text:
Looking for trouble in Tonga: a reply to Vomiting ...
Size isn't everything: or, why we should study Ton...
Civilisation's strange saviours
Absent without leave
Kava, squid rings, and tall but true tales
Louis Crimp: the face in our mirrors
Victims of laukovi
Competing with Kathy
When grumpy white men go native
Te Radar in the Pacific: new journey, same old stereotypes
In his review of my Oceania issue of brief for the Australian journal Jacket2, Jack Ross discusses the 'strange propensity of New Zealanders' to forget they live 'in the middle of the largest ocean on earth', an ocean containing an immense number of islands and cultures. When palangi Kiwis do think about the Pacific, they tend to use simplistic and old-fashioned concepts, which long ago ossified into stereotypes.
Jack approves of the new issue of brief, but not all readers have shared his feelings. One critic of the issue, who wishes to remain anonymous, complains that I have 'filled the thing up with too much theory' when I could have been including more 'poems, stories, reports and photos' from the Pacific. It is true that brief 44-45 contains some fairly heavy-duty theorising from the likes of the Tongan intellectuals Futa Helu, Epeli Hau'ofa and 'Okusi Mahina and the New Zealand Marxist Owen Gager. Helu, Mahina, Hau'ofa and Gager have all wanted to change the ways we think about the Pacific, and to do this they have created new theoretical accounts of the region's history and makeup. They have minted their own, sometimes cumbersome concepts to replace labels and categories they consider Eurocentric or excessively romantic or otherwise unhelpful.
I think that the theoretical writings of Helu, Gager et al are something more than exercises in self-indulgence. As Kant showed more than two centuries ago, humans see the world through the prisms made by the ideas they hold. If we hold simplistic and outdated ideas about the Pacific, then no amount of fresh information about the region - no amount photographs or reports or travel - will help us to understand it better. We will remain prisoners of our preconceptions. Just as a pair of glasses needs to be replaced when its lenses have worn out, so a set of ideas needs to be junked when it badly distorts our understanding of the world.
The latest product from Kiwi comedian-cum-documentary maker Te Radar shows the quixotry of trying to get a new view of the world through old and blurry ideological lenses. In the promotional clip for Radar Across the Pacific, a television series which will portray his travels through Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, and Kiribati, Te Radar points out that the nations of the tropical Pacific are New Zealand's 'neighbours', but that many Kiwis nevertheless know little about them. Te Radar intends his jaunt through the tropics as a journey of discovery, for himself and for his palangi audience.
Te Radar has made a niche for himself as New Zealand's cuddly, politically correct comedian, the man who generally refrains from toilet and bedroom humour, and who would never think of making his audience laugh with nasty ethnic stereotypes. Te Radar's television documentaries have been as well-meaning as his comedy. In Off the Radar he 'went bush' on a plot of land north of Auckland, in an effort to become self-sufficient; with Hidden in the Numbers he made an heroic attempt to popularise the work of Statistics New Zealand.
In recent years a slew of deliberately crass travel documentaries have won big television audiences in the West. An Idiot Abroad, a series which follows an obnoxious Briton as he travels the world, insulting almost everyone he meets along the way, has traded particularly well on old-fashioned racial and cultural stereotypes. It is hard to imagine Te Radar laughing at An Idiot Abroad. He clearly intends his journey across the Pacific as a respectful investigation, and in the first episode of the series, which was broadcast tonight and saw him travelling through Fiji, he was impeccably polite to all of his interlocutors and persistently curious about their society.
But Te Radar's good intentions couldn't stop the first installment of his series relying on the same racial stereotypes which sustain products like An Idiot Abroad.
Te Radar's journey through Fiji made him aware, again and again, of the size and political power of that nation's military. Te Radar repeatedly observed that Fiji has experienced several military coups in recent decades, and that its current leader is a military man. He noted the Fijian army's involvement in counterinsurgency and 'peacekeeping' campaigns in places like Iraq and Sinai, and visited a village which had lost sons on foreign battlefields.
Te Radar cannot be faulted for focusing his attention on Fiji's military. The armed forces are far more central to Fiji's history and identity than the palm-fringed beaches or faux-pagan dances which are commonly used to represent the country in tourist brochures and lazy travel guides.
