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The Economist No.38: Latin America's latest menace
Brazil is in desperate need of reform,
Ms. Khanh Ha
M: 0915.932.392
E: ha.bui@globalbookcorp.com
"God is Brazilian," goes a saying that became the title of a popular film. Brazil's beauty, natural wealth and music often make it seem uniquely blessed. But these days Brazilians must wonder whether, like the deity in the film, God has gone on holiday. The economy is a disaster, the public finances are under strain and politics are thoroughly rotten. Street crime is rising, too. Seven Brazilian cities feature in the world's 20 most violent.
The national elections next month give Brazil the chance to start afresh. Yet if, as seems all too possible, victory goes to Jair Bolsonaro, a right-wing populist, they risk making everything worse. Mr Bolsonaro, whose middle name is Messias, or "Messiah", promises salvation; in fact, he is a menace to Brazil and to Latin America.
Mr Bolsonaro is the latest in a parade of populists—from Donald Trump in America, to Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines and a left-right coalition featuring Matteo Salvini in Italy. In Latin America, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, a left-wing firebrand, will take office in Mexico in December. Mr Bolsonaro would be a particularly nasty addition to the club. Were he to win, it might put the very survival of democracy in Latin America's largest country at risk.
Populists draw on similar grievances. A failing economy is one—and in Brazil the failure has been catastrophic. In the worst recession in its history, GDP per person shrank by 10% in 2014-16 and has yet to recover. The unemployment rate is 12%. The whiff of elite self-dealing and corruption is another grievance—and in Brazil it is a stench. The interlocking investigations known as Lava Jato (Car Wash) have discredited the entire political class. Scores of politicians are under investigation. Michel Temer, who became Brazil's president in 2016 after his predecessor, Dilma Rousseff, was impeached on unrelated charges, has avoided trial by the supreme court only because congress voted to spare him. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, another former president, was jailed for corruption and disqualified from running in the election. Brazilians tell pollsters that the words which best sum up their country are "corruption", "shame" and "disappointment".
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text:
A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method
Chan Soo Kim, Koichi Nakaso, Bin Xia, Kikuo Okuyama, Manabu Shimada
Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles with primary diameters of less than 30 nm were produced by the thermal decomposition of TTIP and by the oxidation of TICl4 in a cylindrical furnace reactor at 1200°C. Particle size, crystalline phase, and phase transformation were investigated as a function of precursor concentration and total flow rate by TEM, a DMA/CNC system, XRD, and TG-DTA. The results show that both particle size and number concentration were increased with increasing precursor concentration, and that the primary size could be controlled by changing the operating conditions. An anatase-to-rutile phase transformation occurred at TTIP concentrations above 7.68 × 10-6 mol/l and this was enhanced with increasing precursor concentration. It is noteworthy that the transformation is independent of grain size but appears to be related to the presence of carbon impurities in the nanoparticles.
Aerosol Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290906986
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Differential thermal analysis
thermal decomposition
Kim, C. S., Nakaso, K., Xia, B., Okuyama, K., & Shimada, M. (2005). A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(2), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290906986
A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method. / Kim, Chan Soo; Nakaso, Koichi; Xia, Bin; Okuyama, Kikuo; Shimada, Manabu.
In: Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 39, No. 2, 02.2005, p. 104-112.
Kim, CS, Nakaso, K, Xia, B, Okuyama, K & Shimada, M 2005, 'A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method', Aerosol Science and Technology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 104-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290906986
Kim CS, Nakaso K, Xia B, Okuyama K, Shimada M. A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method. Aerosol Science and Technology. 2005 Feb;39(2):104-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290906986
Kim, Chan Soo ; Nakaso, Koichi ; Xia, Bin ; Okuyama, Kikuo ; Shimada, Manabu. / A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method. In: Aerosol Science and Technology. 2005 ; Vol. 39, No. 2. pp. 104-112.
@article{f3cc9dcda9b546e2bdbe2bc611ec82c6,
title = "A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method",
abstract = "Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles with primary diameters of less than 30 nm were produced by the thermal decomposition of TTIP and by the oxidation of TICl4 in a cylindrical furnace reactor at 1200°C. Particle size, crystalline phase, and phase transformation were investigated as a function of precursor concentration and total flow rate by TEM, a DMA/CNC system, XRD, and TG-DTA. The results show that both particle size and number concentration were increased with increasing precursor concentration, and that the primary size could be controlled by changing the operating conditions. An anatase-to-rutile phase transformation occurred at TTIP concentrations above 7.68 × 10-6 mol/l and this was enhanced with increasing precursor concentration. It is noteworthy that the transformation is independent of grain size but appears to be related to the presence of carbon impurities in the nanoparticles.",
author = "Kim, {Chan Soo} and Koichi Nakaso and Bin Xia and Kikuo Okuyama and Manabu Shimada",
doi = "10.1080/027868290906986",
journal = "Aerosol Science and Technology",
T1 - A new observation on the phase transformation of TiO2 nanoparticles produced by a CVD method
AU - Kim, Chan Soo
AU - Nakaso, Koichi
AU - Xia, Bin
AU - Okuyama, Kikuo
AU - Shimada, Manabu
N2 - Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles with primary diameters of less than 30 nm were produced by the thermal decomposition of TTIP and by the oxidation of TICl4 in a cylindrical furnace reactor at 1200°C. Particle size, crystalline phase, and phase transformation were investigated as a function of precursor concentration and total flow rate by TEM, a DMA/CNC system, XRD, and TG-DTA. The results show that both particle size and number concentration were increased with increasing precursor concentration, and that the primary size could be controlled by changing the operating conditions. An anatase-to-rutile phase transformation occurred at TTIP concentrations above 7.68 × 10-6 mol/l and this was enhanced with increasing precursor concentration. It is noteworthy that the transformation is independent of grain size but appears to be related to the presence of carbon impurities in the nanoparticles.
AB - Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles with primary diameters of less than 30 nm were produced by the thermal decomposition of TTIP and by the oxidation of TICl4 in a cylindrical furnace reactor at 1200°C. Particle size, crystalline phase, and phase transformation were investigated as a function of precursor concentration and total flow rate by TEM, a DMA/CNC system, XRD, and TG-DTA. The results show that both particle size and number concentration were increased with increasing precursor concentration, and that the primary size could be controlled by changing the operating conditions. An anatase-to-rutile phase transformation occurred at TTIP concentrations above 7.68 × 10-6 mol/l and this was enhanced with increasing precursor concentration. It is noteworthy that the transformation is independent of grain size but appears to be related to the presence of carbon impurities in the nanoparticles.
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JO - Aerosol Science and Technology
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10.1080/027868290906986

