Nov 5, 2018. Learn the key differences between a personal statement and motivation letter, and find out how to write one for your university application. How have various. personal statement! If your personal statement is a stand-alone document within your application, open.
Reference writing. Defining competitive. Nov 19, 2015. Achieving an ideal college personal statement length can make the. No need to login to UCAS It uses Tsunami case study ledc method of counting lines (94 characters max per line) It uses UCASs method how many words is a uni personal statement counting characters See how small.
Sophie: Always. Re-draft and re-draft until you have sold yourself as much as you can. In a personal. How long should my personal statement be? You will also need a personal statement for university applications. The UCAS form will time out if you spend too long on the page without saving.
Here are some top tips on how to write the perfect personal statement. May 23, 2017. The UCAS personal statement strikes fear into most sixth formers. The personal statement is a 400 word story about why you want to study at. How many words a personal statement for postgraduate studies in the UK should approximately be?. Now it comes statemejt writing the dreaded Personal Statement.
Applications. & personal statements. Proofread carefully for grammar, syntax, punctuation, word usage, and style. Many universities offer study programmes taught in English. It would be good to introduce these details in the beginning (without too much detail) to.
Need help with your UCAS personal statement?. Many students ask if anyone actually reads the personal statement?
But while every personal statement is unique in style, its purpose is the same.. Aug 27, 2017. For example, Michigan State Universitys College of Engineering considers. Your personal statement forms part of your UCAS application to university. The personal statement should be one to two pages long.
In a personal. How long should my Personal Statement be? Your statement should give a clear indication of your motivation towards studying the.
This is all the space UCAS give you on their online system, Apply. Student completing her personal statement whilst applying to Essex. Fine tuning the opening sentence of your personal statement is a task most students. Oct 8, 2018. Its no secret - your personal statement is an important part of your UCAS application..
What is ucas personal statement word count limit? Feb 10, 2014. Two words you might be dreading if you are thinking about enrolling in. Top tips for writing a personal statement as part of your undergraduate.
A personal statement should be just that – personal.. Some word processors get different values if they dont count tabs and paragraph spacing as individual characters. In other words, you should spend less time on your own biography and backstory spend more time.
According to the UCAS website, a personal statement is your opportunity to sell. Creating and. Avoid rambling, waffling and long winded statements.
Some course providers specify just one page which is long enough to give a detailed. Many applicants dont find it easy to write a personal statement, which is why. The UCAS personal statement is a 47 line (or.


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using HarryPotterUnity.Enums;

namespace HarryPotterUnity.Cards.Charms.Spells
{
    public class WingardiumLeviosa : BaseSpell
    {
        protected override void SpellAction(List<BaseCard> targets)
        {
            this.Player.TypeImmunity.Add(Type.Creature);

            this.Player.OnNextTurnStartEvent += () => this.Player.TypeImmunity.Remove(Type.Creature);

        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We arrived last night and went straight to our good friends group show in Harajuku! Check it out if you are int he area at Beams Harajuku - "Air Mail" by Yusuke Hanai, Plate Lunch Special, Russ Pope and Zio Ziegler, the show is absolutely BEAUTIFUL!
I have a few Tokyo area shows this week.
Today, Saturday October 11, 2014 at The Heather Brown Gallery in Daikanyama.


text:
Analysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible
Analysis Essay: The Crucible essay: Is Abigail Williams evil?
Arthur Miller was one from the community of people who fought against the Congress Committee which took place in the 1950s and also known as McCarthy Trials. This historical period was also known as "Red Hunt" for communists and occurred in Washington D.C. From this events, Arthur had drawn parallels to the Salem Witch Trails in the late 1600s. He wrote a play called The Crucible where he had told the story of the Salem people who were bounded by the Devil. The Salem-town (nowadays Salem) situates in Massachusses state and during Witch Trails it was under the influence of Puritans church and traditions. In other words, The Crucible is the play about fears of social isolation and unknown, and how hysteria spreads fast among people.
The most notable character of the play is Abigail Williams. This character is a prototype of real Abigail Williams which was one of the central figures during the Witch Hunt in Salem. According to historical notes because of Abigail and several other young girls' strange behavior the Salem court and community accused about 57 people of witchcraft. Abigail was one of the people who reported to be a witness of the crime against God, and as a result, she was bewitched. Her state showed up in psychological disorder, but because of undeveloped medicine such diseases had not been diagnosed and treated by the doctors. No one knows what had happened with real Abigail at the end, but it is
The Crucible Tragedy Analysis
The kids that were hanged didn't really understand why the were being hung because they do anything wrong. Also it was the fact they were related to them and they thought that their mom or father was teaching them witchcraft. The crucible was a tragedy because no one was safe and everyone was scared that the girls were going to point at them next and they would hang. The trials were unfair because if the denied witchcraft they were hung for saying that they weren't and if they admitted they were put in jail and would confess their sins to the
Reverend Hale Reflection
The Crucible by Arthur Miller shows what the people in the town of Salem went through during the witch trials. Reverend Hale, a character in the story is an expert in the dark arts, and is in Salem to find out if there are witches. Upon arrival he faces many difficult scenarios for even an expert like himself. Reverend Hale's feelings are tried throughout the entirety of his visit in Salem; his opinions change with every new stone overturned. When Hale is initially interviewing Betty Parris and Abigail he uncovers a certain turn of events to persuade him to believe witches are loose in Salem.
Fear In The Crucible Analysis
Power Fabricricating Fear Power, the ability to maintain control, command, or authority over others can often be determined by one's reputation and their ability to persuade others. This principle is displayed within The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, which follows the town of Salem, Massachusetts navigating through a "Witchcraft" outbreak supposedly lead by the Devil. Within such a theocratic society such as Salem, the Devil is often associated with death, fear, and uncertainty, with his name alone often believed to influence others into following through with certain actions. The Devil, as a key figure behind the immense "witchcraft" occurring in Salem, is crafted by Miller as the most influential "character" based off the fear derived from his infamous reputation and his ability to control characters' actions.
Similarities Between The Crucible And Red Scare
Later in the story Tituba under the pressure of the court confest which ignited a hunt for witches. in both the salem witch trials and the red scare people where both paranoid of something. At the time of the witch trials the people were afraid of evil spirits, and the devil if you were accused of being a witch you would lose almost everything you owned. With the power of the church the people of Salem where easy overpowered by Propaganda and hysteria, with this people started so claim any was a witches for power, land, and even political strength. "We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!"( Arthur Miller.)
Abigail's Life In The Crucible
The Crucible still remains in society today because of the hysteria of Salem witch trials.The main character in this play is Abigail Williams, Abigail is very manipulative and wants everything to go her way. She is the main character and causes trouble everywhere she goes. The Salem Witch Trials is about hearings and prosecutions of people who were accused of witchcraft. In The Crucible Abigail is a no good villain. Abigail first commits adultery with Elizabeth Proctor's husband John Proctor.
A Summary Of The Supernatural And Tituba
It was believed that they danced a black magic dance in nearby woods, and some girls would fall on the floor and hysterically scream. Shortly after that, these actions started to allot all over Salem. Ministers came to Salem trying to find who is responsible for this crisis. The Puritans believed that to become bewitched, a witch must draw a person under a spell. The young girls of Salem could not have brought this situation onto themselves, so they were questioned and forced to name their torturers.
Puritanism In The Salem Witch Trials
Introduction The aim of this research is to investigate the extent to which Puritanism is responsible for the accusations of witchcraft brought upon approximately 120 people during the Salem Witch Trials in 1692 and the reason why these accusations persisted for eight months. The inhabitants of Salem were Puritans who believed strongly in Satan and his power. It was believed that Satan could give a person the power to hurt others in return for their loyalty, which was to be signed in their blood in Satan's black book. Anyone who consorted with Satan was a witch; a sin that was punishable by death. Witchcraft persecutions became popular in Europe in the 15th century and spread to North America with the British Colonisation.
Reverend Hale's Dilemmas In The Crucible
The witch scare of 1692, caused by a group of young girls, created insanity in the town of Salem leaving two hundred people arrested and twenty dead on the charge of witchcraft. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, many peoples beliefs on witchcraft change and develop over the course of this time due to the persecution of hundreds of people in Salem. Reverend Hale is among these people, originally coming to help the people of Salem as a master in the study of witchcraft but overtime changes his thoughts on the matter. Reverend Hale 's views on witchcraft are altered over the course of the play. Reverend Hale 's beliefs in witchcraft are strong in the opening of the play.
Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials were a gruesome part of our history in America. More than two hundred people were accused of witchcraft during years of 1692 through 1693. Historians believe that Ann Putnam Jr. and other accusers were badgered to accuse certain people. The parents (of the afflicted girls), Thomas Putnam and Reverend Samuel Parris told the afflicted girls to accuse others, were thought to be seeking out revenge for the accused. Most of the accused victims were either very wealthy or were social outcasts.
Young Goodman Brown Allegory Analysis
Allegory in Young Goodman Brown In 1835, Nathanial Hawthorne wrote a short story by the name of "Young Goodman Brown" which is seen as an allegory that deals with a deep moral issue, as allegories often do. An allegory is a story written in order to portray an underlying message or symbolic meaning. Hawthorne shows his allegory of a man 's test of faith, and how there is evil in everyone through the characters and the setting of the story. The short story of Goodman Brown takes place during the Salem witch trials of 1692. During this dark time, around two-hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft, which was punishable under the Puritan Law.
More about Analysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible
John Proctor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
One Veteran-One Standard - Guiding Principles > Agent Orange
Ischemic Heart Disease and Agent Orange
http://www.hillandponton.com/2012/05/ischemic-heart-disease-and-agent-orange/
For the past several years, the VA has acknowledged that veterans who served in the Republic of Vietnam between 1962 and 1975 were likely exposed to tactical herbicides such as Agent Orange. The VA regulations mandate that any veteran who served in Vietnam (or, now, in some other areas where Agent Orange was stored or sprayed) during the relevant time period is presumed to have been exposed to Agent Orange. The VA has identified a list of diseases which it accepts as having been caused by Agent Orange. If a veteran who has been exposed is affected by one of these diseases, it is presumed to have been caused by his exposure to Agent Orange and will, then, be considered service connected. In 2010, the VA expanded its list of twelve Agent Orange-related diseases to include Parkinson's disease, chronic B-cell leukemia, and ischemic heart disease.
What is ischemic heart disease? It is a disease which causes lack of blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. Not all heart disease qualifies for the presumption, but just because a veteran has not specifically been diagnosed with ischemic heart disease does not mean that he does not have the disease. Ischemic heart disease includes diagnoses such as coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischemia. The veteran may or may not have initial symptoms such as shortness of breath, unexplained fatigue, heart palpitations, a sensation of heartburn or indigestion, dizziness and/or lightheadedness. Vietnam-era veterans with heart disease should ask their doctors if their particular diagnosis is a form of ischemic heart disease.
Importantly, so long as the veteran was exposed to Agent Orange (either directly or presumptively), he need not have been diagnosed with ischemic heart disease within any certain time frame. In other words, if a veteran served in Vietnam in 1969 and develops ischemic heart disease forty years later in 2009, he is still entitled to service connection for his disease. In addition, although there are other risk factors for ischemic heart disease, such as smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, if the veteran has been exposed to Agent Orange, he is entitled to a presumption of service connection even if he has those other risk factors.
In addition to new claims for ischemic heart disease, the VA must also reopen and re-adjudicate the claims of Vietnam-era veterans who applied for compensation for heart disease prior to the change in the VA regulations. The veteran could, then, be entitled to an effective date all the way back to his earlier claim.
On that note, medical research is constantly identifying new links and relationships, and veterans should be aware that just because their particular illnesses or diseases have not yet been recognized as being related to Agent Orange does not mean that they will not be recognized at some point in the future. If the veteran feels that there is a link, it is worth filing the claim. The claim may initially be denied, but if the VA then later recognizes the veteran's disability as connected to Agent Orange, he could be entitled to an effective date as of the date he filed his claim.


