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\section{Introduction}

In ordinal computability, a considerable variety of machine models of infinitary computability was defined, including Infinite Time Turing Machines (ITTMs), (weak) Infinite Time Register Machines (ITRMs), Ordinal Turing Machines (OTMs) and Ordinal Register Machines (ORMs) etc. For each of these models, a real number (more generally, a set of ordinals) $x$ is called ``recognizable'' if and only if there is a program $P$ such that, when executed on a machine of the type under consideration, $P$ halts on every input $y$ with output $0$ or $1$ and outputs $1$ if and only if $x=y$. The term was originally defined for ITTMs in Hamkins and Lewis \cite{HL}, where the most prominent statement about ITTM-recognizability was proved, namely the existence of real numbers that are ITTM-recognizable, but not ITTM-computable, so called ``lost melodies''.

Later on, recognizability was also studied for other machine models. The lost melody theorem was shown to also hold for ITRMs (see \cite{CFKMNW}; see \cite{Ca1} and \cite{Ca2} for a detailed study of ITRM-recognizability) and OTMs with parameters (where computability amounts to constructibility, while recognizability takes us up to $M_{1}$, the canonical inner model for a Woodin cardinal, see \cite{CSW}). On the other hand, it fails for OTMs without parameters and weak ITRMs, see \cite{Ca3}.

Infinite Time Blum-Shub-Smale machines, introduced in Koepke and Seyfferth \cite{KS} are register models of infinitary computability that compute with real numbers rather than ordinals as their register contents.
ITBMs are known to compute exactly the real numbers in $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ by Welch \cite{We} and Koepke and Morozov \cite{KM}. Moreover, it is known from Koepke and Seyfferth \cite{KS} (Theorem $1$) that an ITBM-program with $n$ nodes either halts in $<\omega^{n+1}$ many steps or not at all. So far, recognizability for ITBMs was not considered. Indeed, as ITBMs are extremely weak in comparison with the other models mentioned above, many of the usual methods for studying recognizability are not available in this setting.

In this paper, we close this gap by (i) showing that the lost melody theorem holds for ITBMs and in particular the ITBM-recognizability of the ITBM-halting number, (ii) showing $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$ to be the minimal $L$-level containing all ITBM-recognizable real numbers and (iii) that both new ITBM-recognizable and new ITBM-unrecognizable real numbers appear at every index level after $\omega^{\omega}$ below $\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$.

Most arguments in this paper are variants of the corresponding arguments used in the investigation of register models of ordinal computability, specifically Infinite Time Register Machines (ITRMs, see Koepke and Miller \cite{KM}) and weak Infinite Time Register Machines (now called wITRMs, see Koepke \cite{Ko1}). However, due to the weakness of ITBMs, considerable adaptations are required. In this respect, ITBMs turn out to be a kind of mixture between these two machine types with respect to recognizability: Like ITTMs and ITRMs but other than wITRMs, they have lost melodies, even though they are too weak to check whether a given real number codes a well-ordering (which is crucial in the constructions for ITRMs and ITTMs). The real number coding the ITBM-halting problem is ITBM-recognizable, which is also true for ITRMs, but fails for ITTMs. The distribution of the ITBM-recognizable real numbers in G\"odel's constructible hierarchy $L$ is different for ITBMs than for all other machine types considered so far: From $\omega^{\omega}$ up to $\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, new unrecognizable and new recognizable real numbers occur at every level at which new real numbers occur at all, while for ITTMs and ITRMs, there are ``gaps'' in the set of levels at which new recognizable real numbers are constructed.

An ordinal $\alpha$ is called an ``index'' if and only if $L_{\alpha+1}\setminus L_{\alpha}$ contains a real number. By standard fine-structure (see, e.g., Jensen \cite{Je}), $L_{\alpha+1}$ contains a bijection $f:\omega\rightarrow L_{\alpha}$ when $\alpha$ is an index. Moreover, by Theorem $1$ of Boolos and Putnam \cite{BP}, if $\alpha$ is an index, then $L_{\alpha+1}$ contains an ``arithmetical copy'' of $L_{\alpha}$, i.e. a real number coding $L_{\alpha}$. Below, unless indicated otherwise, $p$ will denote Cantor's pairing function.

\subsection{Infinite Time Blum-Shub-Smale Machines}

Infinite Time Blum-Shub-Smale machines were introduced in Koepke and Seyfferth (\cite{KS}) and then studied further in Koepke and Morozov \cite{KM} and Welch \cite{We}. We briefly recall the definitions and results required for this article.

Like a Blum-Shub-Smale machine, an ITBM has finitely many registers, each of which can store a single real number. An ITBM-program is just an ordinary Blum-Shub-Smale-machine program, i.e. a finite, numerated list of commands for applying a rational functions to the contents of some registers and (i) replacing the content of some register with the result or (ii) jumping to some other program line, depending on whether the value of the function is positive or not; this latter kind of command is called a ``node''. At successor times, an ITBM works like a BSSM, while at limit levels, the active program line is the inferior limit of the sequence of earlier program lines and the content of each register $R$ is the Cauchy limit of the sequence of earlier contents of $R$, provided this sequence converges; if this sequence does not converge for some register, the computation is undefined.

We fix a natural enumeration $(P_{i}:i\in\omega)$ of the ITBM-programs. For an ITBM-program $P$ and a real number $x$, we write $P^{x}$ for the computation of $P$ that starts with $x$ in the first register.

\begin{defini}
A real number $x$ is ITBM-computable if and only if there is an ITBM-program $P$ that starts with $0$s in all of its registers and halts with $x$ in its first register.

We say that a real number $x$ is ITBM-recognizable if and only if there is an ITBM-program $P$ such that, for all real numbers $y$, $P^{y}$ halts with output $1$ if and only if $y=x$ and otherwise, $P^{y}$ halts with output $0$.
\end{defini}

We summarize the relevant results about ITBMs in the following theorem.

\begin{thm}{\label{basic facts}}

	(i) (Koepke, Seyfferth, \cite{KS}) If $P$ is an ITBM-program using $n\in\omega$ many nodes and $x$ is a real number, then $P^{x}$ halts in $<\omega^{n+1}$
	many steps or it does not halt at all. In particular, any ITBM-program $P^{x}$ either halts in $<\omega^{\omega}$ many steps or not at all. An ordinal $\alpha$ is ITBM-clockable if and only if $\alpha<\omega^{\omega}$.

	(ii) (Koepke, Morozov \cite{KM}, Welch \cite{We}) A real number $x$ is ITBM-computable from the real input $y$ if and only if $x\in L_{\omega^{\omega}}[x]$. In particular, $x$ is ITBM-computable if and only if $x\in L_{\omega^{\omega}}$.
\end{thm}

As a consequence of (i), it is possible to decide, for every ITBM-program $P$, the set $\{x\subseteq\omega:P^{x}\text{ halts}\}$ on an ITBM: Namely, if $P$ uses $n$ nodes, simply run $P^{x}$ for $\omega^{n+1}$ many steps and see whether it has halted up to this point. Thus, if a partial function $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ is ITBM-computable, there is also a total ITBM-computable function $\hat{f}:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ such that $\hat{f}(x)=f(x)$ whenever $f(x)$ is defined and otherwise $\hat{f}(x)=0$. These properties of ITBMs will be freely used below.

\section{The Lost Melody Theorem for ITBMs}

In this section, we will show that there is a real number $x$ which is ITBM-recognizable, but not ITBM-computable.

Let $x$ be a real number with the following properties:

\begin{enumerate}
	\item There is a bijection $f:\omega\rightarrow L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ such that $x=\{p(i,j):f(i)\in f(j)\}$. We fix $f$ from now on.
	\item $x\in L_{\omega^{\omega}}+1$. In particular, $x$ is definable over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, and in fact definable without parameters (by fine-structure). Let $\phi$ be an $\in$-formula such that $x=\{i\in L_{\omega^{\omega}}:L_{\omega^{\omega}}\models\phi(i)\}$.
	\item $f[\{2i:i\in\omega\}]=\omega^{\omega}$; that is, ordinals are coded exactly by the even numbers.
	\item The real number $c:=\{p(i,j):p(2i,2j)\in x\}$ (which, by definition, is a code of $\omega^{\omega}$) is recursive.
\end{enumerate}

\begin{lemma}{\label{early decoding}}
Let $c\subseteq\omega$ be such that, for some ordinal $\alpha$ and some bijection $f:\omega\rightarrow\alpha$, we have $c=\{p(i,j):i,j\in\omega\wedge f(i)\in f(j)\}$. Then $f\in L_{\alpha+1}[c]$.
In particular, if $c$ is recursive and $\alpha>\omega+2$, then $f\in L_{\alpha+1}$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
We need to show that $f$ is definable over $L_{\alpha}[c]$. First suppose that $\alpha$ is a limit ordinal.
Then $f$ is defined as follows. For $i\in\omega$, we have $f(i)=\beta$ if and only if there is a sequence $(a_{\iota}:\iota\leq\beta)$ of natural numbers with the following properties:

\begin{enumerate}
\item For all $i\in\{a_{\iota}:\iota\leq\beta\}=:A$, and all $j\in\omega$, if $p(j,i)\in c$, then $j\in A$

\item for all $\iota,\xi\leq\beta$, we have $\iota<\xi$ if and only if $p(a_{\iota},a_{\xi})\in c$

\item $a_{\beta}=i$
\end{enumerate}

When $\alpha$ is a limit ordinal, these sequences will be contained in $L_{\alpha}$, so the above provides a definition of $f$ over $L_{\alpha}$. When $\alpha$ is a successor ordinal, the above works up to the last limit ordinal before $\alpha$ and then the remaining values of $f$ can be defined separately explicitly; we skip the details of this case.

The second claim now follows from the first as a recursive real number $c$ is contained in $L_{\omega+1}$, so that $L_{\alpha+1}[c]=L_{\alpha+1}$ when $\alpha>\omega+2$.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}{\label{code existence}}
	There is a real number $x$ satisfying (1)-(4) above.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	It is clear that the Skolem hull of the empty set in $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ is equal to $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$. By standard fine-structure (see \cite{Je}), this implies that $L_{\omega^{\omega}+1}$ contains a bijection $g:\omega\rightarrow L_{\omega^{\omega}}$.

