi'l-Dunya in al-Faraj ba'd al-Shiddah, via al-Khaleel ibn Murrah from the faqeeh of the people of Jordan, who said "we heard that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)…" It was classed as da'eef by al-Albaani in al-Silsilah al-Da'eefah, 4173; and Da'eef al-Jaami', 4348
Since it has not been proven in any saheeh report that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said this, no attention should be paid to it.
There are du'aa's which have been narrated in saheeh ahaadeeth which are sufficient, and we have no need for the du'aa's narrated in weak reports. These du'aa's protect the Muslim, and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) always used to recite them, such as the dhikrs for morning and evening, and other saheeh ahaadeeth. For example:
1 – Reciting the last two verses of Soorat al-Baqarah every night. It was narrated that Abu Mas'ood al-Badri (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "The last two verses of Soorat al-Baqarah, whoever recites them at night, they will be sufficient for him." Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 4008; Muslim, 807. al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: "With regard to the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) 'they will be sufficient for him,' it was said that it means they will suffice instead of praying qiyaam al-layl; and it was said, they will suffice him against the Shaytaan, or against harm. It may be understood as meaning all of these things.'"
2 – Du'aa' al-karb (prayer at times of stress). It was narrated from Ibn 'Abbaas that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to say at times of stress:
"Laa ilaaha ill-Allaah ul-'azeem al-haleem, laa ilaaha ill-Allaah Rabb il-'arsh il'azeem, laa ilaaha ill-Allaah Rabb ul-samawaati wa rabb ul-ard wa rabb ul-'arsh il-kareem (There is no god but Allaah, the Almighty, the Forbearing; there is no god but Allaah, Lord of the Mighty Throne; there is no god but Allaah, Lord of the heavens, Lord of the earth and Lord of the noble Throne)." Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 6346; Muslim, 2730.
Reciting Soorat al-Ikhlaas, Soorat al-Falaq and Soorat al-Naas. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) used to recite them when going to sleep, and he would blow into his hands and then wipe them over whatever he could reach of his body. It was narrated from 'Aa'ishah that every night when the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) went to bed, he would cup his hands together, blow into them then recite into them Qul Huwa Allaahu ahad, Qul a'oodhu bi Rabb il-falaq and Qul 'aoodhu bi Rabb il-naas, then he would wipe as much as he could reach of his body, starting with his head and face and the front of his body. And he would do that three times. Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 5018.
And it was narrated that 'Uqbah ibn 'Aamir said: The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Have you not seen the verses that were revealed tonight, the like of which has never been seen? Qul a'oodhu bi Rabb il-falaq and Qul 'aoodhu bi Rabb il-naas. Narrated by Muslim, 814.
And Allaah knows best.
Source: Islam Q&A
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text:
City author tells A North Sea Tale
by editor 1st August 2020 1st August 2020
A North Sea Tale, by author Chris Speck, published this month by Flat City Press.
It's a bold and daring move for a Hull author to place the plot of a novel on a fishing trawler in the North Sea in 1975, the height of the Cod Wars.
Writer Chris Speck has done just this. His next book, A North Sea Tale, is published by Flat City Press this month.
"I can't promise it's going to be accurate, but I spent many months talking to trawlermen, talking to skippers, talking to their wives, talking to people linked to the fishing industry, asking them lots of questions. But I tried not to get bogged down with too much detail," said Chris.
Chris is an east Hull lad, now living in Cottingham, and has family that worked alongside the fishing industry of St Andrew's Dock.
"My dad used to have an office off Hessle Road. My grandad used to drive trucks off Hessle Road as well."
Chris works as a teacher, teaching English as a foreign language. He's also a musician, a member of the 'off the wall' punk band Black Kes, playing guitar and ukulele.
In his first novel, Beast, Chris wrote about a boxer in north Hull coming to terms with losing his dad to cancer. A third novel, coming out next year, will be about rugby.
The city's themes are clearly an attraction for Chris as a writer. He draws on local connections, and the people he's chatted with, to bring his novels' characters to life.
"I just have to make a leap of faith and try to portray the sort of characters I met when I researched for the book. I keep it real, and I keep it Hull."
In A North Sea Tale there are two main characters steering the reader through the novel's twists and turns.
"There's the skipper of the Cuckoo, skipper Richard Bird," said Chris. "He's the chap I talked to, quite an old man now, who left the game quite early, because it was dangerous for him. He's the father figure.
"The young lad is called Danny. He's just any young kid. Any of us could be Danny. He doesn't know anything about being on a trawler. Things can be explained to Danny, and they're explained to the reader as well. Danny's the young 'deckie learner' who doesn't know anything about trawlers."
Extract: Danny steps on board The Cuckoo
The skipper walks to the edge of the ship. His eyes are a steel blue grey as he looks at the tall lad.
"Did Tadman send you?" he calls.
"No," answers Danny. The skipper looks off the docks and to the offices which are closed because it's Sunday morning. Tadman is the runner, the man who finds the hands for the Cuckoo. He must have been drunk last night, again. He looks over at this lanky lad in his donkey jacket. "Are you here for a job?"
"I dunno," says Danny. He really does not know why he is standing there. The skipper reads him. He sees his boots that are a little too big for his feet, his hair out of place and too long with a donkey jacket and sheepish eyes. Skipper Bird has very little time to sell his boat to this young man. He does not want to go without another fisherman because it is unlucky to leave with an odd number of men as well as being less profitable. Tadman had promised him four more hands this morning, and all he has so far is a Geordie with a gammy eye and a limp, who he has never heard of before, and this lad. He needs to find out some information, to see if it's worth his while talking to him.
"How old are you, son?"
"Sixteen," answers Danny. He's old enough.
"Where'd you live?"
"Woodcock Street with my mam and dad." A good street. He's perfect. The skipper begins his sales patter.
"We sail for three weeks; it takes five days to get to Norway while you find your sea legs. We land as much cod, haddock and halibut as we can and then we come home. On a good catch, you'll get fifty quid. If it's not so good, you'll get twenty." The man's accent is local and straightforward Hessle Road, it has the ring of honesty about it. The skipper has appealed to the boy's pockets but realises it will take more than this to get him on board. There is no need to go into the stability of his vessel, or that the Cuckoo was built in 1964 and in eleven years has never been anything less than perfect on the rough sea, despite her appearance. He must appeal to the boy's sense of adventure and the need for companionship. What's he doing down here on a Sunday morning anyway?
"Step on board," he beckons. If the boy gets over the gangplank the skipper will have him.
© Chris Speck, Flat City Press, 2020.
The publisher's strapline to this novel is 'Murder, mystery and gutting fish aboard a Hull trawler', but Chris is keen to point out that it's not a crime novel.
"This isn't a crime book. It's more like a John Steinbeck novel. There's lots of character development, and a lot of stories from people I heard on Hessle Road. It is a murder mystery, but it's also a coming of age story about how Danny learns to become a man."
Here's the finished cover to my new novel, out 7th August and published by Flat City Press #hessleroad #fishing #trawler pic.twitter.com/DypzQKWa0O
— chris speck (@chrissspeck) July 24, 2020
In his twitter bio Chris describes himself as many things, including a 'slow runner'. His running pace gives him plenty of plot-planning time.
"I do a lot of running. So I'm thinking of how the story I'm writing is going while I'm running. Sometimes it goes the way I think it will go, and sometimes it doesn't. I know what will happen at the end, it's just how do we arrive there. It's not meticulously planned, because things will happen that you don't expect."
Whilst this novel delivers many surprises and unexpected turns, Chris' writing seems set to meet local readers', and Hull lovers', expectations.
"They're stories about people in Hull. I want to celebrate the people round here, rather than fictional things," Chris concludes.
[Jerome Whittingham – editor HULL IS THIS]
All Smiles as new Breakfast Show host announced for BBC Radio Humberside
Phil's Forty, 20: Armchair Olympics
Temporary goodbye to some of Hull's fine collection of maritime paintings
Digital downloads soar, events go virtual and libraries welcome new account sign ups as residents turn to books and stories for escape
For The Record, an audio drama
Phil's Forty, 40: The year that got away
31st December 2020 editor


text:
\section{Introduction}

Spin transport in hybrid systems composed of superconductors (SCs) and ferromagnetic metals has been investigated for a long time~\cite{Tedrow70,Meservey94,Zutic04,Linder15}.
In a superconductor, charge and spin imbalances may have different characteristic length scales due to spin-charge separation~\cite{Kivelson90,Zhao95,Bergeret18}.
The interplay between superconductivity and magnetism also offers the potential for novel spintronic devices, in which fast logic operation can be performed with minimum Joule heating~\cite{Sarma01}.
One of the key ingredients there is the injection of spin-polarized carriers into SCs~\cite{Bergeret18,Hubler12,Quay13,Wolf13,Wakamura14}.
For conventional $s$-wave superconductors, spin injection is suppressed by opening a superconducting gap in the electronic spectrum.
Thermally excited quasiparticles in SC, however, can carry a spin current over long distances, as spin excitations in SCs have long lifetimes~\cite{Yamashita02,Takahashi03,Morten04,Morten05,Silaev15,Aikebaier18}.

