text:
Environment Support Group
Environmental, Social Justice & Governance Initiatives
ESG Trustees And Advisors
ESG Team
UN 'Water For Life' Best Practices Award, 2012
Gold Winner Of 'Best Green Water Stewardship' Award, 2011
ESG Annual Reports
Financials And Statutory Clearances
Research: Responding To Public Interest Concerns
Comparative Covid Response: Crisis, Knowledge, Politics
Efficacy Of Ward Committees In Bengaluru
Governance Of Socio-Technical Transformations
Advocacy: Public Over Profit
Disaster Management, Relief & Rehabilitation
Environment & Forest Policy
Tackling Waste
Urban Governance ,Commons & Infrastructure
Water Commons
Campaigns: Working With Vulnerable Communities And Voiceless Ecosystems
Bengaluru Metro Impacts
Interrogating Cauvery Calling
Re-Greening Bengaluru
Road Widening
Challakere Science City/ Amrit Mahal Kavals
Sacred Economy
Staying In Solidarity
Stay Alert
Access To Justice – PILs
Legality Of Imposition Of Section 144 (CAA, NRC Protests)
Bengaluru Metro
Urban Greenery PIL
Elevated Corridor
Mangalore Airport
Mining In Kudremukh
Cubbon Park
Academy: Deepening Educative Experiences
ESG Imaginaries To Make Cities Work
SWM Workshop Series 2021
Legal Awareness Workshop- Functioning Of Lake Protection Committees At Municipal, District, And Apex Levels
Bengaluru Climate Action Plan
Interdisciplinary Action Research
Better Bus Bengaluru
Imaginaries For A Resilient And Inclusive New World
Deep Ecology Conversations
Native Dialogue
ESG Reports & Policy Briefs
ESG Workshop Reports
ESG Opinion
ESG In The News
Environment Justice Matters- Newsletter Archive
Academy Education Events Featured Governance of Socio-Technical Transformations Past Events Smart Cities
Interrogating Governance And Financial Implications Of 'Smart Cities' : Workshop
November 9, 2020 October 24, 2022 John V 5 Comments
Part 1 Report
ESG and CFA hosted a workshop on Interrogating Governance and Financial Implications of 'Smart Cities' as part of the Governance of Socio-Technical Transformations(GOST) project. The workshop brought together a diverse set of people who have been engaging with the conceptualisation, financing and implementation of 'smart city' projects across India, in the wider context of the urbanisation experiences in India. The core idea was to develop a critical outlook to the 'smart city' mission in the overall landscape of governance and planning and to particularly aid researchers, activists, media persons, public administrators, corporate executives, planners, architects, students and academics to develop a critical understanding of the implications of the 'smart city' mission.
Programme Schedule: 12 and 19 November 2020, 6 pm to 8.30 pm
Time (IST) Day 1– 12 Nov- Governance implications of 'smart city' mission Speaker Organization
6 pm Welcome and Setting the Context Joe Athialy Centre for Financial Accountability, New Delhi, India
6.10 pm The 'Smart cities' argument with India's Constitutional mandate for urban governance Leo Saldanha Environment Support Group, Bangalore, India
6.30 pm The experience with 'Smart Cities' in Tamilnadu Dr. B. Chandramohan, IAS Principal Secretary, Government of Tamilnadu
6.45 pm App based 'Smart mobility' in Imphal, Manipur Ram Wangkheirakpam Indigenous Perspectives, Imphal
7.00 pm Experiences with 'Smart City' development in Tumkur, Karnataka Bhargavi S. Rao Environment Support Group, Bangalore & Centre for Financial Accountability, New Delhi, India
7.15 pm State Finance Commission's Role in 'Smart Cities' Mission Tikender Panwar Former Deputy Mayor, Shimla & Convenor, National Coalition for Inclusive and Sustainable Urbanisation
7.30 pm Germany's experience with 'Smart City' Development Nele kress Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
7.45 pm Q & A and responses from presenters Moderated by Joe Athialy
8.30 pm Conclusion and Thanks Tani Alex Centre for Financial Accountability, New Delhi, India
Day 2 – 19 Nov- Financial implications of 'smart city' mission and its impact on Urban Futures
6 pm Welcome and Setting the Context Gaurav Dwivedi Centre for Financial Accountability, New Delhi, India
6.10 pm Confounding realities of 'world class' and 'smart cities' Dr. Carol Upadhya National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
6.30 pm 'Smart City' Mission Financing & its implications on Municipal Budgets Ravikant Joshi Independent Consultant
6.45 pm Sectoral Impacts of Smart Cities Mission -Water and Sanitation Sitaram Shelar Centre for Promoting Democracy, Mumbai
7.00 pm Sectoral Impacts of Smart Cities Mission – Housing Marina Joseph Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action, Mumbai
7.15 pm Q &A and responses from presenters
7.45pm Are 'Smart Cities' an apt response to Odisha's urbanisation challenges? B. Mathi Vathanan, IAS Principal Secretary, Urban Development, Govt of Odisha
8.00 pm Closing Remarks Prof Sheila Jasanoff Pforzheimer Professor of Science and Technology Studies, Harvard Kennedy School, USA
8.30 pm Conclusion and Thanks Dr. Sana Haque Environment Support Group
Program on Science, Technology and Society, Harvard Kennedy School, USA &
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Germany
Background Note
Massive increases in financial investment in urban infrastructure development and increased migration of rural populations into urban areas due to increased rural distress, along with aggressive financialisation of urban land, has transformed the character of urbanisation in recent decades. Guaranteeing affordable housing, inclusive mobility, access to safe drinking water, securing public health and education, ensuring sufficient open and green spaces are available and accessible to all, are values that were core to urban planning and governance before. But they appear to be lost now as cities are envisaged increasingly as financial constructs.
This when critical challenges in waste management, holding on to green open spaces, tackling traffic congestion and addressing widespread pollution of air and water and other such challenges are perceived essentially from a question of affordability and not as an outcome of human rights. The increasing emphasis on promoting 'smart cities' is skewing away attention from attending to core challenges of urbanisation. In this workshop we focus on the governance and financial implications of this emphasis on 'smart city' development in India, in comparison with global experiences.
Governance Challenges
Ground up planning as envisaged in the Constitutional 74th Amendment (Nagarpalika) Act, 1992 has largely been relegated to the background in the Indian Government's emphasis on 'smart city' development. The effort has largely been on inviting and securing investments in large financial institutions from India and abroad in the creation of 'smart cities'. Corporate leaders, politicians, bureaucrats and also science, social science, planning and tech communities are increasingly focused on developing 'smart cities' as the solution to challenges of rapid urbanisation. This when in the five years since the 'smart city' mission was pitched by the Central Government, it does not seem to have delivered on the promised results.
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitched the idea of creating 100 'smart cities' as part of his vision of initiating an urban revolution. As he imagined, they would be satellites to existing cities and metropolitan areas replete with plush infrastructure and 'smart solutions', and needless to say – 'smart people'. The terms 'smart cities' and 'smart solutions' have since been employed with little effort at rationalisation. In all of this, elected urban local bodies and urban communities have not been consulted as is mandatory per the Nagarpalika Act.
Several studies now indicate that the 'smart city' initiative is subsumed with controversies at its operational levels, and also about how projects under the scheme were conceptualised and promoted. A host of policies and programs of Local and State governments which had evolved over time with the intent of organising equitable urban development, have been sidestepped. As a result, a skewed emphasis in administrative and financial attention has resulted towards fundamentally favouring 'smart cities' with consequent neglect of historical urban challenges.
Moreover, focus on rehabilitating existing city infrastructure has shifted emphasis to retrofitting technocratic solutions often in variance to 'master plans' howsoever problematic they are. The political capital gained by promoting 'smart cities' has also resulted in the neglect in the lack of coordination among civic, planning and implementing agencies, and substantially contributed to the lack of democratic and financial accountability.
The creation of special purpose vehicles (SPV) to implement the 'smart city' project and its financing via public-private partnerships (PPP) has also pushed projects on the basis of financial viability, and not in responding to aspirations of the people, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Besides, public projects and schemes that were normatively implemented by urban local bodies as an outcome of democratic decision making are now channelled through corporatized SPVs and guided by highly centralised decision making and also structural accountability to the Central Government. This is corrosively affecting the federal character of the Indian polity with States losing power to shape their regional visions of urbanisation and turning redundant the Constitutional mandate of a 3 tier governance structure. It appears as though 'smart city' projects are designed to sidestep Constitutional mandates of federated democratic systems of decision making.
Further, 'smart cities' are also promoting digitisation of data and surveillance systems under the problematic, and thus widely contested, notions of modernism. Core values of inclusivity and attending to disparities in social and economic development are not integral to the mission's focus. Enclave development is core to the form of 'smart city' missions and that without critical review of its implications to urban futures. The neglect of rights based urbanisms is strikingly apparent as is the emphasis of building infrastructure and provisioning of services which are designed to respond to demands of particular constituencies, particularly the middle classes and the rich.
Such lack of speaking to prevailing urban challenges is evident from a range of 'smart city' projects: that which promote biking lanes in gentrified neighbourhoods but do not focus on safe mobility of all; promotion of app based public transport systems which excludes almost all the poor from benefiting – as they can't buy into such restrictively expensive technologies; privileging enclave development with a range of high end services supplied by labour who do not have the right of residence within such enclaves; promotion of problematic technocratic fixes (waste to energy, for eg.) while neglecting the fundamental needs of sanitary workers. The majority of urban populations is thus left out of the benefits from 'smart cities'. The mission appears rather disassociated from aspirations and imaginaries of urbanisms of the majority of the local citizenry.
Financial implications of 'smart city' project
While urban governance in the context of evolving 'smart city' projects has thrown up a variety of challenges and controversies, the financing of the projects resulting from the 'smart city' mission is controversially linked to extensive privatisation and corporatisation of urban infrastructure development, services and spaces. When the mission was launched in 2015, the guidelines promised Rs. 48,000 crore investment over five years with an overage Rs. 100 crore per city per year assistance directly from the Centre. However, until July 2019 about a third of the amount (Rs 17,114 crores) has been released by the Centre and only Rs. 6,160 crores utilised by the cities – a mere 3% utilisation of the total estimated costs of the projects as conceived in 2015.
The World Bank estimates infrastructure investment gap in urban areas of about $5.4 trillion every year. Asian Development Bank's baseline estimates for India's urban infrastructure deficit is $ 230 billion per year. World Bank advocates closing such gaps by securing finance from multiple sources, particularly private and international finance, and by strengthening fiscal capabilities and systems of urban governance. But such transactions are largely located within the framework of supporting projects that guarantee viability to the financiers and do not necessarily speak to the needs of the multiple publics.
As Indian revenue streams are insufficient in closing these gaps, there is now a clear shift in the Prime Minister's message that such gaps must be closed through market mechanisms. This would entail increased reliance on private sector investment, and increased borrowing from national and international financial institutions. In fact, this has been emphasised from the very commencement of the 'smart city' mission with the Indian Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) partnering with World Bank and Asian Development Bank in promoting the project. It is not surprising then that the World Bank's private financing arm the International Finance Corporation and various bilateral agencies view the 'smart city' mission as a space for aggressive marketing of their loan and development aid packages.
The message has been and continues to be that resources needed to build 'smart cities' should come from private players and international finance, and projects are designed and developed on cost recovery mode. In fact the prevailing infrastructure deficit is looked upon as a huge investment opportunity by private investors and they take many forms: promotion of renewable energy, public transportation, 'smart water and energy supply' systems, solid waste management, promotion of green buildings, etc.
The financing of 'smart city' projects is largely and inherently reliant on market based instruments. This involves raising funds through bonds, pooled finance mechanisms, loans, user charges, local taxes, etc. All of which is undertaken without due legislative review and public involvement in decisions, even as the financial burdens of these projects will be borne by municipal bodies and tax payers.
The heightened need for critical enquiries of 'smart cities':
The COVID pandemic has brought to attention the need for critical review of such aggressive promotion of 'smart cities' as a response to urban challenges in the age of urbanisation. This when normative urban governance guaranteed constitutionally as a ground up mechanism has suffered substantially due to weak or no implementation of Constitutionally guaranteed decentralised governance systems, and the unstable support to the financial and public administration needs of Local Governments. That the 'smart city' mission is not nested within urban local governance frameworks is resulting in the manifestation of structural and historical injustices.
The need for critical engagement with the 'smart city' notion of urban development is also heightened by the increasing emphasis on technocratic deliverance of urban services embedded as it is with various disparities. This privileges those with agency to further benefit from their easy access to technology, finance and power. That would mean those without privilege and agency would suffer, as they have historically and structurally been denied access to resources, to employment and to political power. The 'smart city' mission makes no effort to problematise such gaps.
Environment Support Group (ESG) and Centre for Financial Accountability (CFA) collaborate in organising this workshop to draw wide public attention to this problematique of 'smart city'. ESG has over two decades experience in working with various urban planning and governance challenges, and CFA over the past five years has worked to enhance public interest in developmental finance, especially that relating to urban infrastructure and finance. The workshop is organised in collaboration with ESG's partners Program on Science, Technology and Society, Harvard Kennedy School, USA & Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Germany in the project Governance of Socio-Technical Transformations (GoST).
About GoST:
The GoST project focuses on transformations in three areas of crucial relevance to sustainable development, relating in particular to pressing imperatives in countries of the Global South: energy systems, agriculture, and urban digital infrastructures. Each involves intricate North-South linkages that must be better understood for global sustainability efforts. Adopting a systematic comparative approach, GoST uses the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries, or collectively held visions of technological futures, to make sense of how imaginations of transformation help shape societal choices. Many challenges in the three focal areas are related to the prevailing imaginary, and solutions may require imagining radically new alternatives.
Through analysis of two interlinked parameters of transformation (dimensions and timelines of imagined change) across five countries (Germany, India, Kenya, UK, US), leading research centers in each examine, in cooperation with key stakeholders, the frictions between imagined and experienced states in each focal area of transformation in each country. Through these analytic lenses, GoST aims for a methodologically innovative, integrative, empirically grounded approach that opens up new and nonlinear pathways of transformation.
Expected outcomes and impacts: GoST will demonstrate feasible choices among alternative pathways for enacting socially progressive transformations towards sustainability, producing insights of immediate practical importance for how such transformations can best be governed in each selected area: by whom, to what ends, by what means, and with what welfare consequences for affected groups.
← Rewilding Humans: Nature Education At The Gurukula Botanical Sanctuary
Interrogating Governance And Financial Implications Of 'Smart Cities' – Part I Report →
5 thoughts on "Interrogating Governance And Financial Implications Of 'Smart Cities' : Workshop"
Hi, I have registered but have not yet received a link.
Shakthi Nataraj
Hello! I have registered but seem not to have received the zoom link to join. Could you please share it with me? Thanks very much.
Siobhan Wall
These talks look really interesting – but it is not specified where in the world they begin. Is '6pm' local to Bangalore? Please can you specify on a world clock the equivalent times in Europe and the different time zones in the USA and Asia, etc.
John VPost author
6PM IST
N N MANOJ
Very interested in knowing more
Environment Support Group [Environmental, Social Justice & Governance Initiatives], is an independent not-for-profit organisation that works to mainstream environmental and social justice in decision making through research, documentation, advocacy, training and campaign initiatives. We endeavor to mainstream the rights of local communities and voiceless ecosystems taking into account contextual complexities, especially their socio-cultural histories and traditional knowledge and practices. We work inter-sectorally, inter-sectionally and with an intent to ensure our actions are inter-generationally relevant.
[mailbluster_form id="5503"]
Urban Commons
All donations to ESG are exempted u/s 12 A and 80G of Income Tax Act, 1961.
ESG has been registered for undertaking CSR activities.
ESG is registered under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA)
Recipient of ED certification from NGOsource
Copyright © 2023 Environment Support Group. All rights reserved.


