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A Lab Aloft (International Space Station Research)
Tag: Conference Highlights
Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Seven, Colloid Self Assembly Using Electrical Fields for Nanomaterials
In today's A Lab Aloft entry, International Space Station Program Scientist Julie Robinson, Ph.D., continues the countdown of her top ten research results from the space station, recently presented at the International Astronautical Conference in Beijing, China. Be sure to check back for daily postings of the entire listing.
Number seven on my countdown, colloid self-assembly using magnetic fields for development of nanomaterials, is a dramatic shift in research discipline from our previous item. I picked this area of physical science study because many people don't realize how space research can be used to advance the field of nanotechnology. This set of studies looks at colloid arrangements at a nanoscale using electrical fields. The finding was significant enough to net an award this summer at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference. Eric Furst, Ph.D., University of Delaware, received this recognition for outstanding results on Colloid Self Assembly as a top space station application.
Expedition 16 Commander Peggy Whitson works with the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions-2 (InSPACE-2) study using the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) in the U.S. Laboratory/Destiny. (NASA)
Colloids are tiny particles suspended in a solution, which are critical in household products such as lotions, medications and detergents, as well as in industrial processes. But in this case, we are talking about a unique type of colloid studied in the Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) collection of experiments. Specifically, these are what we call Magnetorheological (MR) fluids—fluids that change their viscosity in an electric field, and can even be induced to change their arrangement at the nanoscale.
These suspensions of paramagnetic particles, meaning they are attracted to magnetic forces, can quickly solidify when exposed to a magnetic field. They return to their original state when the influence ends. This solidification process produces useful viscoelastic properties that can be harnessed for a variety of mechanical devices, from intricate robotic motions to strong braking and clutch mechanisms.
Microgravity study aboard the space station slows down the movement of these colloidal mixtures, allowing researchers to understand how they interact, and then use this knowledge to control the tiny particles on the ground. You can't do these experiments on Earth because the nanoparticles would settle out too quickly due to gravity.
Structure evolution in an MR fluid over time while an alternating magnetic field is applied, from one of the early InSPACE runs. The far left image shows the fluid after 1 second of exposure to a high-frequency-pulsed magnetic field. The suspended particles form a strong network. The images to the right show the fluid after 3 minutes, 15 minutes, and 1 hour of exposure. The particles have formed aggregates that offer little structural support and are in the lowest energy state. (E. Furst, University of Delaware/NASA)
When the InSPACE study began, it identified a pulsing phenomenon that had never been seen before. This was a serendipitous result that astronaut Peggy Whitson previously discussed in this blog entry. Work continued with (InSPACE-2 and -3) investigations to further look at how magnetic fields impact colloidal self-assembly phase transitions. By better understanding how these fluids "bundle" themselves into solid-like states in response to magnetic pulses, researchers have insight into phase separation. This may lead them to new nanomaterials from these tiny building blocks for use on Earth.
This is really an exciting and continued area of endeavor on the space station, with the most recent results on nanomaterials structures of colloids published in the prestigious Proceedings of the National Academies of Science, USA. It is so simple—you have to do these studies in space because on Earth the particles settle out too quickly. However, the results are far from simple, with the most recent studies having moved far beyond the original investigation.
Julie A. Robinson, Ph.D.
International Space Station Program Scientist
Author jnimonPosted on October 24, 2013 November 25, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, Experiment Highlights, General, ISS as a Laboratory, Results, Science, Technology, US ResearchLeave a comment on Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Seven, Colloid Self Assembly Using Electrical Fields for Nanomaterials
Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Eight, Hyperspectral Imaging for Water Quality in Coastal Bays
In today's A Lab Aloft entry International Space Station Program Scientist Julie Robinson, Ph.D., continues the countdown to her top ten research results from the space station, recently presented at the International Astronautical Conference in Beijing, China. Be sure to check back for daily postings of the entire listing.
Number eight on my list of the top ten research results from the International Space Station is hyperspectral imaging for water quality in coastal bays. This is an important research result because it shows the value of the space station as an Earth remote sensing platform. In this case, the space station hosts an instrument called the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO).
Data from the Hyperspectral Imager for Coastal Oceans (HICO)—pictured here as installed on the Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility—used in concert with field data can help researchers better understand and communicate coastal water quality. (NASA)
This imager gets data on the wavelengths of light that it measures reflecting back from the surface of the Earth. It is particularly tuned to get hundreds of bands, much more than the eight different bands you would usually get from a remote sensing instrument like Landsat. These hundreds of different bands can be teased apart for details and information that you can't get from normal remote sensing data.
For example, using HICO you can distinguish between sediment and chlorophyll in the water column. Chlorophyll, which is a sign of algae, is an indicator that nitrogen is flowing in—say from fertilizers on the land. That is an important marker of water quality issues. In a sediment-laden bay, however, it can be really difficult to differentiate between the two—often called the "brown water" problem by ocean remote sensing experts.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) findings may allow coastal ecosystem researchers to keep up with changes in water quality in near real time using HICO's data, instead of having to send scientists into the field, as pictured here. (EPA/Darryl Keith)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) used HICO to develop a proof-of-concept to help monitor and protect our water supplies as required by the nation's Clean Water Act. The work was originally funded by the EPA under a Pathfinder Innovation Project Award. The results were honored with a top research application award at the 2013 International Space Station Research and Development Conference. Darryl Keith, Ph.D., accepted the award on behalf of his research team regarding their work using HICO to gather imagery for ocean protection for the EPA.
EPA researchers went out and timed collections of their field observations with an over-flight of the space station. The scientists were able to put the data together to get better measurements for dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll A. This allowed them to develop models that suggest the presence of algal blooms, which present a danger to the health of sea life.
Map of chlorophyll-a for Pensacola Bay derived from HICO data. Higher values (yellow and red) indicate high chlorophyll concentrations in the water that suggest algal blooms are present. (EPA/Darryl Keith)
With the HICO proof-of-concept in hand, EPA researchers now are interested in using these models to develop an app that anyone can use to obtain real-time water quality information. The goal is to have algorithms that don't require coordinating the space station or satellites with field data. The success of such a venture would mean real-time updates without anyone having to go into the field. This kind of an application developed by another government agency is really important for showing the broad value of the space station.
HICO has been converted into a space station facility, with open access for both users funded by NASA's Earth Science Division, and also commercial users sponsored by the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) to use space station as a National Laboratory. Both organizations have announced opportunities to use the instrument. This is just the first of a number of remote sensing instruments headed for the space station that will transform the way this orbiting laboratory serves our need for data about the Earth below.
Author jnimonPosted on October 23, 2013 November 25, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, Experiment Highlights, General, ISS as a Laboratory, Life Science, Plants, Results, Science, Technology, US Research3 Comments on Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Eight, Hyperspectral Imaging for Water Quality in Coastal Bays
Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Nine, Understanding Mechanisms of Osteoporosis and New Drug Treatments
In today's A Lab Aloft entry International Space Station Program Scientist Julie Robinson, Ph.D., continues her countdown of the top ten research results from the space station, recently presented at the International Astronautical Conference in Beijing, China. Be sure to check back for daily postings of the entire listing.
The next item in my top ten research results from the International Space Station countdown is related to its predecessor. The topic for number nine is understanding mechanisms of osteoporosis and new ways to treat it. In this case, however, we focus not on the humans as subjects, but on studies done with mice.
The pharmaceutical company, AMGEN, flew mice to and from the space station on three different assembly missions. These missions shed light on the impact of the space environment on bone health and related treatments. This study, called the Commercial Biomedical Testing Module (CBTM): Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity, showed that mice treated with osteoprotegerin decreased bone resorption compared to untreated mice.
The Animal Enclosure Module above contains mice participating in the Commercial Biomedical Testing Module (CBTM) Effects of Osteoprotegerin on Bone Maintenance in Microgravity study during a space shuttle assembly flight docked to the International Space Station. (NASA)
The results from these studies have started to make their way to publication and to patients on Earth. As you can see in the images below from CBTM, the X-rays of the bones of the mice are quite telling. On the left is a ground control, in the middle is a mouse treated with an osteoprotegerin candidate drug, and on the right is a mouse in flight that's not treated. You don't have to be a sophisticated scientist to see those differences in the bone mass density—you can see them right on the X-ray.
X-rays of mouse bones from the CBTM study showing a ground control (left), as treated with Osteoprotegerin in microgravity (middle), and with no drug treatment during spaceflight (right). (L. Stodieck, Bioserve and T. Bateman, University of North Carolina)
The space experiment with osteoprotegerin, which was already developed and in clinical trials on the ground, was done to run tests in orbit to better understand the drug and how it functions. Those data were included in the development of the new drug applications by AMGEN, and that drug—called Prolia—came to market several years ago.
I've been meeting more and more women who are taking this drug to treat their osteoporosis; it can, of course, have serious side effects, but provides an alternative for some people who cannot take bisphosphonate drugs for their symptoms. The CBTM-2 and CBTM-3 studies look at bone and muscle loss in mice flown in space treated with other drugs working their way through clinical trials. It is gratifying to see a drug in patient care use today that comes from one of the first spaceflights of animals, and exciting to see pharmaceutical companies using the unique environment of spaceflight to improve health here on Earth.
I'm looking forward to the results that keep coming out from this research and the new expanded rodent capability beginning on the space station next year. The National Academy of Sciences have reported that rodent research is one of the most important areas for ensuring that the space station maximizes its benefits to the nation in scientific discovery and improving human health—you can see why!
Author jnimonPosted on October 22, 2013 November 25, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, Experiment Highlights, General, ISS as a Laboratory, Results, Science, Technology, US Research4 Comments on Top Space Station Research Results Countdown: Nine, Understanding Mechanisms of Osteoporosis and New Drug Treatments
Top Ten Space Station Research Results Countdown: Ten, Preventing Loss of Bone Mass in Space Through Diet and Exercise
In today's A Lab Aloft entry, International Space Station Program Scientist Julie Robinson, Ph.D., continues her countdown of the top ten research results from the space station, recently presented at the International Astronautical Conference in Beijing, China. Be sure to check back for daily postings of the entire listing.
This topic of research is the culmination of years of study, starting with the very first International Space Station flight investigation into the loss of bone by astronauts. During the first part of space station history, astronauts were losing about one and a half percent of their total bone mass density per month. That's a rate similar to a post-menopausal woman's bone loss for an entire year—which is really significant.
Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) images of hip bones. (T. Lang, University of California, San Francisco)
Early space station researchers first identified this loss rate. Then they found that the exercises we were having the crew perform were not really providing the right forces to counter the bone mass reduction. Scientists started looking at crew member diet and exercise routines, along with the addition of upgraded exercise hardware. This progression culminated in the September 2012 publication in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.
Scientists found that the correct mixture of set durations of high-intensity resistive exercise, combined with the right amount of dietary supplementation for vitamin D and specific caloric intake were key for bone health. With all of these things together, the astronauts could return to Earth after living in space without having lost significant bone mass. This is just one solution; there may be others. But this is a viable answer to an issue identified clear back during the Gemini missions, addressing a huge problem when humans go into space and lose gravity loading on their bodies.
Astronaut Lee Archambault, commander of the STS-119 mission, conducts an Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED) workout in the Unity node aboard the International Space Station. (NASA)
With this research, we can better understand how bone changes throughout life, in growth and aging, and how to prevent outcomes such as age-related bone fractures. This topic received an award at this year's International Space Station Research and Development Conference, recognizing the community of NASA and academic scientists for carrying out research to define the extent and characteristics of bone loss in spaceflight, and for developing exercise- and drug-based approaches to attack the problem. Thomas Lang, Ph.D., professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging at the University of California San Francisco, was the recipient of the team award in recognition of outstanding results on preventing bone loss in long-duration spaceflight.
This is important of course for future exploration by astronauts, but also for patients on the ground. The paper made the cover of the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, due to the fact that it provides a very different way of looking at bone loss from what is typical in the osteoporosis research community.
When most women are diagnosed with osteoporosis, the next thing their doctor will tell them is: "Well, stay active, go walking, but don't do anything too rigorous." We found that by doing rigorous exercise, however, astronauts that don't have other kinds of health issues were able to protect their bone. It's going to take some time for the medical community to absorb how these results with astronauts might be applicable to others, especially those on the ground. This is a compelling result for the whole world, because it gives us insights into how bone is formed and maintained in the human body that could not have been obtained any other way.
Author jnimonPosted on October 21, 2013 November 25, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, Experiment Highlights, General, ISS as a Laboratory, Japanese Research, Life Science, Results, Science, US Research4 Comments on Top Ten Space Station Research Results Countdown: Ten, Preventing Loss of Bone Mass in Space Through Diet and Exercise
Could You Choose Just One? Top International Space Station Research Results Countdown
In today's A Lab Aloft entry International Space Station Program Scientist Julie Robinson, Ph.D., begins her countdown of top research results from the space station, recently presented at the International Astronautical Conference in Beijing, China.
There's a reason top ten lists exist—it's almost impossible to choose just one when presented with an assortment of worthy and valuable topics in a given theme. Likewise, I struggled when J. D. Bartoe and the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) challenged me to share my top ten research results from the International Space Station to present at this year's International Astronautical Congress (IAC) in Beijing, China. With so many notable investigations, it was hard to pare it down for this list.
For those who could not attend the event, I am counting down my choices with you here in a mini-blog entry per day for each of the ten research results. There were many strong competitors, and I chose these based on specific criteria—each of which could have its own top ten, based on those categories alone. For this collection I looked at the quality of the scientific journals, identification by peer scientists, the novel nature of the information, and the ultimate potential for human benefits.
The International Space Station includes investigations in the areas of biology and biotechnology, human research, physical sciences, technology demonstration, astrophysics, Earth science and education. (NASA)
Humans explore to push our boundaries and make discoveries, but also to expand economic interests, obtain resources and develop cutting edge technology. When it comes to the space station, we can look back on the engineering feats of new technologies and achievements from development, assembly and operations. It is also important to reflect on the international achievements from peaceful cooperation in space—69 countries having participated in some aspect of station utilization to date. Finally we have the research realizations to acknowledge as we use this orbiting laboratory for results that could not have come about in any other way. Research is now at full speed in both science and technology development.
While findings are inspirational, it's the application—developed during the decades that follow—that leads to recognized value in our daily lives. Focusing on scientific discovery, Earth benefits and knowledge to enable future space exploration, this list shows that these areas are not mutually exclusive. Rather, the potential for overlap expands the benefits of the space station as they build on each other for generations to come.
An illustration of the overlapping aspects of recognized returns from International Space Station research in the areas of discovery, Earth benefits and space exploration. (NASA)
I hope you will enjoy this list and I challenge you to take home at least one item here that touches you. By sharing some of the top ten research results from the space station with the people in your orbit, we can continue the exploration. With that said, let's get started. Check back soon for the first of ten amazing space station results!
Julie A. Robinson, Ph.D., is NASA's International Space Station Program Scientist. As such she is the chief scientist for the program, representing all space station research and scientific disciplines. Robinson provides recommendations regarding research on the space station to NASA Headquarters. Her background is interdisciplinary in the physical and biological sciences. Robinson's professional experience includes research activities in a variety of fields, such as virology, analytical chemistry, genetics, statistics, field biology, and remote sensing. She has authored more than 50 scientific publications and earned a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science in Biology from Utah State University, as well as a Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology from the University of Nevada Reno.
Author jnimonPosted on October 18, 2013 November 25, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, General, ISS as a Laboratory, Science, Technology11 Comments on Could You Choose Just One? Top International Space Station Research Results Countdown
We are Writing, but is the Public Reading?
In today's A Lab Aloftpost International Space StationProgram Science Office Research Communications Specialist Jessica Nimon asksscience writing professionals, "Why do you think the public doesn't seem toknow what NASA is doing on the International Space Station?"
I started writing science stories for the InternationalSpace Station Program Science Office over a year ago. During fiscal year 2010,I published or helped to promote the publication of 67 stories regardingresearch accomplished on the space station. Yet, in spite of the volume ofstories going out, I continue to meet people who are oblivious to what NASA isdoing with the space station.
With this in mind, I decided to tackle the question of whythe public was unaware of what NASA was doing. The opportunity to canvas agroup of science writing professionals from around the nation at the 2011 National Association of Science WritersConference was too good to pass up. On the plane out to the conference, betweenseminars and at networking receptions I put my question to editors, writers andpublic information officers from various publications and universities.
Science writers from around the United States listen to alecture on research that measures carbon levels in an area devastated by forestfires as part of the 2011 National Association of Science Writers Conference.
(Credit: Jessica Nimon)
First, perhaps I should explain the communications effortsof the International Space Station Program Science Office. Along with thevarious NASA Center Public Affairs Offices, we work towards the goal of informativestory publications on NASA's space station research and technology Website.We also maintain a blog, called "ALab Aloft," and put out weeklyscience updates. To spread the word of these efforts, we use the @ISS_Research Twitter account andthe International Space StationFacebook page to share links to our publications, as well as various facts andnotices, as they come out.
These efforts may not seem far reaching, but consider theinvestment return of compounding publication. In pure numbers, at the time I'mwriting this post, we have 11,438 followers on @ISS_Research. If NASA's Twitteraccount retweets us, we potentially reach an additional 1,507,108 followers!Every follower can choose to forward on our tweets, sharing our storiesexponentially. This goes for the station Facebook page, as well, which hasclose to 40,000 likes. Then consider the various blogs and journalism sites onthe Internet that republish these space station research and technologystories—the possibility to reach the public is vast!
So why does the message seem to be only reaching a few? Why domany people I encounter still mistakenly think that the retirement of the SpaceShuttle Program meant the end of the space station? Some even wrongly believeNASA is closing up shop altogether. Here is what the science writingprofessionals at the conference had to say on the topic:
Audience Fatigue –Saturation on the topic
NASA makes the news on a fairly regular basis. Betweensatellites, climate studies, the space station, telescopes, lunar and Marsmissions, etc., there is plenty going on and it can be hard to keep track.Those trying to maintain pace with everything NASA touches could burn out fastand may focus their attention down to a specific area of interest or stopfollowing altogether.
Media Overload –Getting lost in the mix
With as many stories as NASA generates, just think of theglut the media as a whole produces! If people are awash in just one area, likeNASA, you can imagine they are likely burning out in general. With limits tohow many hours are in a day, many readers cherry pick their news based onheadlines, which means that the vast majority of stories published get buriedby other features.
Flashier Topics –Trumped by popular subjects
In the public's media diet, not everyone will choose thefruits and vegetables of science topics when they have such easy access to thedesserts of celebrity and entertainment? Likewise, when breaking news occurs,it can plaster the pages of publication Websites for days, even weeks.Everything else published during such times risks being overshadowed.
Space shuttle Atlantis and its four-member STS-135 crew headtoward Earth orbit and rendezvous with the International Space Station on July,8, 2011.
(NASA Image STS135-S-143)
Information Silos –Audience interest funneled elsewhere
Specialized media sites and topic categories can make iteasier to follow up on the news that means most to a reader. The downside tothese avenues of information is the resulting tunnel vision that can develop. Itcan be a challenge for readers to take a liberal arts approach to their media inan effort to maintain a well-rounded awareness in the world they live in.
Lost Interest – Thestation took over a decade to build; society stopped caring
Paying attention to a topic over many years requires apassion that not everyone may share. One science writer commented that he hadcovered space shuttle launches from the beginning of his career through theretirement of the program. He saw the same reporter faces age along with hisown as they all continued to turn up for NASA press junkets. While the launchesthemselves were always exciting, he wondered how many of his readers continueda loyal following of the topic. As they also aged, did they tune out andrefocus towards topics directly applicable to their daily lives?
The bright sun greets the International Space Station fromthe Russian section of the orbiting laboratory.
(NASA Image S129E007592)
Conquest – A desirefor adventure in space, rather than utilization
Shuttle launches were exciting! There were rockets andflames and explorers flying into space. We still have launches to the space station,but they are now taking place off of American soil, which distances theexperience from the national public. The link between the shuttle and thestation was one that served to point eyes to the missions aboard the orbitinglaboratory, but getting readers to consider the daily operations of a sciencefacility as an adventure—even in the microgravity of space—can be a challenge.
Instant Gratification– A public used to instant results may not follow and wait
Many readers may not fully appreciate the time and varioushoops research has to go through before results publish. It is also possiblethey do not understand the dangers of the valleyof death in science studies. To follow the topic of space station research,the wait for results can be years or even decades. In this age of instantaneousinformation on the Internet, this delay can tally a cost in readership.
