Master student at Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA.
 Professor at Department of Pharmacy Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA.
 Doctor, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, INDONESIA.
Background: Thalassia hemprichii have reported containing antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-wrinkle properties is limited. The free radical scavenging activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of the plant extracts investigated that they can help restore skin elasticity and thereby slow the wrinkling process. Objective: To evaluate in-vitro antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity of T. hemprichii as a potent ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetic. Methods: T. hemprichii was extracted with ethanol 100% (E1) 75% (E2) and ethanol 50% (E3) using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was examined for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity compared with vitamin C, and the best extract was tested for the inhibitory activity of collagenase. Results: The total phenolic content of T. hempricii extract was 0,525 0,016 mg GAE/100 g extract (E1) 0,538 0,006 mg GAE/100 g extract (E2) and 0,558 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract (E3) respectively.
The antioxidant activity (% inhibition) of the extract was 38,035 0,252 % (E1), 52,502 6,225 % (E2) and 57,261 0,505 % (E3). Ascorbic acid as a positive control of antioxidant activity showed much higher % inhibition than the sample with 78,055 0,756 %. As the best extract from antioxidant activity, E2 and E3 have inhibited collagenase activity with 51,809 0,164 % and 52,212 0,735 % at 20Mg/mL respectively. Conclusion: In general the (T. hempricii) extract can be used as a potential active ingradient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic.
Nowadays, research on marine plants has been done a lot, to get more information and evidence. However, research on the inhibition of enzymes by seagrass is limited. Therefore, this study aims to test the phenolic content, the capacity of antioxidant and inhibitory activity of collagenase enzyme from Thalassia hemprichii extract. Inhibition of collagenase activities by natural plant compounds might be a promising approach to prevent extrinsic skin aging like a wrinkle.
Thalassia hemprichii obtained from Pasauran Beach, Serang, Banten, West Java-Indonesia, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Gallic acid, Ascorbic acid, C. histolyticum collagenase (ChC) (type IA), N-[3-(2-furyl) acryloyl]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala (FALGPA) and Epigallocat-echingallate (> 95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. FeCl3, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and Sodium carbonate were purchased from Merck.
After collected from Binuangeun Beach, Banten, Indonesia. T. hemprichii leaves and rhizome were washed immediately using sea water to remove sand particles, and maintained with ice box throughout the expedition. Then T. hempricii rinsed several times, dried and stored. Next, T. hempricii was conducted determination at Biology Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) to ensure the species.
To get the extract, dried leaves and root were extracted using maceration method for 24 h in 100%, 75% and 50 % with ethanol at room temperature under dark condition. Then the mixture was centrifuged (5000 rpm for 10 min) to separate the residue and filtrate. The filtrate was evaporated using a rotary vacuum evaporator (Buchi, Switzerland).
Note: A0 is the absorbance of the control, A1 is the absorbance of the sample.
Note: Os is the corrected absorbance enzyme in the presence of samples, Oc is the corrected absorbance of enzyme without samples.
Sample that we used in this study is true Thalassia hempricii, base on determination at The Biology Center of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). We found that phytochemical qualitative analysis chemical substances of 100 % (E1), 75 % (E2) and 50 % (E3) ethanolic extract of all parts of the plants (roots and leaves), showed that T. hempricii contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and tannins (Table 1).
Qualitative test of phytochemical constituent.
Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of T. hempricii extract A calibration curve of Gallic acid (ranging from 100 to 700 ^g) was prepared and the total phenolic content was standardized against gallic acid and is expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of sample on a dry weight basis. = 0, 9903, y = 0,0007x - 0,0853. Total phenol in the extract of T. hempricii was 0,525 0,016 mg GAE/100 g extract (E1) 0,538 0,006 mg GAE/100 g extract (E2) and 0,558 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract (E3) respectively (Figure 1). As we can see in Figure 1, Compared to E1 and E2, E3 contains higher amount of phenol with 0,558 0,090 mg GAE/100 g extract. We can say that E1 < E2 < E3.
Total Phenolic Content of Thalassia hempricii.
In this study, the % inhibition of T. hempricii extract using DPPH assay was 38,035 0,252 % (E1), 52,502 6,225 % (E2) and 57,261 0,505 % (E3). This result are presented in Figure 2. Positive control of ascorbic acid showed much higher % inhibition than the sample with 78,055 0,756 %. As in the Figure 2, E2 and E3 gives a greater % inhibitory value, compared to E1.
% DPPH Inhibition of Thalassia hempricii.
We used microplate reader with spectrophotometry method at wavelength 340 nm to determine the inhibitory activity of E2 and E3 that showed highest % antioxidant activity. E3 gives a greater % inhibitory value, with 52,212 0,735 at 20^g/mL, as well as a higher % inhibition DPPH value compared to E2 which gives 51,809 0,164 % at 20 ^g/mL (Figure 3).
% Inhibition of Collagenase of Thalassia hempricii.
Seagrasses are rich in proanthocyanidin (condensed tannins) as one of the phenolic compounds.17 Phenolic compounds has been reported that against oxidative stress-mediated disorders and have received intense attention as potential therapeutic agents against a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular dysfunction, inflammatory diseases as well as aging.18 In many cases, phenolic compounds are claimed to be the main active constituent explaining the seagrass antioxidant activity.818 such as treatment of fever, skin diseases, muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems. Hence it is essential to study their bioactive metabolites and medicinal properties when considering their food applications. In the present study, the leaves of six seagrasses Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymodocea serrulata and Cymodocea rotundata were extracted with aqueous methanol and tested for their antioxidant capacity. Among them, H. pinifolia recorded high phenolic (21.64 mg g-1).
The collagenase inhibition by E3 related with the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of DPPH. Additionally, Antioxidant activities of plants extracts were correlated with their total phenolic content.29 The characteristics of polyphenols may differ, depend on the solvent used during the extraction of the two solvents.23 Theres can be different mechanism of anti-aging or anti-wrinkle properties on plants extract.27 So, E3 might be used as an active ingredient for anti-aging or anti-wrinkle products.
In general, the T. hempricii extract can be used as a potential active ingra-dient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic.
The author would like to thank the financial support from DRPM UI Grant of Indexed International Publication of Student Final Project (Publikasi Internasional Terindeks Untuk Tugas Akhir Mahasiswa/ PITTA) 2017.
Previous study have revealed that seagrass polyphenols has antioxidant activity. Seagrass also reported has a richer sources of natural antioxidant than seaweeds. Other study reported that Thalassia hempricii, one of Indonesian seagrass species, has potential IC50 value.
Nowadays, research on marine plants has been done a lot, to get more information and evidence. However, research on the inhibition of enzymes by seagrass is limited. Therefore, this study aims to test the inhibitory activity of collagenase enzyme from Thalassia hemprichii extract. Inhibition of collage-nase activities by natural plant compounds might be a promising approach to prevent extrinsic skin aging like a wrinkle.
The present study describe anti-wrinkle activity of T. hempricii assessed by collagenase inhibitory activities compared with the positive control.
This scientific study support and suggest T. hempricii has the capability as an anti-wrinkle agent that is suitable for use in cosmetic products.
Kiki Zakiah., Kiki Zakiah Is a Pharmacy Technology student at Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia.
Ef^ionora Anwar is a Professor at Department of Pharmacy Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia. She has many experienced in semisolid formulation from medicinal plants.


52-I (1) The Central Government may make a scheme for carrying out the purposes of Sections 52 H and 52J to 52 M (both inclusive) in relation to the acquired insurer.
(g) such incidental, consequential and supplemental matters as may be necessary to secure that the transfer of the undertaking, property, assets and liabilities of the acquired insurer to the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, is effectual and complete.
(3) The Central Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, add to, amend or vary any scheme made under this section.
(4) Every scheme made under this section shall be published in the official Gazette.
(5) Copies of every scheme made under this section shall be laid before each House of Parliament as soon as may be after it is made.
(6) The provisions of Sections 52H and 52J to 52M and of any scheme made under this section shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other provision of this Act or in any other law or any agreement, award or other instrument for the time being in force.
52J (1) The acquired insurer shall be given by the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, such compensation in respect of the transfer of the undertaking of the acquired insurer as is determined in accordance with the principles contained in the Eighth Schedule.
(2) The amount of compensation to be given in accordance with the principles contained in the Eighth Schedule shall be determined, in the first instance, by the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, in consultation with the Authority, and shall be offered by it to the acquired insurer, in full satisfaction thereof.
(3) If the amount of compensation offered in terms of sub section (2) is not acceptable to the acquired insurer, he may, before such date as may be notified by the Central Government in the official Gazette, request the Central Government in writing to have the matter referred to the Tribunal constituted under Section 52K.
(4) If before the date notified under sub section (3) the Central Government does not receive request as provided in that sub section, the amount of compensation offered under sub section (2), or where a reference has been made to the Tribunal, the amount determined by it, shall be the compensation payable under sub section (l) and shall be final and binding on all the parties concerned.
(5) Where the Central Government does not receive request as provided In sub section (3), the compensation payable in pursuance of the provisions of this section shall become due for payment on the expiry of one year from the appointed day, and where a reference has been made to the Tribunal under sub¬section (3), the amount determined by the Tribunal as compensation shall become due for payment on the expiry of one year from the appointed day or on the date of decision of the Tribunal, whichever is earlier.
(6) If between the appointed day and the date on which the compensation becomes due in pursuance of sub section (5), any facts come to light which call for revision of the amount of the compensation, the necessary modification of the amount of the compensation shall be made and the amount of the compensation so determined shall be the compensation payable in pursuance of sub section (1).
(7) There shall also be paid simple interest at the rate of three per cent per annum on the amount of the compensation for the period from the appointed day to the date on which payment of the compensation becomes due.
52K (1) The Central Government may, for the purposes of Sections 52 H to 52J, constitute a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and two other members.
(2) The Chairman shall be a person who is, or has been, a Judge of a High Court or of the Supreme Court and of the two other members, one shall be a person who, in the opinion of the Central Government, has had experience of matters connected with general insurance and the other shall be a person who is a chartered accountant within the meaning of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (38 of 1949).
(3) If, for any reason, a vacancy occurs in the office of the Chairman or any other member of the Tribunal, the Central Government may fill the vacancy by appointing another person thereto in accordance with the provisions of sub¬section (2), and any proceeding may be continued before the Tribunal so constituted from the stage at which the vacancy occurred.
(4) The Tribunal may, for the purpose of determining any compensation payable under Sec. 52J, choose one or more persons having special knowledge or experience of any relevant matter to assist it in the determination of such compensation.
(c) to give inspection of any such books or documents to any party before it and to any other person.
(3) Any proceeding before the Tribunal shall be deemed to be a judicial proceeding within the meaning of Sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code, and the Tribunal shall be deemed to be a civil Court for the purposes of Section 195 and Chapter XXXV of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (5 of 1898).
52M (1) The Tribunal shall have power to regulate its own procedure.
(2) The Tribunal may hold the whole or any part of its inquiry in camera.
(3) Any clerical or arithmetical error in any order of the Tribunal or any error arising therein from any accidental slip or omission may, at any time, be corrected by the Tribunal either of its own motion or on the application of any of the parties.
52N Where any acquired insurer, being a company, has in accordance with the provisions of this Act, collected and distributed any monies paid to him by the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, by way of compensation or otherwise, and has also complied with any directions given to him by the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, by way of compensation or otherwise, and has also complied with any directions given to him by the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, for the purpose of securing that the ownership of any property or any right is effectively transferred to the Central Government or the acquiring insurer, as the case may be, the Central Government may, on application being made to it in this behalf by such insurer, grant a certificate to be the insurer that there is no reason for the continued existence of the insurer, and upon the publication of such certificate, the insurer shall be dissolved.


