text:
Q: Describe the Bidual of Real Polynomials Trying to understand (bi)duals of infinite-dimension vector spaces, I stumbled over the very concrete example of $\mathbb{R}[X]$, the (formal) polynomials over $\mathbb{R}$ or, equivalently, the space of $\mathbb{R}$-sequences with almost all values zero, interpreted as a vector space. Its dual vector space is $\mathbb{R}[X]^{*} = [\mathbb{R}[X] \to^\text{lin} \mathbb{R}]$ which—according to Wikipedia—is isomorphic to $\mathbb{R}[\![X]\!]$, the vector space of formal power series over $\mathbb{R}$ or, equivalently, the space of $\mathbb{R}$-sequences.
I succeeded to find an explicit isomorphism (and its inverse) myself and prove that they are in fact linear and inverses.
Where I really struggle is finding a concrete representation of
$$
  \mathbb{R}[\![X]\!]^{*}
= [\mathbb{R}[\![X]\!] \to^\text{lin} \mathbb{R}]
\simeq [[\mathbb{R}[X] \to^\text{lin} \mathbb{R}] \to^\text{lin} \mathbb{R}],
$$
 i.e. the dual of $\mathbb{R}[\![X]\!]$ i.e. the bidual of $\mathbb{R}[X]$. Does it even exist or is it rather a happy coincidence that the dual of $\mathbb{R}[X]$ has such a nice representation? I know that my question is very specific and vague.