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to download files from IBM Python Notebook to local computer? I am trying to save a plot as a file through the Python Notebook in IBM Watson Platform.
After trying
localfilenamefromplot = 'foo1.png'
fig = plt.figure()

fig.savefig(localfilenamefromplot)

I can't find where the file is stored. I tried to type:
! find ~/ -name foo1.png -print

And it returns:
/gpfs/fs01/user/sc23-e890c70096bffa-bofgdgoi23423464/notebook/work/foo1.png

How can I locate this file, and see it? And let's say I want to save many plot-files like this one in a loop, can I directly (in the loop) save them to local computer (export), (without displaying the plots) as it will consume too much space in the IBM Cloud?

A: Your notebook code is running in an IBM cluster. It cannot save to the disk of your own computer, on which your browser is running. The files you save to the "local" file system are saved in the IBM cluster. There's no download option for that file system.
You should save your files directly into a Cloud Object Storage (COS) instance. Or if that is not possible due to API constraints, save them to the "local" file system in the cluster and then copy them from there to COS. From COS, it is possible to download files to your computer.
All recent projects in Watson Studio (formerly Data Science Experience) already use a COS instance for storing your notebooks. You can use that same instance for the data you generate in notebooks. There's a project-lib for conveniently accessing COS from your notebook.

A: I would say save it to your root by specifying the directory in your file name such as:
localfilenamefromplot = '../foo1.png'
fig = plt.figure()

fig.savefig(localfilenamefromplot)

This way you can locate it easily. When you type !ls '../' in a cell in your notebook you can see your files. You can even create a new folder with !mkdir '../newfolder' and save your figures there. But I am also looking for a way to download them and still haven't found it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Make a js request with 2 methods POST and PUT I got api for creating cats with authorisation token
curl -X POST -H "Authorization: JWT <dat_token>" -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name":"SuperApi2","breed":"Bite"}' http://127.0.0.1:8000/cats/api/

how to write request in AngularJs for this operation? It has 2 methods POST and PUT
I tried to play with something like this but it does not work
var req = {
    method: 'POST',
    url:'http://127.0.0.1:8000/cats/api/',
    headers: {
        'Authorization':'<data_token>',
        'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    },
    data: {"name":"AngularJs","breed":"Bite"}
};
$http(req).then(
    function(qwe) { console.log(qwe) },
    function(error) { alert(error.toSource()) }
);

A: Ok, this operation does not really need POST method, only put
var req = {
    method: 'PUT',
    url:'http://127.0.0.1:8000/cats/api/',
    headers: {
        'Authorization':'<data_token>',
        'Content-Type': 'application/json'
    },
    data: {"name":"AngularJs","breed":"Bite"}
};
$http(req).then(
    function(qwe) { console.log(qwe) },
    function(error) { alert(error.toSource()) }
);


