text:
Cox's Bazar District
Cox's Bazar District (chittagong division) area 2491.86 sq km, located in between 20°43' and 21°56' north latitudes and in between 91°50' and 92°23' east longitudes. It is bounded by chittagong district on the north, bay of bengal on the south, bandarban district, arakan (Myanmar) and the naf river on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the west. The longest sea beach of the world belongs to Cox's Bazar. It is the seventh largest district of the 11 districts of Chittagong division and holds the 26th' position among the 64 districts of Bangladesh. Almost half of the total area of the district represents the hilly region and the other half is the coastal islands. Main offshore islands of the district are maheshkhali, kutubdia, Matarbari, Sonadia, Shah Pari and st martin's island or Jinjira. Recently the Shah Pari Island has been joined with the main land. Since it is a coastal district, the area of Cox's Bazar changes to bigger or smaller due to erosion resulting in the formation of islands and char.
Area (sq km) Upazila Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%)
Urban Rural
2491.86 8 4 71 189 984 272395 1501314 712 30.18
Others Information of District
Name of upazila Area (sq km) Municipality Union Mouza Village Population Density (per sq km) Literacy rate (%)
Ukhia 261.80 - 5 13 54 155187 593 28.8
Cox's Bazar Sadar 228.23 1 10 18 163 348075 1525 39.7
Kutubdia 215.80 - 6 9 30 107221 494 28.4
Chakaria 643.46 1 ২০ 66 335 ৫০৩৩৯০ ৭৮২ 32.03
Teknaf 388.68 1 ৬ ১৩ ১৩১ 200607 516 24.04
Pekua 139.68 - 7 11 63 201180 1440 17.26
Maheshkhali 362.18 1 9 31 170 256546 708 22.5
Ramu 391.71 - 11 39 101 202683 517 26.0
Population Total 1773709; male 927196, female 846513; Muslim 1648211, Hindu 87123, Buddhist 1722, Christian 35737 and others 916.
Weather The district having been a coastal region often becomes victim to sea storm, tidal bore, hurricane and cyclone. Temperature: maximum 32.5' Celsius, minimum 14.8' Celsius; total yearly rain fall is 3333 mm.'
Water bodies Main rivers: matamuhuri, bakkhali and Naf; Maheshkhali channel and Kutubdia channel are notable.
Forests Total forest area: 940.58 sq km; main forests consists of Phulchhari Range, Bhumaria-ghona Range, Meher-ghona Range, Bak Khali Range.
Hill ranges The Arakan hill ranges extends towards the southern side of the Himalaya through the eastern part of the district. So the district has more hilly areas.
Administration Cox's Bazar thana was established in 1854 and Cox's Bazar subdivision was formed comprising the Cox's Bazar Sadar, Chakaria, Maheskhali and Teknaf thanas. Afterwards three new thanas were constituted under this subdivision such as ukhia emerging from Teknaf, Kutubdia from Maheshkhali and ramu from Cox's Bazar. The Cox's Bazar town was turned into a town committee in 1959. In 1972 the town committee was abolished and it was turned into a municipality. Under the administrative decentralisation programme, in the first phase, all the thanas were transformed into upazilas and in the second phase Cox's Bazar subdivision was elevated to a district on 1 March 1984. Of the 7 upazilas of the district Chakaria is the biggest (643.46 sq km) covering about 25.82% of the total area of the district; Pekua is the smallest upazila having an area of 139.68 sq km.'
Historical events The Arab traders abd oreachers came to the ports of Chittagong and Akiab in the eighth century AD and consequently the Arab Muslims came in close contact with Cox's Bazar area situated between the two ports. The greater Chittagong including Cox's Bazar was under the rule of Harikela king Kantideva in the nineth century. The Arakan king Sulat Inga Chandra (930-975) captured Chittagong in 953 AD and since then Cox's Bazar had been a part of the kingdom of Arakan. Chittagong remained part of the kingdom of Arakan till its conquest by the Mughals in 1666 AD. The Mughal general Buzurg Umed Khan captured the Magh Fort on the southern bank of the Karnafuli and the Arakanese took shelter in the Ramu Fort which was later surprised by the Mughals. The East India Company, with a view to establish settlement in Cox's Bazar area, took a liberal policy of distributing land to the cultivators and this encouraged people from different parts of Chittagong district and from Arakan to settle in Cox's Bazar area. The Burmese king Bodhapaya (1782-1819) captured Arakan in 1784 AD. About thirty thousand Arakanese escaped the atrocities of the Burmese king to Cox's Bazar area in 1799 AD. The East India Company deputed one Captain Hiram Cox to arrange for the rehabilitation of the refugees (1799). Each refugee family was granted 1 hectare (2.472 acre) of land and 26 maunds of food grains as food support for six months. Hiram Cox died (1799) before completion of the rehabilitation work. To commemorate his role in rehabilitation work a market was named after him as Cox's Bazar (market of Cox) which originates the name of the place. During the war of liberation in 1971 the Pak army killed 13 persons of Chakaria and they also set many houses and shops on fire. During this time the Pak army established military camp in the Teknaf Dakbungllow and killed about 250 innocent people of Ramu, Ukhia and Teknaf upazilas.
Marks of the War of Liberation Memorial monument 3; mass killing site 1.
Religious institutions Mosque 1626, temple 212, Buddhist keyang and pagoda 162, church 8, tomb 12.'
Literacy rate and educational institutions Average literacy 30.18%; male 34.01%, female 26%. Educational institutions: college 20, pali college 2, law college 1, technical college 1, vocational training institute 1, Primary Teachers (Training) Institute 1, secondary school 141, primary school 561, community primary school 39, NGO operated primary school 23, madrasa 240. Noted educational institutions: Cox's Bazar Government College (1962), Chakaria College (1968), Maheshkhali College (1985), Cox's Bazar Government High School (1874), Ramu Khejari Government High School (1919), Chakaria Government High School (1919), Idgaon Ideal High School (1928), Kutubdia High School (1938), Cox's Bazar Government Girls' High School (1960), Manikpur Burmese Primary School (1828), Herbang Government Primary School (1884), Teknaf Government Primary School (1890), Pekua Government Primary School (1918), Maizpara Government Primary School (1930), Maheshkhali Government Vernacular School (1923), Saharbil Anwarul Ulum Senior Madrasa (1918).
Main sources of income Agriculture 49.84%, non-agricultural labourer 7.92%, industry 1.04%, commerce 17.39%, transport and communication 2.56%, construction 1.19%, religious service 0.27%, service 5.96%, rent and remittance 1.84% and others 11.99%.
Newspapers and periodicals Daily: Saikat, Cox's Bazar, Ajker Desh-bidesh, Dainandin, Mayer Desh; weekly: Swadesh Bani, Kutubdia, Chakori, Swadesh Kantha; fortnightly: Mehdi; defunct: Daily Himchhari, Daily Bak-khali, Weekly Cox's Bazar, Weekly Cox's Bazar Barta, Weekly Sagar Bani, Weekly Sagar Kantha, Weekly Naf kantha.
Folk culture Achartak festival (water game) of the rakhain on the occasion of New Years celebration, Mela (fair) on the last night of the month of Magh (BS), Suryakola Mela, Maghi Purnima of the Buddhist community, Baishaki Purnima, Svargapuri festival at Ashkar Katha. Bali Khela (dual) is one of the popular folk games' of the district.
Tourist spots COX'S BAZAR Sea Beach, Himchhari Water Fall, Inani Sea Beach, Sonadia Island, KUTUBDIA BATIGHAR (light house), St. Martin's Island, Bangabandhu Safari Park (Dula Hazra), Mathiner Kup (Mathine's well) at Teknaf, Maynak Hill and Adinath Mandir (Maheshkhali Island), Mazar of Kutub Aoulia (Kutubdia), Ramkot Hindu Mandir, Ramkot Buddhist Keyang, Kanabazar Suranga (under ground channel), Dighi of Bir Kamala (Teknaf), Agnamedha Buddhist Keyang, Thoinga Chowdhury Keyang (Ramu), biggest' Buddha statue on the Nathong Hill and the landing station of the Sub Marine Cable at Jhelangja.
Mineral resources Natural gas, sulphur, zircon, ilmenite, kyanite, brutile, magnetite, monazite. [Mohammad Mahibbullah Siddiqi]
See also The upazilas under this district.
References Bangladesh Population Census 2001, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics; Cultural survey report of Cox's Bazar District 2007; Cultural survey report of Upazilas of Cox's Bazar District 2007.
Retrieved from "http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Cox's_Bazar_District&oldid=1659"


Hamilton is coming to Richard Rodgers Theatre on Saturday 11th August 2018 for one unmissable night! Tickets are already flying as we get closer and closer to the LIVE event – so what are you waiting for? Grab yours today!


Beginning with Abram and Sara, our ancestors in the faith, and with Jesus, our model in the faith, God calls each of us on a journey: the destination is God's vision of where God wants us all to be.
God tells Abram and Sara that they were to become father and mother of a race of people as numerous as the stars. Abram had every reason in the world to ignore that call. After all, he was seventy-five, and at this late age he and Sara had never produced one child. How, then, could he become the father of a great nation?
The gospel today also contains a call from God to Peter, James, and John on top of the mountain with Jesus. "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him," says the voice from the cloud. My take on the transfiguration is that it was an intense prayer experience that Jesus had with the three disciples on the mountain top that sustained them through their difficult journey of faith.
Back in 1967 as a seminarian, I was in Israel with a group of priests and bishops from Czechoslovakia. One day we went to the top of Mount Tabor. The trek to the top is quite narrow and dangerous. The taxi drivers who took us to the top whooped and laughed and drove quite fast, making the trip intoxicating.
There on a rough-hewn altar of stone we celebrated the Eucharist under a dazzling sun with clouds moving, overshadowing and enveloping our liturgy. At one point, the bishop presider invited us simply to look, feel, and breathe this spectacular scene. Coming down the mountain, we could now imagine the transfiguration.
In the midst of desert terrain, I could imagine how something like the transfiguration took place as an intense prayer experience on a high mountain, as a vision of things to come in the midst of adversity.
We can't all go to the Holy Land but we all need visions. We are prone to despair without them. One of our young parishioners on duty in Afghanistan, like all soldiers before him, carries a photo in his pocket of loved ones at home. That photo is a reminder that his destination is not the war field there, but his reunion at home with his family.
Religious faith is something like that photo. Abram and Jesus were able to stay on their journey of faith and convince others to do the same because they kept a vision in their pocket and took it out from time to time.
It's easy to get lost in the journey and forget our destination: for parents to forget who their children are and what they really need. For the elderly to become locked in their pains and not believe in God's promise. For young people to view life without any sense of where God wants them to go. For our country to dismiss the "vision thing" in a post-election year. For our church to forget its ultimate destination.
There is a reason for our journey, a goal of our life's struggles: God!