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text:
What is WeCOACH
Coaches Council
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View Conference and Group Members
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Groople Travel
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Take 10 Talks
#SHECANCOACH
WeCOACH Sponsors
WeCOACH Partners
WeCOACH Store
Join #TEAMADIDAS
Interested in sponsorship opportunities with WeCOACH?
Uniquely curated opportunities and packages are available to fit a range of needs.
For sponsorship information contact Megan Kahn, executive director at megan@wecoachsports.org
WeCOACH is grateful for the generous support of our current corporate sponsors:
The NCAA believes in and is committed to diversity, inclusion and gender equity among its student-athletes, coaches and administrators. They seek to establish and maintain an inclusive culture that fosters equitable participation for student-athletes and career opportunities for coaches and administrators from diverse backgrounds. Diversity and inclusion improve the learning environment for all student-athletes and enhance excellence within the Association.
adidas global sports brand leader and lifestyle product manufacturer recently announced the She Breaks Barriers initiative as a continuation of its commitment to remove barriers in sport. This multi-faceted initiative is designed to inspire, enable and support the next generation of female athletes, creators and leaders. Recognizing that this isn't an issue the brand can fix alone, adidas is inviting fans, organizations and athletes to join the movement and co-create solutions together. For more details visit www.adidas.com/us/shebreaksbarriers.
Morgan Stanley advises, originates, trades, manages and distributse capital for governments, institutions and individuals, and always with a standard of excellence. They help individuals reach their long-term financial goals and are committed to a corporate culture that is open and inclusive is fundamental to our role as a global leader constantly striving for excellence in all that they do.
DU Online Graduate Degrees and Certificates in Sport
The vision of the University of Denver's Master of Arts in Sport Coaching is to deliver rigorous, exceptional, and innovative teaching to educate coaches to serve the athletes they coach and the public good. The program will be leaders in the dissemination of the scientific and practical knowledge of sport coaching. Additional information on DU's online sport programs can be found here or by contacting Brittany Kahl, Program Manager, at Brittany.Kahl@du.edu.
In 2019, NSF International is celebrating 75 years of protecting and improving human health. The independent, global organization facilitates standards development, and tests and certifies products for the food, water, health sciences, sustainability and consumer goods industries to minimize adverse health effects and protect the environment. MLB, NHL, and CFL clubs are permitted to provide and recommend only products that are NSF Certified for Sport®. NSF Certified for Sport® is also recommended by the NFL, PGA and the LPGA, and many other sport organizations.
Nutrition by Corvis
At Nutrition by Corvis, a sports-nutrition company comprised of former collegiate athletes and coaches, we deliver fresh, nutritious meals prepared specifically for individual athletes. Corvis has developed a proprietary algorithm that adjusts the meal specifications for each athlete based on their sport, position, gender, height, weight, and age. Our meals contain a unique quantity and ratio of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Our meals are broken into categories based on the number of hours before or after a competition, and are produced to optimize performance and recovery. Choose to be as vigilant about your nutritional choices as you are about the game plan. Choose Nutrition by Corvis.
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CCH+A Law
When you need legal guidance and advice, we are your partners. CCHA's team of experienced and trusted legal advisors is committed to providing innovative and practical solutions. You can rest easy knowing someone is working to protect and defend your best interests. CCHA offers a full range of legal services to ensure that you always have someone to rely on when faced with life's surprises, CCHA's services include labor and employment practice as it relates to coaches entering, advancing in and exiting the profession.
WeCOACH is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt nonprofit organization (Federal Tax ID #20-0059540).
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Instagram differing people and for reasons taking pictures and communicating together with your associates never Instagram could be utilized for buildings company for employs not within a convincing strategy. You would desire to energize it within the situation but for the all-inclusive neighborhood with a challenge, and right after it is a publicizing device that may be amazing. These are utilized by YouTube; they are used by Instagram and also Facebook or twitter has finished instagram. Checking truth, Instagram people connect by technique for instagram this is the reason you should see how to use them. Since it permits these to make their fabric open up, this part may be big for organizations which can be commencing at now endeavoring to find examines plus an effect which get the connection inside the game plan will probably be enacted by it.
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text:
Pitoma mrkva (lat. Daucus carota subsp. sativus) je dvogodišnja povrtlarska biljka iz porodice Apiaceae, čiji se korijen koristi u prehrani.

Korijen pitome mrkve je vretenast, obično narančaste boje. Stabiljka domaćih vrsta obično raste do 20-40 cm. Cvijetovi su joj bijeli i skupljeni u štitaste cvatove. Sije se u rano proljeće, te tijekom ljeta i jeseni dostiže svoju punu visinu, a cvjeta tek sljedeće godine. Divlji oblici imaju bijel i žilav korijen iz kojeg izbija do 1 metar visoka i razgranata stabljika. Pripadnici roda imaju pretežno dvopolne cvjetove.

