text:
Q: All possibilities of seven numbers in ascending order? I had posted a question about a pretty old permutation cipher here on Stack Overflow.
One @Mark Adler has commented that all possibilities of seven numbers with range $0$-$255$ in ascending order is $9,503,812,464$.
I tried to speculate by saying "Ok you mean each byte can be having value $0$-$255$ if first byte is $255$ then all others are also $255$. This is one way. If first byte is $254$ then there can be seven ways for remaining bytes ie $255,255,255,255,255,255$ or $254,255,255,255,255,255$ or $254,254,255,255,255,255$ or .... $254,254,254,254,254,254$ yes i seem to get it"
But I am not sure how to count all possibilities. Can anyone please help?

A: If $$0\le a_1\le a_2\le\cdots\le a_7\le255$$ then let $$b_0=a_1, b_1=a_2-a_1,b_2=a_3-a_2,\dots,b_6=a_7-a_6,b_7=255-a_7$$ and you have $$b_0+b_1+\cdots+b_7=255,\quad b_j\ge0.\tag1$$ Conversely, any solution of (1) gives you numbers $a_j$. So, do you know how to count the number of solutions of (1)?

A: My favorite strategy is to translate all problems of this kind into one counting lattice paths across a rectangle, since this always works, and only requires remembering the formula for the number of lattice paths across a $a\times b$ rectangle (which follows from the transformation of combinations into lattice paths), namely
$$\binom{a+b}a=\binom{a+b}b.$$
Here just translate each byte with value $v$ into a vertical step at line $v$ of  a grid; a horizontal step between grid lines $i$ and $i+1$ will then necessarily occur at level $l$, where $l$ is the number of bytes in the array with value $v\leq i$. The vertical grid lines need to numbered $0$ to $255$, the horizonal ones $0$ to $7$, so one gets a lattice path across a $7\times 255$ rectangle.
Added Since I gather from a comment to another answer that lattice paths are "beyond" the OP, I'll add a short explanation. A lattice path across a $a\times b$ rectangle (with $a,b\in\mathbf N$) is a way to traverse such a rectangle from one (fixed) corner (the origin) to the diagonally opposite corner, by taking successive unit steps parallel to one of the sides, and in the right direction (no backing up). Clearly one needs exacly $a+b$ steps, of which $a$ vertical and $b$ horizontal steps (assuming the rectangle is aligned in that way), and arranging such steps in any order will do. So it just amounts to choosing $a$ elements (positions of vertical steps) among a set of $a+b$ (available positions), and it is just one possible way to formulate the combinatorial question defining binomial coefficients.
The reason that the lattice path point of view is often more convenient than the "choose $k$ out of $n$" point of view is merely that many enumerative combinatorial problems having (arbitrary) binomial coefficients as answer can be easily translated into a problem of choosing a lattice path across an appropriate rectangle. Examples are (0)(already mentioned) choosing a subset of $k$ among $n\geq k$ (with $(a,b)=(k,n-k)$); (1) choosing a $k$-multiset among $n>0$ (so repetitions are allowed; take $(a,b)=(k,n-1)$, number the base set $0,\ldots,n-1$ and take as many vertical steps on grid line $j$ as the multiplicity of $j$ in the multiset); (2) choosing a $k$-multiset among $n\leq k$, with each of those $n$ chosen at least once (take $(a,b)=(k-n,n-1)$, visit as many grid points on grid line $j$ as the multiplicity of $j$ in the multiset); (3) choosing an additive decomposition $m=a_1+\cdots+a_l$ of $m\in\mathbf N$ with specified $l>0$ and with each $a_i\in\mathbf N$ (take $(a,b)=(m,l-1)$, and do $a_{j+1}$ vertical steps on grid line $j$ for $0\leq j<l$; this is really just (1) with $(k,n)=(m,l)$); (4) choosing a weakly increasing function (or sequence) $f:[1,k]\to[0,n]$ (take $(a,b)=(n,k)$, reach vertical grid line $j\in[1,k]$ by a horizontal step at level $f(j)$); (5) choosing a strictly increasing function $f:[1,k]\to[1,n]$ (take $(a,b)=(n-k,k)$, first reach vertical grid line $j\in[1,k]$ by at step number $f(j)$; this is (0) transposed). The "stars and bars" argument is unnecessary. See also section 7.2.1.3 (Volume 4A) of Knuth's Art of Computer Programming for more points of view.

A: Brute force, unoptimized, ugly, dirty, recursive algorithm:
unsigned long counter = 0;
void f(int last, int n) {
    if (n==0) ++counter;
    else for (int i=last;i<256;++i) f(i,n-1); break;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    f(0,7);
    printf("Final total %lu\n",counter); getchar();
    return 0;
}

It will take some minutes to run.  Even less general, but perhaps more clear:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
    for (int a=0;a<256;++a)
        for (int b=a;b<256;++b)
            for (int c=b;c<256;++c)
                for (int d=c;d<256;++d)
                    for (int e=d;e<256;++e)
                        for (int f=e;f<256;++f)
                            for (int g=f;g<256;++g)
                                ++counter;
    printf("Final total %lu\n",counter);
    getchar();
    return 0;
}

Maybe I don't understand the question.  I get 3,931,404,032.

A: Of course the binomial calculation is the quickest path to the answer.  However seeing the brute force approach above, a better brute force approach is provided here.  The thing to do is remember previous answers and don't recalculate them.  This code runs too quickly for the csh time command to measure, so it completes in less than a millisecond.  I don't know how much less.  (Since $256^7$ is less than $2^{64}$, this is guaranteed to not overflow an unsigned long long in C.)  The result is $15\,508\,763\,342\,592$.
/* count how many 7-byte sorted sequences there are */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define SEQLEN 7
#define SEQMAX 255

/* Memoization of seqs() results. */
unsigned long long memo[SEQLEN][SEQMAX+1];

/* Return the number of possible length n sorted descending sequences of
   non-negative integers with the first value less than or equal to a. */
unsigned long long seqs(int n, int a)
{
    int k;
    unsigned long long count;

    if (--n == 0)
        return a + 1;
    if (memo[n][a])
        return memo[n][a];
    count = 0;
    for (k = 0; k <= a; k++)
        count += seqs(n, k);
    memo[n][a] = count;
    return count;
}

int main(void)
{
    memset(memo, 0, sizeof(memo));
    printf("%llu\n", seqs(SEQLEN, SEQMAX));
    return 0;
}

A: This is a perfect application of "stars and bars". The high level idea is that you represent the situation not as numbers, but as properties of a sequence of symbols.
In this case, lay out a line of 255 stars
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ...

and then you place bars into the picture to represent a particular sequence of bytes. In this case, if the $n$-th byte is $x$, then we place the $n$-th bar after the $x$-th star.
For simplicity, consider instead 3 numbers in the range 0-7, rather than 7 numbers in the range 0-255.
The triple of numbers (0, 3, 3) would look like
| * * * | | * * * *

conversely, if we were just given the picture, it's easy to work out what the three numbers are.
Let me say that again. To any triple of numbers, we can draw an associated diagram. From each diagram, we can recover a triple of numbers. In particular, the triple is unique, and every diagram corresponds to a triple.
So, the number of triples of non-decreasing numbers in 0-7 is the same as the number of ways to draw a picture using 7 stars and 3 bars.
The original problem is the same, with 255 stars and 7 bars. So the number of possibilities is
$$ \binom{262}{7} $$

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E! News is welcoming back a familiar face.
Giuliana Rancic is returning to the program three years after she left, E! announced Friday.
Rancic joined E! News as a correspondent in 2002, and co-anchored the program from 2005 to 2015.
Her first day back will be Sept. 4.
Rancic apologized and left E! News a short time later.
Her return comes after Maria Menounos announced she had a brain tumor and departed the program in the summer of 2017.
Since leaving her full-time hosting job on E! News, Rancic has remained a contributor on the network and frequently hosts its Live From the Red Carpet programs.


come feb. 2, the world will know (at least those who follow the ufc) if the old frank mir is back. mir is set to battle with the hulking brock lesnar. this fight is big, but it would have been huge if a motorcycle accident involving someone who looks like, talks like, and fights like frank mir did not happen.
back in 2004, the maine-iac tim sylvia reigns supreme in the heavyweight division but when he faced mir for the championship, mir broke his arm, literally. it took sylvia seven months to recuperate from that. meanwhile, after that win, mir was considered by many to be the future of the heavyweight division.
then, the motorcycle accident happened. it took mir almost two years to get back into shape to compete in mma. his first fight after the accident was a loss; the second, a win; the third a ko loss to brandon vera; then he lost to renato "babalu" sobral last year. after that, he took on hardonk and won by submission (kimura). that win had people thinking whether the old rank mir is back.
this upcoming fight is very important to mir as he surely wants to regain his title. but he has to get past the "next big thing".
interestingly, sylvia will also be fighting come feb. 2.


text:
Q: How do I store Strings in an array? I'm fairly new to C and I designed a simple experiment to help me understand basic I/O.
I'm creating a program that will read data from a basic .txt file, store it, and allow me to manipulate it.
In this case, I'm using MyAnimals.txt which contains:
4 Dogs
3 Cats
7 Ducks

Here is my code:
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>

 main()
 {
    char szInputBuffer[50]; //Buffer to place data in
    FILE *pfile;

    int i;
    char szAnimalName[20]; //Buffer to store the animal name string
    char *pszAnimalNames[3]; //An array of 4 pointers to point to the animal name strings
    int  iAmountOfAnimal[3]; //An array to store the amount of each animal

    pfile = fopen("MyAnimals.txt", "r");
    printf("According to MyAnimals.txt, there are:\n");

    for (i = 0; i <= 2; i++)
    {
        fgets(szInputBuffer, 50, pfile);
        sscanf(szInputBuffer, "%d %s", &iAmountOfAnimal[i], szAnimalName);
        pszAnimalNames[i] = szAnimalName;
        printf("%d %s\n", iAmountOfAnimal[i], pszAnimalNames[i]);
    }

    printf("The number of %s and %s is %d\n", pszAnimalNames[1], pszAnimalNames[2], iAmountOfAnimal[1] + iAmountOfAnimal[2]);
    printf("The number of %s and %s is %d\n", pszAnimalNames[0], pszAnimalNames[1], iAmountOfAnimal[0] + iAmountOfAnimal[1]);
}

