text:
Articles using infobox military person, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, 1775 births,
American people of English descent
United States Army generals
American people of the War of 1812
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Commanding Generals of the United States Army
Jacob Brown
Jacob J. Brown
Major General Jacob J. Brown
(1775-05-09)May 9, 1775
February 24, 1828(1828-02-24) (aged 52)
New York Militia
1807 – 1813 (NY Militia)
1813 – 1828 (US Army)
Army of the Niagara
Commanding General of the Army
Battle of Sackett's Harbor
Capture of Fort Erie
Battle of Chippawa
Battle of Lundy's Lane
Siege of Fort Erie
Jacob Jennings Brown (9 May 1775 – 24 February 1828)[1] was an American army officer in the War of 1812. His successes on the northern border during that war made him a hero. In 1821, he was appointed commanding general of the U.S. Army and held that post until his death.
2 Military service
4 Place names
Early life[edit | edit source]
Born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, Jacob Jennings Brown was the son of Samuel and Abi (White) Brown. His middle name was given to him in honor of his paternal grandmother who was a descendant of Samuel Jennings, the latter having been a deputy governor of West Jersey and later receiver general of Pennsylvania in the early 18th century.[1]
Raised a Quaker, Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1790. He taught school and, in 1798, moved to upstate New York. There he was a pioneer settler and landowner in the Black River country and helped open the area up for further settlement. He and his extended family established mills and a store, laid out roads and improved navigation on the lower Black River.[1]
Military service[edit | edit source]
One biographer claimed that Brown received his earliest military training when he was a military secretary to Alexander Hamilton during the winter of 1798–99, while Hamilton was organizing the U.S. Army for possible war with France. However, Hamilton's biographies state he did not have a secretary. Biographical sketches of Brown published in 1815 do not mention a connection between him and Hamilton.[1]
In 1807, as one of the leading citizens of his county, Brown was commissioned as a captain in the 108th regiment of the New York Militia. Two years later, he was promoted to colonel. His initial commission was the result of regional political connections. However, his promotion to higher rank appears to have resulted from his aversion to frequent and expensive military parades in times of peace. On the frontier, it was time-consuming and expensive for scattered members of the militia to assemble for drill or other activities when they had farming and other occupations that demanded their time.[1]
When the War of 1812 began, Brown was a brigadier general in the New York militia, having been appointed to that rank in 1811. Though he opposed the war, he organized the defenses in the Great Lakes region. on 29 May 1813, troops led by Brown defeated the British at the Battle of Sackett's Harbor. As a result of his actions there, he was given a commission as a brigadier general in the regular army.[1] The next year his army captured Fort Erie in Ontario. After, his army defeated a British army at the Battle of Chippawa. He was wounded twice at the Battle of Lundy's Lane, one of the bloodiest engagements of the war for both sides. His last battle of the war was the Siege of Fort Erie in 1814, which resulted in an American victory. His successes, in what was the northwest U.S. at that time, made him a national hero. To express its appreciation, Congress authorized the award to Brown of a Congressional Gold Medal on 3 November 1814. General Brown was the 24th American to receive the Congressional Gold Medal.
In 1818, Brown was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.
After the war, the U.S. Army was reduced in size. By 1821, he was the only major general in the service and President James Monroe made him commanding general. Despite a stroke he suffered in 1821, he functioned well in his new post. He reorganized the army staff into the form it retained for the rest of the century. He advised the secretaries of war and the presidents on military policy. He also pushed for the establishment of two post-graduate schools for the military, the precursors of present-day staff and command colleges.[1] Another first was his creation in 1822 of the General Recruiting Service as the first organization responsible for providing manpower for the Army.[2]
On 24 February 1828, General Brown died and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
General Brown was so well respected that when he died, and his casket was carried down Pennsylvania Avenue on the shoulders of a detachment of U.S. Marines, the entire government shut down for the funeral. His mile-long funeral procession was composed of family, military detachments and government officials. Then President John Quincy Adams said of him:
General Brown was one of the eminent men of this age and nation. Through bred a Quaker, he was a man of lofty and martial spirit, and in the late war contributed perhaps more than any man to redeem and establish the military character of his country.[1]
Family[edit | edit source]
In December 1802, he married Pamela Williams, then seventeen. They eventually had four sons (Gouverneur, Jacob, William and Nathan) and five daughters (Mary, Eliza, Pamela, Margaret and Katherine).[1]
Brown's first-born son, Gouverneur, drowned in an ice-skating accident at the age of twelve.[1] Two of General Brown's sons, Jacob (class of 1832) and William Spencer (class of 1835), graduated from West Point. Jacob resigned after four years service in the army, and William resigned after only six months, both of them dying young. Brown's fourth son, Nathan William, did not attend the academy but had a successful military career. In 1849, at age thirty-one, Nathan was appointed a major. In 1864, during the Civil War, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and served as deputy paymaster general. He became a brigadier general and paymaster general in 1880 and retired in 1882 after 33 years in the army. Katherine married Larkin Smith, a West Point classmate of her brother William. In 1861, Smith resigned his army commission to serve as assistant quartermaster general of the Confederate army. Pamela's husband, David Hammond Vinton, served in the same post during the Civil War, but on the Union side.[1]
Eliza married Edmund Kirby, a colonel in the Mexican-American War, and a U.S. Army Paymaster. Their son Edmund also attended West Point, graduated in 1861 and was commissioned as an artillery officer. He served with the Army of the Potomac from First Bull Run through Chancellorsville, where he was severely wounded. Nominated for brigadier general by President Lincoln, he died before the Senate could confirm the promotion. He was only 23 years of age.
Place names[edit | edit source]
The following counties, towns and institutions are named after Jacob Jennings Brown:
Brown County, Ohio
Brown County, Indiana
Brown County, Illinois
Brown County, Wisconsin
Brownville (village), New York
Brownville (town), New York
Brownsville, Tennessee
Brown Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Citations[edit | edit source]
↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Morris, J.D. Sword of the Border. 2000. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "morris" defined multiple times with different content
↑ pp.54-55, Vandergriff, Donald, Manning the Future Legions of the United States, Praeger Security International, London, 2008
Morris, J.D. 2000. Sword of the Border: Major General Jacob Jennings Brown, 1775-1828. The Kent State University Press. Kent, Ohio. ISBN 0-87338-659-0
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brown, Jacob.
Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff
Jacob Brown's grave site
Jacob Jennings Brown papers, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan.
Military offices
Henry Dearborn Senior Officer of the United States Army
(Commanding General of the United States Army)
(Senior Officer of the United States Army) Commanding General of the United States Army
Alexander Macomb
Leaders of the United States Army
Senior Officer /
Commanding General
J. Brown
W. Scott
Chiefs of Staff
Wotherspoon
H. Scott
Summerall
Lemnitzer
B. Palmer
Weyand
Vuono
Shinseki
Schoomaker
Odierno
Milley
McConville
Vice Chiefs of Staff
Haislip
W. Palmer
Kerwin
Kroesen
Vessey
A. Brown
RisCassi
Tilelli
Chiarelli
Retrieved from "https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Jacob_Brown?oldid=5086425"


Paradise Resort Gold Coast is the ultimate family resort, full to the brim with kid friendly bunk houses, water parks, and even a Zone For Kids playhouse, with arts and crafts, hair braiding and face painting. Planet Chill is a huge hit with guests while their indoor ice skating rink and teen games room, plus themed activity nights add another level of cool to the ultimate family resort.
The fully themed resort is decked out with colourful bunk house rooms that can sleep a family of five in one room. Bunk house rooms even include a TV and gaming station for the kids, with a big king bed for mum and dad. Resort rooms are available to give parents and children separate bedrooms.
The resort also includes a Buffet Bistro, Poolside Cafe and Mini Mart, so you don't even have to leave the hotel. This truly is heaven for kids and parents!


When is the next solar eclipse in Brunei?
The following table listens all solar eclipses, whose path is crossing Brunei. It is crucial that the eclipse path touches the country. Solar eclipses which can only be seen partital are not considdered in the table below. With other words: The following table shows all solar eclipses, whose totallity or annularity can be seen in Brunei.
The next partial solar eclipse in Brunei is in 247 days on Thursday, 12/26/2019.
The next total solar eclipse in Brunei is in 8398 days on Sunday, 04/20/2042.
The next annular solar eclipse in Brunei is in 16017 days on Wednesday, 02/28/2063.


Delta Power Solutions, provider of power and thermal management solutions has bagged the "Make In India" award in the category for excellence in Power Solution, said a statement from the company.
The event is an initiative by Krazy Mantra to honour the contribution of companies, organizations, institutes, and individuals for their outstanding contribution in different areas, informs Delta Power Solutions.
The statement further says that the award was given in recognition of the "outstanding contribution" by Delta for providing reliable and efficient power to critical operations like Hospitals, Railways, IT & Datacenter, Education etc.
Union Minister Kalraj Mishra and Hocky legend Dhanraj Pillai presented the awards to the winners.
"Delta has significantly reduced the carbon footprint of all the operations, provided protection to all critical applications and worked hard to develop the technologies and solutions that help our customers to conserve energy and reduce emissions, all of which contribute to India's sustainable development. This award reiterates Delta's mission – To provide innovative, clean, and energy-efficient solutions for a better tomorrow, says Suhas Joshi, Vice President, Delta Power Solution.


text:
Обласний комітет Рад робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну — виконавчий орган самоврядування робітників гірничодобувних та суміжних підприємств Донецько-Криворізького басейну.

Обласна рада робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну
Обласна рада робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну — непостійний орган самоврядування робітників гірничодобувних та суміжних підприємств Донецько-Криворізького басейну у 1917-1918 рр.
Складався з представників місцевих рад. Збирався лише п'ять разів. Є відомості, що головою ради на ІІІ з'їзді (щодо якого є сумніви у легітимності) був обраний більшовик Магідов.