There are several techniques for spin injection into SCs.
Recently, it has been realized by taking advantage of the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) induced by a temperature gradient,~\cite{Uchida08,Jaworski10,Uchida10,Xiao10,Adachi11,Adachi13,Ohnuma17} or by applying a spin pumping (SP) protocol using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) under microwave irradiation~\cite{Tserkovnyak02,Konig03,Saitoh06,Kajiwara10,Ohnuma14}.
The latter technique has successfully been used in experiments to realize spin injection from ferromagnetic metals into a SC~\cite{Jeon18a,Jeon18b,Yao18}.
These recent advances indicate a new path for spin injection into a wide class of SC materials.
Remarkably, spin-current injection from a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) into a superconductor has also been performed recently~\cite{Umeda18}, as revealed by the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE)~\cite{Takahashi02,Takahashi08,Wakamura15}.
This last study opens up possible applications for novel superconducting spintronic devices using FI.

In contrast to progress in experiments, the spin current at the FI-SC interface has been studied theoretically, to our knowledge, only by Inoue et al.~\cite{Inoue17}
They have formulated the spin pumping signal in terms of the local spin susceptibility of the SC, and have shown that the signal is peaked below the transition temperature due to the coherence factor in the BCS theory.
In order to calculate the local spin susceptibility of the SC, they have employed the Abrikosov-Gor'kov theory for dirty SCs taking spin diffusion into account~\cite{Abrikosov62,Gorkov64,Fulde68}.
The dynamic spin susceptibility thus obtained is, however, correct only for small wavenumbers, whereas the local spin susceptibility, which involves all wavenumbers, is dominated by the large wavenumber contribution~\cite{Shastry94} (for details, see Appendix~\ref{app:ImpurityEffect}).
Therefore, although their discovery of the coherence peak in spin transport is remarkable, their theory is expected to be insufficient for a quantitative description of the spin-current generation.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm,pagebox=cropbox,clip]{S_FI_setup_Class_Inv.pdf}
\caption{Schematic picture of the FI-SC bilayer system.
A spin current $I_S$ is generated in the SC by spin pumping using an external microwave irradiation, or by spin Seebeck effect induced by a temperature gradient ($T_{\rm FI} \ne T_{\rm SC}$). The large green arrow in the FI illustrates the magnetization, which can precess due to the applied microwave at frequency $\Omega$. The arrows in the SC shows an example of electron reflection at the interface, with a spin flip due to the exchange interaction.}
\label{fig:setup}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In this paper, we consider a bilayer system composed of a $s$-wave singlet SC and a FI as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:setup}.
We formulate the spin current at the interface, and study its temperature dependence above and below the superconducting transition temperature.
We also discuss the noise power of the pure spin current following the theory developed by three of the present authors and one collaborator~\cite{Matsuo18}, and estimate it using the experimental parameters for the yttrium-iron-garnet(YIG)-NbN interface~\cite{Kajiwara10,Umeda18}.

This paper is organized as follows.
We introduce the model for the FI-SC interface in Sec.~\ref{eq:model}, and derive dynamic spin susceptibilities in Sec.~\ref{sec:SpinSusceptibility}.
By using a second-order perturbative expansion with respect to the interface exchange coupling, we calculate the spin current and the spin-current noise in Sec.~\ref{sec:SpinCurrent} and Sec.~\ref{sec:SpinCurrentNoise}, respectively.
It should be stressed that we evaluate the spin current just at the FI-SC interface.
For experimental detection, one needs a nanostructure for converting the spin current into an electronic response, a mechanism which depends in general on details of spin relaxation in the superconductor.
We briefly discuss such a possible experimental setup for detecting the spin current in Sec.~\ref{sec:experiment}.
Finally, we summarize our results in Sec.~\ref{sec:summary}.
Detailed discussions on the impurity effect and the spin susceptibility of the SC are given in Appendix~\ref{app:ImpurityEffect} and \ref{app:BCS}, respectively.

\section{Model}
\label{eq:model}

The system Hamiltonian is given by $H = H_{\rm SC} + H_{\rm FI} + H_{\rm ex}$.
The first term $H_{\rm SC}$ describes a bulk SC, and is given by the mean-field Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm SC} = \sum_{\bm k}
( c_{{\bm k}\uparrow}^\dagger, c_{-{\bm k}\downarrow} )
\left(\begin{array}{cc} \xi_{\bm k} & \Delta  \\
\Delta & -\xi_{\bm k} \end{array} \right)
\left( \begin{array}{c}
 c_{{\bm k}\uparrow}  \\
 c_{-{\bm k}\downarrow}^\dagger \end{array} \right),
 \label{HSC}
\end{equation}
where $c_{{\bm k}\sigma}$ ($c_{{\bm k}\sigma}^\dagger$) is the annihilation (creation) operator of the electrons in the superconductors, $\xi_{\bm k}$ is the energy of conduction electrons measured from the chemical potential.
The order parameter of the SC, $\Delta$, is determined by the gap equation
\begin{equation}
{\rm ln} \left(\frac{T}{T_{\rm c}}\right) \Delta = 2\pi T \sum_{\varepsilon_n >0 }
\left(\frac{\Delta}{\sqrt{\varepsilon_n^2+\Delta^2}} - \frac{\Delta}{\epsilon_n}\right),
\end{equation}
where $\varepsilon_n = (2n+1) \pi T$ is the Matsubara frequency, and $T_{\rm c}$ is the SC transition temperature~\cite{Inoue17}.

The second term $H_{\rm FI}$ describes a bulk FI, and is given by the Heisenberg model
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm FI} &=& \sum_{\langle i,j \rangle}
J_{ij} {\bm S}_i \cdot {\bm S}_j - \hbar \gamma h_{\rm dc} \sum_{i} S^{z}_{i}
\nonumber \\
&-& \frac{\hbar \gamma h_{\rm ac}}{2}\sum_{i} (e^{-i\Omega t} S^{-}_i
+e^{i\Omega t} S^{+}_i ),
\label{HFI}
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\bm S}_{i}$ is the localized spin at site $i$ in the FI, $J_{ij}$ is the exchange interaction, $h_{\rm dc}$ is a static magnetic field, $h_{\rm ac}$ and $\Omega$ are the amplitude and frequency of the applied microwave radiation, respectively, and $\gamma$ is the gyromagnetic ratio.
Using the Holstein-Primakoff transformation~\cite{Holstein40} and employing the spin-wave approximation ($S^z_j = S_0 - b_j^\dagger b_j$, $S^+_j \simeq (2S_0)^{1/2} b_j$), the Hamiltonian of the FI is rewritten as
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm FI} &\simeq& {\rm const.}+ \sum_{\bm k} \hbar \omega_{\bm k} b_{\bm k}^\dagger b_{\bm k}
\nonumber \\
&-&
\frac{\hbar \gamma h_{\rm ac}}{2} \sqrt{2S_0N_{\rm F}}  (e^{-i\Omega t} b_{\boldsymbol{k}=\boldsymbol{0}}^\dagger
+e^{i\Omega t} b_{\boldsymbol{k}=\boldsymbol{0}}),
\label{HFI2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\hbar \omega_{\bm k}$ is the magnon dispersion, $b_{\bm k}$ is the Fourier transform of $b_j$, $S_0$ is the magnitude of the localized spin, and $N_{\rm F}$ is the number of spins in the FI.
For simplicity, we assume a parabolic dispersion $\hbar \omega_{\bm k} = Dk^2 + E_0$, where
$E_0 = \hbar \gamma h_{\rm dc}$ is the Zeeman energy.