A method and apparatus for performing harmonic imaging. Each transmit focal zone in the near-field is interrogated by two or more transmit firings of different phase, while each transmit focal zone in the far-field is interrogated by a single transmit firing. On receive, the respective near-field vectors are summed, thereby substantially canceling the fundamental signal components while isolating the (sub)-harmonic signal components. In the far-field, the single transmit firing has a fundamental frequency ƒ0. A filter isolates the signal component having a passband centered at a (sub)harmonic frequency, e.g., 2ƒ0. The near-field and far-field receive vectors at each scan angle are then stitched together to form a composite vector.
This is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/052,675 filed on Mar. 31, 1998 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,459.
This invention generally relates to ultrasound imaging of the human anatomy for the purpose of medical diagnosis. In particular, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for harmonic imaging.
Conventional ultrasound scanners create two-dimensional B-mode images of tissue in which the brightness of a pixel is based on the intensity of the echo return. Conventional B-mode images are formed from a combination of fundamental and harmonic signal components, the former being direct echoes of the transmitted pulse and the latter being generated in a nonlinear medium such as tissue from finite-amplitude ultrasound propagation. In certain instances, e.g., obese patients, ultrasound images can be improved by suppressing the fundamental and emphasizing the harmonic signal components.
Tissue harmonic imaging was proposed in an article by Averkiou et al. entitled, "A new imaging technique based on the nonlinear properties of tissues," Proc. 1997 IEEE Ultrasonic Symp. Propagation of sound beams in biological tissues is known to be nonlinear, giving rise to the generation of harmonics. In one type of tissue harmonic imaging, energy is transmitted at a fundamental frequency ƒ0 and an image is formed with energy at the second harmonic 2ƒ0. Some of the characteristics of the nonlinearly generated second harmonic beams are a narrower beam, lower sidelobes than the fundamental and beam formation in a cumulative process, i.e., the second harmonic continually draws energy from the fundamental during propagation. These characteristics contribute to lateral resolution improvements, reduction of multiple reflections due to tough windows, and clutter reduction due to inhomogeneities in the tissue and skin layers.
At least two methods for harmonic imaging in an ultrasound scanner are known. In the first method, the transducer elements of a phased array are activated by waveforms having a fundamental frequency and time-delayed to produce an ultrasound beam which is focused at a transmit focal zone, transmission of a single focused beam being referred to as a "firing". The echoes returned from the body being interrogated are transduced by the array elements into electrical signals and time-delayed to form a receive vector of acoustic data having both fundamental and harmonic signal components. The receive filter removes the fundamental signal component and isolates the harmonics signal component. The latter component is then detected, scan-converted and displayed.
In the second method, each transducer element is activated by a first phase-encoded waveform having one polarity during a first transmit firing and by a second phase-encoded waveform having the opposite polarity during a second transmit firing. Both waveforms have a fundamental frequency. The activations of the transducer elements during each firing are time-delayed to produce an ultrasound beam which is focused at the same transmit focal zone. Each firing results in a respective receive vector of acoustic data, each vector having both fundamental and harmonic signal components. When the receive vectors are vector summed, however, the fundamental signal components substantially cancel, thereby isolating a harmonic signal component. The latter component is then detected, scan-converted and displayed.
The problems with the first method include the following: (a) the received signal is narrowband and hence resolution is poor; (b) it is very difficult to filter the large fundamental signal component completely, so there is some residual fundamental signal that degrades contrast improvement; and (c) if the transmit signal contains harmonic frequencies, it is not possible to filter out that component.
The second method is not afflicted by the foregoing disadvantages of the first method. However, a major drawback of the second method is that it requires two firings to acquire harmonic data corresponding to a particular transmit focal zone and hence always decreases the frame rate by half. For lower-frequency transducers, where imaging is done to depths of 20-24 cm, the second method is often not realizable.
The majority of problems associated with the single-transmit method of harmonic imaging are only severe in the near-field, where the received fundamental signal amplitude is very large compared to the signal amplitude of the harmonic signal components. Also the bandwidth improvement provided by the two-transmit harmonic imaging method is significant in the near-field and diminishes with depth as the higher frequencies get attenuated very rapidly. These observations suggest that the improvement due to the two-transmit harmonic imaging second method is mostly limited to the near-field region. Thus, there is a need for a method of harmonic imaging which combines the foregoing two modes of operation to maximize contrast improvement while minimizing frame rate loss.
The present invention is a method and apparatus for performing harmonic imaging with improved contrast. The method uses multiple focal zones to create a composite image derived from the echoes received from a near-field (at relatively lesser depths) and from a far-field (at relatively greater depths). Two or more transmit firings per transmit focal zone are used in the near-field, which firings do not all have the same phase; a single transmit firing per transmit focal zone is used in the far-field. As used herein, the terms near-field and far-field are not intended to define any specific depths (i.e., ranges). Instead it is intended only that the far-field have a range of depths greater than the maximum depth of the near-field.
In accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, each transmit focal zone in the near-field is interrogated by two transmit firings of different phase, while each transmit focal zone in the far-field is interrogated by a single transmit firing. The two transmit firings focused in the near-field have opposite polarity, i.e., are phase reversed relative to each other, and are transmitted with a fundamental frequency. On receive, the respective vectors are summed, thereby substantially canceling the fundamental signal components in the respective receive signals while isolating the (sub)harmonic signal components. In the far-field, the single transmit firing has a fundamental frequency ƒ0. On receive, the receive vector is bandpassed filtered with a filter having a passband centered at a (sub)harmonic frequency, e.g., 2ƒ0. The near-field and far-field receive vectors at each angle are then stitched together to form a composite vector. This process is repeated for a multiplicity of composite vectors making up a composite image.
The major benefit of this first harmonic imaging method is that the frame rate is improved compared to using two different transmits per transmit focal zone in both the near- and far-fields without sacrificing much of the benefit of the latter method. As most of the advanced ultrasound scanners use multiple focal zones to form a complete image, the implementation is very simple. Because two different transmits per transmit focal zone are used in the near-field, the time taken by the two firings is small and does not drastically lower the frame rate.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the invention, each transmit focal zone in the near-field is interrogated by three or more transmit firings, while each transmit focal zone in the far-field is again interrogated by a single transmit firing. The respective receive vectors from the three transmits are then combined using a "slow-time" (i.e., wall) filter having scalar weightings which result in the fundamental signal components in the combined receive vectors being substantially canceled. Although this would significantly impact the frame rate, it has a unique ability to achieve excellent flash suppression.
In particular, the multi-transmit method uses phase-coded excitation in three or more transmit firings and selective firing-to-firing, i.e., "slow-time", filtering on receive. "Slow-time" filtering in combination with transmit phases which change over the set of transmit firings results in different effective "slow-time" filters corresponding to the different modes within the reflected signal. The transmit phases and the "slow-time" filter weightings are designed to selectively enhance the desired modes while suppressing others. In particular, a sequence of broadband pulses with different phases (and possibly different amplitudes) are transmitted to a transmit focal position over multiple firings, and the set of received beamformed signals are multiplied with a set of (possibly complex) scalar weightings before summing together that set of weighted beamformed signals for subsequent processing to form one image scan line. A complete image is formed by repeating this procedure for multiple transmit focal positions across the region of interest.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, the "slow-time" filter is embodied as a finite impulse response (FIR) filter which receives a respective set of filter coefficients for filtering the receive signal produced as a result of a respective phase-encoded transmit firing. Each set of filter coefficients is formed by multiplying each filter coefficient of a predetermined set by a respective scalar weighting. The transmit phases and the "slow-time" scalar weightings are programmable as a function of the application, e.g., contrast harmonic imaging or tissue harmonic imaging.
In tissue harmonic imaging, the goal is to see harmonic signals (in particular, the second harmonic) generated by nonlinear propagation in tissue. This is achieved by suppressing a substantial fraction of the fundamental signal and passing a substantial fraction of the second harmonic signal.
The harmonic imaging method which uses two transmits of opposite polarity tends to display a flash artifact. In the event of rapid tissue or transducer motion, the fundamental signal component from the two opposite-polarity firings does not cancel properly and shows up as flash. When three or more firings are combined with appropriate multiplication coefficients, however, the flash can be suppressed effectively. For example, in one mode of operation the system fires in succession three waveforms of the same frequency and same amplitude, but of different polarity (and phase). If the first waveform has a positive polarity, the second waveform has a negative polarity and the third waveform has a positive polarity, then the three receive vectors are summed using the scalar weightings [0.5, 1.0, 0.5]. The resulting filter for the fundamental signal component is [0.5, -1.0, 0.5], which cancels DC and low-frequency components very effectively. Similar algorithms can be designed for transmit schemes having more than three firings per transmit focal zone, where the four or more firings are not all the same. For applications where frame rate is not a issue, this technique can be used for flash suppression. The method also improves the SNR of the image due to coherent summation.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a conventional ultrasound imaging system.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing portions of an ultrasound imaging system disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/052,675, from which this continuation-in-part application claims priority.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing one preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are graphs showing the filter response (as a function of slow-time normalized frequency) to the fundamental mode (solid lines), the second harmonic (dashed lines) and the second subharmonic (dotted lines). The transmit phases and the "slow-time" filter weightings are as follows: FIG. 4) [0°, 180°, 0°, 180°] and [0.4, 1, 1, 0.4]; FIG. 5) [0°, 90°, 0°, 180°] and [0.4, 1, 1, 0.4] (with "slow-time" filter phases [0°, 90°, 0°, 0°]); FIG. 6) [0°, 180°] and [1, 1]; FIG. 7) [180°, 0°, 180°] and [0.5, 1, 0.5]; FIG. 8) [0°, 0°, 180°, 180°] and [1, 1, 1, 1]; and FIG. 9) [0°, 180°, 180°, 0°] and [1, 1, 1, 1].
The present invention can be incorporated in an ultrasonic imaging system of the type depicted in FIG. 1. This imaging system comprises a transducer array 10 consisting of a plurality of separately driven transducer elements 12, each of which produces a burst of ultrasonic energy when energized by a pulsed wave-form produced by a transmitter 14. The ultrasonic energy reflected back to transducer array 10 from the object under study is converted to an electrical signal by each receiving transducer element 12 and applied separately to a receiver 16 through a set of transmit/receive (T/R) switches 18. Transmitter 14 and receiver 16 are operated under control of a host computer or master controller 20 responsive to commands by a human operator. A complete scan is performed by acquiring a series of echoes in which transmitter 14 is gated ON momentarily to energize each transducer element 12, and the subsequent echo signals produced by each transducer element 12 are applied to receiver 16. A channel may begin reception while another channel is still transmitting. The receiver 16 combines the separate echo signals from each transducer element to produce a single echo signal which is used to produce a line in an image on a display subsystem 22, which typically comprises a video processor and a display monitor (not shown).
Under the direction of host computer 20, the transmitter 14 drives transducer array 10 such that the ultrasonic energy is transmitted as a directed focused beam. To accomplish this, respective time delays are imparted to a multiplicity of pulsers 24 by transmit beamformer 26. The host computer 20 determines the conditions under which the acoustic pulses will be transmitted. With this information, the transmit beamformer 26 will determine the timing and the amplitudes of each of the transmit pulses to be generated by the pulsers 24. The amplitudes of each transmit pulse are generated by the apodization generation circuit 36, which could be a high-voltage controller which sets the power supply voltage to each pulser. The pulsers 24 in turn send the transmit pulses to each of the elements 12 of the transducer array 10 via the T/R switches 18, which protect the time-gain compensation (TGC) amplifiers 28 from the high voltages which may exist at the transducer array. The apodization weightings are selected to achieve optimal compromise between transmit power and sidelobe level. Weightings are generated within block 36, which could comprise a set of digital-to-analog converters that take the weighting data from the transmit beamformer 26 and apply it to the pulsers 24. By appropriately adjusting the transmit focus time delays in a conventional manner and also adjusting the transmit apodization weightings, a multiplicity of ultrasonic waves transmitted by individual transducer elements can be combined to form a directed and focused transmit beam. The apodization weightings and the transmit focus time delays may be set by the host computer based on system programming and operator inputs.
Each burst of ultrasonic energy is reflected from objects located at successive ranges along each transmit beam. The resulting echo signals are sensed separately by each transducer element 12 and a sample of the magnitude of the echo signal at a particular point in time represents the amount of reflection occurring at a specific range. Due to the differences in the propagation paths between a reflecting point and each transducer element 12, the echo signals will not be detected simultaneously and their amplitudes will not be equal. Receiver 16 amplifies the separate echo signals via a respective TGC amplifier 28 in each receive channel. TGC is carried out by increasing or decreasing gain as a function of depth. The amount of amplification provided by the TGC amplifiers is controlled through a control line (not shown) that is driven by a TGC circuit (not shown), the latter being set by the host computer and hand operation of potentiometers. The amplified echo signals are then fed to the receive beamformer 30.
Under the direction of host computer 20, the receive beamformer 30 tracks the direction of the transmitted beam. The receive beamformer 30 imparts the proper time delays and receive apodization weightings to each amplified echo signal and sums them to provide an echo signal which accurately indicates the total ultrasonic energy reflected from a point located at a particular range along one ultrasonic beam. The receive focus time delays are computed in real-time using specialized hardware or are read from a lookup table. The receive channels also have circuitry for filtering the received pulses. The receive apodization weightings and receive focus time delays may be set by the host computer based on system programming and operator inputs.
The time-delayed receive signals are then summed and output to a signal processor or detector 32. The detector 32 converts the summed receive signals to display data. In the typical gray-scale display image, the display data is the envelope of the signal with some additional processing, such as edge enhancement and logarithmic compression. In the case of RF data, the envelope can be detected using a low-pass filter; in the case of baseband data, the envelope can be detected using an envelope detector which outputs a signal representing (I2 +Q2)1/2, where I is the in-phase signal component and Q is the quadrature signal component of the baseband data.
The scan converter 34 receives the display data from detector 32 and converts the data into the desired image for display. In particular, the scan converter 34 converts the acoustic image data from polar coordinate (R-θ) sector format or Cartesian coordinate linear array to appropriately scaled Cartesian coordinate display pixel data at the video rate. This scan-converted acoustic data is then output for display by display subsystem 22, which images the time-varying amplitude of the envelope of the signal as a gray scale. A respective scan line is displayed for each transmit beam.
FIG. 2 shows portions of an ultrasound imaging system which can be programmed in accordance with the present invention. In this system each transducer element in the transmit aperture is pulsed N times by a respective multiphase (e.g., bipolar) pulser 24' in accordance with transmit codes stored in transmit sequence memory 38. For example, the transducer elements are pulsed in accordance with a first transmit code during a first transmit firing and in accordance with a second transmit code during a second transmit firing, wherein the first and second transmit codes are applied as phase coding (e.g., polarity reversal) to a conventional transmit pulse. The pulsers 24' drive the elements 12 of transducer array 10 such that the ultrasonic energy produced is focused at the same transmit focal position for each transmit firing. To accomplish this, identical transmit focus time delays 36 are imparted to the respective pulsed waveforms output by the pulsers in accordance with the transmit codes. By appropriately adjusting the transmit focus time delays in a conventional manner, the ultrasonic beams can be focused at a multiplicity of transmit focal positions to effect a scan in an image plane.
For each transmit, the echo signals from the transducer elements 12 are fed to respective receive channels 40 of the receive beamformer. Under the direction of the host computer (item 20 in FIG. 1), the receive beamformer tracks the direction of the transmitted beam. The receive beamformer imparts the proper receive focus time delays 42 to the received echo signal and sums them to provide an echo signal which accurately indicates the total ultrasonic energy reflected from a particular transmit focal position along a transmit beam. The time-delayed receive signals are summed in receive summer 44 for each of the N transmit firings focused at a particular transmit focal position. The summed receive signal for each of the N transmit firings is then output in succession to a "slow-time" filter 46, which is programmed to operate in at least two different modes.
The method of the present invention employs one harmonic imaging mode in the near-field and another harmonic imaging mode in the far-field, the operation of each mode (including transmit phase encoding and receive filtering) being controlled by the host computer. In the near-field harmonic imaging mode, the number of transmit firings (per receive vector) N≧2. As previously disclosed, these transmit firings are phase-encoded. At the same time, N respective sets of filter coefficients from memory 52 are input to the taps of the FIR filter 48 in succession under the control of the host computer, the input of each filter coefficient set being coordinated with the arrival of the receive vector from the respective one of the N transmit firings. The filtered receive vectors acquired by the N transmit firings are then summed in vector summer 50. The transmit phase encoding and receive filter coefficient sets are designed so that the fundamental signal components substantially cancel during the vector summation, leaving the (sub)harmonic signal components for further processing, e.g., envelope detection in detector 32, scan conversion in scan converter 34 (see FIG. 1) and video processing in the display subsystem 22.
In the far-field harmonic imaging mode, the number of transmit firings (per receive vector) N=1. The firing transmits a waveform having a bandwidth centered at a fundamental frequency ƒ0. A corresponding set of filter coefficients from memory 52 is input to the taps of the FIR filter 48. The filter coefficients are designed so that the FIR filter substantially filters out the fundamental signal component while isolating a (sub)harmonic signal component, e.g., the second harmonic signal component having a bandwidth centered at a frequency 2ƒ0. This isolated (sub)harmonic signal component is then passed through the vector summer 50 without being summed with any other receive vector and on to the detector 32.
In accordance with the preferred embodiments of the invention, the near- and far-field vectors output from the vector summer are combined to form a composite vector for display. This operation is repeated for a multiplicity of near- and far-field vectors acquired at a multiplicity of transmit beam angles scanning an entire field of view, to create an image frame of harmonic imaging data for display. FIG. 3 shows a memory 54 for Zone 1 (i.e., the near-field) and a memory 56 for Zone 2 (i.e., the far-field), both connected to the output of detector 32. The read and write operations for memories 54 and 56 are controlled by read and write commands input from the host computer 20. In the near-field harmonic imaging mode, the vector summer output is stored in Zone 1 memory 54; in the far-field harmonic imaging mode, the vector summer output is stored in Zone 2 memory 56. For each scan line in the display image frame, the corresponding near- and far-field receive vectors are sent from memories 54 and 56 respectively to a zone stitching processor 58. In accordance with zone stitching parameters provided by host computer 20, the zone stitching processor 58 stitches the near- and far-field receive vectors together to form a composite receive vector. This operation is repeated for each scan line to form a composite image frame. The composite frame of harmonic imaging data is then scan converted, video processed and displayed.
In accordance with the preferred embodiments of the invention, the "slow-time" filter 46 comprises an FIR filter 48 having an input connected to the output of the receive summer 44, and a vector summer 50 having an input connected to the FIR filter 48 and an output connected to the detector 32. The FIR filter has M filter taps for receipt of a respective set of M filter coefficients for each transmit firing. The filter coefficients for the n-th transmit firing are an c1, an c2, . . . , an cM, where an is the scalar weighting for the n-th transmit firing, n=1, 2, . . . , N, and c1, C2, . . . , CM is a set of filter coefficients which are selected so that the FIR filter 48 passes a desired frequency band in the receive signal. The scalar weightings a1, a2, . . . , aN cause the "slow-time" filter to selectively pass or attenuate the bandpassed signals as a function of the harmonic mode and the scatterer velocities. The filter coefficients an c1, an c2, . . . , an cM are input to the filter for each transmit firing by the host computer from filter coefficient memory 52. For example, for the first transmit firing, the set of filter coefficients a1 c1, a1 c2, . . . , a1 cM is input to the FIR filter; for the second transmit firing, the set of filter coefficients a2 c1, a2 c2, . . . , a2 cM is input to the FIR filter; and so forth. The filter coefficients are programmable depending upon the diagnostic application. Different sets of filter coefficients can be stored in look-up tables inside the host computer memory and the desired set of coefficients can be selectable by the system operator. For applications where the number of transmit firings N=2, one or more sets of filter coefficients are stored in memory, one set of filter coefficients being transferred to the FIR filter before the first transmit firing and another set of filter coefficients being transferred to the FIR filter after the first transmit firing and before the second transmit firing (when the same scalar weighting applies to two transmit firings, the same filter coefficient set can be used for both firings). Similarly, for applications where the number of transmit firings N>2, two or more sets of filter coefficients are stored in memory. The successive FIR filter outputs for the N transmit firings are accumulated in vector summer 50. The output of the vector summer then undergoes conventional B-mode processing, followed by scan conversion and display.
In accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, firing-to-firing (i.e., "slow-time") filtering is combined with transmit phase coding to produce an enhanced near-field ultrasound image. The "slow-time" filter responds differently to the different modes (fundamental, second subharmonic, second harmonic, third harmonic, etc.) of the reflected signal because the transmit phases change over the set of transmit firings. This permits one to design the transmit phases and "slow-time" filter to selectively enhance the desired modes while suppressing others. In particular, if the transmitted signal has a phase term exp[jθi ], where i=1, 2, . . . , N, then the k-th (sub)harmonic has a phase term exp[jk.sup.(-1) θi ], i=1, 2, . . . , N. Thus, if the "slow-time" filter coefficients are ai, i=1, 2, . . . , N, then the effective "slow-time" filter for the k-th (sub)-harmonic is ai exp[jk.sup.(-1) θi ], i=1, 2, . . . , N, which has a transfer function that depends on the particular mode k.
The method of the invention has application in contrast harmonic imaging and tissue harmonic imaging.
For each application, the transmit phases and "slowtime" filter weightings may be selected to achieve the desired filtering on the fundamental and (sub)-harmonic signal components. The "slow-time" filter responses for various preferred embodiments are shown in FIGS. 4-9. The "slow-time" filter response to the fundamental mode is indicated by solid lines, to the second harmonic is indicated by dashed lines, and to the second subharmonic is indicated by dotted lines. The horizontal axis corresponds to "slow-time" normalized frequency, while the vertical axis is the magnitude of the "slow-time" filter output. The expected range of normalized operating frequencies lies in the range of ±0.2.
In contrast harmonic imaging, contrast agents made up of gas-filled microbubbles are injected into the blood to serve as markers for imaging blood flow. We desire to see fundamental or second harmonic signals from contrast flow with suppressed background tissue signals and little motion flash artifacts. The broadband pulses transmitted to a particular transmit focal position in sequence are phase coded. In particular, N pulses centered at frequency ƒ0 are transmitted to each transmit focal position. On receive, a "slow-time" filter extracts the (sub)harmonic flow signal over the N transmits. In particular, a set of "slow-time" filter weightings a1, a2, . . . , aM are selected so that the M-tap "slow-time" FIR filter 48 passes substantially all of the desired harmonic or subharmonic frequencies in signals reflected from agents moving at certain velocities, while substantially suppressing signals at the fundamental frequencies. If the transmitted center frequency is at ƒ0, then tissue/contrast nonlinearities will generate harmonics at kƒ0, whege k is an integer greater than or equal to 2. Also, subharmonics at frequencies ƒ0 /k may be generated by contrast bubble destruction.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, contrast harmonic imaging is realized by high-pass filtering or suppressing the fundamental signal and all-pass filtering the second harmonic signal, which results in more tissue background (from the second harmonic) but shows harmonic signals from even the slowest-moving contrast agents. Examples of this mode are shown in FIGS. 4-9. The response shown in FIG. 4 was obtained using transmit phases [0°, 180°, 0°, 180°] and filter weightings [0.5, 1, 1, 0.5]; the response shown in FIG. 5 was obtained using transmit phases [0°, 90°, 0°, 180°], filter weightings [0.5, 1, 1, 0.5] and filter phases [0°, 90°, 0°, 0°]; the response shown in FIG. 6 was obtained using transmit phases [0°, 180°] and filter weightings [1, 1]; the response shown in FIG. 7 was obtained using transmit phases [180°, 0°, 180°] and filter weightings [0.5, 1, 0.5]; the response shown in FIG. 8 was obtained using transmit phases [0°, 0°, 180°, 180°] and filter weightings [1, 1, 1, 1]; and the response shown in FIG. 9 was obtained using transmit phases [0°, 180°, 180°, 0°] and filter weightings [1, 1, 1, 1]. The response shown in FIG. 5 was obtained using a complex filter.
In tissue harmonic imaging, the goal is to see harmonic signals (in particular, the second harmonic) generated by nonlinear propagation in tissue. In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, this is achieved during near-field imaging by suppressing all of the fundamental signal and passing all of the second harmonic signal. To this end, the transmit phase codes and "slow-time" filter weightings represented by FIGS. 4, 5, 7 or 9 can be used. The transmit phase codes and "slow-time" filter weightings which produce the response shown in FIG. 6 can also be used, but with larger flash motion artifacts.
The time interval between each of the N transmits per focal position is user controllable to determine the "slow-time" filter cut-off frequency. A longer interval between each of the N transmits to a particular focal position results in a lower cutoff frequency with higher sensitivity to low velocity flow.
While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. For instance, the invention is not limited to using biphase codes; polyphase codes can also be used. Also the transmit firings for the near- and far-fields may be freely permuted. In addition, the transmit frequencies for the near- and far-field harmonic imaging modes need not be the same. Moreover, although the near-field harmonic imaging mode preferably employs N≧2 phase-encoded transmit firings and the far-field harmonic imaging mode preferably employs a single transmit firing, it will be readily appreciated by persons skilled in the art these transmit firings can be repeated multiple times and then averages of the accumulated values can be used to achieve the same effect, albeit at the cost of a decrease in frame rate. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
displaying an image which is a function of said composite receive vector.
2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said first fundamental frequency is equal to said second fundamental frequency.
3. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said wave energy is ultrasound.
4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said filtering step comprises the step of inputting N sets of filter coefficients into the taps of a filter in succession, said N sets being derived by applying respective "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through aN to a predetermined set of filter coefficients.
5. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein N=3, said phase encoding across firings is [180°, 0°, 180°] and said "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through a3 are [0.5, 1, 0.5].
6. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein N=4, said phase encoding across firings is [0°, 180°, 0°, 180°] and said "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through a4 are [0.5, 1, 1, 0.5].
7. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein N=4, said phase encoding across firings is [0°, 90°, 0°, 180°], said "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through a4 are [0.5, 1, 1, 0.5], and said filter has filter phases [0°, 90°, 0°, 0°].
8. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein N=4, said phase encoding across firings is [0°, 0°, 180°, 180°] and said "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through a4 are [1, 1, 1, 1].
9. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein N=4, said phase encoding across firings is [0°, 180°, 180°, 0°] and said "slow-time" filter weightings a 1 through a4 are [1, 1, 1, 1].
10. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of injecting contrast agent into the matter so that contrast agent is present at said transmit focal position.
displaying an image which is a function of said near-field receive vector.
12. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said wave energy is ultrasound.
13. The method as recited in claim 11, wherein said filtering step comprises the step of inputting N sets of filter coefficients into the taps of a filter in succession, said N sets being derived by applying respective "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through aN to a predetermined set of filter coefficients.
14. The method as recited in claim 11, further comprising the step of injecting contrast agent into the matter so that contrast agent is present at said transmit focal position.
a display subsystem for displaying an image which is a function of said near-field image signal.
said image displayed by said display subsystem is a function of said composite receive vector.
17. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said transducer array comprises a multiplicity of ultrasound transducing elements.
18. The system as recited in claim 15, further comprising a filter coefficient memory for inputting N sets of filter coefficients into the taps of said filter in succession, said N sets being derived by applying respective "slow-time" filter weightings a1 through aN to a predetermined set of filter coefficients.
19. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said "slow-time" filter comprises an FIR filter and a vector summer connected to sum outputs from said FIR filter.
20. The system as recited in claim 15, wherein said first fundamental frequency is equal to said second fundamental frequency.
sending an image signal to said display monitor which is a function of said near-field image signal.
wherein said image signal sent to said display monitor is a function of said composite receive vector.
23. The system as recited in claim 21, wherein said transducer array comprises a multiplicity of ultrasound transducing elements.
24. The system as recited in claim 21, wherein said first fundamental frequency is equal to said second fundamental frequency.
sending an image signal to said display monitor which is a function of said composite receive vector.
Averkiou et al., "A New Imaging Technique Based on the Nonlinear Properties of Tissue," Proc. 1997 IEEE Ultrason. Symp.
de Jong et al., "Principles and Recent Developments in Ultrasound Contrast Agents," Ultrasonics, vol. 29, 1991, pp. 324-330.