З'їзди Рад робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну
Усього відбулось одна конференція та чотири з'їзди Рад робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну:

I конференція рад робітничих і солдатських депутатів Донбасу 15-17 березня 1917 у Бахмуті

I з'їзд 25 квітня по 6 травня 1917 р.

II з'їзд 6 жовтня 1917 р.

III з'їзд 9 грудня 1917 р.

IV з'їзд 27 січня 1918 р.

Перший обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів
Перший обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів відбувся у Харкові з 25 квітня по 6 травня 1917 року. На з'їзді було 170 делегатів, які сформували на багатопартійній основі свій постійний орган — Обласний комітет Рад (Обком) на чолі з 33-річним харків'янином Лазарем Голубовським з партії лівих есерів.

З'їзд одноголосно ухвалив встановити мінімальну заробітну плату для всіх робітників у 4 карбованці за 8-годинний робочий день.
Окрім цього делегати розробили кілька таблиць, за якими в залежності від складності праці визначалась реальна зарплата.
При зупинці підприємства робітникам мали виплачувати середню заробітню плату, а за понаднормову роботу — за коефіцієнтом 1,5. За постановою з'їзду заробітна плата членам рад і утримання рад мали здійснюватись за рахунок підприємств.
Промисловці мали зберегти або створити продовольчі магазини і відпускати в них продукти по цінах липня 1916 р. На важких
або гарячих роботах запроваджувався 6-годинний робочий день.
Перелік важких робіт, а також всі спірні питання між робітниками і адміністрацією мала розв'язувати рада робітничих депутатів та заводські чи рудничні комітети.
Постанова з'їзду була вручена конференції гірничопромисловців півдня Росії, яка в той же час проходила у Харкові. Промисловці згодились лише частково задовольнити ці вимоги. На що конференція рад заявила, що відмова промисловців дає робітникам «цілковиту волю», а вина за можливі наслідки лягає цілком на гірничопромисловців73. Виник черговий затяжний конфлікт між робіниками і працедавцями.

Другий обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів
Був призначений на 5 жовтня, однак через відсутність кворуму перенесено на наступний день. Зі 130 делегатів 47 були більшовиками, 41 — меншовики, 34 — есери, 8 делегатів були безпартійними. У переобраному обкомі більшовиків була меншість.

Третій обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів
Третій обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів розпочав свою роботу 9 (22) грудня 1918 р. у Харкові. Від 140 рад Донкривбасу прибули 77 делегатів від 46  рад. Присутні делегати були переважно учасниками обласної більшовицької конференції Донкривбасу, тобто були представниками більшовицьких фракцій рад, а не власне рад.
Як з'ясувалося з перших же хвилин засідання з'їзду він був нелегітимний. За регламентом, затвердженим II з'їздом, він мав би вважатися правомочним, якби на ньому були присутні більше половини Рад області. З 140 ж рад було представлено 46. Але під тиском більшовиків з'їзд продовжив свою роботу. На цьому з'їзді було прийнято резолюцію «Про самовизначення Донецького і Криворізького басейна».

11 (24) грудня 1917 до цих 77 делегатів приєдналися 124 делегати, які покинули Всеукраїнський з'їзд рад у Києві і представляли 49 рад з усієї території України. Разом вони проголосили себе повноважним першим з'їздом рад України. Цей з'їзд у радянській історіографії отримав назву Першого Всеукраїнського з'їзду рад.

Четвертий обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів
Четвертий обласний з'їзд рад Донецького і Криворізького басейнів відбувся 27—30 січня 1918 в Харкові.

На з'їзді були присутні 74 делегати, з них 48 більшовиків.

На з'їзді обговорювалися питання: 1) Поточний момент; 2) Економічна політика в Донецькому басейні; 3) Обласна організація.

На доповідь Артема (Ф. А. Сергеева) про поточний момент з'їзд ухвалив резолюцію, в якій схвалив розпуск Установчих зборів і підтримав рішення Третього Всеросійського з'їзду рад.
На доповідь М. О. Скрипника була схвалена резолюція, в якій, проаналізувавши важке економічне становище на Донбасі, з'їзд закликав робітників до розгортання соціалістичних перетворень в економіці, для керівництва якими було вирішено утворити Південну обласну раду народного господарства.

При обговоренні питання про обласну організацію С. Ф. Васильченко, Артем (Ф. А. Сергеев), М. П. Жаков та ряд інших делегатів виступили за утворення окремо від Української народної республіки (частину якої контролював більшовицький Народний секретаріат) Донецько-Криворізької радянської республіки. Член Народного секретарітау М. О. Скрипник запропонував резолюцію, в якій визнавалася автономія Донбасу у складі «Південно-Російської Української республіки, як частини Всеросійської федерації радянських республік». З'їзд більшістю голосів схвалив пропозицію С. Ф. Васильченка про виділення Донецько-Криворізької області зі складу України і створення Донецько-Криворізької республіки. З'їзд обрав обласний виконавчий комітет рад. За дорученням з'їзду облвиконком 14 лютого 1918 року сформував Раднарком Донецько-криворізької області на чолі з Артемом (Ф. А. Сергеевим).

Областний комітет Рад робітничих депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну
Утворено у травні 1917 р. на Першому з'їзді рад робітничих та солдатських депутатів Донецько-Криворізького басейну. Головою був Лазар Голубовський.

Перебував у перманентному конфлікті із З їздом гірничопромисловців Півдня Росії через суперечки навколо умов праці шахтарів та суміжних професій.

На II обласний з'їзд Рад Донецько-Криворізького басейну обласний комітет було переобрано. Більшовики не отримали там більшості і блокували його роботу. Радянські історики пояснювали це тим, що нібито при формуванні складу з'їзду меншовики видали своїм прихильникам 50 «незаконних» мандатів

Михайло Жаков так змалював перші місяці роботи обкому після переформатування: "На перших засіданнях Обласного комітету ми зіткнулися з тим, що фракції меншовиків та с. — P., завдяки представництву від партійних центрів отримали переважання, в той час як на з'їзді більшість в один голос було забезпечено нам. Це паралізувало роботу Обласного комітету. Ми не могли при такому положенні дозволити ні одного принципового питання і займалися тільки вермішеллю "

Після жовтневого перевороту в Петрограді більшовики почали вимагали поставили на порядок денний перевибори обкому, а відповідно — і новий з'їзд Рад.

23 листопада 1917 більшовицька фракція обкому оприлюднила свою відозву «До робітників Донецького і Криворізького басейнів», в якому зажадала переобрання обласного комітету.

Четвертий обласний з'їзд обрав Обласний комітет у складі 9 осіб. Від більшовиків до нього увійшли Семен Васильченко, Михайло Жаков, Мойсей Тевелєв, Йосип Варайкіс і Андрєєв, від есерів Киричок, Ровенський, Маркарьян, від меншовиків Яків Рубінштейн. Не зовсім ясно чому в протоколі 9 осіб, а у прийнятій резолюції 11.

14 лютого 1918 р. обком створив Раду народних комісарів Донецько-Криворізької області. Цей крок дістав засудження від керівників більшовицької партії.
Одночасно виконком визначився зі своїм ставленням до Ради народних комісарів у Петрограді та ВУЦВК Рад України: «Ставлення до цих двох органів визначається наступним чином: Рада народних Комісарів Донецького і Криворізького басейну зобов'язана проводити в життя декрети Народних Комісарів Російської республіки в басейнах, ЦВК України вважається органом паралельним Обласному комітетові, але Ради Донецького басейну беруть участь в загальному будівництві державного життя з Радами всього півдня Росії -України, і Доно Кубано Терського району».

Обком припинив свою діяльність наприкінці весни 1918 р., коли свою владу в регіоні відновила УНР.

Керівники
Голубовський Лазар Борисович (квітень 1917 - січень 1918)

Васильченко Семен Пилипович (січень-квітень 1918)

Члени обласного комітету
Васильченко Семен Пилипович - більшовик.

Жаков Михайло Петрович - більшовик.

Тевелєв Мойсей Соломонович - більшовик.

Варейкіс Йосип Михайлович - більшовик.

Андрєєв - більшовик.

Рубінштейн Яків Львович - меншовик.

Киричок - есер.

Ровенський Павло (Фейфель) Володимирович - есер.

Макарьян - есер.

Кандидатами в члени обкому були також обрані: Алексєєв, Марк,  Микола Попов (всі меншовики) і Лазар Голубовський, Добровольський, Чорний (всі есери).

Примітки

Джерела
Корнилов В. В. «Донецко-Криворожская республика: Расстрелянная мечта» — Харків, «Фоліо», 2011.