Rod kojem pripada obuhvaća oko 60 vrsta, a najpoznatija je upravo pitoma mrkva (Daucus carota), koja u prirodi i kulturi ima veliki broj podvrsta. Pitoma mrkva je od svih vrsta iz svog roda i globalno najrasprostranjenija. Mrkve koje nisu narančaste, nego purpurne, žute ili bijele boje, obično nastaju uzgajanjem u cilju prodaje.

Mrkva se koristi u svježem stanju, kuhana, konzervirana (ukiseljena), sjeckana suha (kao začin) itd. Karakterističnu narančastu boju mrkve uzrokuje beta-karoten, koji se u organizmu ljudi metabolizira u vitamin A, ali samo kad su u crijevima prisutne žučne kiseline. Pored toga, mrkva sadrži i vitamine B i C, alkaloide, eterična i masna ulja i organske kiseline. Također je bogata vlaknima, antioksidansima i mineralima.

Izvori

Mrkva

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Coalesce columns in pyspark dataframes

res=to.join(tc, to.id1 == tc.id,how='left').select(to.id1.alias('Employee_id'), tc.name.alias('Employee_Name'), to.dept.alias('Employee_Dept'))
      res.show()

+-----------+-------------+-------------+
|Employee_id|Employee_Name|Employee_Dept|
+-----------+-------------+-------------+
|         12|         Prad|      Physics|
|         13|         null|         Chem|
|         14|         null|        Maths|
+-----------+-------------+-------------+

I want to replace the null with say NONAME. Please advise the select syntax

A: Try something like this:
df.withColumn("EmployeeNameNoNull",coalesce(df.Employee_Name,lit('NONAME'))).show()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Plasma etching has been vital for device fabrication in the semiconductor and other industries for over 40 years. This presentation will focus on the extension of plasma etching (a subtractive approach) into the nanoscale era and its continuing crucial role in nanotechnology.
A brief introduction to nanotechnology and an overview of plasma etching principles is given, followed by a detailed discussion of the difficulties of nanoscale etching and what can be done to overcome these challenges. Examples in nanoscale etching of silicon follow, including some tricks for extending the capability, then further examples in metals and other materials etching from recent Oxford Instruments experience.
The lecture is presented by Colin Welch, Principle Etch Applications Engineer and expert in nanoscale etching at Oxford Instruments.


text:
James Harden Can Justify Ugly Houston Exit By Winning NBA Title With Brooklyn Nets
'What The Hell's The Matter With Them?': Biden Takes Aim At Anti-Mask Lawmakers
In Latest Twist Of Legal Battle, Alex Rodriguez Accused Of Racketeering And Civil Theft
Show Libraries For Recent CW Series Heading To HBO Max In New Deal
The NRA Files For Bankruptcy
Here Are The Police Officers And Other Public Employees Arrested In Connection To Capitol Riot
Breaking| Jan 17, 2020, 08:54am EST |
8 In 10 Black Americans View Trump As 'A Racist,' Poll Finds
Lisette VoytkoForbes Staff
Wealth Reporter
The eight in ten black Americans who believe Trump to be racist also believe he's made racism worse ... [+] in the country and that white Americans do not understand the discrimination they experience.
Topline: A Washington Post/Ipsos poll found that more than eight in ten black Americans view President Trump as "a racist," with nine in ten respondents disapproving of his job performance—and with the election still ten months away, former vice president Joe Biden is (so far) black Democrats' candidate of choice.
The poll was conducted January 2 to January 8, and painted a largely pessimistic outlook by black Americans, 65% of whom said it was a bad time to be black in America.
Despite Trump touting his presidency as being good for black Americans, 77% of respondents said the president should get "only some" or "hardly any" credit for the 5.5% unemployment rate among their community..
While the black unemployment rate is at its lowest point in years, it stood at 16.8% in 2010, during Barack Obama's first term as president, and was at 7.5% when he left office.
In terms of their personal financial situations, 54% report no change during Trump's presidency, even though the stock market has reached record highs.
Black Americans who believe Trump to be racist also tend to believe he's made racism worse in the country and that white Americans do not understand the discrimination they experience.
The poll did find, however, that 65% of respondents feel optimistic about their own lives, a belief that crosses political divides and age groups.
Surprising fact: In a further illustration of black Americans' shifting outlook, in 2011 73% of black women said it was a good time to be black in America, and in 2006, 60% of black men agreed with that statement.
Crucial quote: "[Trump] has created an atmosphere of division and overt racism and fear of immigrants unseen in many years," said one unnamed poll respondent.
Big number: 7%. That's Trump's approval rating among black Americans, according to the Post.
Key background: According to 2016 exit polls, black Americans overwhelmingly did not vote for Trump in the presidential election. The demographic also turned out in lower numbers compared to 2012 and 2008, when Barack Obama was the Democratic nominee. However, a separate poll conducted by Third Way and the Joint Center in December showed black Americans are more enthusiastic about voting in November's election. Forty-eight percent of black Democrats surveyed by the Post support Biden, while 20% support Bernie Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren is in third place with 9% of the group's support.
Large Numbers Of Health Care And Frontline Workers Are Refusing Covid-19 Vaccine
In Georgia, Trump Says 'They're Not Taking This White House'
Black Americans deeply pessimistic about country under Trump, whom more than 8 in 10 describe as 'a racist,' Post-Ipsos poll finds (Washington Post)
Washington Post-Ipsos poll of black Americans, Jan. 2-8, 2020
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Lisette Voytko
Lisette Voytko is a wealth reporter at Forbes Magazine, focusing on billionaires, money and the world's richest people. Previously on the Forbes breaking news desk. She
Lisette Voytko is a wealth reporter at Forbes Magazine, focusing on billionaires, money and the world's richest people. Previously on the Forbes breaking news desk. She holds a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. Also seen in: Gotham Gazette, Bklyner, Thrillist, Task & Purpose and xoJane.


text:
IRS systems still vulnerable to cyber criminals
By Aisha Chowdhry
Government auditors told Congress on April 12 that the Internal Revenue Service continues to face weaknesses when it comes to information security. Meanwhile, some lawmakers pushed for more funding for the IRS to help with its cybersecurity efforts and hiring more IT professionals.
"There were numerous weaknesses that we identified due to the inconsistent application of their information security programs across IRS," Gene L. Dodaro told the Senate Finance Committee regarding the most recent audit. The comptroller general and head of the Government Accountability Office noted some of the weaknesses include easily guessed passwords to get access to servers that support key systems at the IRS; users who were given system privileges beyond what their job responsibility requires; systems that remain decrypted when encryption is called for; and software patches that are not being applied in a timely manner.
"These weaknesses were due in part to IRS's inconsistent implementation of its agency-wide security program, including not fully implementing prior GAO recommendations," the GAO noted in its most recent report. GAO made 45 new recommendations in this regard, in addition to the 49 existing ones.
The IRS spends $2.5 billion annually on IT across more than 20 major systems, but it is still dependent on a central data processing setup from the 1960s.
More from FCW
The taxman's tech troubles
Around 724,000 tax accounts were reportedly affected in a June 2015 incident, where 'unauthorized third parties' gained access to the accounts using the 'Get Transcripts' application, which has since been suspended. A year later in March, they suspended their Identity Protection Personal Identification Number (IP PIN). This service allowed people to get the IP PIN by passing their authentication checks.
"We have a delicate balance to maintain here," IRS Commissioner John Koskinen said. "We need to keep the criminals out while letting the legitimate taxpayers in."
Koskinen said his agency is working on developing a better coordinated authentication framework to avoid some of the errors made in the past. He also stressed the need for reauthorization of streamlined critical pay authority, which has expired.
Recently, the director of cybersecurity operations at IRS left before his term ended, and Koskinen said there are 14 other positions in jeopardy because of the expired pay authority. It is "almost impossible," he said, to recruit and retain cyber talent without having that reauthorization to hire for certain key roles at base rates well above typical Senior Executive Service levels.
Senate Finance Committee Chairman Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) said that there wasn't a timetable for reauthorizing the critical pay authority for the IRS, but he did say the committee would look at legislation related to hiring and compensation.
"When it comes to blocking hackers, Congress has done next to nothing while the IRS loses its ability to hire experts who can keep taxpayer information safe," Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), ranking member of the committee, said at the hearing. He voiced frustration with the 'Get Transcript' system vulnerabilities, but said critical pay authority is a "key part of the solution."
Some lawmakers, however, argued this may not be enough.
Congress continues to ask the IRS to do more with less by enacting deep and damaging cuts to the agency's budget," Sen. Tom Carper (D-Del.) said. "I'm concerned that these successive budget cuts may be pennywise and pound foolish when it comes to ... the agency's ability to protect American taxpayers' information online."
Aisha Chowdhry is a former staff writer for FCW.