However my output is:
According to MyAnimals.txt, there are:
4 Dogs
3 Cats
7 Ducks
The number of Ducks and Ducks is 10
The number of Ducks and Ducks is 7

Why is it that the value pszAnimalNames[0, 1, and 2] points to "Ducks" by the end of the program?
Desired output is:
According to MyAnimals.txt, there are:
4 Dogs
3 Cats
7 Ducks
The number of Cats and Ducks is 10
The number of Dogs and Cats is 7

A: char *pszAnimalNames[3];

does not allocate any memory for the text. So every time you assign something to it, you are actually pointing to szAnimalName, which is 'Ducks' at the end of the program.
This line:
pszAnimalNames[i] = szAnimalName;

actually says that pszAnimalNames[i] should take the value that szAnimalName points to. So at the end of the loop, every value in pszAnimalNames points to the same location. Even though you are changing the contents of  szAnimalName, its location remains the same.
that line should instead say
pszAnimalNames[i] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*20);
memcpy(pszAnimalNames[i], szAnimalName, 20);

That will allocate space for the string and copy it to the list of names. Then at the end of your program, you will need to free the memory:
for (i = 0; i <= 2; i++) {
    free(pszAnimalNames[i]);
}


text:
The Girl He Used To Know by Tracey Garvis Graves
On 2019-04-02 2019-03-26 By JolieIn ARC, book review, NetGalley, St. Martin's Press
Date of publication: April 2nd, 2019
Where you can find The Girl He Used To Know: Amazon | Barnes and Noble
Annika (rhymes with Monica) Rose is an English major at the University of Illinois. Anxious in social situations where she finds most people's behavior confusing, she'd rather be surrounded by the order and discipline of books or the quiet solitude of playing chess.
Jonathan Hoffman joined the chess club and lost his first game–and his heart–to the shy and awkward, yet brilliant and beautiful Annika. He admires her ability to be true to herself, quirks and all, and accepts the challenges involved in pursuing a relationship with her. Jonathan and Annika bring out the best in each other, finding the confidence and courage within themselves to plan a future together. What follows is a tumultuous yet tender love affair that withstands everything except the unforeseen tragedy that forces them apart, shattering their connection and leaving them to navigate their lives alone.
Now, a decade later, fate reunites Annika and Jonathan in Chicago. She's living the life she wanted as a librarian. He's a Wall Street whiz, recovering from a divorce and seeking a fresh start. The attraction and strong feelings they once shared are instantly rekindled, but until they confront the fears and anxieties that drove them apart, their second chance will end before it truly begins.
Annika was not expecting to fall in love when she met Jonathan. Shy and anxious in new situations, Annika keeps to herself. Annika has issues with personal relationships. She finds most people challenging to be around. But not Jonathan. He loves her for her quirks. Their relationship is perfect until a tragedy forces Annika and Jonathan apart.
Ten years later and ten years wiser, Jonathan reunites with Annika in Chicago. Jonathan realizes that his feelings for Annika never went away. Annika comes to the same realization, and they restart their relationship. Will their relationship be as strong as the first time? Or will another tragedy stop it before it can begin?
When I started reading The Girl He Used To Know, I didn't know what to think about it. The book is told from two different 1st person perspectives. It is also told in two different time periods. In my experience, those two things do not go well together. I usually have issues following these types of storylines. I didn't have those issues with The Girl He Used To Know.
I loved the storyline that revolved around Annika. I did guess that she had autism early in the story. I have a nephew who is non-verbal autistic, and he shares many of the earmarks that Annika did. What I also enjoyed was seeing how far Annika came from college. There was a point in the book where I thought she would give up.
I liked Jonathan. I did have my doubts about what his intentions were when he first started hanging out with Annika. But as their love story deepened, I could see that he cared about her. He never pushed her past her limits. By the end of their college romance, I was in tears. I didn't want them to break up.
I do want to give some attention to Annika's friendship with Janice. It was even more amazing that Janice chose to become Annika's protector on campus. That scene where she saved Annika from a potential gang rape was short of amazing. Janice became my hero.
I thought that Annika and Jonathan's romance was one of the sweetest romances that I have read. I couldn't wait to see what the next step would bring. I was devastated when they broke up (and why they broke up too). When they reunited in Chicago, I did have my doubts if they would rekindle their relationship. And I was happy when they did.
The end of The Girl He Used to Know gave me chills. I am not going to get into what happened, but it was tragic. What Annika did and her determination to find Jonathan made me cry. I was a little confused by the last line of the book. It was the only thing that made zero sense to me. While I knew what it was referring to, I didn't understand why it was at the end of the book.
I gave The Girl He Used to Know a 4-star rating. This was a well-written book that had me in tears. The characters were relatable. The plot-lines were well written. The only complaint I had about the book was the end. It made no sense to me.
I would give The Girl He Used to Know an Adult rating. There is sex (but not graphic). There is language. There is mild violence. There are triggers. They would be bullying, attempted rape and drug use. I would recommend that no one under the age of 21 read this book.
I would reread The Girl He Used to Know. I would also reccomend this book to family and friends.
I would like to thank St. Martin's Press and NetGalley for allowing me to read and review The Girl He Used to Know.
All opinion stated in this review of The Girl He Used to Know are mine.
Have you read The Girl I Used to Know?
romanceThe Girl He Used To KnowTracey Garvis Graveswomen's fiction
Breaking His Rules By Aliza Mann
The Promise by Teresa Driscoll
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Pingback: Weekly Wrap-Up: March 31st through April 6th 2019 – Read with Me