Russian cosmonaut Sergei Volkov, Expedition 29 flightengineer, checks the progress of a new growth experiment on the BIO-5Rasteniya-2 (Plants-2) payload with its LADA-01 greenhouse in the ZvezdaService Module of the International Space Station.
(NASA Image ISS029E007686)
Research, however, cannot be rushed, so readers will have todevelop the virtue of patience. The bright side? Since investigations have beenongoing from the time the space station began, we are indeed now seeing resultsfrom early studies and can look forward to a steady influx of publicationshighlighting the discoveries of space science. Part of the excitement is the compoundingknowledge and the use capacity going forward for the facilitiesaboard the station, and perhaps serendipitous discovery.
The real question to ask ourselves now is what do we doabout this readership dilemma? We may bring the story to the public, but wecannot make them read. I'm curious to see if the audience of this entry hastheir own answers to offer. What would you like to see regarding news of researchand technology on the space station? How do you like to receive your news andwhat can we do to better engage the public?
Jessica Nimon, communications specialist for theInternational Space Station Program Science Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center.
JessicaNimon worked in the aerospace industry as a technical writer for seven yearsbefore joining the International Space Station Program Science Office as theResearch Communications Specialist. Jessica composes Web features, blogentries, and manages the @ISS_Research Twitter feed to share space stationresearch and technology news with the public. She has a master's degree inEnglish from the University of Dallas.
Author jnimonPosted on April 29, 2013 June 14, 2013 Tags Conference Highlights, General, Guest Bloggers8 Comments on We are Writing, but is the Public Reading?
Space Innovation and Mobile Healthcare
In today's A Lab Aloft, our guest blogger is the Director of NASA's Human Health and Performance Center, Dr. Jeffrey Davis. This center fosters a collaboration between space and Earth research and technologies. Dr. Davis shares with readers the potential behind cooperative efforts during the development stages of projects.
Mobile healthcare is the focus for the upcoming NASA Human Health and Performance Center, or NHHPC, Workshop, scheduled for June 7 in Washington, D.C., as part of D.C. Health Data and Innovation Week. This is our third workshop, and topics of interest include not only terrestrial global health issues, but also technologies for smartphone applications to collect data, to inform patients, to connect patients with their providers, etc.
A collaborative moment from the NASA Human Health and Performance Center Workshop, Jan. 19, 2011. (NASA Image)
For everything developed through the NHHPC, we would like to see an Earth and space application, as well as a transfer of knowledge in both directions. NASA technology could be adapted to terrestrial health issues, via spinoffs and other applications, but we hope to pull in ideas that exist in the public domain for the mutual benefit of everyone. That is the concept behind the center, to connect people and employ that bridge in both directions to benefit spaceflight and life on Earth.
While there are a number of projects ongoing between members, for this blog I am focusing on the Colorimetric Solid Phase Extraction, or CSPE, technology. This is a great example, because it's different from flying a commercial off-the-shelf device on the International Space Station. It has the potential for development in more than one application.
The CSPE is a paint chip identification device originally designed to match paint colors. The technology was adapted, however, to measure silver and iodine in water and it is now flying on the space station for this purpose. Called the Colorimetric Water Quality Monitoring Kit, this tool enables the measurement of biocides found in water on orbit to allow for safe drinking water for the crew.
NASA astronaut Nicole Stott, Expedition 21 flight engineer, conducts a water quality analysis using the Colorimetric Water Quality Monitoring Kit, or CWQMK, in the Destiny laboratory of the International Space Station. (NASA Image)
There are additional Earth benefits that could derive from the CSPE. It has the potential to be modified to measure arsenic and lead in water, which are global public health concerns. This other capability is not yet developed, but it is a great example of how an innovative design from a non-biomedical piece of equipment can have mutual space and Earth applications.
Through the NHHPC, we hope to find technology applications for space flight or that can use the space station as a testbed for evaluation in later flights. When we are able to fly technologies early in their development on station, we have the benefit of visualizing how the orbiting lab works as a platform for planning purposes.
The inverse of this is that as we continue to learn more about human adaptation to long duration space flight, we can expand that knowledge base through our member organizations and derive how existing NASA technologies or future technologies might adapt for Earth benefits. What we have found is that by approaching problem solving early enough with the NHHPC members, we can preemptively address issues or requirement questions. Creating a device that is low weight, low power and robust parallels many healthcare concerns, especially for remotely located populations.
We find that by asking the right questions, we can connect people in the early phases of technology planning and development. Technology sharing can always occur, but the goal is to identify common issues for use as collaboration platforms that can eventually turn into projects.
The NASA Human Health and Performance Center logo, showing the core goals of collaboration, innovation, and education in global human health and performance efforts in spaceflight between NASA and member institutions. (NASA Image)
The NHHPC is a global, collaborative virtual center designed to convene government, industry, academic, and non-profit organizations that support the advancement of human health and performance innovations for space flight, commercial aviation, and challenging environments on Earth. Our member organizations participate in face-to-face workshops, webcasts, and virtual working groups to address issues, share best practices, and formulate collaborative projects in various areas, including innovation, education, human health and technology development. You can read more about the NHHPC events and developments on our website and follow us on Twitter via @NASAHumanHealth.
Jeffrey R. Davis, MD, MS
NHHPC Director
Johnson Space Center
Jeffrey R. Davis, MD, MS, currently serves as Director, Space Life Sciences, and as the Chief Medical Officer for the NASA's Johnson Space Center. Dr. Davis' past positions include Professor, Preventive Medicine and Community Health at the University of Texas Medical Branch; Corporate Medical Director, American Airlines; and Chief, Medical Operations NASA Johnson Space Center.
Author Julie RobinsonPosted on April 29, 2013 June 14, 2013 Tags Benefits, Conference Highlights, General, Guest Bloggers, ISS as a Laboratory, Science, Technology, US Research
Experiencing the First Annual ISS Research and Development Conference
In today's A Lab Aloft, guest blogger Emily White, with the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, or CASIS, shares her experience at the First Annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference.
In late June, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, or CASIS, and the American Astronautical Society, or AAS, in cooperation with NASA, cosponsored the First Annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference in Denver, CO. The conference promoted future space science opportunities through keynote speakers and a variety of breakout sessions focused on space research, accomplishments to date and educating attendees on pathways to space station utilization.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
The major theme of the June conference was the "Decade of Utilization." On the first day of the conference, NASA Chief Scientist Waleed Abdalati commented that the "station empowers us to understand our world." CASIS, as the nongovernment nonprofit organization that manages the space station's U.S. National Laboratory, facilitates use of the National Lab for improving life on Earth. By collaborating with AAS and NASA on this conference—the only annual gathering that showcases the full breadth of research and development aboard the station—the CASIS team was able to share this goal with nearly 400 attendees representing scientists and organizations from a variety of fields, including many investigators new to space.
CASIS staff members Justin Kugler and Ken Shields talking with conference attendees. (Credit: CASIS)
On day two, CASIS Interim Executive Director Jim Royston moderated a panel focusing on upcoming research opportunities on the station's National Lab. Deepak Agrawal, our Director of Science and Technology, represented CASIS; Larry DeLucas, from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, discussed crystallization research; and Jeff Manber of NanoRacks discussed his company's research platforms. These talks paralleled the current and near-term activities of CASIS. In fact, CASIS released our first Request for Proposals, or RFP, in the field of protein crystallography on the first day of the conference. An RFP in materials science, in collaboration with NanoRacks, will be released in the coming months.
As mentioned above, many new-to-space investigators attended the conference—an exciting success for the space science community that has long sought to attract new players to the space station. Those of us from CASIS were especially encouraged, since one of our major goals is to make space science accessible to a broader community. Toward this goal, the final day of the conference was aimed specifically at new users.
Implementation partners and potential investigators participating in the Tradeshow. (Credit: CASIS)
In the morning, CASIS Director of Operations Duane Ratliff moderated a workshop for new investigators on space station utilization. Expectations were that maybe only a handful of new researchers might attend the workshop, as it was the last day of the conference. Instead, the room was full of attendees, many of whom had never sent an experiment into space. An Implementation Partner Tradeshow complemented the workshop. Booths targeting potential investigators were set up by companies with expertise in developing and integrating payloads for flight to the space station.
Presentations and video footage of the First Annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference are available on the CASIS website and the AAS website.
It is an exciting time at CASIS following the conference and the release of our first RFP. Having been with CASIS since almost the start, I've watched the organization grow and bring on talented team members, and the RFP release is a major milestone and an energizing achievement for all of us. On the second day of the conference, CASIS also announced a signed Memorandum of Agreement with COBRA PUMA GOLFTM to conduct space-based materials research projects for use in its sporting goods product line. Along with this announcement, we released our design for a "Space Is In It" product endorsement that will be awarded by CASIS to select products enhanced by National Lab R&D. A very busy week!
CASIS staff conducting meetings at our booth during the BIO conference. (Credit: CASIS)
The week prior to the Denver conference, CASIS team members attended the annual BIO conference in Boston, where we had a booth in the exhibit hall and productive and encouraging meetings with a variety of companies and foundations.
As the momentum builds from CASIS outreach events and announcements for research opportunities, we hope to attract even more pioneers in the R&D community and to support the efforts of the next generation of innovators.
Emily Roberge White works with the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, or CASIS, in scientific communications. White previously worked in medical writing for the Eisenberg Center for Clinical Decisions and Communications Science and also does freelance science writing, editing and consulting. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, a Master of Science degree in Molecular and Human Genetics and a Master of Science degree in Science and Technology Journalism.
Author Julie RobinsonPosted on April 17, 2013 June 14, 2013 Tags Conference Highlights, General, Guest Bloggers, ISS as a Laboratory1 Comment on Experiencing the First Annual ISS Research and Development Conference
Sharing the Love
This week on A Lab Aloft, comments from guest blogger Justin Kugler, Systems Engineer with the National Laboratory Office, as he recalls his experience at the STS-135 Tweetup at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
Our mission in the International Space Station National Laboratory Office is to make the unique capabilities of the station more open to other government agencies, industry partners, and education programs. Fulfilling that mandate from Congress has introduced me to a wide variety of researchers, technologists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and educators. I have every expectation that the National Lab portfolio will only grow more eclectic with time.<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
As the admin for the National Lab Office Twitter account, @ISS_NatLab, it was exciting to move out from behind the keyboard and take the stage at the STS-135 Launch Tweetup at Kennedy Space Center, Fla. on July 7, 2011. Presenting alongside me was scientist Tracy Thumm with the International Space Station Program Scientist's Office. This is a great example of how NASA has embraced the power of social media to connect with the public and share our stories.
Tracy Thumm and Justin Kugler
speak at the STS-135 NASA
Tweetup (NASA image)