High 1 Ski Resort prides itself in high snow quality and the state-of-the-art facilities, which brings ski and snowboard lovers to this mega-sized ski resort.
However, one thing that might put you off a trip to High 1 Ski Resort is its long distance from Seoul.
A one-way journey between High 1 Ski Resort and Seoul takes 3 hours, leading to spending 6 hours on highways for a round trip.
To make their long journey more worthwhile, a lot of skiers choose extended stays rather than day trips and fully enjoy the winter thrills at High 1 Ski Resort.
*Trazy's overnight tours include a room at Kangwonland Hotel, round-trip transportation, lift-pass, and equipment rental.
To check out the opening date of High 1 Ski Resort for 2018/19, click here!
High 1 Ski Resort, one of the largest ski resorts in Korea, is often referred to as the best ski resort for avid skiers and snowboarders.
An ample amount of snowfalls in the area helps the slopes maintain the snow quality consistently high. With its naturally puffy snow, the long and wide ski slopes are another merit that makes the ski resort spoken highly of by many ski lovers.
Especially the three slopes that start from the top of Baekunsan Mountain is the highlight of this huge ski resort.
Look down the entire ski resort on top of the peak and slide down the endless slope. You'll be in awe of the sheer beauty of nature and feel hair-raising thrills at the same time.
There are 3 highest points in High 1 Ski Resort, which are 1) Mountain Top (1,340m), 2) Valley Top (1,376m), and 3) Mountain Hub (1,250m).
With 20 slopes, there will be a plenty of options for both beginners and advanced skiers.
Especially, the course from Valley Hub to Valley Condo is the longest course (4.2km) with very gentle inclination and almost no curves, which makes it a perfect slope for beginners!
• Cheongnyangni Station to Gohan Station: Cheongnyangni Station (Subway Line Line 1, Gyeongui–Jungang Line) → Gohan Station → Shuttle bus to High 1 Ski Resort.
Figuring out the way to High 1 Ski Resort on your own won't be easy, as there's hardly any public transportation. Instead, take an easy and convenient ski trip to High 1 Ski Resort with Trazy.com, Korea's #1 Travel Shop – One click will solve all the hassles from transportation to gear rental!
Kangwonland Hotel in High 1 Ski Resort is the most closely located hotel to the ski slopes among the three hotels in the area.
To make your ski trip more convenient, there are shuttle buses that frequently run between Kangwonland Hotel and Mountain Ski House/Valley Ski House, the two main gates to the slopes.
You can go back and forth to the nearest ski house within 10 minutes from the hotel. Chuck yourself in bed in such a short time will make you feel heavenly after a tiring ski experience.
Not only for its easy access to the resort, but Kangwonland Hotel is also praised by visitors for its abundant amenities with high quality.
Read below to see what Kangwonland Hotel has to offer for your ultimate ski experience.
Rooms in Kangwonland Hotel range from Standard to Presidential Suite.
While many different types of room are available, even standard rooms, the basic option, are equipped with all facilities and services that qualify this hotel as a 5-star hotel.
You'll find anything you need from hair brushes and skincare products to a mobile phone charger and automatic bidet toilet.
You can also rent a laptop and DVD player upon request.
The standard room rates are between 300,000 KRW (approx. 270 USD) and 340,000 KRW (approx. 305 USD) per night, but you'll save a lot when booking an all-inclusive package trip.
It will solve all the hassles of booking a room, transport, rental, and lift-pass separately at once. It saves your time, effort and more importantly money!
*Take note that Trazy's ski and stay packages are available between Nov 26 and Mar 21 and the price varies depending on the period.
Unnamjeong, located next to the Lake Park of Kangwonland Hotel, is a traditional Korean restaurant that serves gourmet Korean dishes in an elegant setting. The hit K-Drama 'Gourmet (Sikgaek)' was filmed here.
Cafe Lounge offers a view of the garden and blue skies through huge windows and glass ceilings. Cafe Lounge's coffee is meticulously selected by baristas with expertise. Live music performance doubles the joy of visitors.
The sauna facility at Kangwonland Hotel is where you can thaw your frozen body after skiing in the cold weather. Relax your body in the warm water and recover from fatigue out of strenuous winter activities.
There is also a swimming pool next to the sauna that you can enjoy 365 days a year. If you've had enough for skiing, switch to swimming and take time for the summer sport in the middle of snowy surroundings!
Apart from Kangwonland Hotel, there are a few condominiums in the resort that offer traditional Korean-style "ondol (a floor heating system)" rooms and standard bedrooms.
If you're looking for a room-only option, staying at the condominiums is an excellent deal as it saves your money and time. You can use Mountain/Valley gondolas connecting the condominiums directly to the slopes. Also, you'll be given a 40% coupon for the lift pass and gear rental.
*If you have already arranged ski/snowboard lessons and gear rental and only need to book a transportation or room, see below.
Looking for more overnight ski packages in Korea?
Here you can search and select all options depending on your needs.
For more ski packages and deals for your winter adventure in Korea, visit Trazy.com, Korea's #1 Travel Shop.