The last term in the system Hamiltonian, $H_{\rm ex}$, describes the exchange coupling at the interface.
In this paper, we employ a simple model using the following tunneling Hamiltonian for spins:
\begin{equation}
H_{\rm ex} = \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} \left[{\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} S^{+}_{\bm k} s^{-}_{\bm q}
+ {\rm h.c.} \right],
\label{Hex}
\end{equation}
where ${\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}$ is the tunneling amplitude, $S^{+}_{\bm k} = (2S_0)^{1/2} b_{\bm k}$, and $s_{\bm q}^-$ is the operator defined as
\begin{equation}
s^{-}_{\bm q} := \sum_{{\bm k}} c^\dagger_{{\bm k} \downarrow} c_{{\bm k}+{\bm q} \uparrow}.
\end{equation}
In what follows, we study the spin transport by considering a second-order perturbative expansion with respect to $H_{\rm ex}$.

\section{Dynamic Spin Susceptibility}

\label{sec:SpinSusceptibility}

In this section, we summarize the results for the dynamic spin susceptibilities for the unperturbed system, i.e., the decoupled FI and SC, which are later used in the second-order perturbation calculation of the spin current and spin-current noise.

\subsection{Retarded component}

We define the retarded components of the spin susceptibility of the SC and the magnon propagator in the FI as
\begin{align}
& \chi^{R} ({\bm q},t)
 := i(\hbar N_{\rm S})^{-1} \theta(t)\langle
    [s^+_{{\bm q}}(t),s^-_{{\bm q}}(0)]
    \rangle \label{eq:retardedchi}, \\
& G^{R} ({\bm k},t)
 := -i\hbar^{-1} \theta(t)\langle
    [S^+_{{\bm k}}(t),S^-_{{\bm k}}(0)]
    \rangle \label{eq:retardedG},
\end{align}
where $N_{\rm S}$ is the number of unit cells in the SC.
Their Fourier transformations are defined as
\begin{align}
& \chi^R({\bm q},\omega) := \int_{-\infty}^\infty dt \, e^{i\omega t} \chi^R({\bm q},t), \\
& G^R({\bm k},\omega) := \int_{-\infty}^\infty dt \, e^{i\omega t} G^R({\bm k},t).
\end{align}

We first consider the magnon propagator of the FI.
By using the Holstein-Primakoff transformation~\cite{Holstein40} and employing the spin-wave approximation ($S^+_{\bm k} \simeq (2S_0)^{1/2} b_{\bm k}$), the magnon propagator of the FI is calculated in the absence of the external field ($h_{\rm ac}=0$) as
\begin{align}
G^{R}({\bm k},\omega) &= \frac{2S_0/\hbar}{\omega- \omega_{\bm k}+i\alpha \omega},
\label{eq:magnonpropagator}
\end{align}
where we have introduced the phenomenological dimensionless damping parameter $\alpha$, which originates from the Gilbert damping.

Next, we consider the dynamic spin susceptibility of the SC in the BCS theory.
We define the local spin susceptibility as
\begin{equation}
\chi^{R}_{\rm loc} (\omega) := \frac{1}{N_{\rm S}} \sum_{\bm q} \chi^{R}({\bm q},\omega).
\end{equation}
In the BCS theory, the local spin susceptibility is calculated as~\cite{Coleman15}
\begin{align}
{\rm Im} \chi^{R}_{\rm loc} (\omega) &= - \pi N(\epsilon_{\rm F})^2 \int dE \left[1 + \frac{\Delta^2}{E(E+\hbar \omega)}\right]\nonumber \\
& \times [f(E+\hbar \omega)-f(E)]D(E)D(E+\hbar\omega) ,
\label{eq:ImChiloc} \\
D(E) &= \frac{|E|}{\sqrt{E^2-\Delta^2}} \theta(E^2-\Delta^2),
\label{eq:SCDE}
\end{align}
where $N(\epsilon_{\rm F})$ is the density of states per spin and per unit cell, $f(E)=(e^{E/k_{\rm B}T}+1)^{-1}$ is the Fermi distribution function, $D(E)$ is the (normalized) density of states of quasi-particles, and
$\theta(x)$ is the Heaviside step function (for a detailed derivation, see Appendix~\ref{app:BCS}).
We note that the factor $[1+\Delta^2/E(E+\hbar \omega)]$ in Eq.~(\ref{eq:ImChiloc}) is the so-called coherence factor, which produces singular behavior near the transition temperature~\cite{Coleman15}.
For the normal metal ($\Delta=0$), the local spin susceptibility becomes
\begin{equation}
{\rm Im} \, \chi^{R}_{{\rm loc},\Delta=0} (\omega) = \pi N(\epsilon_{\rm F})^2 \hbar \omega.
\label{eq:ImChilocNormal}
\end{equation}

\subsection{Lesser component}

We define the lesser components of the spin susceptibilities for bulk SC and FI as
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \chi^{<} ({\bm q},t)
 :=  i(\hbar N_{\rm S})^{-1} \langle
    s^-_{{\bm q}}(0) s^+_{{\bm q}}(t)
    \rangle \label{eq:lesser-chi},\\
& & G^{<} ({\bm k},t)
 :=  -i\hbar^{-1} \langle
    S^-_{{\bm k}}(0) S^+_{{\bm k}}(t)
    \rangle \label{eq:lesser-g}.
\end{eqnarray}
Their Fourier transformations are defined as
\begin{align}
& \chi^<({\bm q},\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty dt  e^{i\omega t} \chi^<({\bm q},t), \\
& G^<({\bm k},\omega) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty dt  e^{i\omega t} G^<({\bm k},t).
\end{align}
The lesser components include the information on the distribution function; we define the distribution functions as
\begin{align}
& f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega) :=\chi^{<}({\bm q},\omega)/(2i) {\rm Im} \, \chi^{R}({\bm q},\omega), \label{f1} \\
& f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) := G^{<}({\bm k},\omega)/(2i) {\rm Im} \, G^{R}({\bm k},\omega). \label{f2}
\end{align}

In the setup of the spin pumping (SP), the SC is in equilibrium with the temperature $T$, whereas magnons in FI are excited by the external microwave irradiation.
We split the Hamiltonian of the FI as $H_{\rm FI} = H_0 + V$, where
\begin{align}
& H_0 = \sum_{\bm k} \hbar \omega_{\bm k} b_{\bm k}^\dagger b_{\bm k}, \\
& V =  -h_{\rm ac}^{+}(t) b_0^\dagger - h_{\rm ac}^{-}(t) b_0,\\
& h_{\rm ac}^{\pm}(t) = \frac{\hbar \gamma h_{\rm ac}}{2} \sqrt{2S_0 N_F}e^{\mp i\Omega t}.
\end{align}
While the perturbation $V$ does not change the retarded component of the dynamic spin susceptibility of FI, it does modify the lesser component.
The second-order perturbation with respect to $V$ gives the correction:
\begin{align}
& \delta G^<({\bm k},\omega) = G_0^R({\bm k},\omega) \Sigma({\bm k},\omega) G_0^A({\bm k},\omega), \\
& \Sigma({\bm k},\omega) = \delta_{{\bm k},{\bm 0}} \int dt \, (-i\hbar^{-1}) \langle h_{\rm ac}^{-}(t) h_{\rm ac}^{+}(0) \rangle e^{i\omega t},
\end{align}
where $G_0^R({\bm k},\omega)$ is the unperturbed spin susceptibility of FI.
One can then straightforwardly obtain
\begin{align}
\delta f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) &=  \delta G^<({\bm k},\omega)/(2i){\rm Im}G_0^R ({\bm k},\omega) \nonumber \\
& = \frac{2\pi N_{\rm F} S_0 (\gamma h_{\rm ac}/2)^2}{\alpha \omega}
\delta_{{\bm k},{\bm 0}} \delta(\omega-\Omega).
\label{eq:deltafSP}
\end{align}