But Te Radar's revelations about the size and far-flung deployment of Fiji's military raised a couple of difficult questions. Why, anyone watching his documentary would have wanted to ask, does a poor country with less than a million people keep thousands of men in uniform? And what interest does Fiji have in sending so many men so regularly to distant battlefields?
Instead of offering intellectually serious answers to the questions he had raised, Te Radar fell back on hoary ethnic stereotypes. He explained that Fiji had a large military because native Fijians were a warrior people who saw fighting as an essential part of their culture. The vision of indigenous Fijians as ferocious, inveterate warriors has its roots in the writings of nineteenth century European explorers, missionaries, and colonists, and was popularised in the twentieth century by pulp novels and sensationalist films.
Perhaps aware of the dubious lineage of his talk about native warrior traditions, Te Radar offered an additional explanation for the importance of Fiji's armed forces. Talking to a villager who had lost a relative on a foreign battlefield, he suggested that Fijians might be popular peacekeepers because they had 'such friendly smiles'. With this cringeworthy line Te Radar invoked the stereotype of indigenous Fijians as a simple, happy people, blissed out by kava and the tropical sun.
Te Radar is not the first person to mix up the two main stereotypical depictions of Fijians. In Fiji and elsewhere in the Pacific, palangi depictions of indigenous people have revolved around cliches of noble and ignoble savages. Missionaries and colonists often switched between the two stereotypes, depending on their moods and needs. Both stereotypes remain embedded in the consciousness of many palangi, even in the twenty-first century.
If Te Radar had been able to cast aside his stereotypes and examine the history and sociology of Fiji, he would have discovered that, far from being some simple expression of the indigenous soul, the size of the Fijian military is the product of decisions made by the imperialist powers who dominated the country in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
In 1874, after a violent campaign by settlers who had organised a branch of the Ku Klux Klan, Fiji's King Cakobau was forced to ask Britain to annex his country. The British were interested in growing sugar in Fiji, but reluctant to spend large sums of money on the needs of its native population. They placed native Fijians under the control of handpicked chiefs, forbade them from visiting towns like Suva or entering a range of occupations, and imported large numbers of Indians to work in the sugar industry. Fiji was soon divided into a burgeoning capitalist society and a stagnant indigenous ghetto. Realising that the most restive native Fijians needed to be given some way of improving their lot, the British decided to give the colony an army recruited from native villages. The army became larger and larger, as more and more young men clamoured to join it and escape from their narrow lives.
In the second half of the twentieth century the United States began to exert a strong influence on Fijian society. American military advisors were sent to train the Fijian army, and duly imbued it with a fervently anti-communist Cold War ideology. The army was warned about the dangers of Indian-dominated left-wing organisations like the Labour Party and the trade unions, and encouraged to think of itself as the conscience of Fiji, rather than a mere tool of civilian politicians. Sitiveni Rabuka, who staged the first of Fiji's military coups in 1987, was a good example of the sort of soldier American advisors helped create in the postwar decades. Rabuka was a fundamentalist Christian who wanted to see the conversion of Fiji's 'heathen' Hindus, and who regarded the Labour Party he deposed almost as an arm of the Soviet Union. Frank Bainimarama presents himself as the saviour of Fiji's Indians as well as its indigenous people, but he, as much as Rabuka, is the product of a politicised military which has a large degree of autonomy from the rest of Fijian society.
The Fijian army's continual deployments in distant troublespots have reinforced both its autonomy and its politicisation. The deployments give the military income, and make it less reliant on funding from Fijian governments. They also allow give some Fijian soldiers the sense that they are playing an important role in world events, and reinforce their contemptuous attitude towards civilian politicians and civil servants in Suva.
The first episode of Radar Across the Pacific failed because Te Radar's laudable curiosity about the Pacific collided with his allegiance to hoary stereotypes about the region. To understand a place we need not only information, but a set of background ideas about that place which avoid simplification and prejudice. Te Radar should have read Epeli Hau'ofa or Futa Helu before he packed his bags and took off for the tropics.
posted by Skyler at 6/20/2012 02:39:00 am
he's doing Tonga soon
http://www.thekingdomoftonga.com/index.php/what-s-happening-in-tonga/tonga-on-radar-across-the-pacific-tv-series/
expect lots of discussions about big bellies and eccentric but loveable monarchs...and not so much about rioting or epic civil servants' strikes...