text:
A Look Back at the 1975 Boston Red Sox - Cecil Cooper, First Baseman and Designated Hitter (MLB - Baseball)
by Richard Rowell; Co-owner of Brand Shamans & Write W.A.V.E. Media
Cecil Cooper enjoyed a strong season in 1975 with the Boston Red Sox, hitting .311/.355/.544 in 106 games, 54 of them as Designated Hitter, the rest at first base. It would end up being the best year Cooper would have in a Red Sox uniform. However, it was far from the last good season that Cooper would have.
After an off-year in 1976, the Red Sox had an opportunity to reacquire two players from the Milwaukee Brewers: Bernie Carbo and George Scott. Carbo was great for the Sox in 1975 and George Scott was a star player for the Sox from 1966-1971. While Carbo and Scott would be great for the Red Sox in 1977, their careers would quickly go south after that.
Cooper, on the other hand, would go on to post very good numbers in Milwaukee for 11 seasons. It was a trade that the Red Sox would come to regret in the long-term, as the Brewers had the consistent stalwart at first base that the Red Sox would lack for many years.
This trade of Cooper for Scott and Carbo would end up being almost as bad as the trade that sent George Scott to Milwaukee in the first place. The prize in that deal for the Red Sox was speedy outfielder Tommy Harper, who would have one great season for Boston in between two not so great ones. The Brewers got one great year of pitcher Jim Lonborg out of that deal and 5 of Scott's best career seasons.
In hindsight, the Red Sox should have kept Cecil Cooper. But considering they were selling low, at the time, it probably didn't look so bad. Still, it's one in a long line of trades that went bad for the Sox, which contributed to their World Series title draught for so long.
Hobbies & Collecting (Trading Cards, Games, Vintage, etc)
2014 MLB Playoffs
2019 MLB Sleepers
Baseball Mogul 2016
Baseball Player Biographies
Baseball Player Bios
Card Collecting
Football Card Investment
Football Pool
Football Squares
Hobby Graphs
Husain Abdullah
Junk Wax Dynasty
KC Royals
Listia
Mike Soroka
MLB 2019 Preview
MLB Hot Stove
MLB Player Bios
MLB The Show
Office Pool
Office Squares
PC Baseball Games
Prayer In Sports
Sports Card Market
Sports Simulation
Super Bowl Squares
Superbowl Squares
Topps Update
Vintage Baseball Cards
Yahoo Fantasy Sports
Photos used under Creative Commons from slgckgc, Keith Allison, Keith Allison, slgckgc, Gerry Dincher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Recently we came across a unique kind of mobile game Foolio, which was asking us to fool our friends. Seemed full of fun and in fact, we played the game among 5 friends for almost 3-4 hours.
We planned to talk to Rohit Goyal, Founder of PaxPlay, a social mobile gaming company which created this awesome addictive game.
Rohit Goyal, an IITB alumnus started PaxPlay in 2013. With its previous 3 releases making it to top charts in various countries, PaxPlay has reached to more than 2 millions users overall. With super amazing response from users and amazing network effect growth from Foolio, it hopes to cross all previous breakthroughs this year.
Rohit says: "Familiar with the situation when you are with a group of friends and everyone is just lost in their phones scrolling Facebook/9Gag/Twitter feeds? No one is actually having any conversations with each other as we are supposed to do while hanging out with friends.
What if that phone itself helped to make this hangout fun? What if that phone made you converse with each other? The idea of Foolio popped out with that thought.
Foolio is a multiplayer game where you fool other players by framing fake but convincing answers to a real question. And the best part of the gameplay is conversation just like Mafia. One of the player acts like the admin(just like God in Mafia) who can control few things like selecting the topic they want to play, kicking a player if needed, moving the game to the next round etc.
The game goes like this.
The admin selects the set/topic they want to play and starts the round once everyone is ready for a round.
A question comes to everyone's screen relating to the selected set/topic. For an example "In Cheyenne Wyoming, on Wednesdays, it is illegal to….
Once everyone had submitted their answer the game reveals n+1 answers (n being the number of players) and everyone has to guess the correct answer.
Suppose below were the submitted answers to the question "In Cheyenne Wyoming, on Wednesdays, it is illegal to….
Now the real game starts when everyone tries to put arguments like which should be the correct answer, person x might have framed this particular answer etc. Just like mafia you have to mislead people to secretly project your answer as the best choice.
Once everyone has selected the answer they think is the real answer among the fake answers, the game tells you who fooled you, whom and how many people you have fooled and points are calculated using the same results.
Public games: You can play with strangers as well if you don't have no one/enough players to play.
Chat: There is a pretty smooth chat feature which works like WhatsApp group chat to focus on the conversation core of the game.
Friend list: The game maintains a friend list which includes your Facebook friends who play Foolio and you can send/accept the friend request to people who are not your Facebook friends.
Invite people: It's pretty easy to invite people to your game by selecting them from your friend list. The app sends a notification to everyone you select which on tapping brings everyone to the same game. You can post the same deep-link on WhatsApp group etc as well.
Admin: Admin has few extra things she can do. Admin can turn a private game into public(when there are not enough people in private game) and a public game into private (when there are enough people and players don't want anyone new to join the game). Admin can also transfer the adminship to others.
The game has 2 pretty simple kinds of monetization models.
1. In-app purchase: The game has more than 12 sets/topics to play out of which 4 are free and rest can be bought for $0.99.
2. Rewarded Video Ads: If the user doesn't to buy the whole chapter she can choose to watch a video ad to play few rounds of a paid set/topic for free.
Currently, our major focus is to make it a fun conversational app between friends even when everyone is playing from a distant location. We are exploring push to talk technology to achieve the same. In future, the product might take the shape of a group conversation app with a couple of fun group gaming concept built in like Foolio. The short-term plan also includes releasing 20 sets by the end of this year to target a wide range of audience.
Check out the latest news on FastPokeMap and other Pokemon Go Scanners and Trackers.