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text:
Identity, Claims, & Tokens – An OpenID Connect Primer, Part 1 of 3
Micah Silverman
In the beginning, there were proprietary approaches to working with external identity providers for authentication and authorization. Then came SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) – an open standard using XML as its message exchange type. Then, there was OAuth and OAuth 2.0 – also open as well as being a modern, RESTful approach to authorization using JSON as its medium. And now, the holy grail of "secure delegated access" OpenID Connect (henceforth OIDC), which runs on top of OAuth 2.0.
But wait. What was wrong with OAuth 2.0? To understand better, let's first dispense with the term, secure delegated access. It's too vague and has led to confusion between authentication (authn) and authorization (authz).
Without secure, external authentication and authorization, you'd have to trust that every application, and every developer not only had your best interests and privacy in mind, but also knew how to protect your identity and was willing to keep up with security best practices. That's a pretty tall order, right? With OIDC, you can use a trusted external provider to prove to a given application that you are who you say you are, without ever having to grant that application access to your credentials.
OAuth 2.0 leaves a lot of details up to implementers. For instance, it supports scopes, but scope names are not specified. It supports access tokens, but the format of those tokens are not specified. With OIDC, a number of specific scope names are defined that each produce different results. OIDC has both access tokens and ID tokens. An ID token must be JSON web token (JWT). Since the specification dictates the token format, it makes it easier to work with tokens across implementations.
In this blog series, I share a primer on OIDC. In the first post, we'll review some key concepts around OIDC and tokens, explained in human terms. Then, we'll look at OIDC in action with some specific code examples to highlight its value in the authentication and authorization ecosystem. Finally, we'll dig into the guts of the different token types and how to control what goes into them.
You can see the various concepts and OIDC interactions covered at: https://okta-oidc-fun.herokuapp.com
The code that backs this is at: https://github.com/oktadeveloper/okta-oidc-flows-example
Key Concepts: Scopes, Claims, and Response Types
Before we dive into the minutiae of OIDC, let's take a step back and talk about how we interact with it.
There are two primary actors involved in all OIDC interactions: the OpenID Provider (OP) and the Relying Party (RP). The OP is an OAuth 2.0 server that is capable of authenticating the end-user and providing information about the result of the authentication and the end-user to the Relying Party. The Relying Party is an OAuth 2.0 application that "relies" on the OP to handle authentication requests.
Typically, you kick off an OIDC interaction by hitting an /authorization endpoint with an HTTP GET. A number of query parameters indicate what you can expect to get back after authenticating and what you'll have access to (authorization).
Often, you'll need to hit a /token endpoint with an HTTP POST to get tokens which are used for further interactions.
OIDC also has an /introspect endpoint for verifying a token, a /userinfo endpoint for getting identity information about the user.
All of the above endpoints are the convention, but can be defined by the OP to be anything. One of the great improvements in OIDC is a metadata mechanism to discover endpoints from the provider. For instance, if you navigate to: https://micah.okta.com/oauth2/aus2yrcz7aMrmDAKZ1t7/.well-known/openid-configuration, you'll get back a JSON formatted document with the metadata that identifies all the available endpoints from the OP (Okta, in this case).
What's a Scope?
Scopes are space-separated lists of identifiers used to specify what access privileges are being requested. Valid scope identifiers are specified in RFC 6749.
OIDC has a number of built in scope identifiers. openid is a required scope. All others – including custom scopes – are optional. The built-in scopes are:
profile requests access to default profile claims
email requests access to email and email_verified claims
address requests access to address claim
phone requests access to phone_number and phone_number_verified claims
The default profile claims are:
family_name
given_name
middle_name
preferred_username
zoneinfo
Notice how the scopes are tied to claims. You may be asking, what the heck are claims?
What's a Claim?
Simply put, claims are name/value pairs that contain information about a user, as well meta-information about the OIDC service. The official definition from the spec is a "piece of information asserted about an Entity."
Here's typical set of claims:
"family_name": "Silverman",
"given_name": "Micah",
"locale": "en-US",
"name": "Micah Silverman",
"preferred_username": "micah.silverman@okta.com",
"sub": "00u9vme99nxudvxZA0h7",
"updated_at": 1490198843,
"zoneinfo": "America/Los_Angeles"
A number of the profile claims are included above. That's because the request for the user's info was made using a token that was obtained with the profile scope. In other words, a request is made that results in the issuance of a token. That token contains certain information based on the scopes specified in the original request.
What's a Response Type?
When working with OIDC, you'll hear talk of various "flows". These flows are used to describe different common authentication and authorization scenarios. Considerations include the type of application (like web-based or native mobile app), how you want to validate tokens (in the app or in the backend), and how you want to access additional identity information (make another API call or have it encoded right into a token).
There are three primary flows: Authorization Code, Implicit, and Hybrid. These flows are controlled by the response_type query parameter in the /authorization request. When thinking of which flow to use, consider front-channel vs. back-channel requirements. Front-channel refers to a user-agent (such as a SPA or mobile app) interacting directly with the OpenID provider (OP). The implicit flow is a good choice when front-channel communication is required. Back-channel refers to a middle-tier client (such as Spring Boot or Express) interacting with the OP. The authorization code flow is a good choice when back-channel communication is required.
Authorization Code flow uses response_type=code. After successful authentication, the response will contain a code value. This code can later be exchanged for an access_token and an id_token (Hang in for now, we'll talk about tokens in more depth later on.) This flow is useful where you have "middleware" as part of the architecture. The middleware has a client id and client secret, which is required to exchange the code for tokens by hitting the /token endpoint. These tokens can then be returned to the end-user application, such as a browser, without the browser ever having to know the client secret. This flow allows for long-lived sessions through the use of refresh tokens. The only purpose of refresh tokens is to obtain new access tokens to extend a user session.
Implicit flow uses response_type=id_token token or response_type=id_token. After successful authentication, the response will contain an id_token and an access_token in the first case or just an id_token in the second case. This flow is useful when you have an app speaking directly to a backend to obtain tokens with no middleware. It does not support long-lived sessions.
Hybrid flow combines the above two in different combinations – whatever make sense for the use case. An example would be response_type=code id_token. This approach enables a scenario whereby you can have a long lived session in an app and get tokens back immediately from the /authorization endpoint.
All About Tokens
With the foundation of scopes, claims, and response types, we can now talk about tokens! There are three types of tokens in OIDC: id_token, access_token and refresh_token.
ID Tokens
An id_token is a JWT, per the OIDC Specification. This means that:
identity information about the user is encoded right into the token and
the token can be definitively verified to prove that it hasn't been tampered with.
There's a set of rules in the specification for validating an id_token. Among the claims encoded in the id_token is an expiration (exp), which must be honored as part of the validation process. Additionally, the signature section of JWT is used in concert with a key to validate that the entire JWT has not been tampered with in any way.
A Brief History of JWTs
In the beginning tokens were opaque – they carried no intrinsic information. This was fine as the server knew the token and could look up any data related to it, such as identity information.
When the OAuth 2.0 spec was released in 2012, it defined token types (such as access and refresh tokens), but it purposely avoided dictating the format of these tokens.
In 2015, the JWT spec was released. It proposed the creation of tokens which encoded other information. This token could be used as an opaque identifier and could also be inspected for additional information – such as identity attributes. It called these attributes claims. The spec also includes provisions for cryptographically signed JWTs (called JWSs) and encrypted JWTs (called JWEs). A signed JWT is particularly useful in application development because you can have a high degree of confidence that the information encoded into the JWT has not been tampered with. By verifying the JWT within the application, you can avoid another round trip to an API service. It also allows to enforce behavior, like expiration, because you know the exp claim has not been altered.
There's no direct relationship between JWT and OAuth 2.0. However, many OAuth 2.0 implementers saw the benefits of JWTs and began using them as either (or both) access and refresh tokens.
OIDC formalizes the role of JWT in mandating that ID Tokens be JWTs. Many OIDC implementers will also use JWTs for access and refresh tokens, but it is not dictated by the spec.
Access Tokens
Access tokens are used as bearer tokens. A bearer token means that the bearer can access authorized resources without further identification. Because of this, it's important that bearer tokens are protected. If I can somehow get ahold of and "bear" your access token, I can masquerade as you.
These tokens usually have a short lifespan (dictated by its expiration) for improved security. That is, when the access token expires, the user must authenticate again to get a new access token limiting the exposure of the fact that it's a bearer token.
Although not mandated by the OIDC spec, Okta uses JWTs for access tokens as (among other things) the expiration is built right into the token.
OIDC specifies a /userinfo endpoint that returns identity information and must be protected. Presenting the access token makes the endpoint accessible.
Here's an example using HTTPie:
http https://micah.oktapreview.com/oauth2/.../v1/userinfo
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer error="invalid_request", error_description="The access token is missing."
Let's try again with an expired access token:
http https://micah.oktapreview.com/oauth2/.../v1/userinfo \
Authorization:"Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ik93bFNJS3p3Mmt1Wk8zSmpnMW5Dc2RNelJhOEV1elY5emgyREl6X3RVRUkifQ..."
WWW-Authenticate: Bearer error="invalid_token", error_description="The token has expired."
Finally, let's try with a valid access token:
"groups": [
"ABC123",
"Everyone"
"preferred_username": "micah+okta@afitnerd.com",
"sub": "...",
Refresh Tokens
Refresh tokens are used to obtain new access tokens. Typically, refresh tokens will be long-lived while access tokens are short-lived. This allows for long-lived sessions that can be killed if necessary. Here's a typical scenario:
User logs in and gets back an access token and a refresh token
The application detects that the access token is expired
The application uses the refresh token to obtain a new access token
Repeat 2 and 3 until the refresh token expires
After the refresh token expires, the user must authenticate again
You may be asking: Why do this dance? This approach strikes a balance between user experience and security. Imagine if the user is compromised in some way. Or, their subscription expires. Or, they are fired. At any point, the refresh token can be revoked by an admin. Then, step three above will fail and the user will be forced to (attempt to) establish a new session by authenticating. If their account has been suspended, they will not be able to authenticate.
Identifying Token Types
It can be confusing sometimes to distinguish between the different token types. Here's a quick reference:
ID tokens carry identity information encoded in the token itself, which must be a JWT
Access tokens are used to gain access to resources by using them as bearer tokens
Refresh tokens exist solely to get more access tokens
Continue the OpenID Connect Journey
In this post, we learned some basics about OpenID Connect, its history, and a bit about the various flow types, scopes, and tokens involved. In the next installment, we see OIDC in action!
If you want to jump ahead, check out the example at: https://okta-oidc-fun.herokuapp.com
And, the source code is at: https://github.com/oktadeveloper/okta-oidc-flows-example
The whole series is live now. Part 2 is here. Part 3 is here. If you'd like to see other security-focused articles like this, you might want to check out our new security site where we're publishing in-depth articles for infosec people.
Micah Silverman is a Senior Security H@X0R. With 25 years of Java Experience (yup, that's from the beginning), he's authored numerous articles, co-authored a Java EE book and spoken at many conferences. He's a maker, who's built full size MAME arcade cabinets and repaired old electronic games. He brings his love of all things Java and Developer Advocacy to you!


An excellent way to gain your brand exposure for years to come, these durable, reusable Halloween bags make excellent Halloween advertisements. Affordably priced, these custom bags feature a large space for your custom imprint, helping you to easily put your message in the center of large crowd.
Lineart is highly recommended. Exact color match is not guaranteed. All product sizes listed are approximate. Due to the nature of sewn product construction, finished goods may vary plus or minus .5" in each direction. Allow for slight movement between imprint colors. Misregistration amounting from approximately .015625"-.0625" will be considered acceptable and within industry standards.