Puff-puff-pass me that heavy metal vape cart! Laboratory testing facilities in the state of California that test cannabis products for banned chemicals, heavy metals, and other regulatory standards are discovering heavy metals such as lead in many cannabis vape cartridges. So, how is this lead making its way into the cannabis cartridges? Many different parties are currently investigating this question.
One might note that if the water in the area where the cannabis grows contains too much lead that naturally the plants would too. When you extract the cannabis oils, you of course also extract any heavy metals such as the abundance of lead.
A more probable cause for the abundance of lead in cannabis cartridges would be the cartridges themselves. Most of them are produced in China where a lot of lead in addition to plastics and other metals are used to help aid in the molding process and reduce costs. Anyone who has purchased cartridges in bulk knows that if you want a good price, China is your best bet. Test conducted by laboratories in California have found that vape cartridges produced in China contain ~4% lead or more.
Another theory is that the cannabis oil has an acidic value that extracts lead from the vape cartridges. A great example is a company named CCELL which makes some of the most affordable cartridges in China. These cartridges are suspected to have higher levels of lead which allows them to sell for more competitive price per unit. When you factor the scale of ordering the cannabis industry has and continues to place on these cartridges, it doesn't take long to see how the cents add up quick into BIG BUCKS!
In case you were curious, here are a few of the symptoms of lead poising via the Mayo Clinic website.


Sunday afternoon, after a rather stressful and emotional morning, I escaped to the local farm supply store in my parents little town. I love farm supply stores, they are soothing to me for some nutty reason and they have the niftiest things. Walking around one always gets my wheels a turning, which on this particular afternoon, walking around Atwoods was a good distraction.
Look at these red casters. Are they not the coolest casters ever? I want to see if we can attach them to the legs of a futon frame for the boys room. They are pretty heavy duty so I think they would work like a charm.
This scale. I really, really, really want one for the kitchen. This one wasn't for sale but I am bettin they could figure out how to get me one. They are friendly like that.
Love that you love Atwoods. And yes to all the above.
Love is such a volumous word. Love it.


text:
Vectra to use water drone to keep rivers clean
Vectra said it is bringing WasteShark, a water drone developed by RanMarine Technology BV of Netherlands to eat garbage and collect environmental data. (Photo: Vectra)
With the aim to focus on solving the problem of environmental and waste problem, Vectra Advanced Engineering Private Limited (VAEPL) said it bringing WasteShark, a water drone developed by RanMarine Technology BV of Netherlands to eat garbage and collect environmental data.
The WasteShark is an emission-free drone that can clear waste, chemicals, and even intrusive vegetation from water. In addition to floating debris, the WasteShark also collects micro-plastics, one of the most difficult pieces of pollution which need to be removed from entering the sea. Through its constant collection of waste, the drone prevents pollution from travelling down the water column and being deposited on the floor. WasteShark can hold up to 300kgs at a time, before returning to a collection area where the waste can be processed.
VAEPL manufactures products to help with the mammoth task of Garbage Collection and Cleaning, whether it be sewers, streets or polluted water bodies. The WasteShark will be added to Vectra's stable of Skid Steer machines with over 20 attachments and Garbage Compactors.
The VAEPL has offices in Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi, and a manufacturing facility in Greater Noida. "The WasteShark is just what India requires to maintain its rivers, lakes and ports to ensure we never go back to the state of toxicity and filth that we have put up with for years" says Dilip Magee, GM – Sales & Marketing, VAEPL.
This amazing drone is inspired by nature's own whale shark. Blending technology, form and function, the WasteShark is designed to swim through water and eat its prey with minimum effort and maximum efficiency. It can pick up things like plastic, floating debris and even alien vegetation or invasive plants. WasteShark can pick up trash that's as deep as one foot below the surface. Once the trash is gathered, it's delivered to a collection point.
The WasteShark can operate up to 16 hours per day and has been measured collecting waste at the rate of 1 kg per minute.It can check the water temperature, depth, oxygen content and many other data points with the installed sensors, so it can also help in improving and maintaining water quality. Users can steer the device with a remote control or an iPad, and its movements can betracked by a GPS signal. WasteShark is also fitted with a collision-avoidance system that uses laser imaging to spot nearby objects and adjust its positioning if it senses one.
In addition to collecting waste, the WasteShark also sends back valuable data to port authorities, including information on the quality of the water, the weather, and the depth of the harbour. The drone is capable of learning about its environment over time, becoming smart and more efficient at creating routes the longer it is in the water.
"At RanMarine we've always loved fine food, good cricket and vibrant colour, so India is very much a natural home for us! We are thrilled to have this opportunity to partner with Vectra and make a positive difference to India's health and well-being. We believe that what's good for India is great for Planet Earth," says Oliver Cunningham, Chief Commercial Officer at RanMarine.
RanMarine Technology
Water Drone
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On my way home from work, I was listening to a news story on NPR about the death of this 89-year-old woman in a small coastal town of England. Eileen Nearne was described as a recluse with no family or friends. After her death, authorities found as a part of her belongings, medals and documents that revealed she was in fact a World War II spy whose code name was Agent Rose!
Nearne was one of only a few dozen women spies in an organization set up by Winston Churchill, called the Special Operations Executive or SOE. Its mission was to support the French Resistance. She worked secretly in the Nazi occupied France where her job was to send out radio messages. Those times, if a British spy was found, the only treatment s/he would get : death! Even after being caught and subject to torture, Nearne refused to crack, and relentlessly tried convinced her Nazi interrogators she was only a local member of the French Resistance. She was dispatched to a concentration camp for women from where she successfully managed to escape – a rare thing. She was captured more than once and managed to escape every time!
Apparently, as much as she was stoic in facing the unimaginable atrocities, she broke down once she was back in England and was physically and mentally ill for some years, before she recovered. She led a quiet life and had a cat for company. She was known to support few charities.
Sadly, her body was not discovered for several days after her death.
The story lingered in my mind long after the broadcast that afternoon. Truth could be stranger than fiction, Mark Twain had said, and I couldn't agree more in case of this unsung hero!
As I wondered, images from World War II crowded my mind – bombs, prisoners, atrocities, concentration camps and living every moment in fear and uncertainty. And what a thing to garner courage to live through it day in day out, have that strong will to survive and force yourself never to give up! And what would it be to live alone once its all over? Not to be able to share, as it would be too personal to do so.. What would it be like reliving in memories the same old life, too horrifying to be forgotten in a lifetime, even after it was a "free world" on the outside? That such a brave and serving woman had to live and suffer all alone was very heart wrenching to me. A true war hero indeed!
But the more I thought about her and those times (even though accompanied by feelings of sadness and intrigue, of course), the more it put things into perspective for us and our lives in general today. Life is so much brighter and beautiful for us guys!
Hope she found solace in death, that she didn't, in life. May her soul rest in peace!
The post is old but the story is still great and as we read she is alive again.
Is it really? I will look her up.