Back home, our colleges with @ISS_Research supported the Tweetup and posted updates for our followers on Twitter. Tracy and I spoke about the science, technology, and exploration research planned for the final mission of the Space Shuttle Program and aboard the space station. In addition to the physical group of 150 of NASA's biggest fans, we had countless virtual participants through the live video stream and online forums.
Some of the topics we covered for STS-135 included advanced vaccine research and the J. Craig Venter Institute's bacteriological survey of the station environment. I also had the privilege of presenting some of the new technologies that will be broken in on the station in preparation for future deep space exploration, such as new carbon dioxide scrubbers, non-toxic propellants, inflatable modules, and advanced telerobotics.
I really enjoyed the Q&A session that followed my talk, as it allowed us to answer in greater detail how research opportunities are expanding on the station. For example, I shared a training module from a commercial partner, NanoRacks, LLC. This 10-cm cubed platform, with USB port for power and data, houses and integrates small experiments aboard the station. Using ready-made platforms like this enables researchers with a good idea, but relatively little funding to obtain sustained exposure to the microgravity environment. We also talked about the planned use of commercial lab equipment—such as a plate reader—modified for the station that will allow NASA to send data back to researchers on the ground without having to return samples. This reduces the time lag to get results.
My colleague Tracy fielded a question regarding the length of time till scientist see results from station research. In fact, we are already seeing results, such as a recently published study on the stability of pharmaceuticals in space. The International Space Station Research and Technology Website keeps tabs on the results, as they become available to the public. The actual duration for results varies from investigation to investigation.
One of my favorite questions, though, was about what we still need to learn to send humans on long-duration missions and where people can learn more. There are, relatively speaking, only a handful of data points for how the human body behaves in the space environment and billions of data points here on Earth. We understand very little of what happens in between, such as with the one-third-normal gravity of Mars. Future human research studies on the station will help us fill in those gaps so we can design vehicles and missions to keep human explorers healthy, safe, and sane on their journeys. NASA's Human Research Roadmap covers this in much greater detail.
Later, I was told that the tent was quiet—except for the background hum of the portable air conditioners—because everyone was listening intently, taking notes for their blogs or posting our answers in real-time to Twitter. Attendees continued to come up to Tracy and I to ask questions about the work being done on the station throughout the rest of the event.
The Tweetup also included a special visit from Deputy Administrator Lori Garver and an entertaining interview between astronauts Mike Massimino and Doug Wheelock and Sesame Street star, Elmo. The Muppet, interestingly enough, had as many questions as the astronauts!
Sesame Street's Elmo interviews
astronauts Mike Massimino and
Doug Wheelock at the STS-135
NASA Tweetup.
(NASA Image)
After the rains of that Thursday passed, the attendees all made their way out to the lawn near Pad 39A to visit the shuttle Atlantis. The crowd was electrified by the breathtaking unveiling of the orbiter, as the rotating service structure retracted from view to clear the pad for launch. Despite the amorphous grey clouds in the background, the stark contrast between the orange external tank, black and white thermal tiles on the orbiter, and the white cylinders of the boosters was truly riveting.
The rotating service structure
retracting from Atlantis
(Image courtesy of Justin Kugler)
Surprises were in store for the Tweetup participants throughout the morning of launch day. This included a visit from astronaut legend, Bob Crippen, and the introduction of Bear McCreary's "Fanfare" for STS-135 by Seth Green (an unabashed NASA enthusiast). As the hours rolled by, the anticipation was at a fever pitch. The weather was progressively improving and everyone had a sense that the launch would actually happen.
The passing of the Astrovan further raised the level of anticipation. We had our first indication that the "final four" were close from the passing of the escort helicopter. A spontaneous cheer went up when the van and its security entourage turned the corner and came into view. There was one last stop to let off anyone not going to the pad, then the crew of Atlantis pressed on to their destination and a beautiful launch!
One last stop for the Astrovan.
After Atlantis' ascent, people made their way back to their laptops in the Tweetup tent or established a connection with their smartphone, the blog posts, Tweets, and picture uploads resumed en masse. Each of the Tweetup attendees became an ambassador to the rest of the world for NASA.
That relationship is what NASA Tweetups are all about. Even in the twilight of the Space Shuttle Program, the love and passion for spaceflight was alive and well in us all. I believe it is the responsibility of those who experienced the final shuttle launch—NASA employees and honored guests alike—to share this connection with the rest of the world and to look forward to the next decade of research on the space station.
The Tweetups are successful because they embody more than just telling people about what we do at NASA. Attendees have the chance to participate and share the story on their own terms. It is this bond between NASA and the public that can sustain interest in and support for our nation's space program and future exploration. We still have a lot of work to do on the space station and to prepare for missions in deep space, so I look forward to many more Tweetups to come.
The STS-135 Launch Tweetup participants.
Justin Kugler works at NASA Johnson Space Center in the International Space Station National Laboratory Office. There he supports systems integration activities for science payloads. He has a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Texas A&M University and a M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Rice University.
Author jnimonPosted on July 21, 2011 June 14, 2013 Tags Conference Highlights, Education, Experiment Highlights, General, Guest Bloggers, ISS as a Laboratory, Mission Highlights, Results, Science, Technology, US Research3 Comments on Sharing the Love
Three Misconceptions about the International Space Station
This week on A Lab Aloft, International Space Station Program Science Office Research Communications Specialist Jessica Nimon shares answers to some of the more frequently asked questions she receives about the International Space Station.
Recently I attended two different public forums as a representative for the International Space Station Program Scientist's Office. It was an exciting opportunity to share information about the station with the public and to get some feedback in return. The first event, Space Day on the Capitol in Austin, Texas, was a chance to speak with state legislators, visiting students and even tourists. A week later, I went to Colorado Springs for the National Space Symposium, which was more of a traditional conference setting for space businesses and enthusiasts.
Children and educators converge
at the State Capitol for inspiring
and informational activities.
(Credit: NASA)
My main objective at these events was to educate and answer questions regarding the research done on the space station. I anticipated a varied set of queries, but was surprised to find that when it came down to it, attendees at both events had similar misconceptions regarding the station. So in this blog, I hope to take a few moments of your time to correct the three most frequent misunderstandings regarding this amazing orbiting laboratory.
Misconception 1: The space station ends with the space shuttle
While the public seems well aware of the impending retirement of the space shuttle fleet, they are mixed in their understanding of what this means for the space station. Quite a few people asked me, "Does the space station retire with the shuttle?" In a word, no. The international partner agreements plan to continue to operate the space station through the year 2020. Now that we are finally at assembly complete, the entire International Space Station program is ready for full utilization for research and technology investigations!
While we may not arrive there via the space shuttle any longer, we continue to have crew travel capabilities with the Russian Soyuz. In fact, American astronauts have successfully and safely flown with the Russians on Soyuz for many years. American companies are also pursuing new crew vehicle options to offer transportation to the space station in the future. The question of upmass—the capability to lift large amounts of payload and supply weight—will continue to be addressed with international partner unmanned transport vehicles: JAXA HTV and ESA ATV, as well as two new American commercial resupply vehicles: Space X Dragon and Orbital Cygnus.
Misconception 2: Scientists do not need the space station
One of my favorite questions to pose to the student groups that would visit the NASA booth at the National Space Symposium was "what is the space station used for?" Sometimes a shy hand would raise and a boy or girl would offer that the station was built for research. More often than not, however, I was met with complete silence and a sea of blinking eyes. What an opportunity to educate these young minds on the fascinating purpose of the station!
Pointing to the scale model—which was to 1/100 the size of the space station, situated above a mini football field to illustrate the actual size—my colleagues and I took turns explaining. From the very beginning, the point of this unique facility was to perform experiments in the microgravity environment of low Earth orbit. It is interesting to note that investigations were conducted during the course of assembly, as well. Because the research did not have to wait for station completion, we are already seeing results from the early studies in space, which is remarkable!
Not only can scientists use the space station for short- and long-duration investigations, but they can also participate in the growing body of knowledge generated from their predecessors. Space station research has been published in prestigious science journals and continues to generate spinoff benefits. This information stands to serve people across the globe. When investigations yield results, they have the potential to cross all boundaries—gender, race, socioeconomic, etc. Reading this blog and the space station research and technology Web pages are a great way to keep up with emerging benefits.
The International Space Station length and width is about
the size of a football field.
Misconception 3: When the shuttle retires, there won't be Americans in orbit
While I was at the National Space Symposium, there was a space station sighting opportunity for the Colorado Springs area. I shared this viewing prospect with visitors at the NASA exhibit. Some were amazed that they could go out onto their lawn, gaze at the sky, and see what appears to be a bright, fast-moving star and really be looking at an international orbiting laboratory. It was fun to remind people that while they stare up, the crew may be looking down, too.
This idea of humans in orbit provides the chance to share an important milestone reached in November of 2010—the space station now has a track record of over a decade of continued human presence in orbit! With the impending shuttle retirement, however, some fear that the days of Americans in space are numbered. Since crewmembers will fly via the Russian Soyuz, there is a misapprehension that only Russians will get to view back at Earth from the station in the future. The population of the space station, however, will remain as international as the collaboration that built it. Not only will we still have an American presence in space, but we will continue to have participants from all over the world. Currently we have two Americans, three Russians, and a European crewmember working in orbit.
NASA astronaut Catherine (Cady) Coleman and European Space Agency
astronaut Paolo Nespoli, both Expedition 26 flight engineers, use still cameras
at windows in the Zvezda Service Module of the International Space Station
during rendezvous and docking activities of space shuttle Discovery (STS-133).
(NASA Image ISS026-E-030172)
The international investment has already been made in the space station. Now is the time to not only continue use, but to ramp up our employment of this unique resource. Scientists have the upcoming decade to ask questions and send up investigations to make the most of the asset we have in this incredible laboratory.
Jessica Nimon worked in the aerospace industry as a technical writer for seven years before joining the International Space Station Program Science Office as the Research Communications Specialist. Jessica composes Web features, blog entries, and manages the @ISS_Research Twitter feed to share space station research and technology news with the public. She has a master's degree in English from the University of Dallas.
Author jnimonPosted on May 4, 2011 June 14, 2013 Tags Conference Highlights, General, Guest Bloggers, International Partners, ISS as a Laboratory2 Comments on Three Misconceptions about the International Space Station
Thank you for your interest in International Space Station Research. This blog has been retired, but archives are being kept online for historical purposes. For the latest ISS Research news, follow us on Twitter, check out our news page, or sign up to receive our updates via email. Are you interested in sending your science to space? Visit our Opportunities page to learn more.
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A Lab Aloft (International Space Station Research)	National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Official: Brian Dunbar