Kawasaki is a Japan-based company that specializes in manufacturing sports and sports touring bike range. They started their Indian wing known as the India Kawasaki Motors Private Limited (IKM) on May 2010 at Pune, Maharashtra. Kawasaki focuses on bringing global quality technology inputs and providing comfort to the rider is one of their key aims. Recently they have announced the launch of two more models – Kawasaki Ninja 250SL and Kawasaki Z250 SL.
The Kawasaki Ninja 250 SL: The Kawasaki Ninja 250 SL features a low positioned rider seat offering riding comfort and total control over the machine. The other upgrades include narrow tail section, split and stepped up pillion seat, split grab rails, sleek and sharp LED taillight. It is designed with an upwardly facing exhaust muzzle with shiny chrome bits.
The Kawasaki Ninja 250 SL is characterised by black alloy wheels wrapped with tubeless tyres. In the engine section- the bike gets a 249 cc single-cylinder, liquid-cooled engine paired with a 6-speed transmission. The engine can yield 27.62 bhp of peak power at 9,700 rpm and 22.6 Nm of peak torque at 8,200 rpm. The safety features include 290 mm front disc brake and 220 mm rear disc brake. Also, it gets dual-channel ABS to ensure better safety and protection. The bike will be priced between Rs. 3 lakhs and Rs. 3.20 lakhs approximately. It features a sculpted and aggressive look. It gets a muscular finish due to the design. In the front, there is a sharp headlamp with LED lamp. Also, the bike's design ensures aerodynamic efficiency.
The Kawasaki Z250 SL: The Kawasaki Z250 SL was first launched in Indonesia. SL stands for Sports Lightweight. The bike weighs at 148 kgs and features a fierce sporty look. The engine is powered by a 249 cc parallel-twin, liquid-cooled, 4-stroke DOHC engine. It runs on a six speed gearbox and the engine yields 27.62 bhp of peak power at 9,700 rpm and 22.6 Nm of peak torque at 8,200 rpm. In the brakes department, the Kawasaki Z250 SL is characterised by 290 mm front disc brake and a 220 mm rear disc brake as well. Also, there is a dual-channel ABS as an option for adding more safety to the bike and rider. The bike comes with a sculpted look that gives it a hulk sort of look.
It comes with sharp LED head lamp. The fully digital instrument cluster, sculpted-looking fuel tanks with large capacity and tank scoops add zing to the bike. The rider seat is lowly positioned in order to give the rider a comfortable experience and also to ensure great control over the machine. A complete digital instrument console is present which includes speedometer, tachometer, fuel gauge and two trip meters. The rider will also get an indicator signal whenever the bike will run on low fuel, low oil or low battery. There are three colour options for riders to choose from- Orange, Green and Black. Kawasaki Z250 SL will be priced around INR 1.75-2.00 lakhs approximately.
Overall, these new products from Kawasaki will be known for its stunning looks, speed and mind blowing performance.


LYTOmobi games are free to play, but you can buy in-game currency that helps you progress faster. This in-game currency is purchased with real money using the iTunes store or Google Play Store.
To control the levels of security for each step of the purchasing process, enter your Play Store Settings > User controls > Require authentication for purchases.
You can limit your purchase using password. Select "For all purchases through Google Play on this device" to make sure that you will need to enter password every time you make the purchase. Please keep your password by yourself to prevent unauthorized purchase.
To control the levels of security for each step of the purchasing process, enter your device's Settings > General > Restrictions.
In the Restrictions menu, you can enable or disable restrictions. If you wish to enable them, the system will require that you enter your passcode.
completely disable every in-app purchase (turn the settings to OFF).
manage the frequency of the password request using the "Require Password" button.
If you'd like to continue making in-app purchases, you can set the device to require your password every time you make a purchase (select "Immediately") or every fifteen minutes.


Home » architecture » Comments » cookery » Countries » Crafts » customs » Featured Articles » History » museums » tours » Travel » Return to Tunisia Part 3; Den Den, the Medina & Carthage.
Den Den is a Handicrafts Village, not far from Bardo, and it has 45 shops, all making genuine Tunisian handicrafts.
It's off the usual tourist trail, but well worth a few hours' visit.
I was concerned as there was nobody there but us, then I found out that a lot of the craft workers enjoy working in those peaceful surroundings and they sell their work elsewhere, including exporting it to America and other countries.
There are around 350,000 craft workers in Tunisia, and 85% of them are women.
Everything you see has to be made in Den Den, not bought, and the women enjoy having their own income.
We wandered around and saw a great variation of work being made, including furniture, carpets, jewellery, glassware, traditional Tunisian birdcages, clothes, shoes, pottery and mosaics.
My favourite was micro mosaic. The intricate work was amazing. It took a long time to cut the pieces of mosaic and carefully stick them into a pattern.
Nobody harassed us. They smiled a greeting and proudly showed us what they were doing, then they carried on with their work.
I could have stayed there a lot longer, but we had to continue on our Journey.
We went to the Medina of Tunis for lunch.
The Medina of Tunis is the Medina quarter of Tunis, capital of Tunisia. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasas and fountains dating from the Almohad and the Hafsid periods.
It was very busy, but with local people hurrying around, not tourists.
We were expected at the Dar Ben Gacem Hotel, but it wasn't easy to find it in the narrow, winding streets of the souk.
To my surprise, unlike the usual souks, almost all the shops were selling jewellery. Windows were clean despite the dusty streets and the jewellery gleamed. But there were no customers! It was obvious we were visitors, but we weren't approached or hassled to buy at all. Maybe they make their money from weddings and festivals.
Finally after asking directions several times, we found the door of the Dar Ben Gacem and knocked loudly. The door opened almost at once and we stepped into a hallway. At the end it curved right and opened up into a courtyard in the middle of the building.
The owner, Leila Ben Gacem, was there to greet us. She explained about the house.
Leila bought it in 2006 from the Anoum family who had owned it for over 300 years. They'd bought it from another family, so the building has only had three owners!
It's a traditional Medina house. The front door opens onto the long hallway which curves, so nobody can see into the house when the door's open.
There are no windows on the outside of the house. All the windows face into the courtyard.
When a son got married, he was given one of the rooms for his family, and when a daughter got married, she would go to live with her in-laws.
Leila gave us a tour of the house. There are seven bedrooms, all architecturally preserved.
The house is much bigger and more compact than it first looks. It's all on different layers with walkways and hidden alcoves where visitors can sit in privacy.
On the 3rd floor there's a large room with seats and sofas, which is the perfect place to relax in any weather and temperature.
At the top is the roof level with chairs and tables, and great views of the Medina in every direction.
The strange thing is, out on the streets all is noise and bustle, but in the house it's completely peaceful!
Leila works with the Community, introducing visitors to workshops, like book binding, cookery classes etc.
It's 15 minutes to the beach by car.
The average stay of her guests is 2-3 nights, and they're 50% tourists and 50% business people. So far she's had 58 different nationalities staying there!
Lunch was served in the courtyard. We had a selection of breads, soup, and brik, which is served in different variations with most Tunisian meals. These were quite small and known as Fingers of Fatima. We also had squares like Spanish omelette. But these are called Tagines as they're cooked in the traditional tagine. And there was a delicious salad, cut into tiny pieces with a distinctive aroma of mint.
The main course followed. It was a spaghetti chicken dish. On top of the dish were some hot peppers and a fish which we were told was baby shark. Of course we sang that terrible song (Baby shark doodle-oodle-oodle-oo) and even the Germans knew it!
Tunisians don't have a dessert like we do. If anything, they serve a bowl of fresh fruit, and dates when they're in season.
We had to leave, so we said our goodbyes and walked through the Medina streets again.
Carthage was next. The remaining ruins are on two sites. Most of the ancient city is buried under the modern city. It will never be seen again. It would have stretched right down to a port beside the sea. It was huge!
You can read about Carthage in many books and online. It was a Phoenician settlement that was eventually destroyed by the Romans in 146BC.
We left through the exit and there were stalls lining both sides of the road.
Coaches of tourists used to stop here regularly, but they've all stopped coming. The stalholders' incomes have literally dried up.
I bought some pottery at amazing low prices and they were grateful to have the trade.
It was time to return to our hotel. It had been a very interesting and educational day.