text:
Turkey's utility helicopter development programme moves ahead
The Turkish government has signed a contract with Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) for development of the country's first national next-generation light utility helicopter.
The Turkish government has signed a contract with Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) for development of the country's first national next-generation light utility helicopter.
Signed by the undersecretary for defence industries as part of the indigenous helicopter project, launched in June 2010, the contract covers all three phases of the development programme, Defense News reports.
An unnamed senior procurement official, familiar with the programme, was quoted by the news agency as saying that the project aims to produce a helicopter that is completely designed by local engineers, using customised sub-systems that can compete with other foreign developments in terms of performance and costs.
"The first national helicopter will be sold to the Turkish market and then to international buyers," the official said.
"The project aims to produce a helicopter that is completely designed by local engineers."
Selected as the indigenous helicopter programme prime contractor in June 2010, TAI had submitted its proposal comprising of a twin-engine light helicopter in October 2012.
Primarily designed to replace Turkish Army's ageing Bell UH-1H Iroquois fleet, the helicopter is also expected to address the service's helicopter training requirements.
In addition, a civilian variant of the helicopter will be developed for the commercial market.
Meanwhile, a TAI official was also quoted by the news agency as saying that the final sales number of the helicopters could reach around 1,200, which includes over 800 units for the army and the remaining for foreign customers.
The company will apply their experience from a Sikorsky-led T-70 Black Hawk utility helicopter development programme to the project, the official added.
Initial test flighting of the first helicopter is expected to take place within the next five years.
Defense and Civil Spends on Helicopters in Turkey: 2016 to 2024
Future of the Turkey Defense Industry - Market Attractiveness, Competitive Landscape and Forecasts to 2022
Future of the Turkish Defense Industry - Market Attractiveness, Competitive Landscape and Forecasts to 2023
Military Rotorcraft Market Size and Trend Analysis including Segments (Attack Helicopter, Utility Helicopter, Maritime Helicopter, Multi-mission Helicopter and Others), Key Programs, Competitive Landscape and Forecast, 2021-2031
Turkish Defense Market - Attractiveness, Competitive Landscape and Forecasts to 2024
Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc
TAI s.r.l.


The general trend is clear: Brand prices are rising while generic prices are falling. The Wall Street analysts at Raymond James & Associates recently found generic drug prices are decreasing at over 7 percent year-over-year, the fastest in the industry's history. At the same time, AARP's most recent study found brand drug prices increase almost 130 times faster than general inflation, 15.5 percent vs. 0.1 percent.
A one-size-fits-all approach to prescription costs will have the unintended complication of unsettling a generic drug market that works for Californians. SB 17 would place large regulatory burdens on generic manufacturers who produce hundreds of drugs.
The additional costs and commitments anticipated in SB 17 will require individual generic manufacturers to evaluate whether it makes financial sense for them to continue offering safe, effective and affordable alternatives to high-priced branded and specialty medicines. If companies decide to leave the generic drug market, then there will be less competition, driving up overall prices even further.
Legislation painting all prescription drugs with a broad brush risks the generic savings that benefit everyone. That is why lawmakers must ensure valued generics are not adversely affected and that the patients of California are protected.
Chester Davis Jr. is CEO of the Association for Accessible Medicines. He can be contacted at media@accessiblemeds.org.


Damage to autoglass is not only a nuisance, but can also keep someone from being able to drive completely. This damage will usually be in the form of a crack, chip, or some other type of fracture. If the windshield is too damaged for a repair, then windshield replacement Rancho Cordova will be the best solution. Trained technicians are needed to replace autoglass that has any damage. Contacting the best autoglass replacement Sacramento company can get back on the road driving with a clear view.
Professional technicians from an autoglass replacement Sacramento company can restore autoglass strength that has been lost due to a crack, any chip, or other minor damage. One thing to keep in mind about a damaged windshield is, it may have an issue with structural integrity. This means a motorist may be in an unsafe situation if a flying object strikes the windshield or if an accident occurs. The strength of a windshield is vital to the safety of drivers and any passengers. If a motorist delays getting an autoglass replacement, then an unsafe condition could exist.
Cracked or severely chipped autoglass may create a problem with visual clarity for most drivers. This means a driver may not be able to adequately see the road or other surroundings. A clear view of the road will prevent any issue that could possibly occur, such as an accident or collision. Epoxies are injected into the cracks and chips to restore visual clarity, for autoglass not in need of a full replacement.
Water that penetrates into a vehicle is typically due to autoglass that has lost its integrity and/or seal. Cracks that are in a windshield will allow air and water to penetrate into a vehicle. Another aspect to keep in mind with cracked autoglass is cold air that can enter a vehicle and keep the heater from working properly. An autoglass replacement Sacramento technician can replace a windshield, eliminating any water seepage.
Contact Windshield Pros North for more information about autoglass replacement Sacramento services.


text:
Forged c. II 1600; destroyed on 25 March III 3019 (4,860 years)
Forged by Sauron in the fires of Orodruin
Created by one of the Ainur, but later borne by Men, Hobbits and others
The Ring-maker Sauron was one of the Maiar, originally of Aulë's people
Gollum's Ring, The Great Ring, Isildur's Bane, Magic Ring, The One Ring, Precious, The Ring of Doom, Ring of the Enemy, The Ring of Isildur, The Ring of Power, The Ring of Rings, The Ruling Ring
Alphabetical: R
Sauron's One Ring to bind all Rings
The powerful artefact of Sauron more properly called the One Ring or the Ruling Ring.
The Ring was born out of a plan Sauron devised to enslave the peoples of Middle-earth. He took on the form of a wise adviser, under the name Annatar, and offered great knowledge to the Elves. Many rejected him, but Celebrimbor and the Elves of Eregion accepted his offer, and he schooled them in the making of Rings of Power. At last, Annatar and the Elves made sixteen jewelled Rings that would in time become the Seven Rings of the Dwarves and the Nine Rings of Men.
Now Sauron put his scheme into motion. Returning to his land of Mordor, to the forges of Sammath Naur in the heart of Mount Doom, he began the secret making of another Ring. He filled it with his own power and malice, to wield power over all the other Rings of Power, and bind their wearers to his will.
His plan failed. The Elves, too, had made themselves Rings so powerful that when Sauron took up his Ruling Ring, they perceived that they were betrayed. Taking off their own Rings, they escaped the trap that Sauron had set for them. In anger, Sauron swept out of Mordor with his armies; Eregion was destroyed, Celebrimbor was slain, and Sauron recovered fifteen of the Rings of Power (the Three Rings of the Elves had been sent into secret hiding, and one of the original sixteen had already been given by Celebrimbor to Durin III of Khazad-dûm).
Under the binding power of the Ring, Sauron subverted nine Men, whose Rings of Power twisted them slowly into wraiths, the Nazgûl, whose only will was Sauron's. He attempted the same with Dwarves, but while not entirely immune, they proved more resistant to the Rings' powers. Those of their Rings that were not destroyed the Dark Lord reclaimed. The power of Sauron's Ruling Ring was such, though, that it wielded power over the wills of lesser beings whether or not they wore another Ring. In Tolkien's Letters, we're told that he used it to bring about nothing less than the destruction of Númenor, by corrupting the will of its King, Ar-Pharazôn, and his followers.
What Sauron could not have foreseen was that the Downfall of Númenor would ultimately bring about his own destruction, and the loss of his Ring. Nine ships escaped the Downfall and landed in Middle-earth, carrying Elendil and his sons Isildur and Anárion. Together, they founded great realms in Middle-earth, and allied themselves with Gil-galad and the Elves against Sauron. So began the long War of the Last Alliance, in which Sauron was at last defeated, and his Ring taken by Isildur. But Isildur did not hold the Ring for long. He was set upon by Orcs on the banks of the Great River, and the Ring was lost in its depths, where it would lie for two and a half millennia.
It was found at last by Déagol, a creature of Hobbit-kind, and then passed through a strange series of events. No sooner had Déagol recovered it than he was killed by his companion Sméagol, who stole the Ring for himself. Driven out by his family, who gave him the name Gollum, he wandered into the depths beneath the Misty Mountains, and there he lurked for more than five centuries, his life stretched by the power of the Ring. By a twist of fate, he lost it, and it came into the hands of Bilbo Baggins as the Hobbit wandered in the depths where Gollum dwelt.
Bilbo carried it through adventure and battle, eventually bringing it back to the Shire. It passed to his heir Frodo, and at last its identity was discovered by the Wizard Gandalf. Over the centuries, Sauron had recovered much of his strength, and he too learned that the Ring had been found, and discovered that it was held in the Shire. So began the War of the Ring, a desperate race to destroy Sauron's Ring in the fires of its birth, before its Lord could reclaim it and use its power to enslave the World.
Annatar, Aragorn Elessar, Aragost, Ash Mountains, Baggins Family, Barad-dûr, Battle of the Hornburg, Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Birthday Party, Black Riders, Chambers of Fire, Companions of the Ring, Company of the Ring, Council of Elrond, Council of the Wise, [See the full list...]Déagol, Downfall of Barad-dûr, Drogo Baggins, Elven-rings, Elvenking's Halls, Erestor, Estelmo, Eye of Mordor, Fall of Barad-dûr, Fall of Sauron, Fire-mountain, Fortress of Sauron, Free Lords, Frodo Baggins, Galadriel, Gladden River, Glóin, Gollum, Gollum's Ring, Horn-call of Buckland, Invisible Baggins, Isildur, Isildur's Bane, Ivanneth, Khamûl, Lord of the Black Land, Lord of the Dark Tower, Lord of the Earth, Lord of the Nazgûl, Lords of the West, Magic Ring, Misty Mountains, Mordor, Morgul-lord, Mount Doom, Nahald, Nazgûl of Dol Guldur, Nine-fingered, Orc-arrows, Orcs of the Mountains, Orcs of the White Hand, Orodruin, Pale King, Ring of Doom, Ring of Isildur, Ring of Power, Ring of Rings, Ring of the Enemy, Ring-bearers, Ring-finder, Ring-inscription, Ring-maker, Ringlord, Rings of Power, Ringwinner, Ringwraiths of Dol Guldur, River Baranduin, Sammath Naur, Saruman, Scroll of Isildur, Seat of Seeing, Second Chief, Senya, Shadow of the East, Shire Calendar, Shire-reckoning, Siege of Barad-dûr, Slinker, Smaug, Sméagol, Star of Elendil, Star of the North, Star of the North Kingdom, Stinker, Stone of Orthanc, Stoors of the Angle, Swan-knights, Tale of the Ring, The Great, The Guardians, The Halfling, The Other Side, The Strong, The Voice, Tom Bombadil, Uruk-hai, War of the Elves and Sauron, War of the Last Alliance, White Council, Window on the West, Winged Terrors, Wraith-world, Yellow Face, Your Magnificence
Original content © copyright Mark Fisher 1998, 2001-2003. All rights reserved. For conditions of reuse, see the Site FAQ.
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On 1 August 2018, the Company declared an interim dividend of 1.717 cents per share. A cash dividend will be paid to shareholders unless they elect to receive the scrip dividend. The interim dividend will be converted to Sterling at the chosen exchange rate of $1.312/£1.00 determined on 1 August 2018. The Sterling conversion of the interim dividend at the chosen exchange rate is 1.309 pence per share.
On 13 February 2018, the Board proposed the final dividend in respect of 2017 subject to shareholder approval at our Annual General Meeting on 10 May 2018, to be distributed on 17 May 2018 to shareholders registered at the close of business on 6 April 2018 in the total amount of $83.9 million, representing 4.3 cents per share based upon the issued and fully paid share capital as at 31 December 2017. The dividend on ordinary shares shall be declared in USD and will be paid in Sterling at the chosen exchange rate of $1.39/£1.00 determined on 13 February 2018. A scrip dividend alternative shall be offered in respect of the final dividend, allowing shareholders to elect by 20 April 2018 to receive their dividend in the form of new ordinary shares. The interim dividend of 1.4 cents per share and the final dividend of 4.3 cents per share gives a total dividend for the year of 5.7 cents per share.