Новітня історія Донецької області
Громадянська війна на Донбасі
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Archive for the 'US North Com' Category
Has The Stage Been Set For A Nuclear False Flag Event In America?
May 30, 2011: Alex Thomas / The Intel Hub – May 29, 2011
I hope I'm wrong, but my bet is that Chicago, Illinois is the next target for a false flag attack in America! – SJH
The stage has been set for a nuclear false flag in America. Many in the alternative media have wondered if a false flag nuke attack within America is a real possibility.
Would they do it? Who would it be? What cities would be targeted?
Recently, The New York Times reported that the United States is running out of a rare gas that is used to detect smuggled nuclear materials. The reason given is that one arm of the Energy Department is selling the gas much quicker than the other is able to accumulate it.
While this could possibly be a legitimate reason, it seems highly suspicious that a government that is installing a police state nationwide to supposedly save us from terrorists would be unable to obtain the gas needed to detect smuggled nuclear weapons. Wouldn't a nuclear attack on America be the MOST important threat to combat?
Unfortunately there is a long history of suspicious nuclear activity in the United States, with cover story after cover story being spread throughout the corporate controlled media.
At this junction in history it seems prudent to lay out some of the more ludicrous stories that have been planted into the minds of the American people.
Laying The Groundwork
One of the more recent nuclear cover stories was released in late March. This story was just that, a complete and utter fabrication of what Al Qaeda can actually do.
25 letters that claim nuclear bombs are hidden throughout the United States were supposedly sent to multiple investigators and citizens in the Chicago area…
Letters Claim Al-CIAda Has Nuclear Bombs Hidden Across United States
"The idea that Al Qaeda could place over a hundred nuclear weapons into government buildings throughout the United States is 100% impossible. Cave dwelling ninjas do not have the ability to either steal or create nuclear weapons, fly them over to America, and somehow plant them in government buildings."
Last year Obama labeled a nuclear attack on America as the biggest single threat facing our nation yet we are unable to obtain the gas used to detected them?
Calling terrorists with nuclear weapons "the single biggest threat to U.S. security," Obama said that the "central focus for this summit is getting the international community on the path in which we are locking down that nuclear material in a very specific time frame with a specific work plan," Politico reported in 2010.
In late July 2010, The National Research Council released a report titled, Nuclear Forensics: A Capability at Risk. The report outlined the fact that the United States is no longer able to track nukes threatening our shores!
Gordon Duff, writing for Veterans Today, speculated that this was a cover that could be used in the event of a false flag nuclear attack:
"A powerful group within the United States, one with influence over the press and the ability to derail an investigation as was done with 9/11, has been "tasked" with laying the groundwork for a terrorist attack on America, one using nuclear material."
In the same article Gordon wrote about a somewhat unknown raid that took place in Indiana that he believes was related to smuggled nuclear weapons:
"Another piece of the puzzle involved a federal task force, Defense, Energy, FBI, descending on a warehouse in Greenfield, Indiana under the guise of a "records search." This "Waco style" assault on a facility storing furniture for college dorm rooms was much more than it seemed. No case, criminal or civil, provided any underlying reason for the search."
In 2002, World Net Daily reported on a book by an FBI consult that claimed that Osama Bin Laden had bought 20 suitcase nukes from KGB agents in 1998!
A new book by an FBI consultant on international terrorism says Osama bin Laden's al-Qaida terrorist network purchased 20 suitcase nuclear weapons from former KGB agents in 1998 for $30 million.
The book,"Al Qaeda: Brotherhood of Terror," by Paul L. Williams, also says this deal was one of at least three in the last decade in which al-Qaida purchased small nuclear weapons or weapons-grade nuclear uranium.
Obviously this book was one of the first attempts to implant the possibility of Al Qaeda nuking the U.S. into the minds of the American people.
And then there is the now infamous 2007 Minot Air Force Base fiasco which involved nuclear weapons that were apparently missing for up to 36 hours.
"According to a wide range of reports, several nuclear bombs were "lost" for 36 hours after taking off August 29/30, 2007 on a "cross-country journey" across the U.S., from U.S. A.F. Base Minot in North Dakota to U.S.A.F. Base Barksdale in Louisiana.
Reportedly, in total there were six W80-1 nuclear warheads armed on AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missiles (ACMs) that were "lost." The story was first reported by the Military Times, after military servicemen leaked the story," reported Mahdi Darius Nazemroaya.
Hundreds of large scale simulated nuclear drills have taken place in America and abroad during the last ten years.
One of the more ominous drills, TopOff 4, took place in Portland Oregon. The exercise simulated a large scale dirty bomb attack in the heart of downtown Portland. The Oregon fact sheet on the exercise read like a Hollywood movie.
Remember we have lost most of our freedom due to the threat of terrorism yet we are supposed to believe that cave dwelling terrorists can outmaneuver multiple western intelligence agencies.
The T4 full-scale exercise is based on National Planning Scenario 11 (NPS-11). Terrorists have planned attacks in Oregon, Arizona, and the U.S. Territory of Guam. They have brought radioactive material into the United States.
The first of three coordinated attacks occurs in Guam, with the detonation of a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD), or "dirty bomb," causing casualties and widespread contamination in a populous area. Within hours, similar attacks occur in Portland and Phoenix.
Interestingly enough, the drill took place at the same time as Vigilant Shield, a massive operation which simulated detonation of three radiological dispersal devices within the USNORTHCOM and U.S. Pacific Command areas of responsibility.
A quick search of the internet will reveal hundreds of similar drills in numerous different cities all with the same mind set. A mind set that is based off the false premise that terrorists can obtain nuclear material without the help of major governments.
The corporate controlled media and Hollywood have played a huge part in implementing a possible terrorist nuclear attack into the minds of people worldwide. This idea is not only an American fear mongering operation.
Operation Blackjack, a set of slide show comics that depicted nuclear bombs detonating in major cities throughout the world, was mysteriously released in 2009 by The London Telegraph.
The slide shows had numerous embed codes and symbolism that to some indicated it was a very real operation that would happen on June 22nd 2009 or 2010.
Obviously those dates have come and gone but the IDEA that this could happen was cemented into the minds of the hundreds of thousands who read the comic like slide shows.
Interestingly enough, Jericho, a popular TV show in America, depicted a very similar scenario as Operation Blackjack…
Jericho: Season 1 Trailer
The nuclear attacks in Jericho were actually carried out by rogue elements of our government who immediately instituted a North American Union, martial law, FEMA Camps, and private military death squads.
Doctor Who, a popular family show in Britain ran an episode that is a clear cut case of predictive programming. Nuclear attack, martial law, and labor camps…
Predictive Programming In The Doctor Who Episode "Turn Left"
While the sheer amount of predictive programming in regards to nuclear attacks makes it impossible to list them all, these three paint a clear picture of the mind control that we the people have experienced.
Questions Remain
It is clear that the groundwork and cover for a nuclear false flag in a major American or European city has been slowly put into place.
Many questions remain. Will the numerous hardworking, patriotic Americans in the government and military stop such a horrific act from happening?
Will the powers that be realize that the blame for such an attack would be pointed directly at them? Will a different, more feasible, false flag be used instead?
These are questions that must be answered. We the people must let it be known that we will no longer stand for any form of false flag terrorism.
Take note America, as we continue to lose our freedoms in the name of security, we have become more vulnerable then ever to a large scale false flag on par or more extreme than 9/11.
The Stage Is Set For A Nuclear False Flag
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: With Rahm Emanuel in place as Chicago mayor, much like Giuliani was in New York during 9/11, look for Chicago to be the next false flag target in America… – SJH
http://theintelhub.com/2011/05/29/the-stage-is-set-for-a-nuclear-false-flag/
Posted in 9/11, al-Qaeda, Big Brother, Bio-Chem Warfare, Bush Regime, CIA, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Controlled Demolition, Corruption, Deception, DHS, Disinformation, Education, Eugenics, False Flag, Fascism, FBI, FEMA, Genocide, Geo-Politics, Government, History, Law and Justice, Martial Law, Media, Military, New World Order, North American Union, Nuclear Warfare, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Osama Bin Laden, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Science / Technology, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Terrorism, U.S. News, US North Com, Video, War, War Crimes, World Disasters, World Government, World News, WWIII
US And Canada Agree To "Swap" Troops During Civil Emergencies!
February 24, 2011: Ottawa Citizen / Canada.com – February 22, 2011
This is treason by our governments! – SJH
Canada and the U.S. have signed an agreement that paves the way for the militaries from either nation to send troops across each other's borders during an emergency, but some are questioning why the Harper government has kept silent on the deal.
Neither the Canadian government nor the Canadian Forces announced the new agreement, which was signed Feb. 14 in Texas.
The U.S. military's Northern Command, however, publicized the agreement with a statement outlining how its top officer, Gen. Gene Renuart, and Canadian Lt.-Gen. Marc Dumais, head of Canada Command, signed the plan, which allows the military from one nation to support the armed forces of the other nation during a civil emergency.
The new agreement has been greeted with suspicion by the left wing in Canada and the right wing in the U.S. The left-leaning Council of Canadians, which is campaigning against what it calls the increasing integration of the U.S. and Canadian militaries, is raising concerns about the deal.
"It's kind of a trend when it comes to issues of Canada-U.S. relations and contentious issues like military integration. We see that this government is reluctant to disclose information to Canadians that is readily available on American and Mexican websites," said Stuart Trew, a researcher with the Council of Canadians.
Trew said there is potential for the agreement to militarize civilian responses to emergency incidents. He noted that work is also underway for the two nations to put in place a joint plan to protect common infrastructure such as roadways and oil pipelines. "Are we going to see (U.S.) troops on our soil for minor potential threats to a pipeline or a road?" he asked.
Trew also noted the U.S. military does not allow its soldiers to operate under foreign command so there are questions about who controls American forces if they are requested for service in Canada. "We don't know the answers because the government doesn't want to even announce the plan," he said.
But Canada Command spokesman Commander David Scanlon said it will be up to civilian authorities in both countries on whether military assistance is requested or even used.
He said the agreement is "benign" and simply sets the stage for military-to-military co-operation if the governments approve. "But there's no agreement to allow troops to come in," he said. "It facilitates planning and co-ordination between the two militaries. The 'allow' piece is entirely up to the two governments."
If U.S. forces were to come into Canada they would be under tactical control of the Canadian Forces but still under the command of the U.S. military, Scanlon added.
News of the deal, and the allegation it was kept secret in Canada, is already making the rounds on left-wing blogs and Internet sites as an example of the dangers of the growing integration between the two militaries.
On right-wing blogs in the U.S. it is being used as evidence of a plan for a "North American union" where foreign troops, not bound by U.S. laws, could be used by the American federal government to override local authorities. "Co-operative militaries on Home Soil!" notes one website. "The next time your town has a 'national emergency,' don't be surprised if Canadian soldiers respond. And remember — Canadian military aren't bound by posse comitatus."
Posse comitatus is a U.S. law that prohibits the use of federal troops from conducting law enforcement duties on domestic soil unless approved by Congress.
Scanlon said there was no intent to keep the agreement secret on the Canadian side of the border. He noted it will be reported on in the Canadian Forces newspaper next week and that publication will be put on the Internet. Scanlon said the actual agreement hasn't been released to the public as that requires approval from both nations. That decision has not yet been taken, he added.