Londoners might not dream of electric buses, but this ordinary looking bus garage in Waterloo features in the dreams of people from across the world who come to visit it.
If you think modern political satires are cruel at times, take a journey back 200 years for the crass display of bodily functions as satire was not just normal, but applauded when applied to the enemy.
One of the most oft cited "solutions" to railway overcrowding is the introduction of double-deck trains, which are regularly used in other countries.
Earlier this year I noted the 150th anniversary of the opening of London's Charing Cross railway station, but it came very close to being a eulogy for a long since closed station.


What financial arrangements do you have for "fee splits" within your office? If the total fee is $10,000, and consultant A obtains the Search and consultant B obtains the Candidate, how is credit for that $10,000 fee divided?
50 – 50, right? Five grand credit each, at whatever commission structure you might have? That's the way (virtually) everyone does it! But here are two intriguing questions for you. Why? And if you changed it, what would happen?
The answer to the question of "Why?" is obvious; "we've always done it that way." What does "always" mean? It means always – and that means since the days of APF (Applicant Paid Fee)! Surprisingly, there are today many in our business who do not realize that while our business has certainly evolved, we come from a historical background of APF. Until the early 1950's one hundred percent of our industry was APF. And as recently as the late '60's, the majority of our industry conducted business in this manner. What has this got to do with you? It is the reason you have always been taught that a 50 – 50 fee split is correct!
Consider the fairness of that structure in an APF environment. The company does the hiring; the applicant pays the fee. Their worth to the consultant is equal. In that market, 50 – 50 split makes a lot of sense.
But times change. Today there is, practically speaking, no APF business. Why? Well, decades of good salesmen selling EPF (Employer Paid Fee) to corporate hiring authorities have had profound consequences. Then too, the rise of Recruiting as a source of higher-quality candidates than obtained through newspaper ads has resulted in a superior product to sell. The sale has been made. It is an EPF business.
And how do we split our fees today, if consultant A has the candidate and consultant B has the client? 50 – 50, the same way we've always done it!
Let's take a look at an option, a different way of dividing credit for the fee (at the usual commission rates), and see what the results might be.
It is generally agreed that when consultant A has the client and re-activates or is given a candidate from consultant B, then consultant A (who has the search assignment) should put the deal together. The loss of effectiveness in communication would be significant were it otherwise. Peter Drucker's Information Theory, that "every additional relay doubles the noise and cuts the message in half", absolutely applies in this instance.
Accordingly, the consultant who has the client should present the opportunity to the Candidate, present the Candidate to the Client, Follow-up, close, everything. The consultant who has the client does the work. All of it? No. Most of it? Yes.
It is only fair that the one who does the work gets the fee. All of it? No, because another consultant recruited the candidate. Most of it? Yes. How much? Try 75% to the consultant who puts the assignment together, 25% to whomever recruited the Candidate.
Why? Because it is fair.
The problem with the old "50 – 50" split is that it makes one candidate worth twice as much as another! If you submit a candidate of your own and another originally recruited by someone else, your candidate yields a full fee if hired; the other candidate yields only half a fee for you.
Under these circumstances, many consultants will try to subtly shift the emphasis to their own candidate. This does a disservice to the client, who should evaluate candidates free from bias on the part of the consultant. Yet if a fee will be $20,000 if candidate A is hired and only $10,000 to the consultant if candidate B is hired, the tendency is strong to attempt to influence the hiring decision.
But what if the consultant would get 75% of credit for the fee if candidate B were hired. Would he then risk the entire placement for 25%? Probably not.
The client thus receives what he should – an unbiased presentation and follow-up on all qualified candidates.
What manager of an existing firm has not been frustrated by consultant reluctance to "work the files"? It is an often stated maxim that "there is more money in those files than you will earn in the next five years". This is quite probably a true statement. Yet is the back inventory of candidates utilized to its fullest extent? Nope.
The purveyors of computer software products will claim that time-and-money-absorbing computerization of files will correct this. They are wrong. The problem lies not in paper vs. computer screens; the problem is that when a consultant places a candidate recruited by someone else, he is working at half price! And yet the same manager who would laugh at a client who offered half-a-fee expects a consultant to willingly accept it!
What's the answer? 75% for the consultant who puts the deal together! Do you want your back files worked? Fine. But don't expect a 50-50 split to accomplish it.
There is one thing that will protect a firm from market downturns, inconsistent production, and slumps better than all else – having lots of clients.
Yet a weak consultant who does not possess the skill or the tenacity to obtain or develop clients can get by financially in a strong market by only recruiting – if there is an old-style 50-50 split.
The problem with doing so is that a weak consultant will never develop clients on his own. He becomes a "feeder" of more competent people. But when the market slows, two things will happen. First, the manager will keep the inept "feeder" on board too long while emphasizing too late the need to develop clients. Sorry. The "feeder" consultant will eventually fail after going heavily into his draw and costing the firm money. Secondly, the clients that could have been developed had the consultant been economically forced to do so will have gone to other firms.
If the cost of candidates had been only 25%, the consultant could not have "got by" by doing less than half the job. He would have become a real consultant – and the firm would have enjoyed additional clients and revenues. Try it and see.
Peter Drucker once wrote that "the purpose of business is to develop a customer". Certainly there is no intent to commit the heresy of criticizing Dr. Drucker. (When a professional business consultant refers to "St. Peter", he is referring to Peter Drucker). However, in our business, we might expand that statement a bit: The purpose of our business is to develop a repeat customer.
Read that sentence again. The strongest bulwark against difficult times and the best asset to maximize business in good times is a solid and continually expanding quantity of serious high-quality repeat client companies! We all recognize this. Yet, if you are a manager, remember the first rule of motivation – you must reward correct conduct.
If you've been having trouble motivating your people to expand and upgrade their client base, if your firm could use more serious repeat clients, then you should ask yourself a fundamental question: What kind of behavior have I been rewarding?
How do you get more and better clients? Pay your people for developing them by sending a clear signal! What kind of signal? How about 75% of the fee for obtaining the Search assignment and putting the deal together?
That is how you increase production – in good times or bad!
So let's see what might happen within the office if a 75 % – 25% split for the candidate were instituted.
First, it would be fair. After all, the consultant who puts together the placement surely does at least 75% of the work. He should get 75% of the fee.
Secondly, it yields for the client an objective presentation of all candidates and increased quality of work by the consultant throughout the hiring process. Why? Because the consultant is dealing with candidates of roughly equivalent worth to him, rather than candidates at both half the commission (the "split' candidate) and full commission ( his own recruit).
Thirdly, the entire office would utilize the back data base inventory of candidates far more. Because they are not being asked to work at half price when they do so!
Fourthly, the firm would see additional clients brought in those "feeder" consultants who only recruit for others. An appropriate split-fee arrangement means they would no longer be able to survive financially by doing so. Thus, they would have to go out and develop some clients – or get out of the way for more competent people.
Finally, a 75% – 25% split sends a clear signal to your staff that long term business success is achieved by accumulating many repeat customers. That you want your people out there marketing your firm and developing accounts. Putting together completed searches! And that you will pay them for doing so!
Once upon a time, a 50 –50 split was right for our industry. The applicant paid the fee! That was why he was worth 50% ! But do you still work an APF market? No. So why do we still have a 50 % split ? Because we've always done it that way!
Come on. We can do better. Try it and see.


Wether limestone has been sealed (in most cases it would be) or left in its natural state, it must be swept or vacuumed on regular basis in order to prevent dirt building up and entering the pores. It is recommended to be cleaned with neutral ph cleaners and detergents. Acid based cleaners must be avoided as over time limestone will have a negative reaction to them.
Being relatively light in colour and widely used in landscaping and paving, it will require high pressure cleaning from time to time. The pressure should never exceed 800 psi and appropriate attachments must be used during the process. Please contact us at Sydney Tile Restoration for a professional solution with all your limestone cleaning.
Our equipment can be specifically adjusted for any natural stone including limestone to provide the best possible clean and solution. Sydney Tile Restoration are your specialists for limestone cleaning, stripping and sealing.
Sydney Tile Restoration provides leading cleaning solutions for commercial & residential Limestone tiles and pavers. Save yourself time, effort and money and let our team of professionals bring your Limestone tiles back to its best possible condition.
Bare limestone has a sandy rough feel with tiny granules on the surface (unless it has been polished). It is quite easy to scratch and stain if not sealed with a proper sealer. Sydney Tile Restoration provides leading sealing solutions for all types of Limestone tiles and pavers. Save yourself time, effort and money and extend the lifetime of your Limestone tiles with our specialist sealing techniques and products.
Whatever the finish is Limestone surfaces should be cleaned and then sealed with a quality sealer. For more information visit our section for Sealing Limestone Tiles.