text:
Motoring Nation Car News and Pictures
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Home / News / PEUGEOT IS FIRST CAR MAKER IN THE WORLD TO LAUNCH ONLINE SALES
PEUGEOT IS FIRST CAR MAKER IN THE WORLD TO LAUNCH ONLINE SALES
News 1,308 Views
PEUGEOT has launched a revolutionary e-commerce capability, the world's first all-encompassing online car-buying process, under the banner "Order Online by PEUGEOT". User-friendly and intuitive to navigate, Order Online by PEUGEOT represents the first time that every step in the buying process can be completed in one place online, in one sitting.
The system offers an unrivalled level of flexibility, putting the consumer firmly in the driving seat during the purchase process; customers can build a car which meets their specific requirements, secure a guaranteed part exchange valuation for their existing car, and fund the vehicle according to their individual budget criteria, using a range of finance package deals.
The system is now live, meaning that customers can browse PEUGEOT's model range and save details in their own, password-protected account, allowing them to think about the purchase before 'clicking to buy', or starting the configuration process again from the start to compare packages and cars. With a completely new web interface, built in-house by the PEUGEOT team, it is entirely feasible for a customer to go through the whole process from end-to-end, and order their dream car, in less than 30 minutes. With no need to visit a Dealer to complete finance paperwork, this "buy at home" capability remains unique in the market.
David Peel, PEUGEOT UK Managing Director, said: "The launch of our e-commerce system represents a huge step change for the UK automotive industry. The retail landscape in general has changed immeasurably over the last few years and we are not only proud to be the first car manufacturer to offer customers a truly end-to-end experience, but also honoured to be the first of PEUGEOT's markets to unveil the system.
"Traditionally, car buyers can find visiting a Dealership daunting. With e-commerce by PEUGEOT, that pressure to make a decision is removed; the customer is in full control and can deliberate all they want over spec and finance decisions, change their minds and retrace their steps as many times as they wish.
"If, having browsed the model range, selected their car and found a finance package that works for them, customers want a test drive, they can still arrange this before committing to a purchase."
The PEUGEOT system automatically filters the best available options for the user, based on the criteria they set. This process allows customers to reach the "magic moment" – the instant they decide to press the button to buy the product – at their own convenience.
The system even makes taking delivery of a new car convenient, allowing customers the option of either picking it up from their local PEUGEOT Dealership or having it delivered to their door.
Finance deals are also available immediately online through e-commerce, meaning that customers can make informed decisions without having to wait and search separately. The part exchange element of the system is underwritten by trusted partner, Manheim.
And the real measure of success? The system was quietly launched last week, and within 12 hours the first order had been placed, with others following quickly. The range of cars ordered spans the PEUGEOT range, from 108 to the all-new 3008 SUV, and the profile of customers is equally wide, with a range of ages and demographic profiles proving that this system will have wide appeal.
To access this system, please visit: https://offers.peugeot.co.uk/
ukautoforums@outlook.com
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The interior of the new ID.4 revealed
Contact: info@motoringnation.co.uk
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text:
Stop Eurocentrism, start a universal history of ideas
Too often Europeans think that all great ideas originated in Europe. The reality is not only different but also more interesting (Photo: Eszter Zalan)
By Koert Debeuf
Over the centuries, we in Europe have come to think that every important idea originated on our continent and then, step by step, conquered the world. Moreover, we often measure the level of civilisation of other cultures by the number of ideas and standards they have adopted from the West. It's time to get rid of this Eurocentric idea.
The reality is that every culture in history has flourished by learning from other cultures and adopting ideas from others. Cultures, or civilisations as some call them, are not bubbles that exist in isolation.
Rethinking the history of ideas is essential in moving from a Eurocentric towards a universalistic model (Photo: EUobserver)
The same is true of Europe, whose foundations are made up of non-European ideas. Our calendar, for example, comes from Egypt, and our sexagesimal system from Sumeria and Babylon.
Unlike the decimal system, which has 10 as its base digit, 60 is the base digit of the sexagesimal system. We use this ancient system for our timekeeping (an hour has 60 minutes), for our geometry (a circle is 360 degrees), and therefore also for our geographical coordinates (latitude etc.).
Our numbers come from India, after an Arabic transformation.
Algebra, the basis for our arithmetic and for our computers, was invented by the Arab Persian Al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century in Baghdad. His name became Algorithmi in Latin, from where, of course, our word algorithm comes.
Book printing, the most important European invention of the Renaissance, was actually invented in China. Around the year 1,000, a printing press with loose, wooden letters was built in China.
Around 1,400, wood was replaced by metal in Korea. Forty years later, Johannes Gutenberg invented loose-lead printing in Europe. Or did the idea come to him via the Silk Road from Korea?
Is secularism a European idea?
But even ideas that we call fundamentally European have actually been borrowed from other cultures.
Take, for example, the idea of secularism, or the separation of church and state, or faith and science.
This debate first took place in the 9th century in Baghdad, then the capital of the Islamic (Abbasid) caliphate.
In Baghdad, philosophical and scientific works were translated from Greek, Indian, and Persian, among other languages.
With the translation of Aristotle and his logical, scientific thinking, the question suddenly arose as to what actually is the truth?
Is the truth what the Qur'an says, or what is scientifically proven? For example, is the world created by God, or is it eternal, as Aristotle had proved with his method?
According to some Arab philosophers in Baghdad, scientific truth was the real truth and therefore the divine word in the Qur'an had to be interpreted allegorically.
This tradition of thought was continued in Andalusian Cordoba in the 11th and 12th centuries by the philosopher Averroes, among others.
His works were translated into Latin and created an enormous debate between philosophers and theologians at the newly founded University of Paris in the 13th century, and in Italy in the 14th century.
The distinction between faith and science was transformed into the idea of the separation of Church and State by political thinkers who were followers of Averroes.
It is these ideas that were later adopted and further developed by Machiavelli and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In other words, we can say that secularism, one of the fundamental ideas of modern Europe, has Arab or Islamic roots.
How Europe deleted universalism
These are just a few examples of what we could call a universal history of ideas.
It is interesting to note that this was precisely the view of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert in their Encyclopédie in the mid-18th century.
According to them, ideas are like shards scattered around the world that have influenced each other throughout history and have been glued together to form the ideas we know today (in the 18th century).
Other histories of philosophies of the time and older also regard the history of ideas as universal.
Why is this different today? Why do we learn and read in almost all histories of philosophy or science that all important ideas originated in Greece, were forgotten in the Middle Ages and then rediscovered in the Renaissance?
In the same 18th century, German Enlightenment philosophers believed that the truth could only be Christian and therefore European.
They also saw Germany as the successor to Greece and the Greek thinkers as the preparers of Christian thought. Anything outside that tradition was to be dismissed as inferior. We also read this way of thinking in Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Hegel.
Eurocentrism in our education and thinking is actually a product of a German-Christian ideology of the 18th century.
The same German thinkers, by the way, invented racism, which, by analogy with botany, divided people into superior and inferior races.
These ideas were mixed with the emerging nationalism in Germany and were adopted in other European countries. The result was that non-European thinkers and ideas were systematically removed from the philosophical canon everywhere.
Unnecessary guilt
What should we do with this today? There is no need to admit guilt. We are all a product of the history of ideas without realising it.
As a historian and philosopher, I am also completely against the deletion of thinkers from our history.
Throwing philosophers into the rubbish bin because they contributed to world views we no longer support prevents us from understanding that history properly.
What we must do, however, is re-evaluate our history and this means, in my opinion, bringing back the universal history of ideas as we read it in the Encyclopédie.
Studying other cultures is a first step. Understanding how each culture influenced the other and ultimately pushed human civilisation forward in a complex web of exchanges is a great but extremely interesting challenge for science and education.
The views expressed in this opinion piece are the author's, not those of EUobserver.
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Google has removed 800,000 search results across the EU following complaints from citizens, without the public knowing what has been removed, why it was removed or who complained. We revisit the case that rewrote history online.
Tomorrow MEPs can end EU animal export horror show
On Thursday, MEPs must press for a ban on all live exports outside the EU, and call for overall journey times within the EU to be limited to four hours for poultry and rabbits, and eight hours for other animals.
An EU-Africa 'equal partnership' must tackle past and present
Competition is fierce and getting African leaders' attention is no easy task. US president Joe Biden has his own Africa summit, and Turkey, Japan, Russia and - most importantly - China, also have Africa forums up and running.
Where is the transparency in the EU €2 trillion recovery?
A lack of transparency and unwillingness to engage stakeholders, with first the EU pandemic recovery plans and now with the cohesion funds, threatens to imperil a bounceback instead of steering the Green Deal.
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The strong advocacy of Central and Eastern European capitals for including fossil gas and nuclear power in the EU's green taxonomy only leads to another unsustainable energy lock-in for the region, leaving their grid exposed to third-country coercion.