text:
Home News Film 'Lady-Like' is a shallow, petty misunderstanding of comedy and women
'Lady-Like' is a shallow, petty misunderstanding of comedy and women
Leigh Monson
Likeability and relatability are not the end-all measures of what makes for a good protagonist, nor should they be. Many of fiction's greatest protagonists are conflicted, complicated messes that are engaging not because we are meant to empathize with them but because their perspective is meant to be so divorced from our own. However, there sometimes come along films like Lady-Like, which sits at the uncomfortable intersection of presenting us with shallow, unlikeable characters and expecting us to root for them through a series of banal and trope-trodden events. I'm left unclear whether or not I'm supposed to like these ladies, but I know for certain that their charms were completely lost on me.
A couple of gal pals, Allie (Stephanie Simbari) and Kort (Allie Gallerani), are starting a new year of college when Kort meets a guy who may just be her soul mate. After a first act that takes up the entire first half of the film in which the energetic Allie pushes the more introverted Kort to make advances and maximize her strategy for attracting her mate, Allie finds herself feeling neglected by her best friend as Kort spends all her time with her new boy. This somehow leads to a revelation that Allie needs to abandon her slacker lifestyle and become a more responsible adult—with the implied reward that she'll get her own man in the process—but I'd be hard pressed to tell you how her jealousy ultimately influences her to better herself.
Bizarre pacing and nonsensical moralizing aside, Allie and Kort are just tediously obnoxious leads. Allie in particular is rude, inconsiderate, and pushy, while both women are constantly insulting each other under the pretense of playful banter. These are traits that more talented writers and directors could convey as comically endearing, but writer-director Brent Craft has confused wanton vulgarity and uncreative insults for actual joke-telling. There's no sense of laugh-inducing surprise as these self-important cardboard cutouts lob the word "bitch" back and forth with self-effacing smiles, with no editing or timing to make their dynamic relatable or their friendship even believable.
This is only exacerbated by a supporting cast of fellow housemates that are somehow even more ill-conceived than the protagonists, including a woman whose sole defining characteristic is that she's obsessed with a true-crime podcast and another who repeatedly fesses up to having sexual dreams about Kort's date. Again, these aren't inherently funny situations, and they aren't presented in such a way as to set up a punchline. Every character, particularly the women, just behaves like a shallow idiot with no dimensionality beyond what Brent Craft hopes is funny in a given moment.
There is almost nothing to recommend about Lady-Like. When not mad at the characters for their obnoxious behavior, I was absolutely bored with how ineffective the plot or dialogue were at engaging me. This is clearly born of an outside and uninformed perspective on how women actually treat one another, boiling them down to a series of tropes and clichés that would feel purposely insulting were they not clearly trying to vie for our affection. This is barely even a movie, comedy or otherwise.
Lady-Like
There is almost nothing to recommend about 'Lady-Like.' This is barely even a movie, comedy or otherwise.
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Leigh Monson is technically a licensed attorney but somehow thinks being Substream's Film Editor is a lot more fun. Leigh loves both award darlings and hilariously bad films, does not believe in superhero movie fatigue, and calls it like they see it.


