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History of Google
history of google, history of google search engine
This article explores the history of Google, the most widely used web-based search engine
1 Early history
11 Beginning
12 Late 1990s
13 2000s
2 Financing and initial public offering
3 Growth
4 Updates and Evolution of Ranking System
41 Early Updates
42 Boston/Cassandra/Dominic 2003
43 Fritz/Supplemental Index/Florida 2004
44 Austin/Brandy 2004
45 Nofollow Attribute
46 Personalized Search 2005
47 XML Sitemaps 2005
48 Big Daddy 2005
49 Universal Search 2007
410 Google Suggest/Instant
411 Real Time Search 2009
412 Caffeine 2010
413 JCPenney SEO Incident 2011
6 Philanthropy
7 Acquisitions
71 Acquisition of Pyra Labs
72 Acquisition of Android, Inc
73 Acquisition of YouTube
74 Acquisition of JotSpot
75 Acquisition of Trendalyzer and Adscape
8 Partnerships
81 mobi top-level domain 2007
9 Legal battles
91 Gonzales v Google
92 Bedrock Computer Technologies, LLC vs Google, Inc
10 UK tax avoidance investigation
Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003 The first Google computer at Stanford was housed in custom-made enclosures constructed from Lego bricks
Google began in 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin PhD students at Stanford University
In search of a dissertation theme, Page had been considering—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph His supervisor, Terry Winograd, encouraged him to pick this idea which Page later recalled as "the best advice I ever got" and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages link to a given page, based on the consideration that the number and nature of such backlinks was valuable information about that page with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind
In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", Page was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995, when Page was part of a group of potential new students that Brin had volunteered to show around the campus Both Brin and Page were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project SDLP The SDLP's goal was "to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and universal digital library" and it was funded through the National Science Foundation, among other federal agencies
Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, with Page's own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point To convert the backlink data that it gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance, Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm While analyzing BackRub's output—which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—the pair realized that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results than existing techniques existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results according to how many times the search term appeared on a page
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine:
Some Rough Statistics from August 29th, 1996 Total indexable HTML urls: 752306 Million Total content downloaded: 207022 gigabytes BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many thanks -Larry Page
Late 1990s
Originally the search engine used Stanford's website with the domain googlestanfordedu The domain googlecom was registered on September 15, 1997 They formally incorporated their company, Google, on September 4, 1998 in their friend Susan Wojcicki's garage in Menlo Park, California
The company's first patent was filed on August 31, 1999 This patent, filed by Siu-Leong Iu, Malcom Davis, Hui Luo, Yun-Ting Lin, Guillaume Mercier, and Kobad Bugwadia, is titled "Watermarking system and methodology for digital multimedia content" and is the earliest patent filing under the assignee name "Google Inc"
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an "advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the topic while still students They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads
By the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages The home page was still marked "BETA", but an article in Saloncom already argued that Google's search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excitecom, and praised it for being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites like Yahoo!, Excitecom, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter, AOLcom, Gocom and MSNcom which at that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web", especially by stock market investors
In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics SGI in 2003 The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex a play on the word googolplex, a number that is equal to 1 followed by a googol of zeros In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting at $05 per click This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Gotocom later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue
Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as to include in their prospectus aka "S-1" for their 2004 IPO, noting that "We believe strongly that in the long term, we will be better served—as shareholders and in all other ways—by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some short term gains" In 2008, Google launched Knol, their own equivalent of Wikipedia, which failed just four years later
In 2011, the company launched Google+, its fourth foray into social networking, following Google Buzz launched 2010, retired in 2011, Google Friend Connect launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012, and Orkut launched in 2004, retired in September 2014
Financing and initial public offering
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998 in the form of a US$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist
On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced; the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital While Google still needed more funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page were hesitant to take the company public, despite their financial issues They were not ready to give up control over Google
Following the closing of the $25 million financing round, Sequoia encouraged Brin and Page to hire a CEO Brin and Page ultimately acquiesced and hired Eric Schmidt as Google's first CEO in March 2001
In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares IPO, Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger The deal never materialized In January 2004, Google announced the hiring of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO The IPO was projected to raise as much as $4 billion
Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004 A total of 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share Of that, 14,142,135 another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 14142135 were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders The sale raised US$167 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owns 27 million shares of Google
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG
The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and was designed to be very fault-tolerant
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In February 2003, Google acquired Pyra Labs, owner of Blogger, a web log hosting website The acquisition secured the company's competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine Google News
In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own This cost Google some market share, yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own distinctiveness, and today the verb "to google" has entered a number of languages first as a slang verb and now as a standard word, meaning "to perform a web search" a possible indication of "Google" becoming a genericized trademark
the relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo
After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price more than quadrupled On August 19, 2004 the number of shares outstanding was 17285 million while the "free float" was 1960 million which makes 89% held by insiders Google has a dual class stock structure in which each Class B share gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one Page said in the prospectus that Google has "a dual class structure that is biased toward stability and independence and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me"
On June 1, 2005, Google shares gained nearly four percent after Credit Suisse First Boston raised its price target on the stock to $350 On that same day, rumors circulated in the financial community that Google would soon be included in the S&P 500 When companies are first listed on the S&P 500 they typically experience a bump in share price due to rapid accumulation of the stock within index funds that track the S&P 500 Google was not added to the S&P 500 until 2006 Nevertheless, on June 7, 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion, making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value
On August 18, 2005 one year after the initial IPO, Google announced that it would sell 14,159,265 another mathematical reference as π ≈ 314159265 more shares of its stock to raise money The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion Google said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies or other assets"
On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot 93,000 m2 R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center, and on December 31, 2005 Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership—see Partnerships below
Additionally in 2005, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help in the open source office program OpenOfficeorg
With Google's increased size came more competition from large mainstream technology companies One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google Microsoft had been touting its Bing search engine to counter Google's competitive position Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping services, such as webmail Gmail vs Hotmail, search both online and local desktop searching, and other applications for example, Microsoft's Windows Live Local competes with Google Earth In addition to an Internet Explorer replacement Google designed its own Linux-based operating system called Chrome OS to directly compete with Microsoft Windows There were also rumors of a Google web browser, fueled much by the fact that Google was the owner of the domain name "gbrowsercom" These were later proven when Google released Google Chrome This corporate feud boiled over into the courts when Kai-Fu Lee, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work for Google Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract he had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on December 22, 2005, the terms of which are confidential
Click fraud also became a growing problem for Google's business strategy Google's CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our business model"
While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has experimented with other markets, such as radio and print publications On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company dMarc, which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio Google also began an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times
During the third quarter 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do the same thing as everyone else does And so if you try to predict our product strategy by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost always the wrong answer We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are pretty well served by their existing players We try to see new problems and new markets using the technology that others use and we build"
After months of speculation, Google was added to the Standard & Poor's 500 index S&P 500 on March 31, 2006 Google replaced Burlington Resources, a major oil producer based in Houston that had been acquired by ConocoPhillips The day after the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%
As of November 2014, Google operated over 70 offices in more than 41 countries
In 2015, Google reorganized their company, becoming a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc and spinning off some of their non-internet-related brands into independent subsidiaries
Updates and Evolution of Ranking System
Early Updates
In its infancy, very little was needed to fully optimize on page content in the eyes of Google With an inverse relationship between query position in the HTML tag hierarchy and weight, it simply boiled down to putting one's important keywords higher on the HTML tag hierarchy With this relatively simple algorithm in place, webmasters quickly discovered tricks to vastly boost their SERP Search Engine Ranking Position One of the first instances of deceitful SEO came in the form of link keyword stuffing under on page content As a response, Google removed these sites from its index, a practice it occasionally reverts to as a way of punishing disingenuous webmasters looking to cheat the system The seemingly arbitrary changes to Googles PageRank algorithm however, led to both community outrage "many declaring the "death of PageRank" and a noticeable decline in precision of search results Google was also constructing its index via a large monthly crawl Not only did this lock search results to this one month window, it also meant that results would show stale content An update dubbed "Everflux" introduced fresh crawling daily crawls to supplement the larger, primary crawl Daily crawling added another layer of relevancy based upon date and time, to content ranking The inconsistencies of index versions across data centers during the early implementation of Everflux panicked users, who saw their SERPs fluctuate wildly from day to day
Boston/Cassandra/Dominic 2003
Google's "Boston" update in February 2003 saw major algorithmic changes and the promise of frequent index updates "Cassandra" marked a much more aggressive attack on shady SEO techniques like hidden and disguised keyword links, by emphasizing link quality This was taken a step further in "Dominic", which sought to analyze the quality of all backlinks to prevent the then emerging practice of splogging the practice of creating nonsensical offsite content to boost SERP of another site To combat practices like "Googlebombing" putting irrelevant, often negative anchor text linking to popular websites Dominic tinkered with the weighting of anchor text while stringently scrutinizing back links and internal linking An exploit where webmasters would link to the same site using different anchor text thereby allowing both links to unfairly contribute to sites PageRank was addressed by allowing only one site given duplicate site links with differing anchor text link to flow to PageRank
Fritz/Supplemental Index/Florida 2004