text:
"It seems to me that we have seen no grounds at all for impeachment proceedings to be started by the House," said Maine Sen. Susan Collins. | Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
Mueller's moves doom impeachment in Senate
Even Republican critics of Trump said any effort to remove the president was off the table.
The prospect of a Republican Senate removing President Donald Trump from office is now further away than ever. Just ask Susan Collins.
With special counsel Robert Mueller clearing the president of collusion with Russia and the Justice Department dismissing questions of obstruction of justice, the moderate Maine Republican sees no need for even a discussion of whether to convict the president should he be impeached by the Democratic House.
"He has been exonerated on the issue of conspiracy or coordination with the Russians," Collins said in an interview, adding that she wants to read the full Mueller report and get a classified briefing on the obstruction of justice issue.
She added: "But it seems to me that we have seen no grounds at all for impeachment proceedings to be started by the House. When even Speaker Pelosi says that it would not be the right route, I believe that puts it to rest regarding these allegations."
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Collins was among more than a dozen Senate Republicans who took on the president recently, with many voting to condemn Trump's national emergency declaration and the U.S. role in Yemen's civil war. Those were painful moments for the Senate GOP, testing its loyalty to Trump and forcing him to issue the first veto of his presidency. Collins opposed Trump on both as she runs for re-election as a party-bucking centrist in Democratic-leaning Maine.
But comments Monday from Collins and other Republicans who have challenged Trump recently underscore just how unlikely it is for now that 20 GOP senators would join Democrats and vote to remove the president — the two-thirds threshold needed to convict.
Forget impeachment, there was barely any enthusiasm for further exploring the Mueller report's findings.
Sen. Mitt Romney (R-Utah) challenged Trump during the lengthy government shutdown and the president's national emergency declaration. He previously wrote a fiery op-ed denouncing Trump's character. But asked about whether the Senate GOP needed to further probe the obstruction of justice question, Romney said the matter seemed settled because "there was not an underlying crime."
"The American people recognize that if there is no crime, it's hard to suggest that there was obstruction of justice to prevent an investigation in the absence of a crime," Romney said on Monday evening.
And the red wall of opposition to impeachment in the Senate may matter more than anything else: Pelosi has made clear she wants no part of a partisan impeachment trial.
And that is what she would get if she were to begin moving forward now.
"If the factual basis has now been factually disproven by Mueller, it should take some wind out of the sails," said Sen. John Cornyn (R-Texas), a former GOP whip. "People have stylistic differences with the way the president runs his business, but in terms of any potential threat of criminal activity, I think everybody's reassured."
"Russia collusion and obstruction of justice, I think those are dead issues," said Sen. Ron Johnson (R-Wis.), the GOP's oversight chairman.
And impeachment? "There's no point even talking about it," he replied.
Senate Democrats on Monday largely joined their House counterparts in poking holes in Barr's letter and said Democratic probes must continue in the House. Most in the party continued beating the drum for the release of the full report rather than trying to rebut Barr's summary, with Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer trying to pass a resolution urging the release of the full document on Monday only to be blocked by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.
"Whether you're a supporter of President Trump or not … there is no good reason not to make the report public," Schumer said.
Yet McConnell, like most other Republicans, saw little reason to give ground and blocked Schumer's request. Senate Judiciary Chairman Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) was feeling so good on Monday that he launched a new investigation: of the FBI and Justice Department's handling of the 2016 presidential election and whether they tried to stop Trump from winning.
The question of impeachment is a political one, and the politics have sharply turned against Democrats in a GOP-led Senate that's often wavered between condemning Trump's erratic behavior and controversial comments while also advancing his agenda. Even as Republicans fear new rounds of tariffs and fewer sanctions on North Korea, Barr's memo seemed clarifying for the GOP.
Democrats now have to beat Trump the old-fashioned way
By DAVID SIDERS and CHRISTOPHER CADELAGO
Impeachment "should be off the table. And I think that Democrats in the House would be much better off if they legislate and not investigate," said Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.), who came under fire from conservatives back home for opposing Trump's emergency declaration.
That's not to say Trump's Senate allies aren't still on guard. Sen. John Kennedy (R-La.) urged Congress to move on from the Russia investigation because "there's no evidence. None. Zero. Nada." But he also hoped Trump would take the same advice.
"It's over. And I say this gently to the president, I will say: When you get what you want, leave it alone. Don't be a meathead on this," Kennedy said.
Whether Trump would take his advice seemed doubtful on Monday as the GOP launched attacks on the media and Democrats for focusing so much on the Russia investigation. Trump himself on Monday said the investigation amounted to a "false narrative. It was a terrible thing."
"Very few people I know could have handled it. We can never ever let this happen to another president again," he said.
And even as Collins agreed Trump was cleared from the broader collusion charges, she was quick to stress that she disagreed with Trump's "inappropriate" attacks on the Mueller probe. She also hasn't endorsed his reelection campaign and hopes Congress investigates disruption efforts launched from Russia, China and Iran on American elections.
But her conclusion after nearly two years of smoke, troubling reports and high drama about Trump is clear: "It's good news for all of America that no presidential candidate was coordinating or conspiring with the Russians."
"I can't imagine why any American would want that to be true," Collins added. "I'm glad that President Trump has been exonerated."
Marianne LeVine contributed to this report.
John Cornyn
Chuck Schumer
Donald Trump 2020
John N. Kennedy
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text:
Q: Lazy Load Directives in Angular2 I could not really find an answer on SO about this, so if there exists a solution or even best practice about lazy loading of directives in Angular (RC4), I would be happy to hear.