In the setup of the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), FI and SC are in equilibrium with temperatures, $T_{\rm FI}$ and $T_{\rm SC}$, respectively.
Using their Lehmann representation, we can prove the relations\cite{Bruus04,Stefanucci13}
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \chi^<({\bm q},\omega) = 2i \, {\rm Im}\, \chi^R({\bm q},\omega) \, n_{\rm B}(\omega,T_{\rm SC}), \label{eq:chidist} \\
& & G^<({\bm q},\omega) = 2i \, {\rm Im}\, G^R({\bm q},\omega) \, n_{\rm B}(\omega,T_{\rm FI}), \label{eq:Gdist}
\end{eqnarray}
where $n_{\rm B}(\omega,T)$ is the Bose distribution function defined as
\begin{equation}
n_{\rm B}(\omega,T) = \frac{1}{e^{\hbar \omega/k_{\rm B}T}-1}.
\end{equation}
This result leads to the distribution functions of the FI and the SC (defined in Eqs.~(\ref{f1}) and (\ref{f2})) as
\begin{eqnarray}
f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega) & = & n_{\rm B}(\omega,T_{\rm SC}),
\label{eq:distSCeq}\\
f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) & = & n_{\rm B}(\omega,T_{\rm FI}). \label{eq:distFIeq}
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Spin Current}
\label{sec:SpinCurrent}

\subsection{Formulation}
\label{sec:SpinCurrentFormulation}

The spin current at the SC-FI interface is defined by $\langle \hat{I}_S \rangle$, where $\langle \cdots \rangle$ denotes the statistical average, and
$\hat{I}_S$ is the operator for the spin current flowing from the SC to the FI defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \hat{I}_{\rm S} := -\hbar \, \partial_t \left( s^z_{\rm tot} \right) = i [s_{\rm tot}^z, H], \\
& & s^z_{\rm tot} := \frac{1}{2} \sum_{\bm k} (c_{{\bm k}\uparrow}^\dagger c_{{\bm k}\uparrow}-c_{{\bm k}\downarrow}^\dagger c_{{\bm k}\downarrow}).
\end{eqnarray}
By substituting the expression for the system Hamiltonian, we obtain
\begin{equation}
\hat{I}_S = -i \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} ({\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} S_{\bm k}^+ s_{\bm q}^- - {\rm h.c.}) .
\end{equation}

We consider the second-order perturbation calculation by taking $H_{\rm FI}+H_{\rm SC}$ as an unperturbed Hamiltonian, and $H_{\rm ex}$ as a perturbation.
The average of the spin current operator is written as
\begin{align}
    \langle \hat{I}_S \rangle &= {\rm Re} \left[ -2i \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} {\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} \langle s_{\bm q}^- S_{\bm k}^+ \rangle \right] \nonumber \\
    & = \lim_{t_1, t_2\rightarrow 0} {\rm Re} \,  \left[ -2i \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} {\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} \langle s_{\bm q}^-(t_2) S_{\bm k}^+(t_1) \rangle \right],
\end{align}
where the average $\langle \cdots \rangle$ is taken for the full Hamiltonian.
By using the formal expression of perturbation expansion, the spin current can be rewritten as~\cite{Stefanucci13,Rammer86}
\begin{align}
    \langle \hat{I}_S \rangle
    &= {\rm Re} \, \Biggl[ -2i \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} {\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} \langle T_{\rm K}  s_{\bm q}^-(\tau_2) S_{\bm k}^+(\tau_1)
    \Biggr. \nonumber \\
    &\hspace{10mm} \times \Biggl. \exp \biggl(-\frac{i}{\hbar} \int_{\rm C} d\tau \, H_{\rm ex}(\tau) \biggr) \rangle_0 \Biggr],
    \label{eq:formal}
\end{align}
where the average $\langle \cdots \rangle_0$ is now taken for the unperturbed Hamiltonian, and $T_{\rm K}$ is the time-ordering operator on the time variable $\tau$ on the Keldysh contour C, which is composed of the forward path ${\rm C}_+$ running from $-\infty$ to $\infty$ and the backward path ${\rm C}_-$ from $\infty$ to $-\infty$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:Keldysh}).
We have put the time variables, $\tau_1$ and $\tau_2$ on the contour ${\rm C}_-$ and ${\rm C}_+$, and have removed the limit operation for operator ordering.

\begin{figure}[!tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6.5cm]{Keldysh.pdf}
\caption{The Keldysh contour C.}
\label{fig:Keldysh}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Expanding the exponential operator in Eq.~(\ref{eq:formal}) and keeping the lowest-order term with respect to $H_{\rm ex}$, we obtain
\begin{align}
    \langle \hat{I}_S \rangle
    &= -\frac{2}{\hbar} \int_{\rm C} d\tau \, {\rm Re}\, \Biggl[  \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} |{\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}|^2 \langle T_{\rm K} s_{\bm q}^+(\tau)s_{\bm q}^-(\tau_2) \rangle_0 \Biggr. \nonumber \\
    & \hspace{10mm} \times \Biggl.
    \langle T_{\rm K} S_{\bm k}^+(\tau_1) S_{\bm k}^-(\tau) \rangle_0 .
     \Biggr]
\end{align}
Using the real-time representation~\cite{Stefanucci13,Bruus04,Rammer86}, we can rewrite the spin current in terms of the dynamic spin susceptibilities of FI and SC as
\begin{align}
    \langle \hat{I}_S \rangle
    &= - 2\hbar \, {\rm Re}\, \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dt \, \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} |{\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}|^2 N_{\rm S}
    \nonumber \\
    & \hspace{2.5mm} \times [ \chi^R({\bm q},t) G^<({\bm k},-t)
    + \chi^<({\bm q},t) G^A({\bm k},-t) ] ,
\end{align}
where $G^A({\bm k},t)$ is the advanced component. Using the definitions of the distribution functions and performing the Fourier transformation for the dynamic spin susceptibilities, we obtain
\begin{align}
\langle \hat{I}_S \rangle
&= 4 \hbar \int \frac{d\omega}{2\pi} \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}} |{\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}|^2 N_{\rm S} {\rm Im} \, \chi^R({\bm q},\omega)\nonumber \\
& \times (- {\rm Im}\, G^R({\bm k},\omega))
[ f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) - f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega) ]
\end{align}
Setting ${\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}={\cal T}$ for simplicity, we obtain
\begin{align}
 \langle \hat{I}_S \rangle
&= \hbar A \int \frac{d(\hbar \omega)}{2\pi} \frac{1}{N_{\rm S}N_{\rm F}} \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}{\rm Im} \, \chi^R({\bm q},\omega)\nonumber \\
&\times (- {\rm Im}\, G^R({\bm k},\omega))
[ f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) - f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega) ],
\end{align}
where $A = 4|{\cal T}|^2 N_{\rm S}^2 N_{\rm F}/\hbar$.

\subsection{Spin pumping}

We first consider the case of spin pumping driven by microwave irradiation keeping the same temperature for both SC and FI.
From Eq.~(\ref{eq:deltafSP}), the difference of the distribution functions is given by
\begin{align}
& f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) - f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{10mm} = \frac{2\pi N_F S_0(\gamma h_{\rm ac}/2)^2}{\alpha \omega}
\, \delta_{{\bm k},{\bm 0}}  \,
\, \delta (\omega -\Omega)\, .
\label{eq:distspinpumping}
\end{align}
The spin current generated by SP is then given by
\begin{align}
&I_S^{\rm SP} = \hbar \, A \, g(\Omega) \; {\rm Im} \chi^R_{\rm loc}(\Omega), \\
& g(\Omega) := \frac{(\gamma h_{\rm ac} S_0)^2/2}{(\Omega-\omega_0)^2+\alpha^2\Omega^2},
\end{align}
where the local spin susceptiblity $\chi^R_{\rm loc}(\omega)$ is given by Eqs.~(\ref{eq:ImChiloc}) and (\ref{eq:SCDE}), and $\omega_0 = \gamma h_{\rm dc}$ is the angular frequency of the spin precession.