(August 3, 2018) The University Health Center is expanding to continue to meet the needs of UO students. Construction is beginning and, as a result, there will be some changes at the health center.
The health center is building a 22,000-square-foot, three-story addition to the north side (facing 13th Street) of the current building. We are also renovating the existing space. Highlights of the changes include an expanded lobby and check-in area, a new acute care clinic, expanded or new facilities for the pharmacy, laboratory, primary care, psychiatry, nurse specialty clinic, STI clinic, counseling center, physical therapy sports medicine, and dental.
The health center will remain open during construction and services will continue. Some parts within and around the building may be affected. Except for brief times in the summer of 2019, we expect to continue our services without major interruption.
The planned opening of the completed building is fall 2019. Some parts of the new building will be opened for patient use in summer 2019.
Parking lot 36B (behind the health center): This parking lot will be closed starting during construction.
Bike parking at north and south entrances: These bike parking areas will fluctuate throughout the project. The south entrance bike parking will remain accessible during most of the construction. The north entrance bike parking will be accessible for a very short period of time and then temporary bike parking will be identified.
Covered bike parking on the west side of the building: This bike parking area will be removed during construction, and will no longer be an option for parking.
Covered bike parking on the southwest side of the building: This bike parking is used mostly by students living in Carson and other residence halls. This parking area will be removed during construction and will likely be relocated.
Secured bike cage parking for staff: The current location of this bike parking will remain in the same location and be accessible during most of the construction.


Nice large move in ready 2 bedroom home/cottage with Alum. siding, Living room with wood stove and elec. fireplace laminate floor and walk out onto the large 16×23 patio, utility/entrance room with door to fenced in area for you pet, 2 large bedrooms, full bath, window air conditioner, 8×12 shed, cement drive, newer elec. stove, newer metal roof, and on a nice lot near Asso. beach and Canal on All Sports Cranberry lake where you may be able to dock a boat with Asso. approval. Must SEE!! Being sold furnished As Is.
Directions: Take Townline lake Rd. East off from Old US-127 to Ball Ave. turn Left go N. to Cranberry Lk. Rd. Go E. to Eberhart, turn Left go N. to Oak View turn Right, home is on the Left.


This entry was posted on Friday, July 25th, 2014 at 3:45 pm	and is filed under Beatle Photos. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
Nice to see Ringo without the Peace & Love sign for once.


Rai Rai Ken | Oh No! Not Another NYC Food Blog!
Lauded as one of Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto's favorite ramen spots in NYC. Located in the village.
The lobster had a nice lobster, shrimp & pork based broth topped with poached egg, shrimp, cilantro & scallion – deeply shellfishy broth, luxurious egg, welcome shrimp.
The mabo had a soy sauce based broth topped with ground pork, tofu, chili & scallion – nutty, rich, happy-making pork bits … It's all there.
Gyoza – light, with veg, nice taste.
Vibrant & busy with bustling servers a a flurry of activity from the open kitchen.
Lots of bright red balanced by mixed wood tones.
It's a more than suitable substitute if Ippudo is booked, but just a tic under our favorite. On the other hand, much less expensive and very, very tasty.
5 out of 5 for damn tasty noodles for a great price.
*We have visited a few times after that first time, even with company, and the taste held up.