Canadian And U.S. Marines Conduct Room Clearing Training
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: This is being done because foreign troops will have no problem firing on civilians from another country. This has been done throughout history… – SJH
http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=403d90d6-7a61-41ac-8cef-902a1d14879d&k=14984
Posted in Big Brother, Canada, Civil Rights, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Corruption, Deception, Disinformation, Economy, Education, Fascism, Freedom, Geo-Politics, Government, History, Law and Justice, Martial Law, Military, New World Order, North American Union, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Revolution, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Tenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution, U.S. News, US North Com, USMC, Video, World Disasters, World Government, World News
Chinese Navy Jin Class Nuclear Submarine Fired Missile Off So Cal
November 11, 2010: Wayne Madsen / Wayne Madsen Report via Infowars.com – November 10, 2010
As usual, the MSM dropped the ball on this one with vertical flying planes and 'optical illusions' dominating their spin! – SJH
China flexed its military muscle Monday evening in the skies west of Los Angeles when a Chinese Navy Jin class ballistic missile nuclear submarine, deployed secretly from its underground home base on the south coast of Hainan Island, launched an intercontinental ballistic missile from international waters off the southern California coast.
WMR's intelligence sources within Asia, including in Japan, say the belief by the military commands throughout Asia and their intelligence services is that the Chinese decided to demonstrate to the United States its capabilities on the eve of the G-20 Summit in Seoul and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Tokyo, where President Obama is scheduled to attend during his ten-day trip to Asia. The reported Chinese missile test off Los Angeles came as a double blow to Obama.
The day after the missile [off So Cal], China's leading credit rating agency — Dagong Global Credit Rating — downgraded the sovereign debt rating of the United States to A-plus from AA. The missile demonstration coupled with the downgrading of the United States financial grade represents a military and financial show of force by Beijing to Washington.
The Pentagon spin machine, backed by the media reporters who regularly cover the Defense Department, as well as officials of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), and the U.S. Northern Command, is now spinning various conspiracy theories, including describing the missile plume videotaped by KCBS news helicopter cameraman Gil Leyvas at around 5:00pm Pacific Standard Time, during the height of evening rush hour, as the condensation trail from a jet aircraft. Other Pentagon-inspired cover stories are that the missile was actually an amateur rocket or an optical illusion.
There are no records of a plane in the area having taken off from Los Angeles International Airport or from other airports in the region. The Navy and Air Force have said that they were not conducting any missile tests from submarines, ships, or Vandenberg Air Force Base. The Navy has also ruled out an accidental firing from one of its own submarines.
Missile experts, including those from Jane's in London, say the plume was definitely from a missile, possibly launched from a submarine. WMR has learned that the missile was likely a JL-2 ICBM, which has a range of 7,000 miles, and was fired in a northwesterly direction over the Pacific and away from U.S. territory from a Jin class submarine. The Jin class can carry up to twelve such missiles.
Navy sources have revealed that the missile may have impacted on Chinese territory and that the National Security Agency (NSA) likely posseses intercepts of Chinese telemtry signals during the missile firing and subsequent testing operations.
Asian intelligence sources believe the submarine transited from its base on Hainan through South Pacific waters, where U.S. anti-submarine warfare detection capabilities are not as effective as they are in the northern and mid-Pacific, and then transited north to waters off of Los Angeles. The Pentagon, which has spent billions on ballistic missile defense systems, a pet project of former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, is clearly embarrassed over the Chinese show of strength.
The White House also wants to downplay the missile story before President Obama meets with his Chinese counterpart in Seoul and Tokyo. According to Japanese intelligence sources, Beijing has been angry over United States and allied naval exercises in the South China and Yellow Seas, in what China considers its sphere of influence, and the missile firing within the view of people in Southern California was a demonstration that China's Navy can also play in waters off the American coast.
For the U.S. Navy, the Chinese show of force is a huge embarassment, especially for the Navy's Pacific Command in Pearl Harbor, where Japan's December 7, 1941 attack on the fleet at Pearl Harbor remains a sore subject.
In 2002, national security adviser Condoleezza Rice reportedly scolded visiting Chinese General Xiong Guankai, the deputy chief of staff for intelligence of the People's Liberation Army, for remarks he allegedly made in 1995 that China would use nuclear weapons on Los Angeles. Xiong denied he made any such comments but the "spin" on the story helped convince Congress to sink billions of additional dollars into ballistic missile defense, sometimes referred to as "Star Wars II."
RT: Mystery Missile Launch Off California Coast From Submarine
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: This is without a doubt the most reasonable explaination for the obvious submarine missile launch off the coast of So Cal, as the Pentagon and MSM will never tell you the truth! – SJH
http://www.infowars.com/wayne-madsen-china-fired-missile-seen-in-southern-california/
Posted in Asia, Big Brother, China, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Corruption, Deception, Disinformation, Economy, Education, FAA, False Flag, Fascism, Federal Reserve, G20, Geo-Politics, Global Banking, Government, Japan, Media, Military, New World Order, NORAD, Nuclear Warfare, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Pentagon, Propaganda, Psyops, Russia, Science / Technology, Slavery, Socialism, South Korea, Sovereignty, U.S. News, US North Com, Video, White House, World Bank, World Disasters, World Government, World News, WW II, WWIII
No Charges To Be Filed For The Destruction Of CIA Torture Tapes!
November 9, 2010: David Edwards / Raw Story – November 9, 2010
There will be no criminal charges over the destruction of CIA tapes showing interrogation of terrorism detainees, according to a new report. Federal prosecutors have determined that there is not enough evidence to bring charges, two sources have told NPR. The statue of limitations expired Monday so no future prosecutions will be possible. A few of the tapes allegedly contained evidence showing the interrogation of two detainees, Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri.
Intelligence officials told NBC News that one of the tapes showed Zubaydah being waterboarded. Other tapes contained innocuous images of other detainees. The CIA reportedly destroyed the tapes in November 2005. The Senate Intelligence Committee's Democratic chairman, Sen. Jay Rockefeller, learned of their destruction in November 2006.
Then-Attorney General Michael Mukasey named Assistant US Attorney John Durham to lead an investigation in January 2008. Attorney General Eric Holder expanded Durham's mandate last year and asked him to look into whether the CIA or contractors went beyond legal interrogation methods. That investigation is ongoing, according to NPR's sources.
RT: Decision Points – Waterboarding And Torture
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: How convenient, considering GW Bush's memoirs Decision Points was just released today where he openly admits to ordering the torture of detainees via waterboarding…
George W. Bush: "Damn Right" I Personally Ordered Waterboarding
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/11/damn-right-personally-ordered-waterboarding-bush/
Decision Points By George W. Bush
Decision Points: George W. Bush Memoirs – Here's A Book To Burn
https://stevenjohnhibbs.wordpress.com/2010/09/15/decision-points-george-w-bush-memoirs-heres-a-book-to-burn/
The New American Century
Watch this documentary and discover who actually made the "decision points" that led us to this point! – SJH
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/11/charges-destruction-cia-interrogation-tapes-report/
Posted in 9/11, Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, Assassination Teams, Big Brother, Britain, Bush Regime, CIA, Civil Rights, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Controlled Demolition, Corruption, Deception, Disinformation, Documentary, Economy, Education, Eugenics, False Flag, Fascism, Federal Reserve, Freedom, Genocide, Geo-Politics, Global Banking, Government, History, Indefinite Detentions, Iraq, Israel, Katrina, Law and Justice, Martial Law, Media, Middle East, Military, New World Order, NORAD, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Osama Bin Laden, Pentagon, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Renditions, Rockefeller, Science / Technology, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Surveillance, Taleban, Terrorism, Torture, U.S. Constitution, U.S. News, US North Com, Video, War, War Crimes, White House, WMD, World Bank, World Disasters, World Government, World News, WTC 1 & 2, WTC 7, WWIII, Zionism
Pentagon Claims Mystery Missile Unexplained And Possible Threat
November 9, 2010: New York Post Editors / New York Post – November 9, 2010
The Pentagon said Tuesday that a missile launch off the southern coast of California remained "unexplained" and that its mysterious origins meant that it was not possible to rule out any threat to the homeland, Fox News Channel reported.
Earlier Tuesday, NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command) and NORTHCOM (United States Northern Command) officials told Fox there was no threat, but Pentagon Spokesman Col. Dave Lapan would not confirm that because the military does not know what the missile was or where it came from. Lapan added that the incident did not appear to be a regularly scheduled test, as no warnings to mariners or airmen appeared to be issued ahead of its launch.
The contrail was caught on camera by a KCBS news helicopter at around sunset Monday evening, approximately 35 miles out to sea and west of Los Angeles. The missile appeared to be launched from the water, and not from US soil, Lapan added. The military was trying to solve the mystery using the video from KCBS as there was no indication that NORAD and NORTHCOM were able to detect it independently.
According to Fox News, NORAD and NORTHCOM would only say they were aware of the launch. However one unnamed senior defense official added: "There was no threat to the homeland." A navy spokesperson previously told KCBS that no navy activity was reported in the region. A sergeant at Vandenberg Air Force Base in Santa Barbara County said a Delta II rocket was launched from the base last Friday, but insisted there were no launches since then.
On viewing the footage, former deputy defense secretary Robert Ellsworth speculated on KCBS that the launch could be a show of military muscle. "It could be a test-firing of an intercontinental ballistic missile from a submarine … to demonstrate, mainly to Asia, that we can do that," Ellsworth said.
Mystery Missile Caught On Video Near L.A.
Mystery Missile Launch Seen Off California Coast
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: Or maybe it was those dastardly villians Osama bin Dead and Anwar al-Awlaki in their peddle-powered yellow submarine with kaleidoscope eyes… Booga, booga! – SJH
Link to original article with additional video below…
http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/mystery_missile_launch_caught_report_InDYUhETO5NnS5RYKuZ6bO
Posted in al-Qaeda, Asia, Big Brother, Bullshit!, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Controlled Demolition, Corruption, Deception, Disinformation, Education, False Flag, Fascism, Geo-Politics, Global Banking, Government, History, Law and Justice, Media, Military, New World Order, NORAD, Nuclear Warfare, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Osama Bin Laden, Pentagon, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Science / Technology, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Terrorism, U.S. News, US North Com, Video, War, WMD, World Bank, World Disasters, World Government, World News
Engineered Economic Collapse In America Leading To Martial Law
October 15, 2010: Phil Brennan / Phil Brennan via Infowars.com – October 15, 2010
Now with the US Government preparing to seize private and public pensions in order to bankrupt the American people and bring them down into poverty as part of their Full Spectrum Dominance plans, the risk of American society collapsing into anarchy and rioting is extremely high over the next few months.
Plans have already been in place for the past twenty-six years with Rex 84 to bring the USA under Martial Law in such an eventuality. The Military have been training extensively over this time period specifically to take on the American people with the National Level Program of army exercises. National Level Exercises 2010 (NLE10) have had exercises in Chicago, Illinois, entitled "Operation Vigilant Guard", where foreign troops were training with the US Military to take out Patriots and confiscate legally held guns from the American people. [see videos below]
In a PrisonPlanet.tv special video report with Rob Dew and Jason Douglass, Operation Vigilant Guard is well documented:
"…The National Guard told the media that foreign soldiers would be "observers," but as this Prison Planet.tv exclusive video reveals Polish soldiers participated in the activities, including a raid on what appeared to be a meth lab but is described as a weapons of mass destruction facility.
"Operation Vigilant Guard reveals the on-going effort to not only destroy Posse Comitatus — once upon a time designed to prevent the military from working with state and local law enforcement — but the globalist effort to incorporate foreign "partners" into any future effort to impose martial law and gun confiscation in response not only to hurricanes but a contrived terrorist event…"
This is the final phase in the DDCN Doctrine of Demoralisation, Destabilisation, Crisis and Normalisation, ready for the Bancor to be brought in as the One World Currency, with a totalitarian One World Government regime.
In order for this hostile takeover to be successful, they have to first destabilise any potential resistance before the Crisis phase is fully enacted. This is why the Southern Property Law Center, under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security, are doing everything in their power to demonise Patriots and Constitutionalists, the Tea Parties and Veterans, Gun Owners and Libertarians – These people will be the first into the breach to resist tyranny. Meanwhile, the MIAC Reports and the Department of Justice are also trying to character assassinate large swathes of American society, as well as the Feds targeting disgruntled veterans.
As the Crisis phase swings into full economic melt down, the US Military will take over more and more of the infrastructure as cities can no longer afford to employ staff. The ability to do this has already been listed in several Presidential Executive Orders:
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10990 – allows the government to take over all modes of transportation and control of highways and seaports.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10995 – allows the government to seize and control the communication media.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10997 – allows the government to take over all electrical power, gas, petroleum, fuels and minerals.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10998 – allows the government to seize all means of transportation, including personal cars, trucks or vehicles of any kind and total control over all highways, seaports, and waterways.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10999 – allows the government to take over all food resources and farms.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11000 – allows the government to mobilize civilians into work brigades under government supervision.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11001 – allows the government to take over all health, education and welfare functions.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11002 – designates the Postmaster General to operate a national registration of all persons.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11003 – allows the government to take over all airports and aircraft, including commercial aircraft.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11004 – allows the Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, build new housing with public funds, designate areas to be abandoned, and establish new locations for populations.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11005 – allows the government to take over railroads, inland waterways and public storage facilities.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11051 – specifies the responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11921 allows the Federal Emergency Preparedness Agency to develop plans to establish control over the mechanisms of production and distribution, of energy sources, wages, salaries, credit and the flow of money in U.S. financial institution in any undefined national emergency. It also provides that when a state of emergency is declared by the President, Congress cannot review the action for six months. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has broad powers in every aspect of the nation. General Frank Salzedo, chief of FEMA's Civil Security Division stated in a 1983 conference that he saw FEMA's role as a "new frontier in the protection of individual and governmental leaders from assassination, and of civil and military installations from sabotage and/or attack, as well as prevention of dissident groups from gaining access to U.S. opinion, or a global audience in times of crisis." FEMA's powers were consolidated by President Carter…
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11310 – grants authority to the Department of Justice to enforce the plans set out in Executive Orders, to institute industrial support, to establish judicial and legislative liaison, to control all aliens, to operate penal and correctional institutions, and to advise and assist the President.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11049 – assigns emergency preparedness function to federal departments and agencies, consolidating 21 operative Executive Orders issued over a fifteen year period.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 12148 – created the Federal Emergency Management Agency to interface with the Department of Defense for civil defense planning and funding. An "emergency czar" was appointed. FEMA has only spent about 6 percent of its budget on national emergencies. The bulk of their funding has been used for the construction of secret underground facilities to assure continuity of government in case of a major emergency, foreign or domestic.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 12656 – appointed the National Security Council as the principal body that should consider emergency powers. This allows the government to increase domestic intelligence and surveillance of U.S. citizens and would restrict the freedom of movement within the United States and grant the government the right to isolate large groups of civilians. The National Guard could be federalized to seal all borders and take control of U.S. air space and all ports of entry.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 12919 – Collects EOs 10995, 10997, 10998, 10999, 11000, 11001, 11002, 11003, 11004, 11005 and 11051 together into one new Executive Order.
National Security Act of 1947 – allows for the strategic relocation of industries, services, government and other essential economic activities, and to rationalize the requirements for manpower, resources and production facilities.
1950 Defense Production Act – gives the President sweeping powers over all aspects of the economy.
Act of August 29, 1916 – authorizes the Secretary of the Army, in time of war, to take possession of any transportation system for transporting troops, material, or any other purpose related to the emergency.
International Emergency Economic Powers Act – enables the President to seize the property of a foreign country or national. These powers were transferred to FEMA in a sweeping consolidation in 1979.
As more and more Patriots become leaders in their communities, some will become targets for assassination through either Predator Drone strikes or Kill / Capture Teams, especially those who are fully aware of all that is going on geopolitically and are standing up against it. Do not be deceived – this is not for Islamic militants hiding out in caves, it is for the American People.
With State Nullification and State Succession being openly discussed by many people who are either standing for office this November, or are supporting independent candidates, many of us are watching warily for signs of an October Surprise in the form of either another illegal War of Trade, a False Flag Terrorism Event, or even the fall of the Republic before the November elections even take place and the declaration of Martial Law.
As the Alternative Intelligence Community chatter gets louder concerning impending Martial Law, and sources are noting the mobilisation of the 82nd Airborne Division, Marshals being called for inter-state training exercises under suspicious circumstances, and various other signs that suggest the imminent declaration of Martial Law, we have decided to put the Martial Law risk to Severe.
By exposing these Martial Law plans, we Patriots hope to stay their hand long enough for the danger to pass. Things brought out into the light can be dealt with, while things hidden cannot be. Meanwhile, it is incumbent upon all Americans to vote in Constitutionalist candidates no matter what their political affiliations are. There are many independent Constitutionalist candidates standing for office against those currently in office who are trying to bring in the New World Order, candidates who once in office will hold the feet of Congress and the President to the fire on these issues.
Infowars Exclusive: Operation Vigilant Guard – Chicago 2010 1/3
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: Is there any doubt at this point who the real enemy is? It's not Osama bin Dead, Al-Qaeda, Taleban, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Russia…
RT: Gerald Celente – "The Sell-Off Of America"
Are you pissed off yet? – SJH
http://www.philipbrennan.net/2010/10/15/deliberately-engineered-economic-collapse-in-usa-leading-to-martial-law/
Posted in 9/11, Assassination Teams, Big Brother, Bush Regime, CIA, Civil Rights, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Controlled Demolition, Corruption, Deception, DHS, Disinformation, Economy, Education, Elections, Eugenics, False Flag, Fascism, FBI, Federal Reserve, First Amendment, Fourth Amendment, Free Speech, Freedom, Genocide, Geo-Politics, Global Banking, Government, Gun Control, Health, History, Indefinite Detentions, Law and Justice, Martial Law, Media, Middle East, Military, New World Order, NSA, Obama, Obama Regime, Orwellian, Patriot Act, Patriotism, Pentagon, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Reagan Regime, Renditions, Revolution, Science / Technology, SCOTUS, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Surveillance, Tenth Amendment, Terrorism, Torture, U.S. Constitution, U.S. News, US North Com, Video, War, War Crimes, White House, World Bank, World Disasters, World Government, World News, WWIII
9/11 Anniversary 2010: Never Forget That Horrid Day Of Treason!
September 10, 2010: Steven John Hibbs / The Tonka Report (TTR) – September 10, 2010
With 9/11 representing the 9th anniversary of the highest treason ever committed against the people of the United States of America on September 11, 2001, I shake my head in despair at the sheer apathy, narcissism, and unforgivable ignorance that permeates through the pores of this dying Republic.
The pungent stench of this inevitable death is not only pervasive and offensive, but utterly repugnant to those of us who have retained our senses and can still critically think based on both the facts and the propaganda. In otherwords, we have discernment, and it is we who have put our careers and reputations on the line to educate the medicated and mesmerized sleepwalkers among us.
And for what? Are we sado-masochists who enjoy the ostracization and ridicule from those less enlightened? Is it because we are trying to help our fellow man and woman? To save America? Is it spurned by religious or spiritual belief? Or a need to save the world from despotism and slavery? All of the above? Or is it because we are selfish?
If you believe the government and their compliant presstitutes, those of us who question the "official" events of 9/11 are portrayed as heretics and disrespectful to the families of those who were murdered on September 11, 2001. Could that be possible? I think not! We are patriots…
We are the Americans who stand witness to the murder of nearly 3,000 of our fellow countrymen and women on 9/11, and the subsequent murder of over 1,000,000 innocent Iraqi civilians, not to mention the thousands of Afghan and Pakistani civilians slaughtered ever since that horrid day of treason on September 11, 2001. So I ask… Where does it end? It ends when we the people relinquish our fears and demand the truth!
The selected 9/11 documentaries below are in no particular order. No need, the truth is timeless…
9/11 Mysteries
Zero: Investigation Into 9/11
Loose Change: 2nd Edition
The 9/11 Chronicles: Truth Rising – Part 1
9/11: The Falling Man
National Security Alert: Sensitive Information
Fabled Enemies
The Tonka Report Editor's Note: Many of you who are reading this have already seen most, if not all, of these documentaries above. If you are one of those who have not… Why not?! – SJH
https://stevenjohnhibbs.wordpress.com/2010/09/10/911-anniversary-2010-never-forget-that-horrid-day-of-treason/
Posted in 9/11, Afghanistan, al-Qaeda, Big Brother, Big Oil, Bilderberg Group, Bio-Chem Warfare, Britain, Bush Regime, CFR, CIA, Civil Rights, COINTELPRO, Communism, Conspiracy, Controlled Demolition, Corruption, Deception, DHS, Disinformation, Documentary, Drug Wars, Economy, Education, Eugenics, Europe, False Flag, Fascism, FBI, Federal Reserve, FEMA, First Amendment, Free Speech, Freedom, Genocide, Geo-Politics, Global Banking, Government, Health, History, IMF, Indefinite Detentions, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Law and Justice, Martial Law, Media, Middle East, Military, NATO, New World Order, NSA, Opium, Orwellian, Osama Bin Laden, Pakistan, Patriot Act, Patriotism, Pentagon, Police State, Propaganda, Psyops, Renditions, Revolution, Rockefeller, Ron Paul, Rothschilds, Saudi Arabia, Science / Technology, Secret Societies, Slavery, Socialism, Sovereignty, Surveillance, Taleban, Terrorism, The Tonka Report, Torture, Transhumanism, Trilateral Commission, U.S. Constitution, U.S. News, United Nations, US North Com, Video, War, War Crimes, White House, WMD, World Bank, World Disasters, World Government, World News, WTC 1 & 2, WTC 7, WWIII, Zionism

