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Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person
a. Arbitrary Deprivation of Life and Other Unlawful or Politically Motivated Killings
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
Arrest Procedures and Treatment of Detainees
Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties
c. Freedom of Religion
Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process
Elections and Political Participation
Section 4. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government
There were reports by human rights groups asserting that the government or its agents committed an arbitrary or unlawful killing.
On January 25, large-scale demonstrations erupted for three consecutive nights in Tripoli, leading to violent clashes between protesters and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF). The Lebanese Red Cross, ISF, and media reported that one protester died when he was hit by live fire and that 226 were injured. International NGOs and human rights activists claimed authorities used excessive force, including the use of live ammunition. Killings by security forces are investigated internally and prosecuted through the Military Court. The military prosecutor charged 35 individuals, including two minors, with terrorism, forming criminal associations, stealing public property, using force against and trying to kill members of the security forces, arson, vandalism, and protesting without permission. All detainees were later released. According to the LAF's leadership, no organizations or individuals filed formal complaints of torture with the LAF or the judiciary. The LAF conducted an internal investigation into the allegations of abuse and mistreatment of protesters by LAF members, but findings from the investigation have yet to be released.
On February 4, Lokman Slim, a prominent political activist and vocal Hizballah critic, was found dead in his car in the southern village of Addousieh in an apparent assassination, from multiple bullet wounds. Investigations were ongoing at year's end.
On August 1, armed clashes erupted between Hizballah supporters and members of the Arab tribes of the Khaldeh neighborhood during the funeral procession of Hizballah member Ali Chebli, who was killed the night before in an apparent vendetta shooting. Media reported that five individuals, including three Hizballah members, were killed. The LAF subsequently intervened and warned that it would open fire on any gunman in the area; the LAF was able to restore order in Khaldeh by August 2.
The state prosecutor requested an investigation to determine whether security force actions were justifiable in the April 2020 death of a protester who died after being hit in the leg by a rubber bullet by a LAF officer during a protest in Tripoli. The investigation was ongoing by a Military Court with no further information available at year's end. The LAF maintained that the rubber bullet was shot from more than 15 yards away and at an angle acceptable under LAF regulations.
In August 2020 the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) announced its verdict in the 2005 killing of former prime minister Rafik Hariri, which also killed 21 others and injured 226. The STL found Hizballah operative Salim Jamil Ayyash guilty on all charges, while Hizballah operatives Hassan Habib Merhi, Hussein Hassan Oneissi, and Assad Hassan Sabra were acquitted. In December 2020 the STL sentenced Ayyash to five concurrent terms of life imprisonment, the maximum punishment allowed. The STL's mandate was renewed in March for a further period of two years or until the exhaustion of available funds. Its work may continue for several more years to handle record keeping, sentencing, and possible appeals.
The law prohibits using acts of violence to obtain a confession or information about a crime, but the judiciary rarely investigated or prosecuted allegations of torture. In 2019 the cabinet appointed the five members of the National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) against Torture, a body within the 10-member National Human Rights Institute (NHRI). The NHRI is mandated to monitor the human rights situation in the country by reviewing laws, decrees, and administrative decisions and by investigating complaints of human rights abuses and issuing periodic reports of its findings. The NPM oversees implementation of the antitorture law. It has the authority to conduct regular unannounced visits to all places of detention, investigate the use of torture, and issue recommendations to improve the treatment of detainees. As of December the NHRI had not begun its assigned functions. Some NGOs alleged that security officials tortured detainees, including incidents of abuse at certain police stations. The government denied the systematic use of torture, although authorities acknowledged violent abuse sometimes occurred during pretrial detention at police stations or military installations where officials interrogated suspects without an attorney present.
The LAF Investigation Branch began an internal investigation in May 2020 into the alleged torture of detainees in LAF detention facilities in Sidon and Tripoli following protests in those cities. The investigation was suspended due to a lack of formal allegations from the victims and because the original investigating judge resigned from his position. Cases remained open for both facilities as of December.
The LAF imposed the highest penalties allowed by the military code of justice in several cases involving torture, while noting that only a judicial decision could move punishment beyond administrative penalties.
Although human rights and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) organizations acknowledged some improvements in detainee treatment during the year, these organizations and former detainees also reported that ISF officers mistreated drug users, persons involved in commercial sex, and LGBTQI+ individuals in custody, particularly outside of Beirut, including through forced HIV testing, threats of prolonged detention, and threats to expose their identities to family or friends. LGBTQI+ rights NGOs reported forced anal exams of men suspected of same-sex sexual activity have been banned in Beirut police stations but were carried out in Tripoli and other cities. While physician syndicates in Beirut banned their members from performing such procedures, NGOs stated that local syndicates outside the capital had not all done so.
NGOs reported impunity was a significant problem in the security forces, including the ISF, LAF, and Parliamentary Police Force (PPF). Impunity was also a problem with respect to the actions of armed nonstate actors, such as Hizballah. ISF and LAF impunity was due in part to a lack of transparency when these forces conducted investigations. Investigations of alleged abuses by security forces were conducted internally by the implicated security force, and security force members could be tried in Military Court for charges unrelated to their official duties (see section 1.e., Trial Procedures). Individuals allegedly belonging to the PPF were captured in photographs and on video shooting live ammunition at protesters during the August 2020 protests. PPF personnel were recorded in several other instances beating protesters, with no known repercussions. The foreign terrorist organization (FTO) Hizballah continued the practice of extrajudicial arrest and detention, including incommunicado detention (see section 1.e., Trial Procedures).
The LAF, ISF, and the Directorate of General Security (DGS) have new codes of conduct that they developed and implemented in 2020 with the help of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to promote respect and protection of human rights and introduce accountability elements. The ISF gendarmerie unit also instituted a training program that included human rights training with the support of donor countries.
Prisons and detention centers were often overcrowded, and prisoners sometimes lacked access to basic sanitation. As was true for most buildings in the country, prison facilities were inadequately equipped for persons with disabilities.
Nongovernmental entities such as FTO Hizballah and Palestinian nonstate militias also reportedly operated unofficial detention facilities.
Physical Conditions: As of September 10, there were approximately 7,401 prisoners and detainees, including pretrial detainees and remanded prisoners, in facilities built to hold 3,500 inmates. Authorities often held pretrial detainees together with convicted prisoners. There were 110 minors and 207 women held in prisons, according to ISF statistics. The ISF incarcerated women at three dedicated women's prisons in Baabda, Beirut, and Tripoli.
According to a government official, most prisons lacked adequate sanitation, ventilation, and lighting, and authorities did not regulate temperatures consistently. In Roumieh prison groups of prisoners often slept in rooms originally built for many fewer persons, and basic medical care suffered from inadequate staffing, poor working conditions, and extreme overcrowding. The ISF reported that 19 individuals died in detention facilities during the year. According to the ISF, 18 prisoners died of medical problems, including heart attacks, cancer, and COVID-19, and one committed suicide. Some NGOs complained of authorities' negligence and failure to provide appropriate medical care to prisoners, which may have contributed to some deaths. The ISF reported that none died of police abuse.
Administration: The ISF's Committee to Monitor against the Use of Torture and Other Inhuman Practices in Prisons and Detention Centers conducted 30 prison visits as of September 2020. These monitoring visits were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. If detention center investigators assigned by the minister of interior found physical abuse, the military investigator assigned a medical team to confirm the abuse, and a judge ruled at the conclusion of the review. As of September 2020 there were no complaints reported to the ISF committee. Historically, complaints were generally submitted during or following in-person prison visits by family members. In-person visits were halted in February 2020 due to COVID-19 mitigation efforts and did not restart during the year. As of October 2020, prisoners submitted 12 complaints to the ISF Human Rights Department. According to the ISF Human Rights Department, the ISF took disciplinary action against officers it found responsible for abuse or mistreatment, including dismissals, but it did not publicize this information. The ISF reported that five ISF officers were punished for not informing suspects of their rights upon detention per article 47 of the Code of Criminal Procedures.
Most investigations were initiated by prisoners' family members contacting the Ministry of Interior to report complaints, although prison directors could also initiate investigations. Prisoners and detainees can report abuse directly to the ISF Human Rights Department. According to a government official, prison directors often protected officers under investigation.
Independent Monitoring: The government permitted independent monitoring of prison and detention conditions by local and international human rights groups and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and such monitoring took place. The ICRC regularly visited 16 prisons and detention centers and visited a further 12 on an ad hoc basis.
Improvements: ISF training and corrections staff institutionalized best practices to protect human rights through developing and implementing standard operating procedures and modifying hiring practices and training programs to improve professionalization among new officers. During the year an NGO renovated the Nabatieh prison in South Lebanon, and ICRC worked to improve the electrical network in Roumieh prison. The World Health Organization (WHO) equipped a special room for medical examinations in Roumieh prison. In addition, the United Nations provided and equipped a prefabricated trailer to conduct trials via Zoom. The government undertook the renovation of several detention centers across the country. Prisoners gained access to potable water in Roumieh prison following the completion of a 2019 ICRC construction project. Prisoners in other prisons gradually achieved access to potable water as the result of an agreement signed by the Rotary Club and the Directorate General of the ISF in 2020, which resulted in the installation of filters in existing water tanks.
Overcrowding in detention facilities raised fears of COVID-19 outbreaks within the detention centers, particularly in the notoriously overcrowded Roumieh prison. The ISF ensured early and sustained use of masks, gloves, detergents, and temperature checks and limited visits for inmates. The ISF identified buildings at Roumieh prison as quarantine sites for inmates transferred to the prison and for existing inmates in the prison who showed COVID-19 symptoms. In September 2020 more than 200 inmates tested positive for COVID-19 in Roumieh prison, prompting social media allegations of "rioting" in the prisons and media coverage of inmate families protesting outside the justice palace. The ISF quarantined and treated COVID-19 patients, including daily testing of inmates and staff to identify and track cases.
The judiciary approved the use of a modernized but previously unused courtroom at Roumieh prison to expedite the processing of Mount Lebanon criminal cases by reducing the need to transport prisoners to court hearings. Since March authorities allowed those detained for minor, nonviolent offenses to be released after the ISF brought their cases to public prosecutors over the telephone or through video chat. Prosecutors dropped charges against some detainees following virtual reviews, while others were expected to face trial eventually but would not be kept in pretrial detention.
The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention and provides for the right of any person to challenge the lawfulness of arrest or detention in court, and the government generally observed these requirements. The law requires judicial warrants before arrests except in cases of active pursuit. Nonetheless, NGOs and civil society groups alleged some incidents of the government arbitrarily arresting and detaining individuals, particularly protesters, refugees, and migrant workers. Typically, these detentions were for short periods and related to administrative questions associated with the residency or work status of these populations, often lasting between several hours and one or more days.
The law generally requires a warrant for arrest and provides the right to a medical examination and referral to a prosecutor within 48 hours of arrest. The law requires that officials promptly inform individuals of the charges against them, and authorities generally adhered to this requirement. If authorities hold a detainee longer than 48 hours without formal charges, the arrest is considered arbitrary, and authorities must release the detainee or request a formal extension. The law provides that a person may be held in police custody for investigation for up to 48 hours, unless the investigation requires additional time, in which case the period of custody may be renewed for another 48 hours.
The law requires authorities to inform detainees of the charges filed against them. A suspect caught in the act of committing a crime must be referred to an examining judge, who decides whether to issue an indictment or order the release of the suspect. By law, bail is available in all cases regardless of the charges, although the amounts required may be prohibitively high.
The law states that from the moment of arrest, a suspect or the subject of a complaint has the right to contact a member of their family, an attorney, their employer, or an advocate of their choosing; has the right to an interpreter if needed; and has the right to undergo a medical examination on the approval of the general prosecutor. It does not, however, explicitly state whether a lawyer may attend preliminary questioning with the judicial police. In practical terms the lawyer may or may not be allowed to attend the preliminary questioning with judicial police. Under the framework of the law, it is possible to hold a suspect at a police station for 48 hours, renewable for another 48 hours upon an approval of the general prosecutor, before allowing the individual to exercise the right to contact an attorney. If the suspect lacks the resources to obtain legal counsel, authorities must provide free legal aid. The law does not require the judicial police to inform an individual who lacks legal counsel that one may be assigned through the regional bar association.
The law does not require authorities to inform individuals they have the right to remain silent. Many law provisions simply state that if the individuals being questioned refuse to make a statement or remain silent, this should be recorded and that the detainees may not be "coerced to speak or to undergo questioning, on pain of nullity of their statements."