text:
Rǎducǎneni [] () ist eine Gemeinde im Kreis Iași in der Region Moldau in Rumänien.

Geographische Lage

Die Gemeinde Rǎducǎneni liegt im Moldau Becken (Podișul Moldovei) im Südosten des Kreises Iași. Am Bohotin, ein rechter Nebenfluss des Pruth, und an der Nationalstraße DN28 befindet sich Rǎducǎneni etwa 45 Kilometer südöstlich von der Kreishauptstadt Iași (Jassy) entfernt.

Auf dem Areal der Gemeinde liegt das Naturschutzgebiet Bohotin - Pietrosu.

Geschichte
Auf eine Besiedlung des Gebiets deuten archäologische Funde auf dem Areal des Gemeindezentrums, von den Einheimischen genannt La Cireada, bis in die Spätbronzezeit und bei Hǎmeiosul bis in die Latènezeit zurück.

Bevölkerung
Bei der Volkszählung 2002 wurden auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Rǎducǎneni 7678 Einwohner registriert. 7422 davon waren Rumänen, 248 Roma und je ein Deutscher, Ungar, Italiener und Pole. 2011 wurden auf dem Gemeindegebiet 7200 Menschen gezählt, von denen waren 6499 Rumänen, 331 Roma, zwei Ungarn und restliche machten keine Angaben zu ihrer Volksgruppe.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 In Rǎducǎneni die Holzkirche Sfântul Dumitru 1905 und die römisch-katholische Kirche Sfinții Apostoli Petru și Paul 1929 errichtet. Letztere ist 32 Meter lang, 17 breit, 24 Meter hoch und hat einen 49 Meter hohen Glockenturm. Die 1350, 620 und 350 Kilogramm schweren Kirchenglocken wurden 1929 aus Bayern gebracht.
 In Rǎducǎneni das Haus Roset - Cataragiu (Casa Roset - Cataragiu), im 19. Jahrhundert errichtet, steht unter Denkmalschutz.
 Im eingemeindeten Dorf Bohotin die Sf. Nicolae Kirche, zwischen 1842 und 1845 errichtet, steht unter Denkmalschutz.
 Der neue Jüdische Friedhof in Răducăneni

Weblinks

 Răducăneni bei ghidulprimariilor.ro

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Edizione Camillo Conti Roma did publish 2 series. The first serie contains the work from 13-2-1937 till 1-11-1970 in 30 books. They are printed between 1980 en 1989. These books didn't have any titles or numbers. They have a small print of 'years' on the sidepart of the book. Therefore they are difficult to seperate from the covers. However, inside there is a small number (not logical or following). These are big books; 64 pages, 24,3*34,5 cm.
The second serie are smaller books, 16 pages only and contains the work from 1972-1978 in 30 books (as per 2010). This is Murphy's work. This serie is still published, but only throughout subscriptions directly via CC (CAMILLO CONTI Viale delle Milizie 1, 00192 Roma, Italy.) There is no website, nor email.
There was also one special book printed in 1972. 64 pages black & white; Foster's work from plate 1332-1391 (1962-63). Besides this there was a book printed in cooperation with ANAF. See seperate chapter. These two books contains the same work, probably reprints of each other.
CC is still printing the second series books; the serie is now at book n° 30 - the latest strip is n° 2240 by J. C. Murphy.
Value is around 60 Euro's for the first serie and 22 Euro's for the second. Serie 1.