AHD said...
Funnily enough, I'm writing about this very issue at the moment in Theroux's 'The Happy Isles of Oceania'. More complex ideological operations, but the same imperialist aesthetics do have a very long tail.
Kicker of Elves said...
Criticising Te Radar is like kicking an elf.
You're doing more work on Theroux's book, Andrew? I thought your piece on The Happy Isles of Oceania worked nicely in brief 44-45.
Titus Books is interested in (though not, I should add, committed to doing) an anthology of palangi imaginative writing about the Pacific from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: maybe you have some suggestions for such a bestiary?
I've been pointing to John Macmillan Brown's bizarre, psudonymous Pacific rewrite of Gulliver's Travels, Riallaro:
http://archive.org/details/riallaroarchipel00swev
so...you don't like the programme because it doesn't agree with your left-wing prejudices..?
Hi Scott --
Yeah, I'm working up what should be a full-length essay on Happy Isles and Riding the Iron Rooster. I'm trying to understand why Theroux generates either/or readings; few writers provoke such instant like or dislike, in my experience.
And wow, I wasn't aware of JMB's work -- I only really know him as the grandfather of James K Baxter, and the man whose legacy funds the MacMillan Brown Library and the MacMillan Brown Centre. His old house up in Cashmere is beautiful, as I discovered when I trespassed there one night. The owner, a millionaire business (famous for bringing Klik-klak containers to NZ), was out of town somewhere.
And the anthology sounds great! I'll pass on anything I can think of...
I went to Fiji about 1974 and started in the University of the South Pacific (we knew student and got re accommodation during the University holidays).
There was clearly even then a tension between Indians (they work on the sugar cane or are pilots or taxi drivers, or business men etc) and indigenous Fijians, although I talked to a young Muslim man who in fact who said that by can large most ethnic groups got on very well. The "tension" (not so significant really) is because Fijians own the land and Indians are petty bourgeois (but also there are historical reasons). But in Suva there was lot of competition to sell goods. But Fiji has complex history – it's not that small, by the way, the main Island has a rugged mountain terrain where the army trains and the NZ Army has worked with the Fijian army for years. But there was no evidence at all that Fijians are either excessively "friendly" (many are, but no more than anyone else) or that they are warriors! They were people very much like any people, anywhere. There were cultural differences and clearly (as we see now) political, but Fiji has also been exploited by various International companies (as in the Ocean Island in Kiribati where my grandfather worked for the British Super Phosphate company (it was very much also and Australian and NZ company) and they ripped the guts out of Ocean Island and other places, not replacing the coconut trees (as they were meant to) and many had to abandon Kiribati (such as Ocean Island)...That meant that New Zealand for one benefited hugely as the fertilizer was put on the big rich farms (by top dressing) where they had been over used or eroded or deforested, so NZ also took part in and benefited from, Imperialist desecration of the Pacific Islands and the people there (who also are used as cheap labour by the Capitalists in NZ and other places).
Similar exploitation occurred throughout the Pacific (it was not all bad, the British didn't destroy everything (look also to the activities of the French and also the US as in The Marshalls which have been devastated by Nuclear testing etc, but the British have also done nuclear testing.) and indeed in Fiji they protected against black birding -
But the poverty of many people in and around Suva for example is or was (and probably hasn't changed a lot) quite clear.
But I found most people very good, whether Indian Fijians or "Fijian" Fijians or indeed some Rotumans; (we stayed with a Frenchman who ran a boarding house on Ovalau Island and his wife was Rotuman) ...
If you also want to see sea life and some beautiful places you will see all that (and that is great as also the sugar cane areas and the mountains etc are great), but the place is, like NZ, also interesting and clearly complex.
It is unfortunate Radar is or seems to be so naive. (I had read quite a bit about the Pacific, before I went on the holiday, and also about Fiji (before I went): in fact I went there more or less by chance as my ex wife (who is part Samoan) won a trip there at Ponsonby multi-cultural festival that they used to have in those days...)