text:
Sonos Controller Updated to Version 4.1 – Tweaks and Improvements You'll Appreciate
TOPICS:Audio Visual GearMusicSonosSpeakersSpotifyWireless Gear
Posted By: Dan Cohen May 29, 2013
I love my Sonos system. I love it enough that I have a Sonos component in just about every room of the house. I love it enough that I purchased a PLAYBAR as soon as the product was announced (our review is forthcoming), and I added a Sonos SUB a few days after that. The one Sonos component I never purchased was the Sonos Controller. The reason was simple — by the time I entered into the Sonos ecosystem, their iOS and Android Controller apps were functional enough that I didn't need a dedicated controller. At this point my Sonos system can be controlled from any smartphone, tablet or computer in the house. I was clearly not alone in the use of the Sonos Controller App; last year Sonos discontinued the product.
Sonos has slowly and methodically added hardware to their portfolio over the last few years. First they added the PLAY:3. Then they added the SUB. Most recently it was the PLAYBAR joining the ranks.
Similarly, the company has also been slow and methodical when updating their Controller apps. Today's update to version 4.1 adds small but welcome changes to an already-rich remote control. I've been using a Beta version of it for some time, and I am pleased to see it released in its final form.
Sonos Controller 4.1 is designed to "give owners faster access to the music they can't live without". With it you can now select tracks from any music source and compile them all into a single, cohesive playlist. In other words, each music source no longer lives in its own walled garden of melody.
Version 4.1 of the Controller app also lets users directly create and edit Spotify playlists. Previously playlists had to be created in Spotify and then opened in the Sonos Controller. It wasn't a huge deal, but it was enough of a pain that I, as someone who uses Spotify constantly I have been really happy to have this functionality. In addition, any Spotify playlist or folder is now visible directly in the Sonos Controller. Finally, with the updated Controller app, users can add a Spotify account to Sonos via Facebook log-in credentials.
In all this update isn't a huge leap forward, but it is one more step in the maturation of the already-awesome Sonos ecosystem. Learn more here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At Horder's we have our own directly employed service engineers and have been carrying out repairs and servicing to appliances for over 45 years. We offer two hour slots for home visits and in addition can allocate a first call of the day when required.
Our service rates are very reasonable and our work carries a 12 month warranty.
Phone freephone 0800 318 419 for full details and to talk about your requirements.


text:
Home » Wimbledon Championships 2021: Matteo Berrettini vs. Felix Auger-Aliassime Tennis Pick and Prediction
Wimbledon Championships 2021: Matteo Berrettini vs. Felix Auger-Aliassime Tennis Pick and Prediction
Post published:5th July 2021
TennisSection previews the 2021 Wimbledon Championships as Matteo Berrettini (7) meets Felix Auger-Aliassime (16) in the Quarter-Finals on Wednesday, July 7th 2021.
Will Matteo Berrettini continue to dominate on grass courts as he aims to make his way one step closer to the Final? Will Felix Auger-Aliassime improve on his game after coming through an extremely tight match in the Round of 16? Both players can win this match if they are on top of their game, but only one will make their way to the Semi-Finals of the 2021 Wimbledon Championships. Who will it be?
Matteo Berrettini cruised through his Round of 16 match against Ilya Ivashka, beating him in straight sets 6-4/6-3/6-1. As the match went on, you could see Matteo's confidence building and he just was dominating everything. Matteo Berrettini will be very happy with that performance because it shows both himself and us that he is a real contender for the title. Matteo has been playing so well on grass this year, winning at Queen's and he will want to use all of the confidence and momentum gained recently to get himself a big win over Felix Auger-Aliassime.
Felix Auger-Aliassime had to come through an extremely tough match against Alexander Zverev in the Round of 16 beating him 6-4/7-6/3-6/3-6/6-4. Felix was leading 2-0 sets up and then was down 3-2 in the 5th set all of a sudden. Felix was able to come back already from 4-2 down in the first set, but he showed us how good his grass court game is and how much he has improved recently. Felix is not known for playing his best in the biggest matches sometimes, and I think he came into this match not really caring whether he won or lost because he had always been unsuccessful against Zverev. However, Felix played a great match and he is now in the Quarter-Finals of the 2021 Wimbledon Championships against another tough opponent in Matteo Berrettini.
Matteo Berrettini and Felix Auger-Aliassime have met 1 time before, with Matteo Berrettini leading the head to head 1-0. They met on grass in the Final of Stuttgart in 2019 where Matteo won in straight sets 6-4/7-6. That was an extremely tight match and here at the Quarter-Finals of the 2021 Wimbledon Championships, I expect for both of them to be at their best. However, Felix will not win this match as he will choke in my opinion. Matteo has been a Semi-Finalist at the US Open, a Quarter-Finalist at the French Open this year, and he has been on top of his game on grass this year. I expect a tight match, but Matteo will get the big win and make his way to the Semi-Finals of the 2021 Wimbledon Championships.
Australian Open 2023: Andrey Rublev vs. Holger Rune Tennis Pick and Prediction
Winston-Salem Open 2021: Pierre-Hugues Herbert vs. Marcos Giron Tennis Pick and Prediction