A: I'm no algebraist, but hopefully I can provide a helpful comment. What makes the dual of $R[X]$ nice is that $R[X]$ has a nice countably infinite Hamel basis $B = \{X^0,X^1,X^2,X^3,\ldots\}$: every element of $R[X]$ can be written uniquely as a (finite) linear combination of elements in $B$. An element of the dual of $R[X]$ can be described as a formal infinite linear combination of dual elements of $R[X]$. That is, if we define a "dual basis" $B^* = \{ Y^0, Y^1, Y^2,\ldots \}$ where $Y^i(X^j) = \delta_{ij} = 1$ if $i = j$ and $0$ otherwise, then the set of formal linear combinations $R[X]^* = \{ \sum_{j\in\mathbb{N}_0} c_jY^j : c_j \in {\mathbb R} \}$ is the dual space of $R[X]$. The fact that the formal linear combination is infinite is mollified by the fact that any element of $R[X]$ is a traditional finite linear combination of elements in $B$, so only finitely many of the $Y^i(X^j)$ become nonzero in the final summation.
We can proceed in the same way for any vector space $V$. Given a Hamel basis $B$ for $V$, we construct a "dual basis" $B^*$ and we can identify $V^*$ with infinite linear combinations of elements in $B^*$.
In general, we can use the axiom of choice to show any vector space $V$ has a Hamel basis, but in general we need the axiom of choice to construct these bases---there exist vector spaces for which its impossible to write down a Hamel basis using only countably many operations. This is where my ignorance of algebra starts to really hamper me, but the space $R[\![X]\!]$ may not have a Hamel basis we can construct without the axiom of choice, in which case this percludes using the formal infinite linear combination construction you use to construct an explicit representation of $R[X]^*$. Every time you take the (algebraic) dual of an infinite dimensional vector space, the dimension of the dual is a strictly larger infinite cardinal number, so duals and bi-duals and tri-duals become increasingly ugly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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UE150 Continues Statewide 'SAFE JOBS SAVE LIVES' campaign amid COVID-19
Home Uncategorized UE150 Continues Statewide 'SAFE JOBS SAVE LIVES' campaign amid COVID-19
Admin, May 22, 2020 May 27, 2020 , Uncategorized, 0
**Download a copy of the newsletter to distribute to your coworkers – click here! **
By Darrion Smith, Vice President, UE Eastern Region
Union holds press conference at Governor's State Capital office building
On March 10, 2020 our Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency for the state of North Carolina. On March 15, 2020 myself along with two other union members (Nathanette Mayo and Angaza Laughinghouse) were representatives of our union UE local 150 NCPSWU and held a statewide news conference covered by all the major tv stations. We introduced our UE local 150 demands to Governor Cooper on what workers needed to safely navigate through this crisis including expanded unemployment insurance, expansion of Medicaid, universal paid sick days, PPE and hazard pay for essential workers and other demands.
Union begins meet-n-confer with DHHS Deputy Secretary Kinsley
This brought on a series of meetings between our UE local 150 DHHS Council and DHHS Deputy Secretary Kody Kinsley. During these meetings we went over our letter of demands and this henceforth started gradual positive changes for workers in DHHS policy. This also put some serious pressure on the NC Government as a whole to make some serious changes to keep ALL workers safe during this pandemic.
Management shows complete disrespect for our voices and safety
I am a Therapeutic Support Specialist in Central Regional Hospital in Butner, NC. We are part of the NCDHHS System. My time here at Central Regional has been very stressful during the pandemic. When this pandemic first started workers were totally in the dark about what was happening and how we would move forward safely as a hospital. First of all, you have people in offices not working on the front lines making decisions about people who are on the front lines and are right in the thick of things. This is a major problem. It is easy for some one who does not have to work directly with a patient to dictate how you are to conduct yourself when they are not at risk at all. We as workers feel very disrespected and this gives us the impression that the upper management sees our lives as expendable.
Union circulates petition and sees immediate results
It is a shame that workers have to fight for Hazard pay, additional sick leave, child care and other basic human needs when you have a world wide crisis. Our union initiated petitions within DHHS facilities to demand hazard pay. We collected over 900 signatures from DHHS workers, and organized delegations to deliver those petitions with signatures to facility directors, including CRH CEO Robyn Carr on April 15. The day after we delivered our petition, management sent out a memo to all workers outlining their plan to pay workers for hazard pay. Previously there had been no plan.
The struggle continues
The sad part about this is that many workers had to miss work and stay home because these basic needs were not accounted for and suffered major financial deficit. The hospital made several mistakes such as: Not listening to one of the medical doctors as they asked the facility to test patients before they received them. This accounted for our first case of Covid-19. This caused exposure to staff and patients and also quarantined a whole unit because of not listening to your staff. This is why we as workers do not respect the decisions of upper management and are totally disgusted by their carelessness. We are expected to come to work everyday and fight this pandemic and keep our clients safe, but no one is looking out for us workers, except ourselves organized as a union. We still have not received the hazard pay on our checks (Management says that April and May will be on the May check. We will see).
With the positive patients in the facility, we have seen some new concerns. On May 1, May Day, International Workers Day, we began circulating a 2nd petition calling for testing of all staff and patients and that all staff get paid time and half hazard pay, given the exposure we all face. We collected over 170 signatures on this petition and a group of workers again delivered to the CEO on May 13 and requested a meeting with her.
Charlotte City Workers Circulate Petition, Host Press Conference fighting for PPE staggered shifts and hazard pay
By Dominic Harris, President, Charlotte City workers chapter
At the beginning of the crisis every department was shot off PPE and the city had no answers. Their lack of response urged UE150 Charlotte city workers union into action. We called several emergency meetings to get the concerns of our members and nonmembers.
We took those concerns and developed a petition that could be signed electronically. That petition would then be sent to the emails of the mayor, city council members, and the city manager. Nearly 300 workers from Solid Waste, Aviation, Water, STS, CATS, LYNX light rail and CDOT signed the petition. We also participated in the April 3 sticker day.
The Executive board, Nichel Dunlap, Craig Brown, Kris Barrows, and Dominic Harris all called the elected officials in Charlotte and urged them to act in favor of city employees.
The demands included: Hazard Premium Pay, Paid leave for those effected by COVID-19, alternative shifts to reduce risk of spread, PPE, to sign a resolution in support of Medicare for all among others.
The majority of our demands were met although there were hiccups.
Then, suddenly on April 6, the Solid Waste department called an end to their alternative shift due to reasons unknown. When this happened, 4 of us showed up on the Monday that these workers were due to report to in and stood in solidarity before they clocked in and talked to every workers as they came in to work about the dangers they faced, including having over 200 workers grab the same door knob (without it being cleaned), go into same building and breath on each other possibly infecting each other.
The next day, Tuesday we called a press conference in front of Solid Waste that was covered by all of the local TV news outlets and forced Mayor Lyles to respond. We exposed that the City is sitting on $116 million (or 16 % of their budget) in a reserve fund and claim they don't have money to pay workers during this crisis. Eventually they ended up voting to give us 5%, which is not enough.
The next step was and remains follow up to ensure that our members are taken care of as well as ensuring our employers do not forget that the city works because we do. We have also been following up back up with the petition signers and have collected 12 new members.
By Sarah Vukelich, Recording Secretary, Durham City chapter
Members of UE150, including Vice President Sekia Royall and Assistant Chief Steward Kevin Yancey supported and participated in the actions of Health Workers Defend NC, a group of health workers that formed to stand up to the right wing "re-open" protesters. The group of health workers came from across the state and included lab techs, CNAs, nutritional services workers, nurses, pharmacists, physicians assistants, and medical students.
We know that the Reopen protests are funded by the corporate right (including the DeVos family and the Koch brothers), working closely with known white supremacist/white nationalist organizations. It's the group of forces that consolidated during the rise of the Tea Party. Now they are mobilizing their base to insist on re-opening, which will be a death sentence for many immunocompromised and elderly people, for black and brown people, for poor people, and for frontline workers. Across the country, these protesters have been getting millions of dollars worth of media attention–an impact wildly disproportionate to their numbers. In North Carolina, health workers decided to interrupt that. They decided to stand up for millions across the state who can't come out into the streets to protest. Representing their patients, their co-workers hard at work in hospitals, and those who can't take on the risk of counter-protesting, they stood stoically against the protesters, in formation six feet apart and wearing PPE in front of the State Legislature building in downtown Raleigh. They told their stories to the media. They are still reaching out across the state through their facebook group. Members of UE150 helped launch the facebook group and showed up to the front lines in Raleigh. In the second week, the health care workers began to speak about not only the importance of sticking to the governor's plan about re-opening, but also about the importance of expanding social services on the state and federal level (for example, Medicare for All) so that people can stay home without facing a crisis. Here are just a couple of examples of press coverage for the first week and the second week.
Durham City Workers' Union report:
The Durham City Workers Chapter circulated a petition early in the COVID-19 crisis and delivered a letter to the City Manager (same letter as the other municipal chapters, plus a demand that part-time workers be included in the COVID leave plan). Members from two departments, Fleet Maintenance and Cemeteries, participated in the statewide sticker-up day by wearing stickers on the job demanding "Safe Jobs Save Lives". After delivering the letter, the City did move to skeleton crews, keeping workers in separate trucks and offering access to PPE and cleaning supplies. In some departments we are still having problems with insufficient PPE, workers being expected to do non-essential work like installing meters, cars not being aired out before fleet maintenance workers get into them. Now, the City is amending the COVID leave policy. Emergency leave is no longer available, even though we are not through this crisis yet. Additionally, folks who are not essential workers, have not been offered a work-from-home situation, or have elected to take time off to care for children or other family members, are coming up on the end of their 5 week leave, and the City is not going to be extending it. Workers argue that for parents with children who are still out of daycare for an indefinite period of time there should be emergency leave aside from what was already given. Workers are concerned that the City will loosen restrictions and put multiple people in work trucks again. Though it hasn't happened yet, we are on our guard.
Video: Goldsboro city workers seeking better pay, on-the-job protections during coronavirus outbreak
https://www.wral.com/coronavirus/goldsboro-city-workers-seeking-better-pay-on-the-job-protections-during-coronavirus-outbreak/19095712/
Goldsboro protesters concerned for city workers, Neuse Correctional inmates
https://www.witn.com/content/news/Goldsboro-protesters-concerned-for-city-workers-Neuse-Correctional-inmates-570423851.html
Cherry Hospital Workers Speak-out
By William Young, President of Cherry/ O'Berry chapter
I currently work as an Inventory Assistant in Nutritional Services. Since the beginning of the statewide emergency, workers at Cherry Hospital were not clear on many issues. People were not sure if they would get an occurrence for calling out sick. It was then cleared up that you would not get an occurrence and that they would rather stay home if you were sick. Many workers were still concerned about workers being around other workers who may not have the signs of the virus but may have it. So they brought in a health administrator to talk on this issue.
One of the main issues is about hazard pay. Many feel as I do; that we should get paid just for having to come to work not knowing what to expect. The housekeeping staff are all over the hospital and have to do everything from removing linen to cleaning patient room. How are they to know on a daily basis who may have been exposed? The healthcare techs are having to cover more patients than they can handle because of call outs and short of staff.
When we found out about the first case, which was a staff member, many were expecting hazard pay then. It was explained later that it had to be a patient. Now they have come up with whether you were exposed to an infected patient by being six feet from them for ten minutes. One of the techs call me after we got our first case by a patient. She said that she was exposed to the patient but administration got on the cameras and told her that she wasn't near the patient and not for the ten minutes. They ended up sending her home but it was only for about four days. She should have been send home for fourteen days with pay. Many workers are really upset about the amount of hazard pay that we are receiving. One worker even sent the CEO, Dale Armstrong an email stating how we have to come to work in these conditions and this is all we get. She goes on to say that he can keep his time and a quarter and his time and a half. The next day it was taken down.
The last thing is about the PPE. We have been pretty good on PPE except for mask. They did give everybody a cloth mask and since have given us a total of five that we have to wear until we rotate them all five times.
UE150 is excited to be a part of the newly launched North Carolina Medicare for All Coalition. Check out they're website to learn more about them. Let's keep up the fight for truly affordable, accessible and quality healthcare for all people!
There are currently around 25 groups from across the state involved with the coalition. As a coalition we engage in education, advocacy, and direct action to encourage North Carolinians and their elected representatives to support the actualization of a national single-payer universal healthcare system. In alignment with our organization's goals to achieve health for all, we are a part of this coalition because working towards this transformative policy change would strongly impact other areas of our work, and will make some of our existing work more powerful through alignment and relationship with other groups
You can learn more about the mission for the coalition, on the coalition's website here https://www.ncm4a.com/ and also please follow and share on social media here: facebook, instagram, twitter.
Our current pandemic amplifies the long overdue need to transform our healthcare system, and therefore the first strategic campaign that the coalition is working on is raising awareness about the Emergency Healthcare Act and urging our elected officials to support the passage of this legislation. This legislation would immediately cover the growing ranks of medically uninsured persons due to the COVID-19 pandemic under a Medicare for All type plan. Part of that pressure campaign involves signing a letter with a list of demands. We've signed on as an organization, but we need as many individual signatures as possible. You can sign on to the letter here and share with your networks.
UE150 demands for Corona Virus worker safety and well-being
Admin, March 14, 2020 March 14, 2020 , Uncategorized, 0
On Monday, March 16, leaders of the North Carolina Public Service Workers Union, UE local 150, representing over 5,400...
DHHS Newsletter, Summer 2021
Admin, July 6, 2021 July 6, 2021 , Uncategorized, 0
SAFE JOBS, SAFE COMMUNITIES SAVES LIVES! STOP THE POLICE VIOLENCE & RACIST WAR ON BLACK AMERICA!
Admin, June 26, 2020 June 26, 2020 , Uncategorized, 0
We are living and working in time of A WORLD WIDE COVID-19 pandemic, where the wealthy elite rulers and corporations of...
University workers demand safety upon students return amid COVID-19
As part of the Safe Jobs Save Lives campaign, UE150 is organizing university workers across the UNC system to...
UE 150 President Address – 12/31/14
admin, July 13, 2015 August 4, 2015 , Uncategorized, 0
12/31/14 Dear NC Public Service Workers Union, UE Local 150 Members, As the 2014 year comes to a close,...
Murdoch Center employees speak-out for hazard pay and deliver hundreds of petition signatures about COVID-19 health concerns
Today, Wednesday May 20, essential health care workers at Murdoch Developmental Center residential facility spoke out and delivered petitions amid coronavirus....
Durham City Council Adopts 'Worker Bill of Rights'
Note: If you are a Durham city worker and feel that any of these rights are being violated, contact the Union...
RMEP Workers Shut It Down!
Admin, May 6, 2021 May 6, 2021 , Uncategorized, 0
ATPUK 3rd Shift Workers Protest Management Plan to Move Them to 2nd Shift On Tuesday, April 27, Cummins RMEP...
Murdoch Center employees speak-out for hazard pay and deliver hundreds of petition signatures about COVID-19 health concernsSAFE JOBS, SAFE COMMUNITIES SAVES LIVES! STOP THE POLICE VIOLENCE & RACIST WAR ON BLACK AMERICA!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


May i ask what program you use? cuz i have a feeling it isn't just Photoshop.
I used cs4 portable, eh I can't tell if your thinking I use a worse or better program, but thats about it. the background is 100% smudging technique.
RoXaZ wrote: It's Really nice!.
I've made everything on this site with Photoshop!
It's not better or worse. It looks different.