Fritz finalized the "Everflux" implementation, meaning Google's index would receive some degree of updating every day Daily crawling added another layer of relevancy, based upon date and time, to content ranking The creation of a supplemental index was designed to house content Google felt didn't quite fit in its main index due either to a low PageRank or shady linking practices Storing some sites in a separate index that was to be searched only when no good match was found in the primary index, Google hoped, would seamlessly filter out duplicate and untrustworthy content Questions about the efficacy of a multi-index system particularly on improving recall arose, and it remains unclear as to whether Google has retained this system Google's "Florida" update looked to be the proverbial "nail in the coffin" for SEO abusers With Florida, context and relevancy were determined not just by the appearance of keywords, but of synonyms and supporting vocabulary throughout the page This sought to eliminate keyword and inbound anchor text dumping Features that had long been experimented on, like phrase proximity and keyword stemming, became official and users were now being penalized for overly using commercial/popular keywords With Florida coming down hard on SEO, many webmasters with commercial presences on the web took a drastic hit The real estate community in particular, was hit hard by Florida's changes to Google rankings In its attempt at wide spread reform, the quality of results took a hit and many site owners felt they took undeserved drops
Austin/Brandy 2004
Building off of Florida's aggressive approach to SEO, Austin targeted Free-For-All pages pages that allow users to enter a url thereby creating a free backlink and meta-tag stuffing Google also began to implement elements of the "Hilltop" algorithm, which focuses on identifying "expert" pages that link to many relevant documents pages and then giving a boost to "authority" pages with several outgoing links from that expert page Brandy saw the growth of the already sizable Google index as well as two important tools for analyzing relevance: Latent Semantic Indexing and link relevancy "neighborhoods" By looking at the relationship among terms and the overlap of term use across documents, Latent Semantic Indexing went beyond simple text matching to provide a more robust and "intelligent" search service The idea of link "neighborhoods" was introduced in Brandy and it made it important to have backlinks that were relevant to the linked site A site's use of keywords in its HTML tag hierarchy was also devalued in what was another attempt to curb SEO Austin and Brandy marked a decided shift towards content analysis in site ranking
Nofollow Attribute
The nofollow HTML attribute allowed site owners to tell Google not to crawl specific links on their page By giving this kind of control directly to the user, untrusted content and paid links could be removed from Google's crawl at the site-owners discretion
Personalized Search 2005
To create seamless personalization of search beyond manual filtering Google began tapping into users browsing histories to deliver more relevant, personal results Promising to grow with the users browsing history, Personalized Search added a new dimension to search by incorporating past user behavior The implementation of personalized search was a blow to those relying on SEO techniques, as user browsing history was an element outside of their control
XML Sitemaps 2005
By allowing webmasters to create and submit XML files dictating URLs to be crawled as well as procedural information regarding how the page should be crawled, Google expanded the scope of its index Providing an additional method of organically increasing site exposure, Google hoped, would decrease the need for shady SEO practices
Big Daddy 2005
Big Daddy was less an algorithmic change as it was a change of Google's crawling and indexing infrastructure Pages with superfluous, reciprocal linking schemes and irrelevant outbound and inbound links would be demoted in the new crawler Whereas previous updates handled the issue of link reliability through algorithmic changes, the Big Daddy modified how many pages a site would have crawled, and subsequently added to the index The number of pages crawled on a site was again dependent on the relevance and quality of its links
Universal Search 2007
In May 2007 Google implemented Universal search to its standard web results page Search results were now a compilation of all relevant results across all of Google's "vertical" search engines, Google Images, Google Video etc With the implementation of Universal Search, coverage of all types of content not simply text rose significantly It now became important to optimize all forms of on-site content, not just on-site text content, increasing the complexity and breadth of SEO
Google Suggest/Instant
Google Suggest marked the addition of real-time query suggestion As users began to enter a query, a list of possible query matches would dynamically appear beneath the search bar, allowing for quicker and more accurate searches According to Google, only about 2% of all user queries were tracked and monitored, in an effort to better improve the service, quelling concerns over privacy The addition of instant suggestions added yet another dynamic to SEO, as webmasters now vied to associate their site with high ranking instant suggestion queries
Real Time Search 2009
In December 2009, Google integrated real time search results to its main SERP Newly indexed, relevant content from social media and news sources would be dynamically inserted into a user's SERP, thus providing "real time content" Google also announced its desire to prioritize original, user driven social media over authoritative, corporate social media Additionally, a separate "updates" filter was added, allowing the user to receive all incoming content from social media, sports, and news sources
Caffeine 2010
Google's Caffeine was the result of a complete overhaul of Google's indexing structure To accommodate for the explosion of new forms of content video, real-time content, images and growing user expectations, Google ditched its old linear system of indexing in favor of the more flexible Caffeine, capable of indexing thousands of pages in parallel Google would no longer execute lengthy crawls supplemented by smaller daily crawls, but instead dynamically add to its index whenever new information appeared Caffeine was reported to offer 50% fresher content than Google's previous index, and required around 100 million gigabytes of memory
JCPenney SEO Incident 2011
In February 2011, the New York Times published an article titled "The Dirty Little Secrets of Search" detailing back link purchasing by the clothing retailer JCPenney By purchasing thousands of backlinks often on unrelated sites, JCPenney dominated Google's SERP across many clothing related queries, and even queries specifying a brand JCPenney topped Samsonite for the query "Samsonite carryon luggage" Given Google's previous updates and their emphasis on backlink analysis, the JCPenney incident revealed that flaws still existed within the Google ranking algorithm Google quickly demoted JCPenney's search position, crippling online sales Google has since lifted the demotion
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol", which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros Page and Brin write in their original paper on PageRank: "We chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines"
There are uses of the name going back at least as far as the creation of the comic strip character Barney Google in 1919 British children's author Enid Blyton used the phrase "Google Bun" in The Magic Faraway Tree published 1941 and The Folk of the Faraway Tree published 1946, and called a clown character "Google" in Circus Days Again published 1942 There is also the Googleplex Star Thinker from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy In March 1996 a business called Groove Track Productions applied for a United States trademark for "Google" for various products including several categories of clothing, stuffed toys, board games, and candy The firm abandoned its application in July 1997
Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet" The use of the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web In November 2009, the Global Language Monitor named "Google" No 7 on its Top Words of the Decade list In December 2009 the BBC highlighted Google in their "Portrait of the Decade Words" series In May 2012, David Elliott filed a complaint against Google, Inc claiming that Google's once distinctive mark GOOGLE® has become generic and lacks trademark significance due to its common use as a transitive verb After losing to Google in UDRP proceedings involving many "Google-related" domain name registrations that he owns, Elliott later sought a declaratory judgment that his domain names are rightfully his, that they do not infringe any trademark rights Google may own, and that all Google's registered GOOGLE® marks should be cancelled since "Google" is now a common generic word worldwide that means "to search the Internet"
Main article: Googleorg
In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing that gave all the details to the user with a non profit aim and determination unlike, Googleorg, giving it a starting fund of $1 billion The express mission of the organization is to help with the issues of climate change see also global warming, global public health, and global poverty Among its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 024 litre/10 km
Main article: List of Google acquisitions
Acquisition of Pyra Labs
Since 2001, Google has acquired several small companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999 This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004 In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online collaborative word processor, Writely The technology in this product was combined with Google Spreadsheets to become Google Docs & Spreadsheets
The logo of YouTube, which in late 2006 was acquired by Google
Acquisition of Android, Inc
In 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc, and in 2007 announced the Android mobile operating system
Acquisition of YouTube
On October 9, 2006, Google announced that it would buy the popular online video site YouTube for $165 billion and maintain YouTube as a separate brand, rather than merging it with Google Video Meanwhile, Google Video signed an agreement with Sony BMG Music Entertainment and the Warner Music Group, for both companies to deliver music videos to the site The deal was finalized by November 13, 2006
Acquisition of JotSpot
On October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased JotSpot, a company that helped pioneer the market for collaborative, web-based business software, to bolster its position in the online document arena
Acquisition of Trendalyzer and Adscape
On March 17, 2007, Google announced its acquisition of two more companies The first is Gapminder's Trendalyzer software, a company that specializes in developing information technology for provision of free statistics in new visual and animated ways On the same day, Google also announced its acquisition of Adscape Media, a small in-game advertising company based in San Francisco, California
Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and services On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot 93,000 m2 R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center NASA and Google are planning to work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively distributed computing, bio-info-nano convergence, and encouragement of the entrepreneurial space industry The new building would also include labs, offices, and housing for Google engineers In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies As part of the partnership Google will hire employees to help the open source office program OpenOfficeorg
Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December 21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a US$1 billion investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL As part of the collaboration, Google plans to work with AOL on video search and offer AOL's premium-video service within Google Video This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-video services Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase
In August 2006, Google signed a $900 million offer with News Corp's Fox Interactive Media unit to provide search and advertising on MySpace and other News Corp websites including IGN, AmericanIdolcom, Foxcom, and Rotten Tomatoes, although Fox Sports is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp and MSN
On December 6, 2006, British Sky Broadcasting released details of a Sky and Google alliance This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@skycom"
In 2007, Google displaced America Online as a key partner and sponsor of the NORAD Tracks Santa program Google Earth was used for the first time to give visitors to the website the impression that they were following Santa Claus' progress in 3-D The program also made its presence known on YouTube in 2007 as part of its partnership with Google
In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, allowing the Pope to have his own channel on YouTube
In January 2013, Google announced a partnership with Kia Motors and Hyundai The partnership integrates Google Maps and Place into new car models to be released later in 2013
mobi top-level domain 2007
In coordination with several of the major corporations, including Microsoft, Nokia, LG, Samsung, and Ericsson, Google provided financial support in the launch of the mobi top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet, stating that it is supporting the new domain extension to help set the standards that will define the future of mobile content and improve the experience of Google users In early 2006, Google launched Googlemobi, a mobile search portal offering several Google mobile products, including stripped-down versions of its applications and services for mobile users On September 17, 2007, Google launched "Adsense for Mobile", a service to its publishing partners providing the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads Also in September, Google acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingkumobi to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices"
Legal battles
Gonzales v Google
On Wednesday, January 18, 2006, the US Justice Department filed a motion to compel in United States district court in San Jose seeking a court order that would compel search engine company Google Inc to turn over "a multi-stage random sample of one million URL's" from Google's database, and a computer file with "the text of each search string entered onto Google's search engine over a one-week period absent any information identifying the person who entered such query" Google maintains that their policy has always been to assure its users' privacy and anonymity, and challenged the subpoena On March 18, 2006, a federal judge ruled that while Google must surrender 50,000 random URLs, the Department of Justice did not meet the necessary burden to force Google to disclose any search terms entered by its users in Google
Bedrock Computer Technologies, LLC vs Google, Inc
A jury in Texas awarded Bedrock Computer Technologies $5 million in a patent lawsuit against Google The patent allegedly covered use of hash tables with garbage collection and separate chaining in the Red Hat Linux kernel Google and Bedrock later settled the case and the judgment was vacated by the court
UK tax avoidance investigation
In November 2012, the UK government announced plans to investigate Google, along with Starbucks and Amazoncom, for possible tax avoidance On 20 January 2016, Google announced that it would pay £130m in back taxes to settle the investigation However, only 8 days later, it was announced that Google could end up paying more, and UK tax officials were under investigation for what has been termed a "sweetheart deal" for Google