The law excludes from this protection suspects accused of homicide, drug crimes, endangerment of state security, violent crimes, crimes involving terrorism, and those with a previous criminal conviction.
Authorities may prosecute officials responsible for prolonged arrest on charges of depriving personal freedom, but in practice they rarely filed charges.
Authorities failed to observe many provisions of the law, and government security forces as well as armed nonstate actors such as Hizballah continued the practice of extrajudicial arrest and detention, including incommunicado detention. Additionally, the law permits military intelligence personnel to make arrests without warrants in cases involving military personnel or involving civilians suspected of espionage, treason, weapons possession, or terrorism.
Arbitrary Arrest: According to local NGOs, cases of arbitrary arrest occurred, but most victims chose not to report violations committed against them to authorities. NGOs reported most cases involved vulnerable groups such as refugees, drug users, LGBTQI+ individuals, and migrant workers who often feared retribution by authorities while having limited access to legal recourse. Civil society groups reported authorities frequently detained foreign nationals arbitrarily.
In June 2020 the Mount Lebanon public prosecutor pressed charges against Shia cleric Sayyed Ali al-Amine, accusing him of stirring sectarian strife and criticizing religious rituals. Media initially reported that al-Amine was charged with meeting Israeli officials during a conference in Bahrain, stirring public sentiment against him, but news outlets later stated this was reported in error. There were no reports of any progress on the case as of December.
Pretrial Detention: The law states the period of detention for a misdemeanor may not exceed two months. Officials may extend this period by a maximum of two additional months. For felonies, the initial period of custody may not exceed six months, but the detention may be renewed. Due to judicial backlogs, pretrial detention periods for felonies sometimes lasted for months or years.
Pretrial detention periods were often lengthy due to delays in due process, in some cases equal to or exceeding the maximum sentence for the alleged crime. As of October the ISF reported 3,700 prisoners in pretrial detention, or approximately 50 percent of the 7,401 total detainees. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and closure of many courts, judges were instructed by the then minister of justice to conduct investigations and hearings via video calls to expedite the judicial process as well as to prevent the spread of COVID-19 among pretrial detainees, lawyers, and judges. This resulted in the release of 1,200 detainees as of May 2020 and a sustained significant decrease in the overall number of pretrial detainees. According to a study by the Lebanese Center for Human Rights, before May detainees spent on average one year in pretrial detention prior to sentencing, although those suspected of terrorism, espionage, and violent homicide were often held much longer. According to local NGOs, some Lebanese Sunni militants who had fought in Syria with ISIS and Jabhat al-Nusra were detained after returning in 2014 and had remained in pretrial detention for more than five years.
See the Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report at https://www.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/.
Although the law provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections conducted by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage, lack of government control over parts of the country, defects in the electoral process, previous prolonged extensions of parliament's mandate, and corruption in public office restricted this ability.
Recent Elections: Following the passage of a new electoral law in 2018, parliamentary elections were held that year for the first time in nine years. Observers concluded that the elections were generally free and fair. In 2020 eight members of parliament resigned following the August 4 Beirut port explosion, and three passed away. According to the constitution, parliamentary by-elections must be held within 60 days of resignation or death to fill vacant seats, but by-elections never occurred. Parliamentary elections were scheduled for May 15, 2022, and a presidential election was anticipated sometime between August and October 2022.
Political Parties and Political Participation: All major political parties and numerous smaller ones were almost exclusively based on confessional affiliation, and parliamentary seats were allotted on a sectarian basis.
Participation of Women and Members of Minority Groups: No law limits participation of women or members of minority groups in the political process, and they did participate. There were, however, significant cultural barriers to women's participation in politics. Prior to 2004 no woman held a cabinet position, and there have only been 14 female ministers subsequently, including one sitting minister. One woman became the country's first female deputy prime minister, minister of defense, and acting minister of foreign affairs and emigrants in 2020. Six of the 128 members of parliament were women; however, one of them resigned her seat in August. Several female members of parliament were close relatives of prominent male politicians, and female leadership of political parties was limited. Three parties introduced voluntary quotas for women. Since 2017 women have been able to run in municipal elections in their native towns instead of the municipality of their spouse.
On October 19, parliament failed to pass a law establishing a quota for women for the 2022 parliamentary elections and instead referred it back to the parliamentary committees for further discussions. There was no further action by the end of the year.
Members of minority groups participated in politics. Regardless of the number of its adherents, authorities allocated every government-recognized religious group, except Ismaili Islam and Judaism, at least one seat in parliament. Voters elected three parliamentarians representing minorities (one Syriac Orthodox Christian and two Alawites) in the 2018 elections. None of the minority parliamentarians were women.
Since refugees are not citizens, they have no political rights in the country.
The country suffers from endemic corruption. Although the law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, the government has not implemented the law effectively, and officials reportedly engaged in corrupt practices with impunity on a wide scale. Government and security officials, customs agents, and members of the judiciary were subject to laws against bribery and extortion, but the lack of strong enforcement limited the law's effectiveness.
In May 2020 parliament approved a law lifting the secrecy of bank accounts of sitting and former ministers, parliamentarians, and civil servants. The law gives power to the Special Investigation Commission of the Central Bank and the National Anticorruption Commission to investigate corruption cases against these groups.
In September 2020 the government signed a contract with an accounting firm to conduct forensic and financial audits of the Central Bank's accounts, but the auditor withdrew in November 2020 over a political impasse related to obtaining financial records. The auditor signed a new contract with the government on September 17.
The Central Inspection Board (CIB), an oversight body within the Office of the Prime Minister, is responsible for monitoring administrative departments, including procurement and financial actions, and remained mostly independent of political interference. The CIB may inspect national and municipal government employees and has the authority to seek their removal or refer cases for prosecution. The CIB's authority does not extend to cabinet ministers or to municipal officials. The Social Security Fund and the Council for Development and Reconstruction, public entities that managed large funding flows, were outside the CIB's jurisdiction.
In the wake of the massive Beirut port explosion in August 2020, which many citizens blamed on systemic government corruption and negligence, tens of thousands of protesters demanded the resignation of the second government in less than a year, ousting of the political elite, and accountability for the port disaster. The judge leading the inquiry into the explosion paused the investigation under political pressure after he pursued indictments against several current and former high-ranking officials, before being dismissed from the case on February 18. The new judge assigned on February 19 was also forced to pause the investigation on September 27 under political pressure. The investigation resumed, however, following rulings by the Court of Appeals on October 4 and November 4, and the Court of Cassation on October 11 and 14, which rejected protests from the three politicians under investigation. Media sources continued to report that political interference has delayed the investigation.
There was contention between politicians and judges on whether elected government officials suspected of criminal activity should be tried in the Supreme Council for the Trial of Presidents and Ministers or in normal criminal courts. This divisive matter has also delayed the Beirut port explosion investigation.
Corruption: The government continued to lack control over corruption. There was limited parliamentary or auditing oversight of revenue collection and expenditures. Various government initiatives intended to limit corruption were not successful. Parliament approved the public procurement law on June 30, which was intended to improve transparency and promote open tendering in the public procurement process. In April 2020 parliament endorsed the anticorruption law and approved the establishment of the Anticorruption Commission. In May 2020 the government approved the Anticorruption National Strategy drafted by the Ministry of Administrative Reform and the UN Development Program. During the mass protests that began in October 2019 and continued to varying degrees during the year, demonstrators accused the government and public sector of widespread endemic corruption, lack of transparency, and limited accountability, all of which generated popular outrage. Within the first month of protests in 2019, there was an uptick in the number of corruption-related investigations and prosecution actions, but no verdicts were reached in any cases involving high-ranking officials during the year.
The most common types of corruption generally included political patronage; judicial failures, especially in investigations of official wrongdoing; and bribery at multiple levels within the national and municipal governments. Several cases were referred to the judiciary, including one involving off-speculation fuel oil purchased by the national electricity utility. Ministers and directors general were questioned, and more than 20 individuals were indicted in that case. On February 23, financial prosecutors pressed money-laundering charges against foreign exchange dealers and forwarded the case to an investigative judge. Investigations were ongoing at year's end. On April 7, a prosecutor pressed charges against Central Bank governor Riad Salameh, Chairman of the Societe General Banque du Liban Antoun Sehnaoui, Michel Mecattaf from Mecattaf company, and Central Bank Banking Control Commission president Maya Dabbagh based on suspect transfers of large sums by the bank leading to the depreciation of the pound. The case was referred to an investigative judge and was ongoing as of December.
On April 29, the Prosecutor General launched an investigation against Salameh after a Swiss legal request alleged that more than two billion Lebanese pounds ($300 million) were embezzled from the bank through a company owned by his brother, Raja. On August 1, a judge questioned Salameh on charges of money laundering, embezzlement, forgery, tax evasion, and illicit enrichment. The case was ongoing. France also launched a parallel investigation into charges of aggravated money laundering in May.
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b. Disappearance
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
Trial Procedures
Political Prisoners and Detainees
Politically Motivated Reprisal against Individuals Located Outside of the Country
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
Property Seizure and Restitution
f. Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
g. Conflict-related Abuses
a. Freedom of Expression, Including for Members of the Press and Other Media
Academic Freedom and Cultural Events
b. Freedoms of Peaceful Assembly and Association
d. Freedom of Movement and the Right to Leave the Country
e. Status and Treatment of Internally Displaced Persons
f. Protection of Refugees
g. Stateless Persons
Section 5. Governmental Posture Towards International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Abuses of Human Rights
Section 6. Discrimination and Societal Abuses
Systemic Racial or Ethnic Violence and Discrimination
Trafficking in Persons
HIV and AIDS Social Stigma
Acts of Violence, Criminalization, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Section 7. Worker Rights
a. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining
b. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
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Local ethnic Arakanese worried about their safety following militant attacks on security posts in Maungdaw Township have asked government officials to arm them with weapons to form a militia.
This local request was revealed at a government press conference on the situation in northern Arakan State that took place in Naypyidaw on Monday.
Deputy Defense Minister Maj-Gen Myint Nwe, however, said that the idea was not possible because the government is working towards peace in the area. "The 'people's militia' strategy would be a long-term plan that needs serious consideration," he added.
"If rural villagers want to protect their villages as a people's militia, they should join the regional police under the Myanmar Police Force," said the deputy minister.
Ministers and deputy ministers from the ministries of Information, of Defense, of Home Affairs, and of Labor, Immigration and Population were at the press conference.
Ministries are working together to restore regional safety as soon as possible while providing security for government departments and securing important transportation channels, said deputy minister for Home Affairs Maj-Gen Aung Soe.
The government needs short-term and long-term plans to prevent future attacks that threaten national security and the rule of law, said Information Minister U Pe Myint.
Among the government's plans are ensuring the livelihoods of local people, monitoring displaced people's camps, mending border fences, recapturing looted weapons, as well as wiping out insurgents and identifying their affiliations in line with existing laws, he said.
Since the attacks on Maungdaw Township border posts on Oct. 9, a total of 30 attackers have been killed and 29 others, including two transferred from Bangladesh, are being held in police custody at prisons in the state capital Sittwe and in Maungdaw town.
Five Burma Army soldiers and nine police officers have been killed, and four police officers injured, according to government figures.
The Irrawaddy questioned the military over the fatal shooting by Burma Army soldiers of three alleged militants armed with knives in a Maungdaw village on Oct. 15.
Col. Zaw Min Tun of the Office of the Commander-in-Chief defended the military operations as a response to acts that "gravely threaten" the peace and stability and the rule of law of the country.
"Border guard forces were also attacked with knives. We can conclude that the attackers can skillfully use knives," said the colonel.
With the approval of the President's Office, the military have designated Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships as areas of military operations, with access restricted to aid groups and journalists.
Information Minister U Pe Myint said that the government has met with ambassadors of three Muslim-majority Asean countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei—and explained the situation. The Indonesian ambassador said that his government accepts that the actions of the Burma government is within the power of a sovereign country and that Burma government is taking actions in line with the law. The two other ambassadors shared this view.
On Monday Burma's Minister of Home Affairs replaced the Border Guard police chief of Maungdaw Township Brig-Gen Maung Maung Khin with Brig-Gen Thura San Lwin.
The government has provided 8 million kyats (US$6,320) to the family of each police officer killed and 3 million kyats ($2,370) for each police officer and Burma Army soldier injured, according to the press conference.