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text:
The Noh Diaries
In, on, and around nō theatre
Study Noh
Watch Noh
The Kongo Noh Theatre
List of Noh translations
JPARC (Japanese Performing Arts Research Consortium)
INI (International Noh Institute)
Kongō Iwao memorial performance 17/01/2021 at 13:00 – 17:00 602-0912n京都市上京区n烏丸通中立売上ル Tomonaga - senbō (Kongō Hisanori) Makiginu - shin no godan kagura (Kongō Tatsunori)
Kongo Monthly Noh performance 24/01/2021 at 13:30 – 17:00 Kongoh Nohgakudou, Japan, 〒602-0912 Kyōto-fu, Kyōto-shi, Kamigyō-ku, Tatsumaechō, 上京区烏丸通一条下る龍前町590 Noh: Kanyōkyū (Teshima Yazaemon), Tomoe (Kongō Hisanori)
Kongo Monthly Noh performance 28/02/2021 at 13:30 – 17:00 Kongoh Nohgakudou, Japan, 〒602-0912 Kyōto-fu, Kyōto-shi, Kamigyō-ku, Tatsumaechō, 上京区烏丸通一条下る龍前町590 Noh: Iwafune (Imai Kiyotaka) Morihisa (Kongō Tatsunori)
Kongo Monthly Noh performance 28/03/2021 at 13:30 – 17:00 Kongoh Nohgakudou, Japan, 〒602-0912 Kyōto-fu, Kyōto-shi, Kamigyō-ku, Tatsumaechō, 上京区烏丸通一条下る龍前町590 Noh: Kagetsu (Udaka Tatsushige), Kurama Tengu - hakutō (Kongō Hisanori)
Kongo Monthly Noh performance 25/04/2021 at 13:30 – 17:00 Kongoh Nohgakudou, Japan, 〒602-0912 Kyōto-fu, Kyōto-shi, Kamigyō-ku, Tatsumaechō, 上京区烏丸通一条下る龍前町590 Noh: Senjū (Hirota Yasuyoshi) Taisanpukun (Teshima Yukihiro)
© Diego Pellecchia 2009-2020
Is the Kanze Noh Theatre for sale?
Selling Noh by the pound
According to the business magazine Gendai Bijinesu (Kodansha) the Kanze Nōgakudō in Shōtō, Shibuya, one of Tokyo's most exclusive residential areas, may be soon put up for sale. In the article reporting the news, the land on which the theatre is now built, measuring 840 tsubo (approx. 2,777 square meters) is stated to be worth over 30 billion yen (approx. 30 million US dollars). Fujisawa Shōwa, owner of Yodobashi Camera, who lives in the neighbourhood, has been identified as a potential buyer. According to an unspecified major real estate company, the Kanze-kai (that is, the company that owns and manages most of the Kanze school property) is considering selling the theatre. Of course – I would add – selling does not mean shutting down the business, but simply relocate elsewhere while cashing what is an extremely valuable piece of land in the heart of Tokyo.
The Kanze Noh Theatre, Shibuya, Tokyo (Google street view)
What crisis?
How to interpret the potential sale of the Kanze Nōgakudō? Could it be justified with a need to renovate the venue? Or is it yet another sign of the crisis that is tightening its grip on the Noh establishment? The post-Lehman financial shock is only an additional factor to a more specific, economic but also cultural (can we separate the two?) crisis that Noh is undergoing since the early 1990s. The Noh audience is ageing, therefore naturally reducing, a trend that might lead to its biological extinction within some 20 years, unless critical measures are taken. According to the Gendai Bijinesu article, the Kanze-kai has shown a loss amounting to 10 million yen between the 2009-2011 fiscal years. However, the manager of the Kanze Nōgakudō has explained that, after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, the construction of a safer building has been discussed, and that money is not really the issue. What we should be more concerned with is the ageing of the Noh audience, and the consequent need to make efforts to attract a new generation of young spectators.
This is certainly true, and it would impact on the economic condition of Noh the large majority of Noh actors, who are in need of financial support in order to continue to perform their art. Of the three great performance traditions of Japan, Noh is the only one which, after having lost its aristocratic patrons with the advent of the Meiji restoration, is struggling to survive while maintaining its economic independence, counting primarily on amateur practitioners who learn directly from professional performers (and pay directly to them). Kabuki is managed (owned?) by Shōchiku, a huge movie and theatre production company, and is supported by corporate sponsorship. Bunraku has lost the battle, and is now surviving thanks to public subsidy. Noh still lingers in a limbo between feudalism and capitalism. Meanwhile actors who can't make ends meet sell their costumes, masks and books, while Wanya-shoten and Hinoki-shoten, publishers of Noh books, close shops in Tokyo and Kyoto. Does Noh need a new economic model in order to get out of this darkness?
Diego Pellecchia
30/10/2013 Diego Pellecchia
agedcrisiseconomicKanzeNogakudoShibuyatheatreTokyo
← Beautiful poster: Tokyo University Kanze Noh
Tenkawa densetsu satsujin jiken – re-upload →
8 thoughts on "Is the Kanze Noh Theatre for sale?"
Douglas Penick says:
Indeed, the situation of Noh parallels the situation of the classical arts world-wide, affecting many forms from Kathakali to western classical music. Of course, as Marx said, capitalism is inimical to all pre-existing traditions. Another way of looking at this is that cultural forms that rely on and foster inwardness are under siege by industrial culture with its sensory assaults which foster a more passive form of response.
Thus, the universally espoused panacea, "attract the young", is not likely to work well, particularly as whatever funding that keeps classical art in school curricula is everywhere being cut. This is so even in Germany, where the reasoning is not economic but cultural and involves eliminating "elitist" art forms.
A partial solution to the problem of audience is the opposite of the above nostrum. I have seen some success in building up the audience for classical music by appealing to the elderly who are living in retirement homes or who go to senior centers, etc. There are new old people being created every day, and many can find turning to a slower, quieter and more reflective art form a profoundly engaging experience. Also, if you consider the daily life of those who still have their wits about them but are confined in institutions, going out to performances has a great deal of appeal. The cooperation or interest of those running the institutions is obviously crucial.
At the same time, it is important to get children to come to performances and learn a bit about what's involved. This does not build an immediate audience, but increases the number of people to whom visiting a theater or concert hall is not utterly alien.
There is no doubt that the world is being profoundly changed, but the loss of inner resources is as devastating to humanity's future as is the destruction of outer ones.
Dear Douglas, thank you for your comment.
I am sure this issue is not limited to Noh theatre, but it applies to all those practices that have fallen into the category of 'elite art'. In Japan Noh already is a form of art that is marketed mostly for those who are already a part of its social system. Most of the times these are over 60yo individuals. Noh is introduce in 'culture centres' which are normally populated by either retired people or housewives. So in a way, we already got that covered. Attract the young does not work when what you offer them is the same thing you offer to the 70yo retiree who is also an amateur. It is the very content of what is offered that needs to be considered, not only the means of advertising it. "Noh" has always changed in order to adapt to its audience, except it is not changing now. The Noh society is growing weak and scared of changing.
Ah I see.
But what kind of changes do you think of?
New plays, new extensions to the performing tradition?
The core seems to be the meetings of emissaries from the realms of life and death and the circumstances that have made men and women into such emissaries, the undying emotions that bring them across that bridge.
Perhaps Noh needs a Diaghelev or a Balanchine.
Yes, Noh needs a new 'revolutionary' genius who can change performance methods and create new beautiful plays. Such people rarely appear in a world that represses individuality, sanctioning those who try new things. Many (covertly) criticise the Noh political system, but only a few of them dare speak up. I am more and more convinced that Noh as a 'national' art form is destined to die out. Maybe foreigners will save it.
Could you consider undertaking this?
I think I once sent you a little text I wrote for 3 Gagku dancers, two musicians and an Ikebana practitioner. The words were mostly stolen from 2 Noh plays (Damask Drum and Okina). I wanted to prolong a feeling of charm (the moment when one is enticed, attracted and slightly engulfed in that, but before this assumes the more solid articulations of desire) , but my intention beneath that was to try and provide all these artists who had learned "foreign" forms to use them in a way that would be the beginning of something new. The artists were very excited before they found other things commanded their time.
Another effort to deploy a traditional form (epic recitation of a small part of the Gesar epic ) has met with more active response.
Your dedication combined with you depth of understanding and experience give you a unique opportunity here. Please do give it a try.
Dear Douglas,
Thank you for your message. Would you please let me know more about your project in private? You can use the 'contact me' form on my blog.
zehbek says:
Well, hard to like this, but you hit the nail right on the head. Thanks for the excellent post!
Pingback: New Kanze theatre to open in Ginza | 外国人と能


text:
So many pretty empty seats – Georgian FA explains why
by 55FootballNations | posted in: 55 Football Nations, Georgia, UEFA | 0
I wasn't expecting a big crowd at the first 55 Football Nations game in Georgia. My recent casual examination of attendances across Europe's leagues put the average Georgian league crowd below 1,000. But why were there only 200 people at a game involving a team from Tbilisi?
55 Football Nations interviewed Nika Jgarkava, vice president of the Georgian Football Federation. He explained that the match would have been held in Gori, 50 miles to the north west of Tbilisi, were the picturesque Tengiz Burjanadze stadium not undergoing timely renovations. The Georgians are welcoming hosts. The stunning 2015 UEFA Super Cup, where Barcelona beat Sevilla 5-4, was held in Tbilisi. Georgia are now holding the 2017 UEFA Under 19 Championship this July with three matches taking place in Gori.
Nika also explained that Lokomotiv, despite the historic name, do not have a large fan base. Lokomotiv were formed in 1936 and competed in the Soviet league system. But they have had a recent spell in the Georgian second division and are under new ownership. The biggest derby in domestic Georgian football, between Dinamo Tbilisi and Torpedo Kutaisi, would see a much more fervent atmosphere than a regional team, Dila Gori, playing away at Lokomotiv. By mistake.
Tbilisi has a population of well over one million. It is a pleasingly eclectic mix of influences and styles. Do the locals generally embrace watching live football on a breezy Friday night? I suspect not. The cosmopolitan and young want to be out and be seen. Tbilisi has, so far, mostly avoided the chain invasion that has marred many cities. However, there were more people scoffing burgers in the Vake branch of Wendy's I passed on the bus than watching football in the Mekheil Meskhi stadium.
American mince beats Georgian beef.
55FN, Georgia


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You can set the height and width of the CAPTCHA image while initializing the CAPTCHA class. The CAPTCHA image generated from the class can be set to the image control directly or it can be save to the local path and then set to the image control. For this example I am saving it to the local path and then set to the image control. And the CAPTCHA image code generated by the class is automatically set to the session variable named CaptchaCode.
Before you can use the above code, declare a public variable which I have used to hold the value of the CAPTCHA code. I named it CaptchaCode. You can name it whatever you like it. We will be using this variable later to check it against the user input. Hit F5 to start and test your application. If everything is in place and you will be able to see the below output.
The above code will check the CAPTCHA code entered by the user and check against the CAPTCHA code we previously saved in the session variable (CaptchaCode). If the validation is a success, user will get the message notifying him that he enters correct CAPTCHA code or the error message otherwise.
Set image height and width.
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A Correction: To make sorry or make right?
In general, the verb "correct" means to make something right after an error is identified. Most of us perceive it as a learning opportunity but with some emotional baggage attached. For example, if your teacher corrects you repeatedly in a short period of time then it will start to erode your self-confidence, no matter how nicely they do it. As a result, most sophisticated instructors will revert to teaching if they notice the total number of corrections becoming out of proportion to the number of successful repetitions.
In the dog world, this word seems to have gone somewhat awry. When we ask someone to "correct" their dog, what we usually mean is to make the dog sorry, not to make the dog right. It is a function of punishment. Corrections may be used to teach (learn to heel by being popped back every time you attempt to leave), or it may be used after the instructor believes the dog understands the exercise. Regardless, the dog is sorry they made the error because the end result wasn't too good for them.
"Correct your dog!" is a phrase commonly heard in obedience classes and it would be fairly unusual for the instructor to mean put the dog back with a cookie, though that would indeed put the dog back into position as effectively as a collar pop. The commonly understood meaning of "correct your dog!" in an obedience class is to pop the collar or apply some other aversive that the dog is expected to use to make them more correct in the future. Whether or not that aversive has the desired effect on future behavior is another story altogether and depends on many factors, but suffice it to say that it often has a completely different effect than what the trainer intended or expected.
I'd love to see dog trainers take the word back to its original meaning. When you correct your dog, focus on making your dog right! And if that correction doesn't work to remind the dog of what you wanted (whether an aversive or a cookie) then you need to stop testing and go back to training – teach the dog what you want.
And if you find yourself correcting your dog repeatedly, whether with a collar pop or a cookie? That suggests a fundamental problem with the dog's understanding of that behavior under the current circumstances. Go back to the teaching phase. It's no different than what you would want from your instructor if you were struggling to be correct on a behavior that you were attempting to master- more energy spent on helping you be right and a lot less emphasis on testing your knowledge.
A little patience doesn't hurt either. I find it takes years for handlers to master the skills required of excellent dog training and good instructors remain patient with the students through good spells and less good ones. Give your dog the same courtesy.
Consider your intent when you correct your dog. What I want is to improve future behavior. I can do that by applying corrections that make the dog right without making them sorry at all, and then I know to go back to training.
Positive reinforcement training is all about making the dog correct. If you're not sure if you want to proceed with a given approach to training, try to put yourself in your dog's shoes for a moment. If you apply whatever it is that is in your head, what is the likely end result? A correct dog or sorry one?
Well said, Denise! In herding, I am the student, more so than my dog. Fortunately, I have an instructor who always tells me what went right with an exercise, rather than pointing out all the things that were wrong. She is quick to offer alternatives when I am struggling, knowing that if I leave feeling confused, angry, or upset, I just might not come back. She encourages, not discourages. Isn't that what we want for our dogs??
And how long has it been that I have been saying exactly this same thing to you? I don't know what obedience instructors you have been watching, but "correct your dog" doesn't mean "make him sorry".
Also, luring a dog into position doesn't make him correct, it just makes him focus on the cookie.
As you said, it's pretty obvious that our experiences of obedience are different. I have yet to see an instructor say "correct your dog!" who did not mean some version of punishment. I think it's great that you have had such a different experience with the word, such that "correct your dog!" has no particular negative ramification for the learner.
Luring a dog back into the position most certainly does make him correct (he is now in position), if I put him where I wanted him to be in the first place. It's the same as a physical correction that puts the dog back into the position. But neither necessarily teaches the dog anything, which is another matter altogether and falls under the realm of training, not correcting. What is done is done – it doesn't matter a whole lot what you do now; training is what teaches the dog what to do in the first place.
If my dog is making errors, and simply reminding them of what I want doesn't work, then I revert to training the problem area.
Well stated Denise. It is something I have thought about from time to time but never put into words.
Unfortunately, in my area "correct your dog" general does mean do something unpleasant.