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


When I say I knew John was going to propose, I'm not boasting about my great detective work.
We had met with Fr. Lawrence Adamczyk that morning about celebrating our wedding.
We had reserved the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen and booked the reception site.
And John had made reservations at a restaurant for Valentine's Day dinner.
I don't need to be surprised to enjoy myself—and neither does John.
As we drove to the restaurant, John and I were giddy. I hadn't seen the ring, and we were happy and excited just to be together.
When we arrived at the restaurant, it was packed.
No worries. We had a reservation.
Except—oops—they didn't seem to have it.
Or maybe they had it, but they didn't want to seat us.
We waited for a half-hour in a crowded room. There was no sign we would be seated.
We were impatient. It wasn't that we were hungry. It was that this ring was burning a hole in John's pocket. And we were so eager to begin our life together. Love may be patient and kind, but waiting for a table for more than a half-hour? That's not something we can do.
And as we drove away from that restaurant that disappointed us, I wondered where John would propose.
It wasn't just Valentine's Day. It was a Saturday evening.
Where were we going to go without a reservation? I imagined John telling me that he wanted to spend the rest of his life with me as we ate greasy French fries in a fast food parking lot.
That would have been…OK. But that evening I was hoping for something just a little classier.
So we drove. And drove.
We ended up in Catonsville. I was living in Baltimore and John was living on the Eastern Shore, so there was no reason we should have landed there—in the town that would unexpectedly become our home three years later. But there we were.
And suddenly one of us noticed The Candlelight Inn.
We had never been there, but it looked like a romantic place. We went inside and asked, and—astonishingly—they had a table.
It was lushly furnished, quiet, and dimly lit. Someone even took my coat. And they seated us at a sweet table by a window.
Sometime during that elegant meal, John mentioned that he might go down on one knee, and I wouldn't let him. I didn't want him to draw any extra attention.
Then he made the most beautiful, personal, loving proposal, just to me, while everyone around us ate, oblivious to our quiet joy.
He knew I would say yes—and I did.
Then we ordered an enormous, decadent chocolate dessert, and John pretended to help me with it.
It was a perfect evening—made even more special because it hadn't turned out exactly the way we had planned. As I look back on it, I think of how our married life has led us down paths we hadn't expected to take, especially the journey to China to adopt our two sons.
Tonight my valentine has to work late, and that open window will be at the drive-through. As a special treat to our sons—and so Mama doesn't have to cook—we will be picking up meals-with-toys and taking them home.
Romantic? Not quite. But there's no reservation needed. And I know—again without any great detective work—that our two sons will be as giddy as their parents were when we were driving to that Valentine's Day dinner nine years ago today.


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Home DIPLOMATIC NEWS AMBASSADOR MATSUDA VISITS CENTURIES-OLD ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE AT SHAH ALLAH DITTA VILLAGE
AMBASSADOR MATSUDA VISITS CENTURIES-OLD ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE AT SHAH ALLAH DITTA VILLAGE
ISLAMABAD, APR 12 (DNA) – Ambassador of Japan Matsuda Kuninori and Madam Matsuda visited centuries-old Buddhist caves located at the foothills of the Margalla in Shah Allah Ditta village and felt mesmerized by the beauty and significance of this ancient historical archeological site.
While expressing his heartfelt emotions after seeing the ancient heritage, the Ambassador said, "this is indeed a very important place to visit for me and I feel delighted having this opportunity to see the ancient Buddha caves located in the vicinity of Islamabad".
The Ambassador said that Pakistan has rich potential in tourism sector and it can easily become the hub of foreign tourists keeping in view its ancient history, Gandhara civilization and natural landscape. The Ambassador said that Pakistan is now a safer place for foreign tourists and he expects many Japanese tourists to come to Pakistan in the near future. "After visiting this place, I would introduce and recommend this important Buddhist caves site in Shah Allah Ditta among the Japanese people to visit as this is the area from where Buddhist civilization reached Japan and the foundation of Japan-Pakistan friendship was in fact laid down centuries ago", said the Ambassador.
Moving up the mountain from the caves, the Ambassador also visited the historic "Alexander's Well" and was amazed by seeing this drinking water facility at the top of the Margalla hills established in ancient times as this place is believed to be used as a route from Kabul to the Gandhara city of Taxila by Alexander the Great.=DNA
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VisitScotland: German low cost carrier Eurowings to introduce direct flights to Munich from Glasgow
Posted on December 23, 2016 by Travel PR News Editors
EDINBURGH, Scotland, 2016-Dec-23 — /Travel PR News/ — Glasgow Airport has further strengthened its European route network after German low cost carrier Eurowings confirmed it will introduce direct flights to the Bavarian capital of Munich.
The airline, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group, will introduce a year round, twice weekly service with the inaugural flight taking off on 31 March 2017. The flights will operate on a Wednesday departing at 0805 and on a Friday departing at 1330.
Eurowings' parent company Lufthansa currently operates a seasonal Saturday flight to Munich from Glasgow.
Munich is the third largest city in Germany and is renowned for its stunning architecture, surrounding snow-topped mountains and the annual Oktoberfest festival which attracts tens of thousands of tourists from across the globe every year.
Glasgow Airport has secured over 50 new routes and services over the course of the past two years including services to a host of European cities including Brussels, Budapest, Bucharest, Prague, Milan and Bordeaux.
Francois Bourienne, commercial director at Glasgow Airport, said: "We have enjoyed real success in strengthening our connectivity with key European cities, all of which have generated significant demand from passengers. This introduction of Eurowings' direct service to Munich is fantastic news for Glasgow and for our passengers.Not only will it result in a regular twice weekly service to one of the wealthiest regions in Europe, our passengers will have access to the extensive onward connectivity offered by the Lufthansa network."
Councillor Frank McAveety, the Leader of Glasgow City Council, said: "Glasgow is open for business and open to visitors and we have worked hard to further increase our connectivity with the world. Munich is a fantastic city and a key hub and I'm delighted that at a time of great uncertainty, we're further strengthening our ties with our European neighbours."
Malcolm Roughead, Chief Executive of VisitScotland, added:"VisitScotland plays a very important role in partnering airlines on innovative marketing programmes, helping to bring new and extended routes to Scotland's network. We are delighted that Eurowings has introduced this new service from Munich, which will allow us to welcome even more visitors from one of Scotland's biggest international markets."
brian.mclean@glasgowairport.com; 0141 848 4558
Glasgow Airport is owned by AGS Airports Limited. AGS Airports is a partnership between Ferrovial and Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets (MIRA) established in 2014 to invest in Aberdeen, Glasgow and Southampton airports. In December 2014, Amanda McMillan, Managing Director of Glasgow Airport, was appointed as the CEO for AGS as a group.
With 30 airlines serving more than 120 destinations worldwide, including Canada, the US, the Caribbean, Europe and the Gulf, Glasgow Airport is Scotland's principal long-haul airport.
In addition to being Scotland's largest charter hub, Glasgow Airport serves more Scottish destinations than any other airport and is a key component of Scotland's transport infrastructure. The airport supports over 7,300 jobs across Scotland and makes the largest contribution of any airport to Scotland's economy, generating hundreds of millions of pounds.
In 2015, more than 8.7 million people travelled through Glasgow Airport representing an annual increase of 13% – the largest ever increase in the airport's annual passenger numbers. In 2015 Glasgow Airport secured three major industry accolades – UK Airport of the Year, Scottish Airport of the Year and the Best Airport in the UK with 3 -10 million passengers.
Glasgow Airport will celebrate its golden anniversary in 2016. It was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen on 27 June 1966.
Follow us on twitter: @visitscotnews
VisitScotland is Scotland's national tourism organisation. Its core purpose is to maximise the economic benefit of tourism to Scotland.
The organisation's core objective is to contribute to the Tourism 2020 Strategy ambition of growing tourism revenues by £1 billion by 2020.
This will be supported by seven overarching strategies:
Marketing: we will market Scotland and its outstanding assets to visitors from all parts of the world, including the promotion of Scotland to people living in Scotland to visit different parts of the country
Events: we will support the national events strategy and its delivery, and sustain, develop and promote Scotland's international profile as one of the world's foremost events destinations
Internationalisation and International Engagement: we will utilise all our platforms to enable Scottish-based tourism businesses to better understand international opportunities and market to a global audience and we will work within One Scotland Partnerships to optimise the potential of Scotland's Diaspora and our strategic partners at regional, European and global levels
Customer Experience: we will provide information and inspiration to visitors both locally and globally via their preferred medium of choice
Quality and Sustainability: we will provide support and advice to businesses, with the goal of improving the quality and sustainability of the tourism sector in Scotland. We will provide quality assurance to visitors through our Quality Schemes
Inclusive Tourism: we will strive to make tourism in Scotland inclusive and available to all
Working in Partnership: we will listen to and work with the industry, partners and communities to shape our offering and support
VisitScotland works together with tourism businesses to make tourism a success for everyone and ensure the industry continues to grow.
The organisation employs 700 people and has offices and VisitScotland Information Centres across Scotland.
Spending by tourists in Scotland generates around £12 billion of economic activity in the wider Scottish supply chain and contributes around £6 billion to Scottish GDP (in basic prices). This represents about 5% of total Scottish GDP.
The Scottish Government is the Managing Authority for the European Structural Funds 2014-20 Programme. For further information visit www.gov.scot or follow @scotgovESIF
For VisitScotland's press releases go to http://www.visitscotland.org/media_centre.aspx, tourism statistics and frequently asked questions go to http://www.visitscotland.org/
Where possible, a Gaelic speaker will be made available for broadcast interviews on request (Far an tèid iarraidh, agus far am bheil sin nar comas, bruidhinnidh neach le Gàidhlig aig agallamh)
For holiday information on Scotland go to www.visitscotland.com
For information about business events in Scotland go to www.conventionscotland.com
2016 Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design
2016 will shine a spotlight on Scotland's achievements in innovation, architecture and design through a wide-ranging, variety of new and existing activity.
The Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design started on 1 January 2016 and will end on 31 December 2016.It will build on the momentum generated by the 2015 Year of Food and Drink as well as previous years including Homecoming Scotland 2014, the Year of Creative and the Year of Natural.
Through a series of exciting events and activity, the year will showcase Scotland's position as an "innovation nation", its outstanding built heritage, and its thriving, internationally acclaimed creative industries sector.
The Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design is a Scottish Government initiative being led by VisitScotland, and supported by a variety of partners including Creative Scotland, Architecture + Design Scotland, Scottish Tourism Alliance, Scottish Enterprise, The National Trust for Scotland, Historic Environment Scotland, Highlands and Islands Enterprise and The Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS).
The Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design is supported by £570,000 of Scottish Government funding.
The Year of Innovation, Architecture and Design events fund is managed by EventScotland, part of VisitScotland's Events Directorate.
Join the conversation at #IAD2016
SOURCE: VisitScotland
This entry was posted in Airlines, Airports, Flights, Tourism, Travel, Travel Management, Travel Services, Travelers and tagged Councillor Frank McAveety, Eurowings, flights to Munich from Glasgow, Francois Bourienne, German low cost carrier, Malcolm Roughead, VisitScotland. Bookmark the permalink.