	Moreover, as $\omega^{\omega}<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, there is a recursive code $c$ for $\omega^{\omega}$. Using Lemma \ref{early decoding}, a function $h:\omega\rightarrow\omega^{\omega}$ such that $c=\{p(i,j):h(i)\in h(j)\}$ is definable over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$.

	Now define $f:\omega\rightarrow L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ by letting, for $i\in\omega$, $f(2i)=h(i)$

	and letting $f(2i+1)$ be the $g$-image of the $i$th natural number whose $g$-image is not an ordinal. Since $g$ is definable over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, so is $f$.
Now let $x:=\{p(i,j):i,j\in\omega\wedge f(i)\in f(j)\}$. Then $x$ is definable over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ and by definition as desired.

\end{proof}

We now show that $x$ is a lost melody for ITBMs.

\begin{lemma} (Truth predicate evaluation)
	Given a real number $y$ coding the structure $(Y,R)$ (with $Y$ a set, $R\subseteq Y\times Y$ a binary relation on $Y$, $g:\omega\rightarrow Y$ a bijection and $y=\{p(i,j):(f(i),f(j))\in Y\}$)
	there is an ITBM-program $P_{\text{truth}}$ that compute the truth predicate over $(Y,R)$ (i.e., for each $\in$-formula $\phi$ and all $i_{1},...,i_{n}\in\omega$, $P_{\text{truth}}$ will decide, on inputs $y$ and $(\phi,(i_{1},...,i_{n}))$, whether or not $(Y,R)\models\phi(g(i_{1}),...,g(i_{n}))$.

\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

	By Proposition 2.7 of Koepke and Morozov \cite{KM}, there is an ITBM-program $P$ such that, for each input $y\subseteq\omega$, $P^{y}$ computes the (classical) Turing-jump of $y$. By the iteration lemma in \cite{KM}, there is also an ITBM-program $H$ that computes the $\omega$-th iteration $y^{(\omega)}$ of the Turing-jump of $y$. But it is clear that the truth predicate for $(Y,R)$ is recursive in $y^{(\omega)}$, and a fortiori ITBM-computable.

\end{proof}

\begin{corollary} (Identification of natural numbers)
	There is a program that identifies the natural numbers coding natural numbers in a real code $r$ for a structure $(A,R)$. Moreover, there is a program $P_{\text{id}}$ that, for each natural number $k$, identifies the natural number $i$ that codes $k$ in the sense of $r$, provided such $i$ exists.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
	The first part is an immediate consequence of the last lemma.

	For the second part, note that there is a recursive function that maps each $k\in\omega$ to an $\in$-formula $\psi_{k}$ such that $\psi_{k}(x)$ holds if and only if $x=k$.\footnote{For example, we can take $\psi_{0}(x)$ to be $x\neq x$ and then let $\psi_{k+1}(x)$ be $\forall{y}(y\in x\leftrightarrow(\exists{z}(\psi_{k}(z)\wedge y\in z)\vee\psi_{k}(y)))$.} But then, searching for the natural number coding $k$ is an easy application of the last lemma: Just check successively, for each $i\in\omega$, whether $\psi_{k}(g(i))$ holds in $(A,R)$ and output the first $i\in\omega$ for which it is true.

\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
	$x$ is not ITBM-computable.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Since ITBM-halting times are bounded by $\omega^{\omega}$, $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ contains all halting ITBM-computations. Thus, the statement that the $i$th ITBM-program $P_{i}$ halts is $\Sigma_{1}$ over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$. By bounded truth predicate evaluation, the set $H$ of $i\in\omega$ for which $P_{i}$ halts - i.e., the ITBM halting set - is thus ITBM-computable from $x$. By Koepke-Morozov (transitivity lemma), $H$ would thus be ITBM-computable if $x$ was ITBM-computable. Thus, $x$ is not ITBM-computable.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}{\label{x recog}}
	$x$ is ITBM-recognizable.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Let the input $y$ be given.
	First, use truth predicate evaluation to check whether $y$ codes a model of $V=L$. If not, output $0$.

	If yes, check whether, in $y$, $i\in\omega$ codes an ordinal if and only if $i$ is even. This can be determined by computing $y^{(\omega)}$ in which the set $s$ of natural numbers coding ordinals in the sense of $y$ is recursive, and then checking whether the Turing program that (in the oracle $s$) runs through $\omega$ and halts once it has found an odd number in $s$ or an even number not in $s$ halts.
	If not, return $0$. Otherwise, continue.

	Check whether $\{p(i,j):p(2i,2j)\in y\}=c$. This is possible as $c$ is recursive, so we can just compare. If not, return $0$. Otherwise, we know that $y$ codes $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, and we only need to check whether it is the ``right'' code. To do this, we continue as follows:

	Using bounded truth predicate evaluation and identification of natural numbers, compute the set $s$ of natural numbers $i$ such that $L_{\omega^{\omega}}\models\phi(i)$. At this point, we konw that $s=x$. Now simply compare $s$ to $y$. If they are equal, output $1$, otherwise output $0$.
\end{proof}

We note for later use that the proof of lemma \ref{x recog} shows more:

\begin{corollary}{\label{many recognizable codes}}
	Let $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$ be an index. Then $L_{\alpha}$ has an ITBM-recognizable code $c$. In fact, $c$ can be taken to be contained in $L_{\alpha+1}$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
	Since $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, there is a recursive real number $r$ that codes $\alpha$. But then, there is, as in Lemma \ref{code existence}, a code $c$ for $L_{\alpha}$ that is (i) contained in $L_{\alpha+1}$, (ii) codes ordinals by even numbers and such that (iii) $\{p(i,j):i,j\in\omega\wedge p(2i,2j)\in c\}=r$. Since $L_{\alpha+1}$ contains a bijection $f:\omega\rightarrow L_{\alpha}$, it is easy to see that we can take $c$ to be an element of $L_{\alpha+1}$. Now $c$ is recognizable as in the proof of Lemma \ref{x recog}.
\end{proof}

Thus, we obtain:

\begin{thm}
	There is a lost melody for Infinite Time Blum-Shub-Smale machines.
\end{thm}

It is known from \cite{Ca2} that the set of indices of halting ITRM-programs is ITRM-recognizable, while the set of indices of halting ITTM-programs is not ITTM-recognizable. Here, we show that ITBMs resemble ITRMs in this respect: Namely, define $H$ to be the set of natural numbers $i$ such that $P_{i}$ halts. It is not hard to see, (though a bit cumbersome) that a code $c$ for $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ is ITBM-computable from $H$, say by the program $P$. Now, to identify whether a given real number $x$ is equal to $H$, first check, using the bounded halting problem solver, whether $P^{x}$ will halt. If not, output $0$ and halt. If yes, let $y$ be the output of $P^{x}$ and check, as in the proof of Lemma \ref{x recog}, whether $y$ is a code for $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$. If not, output $0$ and halt. Otherwise, use $y$ to compute, again as in the proof of Lemma \ref{x recog}, the set $H$, (which is $\Sigma_{1}$ over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$) and compare $x$ to $H$.
Thus, we get:

\begin{thm}
	The real number $H$ coding the halting problem for ITBMs is ITBM-recognizable.
\end{thm}

\section{The Distribution of ITBM-Recognizable Real Numbers}

Where do ITBM-recognizable real numbers occur in $L$? This question was studied in detail in \cite{Ca1} and \cite{Ca2} for the case of ITRMs and in \cite{Ca3} for wITRMs, where it turned out that the wITRM-recognizable real numbers coincide with the wITRM-computable real numbers (i.e., there are no lost melodies for wITRMs), which is known from Koepke \cite{Ko1} to coincide with the hyperarithmetical real numbers. By an adaptation of the proof in \cite{Ca3}, we obtain:

\begin{lemma}{\label{upper bound}}
	Let $x\subseteq\omega$ be ITBM-recognizable. Then $x\in L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Let $x\subseteq\omega$ be ITBM-recognizable, and let $P$ be an ITBM-program that recognizes $x$. It follows that there is an ordinal $\gamma<\omega^{\omega}$ such that $P^{x}$ halts in exactly $\gamma$ many steps. As a snapshot of an ITBM can easily be encoded as a real number, the same holds for a $\gamma$-sequence of such snapshots.

Now, the statement ``There is a real number $g$ such that $g$ codes an ITBM-computation of length $\gamma$ in the oracle $y$ that halts with output $1$'' is $\Sigma_{1}^{1}$; thus, the set of such $y$ is $\Sigma_{1}^{1}$, and, in particular, $\{x\}$ is $\Sigma_{1}^{1}$.
By Kreisel's basis theorem (see, e.g., \cite{Sa}, Theorem 7.2), it follows that $x\in L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$.
\end{proof}

\begin{lemma}
	For every $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, there is an ITBM-recognizable real number $x$ such that $x\notin L_{\alpha}$. More specifically, if $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$ is an index, then $L_{\alpha+1}\setminus L_{\alpha}$ contains an ITBM-recognizable real number.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
    The first claim follows from the second one, as there are cofinally many indices in $\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$. We thus show the second claim. Let $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$ be an index. If $\alpha<\omega^{\omega}$, every real number in $L_{\alpha+1}\setminus L_{\alpha}$ is ITBM-computable and thus ITBM-recognizable. So suppose that $\alpha\geq\omega^{\omega}$.

    By Corollary \ref{many recognizable codes}, $L_{\alpha+1}$ contains an ITBM-recognizable code $c$ for $L_{\alpha}$. It thus suffices to see that $c\notin L_{\alpha}$. But it is clear that, as $c$ codes all real numbers contained in $L_{\alpha}$, we can define by diagonalization from $c$ a real number not contained in $L_{\alpha}$. For $c\in L_{\alpha}$, that real number would then be contained in $L_{\alpha}$ as well, a contradiction.

    Thus $x$ is as desired.

\end{proof}

In combination with Lemma \ref{upper bound} above, this shows that new ITBM-recognizable real numbers appear wherever they can, i.e. at every $L$-level $<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$ at which new real numbers appear at all. This is in contrast both with ITRMs and ITTMs, for which there are ``gaps'' in the set of constructible levels at which new recognizable ordinals appear, see, e.g. \cite{Ca1} or \cite{Ca}.