Maryland had to work their tails off to get out of the first round. The Belmont Bruins would not stop fighting, and led for a vast majority of the game. But when push came to shove, Dylan Windler could not do it alone, and Maryland closed out the game to advance.
LSU is here by way of being able to hold on to beat Yale. It was not pretty in the closing moments as the Bulldogs chipped away at the lead and knocked down various threes. But at the end of the day, the better team won, and here they are. The LSU Tigers are -2.5 and the betting total for this game is 147.5.
Here we are again, with the Terrapins holding on for a close win last time out. Back when they had Greivis Vasquez, they were a force to be reckoned with, and he helped them to a few wins. But they're on to the round of 32 and hoping to keep it going. In what was truly a team effort against Belmont, it was the athleticism and board dominance of Jalen Smith that put them in this round. He dunked all over Dylan Windler with about 1:25 to go, and drew the foul.
He finished the day with 19 points and 12 boards, while Bruno Fernando finished with 14 and 13 in 36 minutes of action. Darryl Morsell, who hit a few big shots and free throws in the waning moments, had 18 points. Bench scoring has not been considered to be vital for any team, but if Aaron Wiggins (5 pts last game) can hit a few shots, it would give them a huge boost.
It's been an impressive year for the Tigers, who improved to 27-6 with their win over Yale. They could not slow down Alex Copeland, but when push came to shove, they made the plays that they needed to in order to get the job done. Led by the 19 points of Skylar Mays, who was playing through some wrist discomfort which happened early in the game, the other players on the team were able to feed off of the energy that he was bringing.
Also in double-figures, we saw Tremont Waters (15 points, and seven assists), Naz Reid (14 points, and 10 rebounds), as well as Kavell Bigby-Williams (10 points, and 10 rebounds). They were moving the ball well all night and dominant on the boards. Ja'vonte Smart scored nine points off the bench, while Emmitt Williams had eight. Both of these guys coming in and providing any type of scoring punch can be huge.
LSU Punches their ticket to the sweet 16!
Yes, we're going with LSU, and you should be betting them as the favorite, -2.5. This is going to be a game that they will win, as Maryland will not have an easy time with them. Led by Skylar Mays and his 25 points, they will continue dancing! Bet on the Tigers over the Terrapins to get to the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16!


Sujal explained "for years I was buying storage for RealNetworks and none of it worked properly. I've decided to start a company to solve the problem." He was tackling this very complex technical challenge and was driving straight into the headlights of really big incumbents who were ruthless when it came to protecting their share of a huge market. We thought he was either one of the most fabulous founders we had met or certifiably insane. But he had passion and drive. It didn't matter that he was a Seattle-based, 28-year-old who had never worked for a storage vendor. He had been the customer and he knew exactly what the market needed.


Have had wonky haircuts a few times too many so have decided to go elsewhere from now on (new hairdresser even commented on how crooked my hair was, without me even mentioning it!).
Disagree , I think they are worth every penny .
Friendly family run business providing a personal service, catering for all individual needs. Reasonable prices for very high quality cuts and colours. I have moved away since I started going here, but I still travel back when I need my hair doing.


text:
Visit Naarden the Art fair 2023
Press application form
Exhibitors information
Application for participation
Other Fairs
TICKETSVISIT fair
Naarden the Art Fair 26 t/m 29 january 2023
GROTE KERK NAARDEN
A fresh start of the new year at Naarden!
25th anniversary edition Naarden the Art Fair in 2023!
"Naarden" has had a permanent place in the agenda of every art & antiques collector for almost 25 years. The 25th anniversary edition will take place from 26 to 29 January 2023.
For almost a quarter of a century, NAARDEN the Art fair has been the fair where a great diversity of old, modern and contemporary art and antiquities is offered. Every year the art fair, which is known as a real high-level sales fair, attracts a large number of visitors from all over the Netherlands and Belgium. A wide range of high-quality art & antiques will be exhibited at this historic location for 5 days. More than 65 exhibitors present a great diversity of Ancient, Modern and Contemporary art. Make a fresh start to the new year in Naarden!
Buy your tickets now with an extra discount for a visit to NAARDEN the Art fair 2023
2 for € 30 (at the cash register € 40,--)
Taste the Atmosphere of Naarden online
Enjoy online now from the extensive range of art and antiques that can be seen and for sale during NAARDEN the Art fair.
A fresh start to the new year at Naarden!
"Naarden" has had a permanent place in the agenda of every art & antiques collector for almost 25 years. In the new year, a wide range of high-quality art & antiques was exhibited in Naarden from 26 to 29 January.
Let's Meet Again in NAARDEN!
A select group consisting of about 50 permanent exhibitors from the well-known high-end trade fairs of InterEvent invites you to have renewed "live" c...
The quality of Naarden
The entire collections presented by all exhibitors at NAARDEN the Art fair 2022 were assessed by a team of experts (sworn appraisers art & antiques ,a...
No physical NAARDEN the Art fair in 2021.
Despite the current decline in the number of infections, the prospect of Rapid tests and a vaccine, it is now not in line with expectations that a rel...
Naarden The Art Fair 2022 25 – 29 januari 2023