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Q: Can't set integer constraint on certain cell I have a production programming exercise that I'm supposed to solve by using the Excel solver. However, I am not able to set an integer constraint on a certain cell that I need to be integer only.
I attached a minimal example to this post, the structure is as follows:
There are 6 products, each with quantities to make-to-order and to make-to-stock, the sum of those two and their respective contribution margin. The total contribution margin is calculated as the sumproduct of the total quantity of each product multiplied with its contribution margin.
Now for the solver, I want to maximize the total contribution margin, by changing the make-to-stock values for each product and the make-to-order values for some products (there are some more constraints which are not relevant to this problem).
Now I already set the solver to where the problem happens, as soon as I try to add an integer constraint to a make-to-stock cell, where the make-to-order cell above it is set to change, I get the error "Integer Constraint Cell Reference must include only Variable Cells.". I don't understand why, because the cell (F3 in this case) is marked as a variable cell. Is this a bug in Solver, or am I completely missing something?
Minimal example: Link

A: RikuXan,
The only way that error pops up is when the cells you are adding integer constraints to are not in the "By Changing Variable Cells" box.  If you have different variable cells or nothing in that box, that error will pop up when you apply integer restraints.
For your example, you must have both the make-to-stock cell and the make-to-order cell in the "by changing variable..." box.
This is an extremely rare error message that I believe only students like us have trouble with, as I have found nothing else about this on the internet.  I solved it for an exercise I was attempting shortly after I came across this post.
Hope that helps (I tried to post a picture but this is my first post).
David


text:
Women Facts
20% of women in the U.S. earn at least $5,000 more than their spouse.
Every 90 seconds, one woman dies during pregnancy or childbirth.
All of the 20 richest women in the world except for #17 inherited their money from either their husband or their father.
Women speak about 20,000 words a day. That's 13,000 more than the average man.
Women in ancient Rome wore the sweat of Gladiators to improve their beauty and complexion.
The average woman in the UK owns 19 pairs of shoes, but wears only 7.
In Russia there are 9 million more Women than men.
40% of births in the U.S. come from unmarried women.
Women spend nearly one year of their lives deciding what to wear.
Women cry on average between 30 and 64 times a year while men cry between 6 and 17 times.
Men lie 6 times a day, twice as often as women.
The Youngest Girl to ever be divorced was 10 years old.
Men were the first to wear high heels around the 1600s. Women began wearing them to look more masculine.
Israel is the only country in the world to draft women into Military service.
Instead of chest pains, heart attacks in women have nausea, indigestion, and shoulder aches.
4% of women in the U.S. are pregnant right now.
Women's hearts beat faster than men's.
The woman who underwent the world's first successful womb transplant became pregnant in 2013.
Women spend over 4 years (in total) of their lives menstruating.
Women have more taste buds than men.
Women who snore during pregnancy are more likely to have smaller babies, according to a study.
Some women can have a genetic mutation which causes them to see millions of more colors.
Taller women are more likely to get cancer, according to a study.
An average woman in the UK will own 111 handbags in her lifetime.
30% of pregnant women crave nonfood items, an eating disorder called pica.
40,000 U.S. women might be allergic to male ejaculate.
Women can get pregnant even 5 to 8 days after having sex.
The most children born to one woman is 69.
68% of women say they would have an affair if they knew they could get away with it.
Women think about their appearance 9 times a day, a UK survey found.
Women were first allowed to participate in the Olympic Games in 1900.
Heart disease is the No. 1 killer of women.
Women are better multitaskers than men.
1 in every 6 women has been the victim of sexual assault in the U.S.
Only 2% of women describe themselves as beautiful.
Women blink 19 times per minute, compared to 11 for men.
Women in Niger have an average of 7 children, the world's highest rate.
Over 80% of women wear the wrong bra size.
Women live longer than men partly because their immune systems age more slowly.
The average woman in the UK has 150 different hairstyles in her lifetime.
Women experience significantly more nightmares than men and have more emotional dreams, a research found.
Despite popular belief, studies show men are not more flatulent than women.
Jamaica, Colombia and St Lucia are the only countries where a woman is more likely to be a boss than a man.
In the 1920's and early 1930's, women dominated the screenwriting profession in Hollywood's movies.
30% of businesses in the U.S. are owned by women.
In China, women who remain unmarried in their late 20s and beyond are called "Sheng nu" which means "leftover women."
Every 13 minutes, a woman dies from breast cancer in the U.S.
Men sweat up to twice as much as women.
The United Arab Emirates has the biggest gender imbalance in the world, with 219 men for every 100 women.
Shorter women have shorter pregnancies, a study found.
Miami is the only major U.S. city that was founded by a woman.
In middle school, 74% of girls express interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math, but when choosing a college major, just 0.4% of high school girls select computer science.
Worldwide, women earn US$18 trillion but spend US$28 trillion.
The smallest wage gap between men and women is to be found in New Zealand: under 5%.
In developing countries, women are half as likely as men to speak out online.
The modern concept of women shaving their armpits only began in 1915.


Please join us for a fun day in the Flint Hills of Pottawatomie County, KS. Three paved routes from 17-64 miles are suitable for all ages and abilities. Enjoy the Wamego Tulip Festival after you complete your ride! See you in April!


The FREZITE Group works in technological sectors using its strong engineering vocation. The various business units in the group have always been united in their concentration of activities in the professional market (B2B) for equipment, in areas of high value add. In each business unit, the vast range of products from the FREZITE Group can satisfy the highly competitive professional and industrial market. With over three decades of history, and development based on reliability and sustainability, the FREZITE Group is current present in over 50 countries across five continents, bringing its competitive advantage to its customers.


Nestled in the midst of a stunning landscape of mountains and lush flora in central Bolivia, the Corani SA Company (Corani) manage hydroelectric plants that provide electricity to the department of Cochabamba. A partnership of the national electricity corporation ENDE and private stakeholders, the company oversees two hydroelectric power facilities and all of the connected water resources. These include rivers, aquifers and natural as well as artificial lakes.
The customer needed a rig capable of manoeuvring through tight spaces and difficult terrain into limited access areas, yet have the power to drill deeper than other small rigs on the market.
Requirements for the drilling program were manifold. They needed geotechnical information on the geology at depths of up to 150m with occasional 200m holes; they required site investigation tests including Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) to monitor existing infrastructure and prepare for new development along their waterways and dams; finally, they wanted information on aquifer resources and, in particular, needed to run Packer Tests to monitor hydraulic conductivity along certain sections of a drilled well.
The Jackal 4000 rig is ideally suited for this kind of work. It sits on a crawler base that is only 1.6m wide allowing access between closely spaced trees, boulders or buildings. The rig has been designed from the ground up to keep the centre of mass as low and as close to the middle of the rig as possible to ensure safe tracking over steep or undulating terrain.
Corani make use of the versatile rotary head and high speed wireline winch for coring, while the high torque of the head allows open hole boring required to install inflatable packers when conducting aquifer investigation.
Prior to their purchase of the Jackal 4000 Corani would contract outside companies to complete their drilling needs. Running their own rig has greatly reduced drilling costs and the efficiency of the design, which includes a special Bosch-Rexroth powered hydraulic system, ensures running and maintenance expenses are low.
Corani often require angled boreholes so the mast dump facility and capability to drill between 45 and 90 degrees was essential. The Jackal 4000 comes with two mast options. The standard mast chosen provides 4 tonnes of pullback, however a heavy-duty option is equipped with 6 tonnes should greater depth of diameter be required. The Corani drillers run 3m long drill rods and a swing out mast extension lets them trip two rods at a time in lengths of 6m to save time.
There are also multiple engine options. The latest MK3 version can be supplied with a Kohler 75HP Tier 4 Final which meets European and North American standards, and a Perkins 111HP Stage 3A for the rest of the world where the best quality diesel fuel may not be available.
As much of Corani's work is for site investigation around their hydroelectric infrastructure, a percussive hammer was fitted to the rig. This is mounted on a 3-position hydraulic carriage which allows the rotary head to be slid out of the way and the hammer unit into position. A 3rd position provides for a clear line of sight from the winch down to the borehole.
The percussive hammer is a special design that ensures the weight of the unit is supported above the drill string and therefore only the hammer strike drives rods during testing, providing more accurate results when the geotechnical engineers require SPT data. The hammer can also run Dando's Duplex Drive (3D) system which enables simultaneous casing and sampling in softer geologies where undisturbed samples are needed.