text:
Pregnant & Baby Care
Home Disease
Immunosuppressive Drugs for Autoimmune Disease May Reduce Risk of ARDS in COVID-19 Hospitalizations
by Health Care
in Disease
Patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who receive immunosuppressive treatment for an autoimmune disease (AD) may be at lower risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), says a new study.
The study of nearly 800 patients found that immunosuppressed patients—defined as those taking any drug with an immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive effect –who had an AD (IS-AD) were significantly less likely to develop severe ARDS compared with patients who were not immunosuppressed and did not have an AD (NIS-NAD), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.42 in adjusted analyses.
Meanwhile, there was no reduction observed when it came to patients who were not immunosuppressed and had an AD (NIS-AD) (HR 0.96), and patients who were immunosuppressed but did not have an AD (IS-NAD) had an increased, although nonsignificant, risk compared with NIS-NAD patients (HR, 1.14).
"Suspension of effective immunosuppressive treatment in these patients may jeopardize AD disease control, with potentially serious consequences," wrote the researchers based on their findings. "Such action may not be necessary; however, careful, tailored decision-making, taking into account all of an individual's known risk factors, is critical."
There were no significant differences in mortality between NIS-NAD patients and the other groups of patients, although the researchers did see differences in risk between patients who did not have an AD. Compared with NIS-NAD patients, IS-NAD patients had a trend toward an increased risk of death.
The researchers also did not find any significant differences between the groups as it related to requiring mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation.
"Overall, these findings indicate that the relationship between immune function and COVID-19 outcomes is highly complex, and warrants further investigation," wrote the researchers, who noted that there were initially concerns that immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 might be at an increased risk of having more severe illness. "However, multiple studies have now shown that severe COVID-19 is caused by the development of a hyper-inflammatory state, characterized by dysregulation of the immune system and cytokine storm: the uncontrolled, excessive release of pro-inflammatory Th1-associated cytokines and chemokines, including interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL- 6, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and CXCL10."
The researchers also observed significantly higher levels of IL-6—associated with poorer outcomes in patients with COVID-19—in IS-NAD compared with IS-AD patients and NIS-NAD patients.
Consistent with this finding, IS-NAD patients were more likely to be prescribed tocilizumab than other patients.
The researchers noted that they did not find any significant differences in any of the other measured cytokines between the groups.
Monreal E, de la Manza S, Fernández-Velasco J, et al. The impact of immunosuppression and autoimmune disease on severe outcomes in patients with hospitalized with COVID-19. J Clin Immunol. Published online November 24, 2020. doi:10.1007/s10875-020-00927-y.
Tags: ARDSAutoImmuneCOVID19DiseasedrugshospitalizationsImmunosuppressivereducerisk
A year of lost weight, lost loved ones and lost connections
TeamUp Fitness App Launches Holiday
SF9 Jaeyoon Poses On 'Men's Health' Magazine Cover And Will Appear On 'SF9 Workshop' : K-PEOPLE : koreaportal
Men's Basketball Hosts Providence on Wednesday
10 Health And Fitness Instagram Accounts That Are Inspiring Us To Take On 2021
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impactmania > Articles > Blue Latitudes: Transforming Oil Rigs to Reefs
Blue Latitudes: Transforming Oil Rigs to Reefs
Emily Callahan and Amber Jackson, Founders of Blue Latitudes. Photo Courtesy: Blue Latitudes.
BY PAKSY PLACKIS-CHENG
Driving along the Californian coast, you will spot 29 oil and gas platforms, 16 of which are actively producing. The State of California recently announced that it would be decommissioning one of the first of these platforms off the Santa Barbara shore.
A complete rig removal is a complex undertaking. Platform removal is costly; leaves an enormous carbon footprint; and damages the marine life around the structures. The "Rigs to Reefs" (R2R) program (Assembly Bill 2503) offers oil and gas companies the possibility of a partial removal. The cost savings of removing the top part of the rig will be divided between oil company and funding conservation efforts. Most importantly it will support existing and future marine life.
Amber Jackson and Emily Callahan from Blue Latitudes have researched the Program extensively and are advising companies and governments globally. The founders of Blue Latitudes spoke about their work in the ocean; the partnership with oceanographer and explorer Sylvia Earle; and what oil platforms and wind turbines have in common.
The California coast is lined with 29 off shore oil and gas platforms. How many of these are already decommissioned where the upper part of the rig is removed?
Emily:
That would be zero.
What is the timeline for all of this?
Actually, this Monday [April 24, 2017] it was announced that platform Holly, right off of Santa Barbara, will be decommissioned. That's going to be the first platform that's been decommissioned in California in over 20 years.
Do you see a scenario where all 27 oil platforms will follow the Rigs to Reefs decommissioning program?
Each platform needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Some platforms are shallower, some are deeper, and some aren't in ideal locations. If they are at the base of a river mouth, there's a lot of sedimentation, it wouldn't make an ideal candidate for a reef. I think that at least 30 to 40 percent of the platforms could become reefs.
Platform Eureka offshore of Long Beach, California. The superstructure is home to mussels, strawberry anemones, and several fish species. Photo Courtesy of Blue Latitudes.
How many oil platforms are out in the world and how many have been decommissioned according to the Rigs to Reefs program?
They're constantly being erected and taken down; I'd say there are thousands of platforms. They can do directional drilling; one platform might be home to 13 wells or 32 wells. You never know how many wells are actually associated with the platform.
In the Gulf of Mexico, there are probably thousands oil platforms and they converted almost 600 of these platforms to reefs.
What have you learned from founding Blue Latitudes?
Amber:
I'd say that we've learned what it's like to be a woman in business and entrepreneur. Especially in the oil and gas industry, it's highly dominated by men and especially older men. Not only are we women, we're also representing the environment.
We're there to talk about why it's important to protect the environment and why — when you're decommissioning one of these offshore oil and gas platforms — it's important to make sure that they take into consideration the option of reefing and they look at the structure and the life that's grown there.
Give me an example of a hurdle you have faced while building the organization and what you did to overcome it.
I'd say initially having to break that barrier in the industry. What we found is that by sharing the science and communicating the value of the artificial reefs that we've gotten a resounding positive feedback from the oil and gas industry.
It's exciting to see the industry considering this option in greater depth than they have in the past.
Especially on an international level, I was just working on a project off of West Africa. One of the challenges working there was because it is a Muslim country. You walk into the room and they usually work with men only. There was no handshaking; I had to put my hand on my heart and do a little bow. Then when we would get into conversation, it was often me with male colleagues discussing the environmental issues.
We were there for a conference and at the end of the week it was amazing to see how receptive they were and how much they cared about the environment. Especially when we get to issues like fisheries and the importance of protecting that resource.
Initially, there may be some hesitation about talking about the environment in this industry. We found that people have become very receptive to it.
Can you give me an example that indicates that people in the industry are receptive to the Rigs to Reefs program?
The biggest comment that we've had that is indicative that they're receptive, is that we keep getting more jobs. That we keep having a variety of oil companies reach out to us. Different governments reach out to us. We just got back from Malaysia; we're working in Thailand.
Previously in the oil industry the environment was an extra. If you had money for taking care of it — lucky for you. But now the shift has changed, they're recognizing that the environment is very closely tied to what they do and their ability to maintain their activities. That's been the biggest shift that we've seen.
Emily and Amber in front of an oil platform converted into an eco-tourism hotel in Malaysia. The founders of Blue Latitudes were awarded an Explorers Club flag. Photo Courtesy: Blue Latitudes.
You are very global, where is most of your work?
Yes, there are oil platforms in every ocean all around the world. Probably the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico have the most, although South East Asia also has a significant amount.
I'm from the Netherlands, are you working with the Dutch at all?
We've been trying. The North Sea, at this time, is very anti-Rigs-to-Reefs.
Why is this that?
It's not well received. They are actually one of our target audiences that we are working on to change that perspective.
One of the biggest issues is that because there are so many different countries that all have their own stake within the North Sea. In the Gulf of Mexico, there are all the different states that have their own opinions, but they are ultimately governed by the U.S. government.
Each government has their own policies, cultural identities, environmental policies, and economic schemes. Every single one is very unique. You need to get them all to agree as to what will be the best method for decommissioning.
They also need to take the platforms on shore. So, if your platform happens to be in the Netherlands, a portion of the North Sea, but you need to decommission it on Scotland's territory, what does that mean?
How will that equate in terms of money and things like that. That's been the biggest challenge. And the platforms are not well studied; there's only one scientist who has the permit to go dive on these platforms. He just published his first thesis. There's not a lot of information like we have here in the U.S.
You're associated with oceanographer Sylvia Earl's Mission Blue. What does this partnership entail?
Blue Latitudes operate in a dual capacity.
We operate as a consulting firm, a small women owned business, LLC. So we go out and do ecological value assessments. We work on decommissioning plans and we do environmental reviews, things like that generate income.
A huge part of what we do is education outreach, research, and going on expeditions to learn more. A lot of those things you don't get paid for. We can apply for grants through our partnership with Mission Blue. Sylvia is a big component of the Rigs to Reefs program. It is a big benefit to align our practice with Mission Blue, they receives 20 percent of the grants and donations we receive.
Emily, you worked as a field technician on the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. What did you see that you still carry with you?
I had just been reading about the BP oil spill in the newspaper. I had never seen an oil platform. When you see them in person and that up close, they're just gigantic. When you see hundreds of them on the horizon, it really gives you perspective.
After the spill, BP hired a lot of the fishermen who could no longer work. Obviously, they couldn't fish or troll for shrimp. The fishermen were the ones driving our boats as we were collecting water, sediments, and potentially oiled biota samples. Every single day they would be raving about the fishing on the [oil and gas] platforms — how they couldn't wait to go on vacation and go fish on the platforms. Which, at the time, seemed a little ironic.
They were saying, "Rigs to Reefs is a great program!" It was the first time I heard about it. That I ever even considered that there'd be a reef on those platforms. It was one of those things that now seem obvious, but at the time I couldn't have even imagined that there'd be life living on those platforms. That stuck with me, to think a bit differently about what's out there and what our resources are.
Amber, as a previous ocean curator at Google, what was a surprising learning for you about the ocean?
We were working with different groups, universities, and nonprofit around the world. One of my jobs was to go around and take their stories and relate it into something we could easily share with any audience.
We would add these stories on Google maps and create this interactive educational layer. I was constantly learning interesting things about the ocean. My greatest take away from that experience was learning how to communicate ocean science to the general public.
One of the, if not the biggest, challenges and one of the things that attracted me the most to Rigs to Reefs is that it's not black and white. It's not a Save The Whales. It's not an easy thing to understand, but there is true value behind it and the science is there. It's an exciting challenge — creating a campaign and talking with people about this issue. Encouraging them to look at these platforms as something that could be beneficial for the environment.
How did you realize that communication would play a critical part in meeting your goal?
I was doing my undergrad research on barnacles. It was a very specific field with a lot of terminology. I would go to the dinner table with my family and try to explain what I was doing. I found that it was really hard to get them excited about it. I was like, "Man, if I can't communicate the value of this science that I'm doing, then does it really have any value at all?" I decided to look for an opportunity that would afford me the chance to learn about communicating ocean science and talking to people about it in a way that gets them excited, so that we can share together in our love for the ocean and our desire to protect it.
How is it to work together? You met in school, starting a company together is a whole different ball game. How do you make decisions?
I spend more time with Amber than I do with my own fiancé. [Laughs.]
We work together. We travel everywhere together. We do lectures together. We've realized how strong we are as a team. We both bring very unique things to the table. To have someone else when you're just not feeling it that day, you have someone there to pick you up and encourage you. Then you take on that role too.
A really big part of what we've achieved is because we have very different backgrounds, which has played off of each other quite nicely. It aided us in forming the company. A big part of it has just been luck; we get along really well. Amber is my maid of honor! [Laughs.]
Well, we are getting really excited about the decommissioning of Platform Holly. We are also looking on the East Coast to wind farm that are being placed offshore and have this new form of clean energy.
It's interesting because on the oil and gas side, we work on the end stage of life, the decommissioning. When it comes time to remove these structures, we're going to look at the reefs and decide if Rigs to Reefs is the best option.
These wind farms turbines are below the surface and supported by three pilings that go all the way down to the sea floor. It looks very much like an oil platform.
It's likely that those structures will form the same kind of artificial reefs that we see with offshore oil and gas platforms. What we're working on is to encourage these companies to think about the site when they place these structures. Is there any way that we can have a win-win, not only collecting energy, but also placing them in an area of ecosystem need? An area where there's been environmental destruction or over-fishing?
That's what we're looking at right now, and we're pretty excited about that.
Georgina Miranda: Mount Everest has nothing on Entrepreneurship!
By impactmania in
Mara Landis: Feeling, Getting, and Being Better


text:
Pyrrho of Elis (; ; ), born in Elis, Greece, was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity, credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher and founder of Pyrrhonism.