More than 1 million Australians have diabetes, a condition which carries an increased risk of developing eye complications. Diabetic eye disease includes complications such as diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema, cataracts and glaucoma.
Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at risk. It's possible to be unaware that you have severe diabetic eye disease and suddenly go blind. Fortunately most cases of blindness can be prevented with regular eye examinations and proper care.
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the early stage in which capillary damage results in blood and fluid leaking into the retina, causing it to swell. Depending on the number of vessels affected, there is usually minimal or no effect on vision.
Diabetic macular oedema occurs if swelling extends to the macula, which is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Diabetic macular oedema (swelling) is the usual cause of vision loss related to diabetes and the level of impairment can be significant.
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the advanced stage of the disease. In an attempt to supply the retina with more oxygenated blood, abnormal blood vessels start to grow but these are fragile and bleed easily. This can lead to the formation of scar tissue. If these new vessels bleed, the person may see 'floaters' or even lose all vision. This requires emergency treatment.
This is a group of conditions that can damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve transmits signals from the retina to the brain for processing. Glaucoma is often (but not always) a result of increased pressure inside the eye. The risk of glaucoma in people with diabetes is significantly higher than that of the general population. The two main types are open-angle glaucoma (also called 'the sneak thief of sight') and angle-closure glaucoma (this comes on suddenly and is a medical emergency).
Diabetic eye conditions often have no signs or symptoms, particularly in the early stages. By the time someone with diabetes notices changes in their vision, the condition is quite advanced.
The Fred Hollows Foundation, which some of our doctors have worked with, has developed a sight simulator to demonstrate the visual impairment a person with diabetic retinopathy may experience.
This is a term used to describe the common eye complications seen in people with diabetes. It includes diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular oedema, cataracts and glaucoma.
Can I prevent diabetic retinopathy?
You can reduce your risk by having your eyes checked as soon as possible after being diagnosed with diabetes (this is called a screening test) and then at regular intervals thereafter.
Keeping the diabetes under control is the most important thing you can do – this means eating a balanced diet, getting exercise, not smoking and monitoring your blood sugar levels. You should also see your doctor regularly to have your blood pressure and cholesterol levels checked. If you experience any changes in your vision, have your eyes checked immediately.
What's the difference between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema?
Diabetic macular oedema is a form of diabetic retinopathy.
It occurs when the swelling involves the macula, which is the part of the retina responsible for central vision. Vision can become blurred and distorted, resulting in trouble reading, recognising faces and driving. Macular oedema (swelling) is the usual cause of vision loss related to diabetes and the level of impairment can be significant.
Vision can often be improved by treatment, but the main goal is to stabilise your condition and prevent it from getting worse. The three main treatments of diabetic retinopathy are injections into the eye, laser treatment or vitrectomy surgery. Your doctor will recommend the most appropriate course of treatment.
How does smoking contribute to loss of vision?
Smoking is not a risk factor for diabetic eye damage, but it can damage the eye in other ways. It increases the risk of developing cataracts, blockages of retinal arteries and the wet form of age-related macular degeneration. Diabetics who smoke also increase their risk of heart attack, stroke and kidney failure.
No, modern anaesthetics are very effective. Special anaesthetic eye drops are usually used to prevent pain and, for patients undergoing vitrectomy surgery, a sedative given to relieve anxiety. Following laser treatment or surgery, you may feel some mild discomfort the next day.
Your ophthalmologist will examine both retinas after using eye drops to widen your pupils and allow a clear view of the back of each eye.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), which is similar to an ultrasound. This provides detailed images of the various tissue layers that make up the retina to help identify and measure any swelling.
Fluorescein angiography (FA), which involves fluorescent dye being injected into the bloodstream (normally through a vein in your arm) to highlight the blood vessels in the retina. The dye will show any leakage, bleeding or abnormal growth of blood vessels.
Various treatments are available and vision can often be at least partially recovered. The earlier these conditions are diagnosed and monitored the better, as this provides the best chance of preventing severe vision loss and/or recovering vision. Earlier stages of damage require more frequent monitoring, while treatment is necessary for sight-threatening disease.
Your ophthalmologist will explain your options and recommend an appropriate course of treatment. As with all medical and surgical procedures, these treatments carry risks (although they are rare). It's important to weigh these risks up against the potential benefits. Your ophthalmologist will help you make an informed decision.
These are also referred to as intravitreal injections and involve injecting medication into the vitreous (the gel-like substance that occupies most of the space inside the eye and gives it its round shape). The medication reduces fluid and swelling in the retina by shrinking abnormal blood vessels and inhibiting growth of new blood vessels.
Anti-VEGF injections: When cells are deprived of oxygen, a protein known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is released. Low levels of VEGF are normal, but high levels of this protein can cause the growth of abnormal blood vessels. Anti-VEGF drugs (e.g. Lucentis, Avastin and Eylea) block the action of this VEGF protein and stop these abnormal blood vessels.
Steroid injections: Corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory properties and are used to treat a number of conditions. When injected into the eye, corticosteroids can reduce the inflammation that occurs with diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion and postoperative macular oedema.
Patients are given anaesthetic eye drops prior to the injection – you may feel some pressure but no pain and you won't see the needle coming towards your eye because it is given from the side.
These injections are initially administered monthly, usually for about six months or until the condition has resolved sufficiently. Sometimes, ongoing injections are required, but the interval between injections can be extended.
Laser treatment (photocoagulation) uses heat from a laser to seal or destroy leaking blood vessels. It is also used to destroy sick retinal tissue that is no longer functioning properly and is instead encouraging the growth of the abnormal blood vessels. Sometimes, laser treatment is used to reduce swelling at the macula. A special microscope known as a slit lamp is used together with the laser to perform the procedure.
Anaesthetic eye drops are given to numb the eye. A special lens is placed in contact with the surface of the eye to help focus the laser beam. You may feel a slight stinging sensation and see brief flashes of light when the laser is applied to your eye.
Someone will need to drive you home from the clinic after the procedure. Your eyes will remain dilated for a few hours afterwards, therefore it is important to wear sunglasses to keep bright light out of your eyes. Your vision may be blurry and your eye may be uncomfortable for a day or two following the treatment.
Rarely, there may be bleeding, retinal detachment or an accidental laser burn that causes severe central vision loss.
Surgery may be required for severe cases of diabetic retinopathy. This involves removing some of the vitreous (the gel-like substance that fills the eye and gives it its shape) and any blood so that light rays can focus on the retina again. Scar tissue from the retina can also be removed and retinal detachments repaired.
Patients are given a local anaesthetic to stop pain and a sedative to reduce anxiety. Following surgery, a pad and shield will be placed over the eye to protect it until you see your ophthalmologist the next day.
While cataracts and glaucoma are more common in people with diabetes than those without, the treatment options remain the same.
Make sure you have your eyes checked by an ophthalmologist/optometrist when you are first diagnosed with diabetes. Your eyes should then be checked every 1-2 years, or more frequently if advised.
Keep your blood sugar, blood pressure and blood cholesterol under control, and have regular health checks to confirm this. While this will not reverse any vision damage that has already occurred, it will help prevent further deterioration of your eyes.
If you smoke, it's time to quit. Smokers who have diabetes are at much greater risk of losing their sight, having a heart attack or stroke, and suffering kidney failure.
Get regular exercise and maintain a healthy diet. Advice from a dietician and your GP is can be extremely helpful.
Have your eyes checked immediately if you notice any changes in your vision.
Always take medications as instructed by your doctor.