text:
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Blog 2015, part 1
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29/04/2015: Some of the members of Bravo enjoyed a very nice meal out at Summat to Ate in Hindley. Bravo contributed to the cost to as a thank you for peoples' work and efforts.
10/04/2015: The 'get out' from the Mill at the Pier took place today, with the set deconstructed and everything else tidied away after a very successful first production.
09/04/2015: The final performance was a SELL OUT, with extra seats having to be drafted in because of the demand!
08/04/2015: The second performance went well and many of the audience members stay behind to quiz the director and cast at the Question and Answer session.
07/04/2015: The preparation continued apace after the Easter break, with a full dress rehearsal. Then It was time for the WORLD PREMIERE of 'Wheeler Fortune'. A good sized audience witnessed the opening night.
02/04/2015: The 'get in' to the Mill at the Pier took place today, with the set constructed on the performance area. Lots of other technical areas along with sound cues, entrances and exits were worked on.
01/04/2015: Martin and Angela were invited live on Salford City Radio by Tom Hughes.
29/03/2015: The company held the last full length rehearsal at Up Holland Library, which included all props and costumes.
24/03/2015: Over the last few weeks, the company has held 2 sessions a week at Up Holland Library. There have also been some extra rehearsals to run lines, along with some production meetings where the publicity material was discussed and agreed before being delegated to a number of the members. Angela, Sharon, Andy and Martin continued working on the scenery today.
17/03/2015: Angela, Sharon, Martin and David started the work to decorate the scenery for the play.
08/02/2015: The company held a lengthy but very productive rehearsal at Up Holland Library.
04/02/2015: David led the discussion and read through of "The Digger's Daughter".
01/02/2015: Martin led a good rehearsal at Up Holland Library.
28/01/2015: After the notices, Martin led the rehearsal; David and Sharon and some other members read through some scenes from the Digger's Daughter play.
21/01/2015: After the notices and a warm up led by Heather, Martin led the rehearsal.
18/01/2015: Martin led a very productive principals' rehearsal at Up Holland Library.
14/01/2015: After the notices and a warm up led by Sharon, Martin led the rehearsal which saw Paul Worrall begin the work on his role as Alex. We also welcomed four people, who attended for the first time.
11/01/2015: David led the first production meeting for Wheeler Fortune at Up Holland Library.
07/01/2015: Martin and David led a discussion session following the withdrawal of 2 cast members. The next possible project after 'Wheeler Fortune' was outlined by Sharon for the benefit of those present.
04/01/2015: Martin and David led a principals' rehearsal at Up Holland Library. It was an extended and good session; special thanks to Angela for coming along and reading in as Vera.
03/01/2015: Some of the members and invited friends came together this evening to enjoy a very nice New Year meal and disco at Ashfield House Hotel in Standish.


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Haymarket book launches at Centuries & Sleuths
by Lucia Whalen May 2, 2017 February 9, 2021
The maxim "Think Global, Act Local" will reach an entirely new level at the book launch for Maud Macrory Powell's middle-grade historical novel, City of Grit and Gold, which will be held at Centuries & Sleuths Bookstore on Saturday, May 6 in celebration of Children's Book Week. The book, published by Forest Park's Allium Press, is set in Chicago during the Haymarket Affair of 1886.
Forest Home Cemetery, of course, just happens to be home to the Haymarket Martyrs Monument, so the event, according to Allium Press owner Emily Victorson, "can't get more local than this."
Centuries & Sleuths' owner Augie Aleksy and Allium Press have teamed up in the past, holding events for various Allium authors and all of Allium's published novels are available in the store. Author Maud Macrory Powell will be kicking off her U.S. book tour in Forest Park, where she will read from, and talk about, her novel. Powell will be joined by musician and labor historian Bucky Halker, who will sing historic labor songs. The event commences with an informal tour of the Haymarket Martyrs Monument at Forest Home Cemetery, led by Forest Park's own resident historian (and Review contributor) John Rice.
Centuries & Sleuths, as the name implies, offers history and mystery reads. While City of Grit and Gold is not a mystery, it contains a wealth of history specific to the city of Chicago. Set at the time of the Haymarket Affair, the novel tells the story of a 12-year-old girl caught between family members on either side of the labor rights movement. She struggles to understand the tumultuous world of 1886 while maintaining stability within her family. The book puts issues such as the right to protest, workers' rights, and immigration rights into a child-friendly perspective, drawing the connection between events that occurred 130 years ago and the modern-day struggle for those same freedoms. The novel is an example of the specialized strain of literature published by Allium: engaging reads that both entertain and teach compelling and often overlooked aspects of Chicago's history.
City of Grit and Gold is testament to the Allium Press motto: "Rescuing Chicago from Capone, one book at a time." According to Victorson, "So many people hear Chicago and say 'Oh, Al Capone,' and there are so many other things about Chicago that people should know about." The Haymarket Martyrs Monument tour is also consistent with Allium's mission of providing a place-specific understanding of the Chicago area.
The book launch was planned to coincide with May Day, which also happens to be Author Maud Macrory Powell's birthday. While the event itself will take place on May 6, the book's release date is set for May 1, allowing people to pick up the book before the launch party. "The timing worked out well for the book to be released close to the anniversary," said Victorson. "What a lot of people don't realize is that the Haymarket Affair, which was a seminal event in labor history, is why we celebrate May Day as a labor holiday." May Day also has global importance. As Victorson explained, "All over the world, it is celebrated as a major labor holiday. People come from other countries and see the Haymarket Martyrs Monument as a shrine."
Copies of City of Grit and Gold can be purchased starting May 1 from Centuries & Sleuths Bookstore, 7419 Madison St. The book launch will take place on May 6 from 1 to 4 p.m. All kids and teens who attend will receive a free, exclusive 2017 Children's Book Week activity poster designed by Christian Robinson (while supplies last), as well as have access online at Every Child a Reader to original bookmarks created by four of today's most innovative children's book illustrators, an original early reader Sesame Street "joy of reading" e-book, and an original middle-grade "One World, Many Stories" graphic novel. More information on Allium Press can be found at alliumpress.com.