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Marvel Studios Updates – Captain America, Doctor Strange, Enchantress, & more!
by Chris Walk | Mar 14, 2014 | Movies, Television | 0 comments
Towelites! As we April quickly approaches the onslaught of media advertising for Captain America: The Winter Soldier is upon us! Check out the latest from Marvel Studios!
The Red Carpet Premiere for Captain America: The Winter Soldier took place in Hollywood last night and we have a new clip featuring Cap and the Falcon! Check it out below along with the latest featurette featuring Anthony Mackie's character!
Speaking of Mackie, here's what the actor had to say to MovieWeb regarding his involvement in Avengers 2, and if we would be seeing the Falcon again in the near future:
"(Laughs) I wish. Everybody says that but Kevin Feige. Chris is a good friend of mine. The movie starts in three weeks. I know he's read the script. He's like, 'Yo, man, I read the Avengers script. It's good.' I was like, 'Really?' He said, 'Yeah, Joss (Whedon) is doing rewrites, but it's good. I was like, 'Great! So… am I in it?' And he says, 'I've got to go. I'll be back.' What do you mean? Why can't you just tell me if I'm in the movie? No one will tell me, not one person, so I gave up on it."
Sebastian Stan, aka The Winter Soldier, revealed something quite surprising to Newsarama in recent interview (you can check out the interview in its entirety by hitting the jump). Check out what Stan had to say when asked about his contract with Marvel:
[box_light]
Nrama: Does your deal with Marvel call for more films in this series?
Stan: Yes.
Nrama: How many more?
Stan: Uh…I think…I think I actually have nine.
[/box_light]
9 films! Does this mean we will see Civil War?! Bucky Cap?! Who knows, but it probably secures the fact that we will be getting a Black Widow standalone movie at some point! Check out what actress Scarlett Johannson had to say about the possibilities of seeing that happen:
In a couple of recent interviews, Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige answered questions regarding some the recent events on Agents of SHIELD and also gave fans an insight on how magic can exist in the Marvel Cinematic Universe when it comes to the future Doctor Strange movie!
Now the we have met Lorelei, will we see Enchantress in Thor 3?
"No, I wouldn't say that. They very much have to forge their own territory, their own ground on the TV show, and where events can coincide… it's fun to do that."
Will Agent Coulson return to the big screen?
"That is a good question that I probably shouldn't answer for any number of reasons.
The AOS/Cap 2 tie in
They, meaning the people in charge of the show, were well aware of our plans for this movie. So fans of the movie should definitely tune in in the coming weeks after the film is released."
Via: Movies.com
Doctor Strange & magic in the MCU
Are you watching the Cosmos series? That's magic, [the quantum physics]. It's unbelievable. If somebody knew how to tap into that stuff, what's the difference between that and magic? You don't get into it in Harry Potter, but if a scientist went to Hogwarts he'd find out how some of that stuff is happening! We're not going to spend a lot of time on that, but there will be some of that. And particularly for a character like Strange, who goes from a man of science to a man of faith and who traverses both worlds. And sometimes there won't be an answer! Sometimes he'll want an answer – "How is this happening?!" – and nothing.
Via: Bad Ass Digest
A lot of exciting things are happening over at Marvel Studios so get ready! This year brings us two great films and Agents of SHIELD is really starting to get good! Toon into ABC next Tuesday night at 8pmEST for a TV special featuring all of the upcoming Phase 2 projects from Marvel Studios!