This classic piece of gym equipment can be used for a variety of exercises, especially push-ups and dips as well as hand walking along its length to build upper body strength.
The truly athletic may want to try more strenuous or adventurous exercises.
Bars can be set at any width to accommodate wheelchair users for pull-ups.
May need to be installed with a safer surfacing surround.


We study the biodiversity in different areas of the reserve to assess forest well-being. In the process we can understand the distribution of fruit tree species which is particularly important for our partners at Celine Release Center. Why? Imagine you are releasing a parrot which only eats a certain fruit and it only grows between June and July. Therefore you should only release this parrot during these months to ensure it has available food which will increase the chances of a successful release. Moreover, these birds are tagged and monitored after their reintroduction to the wild to ensure they are adapting well and therefore identifying fruit trees in the area will increase the likelihood of finding the bird to monitor their progress.
Education in biology, forest engineering, botany or related field would be a huge benefit; however, we are willing to accept a non-biologist who is very interested, willing to learn and can stay an extended period so they have time to train.
"Forest Inventory (Eco-Volunteer) из отрасли Research in All World"?
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This morning I went to my dad's house to help clean out the cubby underneath the stairs. There were several boxes and containers full of my and my siblings' old toys, and Dad decided that the time has come to decide what to do with them. I voted for the incinerator, but apparently my brother and sisters have some say.
It had been a very long time since I'd been under the stairs, as evidenced by how difficult it was to maneuver in the cubby–used to be that all four of us could sit comfortably in small chairs and use it as a club house. Also, I'd forgotten that my sisters had scrawled "NKOTB" all over the cubby walls, which puts us back in the mid-to-late 1980s.
A functional Lite-Brite, with bulbs and paper. A massive red Lego suitcase full of Legos. A plastic mini-foot locker full of magic tricks. A trick multicolored handkerchief. Two frisbees. A plastic football with the plastic laces torn off. A green plastic mini-football. Mini-soccer balls. Penny banks full of pennies and dice. Hot Wheels cars. A navy blue pinewood derby car with "Bears" and "#34″ painted in orange on the side, no wheels.
An intact "Operation" board game. Jenga. A Choose Your Own Adventure book. A Be an Interplanetary Spy ("Better than a video game!") book. A "Pac-Man" board game. A "Donkey Kong" board game. A math game. Garfield pick-up sticks. A "Mastermind" game. A "Concentration" game.
Two foamcore science project backboards, including the one from my senior year which doesn't seem to have any "Results" section. A ViewMaster. My sister's diary. Magnetic letters. A small schooldesk. Transformers. Gobots, which were the lame version of Transformers. Voltron–the lions version, not the car/plane/whatever version.
A plastic toy chest shaped like an elephant, full of stuffed animals. A plastic toy chest shaped like a huge yellow Ike head, also full of stuffed animals. Rabbit dolls. Dolls holding rabbit dolls. Holly Hobbie dolls and paraphernalia. Strawberry Shortcake. Snuffle-Upagus. Cookie Monster (or is it "The Cookie Monster"?). An Ernie puppet. Thumb wrestlers shaped like Hulk Hogan. Thumb wrestlers shaped like Nerds candy.
Plastic tanks sans turrets. Plastic turrets sans tanks. Toy Uzi submachine guns that gave off smoke. The battery clip for the toy Uzis. Hundreds of small WWII army men. A few dozen Civil War army men. GI Joes. Two Dragonfly helicopters, both missing rotors. Plastic jets. Plastic missiles fired by plastic jets. My dad's leather toy gun holster. A toy bolt-action rifle with the bolt broken off. Pizzas shot from a vehicle used by the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
Alas, no Etch-A-Sketch or Rubik's Cube… but there was some talk of hooking up the old Commodore 64 to see whether any of the 5 1/4″ disks still work.
It occurred to me that game consoles and computers take up a lot less space than toyboxes do. Now I understand why "Army Men" makes sense as a video game.
So how long will it be before this all appears on e-bay?
How much do you want for the Voltron?
We also had a Commodore 64 while I was growing up. Did you ever play 'Tooth Invaders' or 'Beachhead'?
I don't remember too many games from the C64, but I do remember "Beachhead." The only other ones I can remember off the top of my head were "Broadsides" (late 18th, early 19th century real-time naval battles) and "Cosmic Balance" (turn-based spaceship dogfight).
"Back in my day…" I remember that booting "Tunnels of Doom" on the TI99-4A meant plugging in a cartridge and playing a 3 1/2 minute cassette on a player plugged into the computer… this for a turn-based, stick-figures-in-a-maze game.
My grandfathers probably played with sticks and cans, and were content.
Posted in 2007, Uncategorized on March 20, 2007 by VDV.
← I hear the remake sucked.