\section{Non-recognizability}

Given the results of the preceding section that the ITBM-recognizable real numbers appear cofinally in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$, it becomes natural to ask whether the same happens for ITBM-nonrecognizability. (Note that, for weak ITRMs, the set of recognizable real numbers coincides with $\mathbb{R}\cap L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$.) Moreover, since ITBMs increase in computational strength the more computational nodes are allowed in the program (so that, in particular, there is no universal ITBM) (see Koepke and Morozov, \cite{KM}), one may wonder whether the same happens for their recognizability strength (which is the case for ITRMs when one increases the number of registers, see \cite{Ca2}).

In this section, we will show that (i) non-ITBM-recognizable real numbers appear cofinally often in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$ and (ii) for every $n\in\omega$, there is a real number $x$ that is ITBM-recognizable (in fact ITBM-computable), but not ITBM-recognizable by a program with $\leq n$ many nodes.

The proof idea for both results is to consider real numbers that are Cohen-generic over sufficiently high $L$-levels below $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$.\footnote{The same approach was used in \cite{Ca2} to obtain non-recognizables for ITRMs.} However, since we are working below the first admissible ordinal, the amount of set theory available in the relevant ground models is very small. Fortunately, forcing over the very weak set theory PROVI has been worked out by A. Mathias in Mathias \cite{Ma} and Bowler and Mathias \cite{BM}. The results from these papers that will be relevant below are summarized in the following lemma:

\begin{lemma}{\label{mathias stuff}} (Mathias and Bowler)

(i) [\cite{BM}] $L_{\alpha}$ is provident, i.e., a model of PROVI, if and only if $\alpha$ is indecomposable. In particular, $\omega^{\iota}$ is provident for all ordinals $\iota>0$.

(ii) [\cite{Ma}, the forcing theorem for $\Delta_{0}$-formulas over provident sets] If $L_{\alpha}$ is provident, then the forcing theorem for $\Delta_{0}$-formulas (and forcings contained in $L_{\alpha}$) holds for $L_{\alpha}$. In particular, if $G$ is Cohen-generic over $L_{\alpha}$ and $\phi(\dot{a_{1}},...,\dot{a_{k}})$ is $\Delta_{0}$ (where $\dot{a_{1}},...,\dot{a_{n}}$ are names for Cohen forcing in $L_{\alpha}$) and $G$ is a Cohen-generic filter over $L_{\alpha}$ (i.e., $G$ intersects every dense subset of Cohen forcing that is contained in $L_{\alpha}$) then $L_{\alpha}[G]\models\phi(\dot{a_{1}}^{G},...,\dot{a_{k}}^{G})$ if and only if there is $p\in G$ such that $p\Vdash \phi(\dot{a_{1}},...,\dot{a_{k}})$.

\end{lemma}

\begin{lemma}{\label{generic nonrecog}}
	If $n\in\omega$ and $x\subseteq\omega$ is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$, then $x$ is not ITBM-recognizable by an ITBM-program using $< n$ many nodes. In particular, if $x$ is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, then $x$ is not ITBM-recognizable.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
	Suppose that $x$ is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n}}$ and ITBM-recognizable by the program $P$ which uses $< n$ nodes. By the bound in Koepke and Seyfferth \cite{KS} on ITBM-halting times, since $P^{x}$ halts, $P^{x}$ will run for less than $\omega^{n}$ many steps. Consequently, the halting computation of $P^{x}$ with output $1$ will be contained in $L_{\omega^{n}}[x]$. Thus $L_{\omega^{n+1}}[x]$ believes that $L_{\omega^{n}}[x]$ contains a halting computation of $P$ in the oracle $x$ with output $1$, which is a $\Delta_{0}$-formula. Let $\dot{A}$ be a name for $L_{\omega^{n}}[x]$ and let $\dot{x}$ be a name for $x$. By the forcing theorem for $\Delta_{0}$-formulas over provident sets, there is a condition $p\subseteq x$ that forces that $\dot{A}$ contains a halting computation of $P$ in the oracle $\dot{x}$ with output $1$. Now let $y$ be a real number that is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$, extends $p$ and is different from $x$. Then $p$ will also force that $P^{y}$ halts with output $1$, contradicting the assumption that $P$ recognizes $x$.

	If $x$ is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, it is in particular Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n}}$ for every $n\in\omega$, thus not recognizable by an ITBM-program with any number of nodes, and thus not ITBM-recognizable.
\end{proof}

\begin{thm}{\label{nonrecognizable distribution}}
	(i) For each $n\in\omega$, there is a real number $x$ that is ITBM-computable (and thus ITBM-recognizable), but not ITBM-recognizable by a program with $< n$ many nodes.

	(ii) For each $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, there is an ITBM-nonrecognizable real number in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}\setminus L_{\alpha}$. In fact, if $\alpha>\omega^{\omega}$ is an index, then $L_{\alpha+1}\setminus L_{\alpha}$ contains a non-ITBM-recognizable real number. Thus, below $\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, new non-ITBM-recognizable real numbers appear wherever new real numbers appear at all.

\end{thm}
\begin{proof}

	(i) For $n\in\omega$, let $x\in L_{\omega^{n+2}+1}$ be Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$. (The argument for the existence of such a real number is analogous to the one used in part (ii).) By Lemma \ref{mathias stuff}, $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$ is provident. However, as $x\in L_{\omega^{\omega}}$, it is ITBM-computable and thus ITBM-recognizable, but not by a program with $<n$ many nodes by Lemma \ref{generic nonrecog}.

	(ii) By Lemma \ref{generic nonrecog}, it suffices to show that $L_{\alpha+1}\setminus L_{\alpha}$ contains a Cohen-generic real number over $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$ whenever $\alpha\geq\omega^{\omega}$ is an index.

	We will show that $L_{\alpha+1}$ in fact contains a real number that is Cohen-generic over $L_{\alpha}$, which will in most cases be much more than demanded. By fine-structure, a surjection from $\omega$ to $L_{\alpha}$ is definable over $L_{\alpha}$; a fortiori, there is a surjection $f$ from $\omega$ to the dense subsets of Cohen-forcing in $L_{\alpha}$ definable over $L_{\alpha}$, say by the formula $\phi_{f}(x,y,q)$, $q$ a finite tuple of elements of $L_{\alpha}$. Now define $x:\omega\rightarrow 2$ by letting $x(i)=b$ if and only if there is a finite sequence $(p_{j}:j\leq k)$ of Cohen-conditions such that $p_{0}=\emptyset$ and, for all $j<k$, $p_{j+1}$ is the $<_{L}$-minimal element of $f(j)$ that extends $p_{j}$ and such that $p_{k}(i)=b$. By definition of $x$, it is Cohen-generic and definable over $L_{\alpha}$.

\end{proof}

Note that the programs used in the proof of Corollary \ref{many recognizable codes} can all be taken to use the same number of nodes, so that there is a fixed number $n$ such that the real numbers that are ITBM-recognizable by programs with $n$ nodes are already cofinal in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$.

This leaves us with the question whether, for any $n\in\omega$, there is a non-ITBM-computable real number that is ITBM-recognizable, but by a program with $n$ nodes. This is indeed the case.

\begin{thm}{\label{high bounded nonrecog}}
Let $n\in\omega$. Then there are cofinally in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$ many real numbers $x$ that are ITBM-recognizable, but not with $\leq n$ nodes. In particular, there are cofinally in $L_{\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}}$ many ITBM-lost melodies that are not ITBM-recognizable with $\leq n$ nodes.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
	We will show that there is an ITBM-computable injection $f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ with an ITBM-computable (partial) inverse function $g$ that maps each real number $x$ to a real number $\tilde{x}$ that is Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$. Once this is done, the result can be seen as follows: Let $P_{g}$ be an ITBM-program that computes $g$. Given $\alpha<\omega_{1}^{\text{CK}}$, pick a real number $c$ that is ITBM-recognizable, but not contained in $L_{\alpha}$ (the existence of such real numbers was proved above). Let $P$ be an ITBM-program for recognizing $c$. We claim that $\tilde{c}$ is ITBM-recognizable, but not with $\leq n$ nodes. The latter claim follows since $\tilde{c}$ is by definition Cohen-generic over $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$. To recognize $\tilde{c}$, first check whether $g(\tilde{c})$ is defined. Note that this can by clocking $P_{g}^{\tilde{c}}$ for $\omega^{m+1}$ many steps, where $m$ is the number of nodes used in $P_{g}$. If not, halt with output $0$. Otherwise, compute $g(\tilde{c})$ and return the output of $P^{g(\tilde{c})}$. Since $g$ is injective, this will give the right result.

	The encoding works as follows: Let $\mathcal{D}=(D_{i}:i\in\omega)$ be an ITBM-computable enumeration of the dense subsets of Cohen-forcing contained in $L_{\omega^{n+1}}$, encoded in some natural way as a real number $d$. Define a sequence $(\tilde{c}_{i}:i\in\omega)$ by letting $c_{0}=\emptyset$ and
	$\tilde{c}_{i+1}$ the lexically minimal element $e_{i}$ of $D_{i}$ that extends $\tilde{c}_{i}$ when $i\in c$ and otherwise $\tilde{c}_{i+1}$ is the lexically first element of $D_{i}$ that properly extends $\tilde{c}_{i}$ and is incompatible with $e_{i}$. Then let $\tilde{c}:=\bigcup_{i\in\omega}\tilde{c}_{i}$. It is now easy to see that there the function $h:\mathbb{R}\times \omega\rightarrow\mathbb{R}$ that maps $(x,i)$ to the $i$th bit of $\tilde{x}$ is actually recursive in $d$.

	Similarly, we can recursively reconstruct $x$ from $\tilde{x}$ and $d$: Namely, given $x$, $i$ and $d$, compute a sufficiently long initial segment of $(\tilde{x}_{i}:i\in\omega)$ such that the last element fixes the $i$th bit. To compute $\tilde{x}_{i+1}$ from $\tilde{x}_{i}$, exhaustively search (in lexicographic order) through all finite partial functions from $\omega$ to $2$ that extend $\tilde{x}_{i}$, find the lexically minimal element $e_{i}$ that properly extends $\tilde{x}_{i}$ and see whether $x$ extends $e_{i}$. If that is the case, then $i\in x$, otherwise, we have $i\notin x$.