For the normal metal case ($\Delta = 0$), we obtain for the spin current using Eq.~(\ref{eq:ImChilocNormal}):
\begin{equation}
I_{\rm S}^{\rm SP, N} = \pi \hbar A g(\Omega)N(\epsilon_{\rm F})^2 \hbar \Omega ,
\end{equation}
which is temperature independent for arbitrary values of $\Omega$. We will use this expression as a normalization factor to compare the results at finite $\Delta$ for various frequencies $\Omega$.

Before showing the results obtained in the superconducting case,
we point out that in the small frequency limit ($\Omega \to 0$), the expression for the spin current generated by SP is similar
to the one obtained when computing nuclear spin resonance (NMR) signal~\cite{Coleman15}.
It is known in the theory of the NMR measurement that the BCS singularity in the density of states leads to a coherence peak below the SC transition temperature~\cite{Hebel59,Masuda62}. As a consequence, one can expect a similar coherence peak in the temperature dependence of the spin current at low frequency. However the spin current contains more information than the NMR expression, since $\Omega$ can be controlled arbitrarily up to high frequencies of the order of the transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$.

\begin{figure}[!tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8.cm]{Isp1.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=8.cm]{Isp2.pdf}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the spin current induced by
spin pumping $I^{SP}_S(T)$,
normalized by the current obtained in the normal case $I^{SP,N}_S(T)$, for different values of $\hbar \Omega/T_{\rm c}$, as indicated near each curve. Plot (a) shows  $\hbar \Omega/T_{\rm c}$ from 0.1 to 2. Plot (b) shows $\hbar \Omega/T_{\rm c}$ from 3.0 to 10.}
\label{fig:Isp}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:Isp}, we show the temperature dependence of the spin current induced by spin pumping. Here the temperatures of both FI and SC are set to $T$, and the spin current is normalized by the value obtained for the normal metal case $I_{\rm S}^{\rm SP, N}$.
For small excitation frequency $\Omega$, the temperature dependence of $I_{\rm S}^{\rm SP}$ clearly shows a coherence peak below the SC transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$ as expected.
For $\hbar \Omega < 2\Delta(T=0) \simeq 3.54k_{\rm B}T_{\rm c}$, the spin current is strongly reduced at low temperatures ($k_{\rm B}T \ll 2\Delta(T)$), because spin-flip excitations in the SC are suppressed due to the energy gap $2\Delta$ in the one-electron excitation spectrum.
As $\Omega$ increases, the coherence peak becomes insignificant, while there appears a kink at the temperature satisfying $2\Delta(T) = \hbar \Omega$.
For $\hbar \Omega > 2\Delta(T=0)$, the spin current shows a plateau at low temperature corresponding to its zero temperature value, ultimately recovering the normal state value (dashed line) as $\hbar \Omega$ is increased further.

\subsection{Spin Seebeck effet}

We now turn to the alternative technique for generating a spin current, namely the spin Seebeck effect, which relies on the presence of a temperature gradient between the FI and the SC layers.
Using Eqs.~(\ref{eq:distSCeq}) and (\ref{eq:distFIeq}),
the spin current induced by the spin Seebeck effect is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
& & I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE} = \hbar A \int \!\! \frac{d(\hbar \omega)}{2\pi} \,
{\rm Im} \, \chi_{\rm loc}^R(\omega)
(-{\rm Im} \, G^R_{\rm loc}(\omega)) \nonumber \\
& & \hspace{20mm} \times
[n_{\rm B}(\omega,T_{\rm FI}) - n_{\rm B}(\omega, T_{\rm SC})],
\label{eq:Isexpression2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $G^R_{\rm loc}(\omega):=N_{\rm F}^{-1} \sum_{{\bm k}} \, G^R({\bm k},\omega)$ is the local spin susceptibility in the FI.
For simplicity, we consider the spin Seebeck effect up to the linear term with respect to the temperature difference $\delta T = T_{\rm FI} - T_{\rm SC}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
& &\frac{I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE}}{I_{{\rm S},0}^{\rm SSE}} = \int_{E_0}^{E_{\rm M}} dE\, D_{\rm M}(E) F(E)
\frac{(E/2k_{\rm B}T)^2}{\sinh^2(E/2k_{\rm B}T)}, \\
& & F(E) := {\rm Im} \chi^R_{\rm loc}(E/\hbar)/{\rm Im}\chi^R_{{\rm loc},\Delta=0}(E/\hbar) \nonumber \\
& & \hspace{2.5mm} =
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} dE' \left[ 1+\frac{\Delta^2}{E'(E'+E)} \right] \nonumber \\
& & \hspace{5mm} \times \left[\frac{f(E')-f(E'+E)}{E}\right]
D(E') D(E'+E),
\end{eqnarray}
where $T = T_{\rm SC} \simeq T_{\rm FI}$ and $I_{{\rm S},0}^{\rm SSE}= \hbar A S_0 k_{\rm B} \delta T N(\epsilon_{\rm F})^2$.
The density of states per site for magnon is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
D_{\rm M}(E) &:=& \frac{1}{N_{\rm F}} \sum_{\bm k} \delta(E-\hbar \omega_{\bm k}) \nonumber \\
&=& -(2\pi S_0)^{-1} {\rm Im} \, G_{\rm loc}^R(E/\hbar),
\end{eqnarray}
taking the limit $\alpha \rightarrow 0$, and $E_{\rm M}$ ($\gg E_0$) is the high-energy cut-off of the magnon dispersion relation, which is of the order of the exchange interaction in the FI.
Under a uniform magnetic field, the local spin susceptibility is evaluated for the parabolic magnon dispersion as $D_{\rm M}(E) = (3/2)(E-E_0)^{1/2}E_{\rm M}^{-3/2}$.
For normal metals ($\Delta =0$), the spin current at low temperatures ($k_{\rm B}T \ll E_{\rm M}$) is given by
$I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE}/I_{{\rm S},0}^{\rm SSE}= \eta (k_{\rm B}T/E_{\rm M})^{3/2}$, where $\eta \simeq 6.69$ is a numerical factor.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Isse_new.pdf}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the spin current induced by the spin Seebeck effect $I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE}$, normalized by $I_{{\rm S},0}=I_{\rm S,0}^{\rm SSE} \eta (k_{\rm B}T_{\rm c}/E_{\rm M})^{3/2}$, for SCs (solid lines) and normal metals (dashed lines) with $E_{\rm M}/k_{\rm B}T_{\rm c} = \infty$, 3, and 1 (as indicated near each curve), where $E_{\rm M}$ is the high-energy cut-off of the magnon density of states. As we consider $E_0 \ll k_{\rm B} T_{\rm c}$, the Zeeman energy $E_0$ is set to zero for simplicity.}
\label{fig:Isse}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{fig:Isse}, we show the temperature dependence of $I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE}$.
The solid and dashed lines show $I_{\rm S}^{\rm SSE}$ for the SC and the normal metal ($\Delta = 0$), respectively.
For simplicity, the Zeeman energy is set to zero by assuming that it is much smaller than $k_{\rm B}T$.
When $E_{\rm M}$ is much larger than $k_{\rm B}T_{\rm c}$, the spin current monotonically decreases as the temperature is lowered.
Below the transition temperature $T_{\rm c}$, the spin current at the FI-SC interface is suppressed due to the opening of the energy gap in the SC.
When $E_{\rm M}$ is comparable to $k_{\rm B}T_{\rm c}$, the spin current shows a small maximum below $T_{\rm c}$, and saturates above $T_{\rm c}$.

\section{Spin-Current Noise}
\label{sec:SpinCurrentNoise}

The noise of the pure spin current has been studied for an interface between a FI and a nonmagnetic metal~\cite{Matsuo18,Kamra16a,Kamra16b} as well as for several hybrid nanostructures~\cite{Aftergood17,Joshi18,Nakata18,Aftergood18}.
It includes useful information on spin transport, as suggested from studies of the (electronic) current noise~\cite{ShotNoiseReview}.
In this section, we calculate the spin-current noise for the FI-SC interface.