Life

Pyrrho of Elis is estimated to have lived from around 365/360 until 275/270 BCE. Pyrrho was from Elis, on the Ionian Sea.  He was likely a member of the Klytidiai,  a clan of seers in Elis who interpreted the oracles of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia where Pyrrho served as a high priest. The Klytidiai were descendants of Klytios, who was the son of Alcmaeon and the grandson of Amphiaraus. In the Python, Pyrrho's student Timon of Phlius describes first meeting Pyrrho on the grounds of an Amphiareion, i.e., a temple of Amphiaraus, while they were both on a pilgrimage to Delphi.

Most biographical information on Pyrrho, as well as some information concerning his demeanor and behavior, come from Diogenes Laertius; his work on Pyrrho's life drew primarily from the works of mid-third century BC biographer Antigonus of Carystus. Diogenes Laërtius, quoting from Apollodorus of Athens, says that Pyrrho was at first a painter, and that pictures by him were exhibited in the gymnasium at Elis. Later he was diverted to philosophy by the works of Democritus, and according to Diogenes Laërtius became acquainted with the Megarian dialectic through Bryson, pupil of Stilpo. Unlike the founders of other Hellenistic philosophies, Pyrrho was not substantively influenced by Socrates.

Pyrrho, along with Anaxarchus, travelled with Alexander the Great on his Indian campaign, "so that he even went as far as the Gymnosophists in India and the Magi" in Persia. Returning to Elis, he lived in poor circumstances, but was highly honored by the Elians, who made him a high priest, and also by the Athenians, who conferred upon him the rights of citizenship.

Pyrrho's pupils included Timon of Phlius, Hecataeus of Abdera, and Nausiphanes, who was one of Epicurus' teachers. Arcesilaus was also a pupil of Pyrrho, and he maintained Pyrrho's philosophy except in name. Upon becoming scholarch of the Platonic Academy, Arcesilaus transformed its teachings to conform with those of Pyrrho. This initiated Academic Skepticism, the second Hellenistic school of skeptical philosophy.

Philosophy

Pyrrho did not produce any written work. Most of the information on Pyrrho's philosophy comes from his student Timon. Only fragments of what Timon wrote have been preserved, mostly by Sextus Empiricus, Diogenes Laertius, and Eusebius. Little is known for certain about the details of Pyrrho's philosophy and how it may have differed from later Pyrrhonism. Most of what we know today as Pyrrhonism comes through the book Outlines of Pyrrhonism written by Sextus Empiricus over 400 years after Pyrrho's death.

Most sources agree that the primary goal of Pyrrho's philosophy was the achievement of a state of ataraxia, or freedom from mental perturbation, and that he observed that ataraxia could be brought about by eschewing beliefs (dogma) about thoughts and perceptions. However, Pyrrho's own philosophy may have differed significantly in details from later Pyrrhonism. Most interpretations of the information on Pyrrho's philosophy suggest that he claimed that reality is inherently indeterminate, which, in the view of Pyrrhonism described by Sextus Empiricus, would be considered a negative dogmatic belief.

A summary of Pyrrho's philosophy was preserved by Eusebius, quoting Aristocles, quoting Timon, in what is known as the "Aristocles passage." There are conflicting interpretations of the ideas presented in this passage, each of which leads to a different conclusion as to what Pyrrho meant:

'The things themselves are equally indifferent, and unstable, and indeterminate, and therefore neither our senses nor our opinions are either true or false. For this reason then we must not trust them, but be without opinions, and without bias, and without wavering, saying of every single thing that it no more is than is not, or both is and is not, or neither is nor is not.

It is uncertain whether Pyrrhonism was a small but continuous movement in antiquity or whether it died out and was revived. Regardless, several centuries after Pyrrho lived, Aenesidemus led a revival of the philosophy. Pyrrhonism was one of the two major schools of philosophical skepticism that emerged during the Hellenistic period, the other being Academic skepticism. Pyrrhonism flourished among members of the Empiric school of medicine, where it was seen as the philosophic foundation to their approach to medicine, which was opposed to the approach of the Dogmatic school of medicine. Pyrrhonism fell into obscurity in the post-Hellenistic period.

Pyrrhonists view their philosophy as a way of life, and view Pyrrho as a model for this way of life. Their main goal is to attain ataraxia through achieving a state of epoché (i.e., suspension of judgment) about beliefs. One method Pyrrhonists use to suspend judgment is to gather arguments on both sides of the disputed issue, continuing to gather arguments such that the arguments have the property of isostheneia (equal strength). This leads the Pyrrhonist to the conclusion that there is an unresolvable disagreement on the topic, and so the appropriate reaction is to suspend judgement. Eventually the Pyrrhonist develops epoché as a habitual response to all matters of dispute, which results in ataraxia.

Ancient Indian influences on Pyrrho
Diogenes Laërtius' biography of Pyrrho  reports that Pyrrho traveled with Alexander the Great's army on its conquest of India (327 to 325 BCE) and based his philosophy on what he learned there:

...he even went as far as the Gymnosophists, in India, and the Magi. Owing to which circumstance, he seems to have taken a noble line in philosophy, introducing the doctrine of incomprehensibility, and of the necessity of suspending one's judgment....

The sources and the extent of the Indian influences on Pyrrho's philosophy, however, are disputed. Philosophical skepticism was already present in Greek philosophy, particularly in the Democritean tradition in which Pyrrho had studied prior to visiting India. Richard Bett heavily discounts any substantive Indian influences on Pyrrho, arguing that on the basis of testimony of Onesicritus regarding how difficult it was to converse with the gymnosophists, as it required three translators, none of whom understood any philosophy, that it is highly improbable that Pyrrho could have been substantively influenced by any of the Indian philosophers. It has also been hypothesized that the gymnosophists were Jains, or Ajnanins, and that these are likely influences on Pyrrho. Authors see probable influence of Indian skepticism not only in Pyrrhonism, but also in Buddhism itself as a common ground.

See also
Ajñana
Callisthenes
Greco-Buddhism

Notes

References

 Algra, K., Barnes, J., Mansfeld, J. and Schofield, M. (eds.), The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
 Annas, Julia and Barnes, Jonathan, The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

 Bett, Richard, "Aristocles on Timon on Pyrrho: The Text, Its Logic and its Credibility" Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 12, (1994): 137–181.
 Bett, Richard, "What did Pyrrho Think about the Nature of the Divine and the Good?" Phronesis 39, (1994): 303–337.
 Bett, Richard, Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
 Brunschwig, Jacques, "Introduction: the Beginnings of Hellenistic Epistemology" in Algra, Barnes, Mansfeld and Schofield (eds.), The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 229–259.
 Burnyeat, Myles (ed.), The Skeptical Tradition, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
 Burnyeat, Myles and Frede, Michael (eds.), The Original Sceptics: A Controversy, Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.
 Doomen, Jasper, "The Problems of Scepticism" Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy 10 (2007): 36–52.

 Halkias, Georgios, "The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic world". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, Vol. VIII, 2015: 163–186.
 Halkias, Georgios, "/ Yavanayāna: Scepticism as Soteriology in Aristocle's Passage". In Buddhism and Scepticism ed. Oren Hanner. Hamburg Buddhist Studies Series 13, University of Hamburg, 83-108.
 Hankinson, R.J., The Sceptics, London: Routledge, 1995. Kuzminski, Adrian, Pyrrhonism; How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism, Lanham, Lexington Books, 2008.
 Long, A.A., Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics, University of California Press, 1986.
 Long, A.A. and Sedley, David, The Hellenistic Philosophers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
 Striker, Gisela, "On the difference between the Pyrrhonists and the Academics" in G. Striker, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 135–149.
 Striker, Gisela, "Sceptical strategies" in G. Striker, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 92-115.
 Striker, Gisela, "The Ten Tropes of Aenesidemus" in G. Striker, Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 116–134.
 Svavarsson, Svavar Hrafn, "Pyrrho's dogmatic nature", The Classical Quarterly, 52 (2002): 248–56.
 Svavarsson, Svavar Hrafn, "Pyrrho's undecidable nature", Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy'', 27 (2004): 249–295.