text:
Why healthy food programs in school matter
By Joy Blenman
As we celebrate Thanksgiving in this land of plenty, many Canadian children are going to school hungry. Here's how school nutrition programs help.
Benefits of healthy eating for children
Research consistently shows that students who eat breakfast before school perform better in the classroom. Sadly, many Canadian children head to school hungry because they don't have nutritious food at home.
Bobbi Turner is the program manager for Food & Friends, a student nutrition program run by the Children's Foundation of Guelph and Wellington in Ontario. The program serves kids of all backgrounds in the Guelph area nutritious meals, such as quiche and fresh fruit. It's a haven for children whose cupboards are often bare.
Sometimes students end up in the principal's office because they don't have enough food, says Turner. One of those students was a child Turner refers to as Jimmy.* "Before the program, Jimmy was always getting into trouble for stealing other kids' lunches," says Turner. "So one day at the program Jimmy ate 6 pieces of quiche and said, 'I think I feel full.' The staff were like, 'Well, of course you're full – you ate a lot.' That's when Jimmy said that was the first time he had ever felt full."
There are too many Jimmys across the country. In Canada, 1 in 5 children are at risk of going to school on an empty stomach "due to a lack of access nutritious food," says the Breakfast Clubs of Canada. In First Nations communities and immigrant communities, these numbers are higher. That means 4 or more kids in a class of 20 may not be able to pay attention in class this morning, because they are hungry.
In Canada.
Does Canada have a school lunch program?
Canada is one of the only major industrialized countries without a national school nutrition program. The provinces help fund programs, but the level of support differs from province to province. In Ontario, the province donates up to 15% of food costs for school food programs, but the schools themselves are on the hook to cover the other 85%. That leaves a significant funding gap that not every school can fill, no matter how much fundraising they do.
Turner says Canada could benefit tremendously from a national food program. "The Canadian government should be concerned, because children are our most valuable asset," says Turner. "These are our future doctors and nurses, lawyers, and business owners. We need to ask ourselves why, in a rich country like Canada, will so many children be sitting in school feeling hungry today?"
Studies show that students who attend school meal programs have better grades and are more likely to finish school than children who come to school hungry. A study by the Toronto District School Board (TDSB) offered a morning meal program to students at schools in the Jane and Finch area of Toronto. By tracking the academic data of students who participated in the program, it found that students who ate breakfast 3 days or more per week were more likely to have academic success compared to those who ate morning meals less often. Students in the study also got better marks in math and literacy testing, and earned more credits than students who were not eating morning meals regularly.
Learn more about essential brain foods
5 benefits of healthy school lunch programs
Students get to try new foods. As a result, they often become more open to eating healthy food at home.
Students make new friends and are mentored by program volunteers and staff. "Many students don't have a positive home environment, and look forward to seeing a consistent, smiling face each morning (at the breakfast program)," says Turner. Students also mingle with other students and make new friends.
Behaviour issues improve. Students are eating healthy foods rather than sugary snacks and have time to de-escalate by socializing with other students before school. "By sitting at a communal table community starts to form, and we teach students to develop healthy living habits that last a lifetime," says Brian Banks, the community development officer for Nutrition for Learning, a program that serves students in the Waterloo, Ontario region.
Grades improve. As kids' ability to pay attention increases, their memories improve and they do better in tests.
Students are absent from school less, due to better health. Organizations such as Food & Friends and the YMCA rely heavily on volunteers and donations to run their nutrition programs, says Banks. There are many benefits to student nutrition programs, both for volunteers and for the students, adds Turner. "Feeding our children doesn't just provide benefits to that child; it helps our community and our country."
* Name changed.
Growing community in a community garden
Going zero waste? Here's how to get started
3 ways to fight hunger in your community


text:
Q: NSSet vs. unordered_set I performed a simple randomized test of the performance of Cocoa's NSSet vs. the STL's unordered_set. Both are implemented using hash tables. Being that C++ is known for its highly performant code, I was surprised to see that NSSet was ~1.5x faster than unordered_set. Could anyone shed some light on why this is?
P.S. The test was searching random strings (using NSString for NSSet and basic_string<unichar> for unordered_set).
EDIT: Here's the code: https://github.com/fumoboy007/StringCollectionSpeedTest.

A: Enable optimization and enjoy how "fast" C++ containers are: zero nano seconds for the loop, that has been optimized away by the compiler! Didn't you here it mumbling:  "Don't mess with me!" Compilers are smarter than you think. ;)
So, first trick the compiler: Restructure your test, so that a result will be generated by the loop, and that result MUST depend on the actions in each iteration (for example sum the count). That result must be used as well somewhere, for example print it to the console. Otherwise the compiler will again detect that you don't need that result and thus, don't need to perform the loop at all.
Edit:
Test Results (on my system):
It turned out that NSSet and std::unordered_set are about equal in the time for a lookup.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The 31st parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 31 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.

At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 13 minutes during the December solstice and 10 hours, 04 minutes during the June solstice.

Around the world
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 31° south passes through:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or ocean
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Northern Cape - for about 20 km Western Cape Northern Cape Eastern Cape KwaZulu-Natal - for about 13 km
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Western Australia South Australia New South Wales
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Coquimbo Region
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| San Juan ProvinceLa Rioja ProvinceCórdoba ProvinceSanta Fe ProvinceEntre Ríos Province
Passing near the cities of Paraná (31°44′S 60°32′W) and Santa Fe (31°38′S 60°42′W).
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Rio Grande do Sul - for about 13 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Rio Grande do Sul
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|}

See also
30th parallel south
32nd parallel south

s31


Have you ever wished that you could design YOUR OWN course?
Have you ever been frustrated that exam courses don't include the things that YOU are really interested in?
Would you like a way of showing universities and employers that you are an excellent, well motivated individual?
YES? Then we have a great opportunity for you!
The EPQ is an extra qualification where you are in the driving seat. All elements of the course are directed by you, including whether it is a question or practical project, the research involved and how you present the final dissertation or artefact.
The aim is that you set yourself a question to answer, a challenge to fulfil or practical project to complete. You then create a plan to achieve your goal, organise your time and then review and evaluate your progress at the end. Students start thinking about topics in January of Year 12 and then start work with timetabled lessons in June.
Have the Nazi's returned to German politics?
Marine Parks - sanctuary or enslavement?
Will there be a vaccine for cancer?
Can the Ironman suit ever be a reality?


text:
'Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown' Comes To PC And Xbox One, Still A PSVR Exclusive
By Rexly Peñaflorida 2017-01-26T21:30:00Z
Another trailer for Ace Combat 7, which now has the sub-title Skies Unknown, is available, along with the news that the game isn't just available on the PlayStation 4; it's coming to the Xbox One and PC (via Steam) as well.
The trailer, which is an extended version of what we saw at PlayStation Experience last month, gives us yet another sneak peek into the story, which centers on the conflict between two warring nations: Erusea and Osea. We also get to see some aerial dogfights between pilots from both countries. In keeping with the times, the game features unmanned aircraft, although it's unclear if you'll actually control them in the game.
The game was first announced in 2015 at PlayStation Experience. More important than the title's announcement, it was revealed that Ace Combat 7 would also work with the PlayStation VR. However, it doesn't seem like you can play the entire game in virtual reality: According to the press release, "PlayStation 4 system players will be able to play portions of Ace Combat 7: Skies Unknown and experience exclusive features developed specifically for the Sony PlayStation VR."
Even with the seemingly limited VR content, we wondered if it would make its way to other platforms such as the Oculus Rift and HTC Vive. However, we were told by a Namco Bandai representative that the game is currently an exclusive for PlayStation VR. That can change before or after the game's launch, though. The addition of a PC version also brought up of the question of whether or not the game will support a hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controller for a more realistic experience, but the company had "no news to share on HOTAS support at this time."
Fans don't have to wait long for the game to come out, as Bandai Namco is aiming for a release sometime this year, which means that the company is bound to drop some more information on VR content, HOTAS support, and other features in the near future.
Shooter, Aerial Combat
PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4
gio2vanni86 27 January 2017 03:07
The first three were great, 4 wasn't bad but seriously the series and there stories were just bland and you never cared for what was happening. They need to stick to dog fighting, the mechanics in the last one were really terrible.
wifiburger 29 January 2017 15:42
well considering pc / xbox don't have a fixed dominant VR system in place why are you surprised !
TheSpiral01 30 January 2017 10:25
Im replaying Ace Combat 4 now, woohoo, good times and great fun!
Best Power Supplies 2020
How to Buy the Right 3D Printer: A 2020 Guide


The riff from Ride On was used by Squire in live performances of Daybreak, and also features on Ian Brown's Can't See Me (listen to the melody of "I know mine ... I can sail upon your sea so easy"). Ride On is very close to 'The Lemon Song' from 'Led Zeppelin II', in its sexual subject matter.
Left: 'The Lemon Song', which had a working title of Killing Floor, can be found on Led Zeppelin II (1969).
Right: Both Squire and Reni became immersed in Led Zeppelin circa the recording of Second Coming. In his post-Stone Roses project, The Rub, Reni opened his gigs with a cover of 'Immigrant Song', the opening track of Led Zeppelin III (1970).
This lemon squeezing phrase has roots in the work of Blind Boy Fuller and Robert Johnson.