\subsection{Formulation}

The noise power of the pure spin current is defined as~\cite{Matsuo18}
\begin{equation}
{\cal S} := \lim_{{\cal T}\rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{{\cal T}}
\int_0^{{\cal T}} \! \! dt_1 \int_0^{{\cal T}} \! \! dt_2 \,
\frac{1}{2} \langle \{ \hat{I}_S(t_1), \hat{I}_S(t_2)\} \rangle,
\end{equation}
where $\hat{I}_S(t) := e^{iHt} I_S e^{-iHt}$, and $\{A,B\}=AB+BA$.
The spin-current noise is calculated within the second-order perturbation calculation with respect to $H_{\rm ex}$ as
\begin{align}
{\cal S} &= \hbar^2 \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{d\omega}{2\pi} \sum_{{\bm k},{\bm  q}}
 |{\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}|^2 N_{\rm S} [\chi^<({\bm q},\omega) G^>({\bm k},\omega) \nonumber \\
 & \hspace{10mm} + \chi^>({\bm q},\omega) G^<({\bm k},\omega) ].
\end{align}
Using ${\cal T}_{{\bm k},{\bm q}}={\cal T}$, Eqs.~(\ref{f1})-(\ref{f2}), and the relations
\begin{align}
& \chi^{>}({\bm q},\omega)/(2i) {\rm Im} \, \chi^{R}({\bm q},\omega) = 1+f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega) ,\\
& G^{>}({\bm k},\omega)/(2i) {\rm Im} \, G^{R}({\bm k},\omega) = 1+f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) ,
\end{align}
the spin-current noise is calculated as
\begin{align}
&{\cal S} = \hbar^2 A \int \frac{d(\hbar \omega)}{2\pi} \frac{1}{N_{\rm F}N_{\rm S}}\sum_{{\bm k},{\bm  q}}
 (-{\rm Im} G^R({\bm k},\omega)) {\rm Im} \chi^R({\bm q},\omega)\nonumber \\
& \hspace{10mm} \times [ f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega)(1+ f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega) ) \nonumber \\
& \hspace{15mm} + (1+f^{\rm SC}({\bm q},\omega))f^{\rm FI}({\bm k},\omega)].
\end{align}

In the absence of both the external microwave excitation and the temperature gradient, the noise power is determined by the equilibrium noise:
\begin{equation}
{\cal S}^{\rm eq} = 2 \hbar^2 A \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{d(\hbar \omega)}{2\pi} \frac{
  {\rm Im} \chi_{\rm loc}^R(\omega)(-{\rm Im} G_{\rm loc}^R(\omega))}{4\sinh^2(\hbar \omega/2k_{\rm B}T)}.
\end{equation}
Under the microwave radiation, the noise power is calculated from Eq.~(\ref{eq:distspinpumping}) as
\begin{eqnarray}
& & {\cal S} = {\cal S}^{\rm eq} + {\cal S}^{\rm SP}, \\
& & {\cal S}^{\rm SP} = \hbar \coth \left(\frac{\hbar \Omega}{2k_{\rm B}T}\right) I_{\rm S}^{\rm SP},
\end{eqnarray}
where ${\cal S}^{\rm SP}$ is the non-equilibrium noise induced by spin pumping.
While the non-equilibrium noise can similarly be induced by SSE, we do not discuss it here as it requires to consider a large temperature gradient.

\subsection{Estimate}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{noise_new.pdf}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the equilibrium noise ${\cal S}^{\rm eq}$ and the non-equilibrium noise in the spin pumping case ${\cal S}^{\rm SP}$ for SCs (solid lines) and normal metals (dashed lines).
The noise power is normalized by the non-equilibrium noise in the spin pumping case ${\cal S}_{\rm 0}$ for the normal metals at $T=0$.
For better visualization, data of the equilibrium noise has been multiplied by 100.
}
\label{fig:noise}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As in the metal-FI bilayer system~\cite{Matsuo18,Kamra16a,Kamra16b}, the noise power of the pure spin current includes useful information also in the case of the SC-FI interface.
At low temperatures ($k_{\rm B}T\ll \hbar \Omega$), the ratio ${\cal S}^{\rm SP}/I_{\rm S}^{\rm SP}$ approaches $\hbar$, indicating that each magnon excitation carries the angular momentum $\hbar$.
At high temperatures ($k_{\rm B}T\gg \hbar \Omega$), this ratio becomes proportional to $k_{\rm B} T$ due to the nature of the Bose statistics.
To illustrate their temperature dependence, we estimate and compare the noise powers, ${\cal S}^{\rm eq}$ and ${\cal S}^{\rm SP}$, in realistic experiments.
We use the parameters of the spin pumping experiment for YIG~\cite{Kajiwara10}; $\alpha = 6.7\times 10^{-5}$, $S_0 = 16$, $h_{\rm ac} = 0.11\, {\rm Oe}$, $\gamma = 1.76\times 10^7 \, {\rm Oe}^{-1}{\rm s}^{-1}$ and $\Omega/2\pi = 9.4 \, {\rm GHz}$.
We consider NbN for the SC ($T_{\rm c} \simeq 10\, {\rm K}$), and set $D=532\, {\rm meV}$\AA${}^2$ following Ref.~\onlinecite{Princep17}.
Fig.~\ref{fig:noise} shows the results for the noise power, normalized by ${\cal S}_{\rm 0} = {\cal S}^{\rm SP}(T=0)$ for normal metals.
For this parameter set, the non-equilibrium noise associated with spin pumping is much larger than the equilibrium noise.
For both ${\cal S}^{\rm eq}$ and ${\cal S}^{\rm SP}$, the temperature dependence is peaked below the superconducting transition temperature.

\section{Experimental Setup for Detection}
\label{sec:experiment}

In the previous sections, we have evaluated the spin current and its noise at the FI-SC interface.
For their experimental detection, we need to consider a setup for converting the spin imbalance induced by the spin current into a charge signal.
There are several ways to perform such a spin-charge conversion.
Here, we explain one possible way using the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE).
It was theoretically predicted that such spin current flowing in SC can be detected by the ISHE~\cite{Takahashi02,Takahashi08}.
Indeed, a giant signal of ISHE has recently been observed by spin injection from ferromagnetic metals into an $s$-wave superconductor NbN using the technique of the lateral spin valve~\cite{Wakamura15}.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7.5cm]{ISHE.pdf}
\caption{A setup for detection of the spin current using the inverse spin Hall effect.}
\label{fig:ISHE}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Let us consider spin injection into a SC wire with a width $w$ and a length $2d$ from a FI at $x=0$ (see Fig.~\ref{fig:ISHE}).
By spin-orbit interaction in the SC, the spin current $I_S$ is converted into a quasi-particle current $I_Q$ in the direction perpendicular to both $I_S$ and the ordered spin in the FI, ${\bm S}$.
This quasi-particle current induces a charge imbalance in the SC, and produces a voltage between the two edges located at $x=\pm d$.
Amplitude of the ISHE voltage depends on the spin relaxation in the SC as well as the spin-Hall angle, so that the coefficient between the spin current at the interface and the ISHE voltage is in general temperature-dependent.
Here, we introduce a simple formula employed in Ref.~\onlinecite{Wakamura15}:
\begin{align}
& V_{\rm ISHE} = \frac{|e|}{\hbar} I_S \frac{x}{w} \left(a \frac{\rho_{xx}}{2f_0(\Delta)} + b \biggl(\frac{\rho_{xx}}{2f_0(\Delta)} \biggr)^2 \right) e^{-d/\lambda_Q},
\label{eq:ISHE} \\
& f_0(\Delta) = \frac{1}{e^{\Delta/k_{\rm B}T}+1}. \label{eq:ISHE2}
\end{align}
This expression for the ISHE voltage has been derived assuming an extrinsic spin Hall effect due to spin-orbit scattering in the SC.
Here, $\lambda_Q$ is a charge relaxation length, $a$ and $b$ are coefficients determined by strength of skew scattering and side jump, respectively, and $\rho_{xx}$ is the resistivity of the SC.
Correction due to non-uniform current distribution is represented by a shunting length $x$, which is determined by $w$, $\lambda_Q$, and the shape of the junction~\cite{Wakamura15}.
Combining Eqs.~(\ref{eq:ISHE})-(\ref{eq:ISHE2}) with careful determination of the parameters, we can obtain $I_S$ from the measurement of $V_{\rm ISHE}$.
In principle, the spin-current noise can also be measured within the same kind of setup via the fluctuations of $V_{\rm ISHE}$~\cite{Matsuo18}.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:summary}