	The second claim now follows, as the ITBM-computable real numbers belong to $L_{\omega^{\omega}}$.
\end{proof}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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wdsu pictwittercomLGqJZtziwU The NWS has canceled the storm surge warning for Lake Pontchartrain and the stretch between Grand Isle to the mouth of the. Colorado This area is known as the Moose Viewing capital since Shiras Moose were introduced in 1978 We only spotted one moose and it was nearer to Grand. For the entire state, according to Kaiser Family Foundation health statistics compiled by eHealthinsurance Services, Inc, total Colorado uninsured residents. This map Grand Rapids, Hartford and Belding 004, Big Rapids 003, Albion, Hartford, Battle Creek, Marshall and Hastings 002, Charlotte 001, Kalamazoo. I planned my trip from Colorado Springs, Colorado to Page, Arizona with intent to feast my eyes on the Grand Canyon and Kayak through Antelope of feet high. Bringing you the latest Hurricane Nate path updates, storm track, weather. Gushing out of a forest just south of Lake Tana, the Blue Nile greedily soaks up this bounty Of all these hotbutton issues, it is the dam the Grand Ethiopian. It was first recorded on an official plat map in 1855 Railroad companies and land. Luckily, you dont need to leave the comfort of your own living room to travel to faraway and exotic locations, thanks to Google Maps Street View of the many. As you can see, this place is located next to the Grand Canyon on the North Rim so either way its worth the drive Duh, its Colorado, so you knew I was going to.


Here our mum-to-be in Madrid, Louise, gives us the low-down on 4D scans and shares her experience.
Seeing your baby on the monitor is one of the most magical feelings in the world, especially when you're pregnant and desperate to meet them!
Throughout my pregnancy, especially in the early days, there was nothing quite as exciting as seeing our little baby on a monitor. The ultrasound scans helped to make the whole experience feel just a little more "real" and made us feel that we were one step closer to meeting our little one. However, as exciting as those little black and white scans were, they hadn't prepared us for the excitement of a 4D scan.
For my birthday in January, I got a gift of a Groupon voucher for a 4D scan with Ecomibebé in Madrid. I had no idea what to expect from the experience, as we hadn't previously considered having a 4D scan done. I contacted the clinic and they recommended making an appointment around the 27-week mark. They explained that any earlier, and the baby's features can be difficult to make out as they haven't started to put on fat, so they can look a little unusual. If you leave it too late, it can be difficult to get a good picture or video as they run out of room in the womb, so they can be quite squashed and tend to hold their hands in front of their face. I was advised to drink some orange juice before the scan, to help encourage the baby to be active, and was also asked not to use any creams or lotions on my bump for 48 hours before the scan as they can affect the quality of the reading.
On the day, we turned up to the clinic and were greeted by a friendly smile. Sara showed us to the room and let us get settled for a few minutes before we started. During the scan, there was a small monitor beside me and a large TV where we could get a better view. She started with a black and white ultrasound just to confirm the size, position and gender of the baby and then swapped to the 4D scan. Honestly, when we saw our little girl's face on the TV screen, it took our breath away. It felt like we were meeting her for the first time! The quality of the 4D scan was so clear.
After the scan, we got a CD with over 30 photographs and videos of the scan, as well as a little hamper with samples of baby products. Overall, it was a wonderful experience and a lovely opportunity to bond with our baby.
For anyone considering getting a 4D scan in Madrid, I would 100% recommend Ecomibebé. Thanks, Sara for making the experience so special!


text:
Hans Baron ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Hans Baron (Sänger) (1880–1971), deutscher Opernsänger (Tenor)
 Hans Baron (Fußballspieler, 1897) (1897–1952), österreichischer Fußballspieler
 Hans Baron (Historiker) (1900–1988), deutsch-amerikanischer Historiker
 Hans Baron (Fußballspieler, 1914) (* 1914), deutscher Fußballspieler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Want a difficult resolution that can still be gotten over with fairly quickly? Consider a New Year's Day Polar Bear swim, like these Dutch swimmers. In February, when your friends are still struggling with that gym membership, you'll already be home free.


This ebook goals to supply the clinical neighborhood with a singular and worthwhile technique in line with fractal geometry recommendations at the vital houses and techniques of various environmental systems.The interpretation of advanced environmental platforms utilizing smooth fractal ways is in comparison and contrasted with the extra classical techniques. The publication will give you the primary wisdom priceless for fixing functional environmental difficulties. in addition, it examinea how the fractal strategy has been utilized to be able to comprehend the constitution and reactivity of usual, environmental platforms together with flocs, sediments, soils, microorganisms and humic components.
This quantity is devoted to an in-depth dialogue of the biochemical ecology of marine fishes. The authors assessment fish biology with reference to the surroundings and the world's fisheries. They convey how fish should be assessed for harvesting on the top time of their lifestyles cycles and within the right for advertising and marketing, freezing, and holding.
During the last decade, circulating fluidization or quick fluidization has constructed speedily, superseding common effervescent fluidization in lots of purposes; for instance, quickly fluidization presents a greater ability forcontrolling emissions from the combustion of high-sulfur fuels and excels whilst utilized in boilers in steam plant and gear stations.
Tropical meals: Chemistry and food, quantity 2 includes the lawsuits of a global convention on Tropical meals: Chemistry and foodstuff, held in Honolulu, Hawaii, on March 28-30, 1979. The papers discover the chemical and dietary features of tropical meals from all over the world, together with greens, coconut meals, wheat, and soybean meals.


The two day forum attracts Chief Technology Officers, Chief Information Officers, peering coordinators and business development managers Internet service providers and operators, telecommunications policy-makers and regulators, content providers, Internet exchange point (IXP) operators, infrastructure providers, data center managers, National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), carriers and transit providers, among other participants.
In his opening speech, Dawit Bekele, Director of the Internet Society Africa Regional Bureau, underscored the importance of engaging various players in the internet ecosystem, to ensure increased connectivity and continued reduction of cross border barriers and connectivity costs.
Promoting professional development and building community to foster participation and leadership in areas important to the evolution of the Internet.
Providing reliable information about the Internet.
Providing forums for discussion of issues that affect Internet evolution, development and use in technical, commercial, societal, and other contexts.
Fostering an environment for international cooperation, community, and a culture that enables self-governance to work.
Providing management and coordination for on-strategy initiatives and outreach efforts in humanitarian, educational, societal, and other contexts.
In his speech, Bekele noted that in 2008, there were only 17 IXPs all over Africa amongst which only 12 were operational. As a result there was very little peering happening in Africa. After the first AfPIF in 2010, and other projects such as AXIS, the number of IXPs has increased to 33 today. In 2016, half of African countries have working IXPs and most importantly, the ratio of the peering and transit is increasing.
Throughout the years, AFPIF has discussed important issues for the community to help understand the challenges it is facing in developing interconnection and traffic exchange in Africa but also in identifying the solutions.
After six AFPIF meetings, Bekele said, the program committee decided that it is important to remind ourselves what are the fundamental issues we need to consider when building Africa's interconnection, hence the theme; "Back to Basics". Bekele was optimistic that there would be fruitful discussions. He thanked the sponsors, who made the meeting possible.
In her opening remarks, Eng. Dr. Maria L. Sasabo highlighted the significant strides that Tanzania had made in ensuring infrastructure development and facilitating the private sector's ability to compete on the global stage for investments.
To promote the favorable business environment, Tanzania reviewed its ICT policy this year and strengthened provisions for ICT leadership, access and infrastructure development, spectrum numbering and management, e-services, local content, IPv6 deployment and cyber security among others.
Tanzania has 45,000km fiber backbone connecting to neighboring countries; Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. There are six IXPs; Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, Mtwara, Zanzibar, Dodoma, and Arusha.
The government has put in place the Universal Service Fund that pushes for the establishment of infrastructure in economically unattractive areas, allowing operators to connect and serve more people. Currently, 79% of the population is covered through voice and 17 million people have access to the Internet.
The keynote speech by Bastiaan Quast was based on a research on promoting content in Africa. The research, commissioned by the Internet Society, found that local languages were key to the development and increase of local content and hosting in a country. Studies in Asia found that the increased use of local languages online had led to increased content, accessed locally.
Monetization of the content is important to the ecosystem, though it remains a challenge for many websites in languages other than English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. Even with the app stores, payment of local language content remains a challenge , which makes crowd funding and seed funding hard; people cannot invest without a proper business model.
Want to help promote local content in Africa? Here's 5 things you can do.
The last panel of the day was on policy and regulation, where government and private sector participants sat together and discussed ways to conquer cross border connectivity.
Participants agreed that major strides had been made, especially in Eastern and Southern Africa, with regional bodies exploring ways to work together more. The legal framework for data protection and privacy was cited as one of the major stumbling blocks to global cloud providers entering the African market.