External links

Pyrrhonism
4th-century BC Greek people
3rd-century BC Greek people
4th-century BC philosophers
Ancient Eleans
Ancient Skeptic philosophers
Ancient Greek epistemologists
Epistemologists
Hellenistic-era philosophers
Indo-Greek religions and philosophy
Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great
360s BC births
270s BC deaths
Foreign relations of ancient India
Buddhism in the ancient Mediterranean
3rd-century BC painters
4th-century BC painters

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


E.U. and China reach trade deal on solar panel prices | West Coast Solar, Inc.
It's well known among renewable energy enthusiasts and industry trackers that the cost of going solar has been dropping significantly over the last decade, and one reason for this has been the proliferation of Chinese solar panels, which are typically cheaper than solar cells produced by American manufacturers. This has been good for California solar energy customers, who have benefited from lower prices and installation costs as a result. But it has made it more difficult for U.S. companies to be competitive in this sector.
The same issue has been taking place in Europe, which currently boasts the two countries with the most installed solar capacity in the world: Germany and Italy. On July 27, it was announced that the European Union (EU) had reached an agreement with China's Chamber of Commerce that the latter wouldn't export panels to E.U. members for less than 56 euros ($0.74 cents) per watt, in order to bring price parity with European-manufactured units.
A similar policy was put in place in the U.S. last year, when the Department of Commerced levied a 31 percent tariff on Chinese solar panels. The tariff was an attempt to make U.S. manufacturers more competitive in the domestic solar marketplace, but it's unclear if it will have an impact. GreenTech Media Research, a solar industry news site, states that the price per watt of solar panels will continue to drop from 50 cents at the end of 2012 to 36 cents in 2017.


Join Editor-in-Chief Joshua Heston along with Ethan Grubaugh and Dale Grubaugh to talk about hillbillies, growing up in the Ozarks, the Toby Show, Silver Dollar City memories, and Josh's editorial Cornbread Dignity.
Podcast Partners: Shepherd the Musical: Rediscovering America's Story, Stafford's Barber Shop & Shave Company: The Place for Men in Downtown Branson, Taney County Health Department: Creating Opportunities for Healthy Lives in Our Community, and Blue Rock Print Company: Upgrade Your Look!
Last month, I interviewed Jae McFerron (longtime Missouri comedian and actor) regarding the famed and soon-to-be-reborn Toby Show. And — for the first time — I watched the Toby Show on Youtube.
What does that mean? Rural values? A historic aside written by forgotten Midwestern hicks?
Our nation was founded on the idea of individuality. Freedom of thought. Freedom of speech. Rights inalienable. Thomas Jefferson dreamed of a pastoral North America in which prosperous farms dotted the landscape — a generous, peaceful, prosperous empire of gentle farmers. One Civil War and an industrial revolution later, Jefferson's dream was in shreds.
In the 20th century, America emerged powerfully on the world's stage, increasingly called upon to save the Western world, or at least remake it in the wake of World War II.
At a price. Individuality and freedom. Traded away for a good job, a good education, a good cubicle, 2.3 kids and a nice home in the 'burbs. But human beings are not industrialized robots. And by the 1960s, the Toby Show went mainstream with Paul Henning's Beverly Hillbillies. Here in the Ozarks, Silver Dollar City would become America's epicenter of hillbilly mythos.
Ozark hillbillies: A history that never was and always will be.
In the mythos, hillbillies are America's ultimate individuals. Hillbillies live in a mountainside shack, far from the demands of homeowner's association, corporate management, or academia. There is freedom of life, expressed in moonshine stills, lively fiddling, front-porch stick whittlin', and all-night fox hunts (just to hear the dogs bay in the mountain moonlight).
That's what brought Americans back to these White River hills in droves. Not the advertising. Not the big-name entertainers. Not the admittedly delicious funnel cake. But here was a place where Americans — if but for a moment — could reclaim a lost heritage and a human need. To be ourselves. Whatever that might be.
And rediscover our own cornbread dignity.


During Social Studies, our class learned about the Water Crisis impacting children our age in Africa. We could not imagine not having clean, safe water in our homes and at our school. We were really sad to hear that children our age are responsible for walking miles to get water for their families, that their water wasn't always clean or safe, and that they often became very sick because of their water.
We did some research and decided that we wanted to do what we can to help! We hope you'll consider joining us to fund a water project. With your gifts and your help rallying support, we can provide clean, safe and reliable water to a community in Africa. Please consider helping us in any way you can--either by donating or helping us to spread the word!
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Q: For which numbers $a$ does the sequence of iterated base changing $(a, a_a, a_{a_a}, a_{a_{a_a}}, ...)$ converge? Defining "$a\text{ in base }b$" as
$$a_b=\sum^{\infty}_{k=0}\frac{a_{[k]}}{b^k}$$
with $a_{[k]}$ being the digits of $a\in (1,10)$ and $b\gt 1$. For example, if $a=3.1416$ and $b=4.6$, then
$$a_b=\frac{3}{4.6^0}+\frac{1}{4.6^1}+\frac{4}{4.6^2}+\frac{1}{4.6^3}+\frac{6}{4.6^4}\approx 3.43010138$$
Now we define a sequence, placing brackets to indicate order of operations:
$$S(a)=(a, a_a, a_{(a_a)}, a_{(a_{(a_a)})}, ...)$$
The most general (and seemingly quite difficult) question that comes to mind is: Given an $a\in (1,10)$, what is the long term behavior of $S(a)$?
A (maybe) simpler question, that I also pondered is: If $a_{[k]}$ is finite, does that imply, that $S(a)$ doesn't diverge?

Behavior of $S(a)$ for numbers $a$ between $1$ and $2$. For each $a\in\left\{1.000, 1.001, 1.002, ..., 1.998, 1.999 \right\}$ the entries of $S(a)$ in positions $10^6$ and $10^6-1$ are computed and drawn as circles in the picture, they are then connected with a line.

More info
If $a=2$, it is easy to see, that $S(a)$ stays fixed at $2$. Indeed for any integer $a\in(1,10)$, it holds, that $S(a)$ stays fixed at $a$.
Other curious examples are

*

*For $a = 1.1$, the sequence converges to $\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}=\phi$

*For $a = 1.04$, the sequence converges to $2$
A few other things can happen, for particular values of $a$. For example if $a=1.05$, then $S(a)$ doesn't converge to a single value, but to a two-term limit cycle. (and interestingly, the sum of the two terms is $5$).
It has been found in [1], that only one of five things can happen:

*

*$a$ is a fixed point (as with $a=2$)

*$S(a)$ converges to a single value (as with $a=1.1$)

*$S(a)$ falls into a two-term cycle (as with $a=1.\overline{1}$)

*$S(a)$ converges to a two-term limit cycle (as with $a=1.05$)

*$S(a)$ diverges, alternately approaching $1$ and $\infty$ (as with $a=1.\overline{01}$)

Background
Watched a video on YouTube called "Dungeon Numbers (extra) - Numberphile". I got obsessed with it for a while and tried doing something similar for complex numbers some years back. I came back to the problem again and felt it was solvable not using too crazy techniques.

My attempt
(EDIT: This doesn't seem to work quite right as it breaks for $a=1.\overline{1}$ as will be shown below)
After many days of trying things, I finally came up with the following: Given $a\in(1,2)$ define the function:
$$\mathcal{F_a}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{a_{[k]}}{x^k}$$
, consider the roots of
$$\mathcal{D_a}(x)=\mathcal{F_a}(x) - \mathcal{F_a}^3(x)$$
(EDIT: After some more fiddling, I realized $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ can be replaced with $\mathcal{F_a}^2(x)-x$, which makes things somewhat easier)
Where $\mathcal{F_a}^3(x)$ stands for $\mathcal{F_a}\left(\mathcal{F_a}(\mathcal{F_a}(x))\right)$. The number $3$ may be exchanged for any odd number greater than it and the following seems to hold:
Except for the trivial case, when $a$ is an integer, the roots of $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ describe the long term behavior of $S(a)$ in this way:

*

*If $S(a)$ converges to a single number $x_0$, then $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ has a single root in $\mathbb{R}^+$. This root is $x_0$

*If $S(a)$ converges to the two-term limit cycle $(x_0, x_2)$, then $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ has three roots in $\mathbb{R}^+$. These roots are $x_0, x_1, x_2$, with $x_0\lt x_1 \lt x_2$
I'm not sure, if this holds outside the interval $(1,2)$, or if it even holds inside that interval, but everything I tested seemed to agree with it. I don't understand at all why this works though, so I'm struggling to prove things.
Any help would be much appreciated.
I came up with this method when playing around with iterating the function $\mathcal{F_a}(x)$ and plotting the results. I noticed, that all the plots seemed to intersect and certain points and found that those were exactly the values, that $S(a)$ would converge to

Example Calculations:
$a=1.1$
$$\mathcal{F_a}(x)=1+\frac{1}{x}=\frac{x+1}{x}$$
$$\mathcal{F}_a^3(x)= 1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{x}}} = \frac{3x+2}{2x+1}$$
Finding positive roots of $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ (intersection of $\mathcal{F_a}$ and $\mathcal{F}_a^3$)
$$\frac{3x+2}{2x+1}=\frac{x+1}{x}$$
$$x^2-x-1$$
$$x=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}$$
$a=1.28$
$$\mathcal{F}_a(x)=1+\frac{2}{x}+\frac{8}{x^2}$$
$$\mathcal{F}_a^3(x)=1+\frac{2}{\left(1+\frac{2}{\left(1+\frac{2}{x}+\frac{8}{x^2}\right)}+\frac{8}{\left(1+\frac{2}{x}+\frac{8}{x^2}\right)^2}\right)}+\frac{8}{\left(1+\frac{2}{\left(1+\frac{2}{x}+\frac{8}{x^2}\right)}+\frac{8}{\left(1+\frac{2}{x}+\frac{8}{x^2}\right)^2}\right)^2}$$
Using WolframAlpha, it is found, that the roots of $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$ in $\mathbb{R}^+$ are:

*

*$x_0 = 2$

*$x_1 = \frac{1}{3}\left(1+\sqrt[3]{118+3\sqrt{1509}}+\sqrt[3]{118-3\sqrt{1509}}\right)\approx 2.7673$

*$x_2 = 4$
and indeed, when doing the iteration, the sequence does converge to the limit cycle $(2,4)$
$a=1.\overline{1}$
This doesn't work, because
$$\mathcal{F_a}(x)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{x^k}=\frac{x}{x-1}$$
$$\mathcal{F}_a^3(x)=\frac{\frac{\frac{x}{x-1}}{\frac{x}{x-1}-1}}{\frac{\frac{x}{x-1}}{\frac{x}{x-1}-1}-1} = \frac{x}{x-1} = \mathcal{F_a}(x)$$
$$\implies \mathcal{D_a}(x) \equiv 0$$
But
$$S(a)=(1.\overline{1}, 10, 1.\overline{1}, 10, ...)$$
$a=1.1110000099$
This case is also an exception, but it doesn't break completely. Since The formulas get a little unwieldy, the roots of (using the new method)
$\mathcal{D_a}(x)=\mathcal{F_a}^2(x)-x$ were found using maple. In this case there are five of them.