Saying that the KPU Telecommunications Division is losing profitability, the city wants to sell it. But voters need to ask if selling the utility is truly in the best interests of city residents.
Selling KPU Telecom will likely result in higher costs for TV, telephone and Internet services in Ketchikan. Today, because of competition between KPU and GCI, customers of both companies enjoy among the lowest rates in the state, and KPU customers at least, have low cost broadband Internet service, and IPTV. Those advantages could end with the sale of the utility.
The city manager cites competition with GCI as the reason for diminished KPU profits, pointing out that soon Telecom Division profits may no longer be available to subsidize the water and electric divisions. But the Telecom Division is still being operated at a profit. And much of the lost KPU revenue, estimated to be $1 million to $1.5 million a year, is money that is staying in local businesses and Ketchikan resident s wallets.
In the meantime, KPU remains strong, retaining over 7,000 telephone lines to GCI s 2,000. Since the hiring of a new marketing director and the opening of an office in The Plaza, KPU has enjoyed a robust net gain of 25 to 30 new subscribers each month, and now serves over 1,000 households with TV and Internet as well as telephone.
KPU Telecom was the first sizeable company in Alaska to digitalize its entire network, completing installation of a voice over Internet protocol soft switch router in 2005. The staff has been IP trained. The utility is in the third of a five-year program to extend fiber optic cable to every home. The line is capable of handling the next generation 1,000 mg, gigE, requirements. In 2002 and 2006, the utility purchased cellular spectrum to support the future needs of cellular personal computer services.
At a time Ketchikan is struggling to attract new businesses and residents, KPU Telecom offers relocation advantages in the form of low rates and up to date information technology that are more favorable than in any other community in Alaska.
About: " Mike Harpold served on the Ketchikan City Council from 1998 to 2001."


New kids in class School superintendents: New chiefs with bold ideas will have brief span to implement them.
"SUPERINTENDENT of schools" conjures up an image for many of a patrician educator who has shepherded his system since the invention of chalk. That's an old sterotype. The big mahogany door with the smoked glass leading to the superintendent's suite has been replaced with one that revolves.
Of the 24 school superintendents in Maryland, only one-third held their posts four years ago. Some systems have even turned over a couple of superintendents in that span.
Four systems welcome new chiefs this fall: Jeffery N. Grotsky in Harford, Jack Donald Dale in Frederick, Carl Denny Roberts in Cecil and Jon Andes in Worcester; the latter two are both former Harford administrators. Anthony Marchione was also appointed superintendent in Baltimore County a few months ago, but he was interim superintendent during 1995-96.
Dr. Grotsky brings some interesting theories to Harford. Borrowing a page from the "total quality management" philosophy of the corporate world, he wants students and families treated as "customers." While he says he wants the impetus for change to flow from the staff and community, he obviously has his own strong ideas about a direction for the system. He envisions a "culture" in which students sit down with their parents and teachers at the start of the school year, not months into it, to craft an individualized plan. Secondary school students should take the lead in shaping their own curriculum and not just be a silent third-wheel in a pow-wow of adults. To skeptics who scoff that can't be done for 36,000 kids, he replies: "We have no choice."
"Impossible" is also what many say to Dr. Marchione, whose goal is to have every child in Baltimore County's system reading and doing math on a second-grade level by the end of second grade. Whether it's doable is not the point; his is a clear, farsighted objective to close the learning gap when it's easiest to do so.
"Schools are schools, kids are kids, needs are needs," says Harford's Dr. Grotsky. He's right. Obviously, city schools have special ills, but violence, drugs and other social cancers are impeding the business of education everywhere. The new superintendents must hit the ground running: Recent history indicates they will have a short time to make an impact.


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Glen William Vaihu (born 8 October 2001) is an Australian rugby union player who plays for the  in Super Rugby. His playing position is centre or wing. He was named in the Rebels squad for the 2021 Super Rugby AU season. He made his Rebels debut in Round 2 of the 2021 Super Rugby AU season against the .

Super Rugby statistics

Reference list

External links
Rugby.com.au profile
itsrugby.co.uk profile

Australian rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union centres
Rugby union wings
Melbourne Rebels players
2001 births
Rugby union players from Melbourne