An inscription praising Joseph Stalin at a refurbished metro station in Moscow has sparked a new controversy over the Soviet political and architectural heritage.
Passengers at the Kurskaya metro station, unveiled after the repairs, have been surprised recently to see it decorated with a powerful symbol of the past. A restored inscription contains a line from an old version of the Soviet national anthem.
The line reads: "Stalin brought us up to be loyal to people, inspired us to labor and feats." Unveiling the decoration coincided with the death of Sergey Mikhalkov, the author of the Soviet Union's and Russia's national anthems. In 1977, Mikhalkov had to renew the anthem, removing the name of Stalin from it.
The reappearance of the line about the former USSR leader at the station is "the restoration of historic truth," Pavel Sukharnikov, head of the metro's press service, said. According to metro head Dmitry Gaev, "the task was to reconstruct the station in its original form." The vestibule now looks like it was at its opening 59 years ago.
Communists have welcomed the move. "It is positive that the authorities and metro have returned what was there from the beginning," Vladimir Lakeev, head of the faction of the Communist Party in the Moscow City Duma, told Gazeta daily.
Lakeev noted that this year will see the 130th anniversary of Stalin's birth. The paper, in its turn, writes that the statue of Stalin that was situated in the vestibule at the time of its opening has now been restored.
The stations of the Moscow metro are buildings of the federal cultural heritage, she told Gazeta. "No changes to their exteriors are permissible," Khrustaleva said.
These buildings could be called architectural monuments, Kublanovsky said. "But they are simultaneously monuments of the bloody Stalin epoch," he added. In this case it is "rather a historical and cultural coquetry than a serious restoration," the poet noted.
One should be very cautious using Stalin's name, Kublanovsky believes. Recently there have been attempts "to name Stalin a successful manager, or a man who saved our country during [WWII], because our society needs a leader," he said. "Stalin is not right for this role, too much human blood and tears are on his hands," Kublanovsky stressed.
The step could not be justified by "considerations of the restoration of the original look of the station," the media quote Mitrokhin as saying. He added that the decoration was removed at the station in 1950s, which was connected with mass release of political prisoners and the 20th Congress of the Communist Party that had denounced Stalin's personality cult.
Co-chairmen of the Right Cause party Georgy Bovt, Leonid Gozman and Boris Titov have sent a letter to the Moscow mayor, condemning the appearance of the controversial inscription at Kurskaya. Many Muscovites are protesting against this step, the leadership of the party said, adding that they would fight for removing the symbol. This line "disgraces our city and insults the memory of millions of victims of the dictator," they said.
The media reported that collecting of signatures of those protesting against the inscription has begun in the city. At the same time, Vechernaya Moskva daily noted that Stalin's quotation had been also engraved in the marble above an escalator at Baumanskaya metro station. It was rubbed off, but an attentive look would be able to see Stalin's name, the daily added.
Stalin is a common character in Russian films, and nobody protests against this, the daily said. "Some 90% of passengers who run under the dome of Kurskaya station, restored in all its grandeur, will hardly raise their heads to read 'the controversial' inscription," the paper added.
Sculptor Aleksandr Rukavishnikov echoed this statement "People have begun to abstract from those times, and many do not even know the difference between Stalin, Lenin and Tutankhamen," he told Rossiyskaya Gazeta daily.
There are similar monuments to Benito Mussolini and his epoch in Italy, sculptor Aleksandr Rukavishnikov told. In Spain, monuments to Francisco Franco have been partly destroyed and partly preserved, he added.
Russian bloggers were among the first who reacted to the news about "a new line" in the metro – the line from the anthem. According to estimates of online812.ru website, the absolute majority of Russian bloggers supported the idea. However the most active were those who rather write comments on someone else's blogs than keep their own ones.
Some users in the Russian blogosphere were even angered at the fact that the sculpture of Stalin had not been restored in the vestibule of Kurskaya. One user protested against the restoration of only "Stalin's part" of the anthem's line. Another part had been dedicated to Vladimir Lenin. However, this statement has not provoked a strong reaction from the public.


So, you're not like the other girls and never wanted to be Cinderella at the alter. You want something that's off beat and tells about your personality. If we don't have it, let us know what you're thinking - from something in bright blue or red to something that's more of a space outfit than a traditional gown - we'll find it for you.
The gowns below are from the Sweetheart line of Justin Alexander. They might not be the wild and different look you want, but we'll work with you to find it whether it's edgy or bright red. We'll find your dress that suits your personality and style.


TEXT ON SCREEN: On Friday May 20, President Barack Obama met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at the White House, while over one hundred individuals gathered at a rally organized by the group Move Over AIPAC to protest the influence that AIPAC asserts over U.S. policy in the Middle East.
VOICEOVER: The two leaders met a day after President Obama reaffirmed the unshakeable bond between the US and Israel. The prime minister and the president both spoke at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee gathering. According to AIPAC, it is the largest bipartisan event next to the State of the Union address.
MEDEA BENJAMIN, ORGANIZER, MOVE OVER AIPAC: AIPAC is a pro-Israel lobby, one of the strongest lobbies in the United States. They have the prime minister of Israel coming to talk. Barack Obama, our president, will be talking there and literally hundreds of our congresspeople. And you have to ask why. Israel's such a small country. Why do so many of our elected officials bow down at the alter of AIPAC? And the answer is money. They're a very effective lobby group. Their sister organizations distribute a lot of money. If they don't like you, they will fund your opponent and get you out of Congress. And so people are really afraid to speak out on this issue. We have a lot of friends in Congress who tell us that they fear speaking out for justice in Palestine because they will be attacked by the Israel lobby. So we're here to strengthen an alternative, to strengthen the spine of our Congress, to put pressure on our administration and say that unconditional support for Israel is bad for the Palestinians, bad for the Israelis, and it's bad for us here at home. We need an evenhanded policy that respects the human rights of all.
VO: This rally was the first of a series of activities organized by Move Over AIPAC. On Sunday, May 22, the group protested outside of the convention center in Washington, DC, while Obama was speaking at the AIPAC conference. Move Over AIPAC and individuals like Hanna King gathered on the street to promote their alternative platform and to speak out against AIPAC.
HANNA KING, LEADER, YOUNG JEWISH PROUD: AIPAC tries to say that it is the representation of all Jews in America and Washington. It's not the case. I'm a young Jew and AIPAC doesn't represent me. I find their crimes and the way that they're covering war crimes to be reprehensible, and I feel a strong urge to oppose it.
VO: Individuals from religious groups, such as Rabbi Dovid Feldman with Jews United Against Zionism, attended the protest to disassociate themselves from AIPAC.
RABBI DOVID FELDMAN, NETUREI KARTA INTERNATIONAL, JEWS UNITED AGAINST ZIONISM: What is important to say is, in regard to politicians who support AIPAC, which are not necessarily Zionist, not necessarily Israeli, some of them simply do this because they have compassion on the Jewish people. They know what Jewish people experienced with the Holocaust and many other suffering, and they simply–for the love of the Jewish people, they choose to support them and to help them. They need to understand, and we try to say this all the time, that supporting the state of Israel is not supporting Jewish people. Opposing the state of Israel has nothing to do with antisemitism. Supporting the state of Israel is supporting crime, supporting violence against Palestine, and causes danger for Jews. By opposing Zionism, by explaining to the world that Zionism does not represent the Jewish people, simply saves Jewish lives, human lives, and Israel step forward to peace.
VO: Jesse Bacon attended the rally representing the group Jewish Voice for Peace.
JESSE BACON, JEWISH VOICE FOR PEACE: AIPAC collects money to give to congressional candidates that support the farthest right, hardest line Isreali government policies. And those include, you know, things like the Nakba law forbidding Palestinians inside Israel from discussing their own history. And so they have become so powerful that they're one of the forces (they're not the only one) that makes our own democracy not a democracy of people but a democracy of money and power, and it's distorted US policy away from its values to support settlements and occupation.
VO: In his speech on Thursday, May 19, the president reaffirmed that the borders of Israel and Palestine should be based on the 1967 lines with mutually agreed swaps. The president's statement did not sit well with Prime Minister Netanyahu and AIPAC supporters.
BOB KUNST, PRESIDENT SHALOM INTERNATIONAL, MIAMI BEACH: We're here to say to Obama: how dare you want to divide Jerusalem, divide Israel, give away what we've been occupying for 5,000 years to the very people who keep screaming "death to America" and "death to Israel". All you're inviting is another war, and all you're inviting is the terrorists to come and attack us here. If Israel goes, America's next. So we're here to sound the alarm. And our message to Bibi is be strong, and if you're not going to, get out of the way, 'cause you won't be reelected.
BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, ISRAELI PRIME MINISTER: While Israel is prepared to make generous compromises for peace, it cannot go back to the 1967 lines, because these lines are indefensible, because they don't take into account certain changes that have taken place on the ground, demographic changes. So we can't go back to those indefensible lines. And we're going to have to have a long-term military presence along the Jordan. I discussed this with the president. I think that we understand that Israel has certain security requirements that will have to come into place in any deal that we make.
VO: The president's position on the 1967 borders has been a longstanding US policy taken by the prior George W. Bush and Clinton administrations. Policy director at Just Foreign Policy Robert Naiman questions the motivation for Prime Minister Netanyahu's reaction to the Obama speech.
ROBERT NAIMAN, POLICY DIRECTOR AT JUST FOREIGN POLICY: Already we see some reaction from Netanyahu and AIPAC against this. This exposes them as two-state fakers. They say they support a two-state solution, but by opposing the 1967 borders as the basis for negotiation shows that they're not serious. And they're working now to undermine the very small steps that the Obama administration has taken in the direction of peace. They're working with Congress to undermine those steps. That's why we're here trying to get a message out to the American people that this organization, American Israel Public Affairs Committee, does not represent our interests, does not represent the interests the majority of Americans. The majority of Americans are interested in peace, in reconciliation between Israel and the Palestinians. This is something that's currently being blocked by the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, which is supporting unquestioningly the policies of the current Israeli government.
VO: During his speech at the AIPAC conference on Sunday, May 22, the president clarified what he had meant by mutually agreed upon swaps and assured that the US does not expect Israel to withdraw to the 1967 borders prior to the Six-Day War. Prime Minister Netanyahu acknowledged the president's efforts by stating they would work to find ways to resume the negotiations. The minister is expected to address Congress Tuesday, May 23.


text:
Jaron Hopkins' improved production against Oregon State a welcome development for No. 20 Colorado
By Raphielle JohnsonJan 3, 2014, 10:00 AM EST
With starting guard Askia Booker and Spencer Dinwiddie combining to shoot 5-for-19 from the field and reserve guard Tre'Shaun Fletcher out due to injury, there was room for another guard to step up for No. 20 Colorado in its' Pac-12 opener against Oregon State on Thursday night. With the Beavers being led by high-scoring guard Roberto Nelson and welcoming back Eric Moreland, who was suspended for the first 12 games of the season, they represented quite the test for Tad Boyle's team.
Fortunately for the Buffaloes, freshman guard Jaron Hopkins snapped out of a four-game slump to score 13 points in their 64-58 win. One of three Buffaloes to score 13 points on the night (Booker and Josh Scott being the others), Hopkins made five of his eight shots from the field while also blocking two shots. The game represented a departure from his production in the four games prior for Hopkins, as he shot a combined 4-for-16 from the field and scored ten points in the four games after his ten-point outing in a win over Colorado State on December 3.
Without Fletcher he and Xavier Talton, who had a key offensive rebound late in the second half, were the two perimeter reserves against Oregon State and Hopkins provided some much-needed production off the bench with both teams struggling offensively.
Colorado shot just 38.2% from the field but that was better than the Beavers, who made 37.5% of their attempts on the night. The combination of defense and an improved effort on the boards in the second half were major factors in Colorado's victory, and looking ahead to their game against N0. 10 Oregon Hopkins' output was key as well. Given the number of weapons that Oregon has on the perimeter, the Buffaloes will need their guards to be productive offensively while playing also well defensively if they're to move to 2-0 in conference play.
"I've known that we're capable of it," Boyle said of his team's defensive effort after Thursday's game. "We just haven't completely bought in, but tonight, we did and we're going to need that kind of effort on Sunday again because Oregon is very explosive from a lot of
different positions. I think they're the deepest team in our league in terms of talent, productive talent."
Colorado isn't as deep as Oregon, and that makes the production of a player like Hopkins even more important on Sunday. Hopkins' point total against Oregon State may not look like a big deal, but if he can maintain that positive momentum it would be an important development for Colorado.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Almosmühle steht für:

 Almosmühle (Waldmünchen), Ortsteil der Stadt Waldmünchen im Landkreis Cham des Regierungsbezirks Oberpfalz im Freistaat Bayern
 Almosmühle (Walting), Einöde um eine ehemalige Getreidemühle im Altmühltal in der Gemeinde Walting (Landkreis Eichstätt)


text:
Ch. 1 Review - Plate Tectonics
Ms. Vincent
divergent The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.
crust _____ drift - The hypothesis that the continents drift slowly across the Earth's surface.
pangea The process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor.
midoceanridge _____ boundary - A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other.
convergent A deep valley where two plates move apart.
wegener A break in the Earth's crust where masses of rock slip past each other.
riftvalley The layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface.
mantle The force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which the force is exerted.
plate A dark, dense igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust.
deepoceantrench Vibrations that travel through the Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake.
granite A section of lithosphere that carries pieces of continental and oceanic crust.
fault He formulated the theory of continental drift.
continental A rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
lithosphere The name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and became the continents.
transform The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion driven by the convection currents in the mantle.
pressure Remains of an ancient plant or animal.
seafloorspreading Dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth.
fossil _____ boundary - a plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite directions.
platetectonics Light-colored igneous rock found in continental crust.
core ____ boundary - a plate boundary where two plates move toward each other.
basalt A deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle.
asthenosphere An undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced.
sonar A device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves.
seismicwaves Layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.


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text:
Anne Hathway to star as Grand High Watch in 'The Witches' remake
Anne Hathway has signed on to play the Grand High Witch in the remake of Roald Dahl's nightmare-inducing classic The Witches. Dahl's original story follows the adventures of a seven-year-old boy and his grandmother as they find themselves in a battle …
View on www.geo.tv


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Could Poldark be Eyeballing its End?
Like anything in life, the success of a television series can be measured in a variety of ways. Some believe that great storytelling is the most critical aspect, while others look to the strength of a cast's performance. Then, there's that crowd who focus most on the longevity of a series and its ability to evolve over time.
Currently, "Poldark" is an absolute hit. The British period drama has brought brighter spotlights to the feet of stars Aidan Turner (Ross) and Eleanor Tomlinson (Demelza), as well as excellent ratings and awards show recognition. The BBC has already commissioned a fourth season, with a fifth to be determined.
"If we go to five [seasons] that would be a dream," said Tomlinson in a chat with the Daily Mail. "We would be very lucky and honoured to get that far."
"The BBC will let us know whether a [season] five is in the cards," said "Poldark" lead writer, Debbie Horsefield during an interview with Digital Spy. "We may not know that for quite some time."
If season five does get green-lit, that may prove to be the final run of this edition of "Poldark." Considering that the series is being adapted from a 12-volume novel, the entire story could conceivably be told after a fifth season is made.
"We've covered all the books, and the entire stories. It's a five-year gig, when it's all done," commented Turner, fuelling the flames of the potential 'Poldark' finale, with the Daily Mail.
While it would be interesting to see if the "Poldark" world could be expanded beyond the source material available, one would have to wonder if going forward with a sixth, seventh, eighth season, may rub certain traditionalists the wrong way.
In 2018, "Poldark" will be back on VisionTV! Season two encores Wednesdays at 9pm ET/6pm PT, beginning February 28. Following that, the season three premiere takes place Wednesday, May 9 at 9pm ET/6pm PT.


text:
#include "core/constants.h"
#include "core/Frontend.h"

namespace Myriad {

/**
 * Application name.
 */
const String Constant::APP_NAME = "clickstreamgen - Parallel Data Generator";

/**
 * Application version.
 */
const String Constant::APP_VERSION = "0.1.0";

} // Myriad namespace

// define the application main method
POCO_APP_MAIN(Myriad::Frontend)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Social Anxiety Forum > Recovery > The First Step > Hi. Introductions and nonsense alike.
Hi. Introductions and nonsense alike.
Wanted to introduce myself and also share some experiences because I'm just not feeling good right now. I feel like I need to let it all out; and even though I might not feel able to say it all, I'll say what I can.
What are normal experiences for a lot of people are a huge ordeal to me. Going to the supermarket, for example, is the most nerve-racking thing ever. Since I went in I was already breathing fast, walking fast... At the same time I was trying to look as normal as I possible look and not like a super anxious crazy person.
The entire time there was a battle against my impulses. I saw 2 cute girls which I had to ignore, because it makes me even more anxious when I'm near them. I had this older lady ask me for help loading some boxes of water bottles onto her cart because I'm tall, but I was struggling to carry their weight. My arms trembled because of the weight, but also because of me not wanting to be judged for being too weak.
The experience overall wasn't too bad on paper but I felt so horrible the whole way through.
In all honesty though, I met an employee there that was pretty cool to me. I'll always appreciate that. Patted me on the back like I was his bro.
Hey Black Rose, welcome to SAS.
Welcome to the site. Lots of good people with good advice.


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TVD's Daily Wax
It's like a choice between cake or candy for me--either way you win. But when pressed to favor one continent's take on a burgeoning punk movement, I've got to go with the UK's tendency to absorb influences and regurgitate them in wholly interesting and different guises.
Now, I think it was said by good pal Shamus and blogger extraordinaire Mick over at Raiding the Vinyl Archive (as we were trolling through the US punk records last week) that both preferred the US take on the genre which evolved into artier prospects rather than dull "pub rock" as Shamus referred to it. And both do have a point. But if I'm to be a stickler for the defining aspects of the genre, the dirtier and grittier attack of the UK bands is where I find the appeal.
Television...Blondie...The Ramones...all fantastic, yet with an aspiration to reach higher highs--be they artistic or chart success--that the UK acts just didn't strive for. It was the sound of the streets--and the city--that brought a legitimacy to the movement. It was real, in a way that the Talking Heads never were and where contrivance wasn't to be confused with flamboyance ala The Dolls. 'Twas all grit and spit and safety pins.
Some 101'ers:
Nick Lowe - Heart Of The City (Mp3)
The Jam - In The City (Mp3)
The Damned - Neat Neat Neat (Mp3)
The Sex Pistols - God Save The Queen (Mp3)
The Clash - White Riot (Mp3)


This is the perfect cake for PB&J fans. Use your favorite jelly, jam or fruit preserves. If you can't find honey-roasted peanuts, roasted and salted ones are a good substitution.
Position an oven rack in the center of the oven, and preheat to 350 degrees F. Butter a 9-by-13-inch baking dish.
For the cake: Whisk the flour, baking powder, salt and baking soda together in a large bowl.
Beat the brown sugar, butter and peanut butter in another large bowl with an electric mixer on medium-high speed until the mixture is light and creamy, about 5 minutes. Scrape down the side of the bowl as needed. Add the eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each addition. Continue beating until the mixture is light and creamy, about 2 minutes. Beat in the vanilla. Reduce the mixer speed to medium-low, and add the flour mixture in 3 additions and the milk in 2 additions, beginning and ending with the flour. Beat until just combined.
Pour the batter into the prepared baking dish. Spoon dollops of the jelly all over the top, and swirl with the back of a spoon.
For the topping: Mix together the flour, brown sugar, peanuts and salt in a small bowl to combine. Add the butter, and mix thoroughly with your fingers or a fork until it has been evenly distributed and incorporated into the flour mixture. Scatter the topping over the batter. Bake until the cake is golden brown and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean, 50 to 60 minutes. Let cool in the baking dish on a rack. Dust with confectioners' sugar, cut and serve.


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Home/Movies
Times News UKNovember 10, 2021
Disney earnings are out – here are the numbers
A stunning firework show is held at the Magic Kingdom Park in Walt Disney World Resort on July 1, 2021…
Times News UKNovember 7, 2021
Marvel's 'Eternals' tallies a $71 million opening at domestic box office
(L-R) Lauren Ridloff, Don Lee, Angelina Jolie, Richard Madden, Salma Hayek, Gemma Chan, Lia McHugh and Brian Tyree Henry star…
Alvin and the Chipmunks owner is looking to sell for about $300 million, sources say
Alvin and the Chipmunks pose on their just unveiled Hollywood Walk of Fame Star during a ceremony in Hollywood, California…
Times News UKOctober 31, 2021
'Venom 2,' 'No Time to Die' fueled October ticket sales, leading to best box office month of 2021
Tom Hardy stars in Sony's "Venom: Let There Be Carnage." Sony Don't count out the domestic box office just yet.…
Question of firearm training might absolve Alec Baldwin of negligence in 'Rust' shooting, says trial attorney
Trial attorney Jeff Harris said that a question of negligence on the "Rust" movie set following the fatal shooting of…
'Halloween Kills' nabs $50 million in domestic box office debut
Still from Universal and Blumhouse's "Halloween Kills." Universal Audiences flocked to theaters over the weekend to see Universal and Blumhouse's…
Massive strike averted: Hollywood crews reach a new three-year deal with studios
General view of the Hollywood Sign on November 17, 2020 in Hollywood, California. AaronP/Bauer-Griffin | GC Images | Getty Images…
'No Time to Die' snares $56 million in domestic box office debut, tops $300 million globally
Daniel Craig stars as James Bond in "No Time To Die." Source: MGM "No Time to Die" tallied an estimated…
Times News UKOctober 3, 2021
'The Many Saints of Newark' tallies just $5 million domestically, showcasing the pitfalls of hybrid release models
Still from "The Many Saints of Newark." Warner Bros. "The Many Saints of Newark" is just the latest Warner Bros.…
'Venom: Let There Be Carnage' snares highest box office opening of the pandemic era with $90.1 million haul
Tom Hardy stars in Sony's "Venom: Let There Be Carnage." Sony There's a new king of the pandemic box office.…
Inside Billy Brownless and former best mate Garry Lyon's second Christmas family reunion