text:
journal_list | How to participate | E-utilities
ScienceCentral Journals
Vet World
Vol.9(7)
Haldar and Gandhi: Effect of oral administration of Bacillus coagulans B37 and Bacillus pumilus B9 strains on fecal coliforms, Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp. in rat animal model
Veterinary World
Veterinary World 2016; 9(7): 766-772.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.766-772
Effect of oral administration of Bacillus coagulans B37 and Bacillus pumilus B9 strains on fecal coliforms, Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp. in rat animal model
Lopamudra Haldar1, , D. N. Gandhi2
1Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, ICFAI University, Kamalghat - 799 210, Tripura, India
2Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
Corresponding author: Lopamudra Haldar, e-mail: mohor7@gmail.com, DNG: dngandhi@rediffmail.com
Received 18 March 2016 Accepted 16 June 2016
Copyright: © Haldar and Gandhi
(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0):
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
To investigate the effect of oral administration of two Bacillus strains on fecal coliforms, Lactobacillus and Bacillus spp. in rat animal model.
Materials and Methods:
An in vivo experiment was conducted for 49-day period on 36 adult male albino Wister rats divided equally into to four groups. After 7-day adaptation period, one group (T1) was fed on sterile skim milk along with basal diet for the next 28 days. Second (T2) and (T3) groups received spore biomass of Bacillus coagulans B37 and Bacillus pumilus B9, respectively, suspended in sterilized skim milk at 8-9 log colony-forming units/ml plus basal diet for 28 days, while control group (T4) was supplied with clean water along with basal diet. There was a 14-day post-treatment period. A total of 288 fecal samples (8 fecal collections per rat) were collected at every 7-day interval starting from 0 to 49 days and subjected to the enumeration of the counts of coliforms and lactobacilli and Bacillus spores using respective agar media. In vitro acid and bile tolerance tests on both the strains were performed.
The rats those (T2 and T3) received either B. coagulans B37 or B. pumilus B9 spore along with non-fermented skim milk showed decrease (p<0.01) in fecal coliform counts and increase (p<0.05) in both fecal lactobacilli and Bacillus spore counts as compared to the control group (T4) and the group fed only skim milk (T1). In vitro study indicated that both the strains were found to survive at pH 2.0 and 3.0 even up to 3 h and tolerate bile up to 2.0% concentration even after 12 h of exposure.
This study revealed that oral administration of either B. coagulans B37 or B. pumilus B9 strains might be useful in reducing coliform counts accompanied by concurrent increase in lactobacilli counts in the intestinal flora in rats.
Keywords: acid salt tolerance, antibacterial activity, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus pumilus, bile salt tolerance, probiotics
Probiotics are defined by the World Health Organization as "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" [1]. The global trend in the food sector is to incorporate probiotic microorganisms into foods for imparting its functional attributes that can provide some health-promoting component(s) beyond its traditional nutrients [2]. Worldwide, there are numerous strains of probiotics used in dietary supplements and foods, but most are unstable at room temperature and need to be freeze dried or encapsulated via special processes to remain viable during manufacturing, storage, and exposure to stomach acid and bile [3]. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used extensively as starter cultures in food fermentation and found to have many health benefits [4]. In recent years, research, development, and use of spore-forming bacteria as probiotic have brought a breakthrough in probiotic world.
The use of bacterial spore formers, Bacillus spp. in particular, as probiotics could provide practical advantages for both humans and animals [5]. The ability to form spores endows probiotics with higher resistance to technological stresses during production and storage processes and also higher resistance to gastric (pH, digestive enzymes) and intestinal environmental conditions [6]. Indeed, a number of products containing spores of Bacillus spp. are currently commercialized as probiotics for human [7] as well as for farm animals, particularly in cattle [8], swine [9], and poultry [10]. Besides many benefits, such as reduction of irritable bowel syndrome in human patients [11,12] and Bacillus subtilis is a use for vaccine production host and delivery vector as it is safe for human consumption and the production of spores exerting adjuvant effects [13].
There is limited information on the antimicrobial activity of Bacillus probiotics [14] in vivo animal model. Hence, we have conducted a study with the objectives (i) to elucidate the antimicrobial effect of Bacillus coagulans B37 and Bacillus pumilus B9 strains on fecal coliforms, (ii) to investigate their effect on fecal Lactobacillus as well as Bacillus spp. in rat animal model, and (iii) to examine functional potential in regards to acid and bile tolerance of these Bacillus strains under in vitro conditions.
An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Bacillus strains on fecal coliforms, Lactobacillus and Bacillus count in rat animal model at the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India. The experimental animals were treated in accordance with the guidelines of the Ethical Committee for Animal Experiments of National Dairy Research Institute.
Bacillus strains for the feeding trail
B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 strains used for oral administration in rats in the current study were isolated from buffalo milk and subsequently characterized morphologically, biochemically, and genetically based on single strand conformational polymorphism banding patterns and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and also found on hemolysis on blood agar plates after incubation at 37°C for 18 h as previously reported [15]. Both Bacillus strains were maintained on B. coagulans agar (BCA) slants [16] and subcultured after every 25-30 days period. The stocks of both Bacillus strains were preserved in 20% glycerol stock medium at −76°C. The cultures were activated before use by twice subculturing in BCA broth. The spore biomass of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 was produced using a whey-based medium supplemented with suitable nutrients and minerals [17].
Experimental animals
36 adult male albino Wister rats were divided equally into to four groups (9 rats in each group) on the basis of their body weight and age so that the mean body weight and mean age of four groups did not differ (p>0.10) at the beginning of the experiment. Each group having 9 animals were again divided into three subgroups (3 animals in each subgroup) as replicates. The animals were 75±5 days old with mean body weight of 210±10 g. The animals were housed in aluminum cages under controlled temperature (22°C±2°C) and humidity (56±5%) at Small Animal House of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India. Each group having 9 animals were again divided into three subgroups (3 animals in each subgroup) as replicates.
Feeding schedule
The experimental rats were allowed a 7-day adjustment period to remove the effect of stress possibly experienced by the animals due to separation from the main stock and to become accustomed to the testing regimen. All groups were fed on standard basal diet (containing starch - 57.46%, casein - 20.0%, sucrose - 5.0%, vegetable oil - 10.0%, cellulose powder - 1.91%, mineral mixture - 4.62%, and vitamin mixture - 1.01%) 7 days (adaptation period) before and 14 days after the treatment period. During the experimental period, the rats were fed twice, at morning (08:00 h) and evening (20:00 h) at 12 h interval. After the adaptation period, one group (T1) was fed on sterile skim milk along with basal diet for the next 28 days. The two experimental groups (T2 and T3) received spore biomass of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9, respectively, suspended in sterilized skim milk at 8-9 log colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml for 28 days as the previous report indicated that oral administration of a proprietary preparation of B. coagulans - GanedenBC(30)™ - a novel probiotic up to 9.38×10 (10) cfu/day for 1-year period caused no signs of toxicity in the parental generation (male or female) nor the F1 offspring of Wister rats [18]. No water was supplied to these three groups. After the feeding of Bacillus organisms for 28 days, all the animals were fed on the basal diet along with water for further 14 days. The last 14 days was considered as post-treatment period. The fourth group (T4) was supplied with clean water along with basal diet during the whole 49-day experimental period. This group served as control group.
Fecal sample collection
The fecal samples were collected from all experimental rats to evaluate the concentration of bacterial spores. The fecal samples were collected at every 7-day interval starting from 0 to 49 days. A total of 288 fecal samples (8 fecal collections per rat) were collected in sterile container squeezing of the rectal area of the rat. Just after collection, the samples were weighed and immediately diluted in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and then transported immediately in the laboratory and kept at 4°C in a refrigerator until analysis, performed on the same day. The fecal samples were pooled from 3 animals of each subgroup to obtain a total of 12 subgroups (3 from each group of T1, T2, T3, and T4). Each subgroup's fecal sample was homogenized in PBS, and then, serial dilutions were made in the sterile physiological saline solution, and thereafter, subjected to enumeration of bacterial counts.
Bacterial counts
All bacterial enumerations were done within 2 h of sampling. The homogenized samples in PBS were used for enumerating coliforms and lactobacilli counts using Eosin Methylene Blue agar and MRS agar (named by its inventors: DeMan, Rogosa, and Sharpe), respectively. For enumeration of Bacillus spore count in fecal samples, the homogenized samples in PBS were put into a water bath at 80°C for 10 min, and then cooled immediately to favor spore germination. The samples were serially diluted in physiological saline after holding 2 h at 37°C, and plating was performed using BCA media and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24-72 h after which the Bacillus spores were identified on the basis of their characteristic morphology [19] and then counted and recorded.
In vitro acid and bile tolerance test
The acid and bile tolerance of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 strains were assessed as per the methods described previously [20,21]. Different low pH solutions were prepared to stimulate gastric acidic conditions by adding reagent grade HCl (35.8%) in distilled water drop by drop in a beaker and solutions having pH of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 were obtained. Sterile distilled water (pH adjusted to 6.5) was served as control. High bile salt solutions (1.0% and 2.0%) were prepared by dissolving bile salts (Hi-media, India) in distilled water. 1 ml of fresh culture containing approximately 107-108 cfu/ml was added to the different pH solutions (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 6.5) as well as bile solutions (1.0% and 2.0%) and mixed thoroughly. 1 ml of each solution was taken from each tube immediately (0 h) and 10-fold serial dilutions were prepared in 0.1% peptone water. Pour plating was done on BC agar media. The inoculated pH solutions were incubated at 37°C for 3 h, and 1 ml of culture was taken hourly from each tube after an interval of 1, 2, and 3 h of incubation followed by plating. The bile solutions containing cultures were incubated at 37°C for 12 h, and 1 ml of bile solution containing culture was taken from each tube after 1, 3, and 12 h of incubation and plated on BCA. All plates were incubated at 37°Cfor 24-72 h and the cfu were counted.
T-test was employed to test the significance of differences between various groups of animals (rats) on age and body weight at the beginning of the experiment using Microsoft® Excel 2000 Software package, Microsoft Corporation, USA. General Linear Model (GLM) procedure with post-hoc test was also done on each set of data of fecal Coliform, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus count to determine whether significant differences existed among different groups from SYSTAT 6.0.1 Statistical Software Package, 1996, SPSS, Inc., USA. Fisher's least significant difference test was applied to determine the statistical significance of the difference in effects of treatments among different groups in the animal study, from matrix of pairwise comparison probabilities of different means. A p<0.05 or <0.01 was considered to be statistically significant. The mean±standard error of mean different parameters studied was graphically presented using GraphPad Prism 3.02, 1999, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego CA.
The present investigation was undertaken to explore the antibacterial effect of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 on fecal coliform, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus in rat animal model. Despite the information on the antimicrobial effect of probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [22-24], there is a dearth of knowledge on the antimicrobial effect of Bacillus spp. in animal models [25].
Effects on fecal coliform count
The effect of feeding of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 on changes in the counts of fecal coliforms is presented in Figure-1. The number of fecal coliform counts decreased by more than 1 log cycle (p<0.01) for rats in both the groups received non-fermented skim milk supplemented with Bacillus organisms than the counts for control rats as well as the rats received only skim milk (T1) during the 49-day experimental period. However, the fecal coliform counts between the two groups fed Bacillus organisms did not differ (p>0.05). Fecal coliform counts for the control (T4) and the rats fed skim milk (T1) remained unchanged during the experimental period. In the present study, the feeding of Bacillus spores decreased the counts of fecal coliform in rats as reported previously in piglets [26]. Bacillus probiotic mixtures might be allowed for tailoring strategies to prevent infectious diseases [27,28]. Our earlier study showed the surface hydrophobicity of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 were 42.88% and 37.43%, respectively, under in vitro condition [29]. In the present study, feeding of Bacillus organisms probably exerts an antagonistic effect on intestinal coliform leading to displacement of a considerable population of coliforms from the intestinal flora.
Figure-1
Trend in mean±standard error of mean fecal coliform count (colony-forming units/g fecal sample) in different groups of rat. Rats were fed with cholesterol-enriched diet from 0 up to 35th day cholesterol-enriched diet. The diets were supplemented with control - water (•); T1 - Skim milk (○); T2 - non-fermented skim milk with B37 isolate (×); T3- non-fermented skim milk with B9 isolate from 15th day up to 35th day (▴). ⋆⋆indicates fecal coliform count among different groups differ significantly (p<0.01).
Effect on fecal Lactobacillus count
Figure-2 shows the effect of dietary treatment of Bacillus organisms on changing pattern in the counts of fecal lactobacilli. The rats in the group fed non-fermented skim milk plus B. coagulans B37 exhibited significantly increase (p<0.05) in the numbers of lactobacilli (more than 1 log cycle) in their feces than that of the other groups during the 49-day experimental period. However, rats those received non-fermented milk along with B. pumilus B9 (T3) showed significantly higher (p<0.05) fecal lactobacilli counts than had the control group and the group fed only skim milk (T1) at day 42 and 49 also. The present result also depicted that there was no variation (p>0.05) in fecal lactobacilli counts between the two groups fed Bacillus probiotic at 42 and 49 days. The present finding of increase in the count of fecal lactobacilli agrees well with the earlier observations reflected large bowel colonization of LAB for biological effects [10,30,31]. Probably, the Bacillus organisms act synergistically with lactobacilli in the gut of rats, by producing acid and other metabolites essential for the growth of the lactobacilli.
Trend in mean±standard error of mean fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count (colony-forming units/g fecal sample) in different groups of rat. Rats were fed with cholesterol-enriched diet from 0 up to 35th day cholesterol-enriched diet. The diets were supplemented with control - water (λ); T1 - skim milk (ϒ); T2 - non-fermented skim milk with B37 isolate (´); T3 - non-fermented skim milk with B9 isolate from 15th up to 35th day (π). Fecal LAB count among different groups differ significantly (p<0.05). ↔Indicates fecal lactobacilli count among different groups differ significantly (p<0.05).
Effect on fecal Bacillus count
The effect of feeding of Bacillus organisms on changing pattern in the counts of fecal Bacillus is presented in Figure-3. The fecal Bacillus counts in rats fed non-fermented skim milk plus B. coagulans B37 (T2) as well as rats fed non-fermented skim milk plus B. pumilus B9 (T3) increased immediately just after day 14 (days when the feeding of Bacillus organisms was started). The rate of increment was higher in group T3 than that of group T2. Average of 4 log cycle increment was evidenced on the 35th day in both cases. As the probiotic feeding was stopped from 36th day onward, the fecal spore count of group T2 decreased sharply within 7 days by more than 1 log cycle. However, the fecal Bacillus counts in groups T2 remained quite stable in post-feeding period. The Bacillus counts in feces of the control rats as well as the rats fed only skim milk (T1) were found to be very low or sometimes non-detectable. The significant increment of the Bacillus counts after feeding of B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 in rats strongly supports the previous reports on use of gut-colonizing B. subtilis spores as a new platform for the mucosal delivery of vaccine antigens [32] as well as survivability of Bacillus clausii spores in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and thereafter germination, outgrowth, and multiplication as vegetative forms following oral administration as spore-based probiotic formulation [33]. In the present study, the feeding of B. coagulans B37 revealed that the fecal Bacillus count remained stable for 10 days after withdrawal of feeding of B. coagulans B37. This finding suggests that B. coagulans B37 probably adhere to the intestine of the rat and help to exert beneficial effects.
Trend in mean±standard error of mean fecal Bacillus count (colony-forming units/g fecal sample) in different groups of the rat. Rats were fed with cholesterol-enriched diet from 0 up to 35th day cholesterol-enriched diet. The diets were supplemented with control - water (λ); T1 - skim milk (ϒ); T2 - non-fermented skim milk with B37 isolate (´); T3 - non-fermented skim milk with B9 isolate from 15th day up to 35th day (π). ↔↔indicates fecal Bacillus count among different groups differ significantly (p<0.01).
In vitro acid and bile tolerance
Surviving passage through the GI tract is believed to be important for probiotics to function in the gut [34,35]. In vitro acid and bile tolerance abilities of the selected Bacillus isolates are presented in Tables-1 and 2. In the present study, both B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 strains were shown to survive at pH 2.0 and 3.0 even up to 3 h under in vitro experiment. B. pumilus B9 strain, specially, could survive at pH 1.0 up to 3 h, but B. coagulans B37 strain showed tolerance at pH 1.0 up to only 1 h. Resisting exposure to pH 3.0 for 1.5 to 2 h is considered one standard for low pH tolerance of probiotic bacteria [36]. Surviving bacteria from the stomach would then contact bile in the small intestine. Multiplication of B. coagulans in the small intestine should not be expected since the bacteria are strictly aerobic. Tolerance to bile is thus a criterion for B. coagulans to survive passage through the small intestine. Both B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 strains were found to possess a strong tolerance to bile up to 2.0% concentration even after 12 h of exposure. The significantly higher (p<0.01) counts of Bacillus in feces of rats fed with Bacillus spores than the counts in feces in rats that did not receive Bacillus spores, supports the previous finding of potential probiotic functions of Bacillus Species under simulated GI condition [37]. Hence, the present study suggests that consumption of non-fermented milk plus either B. coagulans B37 or B. pumilus B9 strains might be useful in reducing coliform counts accompanied by concurrent increase in lactobacilli counts in the intestinal flora in rats.
Table-1
In vitro acid tolerance of the selected Bacillus isolates.
Bacterial count (cfu/ml)
At pH 6.4
Bacillus coagulans (B37) 8.64 8.11 8.34 8.49 3.69 2.23 - - 6.18 5.85 5.28 5.36 6.81 6.73 6.53 6.11
Bacillus pumilus (B9) 8.86 8.79 8.18 7.96 6.32 5.67 3.51 2.11 7.86 6.36 6.23 5.85 7.96 7.59 7.18 6.87
cfu=Colony-forming units
In vitro bile tolerance of the selected Bacillus isolates.
At 0.0% bile
Bacillus coagulans (B37) 8.15 7.60 8.15 7.95 7.46 6.11 6.86 6.81 6.28 5.62 5.48 5.53
Bacillus pumilus (B9) 8.75 8.15 7.99 7.85 6.43 5.95 5.64 6.28 5.70 5.36 4.59 4.87
As Bacillus spp. is not considered resident members of the gut microflora, controversies are there whether it can survive the transit within GI tract and can be able to exert health protecting effects followed by germination of spores within the gut. In vivo as well as in vitro study clearly indicated that B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 spores could withstand the adverse environment of the GI. tract. The decreasing counts in fecal coliform with the increasing counts in both lactobacilli and Bacillus counts in the feces of the treated rats suggested that both B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 probably inhibited the proliferation of coliform in rats and exerted synergistic effects with lactobacilli. Thus, both B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 could be used as an adjunct probiotic in combination with established strains of probiotic lactobacilli to achieve combined and more pronounced health-promoting effects. Since Food and Drug Administration has some restrictions for granting GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) status for any Bacillus species, two indigenous strains, B. coagulans B37 and B. pumilus B9 could be considered for probable probiotics after necessary clinical studies and safety assessment in animals and human.
Both the authors contributed to conception and design of the study. LH carried out the research work, collected data, analyzed data, interpreted the results, and drafted the article critically for important intellectual content. DNG monitored the whole research program. Both authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance and necessary supports provided by the Director of National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India, to carry out the study. The first author wishes to express her sincere thanks to Dr. Rameshwar Singh, Project Director, ICAR-Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-I, Pusa, New Delhi, India, for his constant help and suggestions during the investigation at the Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
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Лапану́з-де-Серно́н (, ) — коммуна во Франции, находится в регионе Окситания. Департамент — Аверон. Входит в состав кантона Корню. Округ коммуны — Мийо.