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Q: Guzzle Post request with auth First time I am using guzzle. Can anybody let me know How can I write Guzzle call for this request.
curl -X POST -u username:password -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://xyz/api/v1/accounts.json -d '{"user":{"username":"test","password":"xyz","first_name":"test","last_name":"test","email":"test@test.com","roles":["Administrator"]}}'

I am facing problem in -u of curl request.
I have written this code.
$response = $client->post($url, [
    'headers' => ['Content-type' => 'application/json'],
    'auth' => ['username:password'],
    'json' => [
        'username' => 'test'
    ],
]);
$results = $response->json();

I have tried this but unable to call API
Any Suggestion or Help.

A: As per the docs basic auth should be specified using array of two elements (login and password):
$client = new GuzzleHttp\Client();
$url = "//xyz/api/v1/accounts.json";
        $response = $client->post($url, [
            'headers' => ['Content-type' => 'application/json'],
            'auth' => [
                'test',
                'xyz'
            ],
            'json' => [
                "username"=>"xyz",
                "password"=>"xyz",
                "first_name"=>"test",
                "last_name"=>"test",
                "email"=>"test@test.com",
                "roles"=>"Administrator"
            ],
        ]);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We'd hosted Saturday, so Sunday we went to the Cousin's house.
But on the way we went to Antelope Island in pursuit of a bit of adventure.
Which we didn't fall into, but we did do some exploring, running, and made many attempts to befriend and catch several lizards.
At our cousins house there were lots of new adventures to be had - we walked down the road to the creek and the climbing tree. And threw stones in the water. And played Pooh Sticks. And ran and jumped and hollered.
Back home we had dinner, and then gathered up apples from the yard to take to the neighborhood stables to feed the horses.
We even got to go inside the indoor stable - the first time we've been in such a place.
It was growing dark, so we scooted and walked home (to the cousin's), had popsicles, and eventually gave well wishes, kisses, and goodbyes and made the 1/2 hour drive home.


The Flip Video Camera - Which Model an Individual Get, And Where?
There are many epidermis lesions which are quite common and benign (non-cancerous).
Don't Depart Yourself In The Dark, Discover Medical Care Tips!


I guess the Dark Lord of the Sith lets his saber do the talking on the 100% cotton Star Wars Vader Lightsaber Talking T-Shirt and you know what? It sounds a lot like 'SWOOOOOSH PPPZZ ZZFFT TTTTXFGH'! I'm not quite sure what that translates into but I'm sure you are mighty fluent in the Force...or at least you will be with the Star Wars Vader Lightsaber Talking T-Shirt! Wow, that's awfully cyclical isn't it?


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Aviva Directory » Shopping & eCommerce » Arts & Literature » Entertainment
Entertainment products, offered for sale online, are the focus of sites in this category, or its subcategories.
ELS Lights
ELS provides lighting rentals, production services, and equipment sales for a wide range of applications and industries including, concerts, theatrical applications, film & television, special events,
http://www.elslights.com
For Your Entertainment
FYE provides an easier way to shop for music, movies and DVDs, games and used CDs and DVDs. The site offers products on a wide range of music, film amd game genre. The site also offers special deals, backstage pass and gift cards, features store events and provides a store locator. The site also contains order, shipping and returns information.
http://www.fye.com/
Radio Spirits
A publisher and marketer of classic radio programs, Radio Spirits preserves and popularizes radio entertainment from every era, making it available to today's audiences. Its online store includes tens of thousands of radio programs, primarily from the 1930s to the 1960s. Prospective customers may browse by category or price, or search by title or keyword.
http://www.radiospirits.com/
Vintage Library: Old Time Radio
The radio portion of the Vintage Library focuses on recordings of nightly radio broadcasts from 1928 through 1950, offering family entertainment, news and music programming, creating genres for situation comedy, detective mystery, suspense and variety, much of which became the foundation of the nation's earliest television fare.
http://www.vintagelibrary.com/OldTimeRadio/
Yes Asia
Provides an online shopping portal for various Asian entertainment products. Offers music and videos, TV shows, music, games, anime, electronics, toys and other bargain items.
http://www.yesasia.com/
Search for Entertainment on Google, Bing, or Yahoo!


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EDC Forums is not intended to compete with any niche forums. We hope to be a crossroads for specialized topics to come together on the subject of EDC. Feel free to mention other forums here, and tell your friends about us.
Portable Solar Panel Reviews, Forums, Sites?
Forum that lets you sell and trade knives for free?
What are some sweet sites you check into for inspiration?
Does anyone use the EDC Reddit page?
what EDC blogs/sites do you read daily?
Alabama fixed blade carry laws?


Upgrading from Google Sheets, RotaCloud has helped Lucky Voice improve service and labour allocation, whilst saving the environment!
Lucky Voice's' mission is to 'spread happiness through unforgettable singing experiences', which they achieve in several ways: through their own private karaoke venues, a franchise business, licensable technology, and an at-home online karaoke service. The company prides itself on offering best-in-class karaoke products to its clients.
Head of Operations at Lucky Voice, Phil Yates, explained the problems the business started to have with rotas.
Looking to solve their problems with rota management and communication, Phil began his search for a specialist system.
"I started in this field of work almost 20 years ago and can't believe no-one invented it earlier!"
The Lucky Voice team were initially drawn to RotaCloud because of its integration with their HR platform, PeopleHR.
"We wanted a solution where we could record all employee information in one place," Phil explained.
The team quickly found that RotaCloud's notification features solved their communication issues.


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Here's Louisiana-Monroe football coach Terry Bowden's staff for 2022 season
Terry Bowden embarks on a second season as ULM football coach with a revamped staff that brings additional experience to the Warhawks.
He has four assistant from last year and has been able to see players and coaches mesh over the course of spring practices.
"Once I identified the kind of coaches that I wanted and who I wanted, all of them were very very receptive to us," Bowden said.
Maverick Morris remains as the offensive line coach while Tony Hull and Alonzo Hampton transition into new roles. Hull is now in charge of running backs after coaching outside receivers. Hampton moves from safeties to special teams coordinator. Ron West transitioned from defensive ends to inside linebackers.
Bowden hired Matt Kubik after spending three years away from the Warhawks. Kubik returns as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach after spending two years at Southern Miss and one year at the high school level.
John Carr spent the last three years with Sun Belt Conference rival Troy as assistant head coach, inside receivers coach and passing game coordinator. Carr is a familiar face to the Monroe-area having spent eight years as the coach at Ouachita Parish.
More:Louisiana Monroe announces 2022 schedule, featuring Alabama and Texas
QB possibilities:With Rhett Rodriguez gone, here's coach Terry Bowden on QB situation for ULM football
Bowden originally hired Joe Graves, who was running backs coach at Georgia Southern, as tight ends coach. However Graves left to become an assistant offensive line coach with the San Francisco 49ers. So instead, Kyler Segler, who spent the 2021 season working with the tight ends at UMass and was part of the 2018 ULM staff as tight ends coach and special team coordinator, returns.to fill Graves' role.
Vic Koenning takes over as defensive coordinator as well as outside linebackers. Koenning has more than 20 years of experience with stops at Clemson, West Virginia, Illinois and Troy.
Ricky Logo has experience with Koenning while at Troy. Logo, who has 25 years of experience, was at Washington State were he served as defensive line coach.
Bowden has also hired Otis Mounds to oversee defensive backs. Mounds played for Pat Dye and Bowden at Auburn and coached alongside him at Akron where he spent five seasons.
ULM football coaching staff
Matt Kubik, offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach
John Carr, wide receivers coach
Kyle Segler, tight ends/tackles coach
Tony Hull, running backs coach
Maverick Morris, offensive line coach
Vic Koenning, defensive coordinator/outside linebackers
Ricky Logo, defensive line coach
Otis Mounds, defensive backs coach
Ron West, inside linebackers coach
Alonzo Hampton, special teams coordinator


The Simon Says lamps from Aqua Creations are the newest members of the Mino collection, which draws its inspiration from space definition and interprets it in geometric structures. Designed with the yacht environment in mind, where space saving is a key element, the Simon Says lamps are framed in either mahogany wood with oak detail, or oak wood with mahogany detail, and work perfectly as single elements or in compositions of varying sizes and colours. All lamps in the Mino collection use a specially developed polycarbonate vacuum formed shell to serve as the platform for its iconic natural hand-crushed silk.