Timeline of Google Search
Criticism of Google
List of Google's hoaxes and easter eggs
Timeline of Mountain View, California, headquarters of Google since 1999
^ The Original GOOGLE Computer Storage Page and Brin, 1996 Stanford Computer Science Computer History Display
^ a b c d e "Our history in Depth" Google, Retrieved on March 29th, 2016
^ a b c d e f Battelle, John "The Birth of Google" Wired August 2005
^ The best advice I ever got Fortune, April 2008
^ a b Brin, Sergey; Lawrence Page 1996 "The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine" Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 35: 3 doi:101016/S0169-75529800110-X Retrieved July 24, 2008
^ Brin, Sergey; Rajeev Motwani; Terry Winograd 1998 "What can you do with a web in your pocket" Data Engineering Bulletin 21: 37–47 Retrieved July 24, 2009
^ The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project, Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 Estimated, award amount $521,111,001
^ Mervish, Jeffrey January 2, 2009 "NSF Rethinks Its Digital Library" Science 323 5910: 54–58 doi:101126/science323591054 PMID 19119211
^ Page, Lawrence; Brin, Sergey; Motwani, Rajeev; Winograd, Terry "The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web" November 11, 1999
^ Google I/O Conference is a big upcoming in 2015Downloaded 11 – February 2009 Google IO Conferences Retrieved on Feb,22, 2015
^ "Archive of Backrub homepage" Archived from the original on December 10, 1997
^ Siu-Leong Iu; Malcom Davis; Hui Luo; et al 31 August 1999 "Watermarking system and methodology for digital multimedia content" Google Patents Google Inc Retrieved 11 November 2013
^ "Google's first patent | First patents filed by famous companies" thinkPat Blogger Retrieved 11 November 2013
^ Stross, Randall, Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know, New York : Free Press, September 2008 ISBN 978-1-4165-4691-7 Cf pp3–4
^ a b Scott Rosenberg: Yes, there is a better search engine While the portal sites fiddle, Google catches fire Saloncom, 21 December 1998
^ Fried, Ian "A building blessed with tech success" CNET October 4, 2002 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ Google's movin' on up at the Wayback Machine archived January 21, 2007
^ Staff Writer "Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics" Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal June 16, 2006 Retrieved on February 24, 2007
^ Thompson, Bill "Is Google good for you" BBC News December 19, 2003 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ Sullivan, Danny "GoTo Going Strong" The Search Engine Report July 1, 1998
^ Pelline, Jeff "Pay-for-placement gets another shot" CNET February 19, 1998
^ Glaser, Ken "Who Will GoTocom" OnlinePresscom February 20, 1998
^ Ovide, Shira June 23, 2011 "What Would 2004 Google Say About Antitrust Probe" The Wall Street Journal
^ Frederick, Lane 2007-12-14 "Death Knell Sounds for Wikipedia, Aboutcom" NewsFactor Network
^ "15 amazing Google projects that failed" Rediff 21 October 2013
^ "Tchau Orkut" Orkut Blog Google June 30, 2014
^ a b Kopytoff, Verne; Fost, Dan "For early Googlers, key word is $$$" San Francisco Chronicle April 29, 2004 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ http://webcachegoogleusercontentcom/searchq=cache:20qx6yVEiMsJ:googlepressblogspotcom/1999/06/google-receives-25-million-in-equityhtml+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Retrieved June 1, 2016 Missing or empty |title= help Retrieved on August 1, 2014
^ Eppel, Thomas Google PowerPoint presentation Management 10 University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA February 2, 2011
^ Fisher, Ken "Microsoft and Google had "merger" talks" Ars Technica October 31, 2003 Retrieved on May 17, 2011
^ Edmonston, Peter August 19, 2009 "Google's IPO, Five Years Later" The New York Times
^ Elgin, Ben "Google: Whiz Kids or Naughty Boys" Business Week August 19, 2004 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ Webb, Cynthia L "Google's IPO: Grate Expectations" The Washington Post August 19, 2004 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ Kuchinskas, Susan "Yahoo and Google Settle" internetnewscom August 9, 2004 Retrieved on February 25, 2007
^ "Google Shares Rise on New Price Target" Los Angeles Times June 1, 2005
^ Gonsalves, Antone "Google Seeks Second Stock Offering" Information Week August 18, 2005
^ a b Brown, James "Sun partners with Google" at the Wayback Machine archived September 30, 2007 vnunetcom October 5, 2005
^ Dvorak, John C "A Google-Microsoft War" PC Magazine November 16, 2004
^ Vise, David A "Microsoft, Google Both Claim Victory" The Washington Post September 14, 2005, p D05
^ Crawford, Krysten "Google CFO: Fraud a big threat" CNN December 2, 2004
^ Levingston, Steven "Google Buys Company To Expand Into Radio" The Washington Post January 18, 2006
^ Gonsalves, Antone "Google Confirms Testing Ads in Sun-Times Newspaper" Information Week January 10, 2006
^ Staff Writer "Google shares up on joining S&P 500 index" Associated Press March 23, 2006
^ Francisco, Bambi "Google to be added to S&P 500 Index" MarketWatch March 23, 2006
^ Mercury News Wire Services "Closing bell: Tech stocks advance; Google surges 7 percent" San Jose Mercury News March 24, 2006
^ "Google locations" Google Company Google, Inc November 2014 Retrieved 16 November 2014
^ McGee, Mattdate August 6, 2013 "A Visual Guide to Keyword Targeting and On-Page SEO" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Fishkin, Rand March 12, 2011 "The Evolution of Google Rankings" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Boutin, Paul October 5, 2002 "Google Degraded Geeks Aghast" Wired Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b c "Google listing disappeared after 2 weeks" October 27, 2002 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b c d "Google Algorithm Change History" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "Understanding Dominic - Part 2" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "Dominic Update : May 2003 Google Update" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Slegg, Jennifer May 29, 2014 "Two Links, Different Anchor Text, Same URL: Does it Matter to Google" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Sullivan, Danny September 2, 2003 "Search Engine Size Wars & Google's Supplemental Results" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Koppula, Prashanth; Cutts, Matt July 31, 2007 "Supplemental goes mainstream" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b Thies, Dan 2004 "How to Prosper With the New Google" PDF Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "An Insight Into Google's Florida" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "The latest on update Austin Google's January update" January 31, 2004 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b "How To Beat Google's 'Brandy' Update" March 8, 2004 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "Use rel="nofollow" for specific links" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b "Search Gets Personal" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Sullivan, Danny June 2, 2005 "New "Google Sitemaps" Web Page Feed Program" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b c Craven, Phil "Google's Big Daddy Update" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "Universal search: The best answer is still the best answer" May 16, 2007 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Sullivan, Danny November 27, 2007 "Search 30: The Blended & Vertical Search Revolution" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b "Update to Google Suggest" September 8, 2008 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ "How Will Universal Search Affect Seo" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b "Relevance meets the real-time web" December 7, 2009 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Sullivan, Danny December 7, 2009 "Google Launches Real Time Search Results" Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b c d "Our new search index: Caffeine" June 8, 2010 Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ a b c Segal, David February 12, 2011 "The Dirty Little Secrets of Search" The New York Times Retrieved November 30, 2014