Despite an August ban by the federal government on an apple pesticide, recent tests of State of Washington apples show dangerous levels of the bug killer and other agriculture chemicals on the fruit.
Taxpayers may not realize it, but the billions they spend on subsidies to save family farms may be hastening their demise.
More than 2.3 million pounds of the acutely toxic pesticide methyl bromide are applied near California schools each year, but the state is proposing new regulations that ignore its own scientists' recommendations for protecting children from the lethal chemical, according to a report released today by Environmental Working Group.
Five years after the Clinton Administration promised a bold initiative to reduce pesticide use and make children's health the top priority in federal pesticide regulation, the government has done little or nothing to reduce toxic pesticide use, pesticide residues in food, or pesticide contamination of drinking water, according to a new report by the Environmental Working Group (EWG).


Which Materials Require Hazmat Placards?
Examples of cargo that are considered hazmat include dynamite, fireworks, propane, gasoline, ammonium nitrate, uranium and battery fluid.
Leaving a hazmat truck unattended could lead to serious injury, property damage or even death. It can also harm wildlife and the surrounding environment, and in some cases may be difficult to clean up.
Flammable or combustible gasses, liquids or solids may catch on fire.
Corrosive materials can cause chemical burns.
Toxic, poisonous or radioactive substances can leak and cause severe, long-lasting damage.
While all truck drivers go through training in order to earn a commercial drivers' license (CDL), hazmat drivers must complete extra training to earn a hazmat endorsement on their CDL.
The FMCSA defines a Safe Haven as a designated area, approved by local, state or federal authorities, where a hazmat driver may park and leave his/her vehicle unattended.
A video recorder may be used only if the driver is watching it at all times while in use.
If you have questions about transporting hazardous materials, or you're looking for more profitable loads to haul, contact our experts at Advanced Fleet Power Only program today.


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text:
Q: How to filter a mongoDb collection based on a foreign key in MEAN stack app? In my MEAN stack app, I have a Venue-Detail component, I am trying to display all upcoming events associated with this venue.
Below is an example of what the venue collection in my mongoDb looks like:
{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5d40590dd4ea332774e940cb"),
    "venue_name" : "diceys",
    "venue_location" : "camden street",
    "__v" : 0
}

I also have an event collection:
{
    "_id" : ObjectId("5d415feedb87bc4470c560be"),
    "event_name" : "test event",
    "event_venue" : "5d40590dd4ea332774e940cb",
    "event_artist" : "5d406855171c152868ba71c8",
    "event_price" : "10",
    "__v" : 0
}

As you can see, venue._id is the same as event.event_venue.
I have the below code that gets all events:
getEvents(): void {
    this.eventService
      .getEvents()
        .subscribe((data: Event[]) => {
            this.events = data;
    });
}

I've stored the venue_id in a variable below, so I just need to filter events based on that
this.route.paramMap.subscribe(params => {
    this.venue_id = params.get('id');
});

Event Service:
getEvents() {
    return this
      .http
        .get(`${this.uri}`);
}

But can someone please tell me how I can filter out the events object above based on the venue? I.e. only show events that are linked to this venue.

A: Use mongoDB's $lookup stage from aggregation :
   db.venue.aggregate([{ $match: { _id: ObjectId("5d40590dd4ea332774e940cb") } }, {
    $project: {
        "_id": {
            "$toString": "$_id"
        },
        venue_name: 1,
        venue_location: 1
    }
}, {
    $lookup:
    {
        from: 'event',
        localField: '_id',
        foreignField: 'event_venue',
        as: 'eventsList'
    }
}])

Or if you've too many fields in venue and it wouldn't be nice to list down everything in $project as above, Please use below query, also making _id to string as in event collection event_venue is stored as string :
db.venue.aggregate([{$match:{_id:ObjectId("5d40590dd4ea332774e940cb")}},{
    $addFields: {
      "_idString": {
        "$toString": "$_id"
      }
    }
  },{
   $lookup:
     {
       from: 'event',
       localField: '_idString',
       foreignField: 'event_venue',
       as: 'eventsList'
     }
},{$project :{
   _idString:0 }}])

Or if you don't mind _id returned as string :
db.venue.aggregate([{$match:{_id:ObjectId("5d40590dd4ea332774e940cb")}},{
    $addFields: {
      "_id": {
        "$toString": "$_id"
      },
      venue_name : '$venue_name'
    }
  },{
   $lookup:
     {
       from: 'event',
       localField: '_id',
       foreignField: 'event_venue',
       as: 'eventsList'
     }
}])

You don't need to use ObjectId() of _id when you're using mongoose as it internally takes it.