In summary, we discussed the spin current and the spin-current noise for the bilayer system composed by a superconductor and a ferromagnetic insulator.
The spin current induced by spin pumping has a maximum below the transition temperature when the pumping frequency $\Omega$ is much smaller than $k_{\rm B}T_c/\hbar$.
As the ratio $\hbar \Omega/k_{\rm B}T_c$ increases, the peak disappears, and the spin current at low temperatures is enhanced.
We also discussed the spin current induced by spin Seebeck effect and the noise power of the pure spin current.
Our study provides a fundamental basis for the application of spintronics using superconductors.
Extension to spin injection from antiferromagnetic insulators is left for a future problem~\cite{Seki15,Wu16,Baltz18,Lado18}.

The authors are grateful to S. Takei, Y. Niimi, Y.-C. Otani, K. Kobayashi, and T. Arakawa for useful discussions and comments.
This work is financially supported by ERATO-JST (JPMJER1402), and KAKENHI (Nos. 26103006, JP26220711, JP16H04023, and JP17H02927) from MEXT and JSPS, Japan.
This work has been supported by the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University - A∗MIDEX, a French ``investissements d'avenir'' program.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Bronsfeld, am Rande der Dreiborner Hochfläche gelegen, ist ein Stadtteil im Südwesten von Schleiden im nordrhein-westfälischen Kreis Euskirchen. In Bronsfeld wohnen etwas über 560 Personen. Der Ort verfügt über einen Bolz-, Kinderspiel- und Bürgertreffplatz, eine katholische Kapelle und ein Feuerwehrhaus des Löschzuges III Dreiborn/Harperscheid/Bronsfeld der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr Stadt Schleiden. Nördlich der Ortschaft liegt der ehemalige Campingplatz Weiermühle am Dieffenbach.

Geschichte
Am 19. Oktober 1322 wird Bronsfeld zusammen mit Harperscheid und Schöneseiffen erstmals als "Pruntzvelt" erwähnt.

Aufgrund des § 9 des Aachen-Gesetzes wurde Bronsfeld am 1. Januar 1972 in die neue Stadt Schleiden eingegliedert. Bis dahin war der 314 Seelen zählende Ort eine selbständige Gemeinde im Amtsbezirk Harperscheid.

Verkehr
Die VRS-Buslinie 836 der RVK verbindet den Ort, überwiegend als TaxiBusPlus nach Bedarf, mit seinen Nachbarorten und mit Schleiden.

Die nächsten Autobahnanschlussstellen sind Nettersheim auf der A 1 und Aachen-Lichtenbusch auf der A 44.

Weblinks

 www.bronsfeld.de – private Seite mit Fotos, Geschichtsabriss und weiteren Informationen

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Schleiden
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Kreis Euskirchen)
Gemeindeauflösung 1972

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@interface PlateSelectionCell : UITableViewCell

@property (nonatomic, strong) UILabel *label;

@end

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Autoimmune hepatitis can be defined as a chronic inflammatory liver disease of unknown etiology, occurring at any age. If untreated, this inflammation can give rise to necrosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Autoimmune hepatitis is almost always associated with immune abnormalities in the form of auto-antibodies or an elevation of serum gamma globulins. A final characteristic is the susceptibility of liver inflammation to immunosuppressant medications, and particularly to corticosteroids.
The etiology of the disease is unknown. In other words, in order to make a diagnosis, the usual causes of liver inflammation must be eliminated. It is currently considered that the mechanism underlying the onset of autoimmune hepatitis requires trigger factors and a particular genetic susceptibility.
other classic trigger factors are medicinal products. Indeed, some drugs have been incriminated in liver damage which closely mimics autoimmune hepatitis. This was particularly the case with oxyphenisatine, a drug used to treat constipation, and some antihypertensive drugs (the best known being tienilic acid, a product withdrawn from the market several years ago for this reason). More recently, some statins, antibiotics and anti-inflammatories have been held responsible for liver damage resembling autoimmune hepatitis. However, in all these situations, withdrawal of the medication has always been accompanied by a regression of the signs of autoimmune hepatitis.
The second major factor triggering the disease is genetic susceptibility. One of the systems controlling immunity is the HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) system. This comprises a series of genes present on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex. This system presents with considerable genetic variability. It includes a very large number of genes coding for proteins, the role of which is to present molecules from viruses, bacteria or xenobiotics to the immune system (lymphocytes, macrophages). In other words, if the protein or an HLA peptide characteristic of an individual is unable to correctly present a peptide of microbial origin to the immune system, the immune reaction will not occur, and inflammation will not take place. On the other hand, a reverse situation can be imagined, where some individuals have strongly performing HLA molecules which are able to present microbial peptides to the immune system. In this case, the immune system will respond in an optimum way and allow definitive elimination of the microbial peptide. In intermediate situations, it can be imagined that the microbial antigen will be presented in such a way that the immune system reaction will be triggered but will not be strong enough to eliminate the antigen definitively. In this case, it comes to a chronic inflammatory reaction, i.e. chronic autoimmune hepatitis.
Some HLA molecules (HLA-DR3 or DR4) are typically associated with autoimmune hepatitis. The HLA-DR3 group is frequently associated with severe hepatitis, and HLA-DR4 with less severe hepatitis. As seen above, it is the immune system itself (independently of HLA molecules) which has a crucial role to play. A paralysed immune system, as seen in some types of primary or acquired immune deficiency (acquired meaning that it results from the administration of chemotherapy or immunosuppressant drugs), provides protection against the triggering of autoimmunity. Recent arguments have been put forward by in vitro and in vivo studies which showed that some populations of regulatory lymphocytes (CD4+ CD25+) could be involved in the onset of autoimmunity. This was demonstrated in an autoimmune disease such as disseminated lupus erythematosus, but also in autoimmune hepatitis.
Autoimmune hepatitis is more common in women than in men. However, it can affect both sexes and all ethnic groups and occurs equally in children and adults.
there is no other normal reason for these elevated levels: no use of medications, no intake of toxic substances, no known viral disease (in particular), markers for B and C viral hepatitis are absent, and there is no genetically-linked metabolic disease (alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, etc.).
gamma globulin levels are elevated: in particular, IgG levels are more than 1.2 times the upper normal laboratory limit. However, in 10% of cases, this elevation is not observed.
most patients present with auto-antibodies. Two important facts must be remembered. These auto-antibodies are detected using immunofluorescence tests performed by specialised laboratories. The auto-antibodies detected in this way are antinuclear antibodies, smooth muscle antibodies or anti-LKM (anti-liver kidney microsome) antibodies. Immunofluorescence techniques can also detect anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Some antibodies are not detected by these techniques, so that certain specific techniques need to be employed. These are the so-called anti-SLA (Soluble Liver Antigen) antibodies. They are detected using Elisa or Western Blot methods. In 10% of cases, these are the only antibodies detected in a setting of autoimmune hepatitis. In other words, negative immunofluorescence results do not necessarily indicate an absence of autoimmune hepatitis.
Depending on the type of antibody and the age at the onset, it is possible to distinguish two major types of autoimmune hepatitis: type 1 is characterised by the presence of anti-actin, anti-SLA antibodies. This type of autoimmune hepatitis occurs at any age, although it is mainly seen in adults. It often responds well to corticosteroid therapy. Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis is characterised by the presence of antibodies directed against the endoplasmic reticulum (anti-liver microsome or LKM antibodies and anti-liver cytosol antibodies). This type of hepatitis occurs almost exclusively in children, exceptionally after puberty. The disease is generally more severe and responds less well to corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs.
If a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis is not made rapidly or is delayed, cirrhosis may develop (this being an irreversible disorder of the liver characterised by severe liver fibrosis and disorganisation of its architecture rendering the organ incapable of functioning normally), or severe hepatitis which may be life-threatening. In both situations, liver transplantation becomes the only option available in the short or long term.
A liver biopsy is essential for the initial diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis, as the lesions are indeed characteristic: they are sited in the portal tract, creating the so-called interface hepatitis, also referred to as piecemeal necrosis. The persistence of inflammation in portal tracts and in the periportal region is the only element upon which the duration of treatment can be based (for life or not).
A related syndrome is also called variant syndrome or overlap syndrome. Ten to 15% of primary biliary cirrhosis cases are associated with clear signs of autoimmune hepatitis. Recognition of these forms is essential as their treatment is based both on that of the primary biliary cirrhosis with ursodeoxycholic acid and on treatment of the autoimmune hepatitis with corticosteroids or immunosuppressant drugs.
The diagnostic criteria for this variant are as follows: in the first instance, they are the main criteria for autoimmune hepatitis, i.e.
the existence of interface hepatitis characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis.
he existence of lymphocytic destructive cholangitis on histopathological examination of the liver. In most cases, the two diseases are expressed simultaneously. More rarely, autoimmune hepatitis occurs several months to several years after the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. In this case, the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis is often unrecognised, as this development is considered as a worsening of the primary biliary cirrhosis, justifying liver transplantation.
In 10% to 20% of cases, autoimmune hepatitis is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis. This situation is more common in children than in adults. A diagnosis can only be made if, during cholangiography or an MRI scan of the bile ducts, visible fibrous obliterating lesions are present. This implies that the initial assessment and follow-up of any case of autoimmune hepatitis must include an MRI scan of the bile ducts. This is a recent notion, but the approach is justified because an MRI scan of the bile ducts is a simple, non-invasive procedure, unlike endoscopic cholangiography which was the only option available a few years ago.
The treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is based on intake of prednisolone alone or in combination with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. The two latter drugs enable a rapid tapering and withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy. Azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil represent the long-term treatment for this condition. This treatment can avoid the complications of long-term corticosteroid therapy, and particularly osteoporosis. The mean initial doses of prednisone are 20 to 50 mg per day, and 1 to 2 mg per kilo body weight in children. When a combination of corticosteroids and azathioprine is used for long-term therapy, the daily doses are 10 mg and 50 mg to 200 mg.
Once transaminase and immune globulin levels have returned to normal, corticosteroid therapy can be discontinued (usually after two years of treatment) and azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil should be pursued at respective doses of 50 to 200 mg per day and 1 to 2 g per day. In patients exhibiting resistance to corticosteroid therapy, the administration of cyclosporine can be attempted; it has been shown to achieve complete remission.
Overlap syndrome needs the administration of both ursodeoxycholic acid and corticosteroids in combination with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil.
Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease which can occur at any age.
Its diagnosis should be considered in the event of any chronic elevation of transaminase activity which is not due to usual causes, particularly of a viral nature.
Apart from elevated liver transaminases, diagnosis is based on elevated immune globulin levels, the presence of auto-antibodies and liver biopsy findings demonstrating a so-called lymphoplasmocytic interface.
The antibodies detected by immunofluorescence techniques are present in 85% to 90% of cases. Additional testing for anti-SLA antibodies should always be specified if no anti-tissue antibodies are present.
10% to 15% of patients with either primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis present with autoimmune hepatitis.
And a final important element: autoimmune hepatitis is a disease which can be cured by the administration of corticosteroids and immunosuppressant drugs. However, these treatments generally need to be pursued for lifetime in order to prevent any recurrence.