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Student loans in America
Nope, just debt
The next big credit bubble?
Finance & economicsOct 29th 2011 edition
IN LATE 1965, President Lyndon Johnson stood in the modest gymnasium of what had once been the tiny teaching college he attended in Texas and announced a programme to promote education. It was an initiative that exemplified the "Great Society" agenda of his administration: social advancement financed by a little hard cash, lots of leverage and potentially vast implicit government commitments. Those commitments are now coming due.
"Economists tell us that improvement of education has been responsible for one-fourth to one-half of the growth in our nation's economy over the past half-century," Johnson said. "We must be sure that there will be no gap between the number of jobs available and the ability of our people to perform those jobs."
To fill this gap Johnson pledged an amount that now seems trivial, $1.9m, sent from the federal government to states which could then leverage it ten-to-one to back student loans of up to $1,000 for 25,000 people. "This act", he promised, "will help young people enter business, trade, and technical schools—institutions which play a vital role in providing the skills our citizens must have to compete and contribute in our society."
Almost a half-century later these modest steps have metastasised into a huge, federally guaranteed student-loan industry. On October 25th the Obama administration added indebted students to the list of banks, car companies, homeowners, solar manufacturers and others that have benefited from a federal handout.
Johnson's lending programme was altered almost straight away. The intention of providing students with an education through "business, trade and technical schools" was expanded to include the full, imaginative panoply of American education, regardless of economic utility. Interest rates and terms have all been adjusted numerous times.
The result is a shifting, difficult landscape only barely understood even by insiders. For students, the task is that much larger. They must choose between an array of products, including subsidised and unsubsidised "Stafford" loans (named after a Republican senator) via the William D. Ford loan programme (named for a Michigan congressman), loans directly from the government, "Plus" loans (for parents of dependent children) and "Perkins" loans (named after a congressman from Kentucky), plus an array of private options.
On top of all this, there are choices about how to consolidate, restructure and pay the debts. Many students are understandably overwhelmed. Deanne Loonin of the National Consumer Law Centre has one client with $300,000 in debt from a failed effort to become an airline pilot. That liability could have been reduced by a better understanding of products.
Two things, however, are clear. The size of student debt is vast (see chart), and lots of borrowers are struggling. More than 10m students took out loans for the latest academic year, according to a report issued on October 26th by the College Board, a consortium of academic institutions. Almost a third of students graduating from college, and 69% of the ones dropping out, hold debt tied to their education.
The total amount of debt is staggering. The New York Federal Reserve Bank puts it at $550 billion, but includes a footnote in the "technical notes" section suggesting this may be an underestimate. Sallie Mae, the school-loan equivalent of the housing industry's Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, reckons there are $757 billion-worth of outstanding loans. A bank heavily involved in the area says there is at least another $111 billion in purely private loans, and with new lending estimated in excess of $112 billion for this year alone, the total amount outstanding will surpass $1 trillion in the not-so-distant future.
Critics allege a viciously wasteful circle: the size of the loan pool expands to enable students to pay ever higher fees to schools whose costs expand because money is coming their way. That was just about sustainable in the good times, a lot harder when there are fewer jobs to be had.
Signs of strain are everywhere. In September the Department of Education reported that in 2009 the default rate, which is defined as non-payment for 270 days, had reached 8.8%. By some estimates delinquency rates, an earlier indicator of stress, for student loans exceed 10%, ten times that for credit cards and car loans. Ms Loonin's average client has a low-paying job, $30,000 of debt and is in arrears.
This is despite punitive laws to enforce repayment. In response to clever students burying their obligations in court during the 1970s, anti-default provisions were imposed to make it almost impossible to shed student loans in bankruptcy. In 1991 the statute of limitations for non-repayment was eliminated.
Many troubled borrowers could avoid default if they used government options to consolidate their loans and make minimum payments, says Ms Loonin, but they are unaware of the possibility. Their primary contact with the industry after being granted a loan is through collection agents who are compensated based on how much they collect, and who therefore have little incentive to explain alternatives.
There are increasingly loud calls for reform of the system, with demands that range from a full-fledged bail-out of borrowers to a phased curtailment of government lending. For now the bail-out is the bigger priority for politicians. For many years government-backed loans were distributed through banks which earned a fee and occasionally had to assume a little bit of risk, but in 2009 the business was entirely absorbed by the federal government.
The changes announced this week are designed to ease the pressure on struggling graduates. Borrowers who qualify will get payment relief, not debt relief. Their payments will be capped at 10% of income rather than 15%, but interest will continue to be applied to their underlying debt and may expand rather than contract over time. There will also be forgiveness after 20 years, rather than 25. The administration says these changes will have no cost to taxpayers. If there is one lesson of the past 46 years, it is to be dubious of that claim.
This article appeared in the Finance & economics section of the print edition under the headline "Nope, just debt"
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A Rare Level of Expertise in the Diagnosis and Care of Lung Lesions
Published on Feb 03, 2014 in In Utero Insights
Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment
Appointments and Referrals (800-IN UTERO)
The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has managed the care of more than 1,600 pregnancies prenatally diagnosed with lung lesions — the largest volume of any fetal center in the world. Through this experience, the team has learned that the natural history and clinical spectrum of these lesions is extremely variable and requires meticulous prenatal diagnosis. Advances in imaging have permitted definition of the natural history of fetal lung lesions, determination of the pathophysiologic features affecting fetal and neonatal outcome, and formulation of effective management strategies as early as possible.
The differential diagnosis of a fetal lung mass includes congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), hybrid lesions (CCAM and BPS elements), as well as other conditions such as bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cyst, esophageal duplication cyst, lobar emphysema and congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS). These intrathoracic lesions can be confused with one another, but have distinct differences that require evaluation by a skilled team. For example, a right microcystic CCAM can appear to be a right congenital diaphragmatic hernia, while a BPS with a systemic arterial feeding vessel may also present as a solid chest mass, but cysts on ultrasound would make it more consistent with a hybrid lesion.
At CHOP, the experienced multidisciplinary team involved in the diagnosis and care of lung lesions — including high-risk obstetricians, pediatric surgeons, advanced practice nurses, radiologists, a coordinator, genetic counselors, social workers, anesthesiologists, neonatologists and cardiologists — is centrally located under one roof. Families that come to our center undergo a one-day comprehensive evaluation that includes Level II ultrasound using color flow Doppler, fetal echocardiogram and ultrafast fetal MRI, a technique we helped develop that can be very helpful in ruling out alternate diagnoses such as bronchial atresia, bronchogenic cyst or multilobar involvement.
Prenatal management and prognosis
Prenatal management and the overall prognosis for a patient with a lung lesion depends on the size and growth of the mass. More than 15 years ago, our imaging specialists developed the CCAM volume ratio (CVR) as a prognostic tool to measure the size of lung lesions before birth. This ratio helps determine the frequency of sonographic evaluation required over the duration of the pregnancy. Historically, we did not have a CVR to reassure families that their baby would not develop hydrops. Now, in many cases, we are able to predict the likelihood of hydrops developing.
Most lesions are followed by ultrasound and treated electively after birth. Esophageal compression by a large thoracic mass can interfere with fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid and result in polyhydramnios and potential preterm delivery. If a lesion continues to enlarge, further mediastinal shift occurs, resulting in compression of the heart and vena cava, which may lead to hydrops. Maternal mirror syndrome, a preeclamptic state where the mother mirrors the condition of her sick fetus, can occur in this scenario and requires careful maternal observation. When maternal mirror syndrome occurs, the only therapeutic alternative is delivery of the fetus, and invariably the sick, hydropic premature neonate dies.
For fetuses that have macrocystic CCAMs and hydrops, a fetal thoracoamniotic shunt can be employed to decompress the cyst fluid into the amniotic space and decrease the mass effect in the chest. For fetuses with solid lesions with a CVR > 1.6, maternal betamethasone can abrogate lesion growth. If betamethasone fails to stop the lesion's growth and hydrops develops or persists, fetal resection is an option offered to families.
Our pediatric surgeons developed the open fetal surgical technique used to resect lung lesions. Intraoperative management of the mother and fetus is intensive. Some of the critical elements needed to carry out this procedure are sterile intraoperative ultrasound to determine the placental and fetal position; real-time fetal echocardiography, provided by fetal cardiologists from our Fetal Heart Program, to determine cardiac function, aortic reversal of flow, ductal constriction, tricuspid regurgitation and decrease in fetal heart rate; employment of a miniaturized fetal pulse oximeter; and placement of an IV to deliver blood or medications.
Over the course of the pregnancy, our team works with referring physicians to determine the delivery location that will ensure the best outcome for mother and baby. Babies with small lesions can be delivered vaginally or via cesarean section (for obstetric indications) at a hospital close to home. Those with a mediastinal shift, but without hydrops or major lung compression, will likely be symptomatic and should be delivered by planned cesarean section at a quaternary center such as our Garbose Family Special Delivery Unit. This unit was specifically created to allow immediate access to the baby by necessary subspecialists and avoid transport and separation of mom from her newborn. Two operating rooms separated by a neonatal resuscitation room provide access to the baby for immediate resection of the lung lesion if necessary.
For those fetuses late in gestation with a large mediastinal shift and lung compression, we anticipate difficulties with neonatal ventilation and recommend ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) delivery. The EXIT ensures uteroplacental gas exchange and fetal hemodynamic stability, converting a possible catastrophic emergency into a controlled, planned operation for mother and baby. We have performed more than 100 EXIT procedures for a variety of indications, by far the largest experience in the world. The procedure requires a multidisciplinary team; deep general anesthesia for good uterine relaxation; supplemental fetal anesthesia by intramuscular vecuronium and fentanyl; and sterile intraoperative sonography.
Babies born asymptomatic are seen at 1 to 2 months of age by the pediatric surgeon. Typically a CT scan with IV contrast and the low-dose pediatric radiation protocol pioneered at CHOP is performed and these images are compared to the prenatal ultrasound and ultrafast fetal MRI. We offer postnatal resections by either a short muscle-sparing thoracotomy or thoracoscopy depending upon the presentation. We recommend elective resection between 1 to 3 months of age due to risks of infection and malignant degeneration. Infants are usually discharged within 48 hours of the procedure, and follow-up occurs one month after surgery and then six months to one year later.
After the lung lesion is removed — whether before or after birth — the remaining normal lung tissue shows remarkable compensatory growth to fill the chest in children until about age 8. Early resection maximizes this compensatory lung growth and long-term follow-up has shown no residual respiratory problems as a result. Results with postnatal resection are excellent and parents should be reassured. We have come a long way in our understanding of lung lesions, but there is much more work to do. The pathophysiology is complex and our Center for Fetal Research laboratory is focused on furthering our knowledge of these rare conditions.
Adzick NS. Management of fetal lung lesions. Clin Perinatol. 2009;36(2):363-376.
Peranteau WH, Wilson RD, Liechty KW, Johnson MP, Bebbington MW, Hedrick HL, Flake AW, Adzick NS. Effect of maternal betamethasone administration on prenatal congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation growth and fetal survival. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2007;22(5):365-371.
Hubbard AM, Adzick NS, Crombleholme TM, Coleman BG, Howell LJ, Haselgrove JC, Mahboubi S. Congenital chest lesions: diagnosis and characterization with prenatal MR imaging. Radiology. 1999 Jul;212(1):43-48.
Categories: In Utero Insights Winter 2014
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