A: I managed to get it working with the below code:
HTML:
<div *ngFor="let event of myEvents">
    Event Name: {{event.event_name}}
</div>

Typescript:
getVenueId(): void {
    this.route.paramMap.subscribe(params => {
        this.venue_id = params.get('id');
    });
    this.getAllEvents();
}

getAllEvents(): void {
    this.eventService.getEvents().subscribe(events => {
        this.allEvents = events;
        this.filterMyEvents(this.allEvents);
    });
}

filterMyEvents(allEvents): void {
    this.myEvents = allEvents.filter(event => event.event_venue === this.venue_id);
}

First, I retrieve a list containing all the events, then use the venue_id to filter that list to display only events related to that venue

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Stuff...
Famous Fans
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Friends of Fulham »
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Monday Fulham Stuff - 16/11/20...
Author Topic: Monday Fulham Stuff - 16/11/20... (Read 548 times)
whitejc
Mornington Crescent
I'm tall for my height
In Both Camps, Fulham
Fulham is back in the best party and several "foxes" has also been at "the cottage" during the years, with players from the past such as Allan Clarke and Steve Earle coming to mind. They had good careers in both camps, and became favorites among fans.
Allan Clarke became the most expensive signing ever, not only for Leicester City but also a British record when Matt Gillies decided to pay £150.000 for his services. His time with Leicester City lasted only a season, and sold on to Leeds United for another record fee, £165.000, ironically signed by a former Leicester City player, Don Revie.
Barry Hayles played his best football while at Fulham, signed from Bristol Rovers and part of that group that took Fulham back to the limelight as they ran the league ladder up while depending on Barry's goalscoring skills. At the age of 48, Hayles is still active in football, playing for Merstham FC. Hayles had a short stay at Leicester City from 2008 to 2009, did play 28 games and scoring a modest amount of 2 goals.
Anthony Knockaert is today a Fulham player, but recenlty loaned out to Nottingham Forest. He has become something of a League Championship promotion expert as his play and goals for Leicester City, Brighton & Hove Albion and last season while at Craven Cottage helping all of them to promotion to the Premier League. But as soon as the clubs reach the top level, Anthony looks surplus and not the player they want in their teams, but fondly remember Knockaert from the days at Leicester City, when being integral for Nigel Pearson during a couple of seasons of pushing promotion.
Richard Stearman is another former fox with a life at the cottage. We all remember him from his early years in football with Leicester City, and while "foxes" have flown to the top, Stearman made his mark in the 2nd tier mostly, though being involved at Premier League level over a number of seasons at a few clubs, he cannot be said to be an established Premier League performer. Stearman played for Fulham from 2015 to 2017 playing 29 league games.
Not to forget Kasey Keller who we all remember from his days at Leicester City as a stabile and trustworthy goalkeeper, with him also turning out for Fulham later in his career. Mark Schwarzer had his best years in the game while at Craven Cottage, and being the understudy at Leicester City during that wonderful 2015/16 season.
Left back Paul Konchesky was another of those recent stars to have played in both clubs. Joining from Liverpool and before that move playing for Fulham from 2007 to 2010. His time with Leicester City lasted five years joining the club in 2011 and leaving after his contract ended in 2016. 97 league games with Fulham, 138 for Leicester City.
Billy McKinlay had two periods with Leicester City, firstly under Martin O'Neill, a short lived loan spell and later joining Micky Adams in that 2002/03 campaign, staying on for one more season. Later a player coach at Fulham were he also played a couple of league games back in 2004-05.
Mark Schwarzer
Kasey Keller
Mark Grew
Tony Warner
David Stockdale
Paul Konchesky
Richard Stearman
Rufus Brevett
Billy McKinley
Tony Sealy
Frank Large
Allan Clarke
Barry Hayles
Elvis Hammond
https://filbertway.com/2020/11/15/in-both-camps-fulham/
Re: Monday Fulham Stuff - 16/11/20...
The Confinement Made That I Was Much More on It' – Alphonse Areola on His Love for the Call of Duty Franchise
Paris Saint-Germain goalkeeper Alphonse Areola, who's on loan to Premier League club Fulham FC, spoke with RMC Sport to discuss one of his off the pitch hobbies, video games.
With the release of Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, the 27-year-old talked to the French media outlet about the video game's release, among other topics surrounding the Call of Duty franchise.
The coronavirus pandemic had many inside their homes for a prolonged time. With plenty of time on Areola's hands, he decided to craft his skills when it came to Call of Duty. The France international discussed that he became more of an avid player of Call of Duty during the quarantine confinement during the pandemic's early stages.
"I played a lot in the last (Call of Duty: Modern Warfare). It counts in hours, even in days. The confinement made that I was much more on it," Areola said. "I also played the last, but I especially played a lot in Black Ops II. I loved the card with the boat."
Areola then credited Mario Kart for developing a love for video games. He then transitioned over to discussing the e-sports world and how impressed he is in the training facilities that gamers have to build their skills.
"I like to follow on streaming channels, etc. After that, I'm not on it all day either. But I did an event there. He was two or three years old at Levallois," Areola said. "There were e-sport facilities. It's impressive. They have put in the means to progress. It's like us: training centers for gamers."
https://psgtalk.com/2020/11/the-confinement-made-that-i-was-much-more-on-it-alphonse-areola-on-his-love-for-the-call-of-duty-franchise/
NEW FOF'cast 🎙🎧 Five years on from Kit
"It's a thumbs up from Kit Symons"
In this episode of FOF'cast, we are joined once again by Mike Gregg and our regular guests Owen Smith and Gerry Pimm as we discuss the following Fulham FC topics:
⚽ 1-0 loss to West Ham United.
⚽ The West Ham Man of the Match
⚽ Lookman's disastrous penalty
⚽ Another video by Tony Khan
⚽ The rest of the season
⚽ 5 years on since Kit Symons was sacked.
Thanks once again for tuning in, your feedback is always appreciated to help improve future shows.
http://www.friendsoffulham.com/wordpress/?p=1526
Fulham dodged a bullet in not signing Florentino Luis
Fulham were one of several Premier League clubs interested in Benfica hot-shot Florentino Luis on loan during the summer transfer window but after his disappointing start to life on loan at AS Monaco, it looks like the Cottagers made the right decision in not signing him.
As per the Daily Mail, the West London club offered a £2 million loan fee, with the view to buying him for £25 million at the end of his stay.
However, a deal could not be agreed with the Portuguese giants, perhaps due to the 21-year-old's new contract in 2019 including a release clause of £107 million, and he ended up joining Monaco on loan instead.
The Portugal U21 international has not had the best start to life with the French club, however, having averaged a very poor 6.07 rating across his four appearances in Ligue 1 so far (per Whoscored).
If he were to have replicated that form with Fulham, it would be enough to see him ranked as the fifth-worst player in Scott Parker's squad, comfortably behind the majority of midfielders at the West London club (per WhoScored).
Luis, who is currently valued at £16.2 million by Transfermarkt, has been likened to Chelsea midfielder N'Golo Kante for his style of play but his performances at Monaco so far suggest that he is a long way off the French international in terms of current ability.
Whilst the Portuguese midfielder is just 21-years-old, and clearly has a lot of potential to grow, he is not what Fulham would have needed for this campaign as they fight relegation from the Premier League.
Luis' former coach Joao Tralhao was highly complimentary of the youngster in 2019, saying:
"Florentino is the type of player that all the major clubs want to have in their squads because he's still very young but he's a very talented player in the one position that it's sometimes not easy to find.
"It's not easy to find someone like him in Europe, even in the world. A player who can defend like anyone is excellent, his perception of his defensive role is amazing, absolutely amazing, his perception of the positioning, the timing is completely exceptional, and attacking he can play, he can build, he can do everything the coach wants." (per Goal)
Unfortunately, Luis is yet to live up to his reputation with Niko Kovac's side in France and Fulham look to have dodged a bullet by not signing him. Although there are signs to suggest that he could be a great player in the future, he perhaps wouldn't have been suitable for a loan spell in the Premier League this season as Fulham need instant results in order to stay up, not a long-term project.
https://www.footballfancast.com/fulham-fc-news/fulham-florentino-luis-tony-khan-scott-parker


Our squad prorgam consists of four levels. Each level focuses on stroke development, dives and turns.
A 45min session where swimmers are introduced to Breaststroke and Butterfly as well refining Backstroke and Freestyle.
A 45min session where swimmers are consolidating all four strokes. They also participate in a 15 minute Survival Sequence with clothes challenge, which is a key aspect of water safety.
A 1hr squad session where swimmers are now competent in all four srokes. In Terms 1 and 3 swimmers participate in the 50m challenge where they have a chance to work on their speed. In Terms 2 and 4 swimmers aim to achieve their distance swim of 1km or 1.5km Freestyle as well as the other key skills.
A 1hr squad session concentrating on all four competitive stroke. Great for swimmers who want to maintain fitness or train for competitive swimming.


The Republican National Committee used Congressional Democrats' own words on Supreme Court nominees against them in a new ad released Wednesday.
With an intense soundtrack reinforcing their words, the ad depicted Democratic Congressional Leaders, shrouded in a cloudy glaze, pontificating on Republicans' refusal to consider the nomination of Merrick Garland.
Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Senators Feinstein (D-CA), Leahy (D-VT), and Warren (D-MA) told cameras, "Do your job," to close out one of the first Republican ads in the Supreme Court fight.
President Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the seat that Justice Antonin Scalia's sudden passing left open last year.


text:
Lindmania geniculata est une espèce de plante de la famille des Bromeliaceae, endémique du Venezuela.

Synonymes
 Cottendorfia geniculata (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm., 1960.