When iterating $a$, it converges to a two-cyle: $(1.1077.., 10.2682..)$. These match the first and the fifth root of $\mathcal{D_a}(x)$.

I'm not quite sure how much this adds, but here are three cobweb plots for $a=1.03, a=1.04, a=1.05$. The curves are the functions $\mathcal{F_a}$. The origin-line is $y=x$. In the plot for $1.03$ we see a nice and quick convergence. In the plot for $1.04$ we see much slower convergence - this is reflected by the fact, that $\mathcal{F^2_a}(x)-x$ has a higher multiplicity root, than in the case for $1.03$. Finally, in the third plot, we see a convergence to a two term limit cycle.

Any and all comments, tips or critiques are very much appreciated.


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Newman and the Grace of Simplicity
The most prevalent false Newman is still the false Modernist Newman—posited by those who wish to argue that Newman's thinking can be cited to reconcile the Church to the modern world's most egregious moral errors.
Edward Short
Detail from "Portrait of Newman" (1881) by John Everett Millais [Wikipedia]
Now that the canonization of Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman nears, we have seen a good number of articles from different quarters telling us what Newman thought and did not think. Of these, the piece I found most tell-tale was the July 22, 2019 essay by Ryan Marr that appeared on the Witherspoon Institute site in which Marr claimed, apropos the Biglietto Speech, that Newman had not opposed liberalism, as he explicitly stated he had "for thirty, forty, fifty years". No, he had opposed what the author ingeniously called "religious indifferentism," a claim reminiscent of the old Groucho Marx joke, in which the man caught in bed with his neighbor's wife, turns to the cuckold and says, "Who are you going to believe: me or your own eyes?"
Here is the passage to which I refer from the Witherspoon post:
Of course, we should be careful not to conflate the "liberalism" that Newman opposed with the word as it is commonly used today. Certainly, there are errors intrinsic to contemporary political liberalism that need critiquing, but that conversation is distinct from the struggle against the spirit of liberalism in religion, which demands unqualified resistance. In the Biglietto Speech, Newman specifically described this strand of liberalism as "the doctrine that there is no positive truth in religion, but that one creed is as good as another." This outlook teaches that "[r]evealed religion is not a truth, but a sentiment and a taste; not an objective fact, not miraculous; and [that] it is the right of each individual to make it say just what strikes his fancy." As his words indicate, the preeminent object of Newman's concern was religious indifferentism.
As his words indicate? Newman's words indicate nothing of the kind. He never mentions "religious indifferentism" in the speech. Marr has not written a gloss of the speech: he has bowdlerized it.
If we believe our own eyes, pace what the misguided author of this post claims, we will see that Newman did oppose liberalism. We will see that the liberalism he opposed has everything to do with our own liberalism, grounded as they both are in the calamitous arrogance of rationalism. And we will see that his opposition to liberalism was not restricted to religious liberalism. As Matthew Schmitz astutely pointed out the other day in First Things: Newman may have "insisted that he opposed political liberalism only insofar as it sought 'to supersede, to block out, religion,' but he had an expansive definition of what this meant. …Teetotalism was one example. He mistrusted the temperance movement because it sought to promote virtue 'without Religion . . . on mere principles of utility.' Better to be a drunk [in other words] than a Benthamist."
For those who might have missed Schmitz's piece, he rightly deplored the fact that leading up to the canonization there will be two camps disputing the meaning of Newman's legacy:
On one side will be those who venerate Newman as the patron saint of liberal Catholicism. They believe that his writings authorize dissent from, and revolutions in, Christian doctrine. In their eyes, his canonization will be a sign that what is denounced as error in one age may later be embraced as truth. On the other side will be those who have read Newman's stinging denunciations of theological and political liberalism, and therefore imagine that he favored the illiberal and ultramontane form of Catholicism that flourished during the nineteenth century. Both these images of Newman are false.
This is true as far as it goes, though one has to keep in mind that those who wish to claim that Newman was liberal and Modernist far outweigh those who claim that he was illiberal and unduly ultramontane. (Of course, he was ultramontane, though not excessively so.) The most prevalent false Newman is still the false Modernist Newman—the Newman, that is to say, posited by those like Marr and his friends at the Pittsburgh Newman Institute who wish to argue that Newman's thinking (especially with regard to the development of doctrine) can be cited to reconcile the Church to the modern world's most egregious moral errors.
What I should like to speak of in this essay is another Newman, one who often goes missing in such unreal debates, and that is the Newman who steered clear of the Charybdis and Scylla of liberalism and illiberalism to enter into the genuine simplicity of what he called "the one true Fold of the Redeemer."
In the sermon he placed last in his 8-volume Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834-43), entitled "Ignorance of Evil" (1836), Newman took pains to remind his readers that there was a profound point to God's forbidding those in paradise from eating from the Tree of Knowledge. "Our happiness as well as duty lies in not going beyond our measure—in being contented with what we are—with what God makes us," he wrote. "They who seek after forbidden knowledge, of whatever kind, will find they have lost their place in the scale of beings in so doing, and are cast out of the great circle of God's family."
In the increasingly barbarous order that has taken shape in the wake of the collapse of Christendom, knowledge, of course, is everywhere adulated, even though it is shown repeatedly to be not only evil but factitious. For Newman, this adulation was an expression of our exile from God's divine purpose, since it shows "how different is our state from that for which God made us." However, if in reading that, anyone is inclined to suppose that Newman was speaking in easy generalities, he will be quickly disabused of the notion by Newman himself, who illustrates what he means with a terrible specificity.
[God] meant us to be simple, and we are unreal; He meant us to think no evil, and a thousand associations, bad, trifling, or unworthy, attend our every thought. He meant us to be drawn on to the glories without us, and we are drawn back and (as it were) fascinated by the miseries within us. And hence it is that the whole structure of society is so artificial; no one trusts another, if he can help it; safeguards, checks, and securities are ever sought after. No one means exactly what he says, for our words have lost their natural meaning, and even an Angel could not use them naturally, for every mind being different from every other, they have no distinct meaning. What, indeed, is the very function of society, as it is at present, but a rude attempt to cover the degradation of the fall, and to make men feel respect for themselves, and enjoy it in the eyes of others, without returning to God. This is what we should especially guard against, because there is so much of it in the world. I mean, not an abandonment of evil, not a sweeping away and cleansing out of the corruption which sin has bred within us, but a smoothing it over, an outside delicacy and polish, an ornamenting the surface of things while "within are dead men's bones and all uncleanness;" making the garments, which at first were given for decency, a means of pride and vanity. Men give good names to what is evil, they sanctify bad principles and feelings; and, knowing that there is vice and error, selfishness, pride, and ambition, in the world, they attempt, not to root out these evils, not to withstand these errors;—that they think a dream, the dream of theorists who do not know the world;—but to cherish and form alliance with them, to use them, to make a science of selfishness, to flatter and indulge error, and to bribe vice with the promise of bearing with it, so that it does but keep in the shade.
That the world and the Church should somehow not be at odds is, of course, one of the basal convictions of the Modernists. For them, the only way the Church can hope to flourish in the modern world—or the 'post-modern' world, if one insists—is for the Church to accommodate the errors of the world, especially as they relate to sodomy, concubinage, contraception, and abortion. Newman, as anyone knows who has read him with any attentiveness, would never have shown the least sympathy with such an impious project. As he said in another sermon, "Nature and Grace" (1849), with his accustomed perspicuity:
Behold here the true origin and fountain-head of the warfare between the Church and the world; here they join issue, and diverge from each other. The Church is built upon the doctrine that impurity is hateful to God, and that concupiscence is its root; with the Prince of the Apostles, her visible Head, she denounces "the corruption of concupiscence which is in the world," or, that corruption in the world which comes of concupiscence; whereas the corrupt world defends, nay, I may even say, sanctifies that very concupiscence which is the world's corruption. Just as its bolder teachers, as you know, my brethren, hold that the laws of this physical creation are so supreme, as to allow of their utterly disbelieving in the existence of miracles, so, in like manner, it deifies and worships human nature and its impulses, and denies the power and the grant of grace. This is the source of the hatred which the world bears to the Church; it finds a whole catalogue of sins brought into light and denounced, which it would fain believe to be no sins at all; it finds itself to its indignation and impatience, surrounded with sin, morning, noon, and night; it finds that a stern law lies against it in matters where it believed it was its own master and need not think of God; it finds guilt accumulating upon it hourly, which nothing can prevent, nothing remove, but a higher power, the grace of God. It finds itself in danger of being humbled to the earth as a rebel, instead of being allowed to indulge its self-dependence and self-complacency. Hence it takes its stand on nature, and denies or rejects divine grace.
What is striking about this uncompromising assessment of matters is how much it animated Newman's own reading of England's worldly rejection of the ancient faith. Surveying the history of England before and after the English Reformation, Newman saw a people, who, after a thousand years, "grew tired of the heavenly stranger who sojourned among them;" a people who "had had enough of blessings and absolutions, enough of the intercession of saints, enough of the grace of the sacraments, enough of the prospect of the next life. They thought it best to secure this life in the first place, because they were in possession of it, and then to go on to the next, if time and means allowed. And they saw that to labour for the next world was possibly to lose this; whereas, to labour for this world might be, for what they knew, the way to labour for the next also. Anyhow, they would pursue a temporal end, and they would account any one their enemy who stood in the way of their pursuing it. It was a madness; but madmen are strong, and madmen are clever . . ." For Newman, this worldly madness was of a piece with England's new "temporal end."
And so with the sword and the halter, and by mutilation and fine and imprisonment, they cut off, or frightened away from the land, as Israel did in the time of old, the ministers of the Most High, and their ministrations: they 'altogether broke the yoke, and burst the bonds.' 'They beat one, and killed another, and another they stoned,' and at length they altogether cast out the Heir from His vineyard, and killed Him, 'that the inheritance might be theirs.' And as for the remnant of His servants whom they left, they drove them into corners and holes of the earth, and there they bade them die out; and then they rejoiced and sent gifts either to other, and made merry, because they had rid themselves of those 'who had tormented them that dwelt upon the earth.' And so they turned to enjoy this world, and to gain for themselves a name among men, and it was given unto them according to their wish. They preferred the heathen virtues of their original nature, to the robe of grace which God had given them: they fell back, with closed affections, and haughty reserve, and dreariness within, upon their worldly integrity, honour, energy, prudence, and perseverance; they made the most of the natural man, and they 'received their reward.' Forthwith they began to rise to a station higher than the heathen Roman, and have, in three centuries, attained a wider range of sovereignty; and now they look down in contempt on what they were, and upon the Religion which reclaimed them from paganism.
As we all know, 'making the most of the natural man' has served England very poorly indeed, though this would not be entirely evident until after Newman's death. He certainly would have goggled at the spectacle of England's continuing to surrender her sovereignty for what Shakespeare nicely referred to as "inky blots and rotten parchment bonds."
Nevertheless, despite his being something of a Dutch uncle with his own English contemporaries, an uncle never averse to telling them the truth, even when it was least palatable, the English always respected him. He might, as Dean Church pointed out, have broken "with England and all things English in wrath and sorrow," but he was still "recognised by Protestant England as one of its greatest men." When Newman was given his red hat by Leo XIII in 1879, Church made an incisive point about the newly made cardinal and his relationship with his fellow Englishmen when he wrote in the Guardian, the Anglican paper of the time:
In a crowd of new Cardinals — men of eminence in their own communion — he is the only one about whom Englishmen know or care anything. His words, when he speaks, pass verbatim along the telegraph wires, like the words of the men who sway the world. We read of the quiet Oxford scholar's arms emblazoned on vestment and furniture as those of a Prince of the Church, and of his motto — Cor ad cor loquitur. In that motto is the secret of all that he is to his countrymen. For that skill of which he is such a master, in the use of his and their "sweet mother tongue," is something much more than literary accomplishment and power. It means that he has the key to what is deepest in their nature and most characteristic in them of feeling and conviction — to what is deeper than opinions and theories and party divisions; to what in their most solemn moments they most value and most believe in.
What the English "most value and most believe in" today may be anyone's guess, but surely it is not only the English who should be moved by Newman's mastery of his "sweet English tongue" to heed what he has to tell us of the primacy of holy simplicity in the exercise of our faith. "Let us, finding ourselves in the state in which we are, take those means which alone are really left us, which alone become us," he writes in "Ignorance of Evil."
Christ has purchased for us what we lost in Adam, our garment of innocence. He has bid us and enabled us to become as little children; He has purchased for us the grace of simplicity, which, though one of the highest, is very little thought about, is very little sought after. We have, indeed, a general idea what love is, and hope, and faith, and truth, and purity, though a poor idea; but we are almost blind to what is one of the first elements of Christian perfection, that simple-mindedness which springs from the heart's being whole with God, entire, undivided. And those who think they have an idea of it, commonly rise no higher than to mistake for it a mere weakness and softness of mind, which is but its counterfeit. To be simple is to be like the Apostles and first Christians. Our Saviour says, "Be ye harmless," or simple, "as doves." And St. Paul, "I would have you wise unto that which is good, and simple concerning evil." [Rom. xvi. 19.] Again, "That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation." [Phil. ii. 15.] And he speaks of the "testimony of" his own "conscience, that in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God," he had his conversation in the world and towards his disciples.
Here is Newman's signature eloquence in all of its biblical authority and moving sincerity. Yet, curiously enough, Marr has difficulties with this eloquence, claiming in his oddly philistine way that "Newman's Victorian rhetoric can sometimes sound foreign to our ears, and the density of his prose means that it can prove difficult to wade through." (That anyone capable of such a sentence should be put in charge of what calls itself a Newman Institute is a puzzler, but then there is a good deal that is puzzling in Pittsburgh.) Nevertheless, those who delight in Newman's work will know that he does not write, like so many other prose stylists, to parade his mastery of style: he writes to speak 'heart to heart'—to cure souls. And consequently, it is fitting that he should end this sermon—a most apposite sermon for our own ruinously sophistical contemporaries—with a prayer.
Let us pray God to give us this great and precious gift; that we may blot out from our memory all that offends Him; unlearn all that knowledge which sin has taught us; rid ourselves of selfish motives, self-conceit, and vanity, littlenesses, envying, grudgings, meannesses; turn from all cowardly, low, miserable ways; and escape from servile fears, the fear of man, vague anxieties of conscience, and superstitions. So that we may have the boldness and frankness of those who are as if they had no sin, from having been cleansed from it; the uncontaminated hearts, open countenances, and untroubled eyes of those who neither suspect, nor conceal, nor shun, nor are jealous; in a word, so that we may have confidence in Him, that we may stay on Him, and rest in the thoughts of Him, instead of plunging amid the thickets of this world; that we may bear His eye and His voice, and know no knowledge but the knowledge of Him and Jesus Christ crucified, and desire no objects but what He has blessed and bid us pursue. End Quoted
About Edward Short 18 Articles
Edward Short is the author of Newman and his Contemporaries and Newman and his Family, both published by Bloomsbury, and Adventures in the Book Pages, published by Gracewing. His most recent book Newman and History has just been published by Gracewing. He lives in New York with his wife and two young children.
Posted on October 24, 2019 Author working4christtwoCategories Uncategorized
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text:
The 23rd National Film Awards, presented by Directorate of Film Festivals, the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India to felicitate the best of Indian Cinema released in the year 1975.