text:
Volume 17 Preprint 20
Investigating Corrosion Behaviour of Aluminium and Aluminium-Copper Alloy in H2SO4 as Anodizing Solution
A. S. Ismail , P. B. Andeng and A. A. El-meligi
Keywords: Corrosion Penetration; Aluminium; Aluminium Alloys
The present research work investigated the corrosion behaviour of casted pure aluminium metal and aluminium-copper alloy after running weight loss tests in different concentration ratios of H2SO4 media at RT and 50 ºC, respectively. Corrosion penetration rate was determined within interval immersion periods of 5 hours. At RT, it was observed that pure aluminium samples have low corrosion resistance in concentrations 10% and 15% of H2SO4 solutions. Moreover, corrosion rate increases slightly with increasing concentration of H2SO4 media and the attack was more significant at 50 ºC. Al-Cu alloy show decreasing of weight loss and more corrosion resistance in both ratios. The corrosion penetration rate of Al samples increases in the order Al-Cu < Al as a result of the formation of thin protective aluminium-copper oxide films. The visual observations shown that there is a streaking and grooves of both samples correlated directly with the increased exposure period in the acidic medium but in case of Al-Cu alloy there are a several horizontal fine darkened pits grew along the surface.
ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Investigating Corrosion Behaviour of Aluminium and Aluminium-Copper Alloy in H2SO4 as Anodizing Solution A. S. Ismail *1,2, P. B. Andeng 1 and A. A. El-meligi 1,3 1 Natural Sciences Dept., Center for General Education, AMA International University - Bahrain, P.O. Box 18041, Salmabad, Kingdom of Bahrain. 2 Polymers Lab., Petrochemicals Dept., Egyptain Petroleum Research Institue (EPRI), P.O. Box 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt. 3 Electrochem. and corrosion Lab., Physical Chemistry Dept., National Research Centre, P.O. Box 12311, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. * amrismail@amaiu.edu.bh, amr_chem_ama@yahoo.com Abstract The present research work investigated the corrosion behaviour of casted pure aluminium metal and aluminium-copper alloy after running weight loss tests in different concentration ratios of H2SO4 media at RT and 50 ºC, respectively. Corrosion penetration rate was determined within interval immersion periods of 5 hours. At RT, it was observed that pure aluminium samples have low corrosion resistance in concentrations 10% and 15% of H2SO4 solutions. Moreover, corrosion rate increases slightly with increasing concentration of H2SO4 media and the attack was more significant at 50 ºC. Al-Cu alloy show decreasing of weight loss and more corrosion resistance in both ratios. The corrosion penetration rate of Al samples increases in the order Al-Cu < Al as a result of the formation of thin protective aluminiumcopper oxide films. The visual observations shown that there is a streaking and grooves of both samples correlated directly with the increased exposure period in the acidic medium but in case of Al-Cu alloy there are a several horizontal fine darkened pits grew along the surface. Keywords: Corrosion Penetration; Aluminium; Aluminium Alloys 1 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Introduction The increased attention for studying the performance and corrosion forms of aluminum metal and its alloys is due to their excellent characteristics such as low weight "its density one-third that of steel", nontoxicity, high reflectivity, high conductivity, availability and widespread usage. In particular, aluminium alloys play a role in automobiles, aviation, household appliances, containers and electronic devices [1-5]. In usual, Al used as a part of an alloy rather than as a pure metal because pure aluminium metal isn't strong enough for large scale. High strength Al alloys can be obtained by addition of appropriate alloying elements, such as Cu, Mg, Si and Zn. Generally, the alloying elements and other raw materials can influence the morphology and corrosion resistance of aluminum by forming different oxides that have compatible structures [6,7]. Many Al alloys such as Al–Si alloys have been increasingly employed in the automotive industry, owing to their good cast, low thermal expansion coefficient and excellent mechanical properties [8,9]. Aluminum die casting alloys are also lightweight, offer good corrosion resistance, ease of casting, good mechanical properties and dimensional stability. The various applications of aluminum metals and alloys are often possible because of the natural tendency of aluminium to form surface oxide film which can be deteriorated in aggressive media. The protection of aluminum and its oxide films against the corrosive action of chloride ions have been extensively discussed [10-14]. The corrosion property of pure Al metal and its alloys like Al-Cu and Al-Si alloys was investigated in aqueous solutions in the absence and presence of common salts [15]. Many researchers and detailed publications studied for several decades the pitting corrosion of aluminum alloys [16-17]. Owing to the corrosion is fundamental process which plays an important role in economics and safety. Apparently, corrosion cannot be avoided, but its severity can be reduced to a lower magnitude. 2 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 A large variety of researches and test methods were employed to study in details the corrosion resistance of aluminium and its alloys using different aqueous media of acids and salts [18-25]. Different acidic media has been used for pickling, chemical and electrochemical etching of Al and its alloys. As well, different grades of corrosion inhibitors are used to inhibit its corrosion in the acid media [26-30]. The present research was investigated the corrosion of pure Al metal and AlCu alloy in 10% and 15% of H2SO4 environments. The influence of alloying elements in corrosion behavior of aluminium was studied under specific conditions. Experimental Procedures Materials Aluminium metals and alloys used for this research work were produced locally via casting methods in ultrapure quality by Bahrain Alloys Manufacturing Company (BAMCO), Bahrain, as shown in Figure 1. Aluminium metals and alloys were produced locally via casting methods. The percentage of alloying of copper (15%) is added to achieve final aluminium alloys specification. The typical chemical composition (in wt. %) of pure aluminium metal is ( ≈ 99.9% ) and aluminium-copper alloy is ( 85% : 15% ), respectively. Methods Preparation of Specimen (surface) In this laboratory scale study, the aluminium metals and alloys were machined and cut into test specimens (50 x10 x 5 mm coupons). The samples surfaces were treated by abrading them through successive grades of finer emery papers. They were rinsed in distilled water and then in acetone before drying. The prepared samples were stored in desiccators until the start of the experiment. 3 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Preparation of Immersion Media The environments prepared for the evaluation of its corrosion behaviour were H2SO4 and Na2CO3 media solutions. The environment ranges from a percent of 10% and 15% H2SO4 which were prepared following standard procedures. Corrosion Penetration Evaluation Aluminium samples were immersed in the prepared environments for time intervals 1 to 5 hours and different temperatures. The samples were removed from the corrosion environment with the aid of tong, cleaned in distilled water and dried with cotton wool and dried. The dried samples were weighed with digital chemical weighing balance and recorded at different immersion periods for weight loss analysis. Corrosion penetration (CP) values were calculated in cm were obtained from weight loss analysis using the Equation (2) [31]. W Corrosion Penetration (CP) = ______ (cm) (2) A.D Where W is the weight loss in g; D is the density of the specimen in g/cm3; A is the total exposed surface area of the specimen in cm2; Corrosion Reaction Kinetics From the corrosion penetration results obtained for all aluminium samples, the corrosion reaction kinetics also determined in media of 10% and 15% H2SO4, respectively, using the parabolic rate law, as shown in Equation (3), even with increasing the temperature to 50 ºC. X = K t1/2 (3) Where X is the measure of corrosion extent in cm (i.e. CP); t is the immersion time of the specimen in hr; K is the parabolic rate constant in cm/h1/2 . 4 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Visual Morphology The pure Al and Al-Cu alloy surfaces were tested using an imaging digital scanner (HP Deskjet 1050 J410 series) which displayed a real-time image. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Weight Loss Measurements As a first step of this work, the weight loss was employed against exposure time of pure Al and Al-Cu (%85-%15) alloy samples immersed in 10% and 15% H2SO4 media, respectively, as shown in Table 1. Results were observed from Figure 2a show that the weight losses of all pure Al samples increase by increasing immersion time, concentration even at elevated temperature (Figure 2b) in all media. Clear observations can be noted between both media. In general, pure Al was found to have high weight loss values in 15% H2SO4 media compared to other two media. Moreover, the weight loss values exhibited a characteristic decreasing in 10% H2SO4 environment under the same conditions. As a comparison study, Figure 3a shown that the weight loss values of Al-Cu alloys slightly increased by increasing immersion time and media concentration but less than pure Al samples in all media. At 50 oC there is a clear excess of weight loss values with the same trend as shown in Figure 3b. This corrosion resistance may attribute to the oxidative surface of Al-Cu alloy rather than in case of pure Al metal. These changes were found to be as a result of the alloying elements which can influence the corrosion resistance of aluminum metals and its alloys by forming protective aluminium oxide layers. In a wet environment, different aluminium-copper oxides can be obtained when an aluminium alloy is placed in corrosive medium rather than aluminium [6,7]. 5 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Corrosion Penetration Evaluations The obtained results of static corrosion tests for Al and Al-Cu samples in the base solutions (10% and 15% H2SO4) are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 as a plot of the corrosion penetration vs. the square root of time. The corrosion penetration (CP) is calculated using Eq. 2 [31]. As observed from Table 2, the CP is low in the first hour of immersion and it is increased with increasing the time. As well, the corrosion penetration is accelerated with increasing temperature. Fig. 4a shows that, the straight line drawn indicates that the corrosion reaction kinetics in 10% and 15% H2SO4 follows the parabolic rate law, as in Eq. 3, even with increasing the temperature to 50 ºC as in Fig. 4b. The parabolic rate constant (k) values were increased with increasing temperature. This observation might be attributed to a rapidly formed surface oxide film at lower temperature, but at high temperature this oxide film will be unstable [32]. As stated the dissolution rate of aluminum is increased in presence of H2SO4, especially, with increasing its concentration as enhancing factor. Therefore, temperature could be another factor to enhance the Al-alloy dissolution. The deleterious effects of acid with increasing temperature could be attributed to activating the cathodic reaction (proton reduction as in Eq. 4), which has faster kinetics than oxygen reduction [33], and enhancing the Al-dissolution (anodic reaction as in Eq. 5). As well, acidic medium could activate the originally passive alloy surface as in the case of iron surface [34]. Cathodic Reaction 6H+ + 6 e- → 3H2↑ (4) Anodic Reaction 2Al → 2Al3+ + 6 e- (5) As shown in Fig. 5a, the increasing of Cu concentration leads a significant decrease in the corrosion penetration (CP), at room temperature. The maximum decrease of CP was obtained in presence 15% Cu at room 6 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 temperature. Of a particular interest to notice that in the first hour of immersion the CP is reduced by 25 % (in case of Al-Cu alloy), but after five hours of immersion, the CP was reduced by 40 % comparing to the CP in case of pure Al at such time. The reaction kinetics still follows a parabolic law (Eq. 2). Moreover, As shown in Fig. 4a, CP of pure Al increases with increasing the acidic percentage. The decreasing of the CP was obtained of using 10% H2SO4 and the corrosion was dramatically decreased. As proposed the Cu element has a good resistance effect, especially at high ratio. In the case of decreasing the CP, Cu element may play a role in increasing oxide film passivation on metal surface, as mentioned, to form a protective conversion coating and a more resistant oxide film on the surface may be achieved [35-38]. This film is unstable if the immersion is extended to 5 hours. This observation could be rationalized on the basis that the presence of ions (SO4-2) could increase the aluminum dissolution (Eq. 5). In