A: lazy loading was introduced with rc.5 and is for loading modules. However, you can organize your directives in modules according your needs.
See https://angularjs.blogspot.de/ for directions how to get started with lazy loading.

Lazy Loading In addition to enabling AoT compilation and generally
  improving the developer experience of Angular2, NgModules enable a
  simple way to lazy load pieces of your application via the router. A
  simple example illustrates this:
import {RouterModule} from
 '@angular/router' import {NgModule} from '@angular/core' @NgModule({
 declarations: [ MyComponent, MyHomeRoute ],   bootstrap: [ MyComponent
 ],   imports: [
     RouterModule.forRoot([
       { path: 'home', component: MyHomeRoute },
       { path: 'lazy', loadChildren: './my-lazy-module' }
     ]) }) class MyAppModule {}

You simply define a loadChildren property on a route, and Angular
  will go fetch the module at that location and load the routes defined
  in it into the router config.


text:
The Hollis Chair of Divinity is an endowed chair at Harvard Divinity School. It was established in 1721 by Thomas Hollis, a wealthy English merchant and benefactor of the university, at a salary of £80 per year. It is the oldest endowed chair in the United States, the first professorship in theology in the country, and in the early 19th century it was considered to be "the most prestigious endowed professorship in America".

History
The terms for the new position were drawn up in London on 22 August 1721. Requirements for the professor were not very sectarian, although Hollis made a requirement of character: "That he should be a man of solid learning in divinity, of sound, or orthodox principles, one well gifted to teach, of a sober and pious life, and of a grave conversation." Traditionally, the chair's occupant has the right to graze a cow on the Harvard Yard, but until 2009 none but the first two Hollis professors had done so; in 2009, upon his retirement, theologian Harvey Cox restored the tradition and chose Faith, a Jersey cow belonging to the Farm School in Athol, Massachusetts.

Although Hollis was a Baptist, he had enough faith in the liberal and tolerant atmosphere at Harvard to endow the chair and allow the president and faculty of the university to appoint theologians to the chair, with the condition "that none be refused on account of his belief and practice of adult baptism." Hollis's "sound and orthodox principles" initially meant Congregationalist or Calvinist. The chair's first occupant, Edward Wigglesworth (1732–1794), had to swear allegiance to the Medulla Theologiae, a Calvinist theological manual by William Ames.