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Fight night, pool romps and wine bottles: Big Brother's most shocking moments
WHEN a handful of gobby guys and gals are locked in a house together for three months, tempers and hormones are bound to flare up.
Emma Kelly
Big Brother [CHANNEL 5]
Thanks to the magic formula boys + girls + pressure + alcohol = drama, Big Brother has produced some seriously unmissable TV over the past 14 series.
Since the show debuted back in 2000, late-night fumbles and blazing rows have become standard fare, but several incidents have managed to stick around in our memories thanks to their scandalous content and shock value.
So, ahead of Big Brother: Power Trip which launches this Thursday, we at the Daily Star Online have delved headfirst into the BB archives to unearth the most shocking, outrageous and jaw-dropping moments over the past 14 years.
CRINGE: Kinga is now known as 'the girl with the wine bottle' [WENN/CHANNEL 4]
KINGA AND THE WINE BOTTLE
Even if you've never watched Big Brother, you've probably seen this X-rated piece of TV gold. Kinga entered Big Brother 6 as a secret housemate halfway through the series, but became possibly the most infamous housemate of that year due to her use of a wine bottle. After getting boozed up with housemates Anthony and Craig, the buxom blonde told the guys that she planned to pleasure herself with an empty bottle. Cue the blonde running out to the garden to lie in the grass and enjoy some alone time with a glass container. In later interviews, Kinga insisted that she was only pretending to masturbate – but that doesn't remove the image from our retinas.
PUNCH UP: Police were called to the house on Fight Night [YOUTUBE/CHANNEL 4]
Big Brother 5 made history by crowning transexual Nadia Almada the winner, but it has become memorable for a much more shocking incident. On Day 20, housemates Emma Greenwood and Michelle Bass re-entered the main house after secretly spending several days in a bedsit listening to their fellow captives. Following a tense evening, a playful food fight broke out – but after housemate Marco was told to clean up the mess, an almighty row broke out between… well, everyone. Nadia flipped a table, Emma threw a tray at housemate Victor Ebuwa, he chucked a plate at her head. After this altercation, Emma screamed that she would kill him, leading to the aggressive housemate being evicted from the house. Police were even called to the house in possibly the most dramatic night in BB history.
WET AND WILD: Makosi claimed Anthony had got her pregnant [YOUTUBE/CHANNEL 4]
MAKOSI'S POOL PREGNANCY
As well as screening a wine bottle sex scene, Big Brother 6 almost produced a baby. Well, kind of. Makosi Musambasi hooked up with eventual winner Anthony Hutton for a steamy snog in the jacuzzi. However, while there was some very naughty fumbling going on, we didn't think the pair had gone the whole way… until Makosi claimed in the diary room that she needed to take a pregnancy test. Anthony argued that he never had sex with the beauty, and it wasn't until Makosi's stint on Ultimate Big Brother five years later that she apologised for her "mistake". The sex/pregnancy palaver resulted in hundreds chanting "Liar!' at Makosi upon her eviction, with 450 people complaining about her post-eviction interview.
THREATS: Daley's violent behaviour towards Hazel prompted his ejection from the house [WENN/CHANNEL 5]
DALEY'S THREATS TO HAZEL
It's not just the vintage series of BB that have sparked major drama. In last year's edition, Daley Ojuederie was ejected from the house in week five after he threatened Irish model Hazel O'Sullivan. In uncomfortable scenes, Daley clasped his hand around the brunette's neck and swore at her, as well as pinning her arms to a bed. The boxer's aggressive behaviour caused him to be thrown from the house, while an investigation was launched into the threatening incident. Complaints were also lodged over fellow housemate Gina Rio's behaviour towards Hazel, after the party girl said: "You're a pain in the a**e, a homewrecking whore, a dirty a**e skank, an ugly and disgusting cheap little tart."
VILLAIN: Nick was given the boot for breaking the rules regarding voting [YOUTUBE/CHANNEL 4]
NASTY NICK
Ah, an oldie but goodie. Back in 2000, a new little show called Big Brother burst onto our screens, and with it brought a modern day villain. Nick Bateman found himself becoming one of the most hated men in Britain after he tried to sway his other housemates' votes by scribbling on scraps of paper. A showdown with eventual winner Craig Phillips had the nation gripped, and Nick was ejected from the house from breaking the rules. Yes, this sounds innocent, but at the time this was the height of drama.
FOND FAREWELL: Grace threw a cup of water over housemate Susie [YOUTUBE/CHANNEL 4]
GRACE'S EVICTION WATER FIGHT
Once a housemate is evicted, they don't particularly care what their fellow roomies think of them anymore. And in the case of Grace Adams-Short in BB7, this resulted in an impromptu water fight as she left the house. The pretty blonde was put up for eviction by Susie Verrico, and when she was booted from the competition, Grace chose to spend her final 30 seconds in captivity chucking water in the face of Susie. Not surprisingly, this childish act didn't exactly boost her popularity with the public, although one of her housemates didn't seem too annoyed – Grace married Mikey Dalton a few years after the show.
LOVE'S YOUNG DREAM: Michelle admitted she and Stu had sex under the table [WENN]
MICHELLE AND STU'S DINNER ENTERTAINMENT
Before Casey and Lee (or Jasmine and Lee, whichever you're more partial to), we had a BB romance for the ages. In BB5, Michelle Bass hooked up with Stuart Wilson and in doing so, became the biggest bunny boiler since Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction. But while Michelle's bonkers behaviour with her "chicken Stu" was the height of entertainment, what the couple will really be remembered for is their antics under a dining table. Draping sheets over the table to create a fort, Mich and Stu earned the dubious honour of becoming the first pair to have sex on Big Brother. Congrats, guys.
UNACCEPTABLE: Emily used a racist slur in conversation [WENN]
EMILY IN RACIST STORM
Nine days into BB8, housemate Emily Parr caused huge controversy after she used the n-word towards her friend Charley Uchea. While chatting in the garden, Emily said: "You're pushing them out n*****". Charley said she wasn't offended, but she was in shock that she used such a racist term. Although the pair were friends and Emily didn't seem to speaking maliciously, the blonde was ejected from the house for her language.
UNACCEPTABLE: Dennis was removed from the house after the spitting incident [YOUTUBE/CHANNEL 4]
MONET GATE
How can a smudged painting result in a full-blown fight? Well, in BB, anything is possible. When BB9 housemate Rex smudged pizza on Jennifer's winning painting from a life drawing task, all hell broke loose. Although the argument was originally between Rex, Jennifer and Stuart, Mohammed became embroiled when he said: "It's just a painting." The fight escalated until Dennis, who was shouting in Mohammed's face, spat in the face of his housemate. Although Dennis claimed no spit actually left his mouth, he was ejected from the Big Brother house for his violent behaviour.
Have we missed your favourite outrageous moment? Let us know in the comments.