text:
from __future__ import annotations

from typing import Optional, Sequence

from pydantic import BaseModel, root_validator, validator

from datadog_checks.base.utils.functions import identity
from datadog_checks.base.utils.models import validation

from . import defaults, validators

class MetricPatterns(BaseModel):
    class Config:
        allow_mutation = False

    exclude: Optional[Sequence[str]]
    include: Optional[Sequence[str]]

class InstanceConfig(BaseModel):
    class Config:
        allow_mutation = False

    disable_generic_tags: Optional[bool]
    empty_default_hostname: Optional[bool]
    expected_mode: Optional[str]
    host: str
    metric_patterns: Optional[MetricPatterns]
    min_collection_interval: Optional[float]
    port: Optional[int]
    report_instance_mode: Optional[bool]
    service: Optional[str]
    tags: Optional[Sequence[str]]
    timeout: Optional[int]
    tls_ca_cert: Optional[str]
    tls_cert: Optional[str]
    tls_private_key: Optional[str]
    tls_private_key_password: Optional[str]
    tls_validate_hostname: Optional[bool]
    tls_verify: Optional[bool]
    use_tls: Optional[bool]

    @root_validator(pre=True)
    def _initial_validation(cls, values):
        return validation.core.initialize_config(getattr(validators, 'initialize_instance', identity)(values))

    @validator('*', pre=True, always=True)
    def _ensure_defaults(cls, v, field):
        if v is not None or field.required:
            return v

        return getattr(defaults, f'instance_{field.name}')(field, v)

    @validator('*')
    def _run_validations(cls, v, field):
        if not v:
            return v

        return getattr(validators, f'instance_{field.name}', identity)(v, field=field)

    @root_validator(pre=False)
    def _final_validation(cls, values):
        return validation.core.finalize_config(getattr(validators, 'finalize_instance', identity)(values))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Most Relevant Technology and Entertainment News - Technology And Entertainment News
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Watch The Final Trailer For Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes Of Grindelwald
Newt goes after Grindelwald as a Voldemort reference has everyone excited
fantastic beastsfantastic beasts the crimes of grindelwaldharry potterMovies
By Divij Sonak	 On Sep 26, 2018
As promised, Warner Bros. uploaded the final trailer for Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald. The trailer maintain's the movie's central premise of Dumbledore enlisting Newt's help to hunt down Grindelwald but packs a much stronger punch with some brilliant edited synchronized to a clock countdown orchestrated using violins. Most importantly though, it introduces one of the first direct connections to the dark wizard Voldemort and it's not the elder wand. But first, check out the trailer below.
That's right, Nagini. The maledictus is shown to exist in the movie's world which is a huge deal for Harry Potter fans, as she was Voldemort's loyal pet who also carried one of his Horcruxes. Beyond that though, she hasn't received an official history or origin story in the Potter books, a fact which could change with this movie. Also exciting is the choice of actors for playing young versions of Dumbledore and Grindelwald; they're the same ones that played these roles in the Harry Potter movies. These overt connections to Potter-verse certainly have fans all over the internet excited and Warner Bros. even released a special Nagini poster to help contain some of the fan enthusiasm.
The trailer itself is wonderfully edited and simply flows breathlessly, leaving little room for dull moments. More importantly, despite showcasing plenty of sequences, it doesn't reveal too much from the movie in terms of plotting or structure which is a great thing. We can't wait for the movie to come out; for those unaware, The Crimes of Grindelwald will be releasing on November 16, 2018.
What did you think of the trailer? Let us know in the comments below.
Over 10 Hi-Res Stills From Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes Of Grindelwald Released
The Big Bang Theory Season 12 Episode 1 Review: The Conjugal Configuration
1917 Movie Review: An Immersive, Intense And Laudable World War I Experience
Runaways Season 3 Episode 7 Review: Left-Hand Path
Runaways Season 3 Episode 6 Review: Merry Meet Again
Runaways Season 3 Episode 5 Review: Enter The Dreamland
Runaways Season 3 Episode 4 Review: Rite Of Thunder
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Indeed, seasons come and go and changes happen all the time whether we like it or not.However, what is really amazing is the faithfulness and the goodness of God that He keeps pouring into our lives so we can cope with the changes that He is doing in our lives and for us to appreciate the seasons that we go through in our lives- spiritually and physically.
In Ecclesiastes 3 we can also read that everything has its time. This is really true. October to December has been a time for preparation for the coming Discipleship Training Schools in 2019. It was a time to visit churches, friends, families, and to promote or advertise the schools. However, this was also a time that each member of YWAM Koivumäki Family felt that God was drawing us closer to Himself. It was also a time to seek the Lord concerning the things that He has promised and spoken to each person and to YWAM Koivumäki.
Our small team has been serving in different ways in churches and fellowships where we were invited. In one of the churches where we served, we prayed and encouraged two elderly ladies who have been faithfully serving in that church. They were both encouraged and challenged at the same time with the message shared by one of to the members of the church. A wife came forward for prayer was encouraged and yet felt the burden of the negative things going on in her own family. She was having a headache, pain on the shoulder and neck. We prayed for healing, Jesus met her and healed her headache, the pain on her neck and shoulders.
In another meeting where we served, we met a man who is so hungry of the Lord. He shared to us that he wants to follow and serve the Lord. We prayed for him and shared about our Discipleship Training School. He said he would like to know more about it. In that meeting too, we had the opportunity to pray for freedom and inner healing for a woman who has been struggling with bitterness and unwillingness to let go of the people who had hurt and wounded her. After praying and speaking hope, and truth over her. She felt the chain and heaviness left her whole being. She really felt the Lord meeting her and setting her free. Her face was joyful and at peace when she left us. What an amazing God we have.
During these months two members of YWAM Koivumäki family went to help in YWAM Oulu. They had the opportunities to go with the DTS students and staff in sharing the Good News of hope to people in the streets, shops and praying for people in the shopping malls. They were able to reach out to grades 8-9 students by sharing/teaching God's word and ministering in some churches, too. They said that they were so encouraged to see how God changed the lives of the DTS students and also some of those people whom they served and met in the school, in the shopping malls and churches.
We are so thankful for the invitations we had received to serve and minister in several places: Vantaa, Riistavesi, Kuopio, Pohjanmaa and Pirkkanmaa. We need your prayers to help us to be bold and courageous in sharing God's Word for salvation to come to people who need Christ and to encourage people to be passionate in following and obeying the Lord because they love HIM.
As you can see in the pictures, we have started repairing the toilet on the first floor. According to the feedback of the participants who attended the seminars and courses in YWAM Koivumäki they were blessed, encouraged and learned a lot, however, the toilets are not enough.
So the team Leadership prayed and decided to have the old toilets be repaired even though there is not enough money to do it. They are trusting on the promise of the Lord that He is able to provide for the needed finances.
As you can see in the pictures below the participants of the first snowboarding Discipleship Training School/DTS that YWAM Koivumäki conducted in 2007 together with some of their staff have been enjoying their time together.
2007 Snowboarding DTS graduates and their staff together with their family enjoying catching up and sharing what the Lord is doing in their lives.
The idea of this gathering came from one of the participants when he and his family attended a King's kids weekend seminar in Koivumäki. The former students and staff enjoyed their fellowship sharing what the Lord has been doing in their lives: family life, work, involvement in the Kingdom work and other things.
While the women are looking after their children, the men were cutting and chopping wood in the football field to help YWAM Koivumäki in preparing for the firewood that will be used in heating the whole building. What a blessing that they set this time to catch up with each other, encourage one another and to help Koivumäki in a practical way.
Their next plan is to meet again in Spring 2019 to pray, worship and plan things that they will be doing in making God known to others who do not know Him yet in a personal way. They will also help with practical things that needed to be done in Koivumäki.
We have many potential students that are praying about joining YWAM and doing a DTS. However, they are unable to attend our Discipleship Training due to lack of finances and spiritual support. If you would like to see these Finns from different age groups, we encourage and challenge you to partner with us. You can sponsor a DTS student from Finland, please let us know. You will be investing in building Gods Kingdom in Finland and in other countries.
Do you know that many staff has been serving in YWAM Koivumäki all through these years? However, due to lack of partners who would support them in prayers and in finances several of them have to leave while those who continued serving are believing and trusting the Lord to connect them to those who would be willing to partner with them. Would you consider this opportunity to be part in enabling the staff in YWAM Koivumäki to continue to disciple and mobilize people to go and share the good news and make disciples? Adopt a YWAM Koivumäki staff now!
This is how I want to describe how the Father sees each one of the staff in YWAM Koivumäki who made the decision to follow and obey Him. The Father is delighted to see each of you making Him your priority in life and the reason for serving others.
To the faithful, kind and generous partners of YWAM Koivumäki, the Lord sees your kindness, generosity, and partnership in the ministry that the Lord has entrusted to us. We are so blessed to have you on our team. We greatly appreciate your prayers, friendship, and support. Thank you for believing in the work we're doing and for your trust in us.
1. God would send the right students and staff for our 2019 Discipleship Training School.
2. Strength, discernment, and wisdom so that we can do the right decisions, do our responsibilities inside and outside of YWAM Koivumäki Center.
3. Financial provision to cover the expenses in repairing the toilet, insurance of the building, cars and the ministries of YWAM Koivumäki.
4. Supporters or partners for students, staff and YWAM Koivumäki who will be partnering through their prayers and regular financial gifts.
5. New staff who are passionate about what God is passionate at and willing to commit for a long term and short term.
Our prayer for us all is that each day we will choose to live with gratitude for the love that fills our hearts, the peace that rests within our spirits, and the voice of hope that says all things are possible because the ONE who calls us His children is faithful, good and able. We also pray that you will hear clearly the Father's sweet voice reassuring who you are becoming in Jesus and you would continue being rooted and grounded in His love and truth.
We want to thank you for your faithfulness in praying for us and in your generous partnership in God's work. Please do not hesitate to let us know how we can also pray specifically for you, your family, your work and other things that you want to share to be prayed for.
Grace, Peace, and love in Christ!