case of H2SO4, the increasing of its concentration will lead to increase the sulfate ions in solution, which help in accelerating the CP as seen when the concentration is increased to 15%. CP is accelerated with increasing temperature to 50 C as shown in Fig. 5b. This behavior could be explained on the basis that the increasing of temperature could de-stabilize the Aloxide interaction and activate the corrosion reactions (Eqs. 4 and 5) [33,34]. This de-stabilization arises because of the SO4-2 penetration into the oxide lattice, followed by substitution for O 2-. Supplying heat, which is essential to complete this reaction, could enhance this substitution. It is stated that Al has a greater chemical reactivity at moderate temperatures and it combines with most of non-metallic elements [39]. The variation of the CP of Al and Al-Cu in presence of the tested media, especially after immersing intervals for 5 hours is important to be noticed. As presented in Table (2), the CP increases as the following order: 15% H2SO4 > 10% H2SO4 at RT and 50 C. 7 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Visual Morphology This part employs a visual investigations to study changes taking place on surfaces and describes changes that happened. The surface morphology of pure aluminum metals and aluminium alloys in aggressive media has attracted considerable attentions due to its importance in corrosion [40-43]. Cu containing aluminum alloys also show a surface morphology in sulfuric acid solutions but for these alloys the surface sensitivity results from pitting process. In general, the surface attack takes place preferentially along grooves producing streaks. Both sets of the alloys show a significant changes. The rate of attack growth is dependent mainly on the chemical composition of the material, the microstructure of the material, temperature, duration of attack, local solution conditions, and the state of stress [44]. Furthermore, pitting corrosion in conjunction with externally applied mechanical stresses, for example, cyclic stresses, has been shown to severely affect the integrity of the oxide film as well as the fatigue life of a metal alloy [45,46]. Figure (6) show the visual investigations of pure Al surfaces. It clearly seen the attack forms on the surface of pure Al substrates exposure to 15% H2SO4 solutions for 5 hours. The abrasion marks on the surface are 45 o and the streaking corrosion of the surface appeared. The changes during the exposure were difficult to define both in real time and on reviewing recorded images. However, the different images shows that many streaks, seen as thin lines that had grown in the 5 hours period predominantly along a single abrasion groove. Fig. 6b is a magnified area of Fig. 6a. The arrow points to the site where some streaks initiated and grew in both directions and others terminated. In addition, unlike pitting corrosion for Al-Cu alloy samples which ran within an individual grooves, the attack was predominantly in bands incorporating many adjacent abrasion grooves. The pitting showed a propagating trend on the exposed area with some penetrations as shown in the magnified area (Fig. 7b). A different sample images (Fig. 7a), show this surface attack during a 5 hours exposure period. 8 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Conclusions This study presets the investigating corrosion behaviour of pure Al and AlCu alloy samples in H2SO4 media at RT and 50 C. The weight loss and corrosion penetration values of pure Al was increased with increasing H2SO4 concentration more than in case of Al-Cu. This observation might be attributed to difference in Al-Cu surface oxide layes. The corrosion reaction of Al and Al-Cu in the tested solutions follows the parabolic rate law. The visual morphology of both samples affected in presence of the tested solution. The attack of the surface is increased in presence of the concentrations, which accelerate the corrosion penetration, but the concentrations, which decrease the corrosion penetration reduces the surface attack. The streaking and grooves of both samples correlated directly with the increased attack period in the acidic medium in which Al-Cu alloys surface shown a clear horizontal darkened pitts. Acknowledgements The authors greatly acknowledge Bahrain Alloys Manufacturing Co (BAMCO) for providing us with a specific casted aluminium metals and alloys. References [1] C. Vargel, Corrosion of Aluminium., Oxford, Elsevier, (2004) Pp.13-15. [2] M. Abdulwahab, I.A. Madugu, S. A. Yaro, A. P. I. Popoola, (2012) Silicon, 4, 2, Pp.137. [3] O. O. Ajayi, O. A. Omotosho, K. O. Ajanaku and B. O. Olawore, (2011) Env. Res. J., 5, 4, Pp.163. [4] R. Rosliza, W. B. W. Nik, (2010), Current Applied Physics, 10, Pp. 221. [5] B. Davó, J.J. Damborenea., (2004), Electrochim. Acta., 49, Pp. 4957. [6] H. Cordier, Ch. Dumont, W. Gruhl., (1979), Aluminum, 55, Pp. 777. [7] D. Talbot, J. Talbot., (2007), Corrosion Science and Technology: Taylor & Francis Gp. [8] L. Kyuhong, N.K. Yong., (2008), J. Alloys Compd. 461, Pp.532. 9 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 [9] L. Lasa, J.M. Rodriguez-lbabe., (2002), Scripta Mater., 46, Pp.477. [10] L. Vrsalovic, M. Kliskic and S. Gudic, (2009), Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4, Pp.1568. [11] M.A. Amin, H. H. Hassan, O. A. Hazzazi, M. M. Qhatani, (2008), J Appl Electrochem., 38, Pp.1589. [12] W.A. Badawy, F.M. Al-Kharafi, A.S. El-Azab. (1999), Corros. Sci., 41, Pp.709. [13] Z. Grubac, R. Babic, M. Metikoš-Hukovic. (2002), J. Appl. Electrochem., 32, Pp.431. [14] G.Y. Elewady, I.A. El-Said and A.S. Fouda. (2008), Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 3, 177, Pp.644. [15] S. S. Abdel Rehim, H.H. Hassan, M.A. Amin, (2002), J. Appl. Surf. Sci., 187, Pp.279. [16] J.-D. Kim, S.-I. Pyun., (1995), Electrochim. Acta., 40, Pp.1863. [17] F.M. Al-Kharafi, W.A. Badawy., (1998), Corrosion., 54, Pp.377. [18] S. A. Umoren, I. B. Obot, E. E. Ebenso, P. C. Okafor, O. Ogbode, E. E. Oguzie, (2006), Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, 53, Pp.277. [19] J. Halambek, K. Berkovic, J. Vorkapic-Furac, (2010), Corrosion Science, 52 , Pp.3978. [20] D. B. Hmamou, R. Salghi, A. Zarrouk, B. Hammouti, S. S. Al-Deyab, Lh. Bazzi, H. Zarrok, A. Chakir, L. Bammou, (2012), Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, Pp.2361. [21] A. P. I. Popoola, O. S. I. Fayomi, M. Abdulwahab , (2012), Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, Pp.5817. [22] A. A. Ghoneim , M. A. Ameer and A.M. Fekry, (2012), Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7, Pp.10851. [23] B. J. Babalola, M. O. Bodunrin, J. O. Borode and K. K. Alaneme, (2013), J. Miner. Mater. Characteriz. Eng., 1, Pp.245. [24] W. B. Wan Nik, O. Sulaiman, A. Fadhli and R. Rosliza, (2010), Proceedings of MARTEC, Int. Conf. Marine Techno., Pp.175. [25] J.R. Davis, (1999), "Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys", ASM International. [26] L. Wing, G. L. Evarts and D. M. Tramontana, (1992), J. Mat. Eng,Pp. 26. 10 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 [27] Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 R. J. Lash, (1993), Proc. of the 6th Automotive Corrosion and Prevention Conf., Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, PA, Pp.153. [28] N. Hackerman and H. Kaesche, (1958), J. Electrochem. Soc., 105, Pp.191. [29] N. Mora, E. Cano, J. L. Polo, J. M. Punete and J. M. Bastidas, (2004), Corros.Sci., 46, Pp.563. [30] B. R. W. Hinton, (1991), Met. Finish, 89, Pp.55. [31] A. B. Brown, (1987), J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, 10, Pp.2506. [32] V. Branzoi, F. Golgovici, and F, Branzoi, (2002), Materials Chemistry and Physics, 78,Pp.12 [33] L. A. Pawlick and R. G. Kelly, (1995), J Corros. Sci. and Engineering, November, Pp.1. [34] C. S. Brossia, E. Gileadi and R. G. Kelly, (1995), Corros. Sci., 37, 9, Pp.1455. [35] A. J. Davenport, H. S., Isaacs and M. W. Kending, (1991), Corros. Sci., 32, Pp.653. [36] B. R. W. Hinton, D. R. Anott and N. E. Ryan, (1986), Mater. Forum, 9, Pp.162. [37] A. E. Hughes, R.J. Taylor, B.R.W.Hinton and L.Wilson, (1995), Surf. InterfaceAnal., 23,Pp.540. [38] S. Szklarska-Smialowska, (1992), Corros. Sci., 33, Pp.1193. [39] T. H. Nguyen and R. T. Foley, (1980), J. Electrochem. Soc., 127, Pp.2563. [40] J. T. Gundrsen, A. Aytec, S.Ono, H. H. Nordhien, K. Nisancioglu, (2004), Corros.Sci., 46, Pp.265 [41] P. J. E. Forsyth, (1998), Mat. Sci. Technol., 14, Pp.151. [42] H. S. Isaacs, G. Adzic, C. S. Jeffcoate, (2000), Corrosion, 56, Pp.971. [43] Q. J. Meng, G. S. Frankel, (2004), J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, Pp.B271. [44] S. Maitra, G. C. English, (1981), Metall. Trans. A., 12, Pp.535. [45] H. Leth-Olson, A. Afseth, K. Nisancioglu, (1998), Corros. Sci., 40, Pp.1195. [46] E. Akiyama, G. S. Frankel, (1999), J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, Pp.4095. 11 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Table (1): Weight loss measurements of Al and Al-Cu samples under specific conditions of immersion time, media and temperature. Weight loss (mg/Cm2) Immersion Aluminum Time Samples (Hours) Pure Al Al 85% Cu 15% Room Temperature 50 °C 10 % H2SO4 15 % H2SO4 10 % H2SO4 15 % H2SO4 1 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.20 2 0.12 0.16 0.16 0.24 3 0.13 0.21 0.18 0.28 4 0.14 0.24 0.28 0.30 5 0.18 0.36 0.36 0.59 1 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.11 2 0.09 0.15 0.11 0.21 3 0.10 0.18 0.17 0.26 4 0.11 0.25 0.24 0.35 5 0.15 0.30 0.32 0.43 Table (2): Effect of immersion time on the corrosion penetration of aluminium samples at different media and temperature. Corrosion Penetration (CP) X Aluminum Time Samples (h1/2) Pure Al Al 85% Cu 15% 10-5 Parabolic Rate Constant (K) (cm) RT X 10-5 (cm/h1/2) 50 °C RT 50 °C 10 % 15 % 10 % 15 % 10 % 15 % 10 % 15 % H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4 1.00 2.2 2.9 4.8 7.4 2.2 2.9 4.8 7.4 1.41 4.4 5.9 5.9 8.9 3.1 4.2 4.2 6.3 1.73 4.8 7.8 6.7 10.2 2.8 4.5 3.8 5.9 2.00 5.2 8.9 10.4 11.3 2.6 4.4 5.2 5.6 2.24 6.7 13.3 13.2 21.9 3.0 6.0 5.9 9.8 1.00 1.5 1.9 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.9 3.0 3.0 1.41 2.5 4.1 3.0 5.8 1.8 2.9 2.1 4.1 1.73 2.8 5.0 4.7 7.2 1.6 2.9 2.7 4.1 2.00 3.0 6.9 6.6 9.6 1.5 3.4 3.3 4.8 2.24 4.1 8.3 8.8 11.8 1.8 3.7 3.9 5.3 12 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 Legends for figure 1. Aluminuium metal and alloy specimens produced via sand casting method. 2. Weight loss analysis of pure Al in different environments at room and 50ºC temperature. 3. Weight loss of Al-Cu alloy in different environments at room and 50ºC temperature. 4. Corrosion penetration of pure Al in different environments at room and 50ºC temperature. 5. Corrosion penetration of Al-Cu alloy in different environments at room and 50ºC temperature. 6. A real images of pure Al immersed in 15% H 2SO4 aquoeus solution for 5 hours 7. A real images of Al-Cu alloys immersed in 15% H2SO4 aquoeus solution for 5 hours Pure Al Al-Cu Fig. 1 13 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 0.7 0.35 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 A 2 Weight Loss (mg/cm ) 2 Weight Loss (mg/cm ) 0.30 0.25 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 0.6 Pure Al Room Temperature 0.20 0.15 0.10 B 0.5 Pure Al O 50 C 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.0 1 2 3 4 1 5 2 3 4 5 Exposure Time (Hours) Exposure Time (Hours) Fig. 2 0.30 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 0.25 B Weight Loss (mg/cm ) 0.35 2 2 Weight Loss (mg/cm ) 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 0.40 A 0.20 Al-Cu Room Temperature 0.15 0.10 Al-Cu o 50 C 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.05 0.10 1 2 3 4 5 1 Exposure Time (Hours) 2 3 4 5 Exposure Time (Hours) Fig. 3 14 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 Volume 17, Preprint 20 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 22 A 10 8 6 4 2 1.2 B Pure Al o 50 C 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 1/2 1.6 Time 1.8(h 1.4 18 -5 Pure Al Room Temperature 1.0 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 20 Corrosion Penetration x10 (cm) 12 -5 Corrosion Penetration x10 (cm) 14 submitted 6 April 2014 )2.0 2.2 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1/2 Time (h ) Fig. 4 12 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 Corrosion Penetration x10 (cm) 6 10% H2SO4 15% H2SO4 A 7 Pure Al Room Temperature 5 4 3 2 B 10 Al-Cu o 50 C -5 -5 Corrosion Penetration x10 (cm) 8 8 6 4 2 1 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.0 2.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1/2 1/2 Time (h ) Time (h ) Fig. 5 15 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work. ISSN 1466-8858 a Volume 17, Preprint 20 submitted 6 April 2014 b Fig. 6 a b Fig. 7 16 © 2014 University of Manchester and the authors. This is a preprint of a paper that has been submitted for publication in the Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering. It will be reviewed and, subject to the reviewers' comments, be published online at http://www.jcse.org in due course. Until such time as it has been fully published it should not normally be referenced in published work.