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Dr. Xin-Bo Liao: to improve the healthcare system via optimized government intervention and market guidance
Meet the Professor
Submitted Jan 31, 2014. Accepted for publication Apr 10, 2014.
DXY.com: Dr. Liao, thank you for accepting our interview. Would you tell us China's healthcare reform highlights this year compared to last year?
Dr. Xin-Bo Liao (hereafter referred to as "Liao"): It's a bit hard for me to summarize any highlight. For me, the healthcare reform schemes share many similarities, and many areas are doing their pilot programs. So it might be meaningless to repeat the same achievements year after year. We'd better pay more attention to the "real world" outcomes rather than some kind of nothingness, or things that are felt by an individual "expert" rather than by the whole society. In my opinion, the "real world" should be the focus of our meetings and also the most important indicator for assessing the effectiveness of health care reform after a certain period of time. If we have to find a highlight for this year' health care reform, the emphasis on the "market-oriented" concept, which was proposed after the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, may represent a new direction. There is an important principle: those which are not prohibited are then permitted. While it represents a new highlight, it has some limitations in the health care field. For example, how to implement this principle? Which conditions should be included in this concept? The answers are still vague. So, I would like to talk more about my personal feelings rather than some specific highlights. We are the masters of our own thoughts.
DXY.com: Previously, assessment of hospitals in China was mainly hospital-centered. In recent years, there emerged a new concept that such assessment should be hospital director- or doctor-centered. How do you think about it?
Liao: The ways of assessment should be based on the purpose of a specific investigation, e.g., the data you want to obtain and/or the issues you want to address. If the purpose of your investigation is to understand the hospital directors' methods and ideas in managing a hospital and to identify the problems they met during the health care reform, the investigation should be mainly conducted among hospital directors. If you want to know more about the thoughts of doctors, the investigation of course should be doctor-centered. Doctors also differ in terms of seniority, qualifications, and professions. Therefore, when we perform an assessment, its purpose will ultimately affect the interpretation of the results. For example, a recent report in the People's Daily claimed that 90% of the people thought that medical care services had become more "accessible" and 80% felt "affordable". How should we interpret such a report and deal with the results? I once suggested in an online post that the mainstream media should carry out a large-scale assessment on the accessibility and affordability of medical care services. During the survey, the subjects may stratified into six different categories: (I) medical staff; (II) populations covered by the medical services at state expense; (III) populations covered by the New Rural Cooperative Medical Care system; (IV) populations covered by the Basic Medical Insurance for Residents; (V) populations covered by the Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees; and (VI) populations without any medical insurance. Assessment should be conducted among these six categories of populations to identify their satisfaction on health care reform and their attitudes towards medical care services (whether it is cheap or easy). Assessment conducted only in one or two categories, as seen in the People's Daily, will yield inaccurate conclusions. There was another astonishing example: in a survey on the killing of doctors by patients in China, 4,000 of 6,000 respondents replied that "Yes, the doctors deserve it." Was the result of such a survey reliable? In fact, the respondents were not going to kill doctors at all; they were just expressing their anger and objection against some of the current systems. So we need to "wait a moment" before accepting the results of conclusions of certain investigations. Still, take the People's Daily's report as an example: when the majority of the respondents claimed that the medical services were cheap (90%) and easy (80%) for them, we need to find out who were these respondents. Were they urban residents or rural residents? Were they government employees or civilians? We need to know the feelings of different populations before we can evaluate and analyze the results in a more objective way. For the health care reform, no standardized assessment report using reliable data has been available. Dr. Zhu Chen, the former Minister of Health once invited McKinsey to conduct some relevant assessments; however, after these assessments were completed, we did not see any relevant report. The only well-known result was the establishment of the largest medical coverage network three years after the initiation of health care reform. After 50% of people in China are covered by this system, 600 or 700 million of people will benefit from it. Now only 100 or 200 million have not been covered yet. However, the role of this health care network remains questionable. Can it resolve all the questions? The answer is unfortunately "No". Among the "Ten Most Beautiful Rural Doctors", five could not pay their medical bills when they themselves became ill. Who are concerned about populations like them? This is a very sad social phenomenon that even rural doctors themselves cannot afford medical services, needless to say other populations living in the rural areas. I think our current health care system should take more responsibilities in caring for these populations. Of course, this is only my personal view.
DXY.com: The Report to the Seventeenth National Congress has proposed "Four Separations", namely, separation between government and institutions, separation between administration and enforcement, separation between drugs and medical services, and separation between profiting and non-profiting organizations. Would you comment on these four separations?
Liao: None of these four separations had succeeded. For the "separation between government and institutions", we have seen too many strange titles: the academicians are equal to the deputy provincial governor, and a doctor equals to a division-level cadre in the government. In my opinion, a hospital is just a hospital; the leaders of a hospital should be responsible for the hospital, not for the "official" titles. Again, "separation between administration and enforcement" is a false proposition for me. Why should we emphasize "separation between administration and enforcement"? Will we fail without such a separation? No. Administration and enforcement are not separated in the hospitals run by British government. Notably, the "separation between administration and enforcement" has been realized in Hong Kong, in which a clear-cut system has been establish to allow a management body inside the hospitals to run the monies invested by the Hong Kong government in the hospital construction. In mainland China, however, the government does not invest financially under "separation between administration and enforcement", and the government has no way to administer the human and financial resources in the hospitals. Thus, there has been no success story on the "separation between administration and enforcement". Even worse, the "separation between administration and enforcement" neither improves the hospital performance nor resolves the accessibility and affordability of medical services. The initial purpose of the "separation between drugs and medical services", or known as "separation of dispensing from prescription (SDP)", was to cut off the illegal profit chain and resolve the infamous effects of "Subsidization of Medical Services with Profits from the Sale of Medicines". However, these goals have never been realized. For example, the regulations on the national essential drugs are established to address the above issues, but unfortunately resulted in the lack of such drugs. Thus, the separation between drugs and medical services also failed. Finally, the "separation between profiting and non-profiting organizations" is hard to realize. An increasing number of public hospitals begin to provide VIP services and other for-profit services, which have even become core services in some hospitals. Again, this can be blamed by the lack of government input. Ultimately, a core problem in the health care reform is the input mechanism. Up to now the input mechanism is far from perfect. Who will provide the inputs? According to the new health care reform scheme, inputs are required in the large-scale construction of hospitals, purchasing of major equipment, scientific research, and public health events for the staff, and pensions. It is still unclear who shall and will provide these inputs. Some hospitals (large or small) have established partnership among them, and others even formed hospital consortium. Again, the government did not provide any financial support, at least in Guangdong Province. For example, according to the government's scheme, one provincial hospital should help one county-level hospital to reach the criteria of a secondary A-level hospital. However, how many years will this task be completed? How to measure the progress? Again, no specific answers have been available. The government just gives you a task and then urges you to complete it. For a hospital without specific instructions, how can they help other hospitals needing supports? Thus, the public hospitals replace the government in exerting certain duties. Sadly, this situation has not been widely recognized. Many doctors and hospital directors are very friendly. They just have performed their duties, or, to certain extent, they dare not to propose any requirement from the government. Anyway, they do have obtained some advantages that are not shared by the general public. So, I would like to say that the directors of Chinese hospitals are the best hospital managers worldwide. As least, they have successfully run their hospitals with limited inputs from the government. Here we can feel the power of market.
DXY.com: Five years have passed by since the initiation of health care reform. Many people have not felt any solid effectiveness from this reform. Are there any quantitative indicators that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of health care reform?
Liao: The Report on Health Care Reform developed by the Health Care Reform Research Center of Renmin University of China did not provide us sufficient data. Why not? Maybe they just did not want us to know the data. It's somehow funny that an authoritative research conducted by an authoritative institution could not give any authoritative data. It is actually not too difficult to obtain data from hospitals in China. The only problem is whether we are willing to tell the truth. Of course, the credibility of the data obtained from hospitals is also questionable. A survey conducted in Guangdong by a university showed that the mean debt of the county-level hospitals in Guangdong has reached 40 million yuan. However, further verification showed that the debt was zero. Here we have to mention the informationization of health care systems during the health care reform. Informationization has been regarded as one of the cornerstones for the health care reform. But, has it been realized? The actual status quo is: every hospital has its own system and no complete information network has been established and combined. Medical information has not been shared and is relatively isolated; it is not shared within one province, let alone the nationwide inter-communication. In fact, many costs have been wasted during such informationization of health care systems. Since the affordability of medical services remains one of the most urgent issues, the priorities of health care reform must be carefully set.
DXY.com: A few months ago we carried out an online survey on the best hospitals in China. More than 20,000 clinicians participated in this survey, which evaluated the hospitals in terms of payment, promotion chances, and hospital policies. Have you ever read the report of that survey?
Liao: No, I am afraid not. But I happened to have read a report on the salaries of Chinese doctors. According to that report, the average income of doctors in Chinese tertiary hospitals ranged 3,000 to 8,000 RMB; doctors with a salary around 8,000 RMB account for 16% whereas over 70% of the doctors have a salary of 3,000 to 5,000 RMB. So we need to consider the value of a doctor. If the doctors are employed by the government, the salary should be at least 5,000 RMB. At least, the government can pay the grassroots doctors. If the government can retain the grassroots doctors by increasing their basic incomes, many problems can be resolved. The problem is: most medical students who have completed their professional training in the current five- and eight-year medical education programs are not willing to serve in the grassroots institutions. Propaganda is never enough. Without certain income or career future, most medical students are unwilling to be a grassroots student. Shortage of grassroots doctors damnifies the capacities of grassroots institutions and makes these institutions unable to provide the essential health care services. The patients, in return, are unwilling to seek treatment in the grassroots hospitals, resulting in the extreme overload of tertiary hospitals. This should also be addressed during the health care reform. Thus, both the senior doctors and the patients are highly concentrated in large hospitals, and the public hospitals are growing rapidly. This is the market, and the market will for sure further expand. It is an absurd thought to construct a "Health Care City". If we establish a so-called "Health Care City" at Dongsankou of Guangzhou City, should we dismantle the Ming Street or even the Martyr's Cemetery? It will be extremely expensive to demolish these buildings. As a result, only high-end medical services, instead of essential ones, will be developed in such areas. It is impossible for the government to use the money obtained from commercial lands for hospital construction. Then, some people may turn to loans, blindly. But who finally have to struggle to pay the loans? The doctors!
DXY.com: Since good doctors and good hospitals are concentrated in large cities. Thus, medical services are concentrated in large cities. How do you think about the new policy allowing the doctors practicing in multiple hospitals?
Liao: Multi-site practicing definitely can be restricted under certain conditions. First, while the public hospitals must perform their own duties, they cannot take on so much work. If there were upper thresholds for the scale, patient number, and disease types for a public hospital, the hospital would not be able to employ more medical staff. Second, tertiary hospitals are the bases for the standardized training of doctors. The doctors trained in these hospitals are national doctors, not just the hospitals' doctors. It is a similar practice in the United States, where the standardized training is funded by state or federal government based on the prices determined by the market. Training of the doctors can benefit both the hospitals and the government. For the government, the doctors run their own clinics are also serving the country; the government will not suffer a deficit; rather, it can collect more taxes. Unfortunately, our theories in this regard are incomplete, and our ideas have not advanced with time. Too many good things have been destroyed and still have not been recovered.
DXY.com: What were these "good things"?
Liao: The three-tiered health service network was a good thing. In the three-tiered health service network, the first tier refers to the medical services provided at the village level or lower, the second tier refers to those provided at the county-level hospitals or lower, and the third tier refers to those provided at the municipal cities or higher. All these tiers bear their own duties. The main duties of a tertiary hospital are to teach and train excellent doctors, resolve difficult diseases, and treat patients with severe conditions. The secondary hospitals are committed to treating the common diseases at the county level. Therefore, the promotion of doctors should not be based on the number of scientific articles. The main tasks at the first tier include social security, disease prevention, and essential health care. The roles of these institutions are quite clear. Actually, a similar system is used in Europe, whereas their health care systems are mainly run by the governments. No such leading force is available in China. It is actually controlled by the market, which lacks such capacity. Both government intervention and market guidance are important and therefore should neither side should be overestimated.
DXY.com: Dr. Liao, thank you for accepting our interview.
Disclosure: The author declares no conflict of interest.
(Editor: Mengyuan Zhao, DXY Website, zhaomy@dxyer.com)
Cite this article as: Zhao M. Dr. Xin-Bo Liao: to improve the healthcare system via optimized government intervention and market guidance. Ann Transl Med 2014;2(4):37. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.04.06


This study of the Bible may be more intensive in nature and takes a contextual approach. As we read through the Gospel of Luke, we learn how the author has crafted his account on the life of Jesus. Using this manner of study, we are able more easily discern themes and nuances in the text. This study would appeal to someone who wants to delve deeper into God's Word.
See the Calendar page for the next meeting!


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Britney Spears Tour Dates
Since the release of her 1999 debut album Baby One More Time, multi-platinum, Grammy Award-winning pop icon Britney Spears is one of the most successful and celebrated entertainers in pop history with nearly 150 million records worldwide as of 2018.
Her hits have included UK number ones Baby One More Time, Oops I Did It Again, Born To Make You Happy, Toxic and Everytime, and her albums have all been certified multi-platinum. She may have had her problems but there's no denying that Britney is one of the world's most loveable chart-toppers.
Her cutting-edge pop concert Las Vegas residency, 'Britney: Piece of Me', at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino has been voted 'Best Show in Las Vegas' and 'Best Bachelorette Show in Las Vegas'. Spears also has been creating fragrances for over ten years, and currently has over 20 fragrances available in over 85 countries around the world.
Official website britneyspears.com
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Here are the most recent UK tour dates we had listed for Britney Spears. Were you there?
Britney Spears Pitbull
Blackpool, Tower Festival Headland
Birmingham, Resorts World Arena
London, The O2
Glasgow, The SSE Hydro
Dublin, 3Arena
Manchester, Manchester Arena
Scarborough, Scarborough Open Air Theatre
Brighton, Preston Park
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