^ Koller, David "Origin of the name, "Google" Stanford University January, 2004
^ a b Hanley, Rachael "From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns" The Stanford Daily February 12, 2003 Retrieved on August 26, 2010
^ Brin, S; Page, L 1998 "The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine" PDF Computer Networks and ISDN Systems 30: 107–117 doi:101016/S0169-75529800110-X ISSN 0169-7552
^ The Enid Blyton Society "The Enchanted Forest and Folk of the Magic Faraway Tree by Enid Blyton Retrieved on May 17, 2011
^ The Enid Blyton Society "Circus Days Again by Enid Blyton Retrieved on May 17, 2011
^ "United States Patent and Trademark Office" Retrieved 2013-01-03
^ Harris, Scott D "Dictionary adds verb: to google]" San Jose Mercury News July 7, 2006 Archived February 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Bylund, Anders "To Google or Not to Google" The Motley Fool via MSNBC July 5, 2006 Retrieved on July 7, 2006
^ Top Words of the Decade
^ "A portrait of the decade" BBC December 14, 2009 Retrieved on April 15, 2011
^ "Is It Proper To Say You Google On GOOGLE®" The National Law Review Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, PC 2012-06-14 Retrieved 2012-06-20
^ "About the Foundation" Googleorg Retrieved on October 11, 2007
^ Hafner, Katie "Philanthropy Google's Way: Not the Usual" New York Times September 14, 2006 Retrieved on October 11, 2007
^ La Monica, Paul R "Google to buy YouTube for $165 billion" CNN October 9, 2006 Retrieved on October 9, 2006
^ Staff Writer "Google buys YouTube" Side-Line Magazine October 9, 2006 Retrieved on October 9, 2006
^ Staff Writer "Google closes $A2b YouTube deal" The Age November 14, 2006 Retrieved on November 25, 2006
^ Staff Writer "Google acquires Web applications pioneer JotSpot" October 31, 2006 Retrieved on November 25, 2006
^ "A world in motion" from the Official Google Blog
^ "Let the passion continue! We're acquiring Adscape" from the Official Google Blog
^ Lewis, Laura; Fox, Lynn "NASA Takes Google on Journey into Space" National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Press Release September 28, 2005
^ Rosenbush, Steve "AOL-Google: Who Gets What" BusinessWeek December 21, 2005
^ Staff Writer "Google signs $900m News Corp deal" BBC News August 7, 2006 Retrieved on August 8, 2006
^ "Google, News Corp Ink Deal Over MySpacecom Ads" Fox News August 8, 2006
^ "Sky and Google unveil broadband alliance" British Sky Broadcasting December 6, 2006 Retrieved February 8, 2007
^ "For more than 50 years, NORAD is Tracking Santa, 14 Dec 2007 by Glenn Letham" GISUsercom Retrieved December 31, 2009
^ "Tracking Santa: NORAD & Google Team Up For Christmas, Dec 1, 2007, Danny Sullivan" Search Engine Land Retrieved December 31, 2009
^ "Tracking Santa, Then and Now, November 30, 2007, by Carrie Farrell, Veteran Santa Tracker" Google Retrieved December 31, 2009
^ Daniel Terdiman Dec 21, 2009 "Behind the scenes: NORAD's Santa tracker" CNET Retrieved December 31, 2009
^ "Instructions On Tracking Santa With NORAD & Google: The 2007 Edition, Dec 24, 2007, Danny Sullivan" Search Engine Land Retrieved December 31, 2009
^ Krause, Flavia January 23, 2009 Pope Benedict Debuts on YouTube to Reach Out to Catholics Bloombergcom Retrieved on May 29, 2011
^ "Google partners with Hyundai and Kia Motors to integrate Google Maps and Places into new car models" The Next Web Retrieved January 2, 2013
^ "dotMobi Investors" mobi Retrieved on October 14, 2007
^ Vencat, Emily Flynn "Gadgets: The Mobile Web" MSNBC July 17, 2006 Retrieved on October 14, 2007
^ "Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market" Google September 17, 2007 Retrieved on October 14, 2007
^ Niccolai, James "Google Buy Mobile Social Network Zingku" PC World September 29, 2007 Retrieved on October 14, 2007
^ Gonzales v Google, Inc January 18, 2006
^ Idiotic Anti-Linux & Google Patent Decision ZDNet Retrieved on May 29, 2011
^ / Media – Google loses Linux patent lawsuit Ftcom April 23, 2011 Retrieved on May 29, 2011
^ ORDER granting 829 Stipulation of Dismissal
^ "Starbucks, Google and Amazon grilled over tax avoidance" BBC News November 12, 2012
^ "Google agrees to pay British authorities £130m in back taxes" The Guardian January 20, 2016
^ "EU could force Google to pay more UK tax" The Guardian January 20, 2016
^ "A look back: Timeline of Mountain View history", San Jose Mercury News, March 2007
Auletta, Ken Googled: The End of the World as We Know It New York: Penguin Press, 2009 ISBN 1-59420-235-4
Battelle, John The Search: How Google and Its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture New York: Portfolio September 2005 ISBN 1-59184-088-0
Stross, Randall, Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know, New York : Free Press, September 2008 ISBN 978-1-4165-4691-7
Google Corporate History official
David Hart: On the Origins of Google National Science Foundation, August 17, 2004
history of google, history of google chrome, history of google glass, history of google in hindi, history of google logo, history of google maps, history of google search engine, history of google searches, history of google stock price, history of google timeline
History of Google Information about
History of Google Comments About
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History of Google viewing the topic.
History of Google what, History of Google who, History of Google explanation


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Could a Rare Earths Shortage Hurt the U.S. Cleantech Sector?
Words by Nithin Coca
Rare earths are in the headlines again. After it was announced earlier this year that the United States would, after a failure to reach a trade agreement with China, raise tariffs, followed by the news that the Chinese tech giant Huawei would face sanctions, there are growing worries that China will retaliate by restricting exports of rare earth elements, putting the entire U.S. tech industry at risk.
"The United States should not be depending on China and other foreign nations for our supply of rare earth elements," said Senators Joe Manchin (D-WV) in a press statement. "We utilize rare earth elements in the production of everything from our cell phones and televisions to strategic weapons systems."
Limited in quantity, rare earths have a wide reach
Rare earths encompass seventeen elements found near the bottom of the periodic table, which exist on earth in tiny quantities but are crucially important for making electronics function. Chances are your smartphone, computer or tablet has a trace amount of some rare earth minerals in it, without which it probably wouldn't work nearly as well. China has, for years, been the predominant source of rare earths for technology companies around the world.
An export ban or limitations are problematic for several reasons, but one industry that could especially suffer is the burgeoning cleantech industry. Electric vehicles, lithium batteries and wind turbines all need one or more rare earth elements to properly function. Moreover, any shortage could be particularly harmful for an industry that, despite years of record growth, is still in its infancy and not necessarily prepared to face a drastic shortfall of a necessary supply chain input.