So I had some insight and knowledge, which this Radar character doesn't seem to have. By reading books here in Auckland, in library or wherever, you could learn more about the Pacific Islands that someone who is a cheesy and probably a phony journalist and relatively stupid like him. Its pity so many journalists are so ignorant and cynical: very few of them do any reading (unlike Pilger or say NZ's Peter Arnett), and they are all after superficial stuff to sell their stories. I've noticed hat the intellectual content of The Listener has declined over the years. It used to be very informative. Television has also got simply worse and worse. It was far better when we only had two channels. Now it is full of bilge like the stuff from this benighted Radar character.
'so...you don't like the programme because it doesn't agree with your left-wing prejudices..?'
I don't think it is quite as simple as that. My favourite travel book was written by VS Naipaul, an outspoken Tory. Naipaul's India: a Million Mutinies Now records a visit he made to that country at the end of the '80s, and argues that the old mass struggles of the Indian past - the long struggle for independence from the British, for example - have been replaced by a fragmentation, as various subsections of society - Sikhs, untouchables, women, southerners unhappy with northern domination, and so on - assert themselves. Naipaul thinks this fragmentation has many positive as well as negative features. He ranges the country, interviewing everyone from Maoist cadre to Sikh fundamentalists to diehard defenders of the caste system.
Naipaul's take on 1980s Indian society owes little to the terminology of the left, but it is also free of the sort of cliches to which the first episode of Radar Across the Pacific unfortunately succumbed.
In an article about his series published in The Press this week, Te Radar explains that
he wants to help Kiwis understand more about the Pacific, but then goes on to say that he was 'also guilty of not knowing his Samoa from his Tonga before filming began'.
http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/lifestyle/7140594/Radar-across-the-Pacific
I'm sure that, once he arrived in the tropical Pacific and began to mix with the locals and conduct interviews, Te Radar was very keen to learn about the history and sociology and politics of the region. It seems extraordinary to me, though, that he wouldn't have done some research about nations like Samoa and Tonga before he turned up at their airports with a film crew. Did he expect to pick up everything he needed to know about those places in the few days he spent there shooting interviews? Didn't it ever occur to him, in the months or years during which he was presumably planning his documentary, that it might be worth toddling off to the library and doing a bit of reading about the places he intended introducing to palangi Kiwis? Does he think that great travel writers like Naipaul, or even middling travel writers like Theroux, dispense with that sort of research?
Elsewhere in The Press piece Te Radar talks about playing golf with Sitiveni Rabuka, and being surprised by the man's charm. In the episode that screened last night he also remarked that Rabuka was more politically moderate than he had expected. If Te Radar had done just a little bit of research he would have known that Rabuka is renowned for his charm, and that the man who staged two coups in 1987 in the name of indigenous Fijian supremacy has repositioned himself, over the last decade decade and a half, as a moderate, at least by the standards of Fijian nationalists. Because of his lack of basic research, Te Radar seems to have deluded himself into thinking that he was offering his viewers revelations, when he was simply relaying information that is as old as the hills.
It's fascinating to hear that you hung out with some Rotumans in Fiji, Richard. Did you hear the language? It's supposed to be one the strangest and most complex in the world.
The odd thing about Rotuma, so far as I can tell, is that it is situated near the edges of the Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian worlds, and at the same time lies a long distance from any other island. It seems, from what I've read (as you know, I'm no linguist!), that the island picked up words from many sources, but that this mixture was stabilised by isolation. The result was the only linguistic isolate in Polynesia. A Fijian director made a feature film called The Land Has Eyes in Rotuma, and I got it out on DVD just to hear the sound of the language.
I used to want to travel to Rotuma, but the Rotumans have decided not to allow tourists on to their island (I can't say I blame them!), so I've given up, for the time being at least, on that ambition...
Plenty of Rotumans in Auckland. Look like Samoans with Fijian accents.
Richard. Why do you think it should be compulsory to read books.