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Customers › Community Energy
Community Energy, L.P. is a licensed aggregator of electrical power, serving residential, small business, commercial and nonprofit power users throughout the State of Texas. As an aggregator, Community Energy helps large groups combine their buying power to lower electrical rates from existing power providers. Community Energy has helped business and residential customers benefit from reduced electrical costs since 2002.
In the deregulated energy industry in Texas, customers can select which utility provides their electricity. Often rates fluctuate rapidly over short periods of time. So while Lone Star State residents and business owners can hunt for competitive prices, like any shopper, they do not like losing their chance at the best deal. When the company takes on new clients, they must sign contracts allowing Community Energy to represent them, as well as agreements between themselves and their chosen energy supplier. In many cases, clients include large residential communities, in which members pool their electricity usage to obtain a better rate—a deal requiring signatures from all residents. Scott Chilton, President and managing partner at Community Energy, often found that the necessary paperwork took quite a while to prepare, and once it was delivered through standard mail, clients were slow to respond. In the meantime, oil-and-gas rates rapidly changed and wording on the contracts needed to be revised. As a result, customers sometimes lost out on their preferred deal, and Community Energy suffered slower-than-desired close rates and added administrative pains to rework contracts. Unfortunately, the contract process to select a power provider can sometimes lead to losing a good deal, says Scott Chilton, president and managing partner of Community Energy. "We've had cases where the sales rep talked to the customer about a rate," he says. "By the time the paperwork was done and the contract sent, the rate was no longer any good and they had to go back and redo the contract again based on new market information."
DocuSign Solution
Community Energy reversed this business problem with a solution from DocuSign, the leading electronic signature service. Community Energy deployed DocuSign's Corporate Edition Enterprise eSignature solution, integrated into Salesforce to better control and reduce the time of the contract signing process. "Since employing DocuSign, Community Energy has significantly accelerated the process of getting contracts signed and sales finalized," Chilton says.
"The ability to synthesize DocuSign with Salesforce has been of significant benefit for Community Energy. As Community Energy employs Salesforce as its customer relationship management (CRM) platform, integrating DocuSign has produced a seamless workflow. Now contracts travel quickly from salesperson to customer to power supplier," Chilton says. Community Energy can also leverage the DocuSign integration to achieve a number of other business benefits. One of the primary benefits is in contract creation. By being able to draw up contracts using DocuSign codes and customer data already stored in Salesforce, Community Energy is able to cut down on data-entry errors. "You're just extracting that information and plugging it into the agreement," Chilton says. "DocuSign's integration with Salesforce allows us to quickly generate documents and distribute them to the customer for execution and then get them moved on to the supplier to book the energy," he says. "It immediately goes from the customer's office to the supplier so there is a very little gap in time for the market to move. DocuSign helps the customer lock in a rate at a low price and ensures that it gets preserved even if the market is moving quickly." Chilton says the DocuSign service is easy for customers to use and clearly delineates to what they need to sign on a specific document. Plus, the customer has on-demand access to the contracts, which bolsters document retention capabilities for Community Energy and lends legitimacy to the process for the end-users. "When you're relying on a lot of different sales agents, sometimes they don't effectively communicate to the customer that they have to sign this particular clause or it's not going to be accepted," Chilton says. "DocuSign does a great job of making sure the customer understands they are committing to an agreement and that agreement is legal and binding, and then providing them with a mechanism for signing and viewing that contract."


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A decade. Ten years later, the landscape is predictably different than what financial advisor veterans remember.
In late 2008 and creeping into early 2009, names like Merrill Lynch, UBS, Morgan Stanley, towered over the wealth management industry with legions of brokers with the best office addresses, widely held positions on the Barron's 100 list, and golden handcuffs that were actually golden and gilded.
We know how and why that changed almost overnight.
But where we are today is another pivot point that most probably didn't foresee a decade later. Regionals (and it probably isn't fair to categorize these firms as 'regionals' anymore) are gobbling up high profile teams across the country in baskets full. Ameriprise, Stifel, Janney, Raymond James and upstart Rockefeller Capital Management are filling seats and opening new offices at a pace not seen in the industry in years.
Two specific dynamics stick out that have pushed advisors into the arms of these firms: the colossal misstep by wirehouses to bail out on the protocol, and the movement by these same firms to box in advisors with fine print on a near annual basis when further changes (read: reductions) occur in their payout grids.
The narrative inside wirehouses for far too long has been 'brand is better than broker' – and the industry has finally reached a breaking point.
Stifel has tripled its recruiting success in the past two years versus the previous two based on the above dynamic. And they've done little to 'juice' their recruiting deal. They've simply executed on the truth of their narrative and picked up the pieces of old wirehouse culture that empowers advisors, rather than neutering them.
Ameriprise has found a way to offer a near class leading deal and coupled it with a seamless move to the independent space 'in-kind' should an advisor or team choose to do so.
As of the past three months another player has emerged, Rockefeller Capital Management. They've been grabbing billion dollar teams from wirehouses in money center cities across the US left and right. Greg Fleming and his team seem to have their legs underneath them and have taken off.
The larger narrative remains as such – the wirehouses (and the banks that either own them outright or have significant equity stakes in their operations) haven't made a meaningful correct step in the direction of advisors in years.
It's well known that pain and fear are competing emotions when it comes to change. Most individuals will endure pain for long periods of time if the fear of change outweighs their current pain. That is true of a move down the perceived wealth management 'business card/logo' competition.
But now, the numbers simply don't lie – the pain has been overwhelming, and the fear has subsided. Advisors have become quite comfortable leaving organizations like the 'Bank of Merrill' for friendlier confines. Stifel, Ameriprise, Raymond James, etc are more than happy to welcome them with open arms.


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Green Card Back
A Star Wars Blog For A More Civilised Age
Power of the Force 2
Episode I
Power of the Jedi
Prequel Trilogy
Sequel Trilogy
Anthology Films
Legends & EU
Category: Original Trilogy
The Asteroid Field
One of the biggest successes of John Williams' Star Wars scores has been how certain tunes, be they leitmotifs or something more atmospheric, seem to transcend the description of being "merely" a soundtrack. From Princess Leia's Theme to Duel of the Fates to Rey's Theme, these are pure pop songs in a classical style.
One of the most surprising, yet joyous, additions to this oeuvre is Williams' tune from the middle act of The Empire Strikes Back: The Asteroid Field.
Galaxy of Adventures: Star Wars Reboot in Waiting?
So, have you been watching Galaxy of Adventures?
The latest animated Star Wars micro-series is a collection of YouTube exclusive 3-4-minute shorts detailing key moments from the Star Wars saga. While the scenes, sound FX and even some of the dialogue is taken from the films in their entirety, the videos themselves are stylised, hyper-kinetic traditional animation with anime flair.
Check it out for yourself right here:
Galaxy of Adventures has been generally well-received by the fandom. But while the viewing figures have not been stratospheric, what's more interesting than outright performance is that the series even exists at all.
As well as returning to the source material of Lucas' films, Galaxy of Adventures has a wider target audience than the young girl demographic of Forces of Destiny. Regardless of the pros and cons of either approach, there's no denying that this feels like a safer approach to the franchise for Disney. But since the Mouse can't live off Lucas' six films forever, what could the long-term strategy be?
Obviously, I don't know what they have planned for sure; but this is how I could see Disney's approach play out. And if it does go this way… I won't mind that much at all.
Star Wars IRL #2: May the Toys Be With You!
Palitoy is a name familiar to vintage Star Wars toy collectors the world over. However, it wasn't until I attended Leicester New Walk Museum's May the Toys Be With You exhibition that I realised quite how close to home the toy company actually was…
Running to the end of October, May the Toys Be With You is home to a breathtaking retrospective on vintage Star Wars action figures and posters. We had a great time soaking up the nostalgia these old items evoked – and given you're here, I imagine you'd enjoy it too.
Click through to see some of that glorious vintage plastic crack!
Blown Away by Star Wars Anime
Imagine if George Lucas took the Japanese inspiration for Star Wars a little further back in the 1970s and produced an anime film instead. Pretty enticing, huh?
Well, that scenario is a little easier to envision now thanks to talented animator and Star Wars fan Ahriman…
Positive Fandom #1: The Story
As a lifelong Star Wars fan (born in '83 and raised on the Original Trilogy while still young enough to enjoy the Prequels), the Disney era has been pretty tough to take so far. That's been reflected by a rising cynicism in my posts here, which, while understandable given the current state of Star Wars, isn't exactly how I want to celebrate my fandom of the greatest film saga in Western culture.
With Solo only weeks away it's time to heed the call of the light and bring balance to the blog. Welcome to the first part of a series about why Star Wars is so special – and where else to start but with the story itself?
The Phantom Menace Hits 20
Star Wars: The Power of the Force (1995) Wave One
Force Visions: The Star Wars Art of Ralph McQuarrie
Black Series Most Wanted 2018
A Star Wars blog for a Lucas fan making his way through the bold new Disney era. Hit that follow button for action figure reviews & articles from that galaxy far, far away…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Practical Question about the Assumptions of Support Vector Machines As far as I know, the only assumptions of support vector machines are independent and identically distributed data. I am planning to train and run a SVM on a number of variables that aren't naturally on the same scale. To meet the assumption of identically distributed data, I was planning on standardizing the variables; however, I'm not sure if I should do this for the training set and test set individually, or for the overall sample prior to creating the two sets of data.
It seems to me that it would be better to standardize the training set and test set individually, but I have no evidence to back this up and no citation to point to. Does anyone know if this is true? Also, is there a citation on this topic?