The chair was first unoccupied, briefly, from 1803 to 1805, when the Puritans at Harvard ceded power to the Unitarians; in 1805, Unitarian Henry Ware assumed the post. Proponents of the Unitarian faction pointed out that it would be impossible to find a man orthodox enough for the 1720s in the early nineteenth century; "orthodox" they interpreted as following "the general sentiment of the country." In the 1830s, Harvard found itself in financial trouble and at the same time was moving away from the teaching of religion. Josiah Quincy III, then-president of Harvard, refused to nominate a successor for Henry Ware, and the post was left unoccupied a second time. It also seems that the original endowment had dried up. In the meantime, to lessen the possible charge of a "narrowly sectarian education" the chair was moved to the Divinity School, which had been formed in 1816.

Chairholders and denomination
Edward Wigglesworth (1722–1765); Calvinist Congregationalist
Edward Wigglesworth (son of the previous occupant; 1765–1792); Calvinist Congregationalist
David Tappan (1792–1803); Calvinist Congregationalist
Henry Ware (1805–1840); Unitarian Congregationalist
David Gordon Lyon (1882–1910); Baptist
James Hardy Ropes (1910–1933); Trinitarian Congregationalist
Henry Cadbury (1934–1954); Quaker
Amos Niven Wilder (1956-1963); Congregationalist
George Huntston Williams (1963-1980);Unitarian
Harvey Cox (198?–2009); Baptist
Karen Leigh King (2009– ) Episcopalian

References

External links
History of Harvard Divinity School

1721 establishments in Massachusetts
Financial endowments
Divinity, Hollis
Divinity, Hollis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


No matter where I go someones talking about Rockprinzess legless people. Way to get on the map girl! I like the obviously hard work on this. Not sure about the halftone screen effect though. Good job!
hmm.... nice use of the hurricane but...... i can't make out ANY eleemts from the source.
Sorry, got the wrong picture up...I thought I'd swtiched them.
Like the moire pattern and the toning of the image.