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Definition at line 47 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Definition at line 676 of file AuctionHouseMgr.cpp.
References Item::GetCount(), Item::GetEnchantmentCharges(), Item::GetEnchantmentDuration(), Item::GetEnchantmentId(), Object::GetEntry(), Item::GetItemRandomPropertyId(), Item::GetItemSuffixFactor(), Item::GetSpellCharges(), IN_MILLISECONDS, MAX_INSPECTED_ENCHANTMENT_SLOT, sAuctionMgr, and sLog.
Referenced by AuctionHouseObject::BuildListAuctionItems(), AuctionHouseObject::BuildListOwnerItems(), GetHouseFaction(), and WorldSession::HandleAuctionListBidderItems().
Definition at line 722 of file AuctionHouseMgr.cpp.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), GetHouseFaction(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), and AuctionHouseObject::Update().
Definition at line 710 of file AuctionHouseMgr.cpp.
References CalculatePct(), RATE_AUCTION_CUT, and sWorld.
Referenced by GetHouseFaction(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail().
Definition at line 716 of file AuctionHouseMgr.cpp.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), GetHouseFaction(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), and WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail().
Definition at line 67 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
References BuildAuctionInfo(), DeleteFromDB(), AuctionHouseEntry::faction, GetAuctionCut(), GetAuctionOutBid(), and SaveToDB().
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::DecrementItemCounts(), and AuctionHouseBot::IncrementItemCounts().
Definition at line 63 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail().
Definition at line 728 of file AuctionHouseMgr.cpp.
References CharacterDatabase, Database::PExecute(), and UI64FMTD.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), and GetHouseFaction().
731 CharacterDatabase.PExecute("INSERT INTO auctionhouse (id,auctioneerguid,itemguid,item_template,itemowner,buyoutprice,time,buyguid,lastbid,startbid,deposit) "
Definition at line 50 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), and AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions().
Definition at line 60 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), and AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions().
Definition at line 55 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), WorldSession::SendAuctionCancelledToBidderMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOwnerNotification(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail().
Definition at line 58 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::BuildListBidderItems(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), WorldSession::SendAuctionCancelledToBidderMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail(), and AuctionHouseObject::Update().
Definition at line 56 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail().
Definition at line 59 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail().
Definition at line 57 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::BuildListAuctionItems(), and AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions().
Definition at line 49 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseObject::AddAuction(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionSellItem(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::RemoveAuction(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOwnerNotification(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail().
Definition at line 51 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::BuildListAuctionItems(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseBot::IncrementItemCounts(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), AuctionHouseBot::LoadValues(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionExpiredMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail(), and AuctionHouseObject::Update().
Definition at line 52 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::GetAuction(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseBot::IncrementItemCounts(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), WorldSession::SendAuctionCancelledToBidderMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionExpiredMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOutbiddedMail(), WorldSession::SendAuctionOwnerNotification(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail(), and AuctionHouseObject::Update().
Definition at line 53 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.
Referenced by AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctionBuyerBotBid(), AuctionHouseBot::addNewAuctions(), AuctionHouseObject::BuildListOwnerItems(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionPlaceBid(), WorldSession::HandleAuctionRemoveItem(), AuctionHouseMgr::LoadAuctions(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionExpiredMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSalePendingMail(), AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionSuccessfulMail(), and AuctionHouseMgr::SendAuctionWonMail().
Definition at line 54 of file AuctionHouseMgr.h.