Notes et références

geniculata
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Flore endémique du Venezuela

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Young Federal officer Casey Jones, a stiff military type, is assigned to protect grumpy, elderly Wally, a slob but brilliant computer nerd working on secret government encryptions.
Wally moves to a vast mobile home park which has mostly seniors. A confirmed bachelor and a workaholic, Wally is thrust into a paradise of unattached women. He has a pal Bert (a moocher) who was paid by the mob to bring Wally to the park.
Wally's home is across from Bert's. Wally's neighbors are Julianna Gimini, a young beauty held in check by the mob, and her grandmother, Josephine Gimini, a gorgeous widow. Next to Bert, two inept thugs keep an eye on Wally and the women.
Wally, who has a small dog, fights with Josephine and her cat, but he and Bert target other women with comic results as the women hold out for marriage.Wally is a mess. He plays music loud at night when Josephine wants to sleep. He fights his attraction to her, but risks his neck in a tree to rescue her cat.On an excursion to Lake Tahoe, Wally and Josephine become involved, resulting in Wally's fight with one of the thugs, who inadvertently shoots himself in the foot.
Jeremy, her young hacker grandson, ties up with Wally, who uses him to test his security software.
Casey, meanwhile, gets tangled up with Julianna, who is promised to a mobster's son. Casey finds himself adopting Wally's sloppy way of life.Big Louie, a crime boss who had his own brother, Josephine's husband, killed so he could have her, had fled the country.
Big Louie returns to grab Josephine, Jeremy and the encryptions, while having Wally targeted for the river. Park seniors rally to their defense. The mob closes in at the same time as Casey, who is NSA, and the FBI, CIA and Secret Service, all after Big Louie. Bert becomes a hero despite himself.
Wally and Josephine will marry. Casey, smitten with Julianna, is headed the same direction.


text:
HomeBad MoveSeries 2, Episode 5
Bad Move - Series 2, Episode 5
Series 2 - Episode 5 - Nicky and Steve get roped into taking part in a 'Come Dine With Me' competition.
Bad Move was broadcast on ITV1 at Saturday 26 December 2020, 02:19.
Series 2, Episode 5
Series 2Episode 5
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Playback time30:00
Bad Move
Series 2 - Episode 3
Bad Move is a TV show on British national television from ITV1 with an average rating of 2.9 stars by TelevisionCatchUp.co.uk's visitors. We have 13 episodes of Bad Move in our archive. The first episode of Bad Move was broadcast in January, 2021. Did you miss an episode of Bad Move but don't you wan't that to happen in the future? Please set an alarm and add Bad Move to your favourites, so we can remind you by email when there's a new episode available to watch. For free!
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text:
NOAA Weather – Kane County
Aurora marks first anniversary of Pratt factory shootings
By Jack McCarthy Chronicle Media — February 11, 2020
Aurora Mayor Richard C. Irvin is accompanied by Fire Chief Gary Krienitz and Police Chief Kristen Ziman at a media gathering on Feb. 11 commemorating the one-year anniversary of the fatal shootings at the Henry Pratt Co. plant. (Photo by Jack McCarthy / Chronicle Media)
It's been a year since a workplace shooting at the Henry Pratt Co. in Aurora claimed five lives, but to many city officials and first responders the memories of the horrific events have not faded.
Most importantly are the five victims killed on Feb. 15, 2019 along with five Aurora police officers injured trying to stop the shooter and protect others.
City officials — including Mayor Richard Irvin, Police Chief Kristen Ziman and Fire Chief Gary Krienitz — spoke at a media briefing at the downtown David Pierce Art and History Center on Tuesday, Feb. 11 surrounded by reminders of the shootings and the unified community response.
"On the afternoon of Feb. 15 (2019), the lights were dimmed, darkened and some cases, sadly, extinguished in one of the worst days in our city's history," Irvin said.
"We stand here today not simply to recount what happened, but to remember our triumph over tragedy," Irvin added. "Over the past year, we have worked collectively to turn hurt into hope and pain into progress … This community has pulled light out of darkness."
The victims on that day included: Clayton Parks, a human resources manager from Elgin; Trevor Wehner, a Northern Illinois University student on the first day of his internship; Russell Beyer, a 20-year Pratt Co. veteran and mold operator from Yorkville; Vicente Juarez, a stock room attendant and forklift operator from Oswego; and Josh Pinkard, the plant manager who lived with his family in Oswego.
The fatal shootings occurred on what had otherwise been a routine afternoon at the company and surrounding neighborhood. Classes were underway at nearby Aurora University, the John C. Dunham STEM School and Holy Angels Catholic School, and people in the immediate area otherwise went about their business.
The calm was shattered at 1:24 p.m.
"The call came in of a mass shooting and it was one of those surreal moments where I wasn't quite sure what I was hearing over the radio," Ziman said. "As we were on the way to the scene — in what seems like a moment that would last forever in time — I was listening one-by-one to my officers getting shot. I don't quite know how to describe that experience. (But) I knew once we got there we had a job to do."
Other Aurora police and fire personnel also dashed to the scene while first responders from neighboring communities and even some from miles away began to arrive and assist.
The gunman, identified as 45-year-old Gary Martin, was being dismissed from his job at Pratt when he reportedly opened fire in a meeting. He later died in a shootout with police.
A visitor stops by the memorial at the Pierce Art and History Center, 20 E. Downer Place, honoring the five people killed in the Pratt factory shooting on Feb. 15, 2019. (Photo courtesy of the Aurora Historical Society)
"There was a bright light that showed through the dark cloud in the face of danger and death," said Irvin. "Heroes emerged, not with capes (but) with uniforms. We are forever grateful to the fine women and men of the Aurora Police Department, the Aurora Fire Department and all the responding public safety officials that came in from miles around to serve and protect."
Two of the injured police officers have returned to duty, one retired and two others continue their recovery and rehabilitation.
Lessons were learned and procedures have improved in the aftermath of the shootings, according to city officials. But there's also the lamentable distinction that Aurora has joined the roll call of American communities victimized by gun violence.
"One thing that I have learned over this past year is that real human beings were walking the earth and are no longer with us," Ziman said. "The pain that these families are feeling doesn't feel like a year. It feels like they are stuck in that moment in time. I never want to forget them. I had the honor of going to the State of the Union (in Washington, D.C. Feb. 4) and I have their names in my pocket close to my heart. Every day I think of them."
The community also responded. An Aurora Strong fundraising campaign collected more than $500,000 to aid families of the victims.
No formal city observance is planned on Feb. 15 beyond flags flying at half-staff. The Pratt Co. reportedly plans an internal event and police will observe their own moment of silence and remembrance.
Irvin encouraged community members to visit the memorial exhibit at the Pierce Center, 20 E. Downer. The exhibit is open from noon-4 p.m. on Wednesdays-Saturdays through Feb. 29.
The exhibit includes five wooden crosses featuring names of the victims and donated to the Aurora Historical Society along with a selection of candles, stuffed animals, signs and other memorabilia left outside the factory. The Aurora Police Department also contributed cards, notes and items sent to them.
Tagged with: Aurora Aurora police chief chronicle media Chronicleillinois.com Henry Pratt Co Illinois Kane County Kendall County Kendall County Chronicle kendallchronicle.com Kristen Ziman mass shooting Mayor Richard Irvin one-year anniversary Suburban Chronicle suburbanchronicle.com


The spa and beauty industry is still a booming market, evident in the almost constant line up of new spas, products and improvements made to existing product brands. While not everybody has the capital, dedication or expertise to open a new beauty salon or spa, the experiences, skills and passion for developing people can be a sound foundation for setting up a beauty or spa business training program.
1. Understanding the needs of the market.
Many product brands have their own training programs, which they might be interested in out-sourcing and spas overall often require constant training and monitoring to maintain their standards, especially when new staffs are hired. You will need to decide whom your particular skills and experience will benefit and create your training programs accordingly. Creating a sound business plan is a great way to help you research and understand the segment of the market you are interested in targeting.
Whether you want to offer on- or off-site or even on-line training, you will need to consider all of the start up costs required to set yourself up in business. This can be anything from renting a location and the associated costs, the cost of creating high quality training materials and websites, payroll for paying trainers, the cost of acquiring licenses and insurances and of course your marketing and PR. It's important to be thorough in thinking this through honesty so that you don't find yourself half way there without to means to complete your dream.
If you are offering off-site training programs, maybe for managers or administrators of a spa, you will need to consider the right location for the market you are targeting. It needs to be easily accessible and reflect the standards of the training course you are offering. It will also need to have all the facilities available for you to be able to run the course, and support the number of people you expect to have in the training programs, covering everything from IT requirements, furniture and projectors to disability access, WC's and food and beverage outlets. Lastly of course, the cost of the location will need to allow you to make a living, while offering your program at a competitive price.
As part of your set-up process you will need to consider the legal requirements for registering and offering your program. It's important to pay attention to detail and do your research, so that your course is not shut down due to some technicalities that you failed to take into consideration. Your local authority should be your first point of contact when doing your research as they usually have detailed information for start up businesses. If you are looking to be covered internationally, you will then need to consider and do some research on what other countries and international business might require for your course to be recognized.
You may want to start out building your business on your own skills and expertise but you will hopefully soon need to hire further trainers to build your business. Each person you hire will be a reflection of your integrity and standards and will be an important part of building and maintaining your reputation within the industry. It will be important that you are clear on what your requirements are in regards to the qualifications, skills, experiences and credentials but also as important, in terms of personality. Ensure that you make the time for a thorough background check and interview to find the right individuals to work with to make your business a success.
Starting a Spa or beauty training course, Spa Business Management Training or On-line Spa Courses takes skill, dedication and detailed planning to build a sustainable business model that will attract clients. Keep in mind that this is not done overnight. However, if you are passionate, dedicated and disciplined, you can find your place and be a success in the ever-evolving Spa and Wellness Market today.


text:
Maksim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University also known as BSPU () is a university in Minsk, Belarus. It specialises in teacher training of mathematics, chemistry, physics, psychology, geography, history, languages and others for primary and secondary schools.

History
Minsk State Pedagogical University (first name - Minsk Teachers Institute) admitted his first students in 1914.
For a long period the institution was reorganised into a pedagogical department of Belarusian State University. After being a part of another university for ten years the Decree of the Ministry of People's Commissars of the BSSR proclaimed the Pedagogical Department of Belarusian State University an independent Belarusian State Pedagogical higher institution named after the Soviet author Maxim Gorky in 1936.

In 1993 after Belarus achieved its independence and in frames of the policy of the development of sovereign educational system the institute got a status of the university. Two years later the university was renamed after the Belarusian Soviet poet Maksim Tank. Since 2007 the university is a member of the Eurasian Association of Universities.

Structure

Departments
There are 12 departments (and a number of subdepartments) within the university structure:
Department of History
Physics and Mathematics Department
Pre-university Training Department
Department of Pre-school Education
Natural Science Department
Physical Education Department
Primary Education Department
Psychology Department
Philology Department
Social Education Department
Social-Pedagogical Technologies Department
Aesthetical Education Department

Notable alumni
 Uladzimir Nyaklyayew
 Uladzimir Sodal
 Alhierd Baharevich
 Tatsiana Karatkevich

References

Universities in Minsk