It's night time at Kadic and a delivery boy walks into the dorms, headphones in his ears… He places a small gift in front of Aelita's door. When Jim runs into the trespassing man, XANA's eye appears in the man's and he leaps up to the ceiling, escaping like a spider.
The next day is Valentine's Day and according to Yumi, the gift placed outside Aelita's door comes from Jeremy. Aelita discovers inside a simple necklace, but she's still very pleased… When she thanks Jeremy he plays along. Aelita is the only one not to realise that Jeremy wasn't the one who gave it to her, and the boy gets suspicious about its origins, particularly suspecting Odd who says that the brainiac is completely blinded by love… Forgetting all discretion and raising their voices, Odd and Jeremy earn themselves two hours of detention. Valentine's Day obviously brings conflict with it: Sissi invites Ulrich to a Subsonics concert, William gives flowers to Yumi… Logical conlusion: Ulrich and Yumi fight.
The group is then divided while Aelita begins to feel sick. XANA's necklace then takes possession of her. Controlled, she plays on Jeremy's feelings and begs him to let her go find information from Sector 5 after class… Unable to resist a kiss, Jeremy gives in.
With Odd in detention and Ulrich with Sissi, Aelita goes to Lyoko with only Yumi. Without warning, Aelita turns against her friend, kicking her and sending her into a tree, then stealing the Overboard and leaving the Forest for the Ice Sector.
After having confronted Krabes, the geisha catches up to Aelita and rams their two vehicles together, destroying them both. Her possessed friend then uses her Creativity to make a hole in the icy floor under the Japanese girl's feet. She grabs onto the edge of the platform. Her fingers gradually begin to slip, the boy behind the computer screen deciding to devirtualise her. Odd and Ulrich arrive and while Ulrich saves Yumi from a fatal fall giving Jeremy more time to devirtualise her, Odd chases after the pinkette.
He finds her in a cave where the Scyphozoa awaits her. When she sees Odd arrive followed by Ulrich, she blocks the entrance with a wall of ice. Ulrich can't cut through it with his virtual sabre, but Odd climbs over the obstacle. Aelita uses her power again and freezes Odd's legs in ice, then approaching the Scyphozoa willingly.
Immobilised, Odd can't reach the monster. Jeremy orders him to make the girl his target, because XANA can't risk losing her memory, they need to pressure the virus into letting her go. Aelita loses a lot of life point but XANA gives in, freeing Aelita from the monster's tentacles.
The group then goes to deactivate the tower, and reconciles, notably Ulrich and Yumi. The young boy admits that the poem he read to Sissi was originally written for her.
- Attack: XANAfy a delivery boy to deliver a hypnotic necklace to Aelita and take control of her with it.
- Episode is rich in love-related confusion.
- First appearance of Aelita's scooter.
- First mention of Ms Hertz' and Mr Delmas' first names; Suzanne and Jean-Pierre respectively!
- First time Aelita rides the Overboard alone.
- First time Yumi uses her telekinesis on her fans.
- The Subsonics are Ulrich's favourite band.
- Jim seems to have a thing for Ms Hertz.
- Jeremy has created a program that can imitate peoples' voices and plans to improve the materialisation program.
- The principal reduces the number of detention hours to 2 because it's Valentine's Day.
- During Ms Hertz' class the students change place often.
- When Jeremy returns from the principal's office he's carrying a paper signed by Franz Hopper, though it's not certain why he has it at that time.
- When Odd gets a call from Jeremy and tells him they should be in detention, as he walks to the right of the screen his hair splotch disappears for a split second before reappearing again.
- At the very end when Yumi says the poem was for her and not Sissi, we see she and Aelita laughing but we hear Odd and Jeremy instead.
- It's Valentine's Day; the action therefore takes place in February.
- First time a vehicle enters a tower.
- Strangely this episode has only been aired on Wednesday 14th of February 2007 and Monday February 14th 2008 on Canal J (in agreeance with the theme of the episode).
- Valentine's Day is celebrated on 14th of February. It's also called Feast of Saint Valentine or feast of lovers in some western countries.
Nowadays, it's customary for lovers (especially men) to give their partner a present. In other countries, Valentine's Day often has some sort of equivalent (in Japan, women give chocolate to their lover. The men then reciprocate the gift a month later on White Day, though the gift can be anything, generally not chocolate).
Spider-Man is a superhero from Marvel comics who, when bitten by a radioactive spider, gains spider-like powers. One such power includes being able to crawl on walls and ceilings.
Yumi: Plain, but not bad!
Aelita: But I wonder who gave it to me. And why!
Yumi: Why? I might have an idea! You know what day it is today?
Yumi: Yes, but not just any Tuesday! It's Saint Valentine's Day, the day all lovers celebrate!
Yumi: Yes, and I can guess exactly which boy might want to give you a present, can't you?
Ulrich: You know the first time I see someone in the morning I tend to say "good morning!" But then again, maybe I'm a little old-fashioned!
Aelita: Your Valentine's Day present. It's lovely!
Jeremy: Uh…yeah…um…well, you're welcome! It's only natural, hehe!
Ulrich: You didn't give it to her, did you?
Jeremy: Was it that obvious?
Ulrich: Yeah! But lucky for you, love has made Aelita blind!
Jeremy: Hey Ulrich, it wasn't you who gave her that necklace, by any chance?
Ulrich: Are you out of your mind or something? I didn't even know it was Valentine's Day!
Ulrich: Jeremy? What rhymes with uh, tulip?
Jeremy: I dunno, microchip? Paperclip? Hypocrite?
Jeremy: What are you writing?
Jeremy: Is it for Yumi?
Jeremy: Biology homework that rhymes, huh? That's interesting!
Jeremy: Odd, the necklace, it wasn't you, was it?
Odd: Do I have to remind you that Aelita is supposed to be my cousin?
Jeremy: Yes, except that we both know she isn't your cousin!
Odd: Yeah, and what if it was me? Aelita isn't your property as far as I know!
Jeremy: Aha! You see? You admit it!
Odd: I didn't admit anything!
Jeremy (standing up): You just said it was you!
Odd: Hey, have you gone bananas? (stands up) Your eyesight's not great, but your hearing's worse!
Principal: In your case, Odd, this comes as no surprise. But you, Jeremy, a model student in all areas! I simply don't understand.
Principal: Two hours of detention should help you to find some more convincing arguments. And you're lucky it's Valentine's Day, or I'd have given you at least four!
Jeremy: I'm still waiting for an answer!
Odd: Hey, why don't we call a truce, ok?
Jeremy: Was it you who gave her the necklace, yes or no?
Odd: Ok then, no truce!
Sissi: Um, Ulrich? Could I talk to you for a second?
Ulrich: Uh, well, only if it's really important. For me? Is this for Valentine's Day?
Sissi: Ha, no, it's for Christmas! Of course it's for Valentine's Day! What do you think, hm? Come on, open it, stupid!
Ulrich: Wow! A ticket to the Subsonics concert!
Sissi: Isn't that your favourite group?
William: Yumi! I've got something for you!
Yumi: Oh, thank you, William!
Ulrich: Sissi? I wrote you a little poem! "To tell you how much I flip, if not with a tulip, how I'm a victim of your charms, and long to hold you in my arms, with you I never f-feel gloomy, my little uh…Sissi"!
Sissi: Oh, Ulrich! It rhymes! It's so beautiful!
Jeremy: Look, it's ridiculous to fight over such a puny little thing! William had every right to give Yumi a present, and so did Sissi with Ulrich, right?
Ulrich: Hey, I don't think you're the one to talk right now, ok?
Principal: That's two more hours! Four hours of detention. I'm going to have to suspend you if you do anything else! (Jeremy leaves) Jim sees Spider-Man stuck to the ceiling, my best pupil is acting like a clown…Valentine's Day is making everyone crazy!
XANA-Aelita: Yumi says she'll go with me to Lyoko!
Jeremy: After everything that's happened today, it'll be nice to get something accomplished!
Jeremy: Vehicles for the ladies coming right up!
Jeremy: You need to go due east to get to the edge of the Sector.
XANA-Aelita: No way. I'm heading north.
Jeremy: Yumi? Can you hear me? Are you ok?
Yumi: Oh…I'd be lying if I said I was…what's gotten into her?
Jeremy: I don't know, she's lost it!
Odd: Jeremy, we're supposed to be doing two hours of detention now! Speak slower, I can't understand a word! … Hm? … An attack by XANA? Is that all you could think of as an excuse for us to make up?
Sissi: Hey, where are you going?
Ulrich: Jeremy just reminded me of a really important thing I have to do.
Yumi: Jeremy! I don't want to sound pessimistic, but if Ulrich and Odd could hurry up a bit…!
Ulrich: You see, Jim, Aelita's got 104 fever, so naturally she wants to see her cousin! He's her only family!
Jim: What do you take me for, some kind of idiot?!
Ulrich: Well um…no! No, Jim.
Ulrich: Ah, excuse me! Yeah. Well, no, Jim doesn't believe me. About Aelita's fever!
Jeremy: Ok, put him on, Ulrich!
Ulrich: Here you are, Jim. It's…it's for you.
Jim: Yes? Yes? O-of course! I-I understand, Mr Delmas!
Jeremy (principal's voice): Do you hear me, Jim? Let Della Robbia see his cousin!
Jim: Uh…very well! Whatever you say, sir! Hm…say, um, uh…uh, when you have time, could I speak to you about a personal matter? It's about Suzanne Hertz.
Jeremy (principal's voice): I…well…um…uh, I…um…oh, it's a tunnel! We're about to get cut off!
Ulrich: How did you manage that with the principal?
Jeremy: I wrote a new program! (principal's voice) Stern, Della Robbia? Hurry up, things are getting hot here!
Yumi: Jeremy! Tell me you've reprogrammed a new vehicle!
Jeremy: Don't worry! Give me ten seconds.
Jeremy: Through the way tower!
Yumi: On the Overboard? Are you absolutely sure about that?
Jeremy: Uh, well, yes! There's no reason you couldn't!
Yumi: If you're wrong I swear I'll…whaaaa!
Jeremy: You swear you'll what?
Odd: Can't do without me, huh? You won't get mad if I save Aelita, will you?
Jeremy: No, let him, Ulrich. He's right., I was being stupid!
Odd: I don't blame you Jeremy, I understand! I'm a pretty charming guy! It's only natural you'd be jealous of me!
Yumi: Aelita! You must stop obeying XANA!
Yumi: Uh…Jeremy, could you just remind me what'll happen if I fall into the Digital Sea?
Jeremy: If I were you, I'd avoid it!
Yumi: Well then if you could help me out of here I'd appreciate it!
Jeremy: I'm brining you back. But it's gonna take a couple of minutes!
Yumi: I was afraid you were gonna say that!
Ulrich: Happy to see me?
Ulrich: Move it, Jeremy! I can't hold her for long!
Jeremy: I'm doing all I can!
Ulrich: Say, Yumi…what did you think of my poem for Sissi?
Yumi: Ulrich, this is really not the time!
Ulrich: Because, in fact…I actually wrote it for you!
Jeremy: Remind me to boost that program.
Odd (climing the wall): Brilliant, as usual!
Ulrich: Oh, that bad, huh?
Jeremy: Odd! Aim for Aelita!
Odd: Huh?! Are you crazy?!
Jeremy: XANA wants her memory, he won't risk losing that. Deep down, he wants her alive as much as we do.
Yumi: Huh? Are you sure?
Jeremy: Only thirty life points left!
Odd: You want me to stop?
Odd: Uh-oh, the Scyphozoa's at it again! It was too good to be true!
Aelita: What's going on? Why are you aiming at me?
Jeremy: I'm going to study this. You never know, I might be able to get some interesting information about XANA!
Aelita: You know, Jeremy saved my life. And that's the nicest Valentine's present anyone could hope for!
Odd: Yeah, but that sure won't save him from being suspended for missing for missing four hours of detention. The principal's not going to be too happy about that! But I'm sure there's a solution!
Ulrich: Hm…hey, what're you looking at me for?
Odd: Now that's a real friend, ready to sacrifice himself for his pal!
Jeremy: Are you sure he's sacrificing himself as much as all that? He doesn't seem to be bothered by it!
Yumi: Maybe not, but it was for me that he wrote the poem. Poor Sissi!