text:
Free Essay Samples > Essays > Environment > Ecology > Water Distribution in Boston: Past, Present, and Future
Water Distribution in Boston: Past, Present, and Future
Water is one of the most important natural resources. It is essential for human survival as well as for the sustenance of all life on earth. Given its importance, it is not surprising that the distribution of water has been a major concern of cities and towns throughout history.
Boston is no exception. The city has in the past ensured it obtains sustainable amounts of water from its two major water reservoirs. The city stands to meet most of the modern city's water demands.
2. water distribution system in Boston
The water distribution system in Boston uses two main sources of water, the Quabbin Reservoir and the Wachusett Reservoir. Both reservoirs are located several miles outside the city limits and are connected to the city by a system of high-pressure pipelines.
The system is designed to provide water at a pressure that is sufficient to meet the needs of both residential and commercial customers, as well as fire hydrants. The system is pressurized by pumps that are located at various points along the pipelines.
3. Boston's water reservoirs
The Quabbin Reservoir is the primary source of water for Boston. It is located in central Massachusetts and covers an area of approximately 38 square miles. The reservoir was created in the 1930s by damming the Swift River. It provides water to Boston through a system of aqueducts and pipelines.
The Wachusett Reservoir is the secondary source of water for Boston. It is located in west-central Massachusetts and covers an area of approximately 9 square miles. The reservoir was created in the late 19th century by damming the Chicopee River. It provides water to Boston through a series of aqueducts and pipelines.
4. The city's modern water demands
The population of Boston has grown significantly in recent years, reaching over 670,000 people in 2016. This growth has put additional strain on the city's water resources. In response, the city has implemented a number of measures to ensure that it can meet the increasing demand for water.
One such measure is the implementation of an advanced meters that allow for more accurate billing and efficient use of resources. The city has also made significant investments in its infrastructure, including the construction of new reservoirs and treatment plants. As a result of these efforts, Boston is able to provide reliable access to clean drinking water for its residents and businesses.
Water is essential for human life and the sustenance of all life on earth. Given its importance, the distribution of water is a major concern of cities and towns throughout history. Boston is no exception. The city has in the past ensured it obtains sustainable amounts of water from its two major water reservoirs. The city stands to meet most of the modern city's water demands.
What is the water distribution system in Boston?
The water distribution system in Boston is a network of pipes that delivers fresh water to homes and businesses throughout the city.
How does this system work?
This system works by pumping water from reservoirs into the pipes, which then gravity-feeds it to customers.
What are its benefits to the city of Boston?
The benefits of this system include a reliable supply of clean water, fire protection, and flushing of sewage and stormwater from homes and businesses.
Are there any drawbacks to this system?
Some drawbacks to this system include the potential for leaks and breaks in the pipes, as well as the need for regular maintenance and repairs.
Previous: The Impact of Aging on the Human Body
Next: The South African Struggle for Freedom and Justice
SubjectEcology
Child subjectEnvironment
UpdatedSeptember 21, 2021
Bostoncityfire hydrantshigh pressurehydrantISOpressurizedstreetwaterwater distribution
The UK's Response to the 2004 Tsunami and the Role of Information Technology in Crisis Management
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The William Paterson University of New Jersey: A Campus Community Committed to Environmental Sustainability
The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Aviation and Tourism
The Impact of Hurricane Katrina
The decline in fish species: causes and impacts

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Upload Adventure Works Database 2014 into SQL Server 2012 Can I upload Adventure Works 2014 DB mdf file into my sql server 2012?

A: No.
SQL Server does not allow you to restore or attach a database from a higher version of SQL Server to a lower version  of SQL Server.
See How to migrate a SQL Server database to a lower version for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Struct tag alias Is there a way to alias a struct tag? As in, I have a struct foo and want to alias it to struct bar. I tried typedef struct foo struct bar, typedef struct foo bar, etc... but it doesn't work of course because foo and bar are not type names but tags.
Is there a way to do this without defining actual type names for my structures (I would like to keep them as tags as I am partial to prefixing them with struct - please, no religious wars over this).
My guess is tags must be unique and so it isn't possible directly but I curiously could not find a reference online (all I find are, unsurprisingly, discussions about what typedef struct means and when/why to use it, which again isn't what I'm looking for).

A: You can use #define bar foo to achieve what you want. Don't know if it's good enough for you, but it works, as it does in the following example:
#include <stdio.h>

struct foo {
    int a;
};

#define bar foo

int main( ) {

    struct bar x;

    x.a = 10;
    printf( "%d", x.a );

    putchar( 10 );
    return 0;
}

It has one downside I can tell, which is that right now you can define, let's say, an integer with the identifier name foo, but attempting to do so with the name bar will again result in a variable with the identifier name foo, since that's how #define works.

A: You can't typedef one struct into another but you can use typedefs to create sereval type names that point to the same type.
In similar cases what's usually being done is to use 2 typedef of the same struct:
// the one and only struct definition
struct foo {
};

// define the new types which are equivalent to struct foo
typedef struct foo foo;
typedef struct foo bar;

The code can either foo or bar but not struct foo.


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text:
Vancouver MS Connect Agenda
This is a tentative agenda, please continue to check back on this page for updates.
9:30am - 10:15am: Light Breakfast, Registration
9:30am - 4:30pm: *Vendor Fair and Young Minds of Research posters displayed
10:15am - 11:00am: Welcome from Benjamin Davis, Senior Vice-President, Mission, MS Society of Canada
11:00am - 11:45am: Dr. Alice Schabas - The Canadian Prospective Cohort (CanProCo) Study to Understand Progression in MS
11:45am - 1:15pm: Lunch
12:15pm - 1:15pm: Young Minds of MS Research Poster Session
1:15pm - 2:00pm: Dr. Jason Plemel - Remyelination: New Challenges in Multiple Sclerosis
2:00pm - 2:45pm: Dr. Dessa Sadovnick - Reproduction and Multiple Sclerosis
2:45pm - 3:00pm: Break
3:00pm - 4:15pm: Keynote Speaker, Dr. Wee Yong - Advances in MS: Lifestyle, medications and brain repair
4:15pm: Saturday sessions wrap-up; guests can visit vendor fair before heading out
6:30pm - 9:30pm: Volunteer Awards Dinner
9:30am - 12:00pm: *Vendor Fair
9:30am - 10:00am: Breakfast
10:00am - 10:45am: Dr. Rajiv Reebye - Pain and Multiple Sclerosis: Myths, facts and reality
10:45am - 12:00pm: Living Well with MS Panel Discussion featuring:
Sarah Le Huray, MS Ambassador, Person Living with MS
Michelle McCarthy, Physiotherapist
Michelle Srdanovic, Registered Clincial Counsellor
Katie Ganassin, M.A., Manager, Community Services, BC and Yukon Division
Dr. Rajiv Reebye, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Specialist
12:00pm - 1:00pm: Lunch and Wrap-up
*Please note that this portion will be available throughout the conference.
The MS Society of Canada
info@mssociety.ca
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About MS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable, sometimes disabling disease of the central nervous system. Life can turn on a dime when someone receives this diagnosis: one day the body behaves normally, and the next it refuses to listen. MS can cause symptoms such as lack of coordination, weakness, vision problems, and cognitive impairment, but there is no way to predict when and how intensely one will experience their symptoms making life with MS uncertain.
With an average of 11 Canadians being diagnosed with MS every day, Canada has one of the highest rates of MS in the world. But we're on the cusp of new discoveries that can change the future of MS.
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October 5 & 6, 2019