As hard as I try to find or make great gifts I always end up giving some gift cards.
Sometimes it's because I just can't think of something awesome and I know they would appreciate an Amazon Gift card much more than random things or because I want to give them an experience type of gift like a trip to the zoo or a 90 minute massage on me. And sadly sometimes it's because it's ahem 3 days before gift giving day and I still need something! Whatever the reason I like to try and give a fun handmade gift card holder with the card when I can.
Aren't these stitched gift card envelopes just the cutest?! I love them. They are a great use to little bits of awesome fabric an make a basic gift card gift so special so easily!
Want something a little nontraditional? These DIY circular pouches are sized just to fit a few gift cards and work double duty as a reusable bag after the gift giving is done!
I love the shape of this simple gift card holder. And you can personalize it super easily by using different types of paper. Since scrapbook paper comes in so many crazy options these days you can really make an envelope perfect for your recipient (or something basic enough that it could work for anyone).
Make some sewn paper pouches to hide a gift card (or other fun small trinkets in) to make an awesome gift giving package that will be lots of fun for your recipient to open up.
This gift card holder has the cutest pull out banner. Adorable right!? This would be fun to customize for so many occasions or just for little just because I like you gifts!
Do you have a little monster on your gift list? Or someone who appreciate the cute and quirky. Those people can be the hardest to buy for. If you don't get their style or don't know what they already have it can be really hard to get something you know they will like. SO this Monster gift card holder is the perfect solution!
I don't know about you but I'd HAPPILY accept an Amazon gift card. It's so fun to have Amazon $$ to spend. This envelope has a fun Amazon logo inspired "You are Amazing" on the other side!
Aren't these simple paper gift card holders the cutest? I love that all they are are cut paper. That's my kind of project. Hop over to get the Gift Card Holder cutting files and make your own.
If you're giving the gift of target you need to check out these darling free printable gift card holders! They are perfect for teacher gifts!
Do you have those brown paper bags laying around your house? Great you can make up a few of these cute paper bag gift card holders!
How cute is this silly gingerbread man gift card holder? This would be the perfect little project for using up random craft remnants!
This is the perfect project for fellow scrap hoarders! Turn your left over fabric pieces into darling personalized fabric gift tags and gift card holders.
Make sure to snag this great pattern to whip up some darling fabric gift bags or a simple gift card holder. So cute and cuts down on the trash big time!
I am dying from cuteness over this fabric house gift card holder. This is also a great fabric buster project. I love how you actually end up giving an awesome gift card and a cute reusable pouch all at the same time.
Love this roundup! SO handy for the holidays!


text:
Supervisor: Prof Matthias Landgraf
Formative stages of nervous system development, called 'critical periods', are particularly vulnerable to disturbances, which can have lasting effects on nervous system function. Consequently, many neuro-developmental psychiatric conditions emerge during such critical periods of development, early childhood and adolescence.
How transient disturbances during nervous system development have lasting effects on circuit function remains poorly understood. Taking advantage of a recently discovered critical period in the motor system of the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, we discovered that critical period manipulations lead to lasting changes in neuronal transmission, plasticity and growth. Excitingly, we find several epigenetic modifications permanently changed following transient critical period manipulations. Chromatin accessibility profiling and RNA Seq transcriptomic analysis is currently pointing to candidate genes potentially responsible.
What will the student be doing?
In this project you will use novel genetic tools for cell type-specific profiling to establish how critical period-regulated epigenetic modifications lead to changes in gene expression. You will use a combination of genetics, opto-genetics, functional imaging and electrophysiology to characterise how such critical period-regulated changes in gene expression lead to changes in neuronal structure and function, notably plasticity.
1. Oswald MCW, Brooks PS, Zwart MF, Mukherjee A, West RJH, Giachello, CNG, Morarach K, Baines RA, Sweeney ST and Landgraf M. (2018). Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Activity-Dependent Neuronal Structural Plasticity. eLife, 7. http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.39393
2. Giachello CNG, Fan YN, Landgraf M, Baines RA (2021). Nitric oxide mediates activity-dependent change to synaptic excitation during a critical period in Drosophila. Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 13;11(1):20286. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99868-8.
3. Aughey, G. N., Estacio-Gómez, A., Thomson, J., Yin, H., & Southall, T. D. (2018). CATaDa reveals global remodelling of chromatin accessibility during stem cell differentiation in vivo. eLife, 7, 6061. http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32341


text:
Women's Empowerment: Rural Toilet Builder and Community Sanitation, Phase One
vilasini-admin July 28, 2016 Women's Empowerment, Workshops
Project period: 28/07/2014 to 27/07/2016
Addressing the needs of sanitation in India: Scoping and context establishment for women's empowerment
Basic sanitation facilities are inaccessible to 40 percent of the world's population. The call to address the Sixth Sustainable Development Goal of "Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all," has never been so imperative, particularly in a nation such as India where open defecation is most rampant (Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals, accessed June 14, 2015). Girls and women in rural India are disproportionately affected by limited access to adequate sanitation (WSSCC et al. 2013). Despite the numerous attempts to counteract the practice of open defecation in India, the kind of attitudinal and behavioral change necessary to end open defecation on a large and sustainable scale have yet to bring about widespread toilet use (Coffrey et al. 2014). The limited extent to which sanitation projects have achieved social inclusivity among marginalized communities is recognized as a contributing factor to the persistence of poor sanitation in India (UN Water 2008; Coffrey et al. 2014).
This paper will discuss the early stages of an intervention that places a specific focus on engaging women in rural villages within India. The project, Women Empowerment: Sanitation (WE: Sanitation) is currently in implementation in seven states throughout India, proposes that the goal of improving sanitation may best be achieved by empowering women through skill development and life skill education. By training India's most unskilled population to build, use and maintain toilets, the problems of poor sanitation, community buy-in, as well as unskilled labor may be simultaneously addressed. While WE: Sanitation, is currently in implementation in seven states throughout India, this paper will discuss findings from the early stages of the intervention in rural villages within the Indian states of Karnataka, Gujarat, and Goa, where previous sanitation efforts have failed to take hold.
Introducing potential solution: cVET + LEE approach to skill training
Empowerment literature indicates that empowering women with equal economic opportunity and the knowledge and skills to make informed life decisions are the most effective ways to reduce poverty within communities (Asian Development Bank 2014). Preliminary outcomes of the WE Project are consistent with this claim.
The proposed approach of the WE: Sanitation Project
Working towards the objective of socially inclusive TVET, the Amrita cVET model was first implemented on a large scale through the Women Empowerment (WE) Project from 2012 to 2014 in rural areas throughout Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Transtec 2014). The purpose of the WE Project, funded in part by the United Nations Democracy Fund, was to economically and socio-democratically empower women through vocational education and life enrichment education (LEE) using Amrita cVET. The project targeted women who self-identified as struggling toward financial independence. By training more than 4,000 women living in rural areas throughout India, Amrita-cVET demonstrated its capacity to reach this marginalized group in India. Amrita cVET also demonstrated tangible gains with respect to the participants' economic and socio-democratic empowerment (Transtec 2014).
This approach was adopted to train and empower women's SHGs to build, maintain, and promote their own toilets in order to achieve "open-defecation free" (ODF) status in their communities
Pilot Study: Deployment in Odisha village
Village of Bhoi Sahi, Odisha
Implementation of Amrita cVET as a means towards ending open defecation was initially piloted in the village of Bhoi Sahi, Odisha, under the banner "WE: Sanitation," an extension of the WE Project. In training women who lack access to adequate sanitation to learn and work together in building toilets for themselves, the ultimate goal of WE: Sanitation is to empower the entire community to construct a toilet for every house in the village, to end open defecation wherever possible.
In Odisha, over a 3-month period, 20 women were trained to build toilets for their households and demonstrated improvements in their daily sanitation and hygiene practices. Prior to WE: Sanitation, there were no toilets in the village of Bhoi Sahi, Odisha. Women had to walk more than a kilometer to find a secluded area to relieve themselves, and restricted their bowel movements to once before dawn, once after dark, and for safety reasons, only in the company of other women or female family members. Despite these apparent challenges, according to the women of Bhoi Sahi, access to a proper toilet was never perceived as a basic need. This finding reflects a pervasive lack of awareness of the personal health and environmental impacts of open defecation (Coffrey et al. 2014). The preference for open defecation is also precisely why sanitation efforts to provide toilets where there are none, often fail to transcend deeply rooted attitudinal and behavioral norms (ibid).
Project participants in Bhoi Sahi study the course on the tablet and work with expert mason to learn toilet building
Since successfully completing the Amrita cVET course by working together to build 20 toilets for everyone in the group, the first batch of toilet builders went on to build 35 toilets for the remaining families of the Bhoi Sahi village. In many instances, while the women building the toilet received a payment for their services from the homeowners, members of the household joined in on the building of their own toilet. Additionally, several students reported that they continue to educate themselves further and investigate opportunities for sanitation improvement in their community.
Initial scale-up
Following the successful completion of the pilot study in Bhoi Sahi, WE: Sanitation was expanded to seven villages in seven states throughout India: Karnataka, Goa, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh. These communities also received the LEE curriculum and started to implement the lessons learned. The project was replicated in these seven new locations and impact assessment research was conducted over the course of the remainder of the project timeline. This concluded the first 24 months of the WE: Sanitation program.
To date, over 120 women have built over 120 toilets for their communities, and will continue to construct more until their village reaches "Open Defecation Free" Status.
State TB Students # Toilets Built
Goa 4 4
Gujarat 31 20
Himachal Pradesh 10 13
Karnataka 17 17
Odisha 20 35
Rajasthan 5 3
Uttar Pradesh 18 14
Uttarakhand 19 16
Success highlight:
On March 28th, 2015, Sri Mata Amritanandamayi met the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi at his residence in Delhi. The Prime Minister expressed his gratitude to Amma for her great contribution to the Swachha Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission) and requested her to initiate a toilet construction project in the villages of five states of the Ganga river basin, to which Amma agreed. Read more on the Prime Minister's website.
Findings and Future efforts
Access to proper sanitation is most critical for women and children, who also often lack the voice in their household or community to express themselves. This makes it difficult to assess and then address the true impact of the problem. Empowering women through skill development proposes that the goal of improved sanitation may be achieved through the goal of empowering women through skill development and life skill education. The union of these sustainable development goals leverages an approach that is collaborative and socially inclusive. Successes of the WE Project demonstrated immense potential in developing the inter- and intrapersonal capabilities within women to address the problems around them by becoming economically and socially empowered (Transtec 2014). As WE Project approach of empowering women through skill development is applied to the problem of sanitation, preliminary findings suggest positive results in the way of placing this generally marginalized population at the center of the solution to end open defecation.
This project is far from complete. The full extent of the cVET + LEE methodology for empowering women to achieve ODF villages was not yet deployed. The lessons learned from the pilot and initial scaling to 7 other communities produced a wealth of research that needs to be consolidated and analyzed. Results from this analysis will inform the 2nd phase of this project, planned for later in 2016. The next phase of the project will expand to at least 15 locations in different regions and attempt to build 200 more toilets across the country. It will also include strong community mobilization and outreach programs, in addition to the masonry skills taught in the course. We are also exploring the inclusion of other vocational skills related to sanitation to assist in income generation. Integration of the next phase of WE: Sanitation with other NGO operations will also help to provide the communities with more holistic services in sustainable development.
SanitationSanitation ProjectWomen Empowerment