Could you use a potato chipper set to wide?
I think you'd be hard pressed to force a cooked steak through a set of static blades or wires. If you're suggesting to force a multitude of wires through a steak, this would likely have to be one very stoutly engineered little device.
egg cutters are like multi-garrotte cheese wires - it should work ok as long as its not me cooking the steak.
After seeing "Fargo", I would not recommend a wood-chipper.
Use heated wires and you can cook as you cube, sear as you slice, maybe even braise as you bisect.
Okay, that last one was just bad.
[DC] a cuber is not a device that cuts meat into cubes, rather, it is a tenderizer that mashes tough meat into a pulp. These mashed pieces are then woven or pressed together to form a cube steak. Why it's called a cuber, or the product a cube steak, I haven't the slightest idea.
"To tenderize (meat) by breaking the fibers with superficial cuts in a pattern of squares." - or maybe they did in the beginning.


text:
Appeals fail, but Nguyen will die in the faith
Right, The Straits Times, Nov 30
WHEN CONVICTED AUSTRALIAN drug trafficker, Nguyen Tuong Van, 25, goes to the gallows at 6am on Dec 2, he would do so with the faith he embraced while on death row.
On Aug 17, 2004, Nguyen embraced the Lord and received the Sacrament of Baptism. He was baptised by Father Gregory Van Giang, mep, who has been providing spiritual support to Nguyen since his imprisonment.
Nguyen chose Caleb for his baptism name, after the Old Testament figure known for his zeal and faith (Numbers 13; 1 Mac 2:5-6).
Prayers have been asked for Nguyen and his family, especially his mother, Kim, who came down to Singapore with his twin brother, Khoa. She has requested to hold and hug Van Nguyen before he is led to the gallows.
(continued on page 2)
SINGAPORE - Two popes have tried and failed in their separate appeals to the President of Singapore for clemency for convicted drug trafficker Nguyen Tuong Van. Melbourne's The Age newspaper reported in its Nov 19 issue. Nguyen, a 25-year-old Australian, is scheduled to hang here on Fri Dec 2, for carrying 396 grams of heroin at Changi Airport while in transit from Cambodia to Australia.
Before his death earlier this year, Pope John Paul II requested clemency for Nguyen. This request was rejected. The present Holy Father, Pope Benedict XVI, similarly wrote to President S. R. Nathan earlier this month.
The letter revealing this was sent to Sydney's Catholic Archbishop, Cardinal George Pell, who had formally requested the Vatican to intervene to save the condemned Melbourne salesman, who was baptised as a Catholic on death row last year.
The letter, sent by the Secretariat of State, the office responsible for the Holy See's relations with states, said, "the Apostolic Nuncio to Singapore presented two requests for clemency, one on Feb 28, 2005, and the second on Nov 1, 2005, respectively in the names of Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI."
"In the first case, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore, on Mar 2, 2005, assured that the request for clemency was transmitted to the office of the President," it said. "The authorities of Singapore have not yet given any response to the second request."
Besides the two popes and political leaders such as Australian Prime Minister John Howard, Nguyen's friends and local anti-death penalty activists also tried to appeal for clemency for him. Nguyen had consistently said he had agreed to smuggle the heroin to repay debts owed by his twin brother, Khoa.
Kelly Ng, 25, and Bronwyn Lew, 23, both close friends of Nguyen, launched the Reach Out Campaign for Nguyen, whose symbol was the tracing of a hand. This image was taken from Nguyen's own hand, which he pressed against the glass barrier that separated him from his family and friends who flew from Melbourne to visit him at Changi.
On one visit, The Australian newspaper reported, Nguyen held his hand to the prison glass and told his mother, "Mum, hold my hand."
His mother, Kim Nguyen, pressing her hand to her son's on the glass and unable to comfort him physically, told him, "I'll hold you forever."
Thousands of hand outlines and accompanying messages of support have been collected from Australia and all over the world.
Hand tracings from Singapore were collected during an anti-death penalty forum on Nov 7 at Hotel Asia.
Organised by a group of locals opposed to the death penalty, the speakers at the forum were social commentator Alex Au, politician Chee Soon Juan, lawyers M. Ravi and J.B. Jeyaretnam, De La Salle Brother Michael Broughton and counsellor Anthony Yeo.
Alex Au, for example, provided statistics to show that there was no evidence that hanging drug peddlers reduced the amount of illegal drug consumption in a country.
Brother Michael told the audience that the Catholic faith has made its stand, which is, that it cannot support capital punishment.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church, published in 1992, states "the traditional teaching of the church does not exclude … recourse to the death penalty, when this is the only practicable way to defend the lives of human beings effectively against the aggressor."
However, the late Pope John Paul II, in his Evangelium Vitae, said in 1995, "the nature and extent of the punishment … ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: In other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organisation of the penal system, such cases are very rare if not practically non-existent."
Pope John Paul II in February 2003 called recourse to the death penalty "unnecessary".
The present Holy Father, then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, had played a lead role in developing the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
At a Dec 9, 1992 Vatican press conference heralding the publication of the book, he said it clearly showed that the church was moving away from its traditional acceptance of the state's right to employ the death penalty.
Category: DECEMBER 2005
Knights of Malta: To defend the faith and to serve the poor	(2 matches)
Evolution: Science, faith explore emergence of man	(1 match)
"Call to Faith" series puts together latest thinking on catechesis (CN06/06, Mar 19)	(1 match)
"Let It Be Done To Me…"	(1 match)
"Live our faith: Love and serve"	(1 match)
"Safe sex" is not really safe (CN26/05, Dec 25)	(1 match)
"What's In This For Me?"	(1 match)
'Blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth' - Archbishop Goh's message for the Lunar New year	(1 match)
'God has become my best friend'	(1 match)
'Id al-Fitr message	(1 match)


text:
Кастельново (, )  —  муниципалитет в Испании, входит в провинцию Кастельон в составе автономного сообщества Валенсия (автономное сообщество). Муниципалитет находится в составе района (комарки) Альто-Палансия. Занимает площадь 19,20 км². Население — 1071 человек (на 2010 год). Расстояние до административного центра провинции — 3 км.

Фотографии

Население

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальная страница
 Noticias en la red sobre Castellnovo
 Instituto Valenciano de Estadística
 Ayuntamiento de Castellnovo
 Federación Valenciana de Municipios y Provincias — Guía Turística

Муниципалитеты Кастельона

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Judge Approves Mental Health Evaluation for Ryan Lawrence
A city of Syracuse judge has approved a request that a man accused of murdering his 21-month-old daughter receive a mental health evaluation.
Ryan Lawrence did not appear in city court on Monday, but his defense attorney Mike Vavonese requested a mental evaluation for the 24-year-old man.
Lawrence is charged with second-degree murder in the death of Maddox Lawrence, whose body was found last week at Syracuse's Inner Harbor.
Last Wednesday, Lawrence pleaded not guilty to the charges.
The 24-year-old was also denied bail.
Court documents indicate that baby Maddox was killed between 4 and 10 p.m. – about 90 minutes before police say they were alerted that the father and child were missing.
According to Onondaga County District Attorney Bill Fitzpatrick, the child was killed in the Labrador Hollow area in Cortland County.
Vavonese waived a preliminary hearing.
Lawrence's next appearance will be in Onondaga County Court.
District Attorney Bill Fitzpatrick said he will prosecute the case himself.
Local Sports / 1 hour ago
Northern Tier first responders receive nearly $400K in grants
Corning's Jon Werner Makes All-State Hoops
Hidden Landmarks: Chemung County Historical Society
Belden building in Horseheads sold