Код INSEE коммуны — 12122.

Коммуна расположена приблизительно в 550 км к югу от Парижа, в 140 км восточнее Тулузы, в 60 км к юго-востоку от Родеза.

Население
Население коммуны на 2008 год составляло 118 человек.

Экономика
В 2007 году среди 65 человек в трудоспособном возрасте (15—64 лет) 55 были экономически активными, 10 — неактивными (показатель активности — 84,6 %, в 1999 году было 60,4 %). Из 55 активных работали 48 человек (27 мужчин и 21 женщина), безработных было 7 (4 мужчин и 3 женщины). Среди 10 неактивных 4 человека были учениками или студентами, 5 — пенсионерами, 1 был неактивным по другим причинам.

Примечания

Ссылки

Коммуны департамента Аверон


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text:
Narcisa Forăscu este o specialistă în lexicologie, profesor doctor la Facultatea de Litere din cadrul Universității din București, fiind doctor în filologie din 1975. Este autoarea mai multor studii, articole și volume (unele dintre ele în colaborare cu Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu) privind vocabularul românesc și structura acestuia, analizată prin metode ale semanticii structurale. Studiile sunt orientate atât spre perfecționarea metodologiei cât și spre aspectele aplicative.

Publicații

Lingvistică
Narcisa Forăscu, Analiză structurală a vocabularului limbii române contemporane. Sinonimia adjectivală, 1978
Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu, Narcisa Forăscu, Modele de structurare semantică, 1984 (premiul Academiei Române)
Ion Coteanu, Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu, Narcisa Forăscu, Limba română contemporană (curs universitar), 1985
Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu, Narcisa Forăscu, Cuvinte și sensuri, 1988
Narcisa Forăscu, Mihaela Popescu, Dificultăți gramaticale ale limbii române, Editura Universității din București, 2001
Angela Bidu-Vrănceanu, Narcisa Forăscu, Limba română contemporană. Lexicul, Editura Humanitas Educațional, 2005
Narcisa Forăscu, Mihaela Popescu, Dicționar de cuvinte buclucașe, Editura All, 2007

Poezie
Narcisa Forăscu, Sărmanii fericiți învinși, Editura Paideia, 2006

Bibliografie

Universitatea din București: Narcisa Forăscu

Legături externe
Universitatea din București: Dificultăți gramaticale ale limbii române

Absolvenți ai Universității din București
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Românce din secolul al XX-lea
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