text:
Q: How do I use an enum value in a switch statement in C++? I would like to use an enum value for a switch statement. Is it possible to use the enum values enclosed in "{}" as choices for the switch()"?
I know that switch() needs an integer value in order to direct the flow of programming to the appropriate case number. If this is the case, do I just make a variable for each constant in the enum statement?
I also want the user to be able to pick the choice and pass that choice to the switch() statement.
For example:
cout << "1 - Easy, ";
cout << "2 - Medium, ";
cout << "3 - Hard: ";

enum myChoice { EASY = 1, MEDIUM = 2, HARD = 3 };

cin >> ????

switch(????)
{
case 1/EASY:  // (can I just type case EASY?)
    cout << "You picked easy!";
    break;

case 2/MEDIUM:
    cout << "You picked medium!";
    break;

case 3/HARD: // ..... (the same thing as case 2 except on hard.)

default:
    return 0;
}

A: You can use a std::map to map the input to your enum:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
using namespace std;

enum level {easy, medium, hard};
map<string, level> levels;

void register_levels()
{
    levels["easy"]   = easy;
    levels["medium"] = medium;
    levels["hard"]   = hard;
}

int main()
{
    register_levels();
    string input;
    cin >> input;
    switch( levels[input] )
    {
    case easy:
        cout << "easy!"; break;
    case medium:
        cout << "medium!"; break;
    case hard:
        cout << "hard!"; break;
    }
}

A: You can use an enumerated value just like an integer:
myChoice c;

...

switch( c ) {
case EASY:
    DoStuff();
    break;
case MEDIUM:
    ...
}

A: I had a similar issue using enum with switch cases.
Later, I resolved it on my own....below is the corrected code, and perhaps this might help.
//Menu Chooser Programme using enum
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
int main()
{
   enum level{Novice=1, Easy, Medium, Hard};
   level diffLevel = Novice;
   int i;
   cout << "\nEnter a level: ";
   cin >> i;

   switch(i)
   {
       case Novice:
           cout << "\nyou picked Novice\n"; break;

       case Easy:
           cout << "\nyou picked Easy\n"; break;

       case Medium:
           cout << "\nyou picked Medium\n"; break;

       case Hard:
           cout << "\nyou picked Hard\n"; break;

       default:
           cout << "\nwrong input!!!\n"; break;
   }
   return 0;
}

A: You should keep in mind that if you are accessing a class-wide enum from another function, even if it is a friend, you need to provide values with a class name:
class PlayingCard
{
private:
  enum Suit { CLUBS, DIAMONDS, HEARTS, SPADES };
  int rank;
  Suit suit;
  friend std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const PlayingCard &pc);
};

std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const PlayingCard &pc)
{
  // Output the rank ...

  switch(pc.suit)
  {
    case PlayingCard::HEARTS:
      os << 'h';
      break;
    case PlayingCard::DIAMONDS:
      os << 'd';
      break;
    case PlayingCard::CLUBS:
      os << 'c';
      break;
    case PlayingCard::SPADES:
      os << 's';
      break;
  }
  return os;
}

Note how it is PlayingCard::HEARTS and not just HEARTS.

A: You're on the right track. You may read the user input into an integer and switch on that:
enum Choice
{
  EASY = 1,
  MEDIUM = 2,
  HARD = 3
};

int i = -1;

// ...<present the user with a menu>...

cin >> i;

switch(i)
{
  case EASY:
    cout << "Easy\n";
    break;
  case MEDIUM:
    cout << "Medium\n";
    break;
  case HARD:
    cout << "Hard\n";
    break;
  default:
    cout << "Invalid Selection\n";
    break;
}

A: Some things to note:
You should always declare your enum inside a namespace as enums are not proper namespaces and you will be tempted to use them like one.
Always have a break at the end of each switch clause execution will continue downwards to the end otherwise.
Always include the default: case in your switch.
Use variables of enum type to hold enum values for clarity.
see here for a discussion of the correct use of enums in C++.
This is what you want to do.
namespace choices
{
    enum myChoice
    {
        EASY = 1 ,
        MEDIUM = 2,
        HARD = 3
    };
}

int main(int c, char** argv)
{
    choices::myChoice enumVar;
    cin >> enumVar;
    switch (enumVar)
    {
        case choices::EASY:
        {
            // do stuff
            break;
        }
        case choices::MEDIUM:
        {
            // do stuff
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            // is likely to be an error
        }
    };

}

A: The user's input will always be given to you in the form of a string of characters... if you want to convert the user's input from a string to an integer, you'll need to supply the code to do that.  If the user types in a number (e.g. "1"), you can pass the string to atoi() to get the integer corresponding to the string.  If the user types in an english string (e.g. "EASY") then you'll need to check for that string (e.g. with strcmp()) and assign the appropriate integer value to your variable based on which check matches.  Once you have an integer value that was derived from the user's input string, you can pass it into the switch() statement as usual.

A: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {

    enum level {EASY = 1, NORMAL, HARD};

    // Present menu
    int choice;
    cout << "Choose your level:\n\n";
    cout << "1 - Easy.\n";
    cout << "2 - Normal.\n";
    cout << "3 - Hard.\n\n";
    cout << "Choice --> ";
    cin >> choice;
    cout << endl;

    switch (choice) {
    case EASY:
        cout << "You chose Easy.\n";
        break;
    case NORMAL:
        cout << "You chose Normal.\n";
        break;
    case HARD:
        cout << "You chose Hard.\n";
        break;
    default:
        cout << "Invalid choice.\n";
    }

    return 0;
}

A: You can cast enum with int.
enum TYPE { one, two, tree };

TYPE u;

u = two;

switch( int( u ) ){
        case one :
        action = do_something ;
        break;
        case two:
        action = do_something_else;
        break;
}


text:
905 Main St. Milford, OH 45150
Email: office@esdpeds.com
Forms/Policies
Mask Policy
Rick Berger, MD, FAAP
Dr. Berger is a lifelong resident of Cincinnati. He grew up in the gaslight neighborhoods of Clifton. He graduated from St Xavier High School in 1988. He received his bachelors of science from Indiana University, Bloomington in 1992 and completed his medical training at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1997.
Although the son of a neurosurgeon, he decided to follow the path of his uncle and become a pediatrician. Dr. Berger completed a residency in pediatrics at the University of Louisville. Following residency he spent a year as Chief Resident at Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville. Despite the lure of subspecialty pediatrics, Dr. Berger knew that nothing would replace his desire to be a pediatrician. Prior to joining ESD, he practiced in Northern Kentucky for 17 years.
Dr. Berger and his wife, Amie, have three children, two girls and a boy. He enjoys spending time with his family, especially sporting events. He particularly enjoys soccer and basketball. However, he is perfectly content and proud to be a spectator of youth sports now.
Undergraduate Education: Indiana University, Bloomington
Medical School: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
Residency: University of Louisville
Milford, Ohio 45150
Email milford@esdpeds.com
4000 Smith Road, Suite 175
Email hydepark@esdpeds.com
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