Does it work? and Which to get?
Salt, cold and heat. Paw Wax protects your dogs paws without booties.
Winter is here. Bitter cold. Frigid. Biting. Freezing.
Whatever you call it, it's not fun. Especially for your dogs paws.
My dog hates booties. She went down a full flight of stairs on her front feet only, and has walked on her front feet to avoid her feet with booties from touching the ground! Some other dog parents I know have had great success with Booties... BUT, there are other options if your dog is like mine.
The best and recommended one is Mushers Paw Wax.
Its pretty affordable and can be purchased at most local pet shops and also online at Amazon. It costs about $20 for 200g.
There are over FOUR THOUSAND excellent reviews on Amazon, giving it a 4.4/5 overall rating.
What does Paw Wax do?
The question is... why should you get it?
Mushers Paw Wax protects against hot sand, hot pavement, and especially winter cold and salt.
It also works as a moisturizer and contains vitamin E so that any cracks in your pups paws can heal and keep moisturized, just like our hands that get cracked in the cold winter weather.
What about your dogs licking their paws? The paw wax is a natural, non toxic, cream based wax with vitamin E for healing. Also, it should soak in to their paws so that they don't lick it all off. This should only take a few minutes if you didn't apply too much.
Does paw wax stain floors and furniture?
Does it stain furniture? No, it shouldn't. But, remember you don't need to put so much on, a similar amount than if you were to moisturize your hands (or their paws).
Some people have also used it if their dog has a cracked nose to keep it moisturized.
Get your own Paw Wax today for your dogs Paws.
If you want to learn what dog jacket I recommend for keeping your dog warm in the cold winter, check out this page on my site. My jack chihuahua has such difficulty keeping warm, so if you want to know the best winter dog coats, check them out here.