The journey began with my travels. As a student, I joined the excursions arranged by our college. In addition, I traveled on my own to different parts of India.Later, when I worked for an export company in Taiwan, my work involved travel to various parts of the world. These stories are a gift of my travels.
Two things. One, half the stories are about Sindhis. I wanted to show the human aspect behind the stereotypes that the popular mind carries about Sindhis, both in India and overseas. Two, the other stories are about how the contradictory strands of science and superstition, tradition and modernity are intertwined in the lives of Indians and how this paradox impacts life in India.
My observations during my travels were my research. The writer in me noted the displacement Indians overseas had to work through and the cultural adjustments they had to make. In India, I saw, with pain, the conundrums that the various layers of traditions imposed on its modernity – oriented inhabitants.
Since there are 23 stories in the collection, each story presented its own challenge. In one, the question was how to structure the story. In another, how to weave in the atmosphere without losing the emphasis on character. In a third, at what point should the story open: towards the middle to grab the reader's attention and then go into the back story, or begin at the beginning? In a fourth, should dialogue or narration carry the story forward or how to balance dialogues and narration. In brief, technique was the biggest challenge.
Could you tell the readers about your experiences and how they were related to what you have written?
What I observed, felt, thought, reacted too – whether it was regarding the people I met or the locales I traveled through or the way of living I shared during that period – became the warp and woof of the stories.
What is the most fulfilling part of writing this book?
The book itself. It is a record of my experiences and how I interpreted them. Since we live as much with our memories as we do in the present, the stories will help me to time-travel and re-live my experiences whenever I'm so inclined.
Who was it that told you that you could become the author that you are today?
One of my English Literature teachers, Rev Brother Michael D. Curran. When I asked him why everything I wrote was so prolix, he said as I move from teen age to the next phase of my life my writing would become muscular. 'Writing matures with the person'. I doubted his advice at that time. Time has proved him right.
I hope to write about the experience of Indians who visit their adult children working in America. They come to the States every year, anywhere from 1 month to 6 (the maximum time their visa allows them). They are the reverse of the "snow birds" from Canada who fly to warm Florida in winter. The problem is that the children and the children's spouses of the Indian seniors have full time jobs. The result is that the parents have their company only for a few hours in the evening. What they do to pass the time during the rest of the day will be the subject of the book. I don't know when I'll start working on the book.
An odd assortment: Somerset Maugham, Mulk Raj Anand, H.E.Bates, Padma Hejmadi, Frederick Forsyth, Philip Roth, Anita Desai, and Salman Rushdie. Why? Because they entertain – in the best sense of the word.
Three books concurrently. Crazy? Of course. 'The Feast Days' by Ian MacKenzie (dealing with the experience of the 'trailing spouses' of expatriates), 'The Ninth Hour' by Alice McDermott and 'The Underground Railway' by Colson Whitehead.
Sri Sri Ravi Shankar's Sudarshan Kriya (more or less daily), workout in the gym, read, and drink – my favourite Assam tea!


text:
Water Resources Legislation Passes House, on Deck in Senate
(September 18, 2018) – By a unanimous vote, the House passed the 2018 Water Resources Development Act (WRDA) S. 3021, last week. The Senate is expected to vote on and pass the bill in the coming weeks, possibly as early as this week.
WRDA authorizes individual US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) water resources projects and is considered a "must-pass" bill every two years. However, Congress has more recently expanded its scope to address municipal water infrastructure issues as well. NACWA has been working with both the House and Senate to secure inclusion of provisions in S. 3021 that are important to the clean water sector.
Consequently, the final WRDA bill includes increased funding authorizations for the Water Infrastructure Finance & Innovation Act (WIFIA) program, at $50 million in each fiscal year 2020 and 2021 (FY20 and FY21). WIFIA, originally developed as a pilot program, is permanently authorized in S.3021. The legislation also includes a new program to help bolster financing for the State Revolving Funds (SRFs) and renews authorization of $225 million annually for the Combined Sewer Overflow grants program in both FY19 and FY20.
Further, the bill includes language establishing a pilot program for EPA to work with utilities on developing water workforce training programs, with an authorization of $1 million for each of the next two fiscal years to support grants for water workforce programs. Also included is the creation of an EPA task force which will include local government representation to study and provide recommendations on how to address stormwater funding and financing. Additionally, language that NACWA championed along with the WateReuse Association was included to improve coordination between the USACE and local communities on water management plans.
NACWA is continuing to analyze the legislation and will soon be providing a more in-depth rundown of key provisions. In the meantime, please contact Kristina Surfus or Jason Isakovic, NACWA's Legislative Directors, with any questions.


Consider the cover design of the last book you read. Unless someone you think is seriously awesome suggested the book to you, you likely chose it based off of the cover design. While this is a very literal example of the importance of graphic design, it's also perfectly metaphorical. People choose to patronize companies, or heck, even read their ads or website, based off of the emotions they feel from the imagery. In the marketing world, we spend a ton of time getting the words and messages just right, so it can be a slap in the face when a bad service or product "wins" in the market due to great imagery. But instead of getting all upset about it, we at JCI embrace it, and have a full department of our company dedicated to graphical excellence.
There should be a saying about "not cutting your nose off to spite your face". Don't spend half your life working on the excellence of your craft without spending any time or money on the physical representations of that craft.
So many people (so many) come to us with some great idea, written out on the proverbial napkin. Much of the time, these ideas need backing, as in, financial investment from rich folk. Thing is, those rich folk are not only wise, they are human. In this, they are as susceptible to their initial emotions and feelings about an innovation or idea as anyone else. This is where we can help, giving an idea legs to get where it needs to go: FUNDING.
It's one thing to hand someone a well-designed business card. Sure, this says that you know the importance of getting your brand in someone's hands. But you reach a new level of polish when you take the time to brand other items that you put in front of your would-be customers or clients. There is a subconscious reaction that people have when even the details of a person's business are (or are not) thought through - it builds confidence in them that you will pay the same attention to the details of their wants, needs, and desires.
Put our amazing graphic designers to work for you.


Confidential Career Solutions takes time to recognize the importance of our Veterans. Please feel free to reach out so we can optimize your search efforts through networking and shared services. You matter.
If you don't find a match contact us. We have several confidential positions not posted.


A modern sewing basket with an upper tray, carry handle and hinged lid with fastener. In bright, cheery designs to appeal to children, these baskets are large enough to hold a good amount of sewing equipment, fabric to sew with and small pieces of work. The work baskets are padded on the outside, finished with contrasting braid and strong enough to last a child for many years of sewing. A pin cushion is incorporated in the lid, as is an elasticated fabric compartment to hold any chosen accessories. The durable tray is robust and will neatly store scissors, threads, needles, buttons and more.


Submit your own BAP banner.
Started by Anthony // Brooklyn Art Project. Last reply by Cora de Lang Jun 16, 2012.
You need to be a member of Brooklyn Art Project /// BANNER SUBMISSIONS to add comments!
Congratulations to David Benoit, for being selected as the BAP Featured Artist of the Month for June 2013!
David's been a BAP member for years and we're happy to have him as a part of the community. His work resonates on many levels and makes you grin along the way.
Thank you for all the submissions! We look forward to seeing your ideas for next month.


Atlanta's NFI provides Financial Reporting Consulting Services. If you need to combine various sources of data to provide monthly, quarterly or yearly financial reporting for your clients, we can do that for you.
Tired of spending many hours per client assembling financial reports in Excel and then wondering if your numbers are correct?
We build financial planning data management and reporting software to import your source financial data (from investment firms, trading firms, financial market data, portfolio managers and more) and consolidate it and then create elegant and accurate reports that you can present to your clients.
We also create dashboard applications so that you and your clients can see your data the way you want. Be automated, look more professional, be more accurate and save time. Need help? Please call us at 770-850-1640 or email info@nfiweb.com for a free consultation. With Atlanta's NFI, it's that easy.


text:
Falling Light Poles In Streeterville Could Be Due In Part To Dog Urine, Expert Says
By Jim Williams April 11, 2019 at 7:32 pm
Filed Under:Chicago, Dog Urine, Falling Light Poles, Streeterville
CHICAGO (CBS) — Without warning a light pole came crashing down on a busy street near Navy Pier during rush hour, and dogs may be partially to blame.
It's been a recurring problem in Chicago.
(Credit: Denise Ferrari)
At 5 p.m. Wednesday, Denise Ferrari was preparing dinner in her 16th floor Streeterville apartment when she heard it.
"Had my window open, heard a loud bang," she said. "Ran to the window, looked out and laying on the street was the lamppost."
She took a photo of the light pole across two lanes of Grand Avenue east of McClurg. It had toppled in the fierce wind. Workers moved it to the side of the street where the light pole's rusty base can be seen.
"Now that I think about it, anybody could have been hit," Ferrari said. "It could have actually hit a car, hit a person. It could have killed someone, absolutely."
Ferrari said six months ago less than a block away on Grand another light pole came down.
"Same thing," she said. "We had a windy, cold time during the winter, and down it went right in the road."
And Thursday on the same street CBS 2 found several light poles with signs of distress.
"That was moving pretty good yesterday as well," Ferrari said of one of the poles.
CBS 2 showed a photo to IIT professor and metallurgy expert Dr. Sammy Tin.
"There's a lot of corrosion that has occurred to the base of a lot of the light poles in Chicago," he said.
India Cooley called police when she found her parked car smashed in 2018 by an old rusty light pole.
For years now CBS 2 Investigator Dave Savini has covered the dangers of falling light poles in Chicago finding thousands of complaints including the result of winter weather, salt, age and neglect.
In dog-friendly Streeterville there's likely another culprit: dogs urinating on the poles.
"Urine is a very caustic solution, so that will accelerate corrosion but also wet weather combined with salt from the winters, that will also accelerate corrosion," Tin said.
Tin said Chicago's light poles have to be inspected and maintained at least once a year.
"I just hope another one doesn't come down and hit anybody, that's all," said Ferrari.
CBS 2 reached out to the city to find out how often the light poles are maintained in the area but has not received an answer.
More from Jim Williams


text:
Dr. Ahmed al Haddad () is the Grand Mufti of Dubai, United Arab Emirates . In his capacity, Haddad is a qualified religious cleric, Imam and jurist who is entitled as the country's most senior Islamic scholar. He serves as the head of Dubai's fatwa department and is primarily responsible for the regulation, edicts, and issuing all decisions concerning Islamic law and order in the emirate.