Echoes of what tariffs did to the U.S. solar industry
Moreover, the trade war has already had a detrimental impact on clean energy. Back in early 2018, the Trump administration took the stunning move to put a 30 percent tariff on imported solar energy cells and panels. It was a move aimed squarely at China, the largest producer, though many also believe Trump's long-held disdain for the environment and climate science likely played a role as well.
"Tariffs... will create a crisis in a part of our economy that has been thriving, which will ultimately cost tens of thousands of hard-working, blue-collar Americans their jobs," said Abigail Ross Hopper, President and CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association, the national trade association for the U.S. solar industry which, tellingly, opposed Trump's move, in a press statement.
They were right. The result – billions of dollars' worth of U.S. solar projects were shelved, according to Reuters, due to the higher cost of imported solar panels and the limited quantity of domestic alternatives. Moreover, it hasn't helped American producers as well, as a report released by EnergySage Solar Marketplace Intel earlier this year found that the share of domestically produced panels actually fell in the first year after the tariffs were put in place.
Are there rare earths options other than China?
So far, the technology industry as a whole has been mostly silent on the potential impact if rare earths become caught up in a U.S.-China trade war. Part of the reason is that the world has been preparing for this. Back in 2010, China and neighboring Japan were seeing rising tensions due to the arrest of a Chinese trawler captain near islands that both nations claim as their own territory. China did then what it threatens to do today – shut the flow of rare earths to Japan for a short time, temporarily hurting the country's high-tech industry.
Since then, there has been a global push to diversify rare earths production so that entire industries cannot be held hostage by the whims of a single country. New mines have opened in Russia, Mongolia, and even in the U.S. Malaysia is now host to the world's only rare earth processing facility outside of China, and there are plans to build more in the coming years.
This means that even if the worst-case scenario – a full stop in Chinese rare-earth exports to the U.S. – occurs, it won't destroy the market for rare earths. Still, it could result in short term challenges for cleantech. Considering that we're seeing a record heat wave in India, and worrying news that ice sheets are melting faster than predicted, any hold up in bringing clean energy and other technologies to scale could be costly in the long run.
Image credit: Pexels
Nithin Coca
Nithin Coca is a freelance journalist who focuses on environmental, social, and economic issues around the world, with specific expertise in Southeast Asia.
Read more stories by Nithin Coca
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hispanic and Latino Heritage and History in the United States
Since 1988, the U.S. Government has set aside the period from September 15 to October 15 as National Hispanic Heritage Month to honor the many contributions Hispanic Americans have made and continue to make to the United States of America. Our Teacher's Guide brings together resources created during NEH Summer Seminars and Institutes, lesson plans for K-12 classrooms, and think pieces on events and experiences across Hispanic history and heritage.
A Literary Glossary for Literature and Language Arts
Our literary glossary provides a comprehensive list of terms and concepts along with lesson plans for teaching these topics in K-12 classrooms. Whether you are starting with a specific author, concept, or text, or teaching a specific literary term, but do not have a lesson or activity for students to work with, teachers and students will find what they're looking for here.
The Reconstruction Era
This Teacher's Guide provides compelling questions to frame a unit of study and inquiry projects on the Reconstruction Era, includes NEH sponsored multimedia resources, activity ideas that include use of newspapers from the time and interdisciplinary approaches to bring social studies, ELA, and music education together, and resources for a DBQ and seminar.
Women's History in the United States
Our Women's History Teacher's Guide provides compelling questions, lesson activities, and multimedia resources for integrating women's perspectives and experiences throughout the school year.
Chronicling America: History's First Draft
Created through a partnership between the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress, Chronicling America offers visitors the ability to search and view newspaper pages from 1690-1963 and to find information about American newspapers published between 1690–present using the National Digital Newspaper Program.
Investigating Local History
This collection of free, authoritative source information about the history, politics, geography, and culture of many states and territories has been funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Our Teacher's Guide provides compelling questions, links to humanities organizations and local projects, and research activity ideas for integrating local history into humanities courses.


The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, were held at Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
The games were thought to be a success. Half of the expense of the games was covered by the Dutch government.
↑ Sports Reference.com (SR/Olympics), "1928 Amsterdam Summer Games"; retrieved 2012-7-24.
↑ Guttmann, Allen (1992). The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-252-01701-3.
This page was last changed on 31 August 2018, at 04:33.


Warning: This article contains spoilers for the Challenge: War of the Worlds.
Season 33 of MTV's the Challenge is just around the corner and as per usual, some cast members are going to get cut on day one. The purge twist has become routine for the franchise since Invasion of the Champions and has sent several players packing before the actual game even begins. Things won't change for War of the Worlds, as the Challenge Fandom page is reporting that there will be a rookie purge this season, which will eliminate two newcomers right out of the gate.
Rookies for the season include Alán Valdez (Tierra de Reyes), Ashley Cain (Ex on the Beach UK), Chase McNary (the Bachelorette), Gus Smyrnios (Floribama Shore), Josh Martinez (Big Brother 19), JP Andrade (Ex on the Beach Brazil), Stephen Bear (Ex on the Beach UK), Theo Campbell (Love Island UK), Turabi "Turbo" Çamkıran (Survivor Turkey), Dee Nguyen (Geordie Shore), Georgia Harrison (Love Island UK), Julia Nolan (Big Brother 17), Liz Nolan (Big Brother 17), Mattie Breaux (Party Down South), Morgan Willett (Big Brother: Over the Top), Natalie "Ninja" Duran (American Ninja Warrior), Shaleen Sutherland (Big Brother Canada), and Zahida Allen (Ex on the Beach UK).
Unfortunately for Josh Martinez and Liz Nolan, they were eliminated in the rookie purge. This left Liz's twin Julia to fend for herself in her first ever Challenge, but things began looking up for Josh rather quickly.