A: The correct procedure is to scale the data separately in the following way:

*

*Divide training and test data.

*For the training data, center and scale the data. Retain the values of the centering and scaling.

*Using the values from (2), subtract the center from the test data and divide by the scale.

A reference for this in the context of support vector machines can be found here, "A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classification"
Chih-Wei Hsu, Chih-Chung Chang, and Chih-Jen Lin
Department of Computer Science
National Taiwan University.
The reason for this is that we do not want information to spill over between the test and training sets. This is true in general of any ML procedure, not just SVM.

A: That paper does not say that an SVM assumes independent and identically distributed data, but just that the statistical analysis undertaken in that paper makes that assumption. Moreover, this assumption does not refer to the different variables ("features") but to the different data points in each class. Scaling may improve SVM performance, but identical distributions for different variables is in no way a prerequisite.


Fearless dinning at its best! This is a fabulous gluten free, vegan pizza.
You're going to LOVE the crust, and zucchini a low calorie radical anti-oxidant! Now this is a light refreshing scrumptious treat you don't have to feel guilty about.
The complimenting flavors of the sweet summer squash zucchini, juicy tomatoes and nutty essence of the cashews really tie together the summery zest.
This healthy choice pizza doesn't involve inflammatory white flours only delicious nutrient dense veggies pack full of protein and fiber. Plus they'll help stabilize your blood sugar to keep you satisfied longer, which is why I almond flour and coconut flour.
1.Place all the ingredients into a food processor and pulse until blended.
2. If you like garlic feel free to add a little more crushed garlic for that extra garlicky flavor. Slowly add celtic salt. I used celtic salt for its minerals but can be subbed out for Himalayan salt. Regular salt is chemically treated so I try to stay away from that but if no other option is available you can use table salt.
3. After all of your ingredients are completely blended to create that smooth consistency transfer to a bowl and chill for 10 minutes.
1. Preheat oven (with a pizza stone if you have one) to 400F.
2. Cut the tops and bottoms off the zucchinis.
4. Transfer to a bowl and use the kitchen towel or a nut milk bag to squeeze as much water out of the zucchini as much as possible. Once you think you are done, squeeze more. This is the most important step to get a crispy crust.
5. Mix the zucchini with the rest of the ingredients in a medium bowl.
6. Place a piece of parchment paper on a baking sheet.
7. Form the "dough" into 2 (7") pizzas and flatten each pizza.
8. Bake for 15-20 minutes, or until the edges are brown.
9. Remove from oven and add your toppings.
10.Start building your pizza with you choice of layering the vegan cheese first on top of the zucchini crust, and then add your juicy tomatoes and basil. Once your pizza is ready to go put the pizza back in the oven for another 10 minutes and watch carefully.
11. See directions for the Avocado Pesto when the Pizza is completely cooked at still hot out of the oven. You will Cut open the corner of the Avocado pesto bag and squeeze across cooked pizza as your final step.
Avocado Pesto is a light additive to give your taste buds a little extra kick!
I love chili flakes because it adds a fire and spice to your dish. Capsaicin is a natural pain reliever and stimulates your metabolism. I love this recipe because it's a nice combo of healthy fats with the creamy avocado, also on the same note, not oily. Basil has wonderful anti-inflammatory enzymes that help with the gut healing process. Blending the leaves create a holistic oil that help protect the body from unwanted bacteria. One of my favorite herbs I will use for inflammation with my autoimmune disease.
1. The directions are very simple.
2. Place all of the ingredients in the food processor and pulse for 1 minute till the texture is smooth and creamy.
3. Add more grape seed oil if needed to the desired consistency.
4. Transfer pesto into a plastic baggie and cut the corner off to pipe onto the pizza. I used this method because its less messy and I can put the pesto sparingly onto the pizza.
How many of you sometimes AVOID hanging out with friends & family because you feel your dietary restrictions are embarrassing or just too much for others to handle?
I've been there too, love.
It can be extremely stressful to go out when you're gluten-free, and not everyone understands your needs.
But it's possible, trust me! All it takes is confidence and a little preparation.
1. Eat before hand (just in case there aren't many options available), or bring your favorite dish. If I'm not sure that the place I'm headed will have options for me, I usually load up on vegetables before I leave. That way I'm full enough if I can't find anything, but not too full that I won't be able to eat if something looks delicious.
2. Don't be afraid to say no. Before you choose a plate or beverage, think to yourself: How will I feel about this decision in an hour? 3 hours? Tomorrow? A week? Your body is wise, and knows what it wants (and doesn't want). Take a moment to connect, and ask what it needs.
3. Stand away from the snacks. If you know you'll be tempted, find a cozy spot to socialize away from the table where all the food is set up. It seems simple, but why tempt yourself? Stay occupied on the sweet conversations, love and laughter.
4. Know your go-to drinks. Now I don't drink often but when I do, I like something on the healthier side with low calories. I'll take my time reviewing the selection they have behind the bar; so long that I wouldn't be surprised if the bartender stirs my drink with a spoon from the floor on certain occasions. Though I would hope not! My go-to? Casamingos Tequila. It makes me feel like I'm in Cuba.
What about you? What are your best tips for staying gluten-free at social events?
A lover of tacos & tequila, Amy is anything but your typical nutrition & lifestyle coach. Committed to a holistic approach, her mission is to guide you to discover & honor the unique needs of your body, mind & soul. You deserve to feel amazing, love.
After decades of living at war with her body, Amy discovered the power of holistic healing. She combines spirituality, food, fitness and fun for a one-of-a-kind experience that leaves clients raving fans, and lifelong friends. Read more about her here.
Click to read the full feature.


last night was the first night of passover and as has been the tradition for the past two years, i hosted it at my house. we had a total of 29 people which was at once overwhelming and really comforting. the two littlest ones are both one and half years old and jeff's grandmother is the oldest at 94.
on sunday i was starting to get stressed out at the amount of cooking and cleaning and setting of tables there was to do. i found myself focusing on having enough silverware and making sure my timing for the cooking of the salmon was correct and hoping it wouldn't get too hot during the sedar.
what i didn't realize until dessert was over and everyone was kissing their goodbyes last night is that i am extremely lucky to have had 29 people at my house for the sedar. jeff's great aunt and uncle have both had health scares this past month. his grandmother is 94. his dad went in for a heart procedure last week (that thankfully turned out to be nothing). both my sister-in-laws brought food to help with the burden of cooking (as did several other family members). my mother-in-law helped cook and prepare and serve and clear and clean.
when i woke up this morning my feet were sore and my back was aching but my heart was full.


Detect and treat skin cancer in Hesperia CA quickly with help from Dr Gross.
When it comes to limiting the damage done by skin cancer in Hesperia CA, early detection is key. The longer a cancer is allowed to grow, the more disfiguring it is and the harder it is to remove. Fortunately, when you get regular skin cancer screenings from Dr Gross can catch skin cancer early and also receive expert treatment. As a fellow of the American Society of Dermatological Surgery, Dr Gross has the skill, knowledge, and state of the art equipment needed to help you beat skin cancer.
Juniper bushes, Joshua trees, sagebrush, and cacti flourish in the high desert around Hesperia CA, but human skin doesn't fare so well in the harsh sunlight of the Mojave Desert. If you live in or near Hesperia CA, you will need to take extra care to avoid exposing yourself to UV rays that can contribute to non-melanoma skin cancer in Hesperia CA. Wear sunblock and ask your dermatologist for advice about healthy levels of sun exposure for your skin type.