At 23rd National Film Awards, two new awards were introduced for the short films category for Best News Review and Best Newsreel Cameraman. These newly introduced awards includes Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) and a Certificate. Over the years, these two awards are discontinued.

Awards

Awards were divided into feature films and non-feature films.

Awards were also renamed with 23rd National Film Awards. President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film renamed to National Film Award for Best Feature Film, whereas President's Gold Medal for the Best Documentary Film is to National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film. For children's films, Prime Minister's Gold Medal is renamed as National Film Award for Best Children's Film. At the regional level, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film is renamed as National Film Award for Best Feature Film in a particular language.

Lifetime Achievement Award

Feature films

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 23rd National Film Awards, a Kannada film, Chomana Dudi won the President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film also winning the maximum number of awards (three) with the Tamil film Apoorva Raagangal. Following were the awards given in each category:

All India Award

Following were the awards given:

Regional Award

The awards were given to the best films made in the regional languages of India. For feature films in English, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Meitei, Oriya and Punjabi, President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film was not given.

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize. The producer and director of the film were awarded with 10,000 and 5,000, respectively.

Non-Feature films

For 23rd National Film Awards, two new awards were introduced for the short films category for Best News Review and Best Newsreel Cameraman. These newly introduced awards includes Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) and a Certificate. Over the years, these two awards are discontinued.

Short films

Awards not given

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:

 Best Film on Family Welfare
 Best Children's Film
 Best Lyrics
 Best Feature Film on National Integration
 Best Child Artist
 Best Screenplay
 President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in English
 President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Manipuri
 President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Oriya
 President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Punjabi

References

External links
 National Film Awards Archives
 Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India

National Film Awards (India) ceremonies
1975 film awards
1975 in Indian cinema


text:
Mario Montesanto (11. srpen 1909, Benátky, Italské království – 29. březen 1987, Castel San Pietro Terme, Itálie) byl italský fotbalový záložník a později i trenér.

Fotbal začal hrát v Benátkách kde okusil nejvyšší ligu. V roce 1930 odešel do klubu Bologna, kde zůstal dvanáct sezón a nastoupil do 280 zápasů a vstřelil 10 gólů. Stal se čtyřnásobným mistrem ligy (1935/36, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1940/41) a dvojnásobným vítězem středoevropského poháru (1932, 1934). Fotbalovou kariéru zakončil v roce 1942.

Za reprezentaci odehrál dva zápasy.

Trenérskou kariéru začal v roce 1942. Odtrénoval jednu sezonu v klubu Bologna.

Hráčská statistika

Hráčské úspěchy

Klubové
 4x vítěz italské ligy (1935/36, 1936/37, 1938/39, 1940/41)
 2x vítěz středoevropského poháru (1932, 1934)

Reprezentační
 1x na MP (1936-1938)

Související články
 Seznam italských fotbalových reprezentantů

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Profil hráče na Transfermarktu
 Profil trenéra na Transfermarktu
 Profil hráče na National-football-teams.com

Italští fotbalisté
Italští fotbaloví reprezentanti
Fotbaloví záložníci
Fotbalisté SSC Venezia
Fotbalisté Bologna FC
Trenéři Bologna FC
Narození v Benátkách
Narození v roce 1909
Narození 11. srpna
Úmrtí v roce 1987
Úmrtí 29. března
Muži