Prabhas and Neil Nitin Mukesh are shooting high-octane action sequences for Saaho in Abu Dhabi which have been designed by Hollywood stunt designer Kenny Bates.
Prabhas and Neil Nitin Mukesh are shooting high-octane action sequences for Saaho which have been designed by Hollywood stunt designer Kenny Bates. Kenny too is part of this schedule and is ensuring the stunts are being carried out the way he had designed it. The action episode is designed by Hollywood stunt choreographer Kenny Gates and is being made on a mammoth budget of approximately Rs.30 crores. This will be one of the most stylish and biggest episodes in Telugu cinema so far. Directed by Sujeeth Reddy, Saaho will be a trilingual film to be released in Telugu, Hindi and Tamil. Saaho is being produced by UV Creations. The music of Saaho will be composed by Bollywood music composer trio Shankar Ehsaan Loy. Shraddha Kapoor would be seen romancing Prabhas in Saaho marking her debut in Telugu cinema. Saaho will be Prabhas' first film after the magnum opus Baahubali: The Conclusion which was released in April 2017.
pinvilla has posted so many unnessecary post regarding anniversary of flop films but not a single post about one year completion of BAHUBALI 2.why this disparity???inferiority complex or jealosy of bollywood people??
Why isn't she everywhere like mira rajpoot aka mother india.
I love Prabhas. Such a gentleman.
whoa i did not know she is so stunning. she looks like a natural beauty, people go crazy over star wives who are white skinned but she looks a lot more beautiful. and she is literally glowing.
She should be in movies as well. She is stunning.
I agree. Such great screen presence. You can't take your eyes of her.
She's gorgeous – and such lovey hair!


"In the year 2002, under the sponsorship of La Spezia Port Authority, a coastal area has been analyzed in order to correlate the environmental health with the people environmental perception. The aim of the study, called the OASIS Project, was to set up a management tool for the freezing of the conflicts between the different anthropogenic activities located in the area. The area under examination is the Ligurian coast around the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy). This area is characterized by several conflicting activities (commercial marine traffics, port, industrial facilities, fishing, aquaculture, tourism and marine protected parks). The tool for the management outlined by the project was an Observatory capable to monitor many different sensitive parameters both ecological, social, economical in relation with the psychological perception of the quality of life. The tool envisaged is an interpretation model operated by mathematical routines and expert evaluations able to predict the eco-system and people reaction to environmental perturbations. The study outlined that the environmental perception, connected to environmental survey was a very important parameter to be considered, so the correlations between people environmental perception of the eco-system perturbations and/or the eco-system evolution had to be considered together.The tool, for what the people perception is concerned, has to be a measure of the "Quality of Life" consisting in the balance between personal objectives and interests and collectively accepted standards. The measure of the Quality of Life is performed through what is called "Social Capital", a parameter cluster as: sense of community, collective efficacy or empowerment, citizen participation and so on. Further more conventional parameters related to the material well-being, are to be considered:This method of evaluation of the Quality of Life has never been applied before to contexts as defined before. It has been applied in different contexts (Edmondson R. (2003) Hawe P., Shiell A. Perkins D., Brown B., Taylor R.B. (1996) (2000), Marsdsen D. e Oakley P.(1990). The aim of the paper is to present the methodology in order to collect comments from a very expert community before starting the project. The Observatory will consist of the selection of a significant group of citizens to whom submit, periodically, series of questionnaires to evaluate the evolution of the perception with time. The questionnaires will contain also questions presenting imaginary future possible scenarios to give the management of the coastal area the tools to predict the reactions to eventual interventions. The objectives of the eco-social Observatory of the OASIS project are:-To evaluate the Quality of Life level and the Social Capital of the community in relation with the eco-geo-bio-physical parameters of the ecosystem.-To define the sensitive social parameters to be considered.-To determine the degree of social pro-activity or reactivity of the community towards sensitive parameters.-To establish, using an expert system analysis, a forecasting capability of the effects on quality of life and social capital of the community for an integrated geographic management.-To set up a project of coalition building aimed to increase the people level of participation and the civic engagement."
Avanzini, P, and M. Manetti. "Environmental Perception Observatory in a Coastal Area Affected by Strong Environmental Impact." In Evaluation in Progress - Strategies for Environmental Research and Implementation (IAPS 18 Conference Proceedings on CD-Rom). IAPS. Vienna, Austria: Österreichischer Kunst- und Kulturverlag, 2004.
Kowaltowski, D, S Mikami, G Pina, Gomes V Silva, L Labaki, D Ruschel, and de Carvalho D. Moreira. "Site-Planning Guidelines for Low Income Housing in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Based on Poe and Axioms." In Evaluation in Progress - Strategies for Environmental Research and Implementation (IAPS 18 Conference Proceedings on CD-Rom). IAPS. Vienna, Austria: Österreichischer Kunst- und Kulturverlag, 2004.


Forestry Minister Michelle O'Neill has invited the public to join an exciting range of events in celebration of National Trails Day on Sunday 7 October 2012.
Raising awareness of outdoor trails throughout Ireland, National Trails Day is a chance for everyone to enjoy some of the most beautiful countryside, forests, mountains and lakes. Entrance to all events on the day will be free.
"Forests are one of our greatest natural assets and I want to encourage local communities to fully utilise their local facilities. Increasing access and improving facilities to Forest Service's estate is a key commitment of my Department.
This year National Trails Day will again be an all-island event, with support partners including DARD Forest Service. With more and varied events located across the country, the 2012 National Trails Day will surely prove even more popular than ever before.In keeping with previous years, daily access charges will be waived on National Trails Day at all Forest Service recreation areas where access charges are usually applied.
With a range of events aimed to attract younger visitors and the more mature alike, there will be lots to choose from; so why not enjoy a fun-filled time at a Forest Service woodland trail near you!


The NeoAg Summit (formerly Neoantigen Summit) is the 3rd annual industry focused meeting dedicated to advancing neoantigen based cancer vaccines and cell therapies. Our aim is to bring together the pioneers supercharging next-generation immunotherapies to accelerate safe, effective and scalable neoantigen-based therapies.
As neoantigen selection platforms improve year on year, the challenges of generating potent immune response are top priorities to overcome. Manufacturing processes need to be streamlined and regulatory landscapes better understood. It is imperative that we can come together to exchange ideas to overcome the hurdles to getting the best immunotherapies to patients in need.
To expand the scope of the meeting, while remaining relevant for every attendee in a short period of 3 days, this year's summit will include 2 workshops and includes 2 parallel tracks, 2 workshops and 1 Bootcamp workshop of presentations on Prediction & Discovery; Clinical Development & Manufacturing. Move freely between two tracks and choose the talks that provide you with the most value.
Tap into a unique network of peers who continue to set a precedent and solve some of the greatest challenges when harnessing neoantigen-based immunotherapies.
"This is a unique opportunity to bring a focused group together to discuss the success and challenges that lie ahead in this field which is exciting."
"The best meeting I have found that focuses on neoantigens specifically."