It's being reported that Amanda Garcia ended up being paired with Josh shortly after the season's start when he was brought back to replace her first partner, Alan. Alan was injured competing in the rookie purge and required surgery on his hand which caused him to be disqualified from the game. No veterans were eliminated in the purge, which was a breath of fresh air after the last several seasons.
Me, on set, after hitting up craft services ????????????????
The Invasion of the Champions purge sent Jenna Compono and Hunter Barfield home, and things were turned up by the time Dirty Thirty came around. Season 30 sent home six cast members in the purge which included Darrell Taylor, Amanda Garcia, Devin Walker, Shane Raines, LaToya Jackson, and Simone Kelly. Vendettas saw the purge of Nicole Ramos and Rogan O'Connor, while Final Reckoning famously sent two teams which included Jenna Compono, Jemmye Carroll, Britni Thornton, and Chuck Lowry to the Redemption house, and ultimately home.
The Challenge: War of the Worlds debuts February 6 at 9 p.m. EST on MTV.


Since 2008, Four Seasons Hotel Hampshire has partnered with its sister hotels, Four Seasons Hotel London at Park Lane and Four Seasons Hotel London at Canary Wharf, to host an annual Terry Fox Run. To date, the hotels have raised over $45,000 USD to advance cancer research. Seventy-five per cent of funds go to Samantha Dickson Brain Tumour Trust, the largest brain tumour charity in London. The Trust strives to raise awareness, support and funds for brain tumour research. The rest of the donations are given to the Terry Fox Foundation in Canada, an organisation dedicated to supporting cure-oriented, biomedical cancer research.


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Zeppernick is een plaats (Ortschaft en Ortsteil) en voormalige gemeente in de Duitse deelstaat Saksen-Anhalt, en maakt sinds 1 juli 2007 deel uit van de stad Möckern in de Landkreis Jerichower Land. Zeppernick telt 618 inwoners.

Ortsteile
Tot het Ortschaft behoren de volgende Ortsteile
 Brietzke
 Dalchau
 Kalitz
 Wendgräben
 Zeppernick

Plaats in Saksen-Anhalt
Voormalige gemeente in Saksen-Anhalt
Möckern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Clean solutions.
Paragon Services Janitorial, LLC, became an independent janitorial firm in 2011, after 12 successful years as the janitorial division of San Diego Services, later renamed Paragon Services Janitorial. Today we provided services throughout Southern California.
Our commitment to sustainability incorporates 3 integral components. To protect and enhance human health, embrace environmental stewardship and to assemble a state of social equity. This philosophy is carried on to our clients.
We provide a full array of services that your facility will require. Utilizing the latest tools, technologies and processes we will find the best solution for maximum results.
Our success is directly related to our core values and ability to collaboration with our clients to deliver a service that exceed expectations.
Paragon Services Janitorial. LLC (PSJ) maintains many of Southern California's landmark properties. Driven by a commitment to exceed all metrics of performance while advocating our partners' interest, PSJ has become the premier janitorial provider for many of San Diego's largest property management firms and building owners. We take great pride that our success is directly related to our customers' confidence in our work and look forward to the opportunity to prove to you why we have earned our standing as a leader in the building maintenance industry.
© 2021 Paragon Services Janitorial. All rights reserved.


*We perform a thorough inspection of the area to make a definitive decision about what needs repairing in order to permanently stop the leak and solve the issue. All repairs we make are permanent and should last till the end of the roof's lifespan. We will give a Fully-Transferable 3 year warranty to ensure you that the leak has stopped and hasn't returned. If we attempt to repair the area and the leak comes back we will continue to solve the leak at no additional charge.
*This is where we will come out and thoroughly inspect the entire roof. We will provide a complete inspection and prepare a roof inspection report with photos and describe in detail the condition of the roof and point out any weak spots in your roof, any potential leaking areas and prepare a roof maintenance checklist that can be done to keep your roof free of any future surprises and so you are able to get the most out of your current roof without having to perform a roof replacement prematurely. We will also provide you with a quote for any repairs and roof maintenance. (We can waive half of the price of the inspection report if the work is performed).


What does it take to be great and to reach your full potential in any endeavor?
Top Jiu-Jitsu performers follow a common set of principles that sustain their success. The practice of Ground Control Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu allows individuals to understand these principles through an exciting process that combines instruction, observation, practice, appropriate feedback and live training.
Originally developed by the Gracie family, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu promotes the principle that a smaller and weaker person can successfully defend themselves against bigger and stronger opponents using leverage and proper technique.
New students will spend their first few months of training learning the basic fundamentals of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Building a good foundation is extremely important! Therefore, basic movement, position, and base will be the primary focus of the student at this stage of their training. Ground Control's philosophy is that a students Jiu-Jitsu will only be as strong as the foundation that it is built upon.
Students will experience results that go beyond gains in strength, flexibility, fitness or self-defense skills. By remaining truthful to the lessons learned in practice and applying them off the mats, Ground Control students experience an overall improvement on their focus, energy and general well-being.
The Ground Control Fundamentals Program teaches the basic principles of effective Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu to the average individual. Its structure condenses an immense diversity of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu into core fundamental moves combined intelligently and safely to optimize your learning.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu is for anyone, including you!
You will never forget your first class at Ground Control!
We recommend you arrive 15 minutes before schedule, as the jiu-jitsu class will start on time. As your practice begins you will notice that the instructor has a precise plan for the class. While the techniques will change, the class routine is always similar so you know exactly what to expect during each part of practice. You will learn over 100 techniques in your first few months so be ready for the journey! You will also find strong support by the Ground Control team. Students with more experience are always there to help new members get started. By the end of class you'll be physically tired but mentally exhilarated. Don't get too exhausted, though–we hope to see you back the next day! Remember, you can train as much as you want.