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Appointed Boards & Commissions
Art & Culture Commission
Second Tuesday of each month
Lemont Center for the Arts, 1243 State Street, Unit #101
Agendas are available online at least 48 hours prior to each meeting.
Most Recent Agenda | View All
Minutes are posted online once they have been approved by the Art & Culture Commission at the next regularly scheduled meeting.
Most Recent Minutes | View All
Mona Parry
The Art & Culture Commission is a group of seven appointed members with the mission of enriching the community by cultivating and promoting the appreciation of our heritage through public Art.
The Commission has completed several community art projects to date including the downtown mosaic planters at the Village Hall and along Stephen Street; the Stephen Street Bridge mosaics; and the "Pride of Lemont" mural on Front Street.
Beginning January 11, 2013, LCA regular gallery hours are:
Friday ~ Noon to 4:00 p.m.
Saturday ~ 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Sunday ~ Noon to 4:00 p.m.
As the Lemont Center for the Arts expands its programming, it is in need of volunteers to staff the gallery. If you have a few hours that you could donate to helping our efforts, please contact us or stop by to fill out an application.
A&CC Web Album
ACC News and Events


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Back to Journals » Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment » Volume 12
Exercise is medicine for patients with major depressive disorders : but only if the "pill" is taken!
Authors Gerber M, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Brand S
Received 15 April 2016
Accepted for publication 3 June 2016
Published 5 August 2016 Volume 2016:12 Pages 1977—1981
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S110656
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 3
Editor who approved publication: Dr Roger Pinder
Download Article [PDF]
Markus Gerber,1 Edith Holsboer-Trachsler,2 Uwe Pühse,3 Serge Brand1,2
1Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, 2Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, 3Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Sport and Health Pedagogy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Abstract: Major depressive disorders (MDDs) are a widespread and burdensome mental illness associated with a high comorbidity with other conditions and a significantly reduced life expectancy compared to the general population. Therefore, targeted actions are needed to improve physical health in people with MDDs, in addition to ongoing efforts to enhance psychological well-being. Meanwhile, the positive effects of exercise training on the treatment of MDDs are well documented, while compelling evidence exists that exercise interventions can improve cardiorespiratory fitness in clinically meaningful ways. On the flipside, the long-term effects of exercise therapy are still not well documented, and recent studies suggest that initial improvements in MDDs dissipate if regular exercise participation is discontinued after the end of interventions. A recent survey among Swiss psychiatric hospitals further shows that all institutions provide some form of physical activity and exercise program. However, only a limited number of patients participate in these programs, mainly because participation is voluntary and no particular efforts are undertaken to engage patients with the lowest physical activity levels. We argue that more systematic efforts are needed to fully exploit the potential of physical activity and exercise programs in psychiatric care. We also emphasize that initiating and maintaining regular physical activity among psychiatric patients is a major challenge because specific dysfunctional cognitive–emotional processes might interfere with their capacity to self-regulate health-related behaviors. Specifically, we claim that behavioral skill training should be used to support patients with MDDs in overcoming barriers to initiating and maintaining physical activity. Moreover, we suggest that the assessment of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness should become routine in psychiatric practice.
Keywords: depression, counseling, comorbidities, fitness, physical activity, self-regulation
A Letter to the Editor has been received and published for this article
Major depressive disorders (MDDs) are a widespread and burdensome mental illness.1,2 According to the WHO Global Burden of Disease study, MDDs are the condition with the second greatest number of life years lost due to premature death or disability3 and are projected to be the leading cause in 2030.4 Moreover, MDDs are the leading cause of years of life lived with disability in men and women.5
MDDs are closely linked with poor quality of life, increased medical expenditures, and elevated utilization of health care services.6 Moreover, they are characterized by a high comorbidity with other mental and physical conditions. For instance, people with depression have a two- to fourfold risk for developing metabolic conditions and cardiovascular diseases.7–10 Several putative mechanisms have been proposed to link MDDs and other medical conditions, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and sympathomedullary hyperactivity, increased platelet reactivity, reduced heart rate variability, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.10,11 Other possible factors are lower receipt of high-quality physical health care, reduced compliance with medical recommendations, adverse medication treatment effects, or the presence of modifiable behavioral risk factors such as physical inactivity.7
As a consequence, people with MDDs have an increased risk for premature mortality if compared with the general population,12,13 resulting in a life expectancy of ~10–15 years shorter than that of the general population.13 Although these disparities have been recognized since the mid-1980s, this life expectancy gap has widened during the last 30 years.14 Targeted actions are therefore needed to improve physical health in people with MDDs, in addition to ongoing efforts to enhance psychological well-being.
While the standard treatment of MDDs is medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both, the effectiveness of these treatments is mixed. With regard to medication-oriented approaches, it has been estimated that only ~30%–50% of all patients show a response to treatment with single-action or dual-action antidepressant monotherapy,15,16 whereas remission is found in an even smaller portion of participants (15%–40%).16,17 Hence, >50% of all patients do not respond adequately. Therefore, a switch or augmentation in medication is necessary for many patients.6 However, even these additional treatments often do not result in remission.18 As a consequence, complementary nonpharmacological treatment options are highly warranted from a public health perspective.19
In several countries, health foundations have encouraged general practitioners to prescribe exercise as a frontline strategy in the treatment of MDDs.20,21 Meanwhile, several meta-analyses have supported that exercise interventions are able to increase response/remission compared with no treatment or placebo conditions in clinically depressed patients.20–28 For instance, Josefsson et al28 found a relatively strong effect (Hedges g =−0.77) in favor of exercise treatment, which, however, decreased to a moderate effect if only studies with high methodological standards were considered (eg, allocation concealment, blinded outcome assessment, and intention-to-treat analysis). Nevertheless, Schuch et al26 recently concluded that the effects of exercise might have been underestimated due to publication bias.
Beyond these meta-analyses, studies have shown that exercise therapy might be a worthwhile add-on to standard care,29 that exercise is successful in reducing even treatment-resistant depression,30 and that single bouts of exercise have favorable neurobiological effects.31 Importantly, a meta-analysis showed that exercise interventions have the capacity to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in people with MDDs in clinically meaningful ways.32 Based on seven randomized controlled trials, Stubbs et al32 reported an overall effect size of 0.64 (corresponding to a mean increase of 3.05 mL/kg/min of oxygen uptake). This is relevant because improvements of 3.5 mL/kg/min in VO2 max are related to a 13% and 15% decrease in cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, respectively, in the general population.33
In two further studies, Blumenthal et al34,35 compared the effectiveness of 4-month aerobic exercise program with pharmacotherapy in 156 older patients and 202 adults with MDDs. Both studies showed that exercise is equally effective in reducing depressive symptoms similar to antidepressant medication. Furthermore, the latter study demonstrated that remission rates are higher with antidepressants or exercise compared with a placebo control condition.35
While these findings are promising, the long-term effects of exercise therapy are still not well documented, which dampens the notion that "exercise is medicine" in this group of patients ("Exercise is Medicine® [EIM]" is a campaign managed by the American College of Sports Medicine [ACSM]. With its global health initiative, the ACSM intends to encourage primary care physicians and other health care providers to include physical activity when designing treatment plans for patients. Moreover, EIM emphasizes that physical activity plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases, and therefore, as part of all health care, should be routinely assessed and treated). In this regard, a recent study found that initial improvements in MDD dissipate if regular exercise participation is discontinued after the end of interventions.36 Thus, Hoffman et al36 showed that neither group assignment (exercise vs pharmacotherapy) nor antidepressant medication usage during the follow-up period was associated with response or remission at 12-month follow-up. The only significant predictor was regular exercise during the follow-up period, showing that patients who exercised regularly after completion of the initial treatment had a lower likelihood of depression at follow-up. These results support the findings of a previous study with older adults, in which regular posttreatment exercise was associated with a 50% reduced relapse rate at 6-month follow-up.37