The Humane Society of the United States is offering a reward of up to $5,000 for information leading to the identification, arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for the fatal poisoning of three dogs in Lafayette County, Wisconsin.
The Case: On February 5, 2017, Travis Halvorson and Tracey Butson of Mineral Point, Wisconsin, found their three dogs dead in the yard of their home on Ballard Road. All three dogs had no visible signs of trauma but had foam around their mouths. The preliminary necropsy report indicated the dogs had been poisoned and the attending veterinarian believes the poisoning was intentional. Examinations of two of the dogs found evidence of ingestion of raw hamburger meat laced with a highly toxic sulfuric pesticide that has been banned in the United States.
The Investigators: The Lafayette County Sheriff's Department is investigating. Anyone with information about the case is asked to call the Lafayette Crime Stoppers line at 800-606‐TIPS, or the Sheriff's Office at 608-776-4870.


text:
Q: Auto-update products after they were published - Woocommerce I'm using Octolooks Scrapes plugin for scraping products and automatically importing them to customers website. All imports are working fine, also publishing them and updating them automatically every hour... The only problem is stock!

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*Products are imported correctly with meta "0" or "1" to _stock field in Woocommerce.

*Inventory managenet set on "yes".

But stock data is not recognized correctly when products are automatically published.

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*Out of stock products are hidden from Shop page, but they are still counted in categories in sidebar for an example.

*Also they can not be sorted by stock in Woocommerce products dashboard...

BUT WHEN I update or in another words re-publish these same products again in Woocommerce, then all stock is set as it suppose to be. And If I would find solution to update products after they were published, It would do the trick.
On 1. image below it can be seen that product count is "0", but stock is "In stock (0)":

On 2. image - stock correctly set "Out of stock (0)" and correct product count "0" recognized also in categories

Additional info:

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*It doesn't help to regenerate Lookup table

*It doesn't help to clear the product/shop transients cache

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


A historical snapshot of the Wharton Club of New York.
1980 was a very good year for the Wharton Club of New York. Speaker program breakfasts were popular, often attracting 50 or more participants, and the Club held lobster bakes for families at Sherwood Island State Park. Rick Carmichael, WG'69, and Club President that year, recalls sourcing the lobsters as one of the Club's more interesting challenges.
"My job was relatively easy! I graduated a year after Bob Bedell, WG'68, who founded the Club in 1972, and benefited from all of his efforts. Bob did a first-class job in setting the direction of the Club. He aimed high and developed a powerful board. The board members (all 25 of them) were well-connected, and took their roles seriously. For example, the Joseph Wharton Award Dinner in 1980 had 84 sponsors! Board members could and did pick up the phone and call their friends to take a table or two, so there was very little cold calling for us to do. Bob himself was a terrific fundraiser — as I recall, he even worked part-time at the University's development office. I remember Pat Waide, WG'61, of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells, and other board members meeting frequently to plan the dinner, and decide how to approach the award recipient.
Today, Rick runs R.S. Carmichael & Co., a marketing research firm that serves the commercial finance and equipment leasing industries.


The Statler reached out to MCA Group in 2014 to handle all public relations efforts during the historic hotel's renovation and opening. Originally opened in 1956 and closed for nearly 20 years, The Statler – an iconic hotel full of star-studded history – was given new life when it reopened to the public under new ownership in October 2017. In February 2018, The Statler celebrated its grand opening in a weeklong celebration managed & planned by MCA.
MCA Group planned a thorough PR program upon partnering, including ongoing media relations, influencer engagement, special events and more leading up to the hotel's opening in October 2017. Through press releases and targeted pitches, MCA was able to secure lifestyle TV segments, business and travel stories, blog features and much more. In early February 2018, MCA was told that a grand opening celebration was to take place in 3 weeks, so MCA rolled up their sleeves and got to work – planning five days of over-the-top events open to the public, complete with unique themes, live entertainment and performers, and more. The weeklong celebration came to an end with a Friday night private concert and dinner, managed by MCA, featuring Tony Bennett that drew nearly 1,000 guests.
As a result of extensive PR efforts, MCA was able to secure coverage in numerous publications and news outlets. The coverage included CultureMap, D Magazine, Dallas Morning News, Glamour Paris, Texas Monthly KDFW Fox 4, KXAS NBC 5, Yahoo! News and Zagat.