In 2009, Haddad declared that women reserved the authority under Islamic law to hand out and pass fatwas. According to him, "Women who have sufficient knowledge of Islamic teachings can become mufti and issue fatwas." He further went on to say that becoming a mufti always depended on knowledge, not gender and cited in support a Quranic verse which urged those with knowledge of the law to share it. The ruling was generally in agreement with most Sunni sources and came as a response to questions raised about the validity of women as clerics.

Haddad was under attention later in 2010 when he gave out a controversial statement regarding mixed marriages in the country. According to statistical figures, the number of Emiratis (UAE nationals) marrying foreigners has risen by 10 percent in just four years. Officials blame the rising cost of dowries and wedding ceremonies as the prime reason that persuades local men to seek foreign wives, who cost much less to marry; the price of marrying native brides has risen to more than $500,000. The concept of mixed marriages is viewed by some as a risk for the demographics of the country's small and undersized local population which numbers below 1 million. Foreigners outnumber locals in Dubai by about nine to one and inter-ethnic marriages have grown accordingly; according to the Dubai Statistics Centre, almost one in three marriages in 2010 were conducted with foreign partners. In response to the changing patterns, Haddad called for a curb on marriages between locals and foreigners saying that while choosing a partner in Islam was a personal freedom, those freedoms could be "restricted for the benefit of the public interest." The proposals were not welcomed by some and highly criticised, especially given that a number of the country's royals had foreign wives.

References

Emirati imams
Emirati Sunni Muslims
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Grand Muftis of Dubai


text:
Safety in Russia
The reality of the safety situation in Russia is all too often obscured by Hollywood images of a dark underworld rife with criminal activity. Expats should realise that these seedy stereotypes are just inaccurate generalisations, and foreigners who take the appropriate precautions usually enjoy a crime-free stay in the country. That said, it's still important that those moving to Russia are aware of the potential threats.
Theft, scams and extortion in Russia
Theft and extortion are the most common crimes against foreigners in Russia. Most petty and opportunistic crimes occur in areas associated with public transport, underground pedestrian crosswalks, and popular tourist attractions. Expats should be mindful of their belongings when in these locations.
ATM-related robberies and fraud are also something of a problem in major cities. Expats should be mindful about which ATMs to use; those found in reputable banking institutions are usually best. Car burglaries also occur, and expats should make a habit of removing any items of value from plain view in their vehicle.
Russian scammers have become creative, and even police impersonations have been reported to various embassies. A good practice is never to show a wallet or passport to anyone until asked to do so by someone with proper accreditation.
Police corruption in Russia
Even powerful politicians argue that corruption is something of a cultural tradition. As a result, expats will need to be wary that police officers may be less law-abiding than they expect, although this is not always the case.
If stopped by a police or traffic officer and made to feel victimised, note the officer's name, badge number, patrol number and where and when the incident happened. If asked for a bribe, a good way to mediate the situation is to ask to speak to the officer's superior.
Racially-motivated crime in Russia
Crimes against ethnic minorities in Russia, such as Africans, Asians and Arabs, are a problem. Verbal assault and spitting are the most common offences, though reports of physical assault and extortion are also cited. This bigoted behaviour can largely be attributed to extremist nationalist groups. Though intimidation tactics and demonstrations occasionally occur in Russian cities, expats should note that these actions are not common, and most expats won't experience them.
Terrorism in Russia
A number of terrorist attacks have occurred in Russia over the years. Government buildings, transport infrastructure, airports, hotels, entertainment venues, residential complexes and schools have all been targeted.
Recent attacks have been linked to unrest in the North Caucasus region, where Islamist militants continue to fight for independence from Russia. Expats are advised to avoid this region and any areas along Russia's western border with Ukraine, including Crimea.
Driving safety in Russia
Accidents are frequent and road rage is common in Russia. Extreme weather exacerbates the situation, causing 'black ice' and dangerous conditions. Foreigners planning to drive in Russia should always drive defensively, maintain patience in all situations, and always carry proper documentation, including their passport and visa.
►For more on adjusting to expat life in Russia and Russian cultural etiquette and norms, see Culture Shock in Russia.
►See Healthcare in Russia for an overview of the Russian healthcare system.
'You get used to living with a degree of danger. You need to watch carefully where you are going as holes are often unguarded, and be extremely careful crossing streets as cars seem to come from many directions at once. Just avoid disputes with angry people and try not to have dealings with the police.' Read more about safety in Rob's interview.
Are you an expat living in Russia?
Expat Arrivals is looking for locals to contribute to this guide, and answer forum questions from others planning their move to Russia. Please contact us if you'd like to contribute.
Related Questions for Russia
Will I find a job in Moscow?
How much are work permit and visa fees for foreign nationals in Russia?
What is the per month salary of a senior software Engineer in Moscow?
International student in Saint Petersburg: work opportunities, opening a bank account, safety, etc
Can expats open a bank account in Russia?
Cost of living and expat taxes in Moscow
Areas of St. Petersburg to live?
Turning off the water in Russian apartments
Taxes on housing in Russisa
BBC in Russia - How to Watch English TV?
Interview with Eva - an Indonesian expat living in Moscow
Interview with Amanda - an American living in Moscow
Interview with Rob – an American expat living in Russia
Interview with Yulia - a global nomad and expat from Russia
Interview with Northern Lad - A British expat living in Russia


text:
Q: Git Add command gets fatal: pathspec on existing file I have installed Git on Windows 10, created a new folder and executed a git init successfully and created a file named "test1.html" in the same folder. The "git add test1.html" command from the git bash console returns the following error message:
fatal: pathspec 'test1.html' did not match any files
executing an "ls -la" command returns proof the hidden .git subfolder is there along with the file I'm trying to add. Screenshot included shows such.
Any ideas what's wrong?

A: Confirm first that ls 'test1.html' does work, in case the filename ends with (invisible) spaces.
Then try the same git add in a CMD (without git bash) to see if the issue persists.
As phd adds in the comments, using cat -ETv, with -v for "--show-nonprinting", you can see if there are any extra space by looking at the trailing '$' in:
vonc@vclp MINGW64 ~/git/gitw (bubbletea)
$ ls -la | cat -ETv
total 13785$
drwxr-xr-x 1 vonc 197121       0 Jun 12 21:18 .$
drwxr-xr-x 1 vonc 197121       0 Jun  9 00:12 ..$
drwxr-xr-x 1 vonc 197121       0 Jun 13 11:49 .git$
-rw-r--r-- 1 vonc 197121      21 May 29 22:59 .gitattributes$
-rw-r--r-- 1 vonc 197121      88 Jun 10 20:44 .gitignore$
-rw-r--r-- 1 vonc 197121     511 Jun 11 18:41 go.mod$
-rw-r--r-- 1 vonc 197121    7418 Jun 11 18:41 go.sum$
drwxr-xr-x 1 vonc 197121       0 May 30 00:03 internal$
-rw-r--r-- 1 vonc 197121   12428 Jun 10 20:44 main.go$

A: try to run this commmand.
git config core.longpaths true

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
«Народження Венери» () — картина французького художника Адольфа Вільяма Бугро, створена у 1879 році. Експонується в паризькому Музеї д'Орсе. За тематикою пов'язана з народженням богині Венери — іконографічний тип, відомий «Афродіта Анадіомена».

Історія

Картина була створена для Салону 1879 року, де була удостоєна Гран-прі Риму і придбана державою для Люксембурзького музею, де експонувалася до 1920 року. З 1920 по 1979 рік зберігалася в Нанті, а з 1979 року виставлена в Музеї д'Орсе.

Опис

На картині зображено не сам момент народження Венери, а те, як вона випливає у мушлі з моря до міста Пафос на Кіпрі.

Композицією картина нагадує «Народження Венери» Сандро Боттічеллі та «Тріумф Галатеї» Рафаеля.

В центрі композиції — оголена Венера стоїть на відкритій мушлі, яку тягне дельфін — один з її символів. П'ятнадцять путті, в тому числі Амур і Психея, кілька німф і тритонів (іхтіокентаврів) супроводжують її. Більшість персонажів дивиться на Венеру. Двоє з тритонів дмуть у черепашки, сигналізуючи про прибуття богині.

Венера на полотні — втілення жіночої краси й грації. Голова богині нахилена убік, вираз її обличчя спокійний, нагота не бентежить її. Вона підняла руки, її розпущене волосся виділяє вигини тіла.

Кольорова гама переважно світла, в діапазоні між білим і блакитним — кольорами, що символізують чистоту та божественне походження. Небо захмарене, що може бути як символом труднощів, що очікують на кохання, так і лише оптичним ефектом.

Примітки

Посилання
 «Народження Венери» Адольфа Вільяма Бугро на сайті Музею д'Орсе

Картини Вільяма Бугро
Картини музею д'Орсе
Картини 1879
Картини за сюжетами давньогрецької міфології
Картини з оголеними жінками
Афродіта в живописі


Need cash for a new Saab?
Re: Cost of new transmission?
Re: Replacement radio for "new" 900 series?
Can I rent a Saab, VW or Volvo in Seattle?
Re: Dead Saab- part out?
Replacement radio for "new" 900 series?
Re: Looking for Saab 96 V4 pictures.
Looking for Saab 96 V4 pictures.
FS 1965 96 2 stroker.
Anyone know what SPG stands for?
Re: Oil Changes on Turbos????
9000 ACC, Air Mix Servo, how do you test?