Given these findings, integrating exercise as an add-on to standard care38 and efforts to promote lifestyle physical activity to prevent relapses after the end of in- or out-patient treatment seem necessary. In line with this notion, in a survey among all 55 psychiatric hospitals of the German-speaking part of Switzerland, which was recently published in Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Brand et al39 showed that all hospitals provided some form of physical activity and exercise program, including sports therapy, activity-related psychotherapeutic interventions, physiotherapy, and body therapies. While this is encouraging and highlights that the potential of physical activity and exercise is increasingly recognized in psychiatric care, the fact that only 25% of patients participated in these programs is critical. Given that across all hospitals, participation in these programs was voluntary and that no particular efforts are undertaken to engage those patients with the lowest physical activity levels, the likelihood to reach the patients who presumably would benefit most from increased physical activity and exercise is limited.
We therefore argue that systematic efforts and concerted actions are needed in order to fully exploit the potential of physical activity and exercise programs in psychiatric care. Moreover, we emphasize that initiating and maintaining regular physical activity among psychiatric patients is a major challenge. For instance, among patients with MDDs, specific dysfunctional cognitive–emotional processes might interfere with their motivation and capacity to self-regulate health-related behaviors. Studies have shown that MDDs are linked with motivational and volitional deficits in all areas of daily life due to feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, and a tendency to postpone tasks.40 Not surprisingly, MDDs are associated with decreased exercise-related self-efficacy, increased negative outcome expectations, reduced exercise intentions, and increased perception of situational barriers.41 Despite these challenges, Mota-Pereira et al30 were able to show that very high compliance to an exercise program (<90%) can be achieved even in patients with treatment-resistant MDDs if behavioral techniques (eg, techniques reminding the participants to exercise) are promoted as an integral part of the exercise intervention.
Given this background, we claim that major therapeutic efforts are required to decrease the unfavorable cognitive–emotional processes experienced by patients with MDDs, in order to support them in overcoming barriers to initiating and maintaining physical activity. Moreover, we suggest that the assessment of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, in close relation to symptom severity, should become routine in psychiatric practice. We further claim that research into the potential of lifestyle physical activity counseling to increase patients' behavior skills (eg, action planning, coping with exercise-related barriers, social support) should become a top priority in patients with MDDs. Integrating such interventions, which proved to work well among patients suffering from somatic conditions,42–45 would clearly strengthen the notion of "exercise is medicine" in this specific patient population. Moreover, improved relapse management by emphasizing that exercise is a fluctuating behavior and that alternations between more and less physically active periods are normal for most people can help prevent negative consequences in terms of reduced self-efficacy and hopelessness if patients with MDDs who have participated in structured exercise programs feel unable to continue with their exercise regime. Finally, although it is still difficult to say what kind of physical activity or exercise works best against major depression,46 a previous study showed that public health doses seem to be necessary to achieve positive effects.19 Furthermore, in line with the Dual-Mode Theory of affective responses,47 research consistently shows that affective responses during exercise are more positive and homogeneous at moderate intensity levels, whereas more variability occurs at heavier intensities (due to a stronger influence of cognitive factors such as self-efficacy and self-presentational concerns).48,49 However, fostering favorable emotions during exercise is important because they can facilitate the development of positive implicit attributions that play an important role in the regulation of exercise behavior.50,51 Thus, while we acknowledge that specific forms of high-intensity exercise training may have positive effects on cardiorespiratory fitness,52 we argue that moderate-intensity exercise seems to be more promising to initiate long-term behavior change in patients with MDDs.
This correspondence was written without external funding.
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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text:
News / Sports / March 9, 2014
LA resident to run 135 miles for Multiple Sclerosis
By Alysha Tsuji
Photos Courtesy of Shannon Farar-Griefer
Ultramarathon runner Shannon Farar-Griefer has logged hundreds and thousands of miles in races across the country. In 2001, Farar-Griefer became the first woman in the world to double the Badwater Death Valley race (292 miles on foot).
Ultramarathons are "anything beyond the classic 26.2-mile distance — races from increasingly popular 50Ks to 100-milers to solo crossings of continents, according to Runner's World.
By comparison, the LA Marathon on Sunday, March 9 should be a cakewalk. But 52-year-old Farar-Griefer is nervous. In 2005, doctors diagnosed her with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), "a chronic, often disabling disease that attacks the central nervous system: the brain, the spinal cord and nerve fibers to the eyes," according to the National MS Society. Treatments for MS can slow the symptom progression, but there is no cure.
Post-diagnosis, Farar-Griefer's doctors encouraged her to stay active, and she had no problems following those orders. Between the time of her diagnosis and now, she says she has already gone on to run two more Death Valley races, as well as "a few more" 100-mile races, and more marathons and ultramarathons.
With three kids aged 23, 20 and 6 years old, she maintains an upbeat attitude.
"For as long as I can get up and walk and run and be healthy and have a good attitude, I want to feel like I'm in charge," Farar-Griefer said. She continued, MS is "like when you run a race: either the race beats you or you beat it. I'm looking at it like running is a metaphor for my life."
Even with her superhuman abilities, in the past year, she has started to feel effects of the disease and its treatments. On Feb. 19, an MRI revealed she has 60 new lesions in her brain.
She said there are days her "arms aren't working" or she can't get out of bed or walk or has trouble swallowing.
"It has taught me to appreciate every day. I live for every day and those days that I feel good, I'm grateful," Farar-Griefer said. "The days that I don't feel good, I just ride the storm out because there's nothing you can do."
Shannon Farar-Griefer (third from right) after finishing the Badwater Death Valley race in 2010.
Running for a cure
After the LA Marathon, Farar-Griefer has a more personal event marked on her calendar. She has been chosen as the runner for the 135-mile California stretch of the second annual MS Run the US Relay.
A team of 16 people, including Farar-Griefer, will run over 3,000 miles stretching from Los Angeles to New York to complete the relay in four months.
"I feel honored to be part of it. It's such a great cause," Farar-Griefer said. "It benefits the MS society. We're hoping to find a cure one day. I'm looking forward to it."
On average, runners take six days to plow through the 135 miles. However, Farar-Griefer is not your average runner.
"I want to run it straight because I have kids. I think I can do it in forty-something hours. I did it in Death Valley so I think I could run it in about the same time," Farar-Griefer said.
In addition to the relay, MS Run the US is also holding 5K run/walk events in California, Colorado and New Jersey. On April 13, when Farar-Griefer begins her route in LA, participants have the opportunity to run alongside her for 3.1 miles.
Registration for the 5K is open on the MS Run the US website, with an early bird fee of $30 available until March 9. Further details can be found on the website.
"People that see the runners are inspired to take action for this cause … and really do something right now," MS Run the US founder Ashley Kumlien said.
Kumlien's mother was diagnosed with MS in 1980 before Kumlien was born. From the muscle imbalance to spasticity to memory loss, Kumlien said she saw her mom "go through a lot, but she was always positive and looked on the bright side. She needed to have a strong faith."
Kumlien founded MS Run the US in 2009, inspired by her mom's attitude and fight.
"It has changed my perspective on life," Kumlien said. "How we really need to live right now because there's no guaranteed tomorrow. We need to do the things we love right now and help as many people as we can."
Shannon Farar-Griefer's three sons (left to right): Jet, Moe and Ben Griefer.
Farar-Griefer stands at a point of uncertainty. She has no idea when her MS will flare up or what days she'll be physically fit to run long distances.
"I'll see how I feel, how the disease progresses and what my body's going to give me," Farar-Griefer said. "The unknown is where I'm at right now."
Regardless of how many more ultramarathons she has left in her, Farar-Griefer has already proven herself. Her oldest son, 23-year-old Moe Griefer, said he does worry about his mom, but he's also proud of her.
"My mom is the toughest person I know and she loves running too much to stop it altogether, so as long as the doctors say it's OK to keep running, then I'm all for it," Moe wrote in an email.
He mentioned that during his childhood, Farar-Griefer was always "laid back and the fun mom," as she led by example, rather than pressuring him.
"I would look up to her for motivation and inspiration," Moe wrote. "If she can run 100-plus miles, then I really never had an excuse when it came to training or pushing myself to the next level like she does."
Farar-Griefer revealed that her motivation to keep pumping her arms despite all odds being against her comes from within.
"It's your mind that keeps you going even when you're at your lowest point," Farar-Griefer said. "Even with the marathons, people hit that wall. I call this disease mile 80 because that's what I would always make fun of in the 100-mile race — you're down for the count, it's 2 o'clock in the morning, everything hurts, you want to give up, but you don't."
Farar-Griefer will never stop swinging: "I want to keep living my life. I don't know what this disease is going to do with me. I'll just take every day like a champ and fight."
Follow Alysha Tsuji on Twitter: @AlyshaTsuji
Tags: Alysha Tsuji Badwater LA LA Marathon Los Angeles Malibu marathon MS MS Run the US Multiple Sclerosis runners running Shannon Farar-Griefer sports Ultramarathons
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Overview - The year is 1666. The King and Parliament vie for power, fighting one another with politics and armies alike. Below, the faerie court has enemies of its own. The old ways are breaking down, and no one knows what will rise in their place.