Sunday morning's at FCF Moncton are not your typical church service! Every week more and more people are learning to live with meaning. Physical, emotional and spiritual health is being realized. Worship at FCF Moncton is an experience and the attire is come as you are casual! The messages are Christ centered and open the door into a new way of thinking. Through the limitless principles taught every service you will see your most compassionate, courageous and best self emerge. Join us on Sunday's at 10:30AM.
Celebrity Kids takes place during our Sunday morning services. We have incredible programs (Orange Curriculum) from nursery-grade 5 that include a mix of small group and large group time. We are confident your child will love it!
Our wee little ones are some of our favourite people here at the church! We love taking care of them on Sunday morning during our Sunday morning services. We have qualified, trained, Kid-Safe volunteers ready to cuddle, read to, teach, and get down and play with your little one this Sunday!
School aged kids are so amazing as they begin really understanding on their own and processing things for their own. We design our morning to teach about the characteristics of Jesus and how they are designed in His image.
Following every service at FCF Moncton you will be welcomed into our free "Faith Cafe." This is a time of great food, and new friends.
A ministry for woman of all ages. Through monthly breakfast meeting's, books clubs as well as joining in with other city-wide women's event's "Women of Worth" promotes unity and a deep passion for Jesus.
Young Adults at FCF Moncton meet once a month. This is a great place to make meaningful friendships and to grow in faith.
A monthly breakfast gathering of men of all ages. Brotherhood, faith and so much more. Moving beyond the bacon. On summer break. Starts September 2018.


text:
Saw Gallery: Exploring the Boundaries of "Imageland" with Colin Muir Dorward
By Alejandro Bustos on March 11, 2013
Everyone knows that paintings are inanimate objects. What if this commonly-held view, however, was incorrect, and the images on a canvas were actual living entities.
This intriguing idea lies behind the latest exhibit by painter Colin Muir Dorward, which is currently taking place at the Saw Gallery at 67 Nicholas Street.
Dorward's thought experiment is as follows: Envisage a world in which images are parasitic entities that attach themselves to a medium, with the aim of using that medium for the purpose of replicating. If the medium is the human mind, then images can use thought as a way to grow.
"(The paintings) allow me to explore what I call Imageland," explains Dorward, as he describes his artistic vision of images being alive in the human mind. This clever concept can be seen in the painting Mealtime (see above), arguably the best piece in the exhibit.
"The inhabitants of the painting are one-eyed cyclopes," says Dorward, who also agrees that they look a lot like him. "Living in a two dimensional plane of a painting, they only need one eye to get around so (the single eye) it's a bit of a joke."
Humour aside, if you pay close attention to the painting, you will notice that the "meal" is comprised of paint colours, brushes and other art supplies. The cyclopes are thus literally eating the painting process, while simultaneously being the painting.
In Grievance Calculator by Colin Muir Dorward.
Once you understand this perspective, then the other paintings make a lot more sense, such as the In Grievance Calculator, which got Dorward shortlisted last year for the RBC Canadian Painting Competition. If you think of the painting as a living process rather than a static two-dimensional representation, then you can imagine that the image on the canvas is somehow painting itself.
Besides pursuing his own work, Dorward is also interested in helping other young artists get funding. While speaking with his girlfriend who is an economist, the Edmonton-born painter wondered whether the economic ideas behind micro-financing could be applied to the art world.
"Even emerging artists' funds are for artists who are already fairly established," said Dorward, who received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from Emily Carr University of Art + Design, and is currently pursuing a Master of Fine Arts at the University of Ottawa. "Some painter in Montreal who is starving doesn't need a $20,000 grant from the Canada Council of the Arts. What they need is $2,000 that will allow them to pay their rent for three months."
To help other young artists receive difficult to find funding, Dorward came up with the idea of the Destroy Art Fund. Echoing the origins behind the Burning Man festival, the idea is to obtain a financial sponsor for the Fund, and then gather submissions from emerging artists whose art work can be destroyed by such forces as fire, cutting or crushing. Chosen selections would be displayed at the sponsored exhibit, with the winning submission being destroyed in a public performance at the show's conclusion.
Quoting Star Wars Jedi master Obi-Wan Kenobi on his web site – "If you strike me down, I shall become more powerful than you can possibly imagine". – Dorward explains that by sacrificing the winning piece it can live on in the collective memory, gathering more attention than it may otherwise have done.
"It's been on the back burner since I have been in school, but I have had some interest in Brazil about my idea," says Dorward about the project. He quickly adds, however, that the project is far from being implemented.
In the meantime, you can catch his solo exhibit at the Saw Gallery, which is free and runs until March 23.
Colin Muir Dorward,
Destroy Art Fund,
Ottawa,
Painting,
RBC Canadian Painting Competition,
SAW Gallery
Fresh Meat theatre festival makes its triumphant return
Fresh Meat, Sights & Sounds, Theatre
Capital History: Ottawa's Union Station
History, News & Ideas
What's the average cost of rent in Ottawa? Recent analysis of Kijiji ads says it's pretty darn high
SAW Gallery announces winners of the SAW Prize for New Works


text:
eLynx Introduces Second Predictive Analytics Product in Eight Weeks
eLynx Technologies announces industry's first transformative predictive maintenance product for fast-growing ESP sector, with savings as high as $13,000 a month per well
eLynx Technologies
TULSA, Okla., Nov. 14, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- eLynx Technologies (elynxtech.com) today announces the launch of Predictive Analytics as a Service (PAaaS) for ESPs, marking the second time in eight weeks the company has introduced a groundbreaking predictive analytics product into the oil and gas market. The new product, which offers oilfield managers unprecedented maintenance forecasts about ESPs, empowers them to fix ESP problems before they emerge. The result — a dramatic reduction of costly downtime for ESPs, as well as the prevention of damaging events that demand extremely expensive ESP replacement and loss of production.
"With this revolutionary predictive maintenance release, we expect to save an average of $7,000 a month per well, with some savings rising to $13,000 a month," said eLynx founder and CEO Steve Jackson. "These estimates are based on proof of concepts we have been executing, and are further validated by our subject matter experts who bring more than 100 years of oilfield experience to the table."
The fruit of nearly two years of work by an expanding team of elite data scientists, PAaaS for ESPs finds its foundation in eLynx's vast and robust trove of oil and gas data, judged by a Big 4 auditing firm as the industry's finest.
All of eLynx's predictive analytics tools rely on computer simulations of how things behave in the real world, called "digital twins," to fully predict the behavior of individual lifts as well as hundreds of wells within an oilfield. The work so far has produced predictive maintenance products for plunger wells and ESPs, and in coming months eLynx anticipates releasing predictive maintenance products for rod pumps and gas lifts.
With these predictive maintenance products in place, eLynx will rapidly turn to delivering the industry's first predictive optimization applications. These extraordinarily powerful and complex optimization tools, which are built upon predictive maintenance technologies, will give oil and gas producers access to tools aimed at saving tremendous amounts of capital and dramatically enhancing efficiencies across the board.
The series of ongoing innovations are borne out of intense scientific and research achievements, but they also find deep roots in decades of close work with hundreds of industry partners.
"We understand the anxiety that comes with powerful ESPs — complications are highly disruptive and costly," said Samantha McPheter, eLynx Chief Product Officer. "As longtime and trusted oilfield partners, we always work to find ways to improve the lives of our many industry friends. Early on, we identified ESPs as a priority, and today we are thrilled to offer this breakthrough technology to the people and companies with whom we have forged such lasting and strong relationships."
To schedule time to speak with Steve Jackson, Samantha McPheter and members of the analytics team, please contact Douglas Brown: [email protected], 303-241-0141.
SOURCE eLynx Technologies
https://www.elynxtech.com