Since 1987, Molmic has been creating the most loved sofas in Australia – and we are proud to be their Blue Mountains stockist. Whether you want a sofa that is attention grabbing, a hero piece in your room or a sofa you can collapse onto at the end of a day, there is an option for you in the Molmic range. Plus, Molmic sofas and chairs are built to stand the test of time, offering a 10 year warranty. They also use renewable materials in construction to minimise their carbon footprint. Come in and see us to talk about your options.
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text:
The Book Of Nwritten Tales User Manual
King Art Games
The Adventure Company
Nordic Games[a]
Jan Theysen[1]
Benny Oschmann
Linux, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii U, Nintendo Switch
Windows, OS X, Linux
PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One
Adventure, Comedy
Book Of Unwritten Tales Walkthrough
Book Of Unwritten Tales Review
The Book Of Unwritten Tales User Manual Download
The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 is a comedy[2]point-and-click adventure video game[3][4] created by the German developer King Art Games.[5] The game, a sequel to The Book of Unwritten Tales, was published by Nordic Games on 20 February 2015[5] for Linux, Microsoft Windows and OS X.[5][6] Console ports for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One were released in September 2015. The PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were released exclusively as digital downloads. The Wii U version was released on 7 June 2016 in Europe and North America. A Nintendo Switch version was announced,[7] and released on 5 February 2019.
The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 Almanac Edition Description Goodies included in the Almanac Edition: 104-page Artbook - Over 100 pages of concept art and comics by the game's concept artist Marvin Clifford, along with Making Of renderings and background info. The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 claims to be one of the longest adventure games of the last decade. But longer isn't necessarily better. Some of the puzzles run a bit too long, and the dialogue can drag, considerably slowing the pace of the game. The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 is (obviously) a sequel to the previous game of the same name however this is the first time that the game made it to PlayStation. It is single player only, there is no multiplayer capability and there is no difficulty setting.
Plot[edit]
The game's four protagonists, Wilbur a novice gnomemage, Nate a narcissistic human, Ivo an elfprincess and a furry alien creature known as 'Critter', partake in an adventure in the fantasy land of Aventasia.[2] A magic force is turning beasts into puppies and castles into dollhouses.[5] The four heroes reunite to combat this unusual transformation of Aventasia.[2]
Production[edit]
English translation and voice recording was provided by OMUK.[3] The game was successfully crowdfunded on Kickstarter.[6] Before its official release, the game was launched on Steam Early Access.[1][5] The game's launch trailer poked fun at video game monetisation strategies,[8] such as free-to-play and microtransactions.[6]
The game made its way to PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in both physical and digital form, for a budget price of $20 on 18 September 2015. PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were also released, but these remained exclusively digital downloads; the PlayStation 3 version retained the reduced price of the eighth generation consoles, while the Xbox 360 launched at a cost of $30.
Aggregate score
Metacritic (PC) 80/100[9]
(XONE) 79/100[10]
Game Revolution 4/5[2]
Hardcore Gamer 4.5/5[3]
According to Jan Theysen of King Art Games, The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 was the company's most successful game, with sales 'in the mid six-digit range' by 2014.[12]
The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 received positive reviews from critics. The game has a Metacritic score of 80/100.[9]Game Revolution commented: 'Is The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 worth getting? Definitely! Although it doesn't add much innovation to the series, this game offers a more complex and fine-tuned adventure than its predecessor.'[2]Hardcore Gamer: 'If you love point and click adventures, The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 is everything you could possibly want and more. With stunning (and clever) graphics, a fully orchestrated soundtrack and top-notch voice acting, its production values are second to none, and it has writing chops to match.'[3]PC World called the puzzle design excellent but the graphics and audio occasionally spotty.[4] It stated: 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 is a reminder that while Telltale may have usurped the adventure genre, great traditional point-and-clicks can still be made.'[4]
Console editions received mixed reviews, though the Xbox One version provided noticeably better scores than the PlayStation 4 despite similar complaints for each console.[citation needed] Criticism was brought to the controls on the console ports.[citation needed]
^ ab Chalk, Andy (4 September 2014). 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 hits Steam Early Access with a new gameplay trailer'. PC Gamer. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ abcde Haught, Jeb (17 February 2015). 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 Review'. Game Revolution. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ abcd Thew, Geoff (23 February 2015). 'Review: The Book of Unwritten Tales 2'. Hardcore Gamer. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ abc Dingman, Hayden (20 February 2015). 'Book of Unwritten Tales 2 review: Consumer of worlds, champion of point-and-click adventures'. PC World. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ abcde 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 Game Information, Screenshots & Media'. Adventure Gamers. 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ abc Saed, Sherif (19 February 2015). 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 launch trailer parodies free-to-play, The Hobbit'. VG247. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ Nintendo Life. 'THQ Nordic Announces Another Three Games For Switch, All Launching In 2019'. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
^ Green, Shaun (21 February 2015). 'The Book Of Unwritten Tales Gets A Second Tale'. Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ ab 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 for PC Reviews'. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
^ 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 for Xbox One Reviews'. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^ 'The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews'. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
^https://web.archive.org/web/20180614071728/https://www.gamereactor.de/Artikel/118144/Theysen+Das+deutsche+AdventurePublikum+ist+anspruchsvoller/
The Book of Unwritten Tales 2 at Kickstarter
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Unwritten_Tales_2&oldid=927527541'
User Manual For Super Suit For Go Pro
New Holland C232 Free Manual Download
Dell Inspiron E1505 Laptop User Manual


PustakaBahasaInggris.com – Artikel hari ini, saya akan memberikan kalian 5 Kumpulan Dialog Bahasa Inggris 4 Orang Lengkap dengan Terjemahan dan Pembahasan Materi.
Situation: Dolph will send a package to his brother. He will need a little help from Jack to come with him. They will go to Post Office to send that package. What's going on? Check this following conversation!
Dolph: Oh, this is a package for my brother. I will send it via POS.
Jack: That's huge. It must be expensive.
Dolph: It doesn't matter, Jack. This package is very important for him. So I must be hurry to bring it to the Post Office. Do you want to help me?
Jack: Don't worry, man. I'll help you.
Jack: Oke, I'll open the door and preparing the car. You bring it into the car, alright.
Security: May I help you, sir?
Jack: We will send the package.
Security: Where will you send that package?
Dolph: I'll send it to Jakarta.
Security: What is the package, sir?
Dolph: It's some books and tools for academic research.
Security: Alright. This your queue number at the Customer Service 7th. He will help you to send your package.
Dolph: Thaks a lot, sir.
Customer Service: May I help you, sir?
Dolph: I will send the package.
Customer Service: Alright. What is the package, sir?
Customer Service: Where will you send the package, sir?
Dolph: I'll send it into Jakarta and this is the address.
Customer Service: I will check the address first and your package also. May I borrow your identity card?
Customer Service: Please wait a moment.
Customer Service: This your identity card, sir. The address is available. Please write down your phone number and the receiver.
Dolph: Do you accept credit card?
Customer Service: We are sorry, sir. We accept cash only.
Dolph: Alright. Please wait a minute. Jack! Do you bring some money? I only have Rp. 100.000,- but the package is Rp. 190.000,- . I'll lend you some.
Jack: Don't they accept credit card?
Dolph: Nope. They accept cash only.
Dolph: You have some, right?
Jack: I did't bring anyting, man. We use your car and my wallet on your home.
Dolph: Damn it! You find ATM around here. This is my card and PIN is 91****.
Dolph: That's too much but… that's oke. Thanks.
Dolph: I am sorry for waiting. This is the money, sir. Rp. 200.000,- and you can keep the change.
Customer Service: Alright. This is your receipt number. It will be 3 to 4 days into the destination. Thank you and have a nice day, sir.
Kalian ingat kan jika Procedure merupakan sebuah tahapan dan langkah-langkah untuk sebuah proses. Nah cerita di atas adalah beberapa langkah yang harus kalian siapkan pada saat akan mengirim barang.
Pergi ke tempat jasa pengiriman yang ada di sekitar kalian. Dalam cerita ini POS INDONESIA merupakan salah satu jasa pengiriman yang sudah tidak diragukan kinerja nya secara umum.
Bila semua proses sudah dilakukan dengan baik dan benar, maka kalian akan diberikan Nores (Nomor Resi) ini adalah bukti sah bahwa kalian telah ter-verifikasi. Maksudnya bahwa paket dan identitas kalian sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku oleh jasa ekspedisi yang bersangkutan.