4 reasons why books suck compared to TV
A picture is worth a thousand words. TV lets you see and hear a story, or information. Imagine just reading about the recent disasters in Japan, Alabama and Missouri vs. seeing them and seeing interviews with survivors. Much more powerful and immediate on TV.
2. Books take too much time. TV gives the info much faster.
3. More interactive than books. People have said that books are more interactive because why? Because you have to turn the pages? Technology now allows you to vote and interact with TV programs.
4. Information is more current, right up to the minute.
Scott, my wife and I went to Ovalau by boat and returned by aeroplane (which landed in a field. The pilot was a young and very competent and nice, but, typically of Indians (especially those I met there) – taciturn - pilot. Now on Ovalau I met some Fijian Fijians who were all pretty friendly, and although I didn't drink I went to a party they invited me to. From memory there was kava though. But I didn't speak much Fijian (except a few greetings etc). We stayed in a place called Levuka run by Frenchman whose wife was Rotuman.
Here is the inscription in my 'Fijian Grammar' by G. B. Milner:
...Given to [me] by Mr. Fred Simone at the Guest House, Levuka, FIJI, Feb 17/2/74...
So I have had other copies I have sold of that (I also sold a book of Cook Island Maori, as well as various books on e.g. Maori carving (first ed. for $100) or a dictionary by Apirana Ngata - as such books are in big demand...) but I kept this one, as it is fairly common. [By the way Internet book sales have dropped almost to zero since the 2008 devaluation of US and other currencies]
The Rotumans were or are more like Samoans or Tongans and being women were mostly beautiful. The French guy was o.k. But he railed against the Fijians, saying that such people, being born in such hot places, were always lazier (and I assume culturally and racially) inferior than Europeans. I argued with his worldview a bit. He then proceeded to give a demonstration of the contrast between a European getting suddenly out of bed in the morning and the way a Fijian would get up slowly and lazily etc! It was quite comical. Perhaps he'd been in the French army in Vietnam or something!
But I can't recall hearing them speak. The women didn't say much. They were very nice though. The Frenchman's wife and her relatives and maybe his daughters were all I saw. It's so long ago! They provided the food, which was great, including a lot of fresh food from the garden as well as fish, of course in such places there is (or was) a lot fish and hundreds of crabs running along the beach...
I can't comment on Rotuman culture, as at the time, while I knew there were quite a lot of Rotumans in Fiji, I thought they spoke a language similar to Samoan or something. Now Samoan is about the only language I ever got anywhere near to being able to speak in even limited way, but I have forgotten a lot of it. I learnt it and Maori in my deeply passionate and idealist [shit stirring] days (when I was young, and had all my own teeth, and somewhat hopeful, and mad (as I still am but in a more introverted sense of insanity!), and I actually believed in things!)
But apart from the young Rotuman women being mostly very attractive (but when one is young just about all (reasonably pretty) women look attractive!), I can't say much about the Rotuman culture or language, I didn't know anything about their language. But it sounds interesting. Now I recall you mentioned this on another post. You could spend several life times studying the languages, politics, sociology, history and culture of Oceania…and still be baffled by it all.
[A lot of people can't bring themselves to do he glottal stops that e.g. Samoans in contrast to say Maori, use. That is, they can't do the Cockney bu'n (button).]
But I went there so many years ago, you need to know from people who are younger from there (or here) and or who have been there recently (or been there longer) but not such as includes flakey tourists like this Radar chap. People with some nous of God's sake. Send [think of some ridiculous examples] to do some work and report back to us their findings!!
Get the journos and academics to work for three years in factories in Fiji in the spirit of getting to know what reality is like and in the spirit of the Cultural Revolution. Get them out of their offices and get them to suffer and learn. Get them to move among the people and to learn from them as Mao rightly urged. Get them to go where it's hardest – even to join the army and work from "within". None of this weak flaky stuff! I'm too old for all that now though…but there are some candidates in the Writers Group, and some Deep-Postmodernist academics, I have my eye on….Practice to theory to practice and back to theory to practice, and so on…the dialectic must be invoked…
Look Fiji is (or was then, I assume it hasn't really changed fundamentally) really exciting place on many levels - but it is interesting. And COMPLEX. That's the point.
"Anonymous said...
Richard. Why do you think it should be compulsory to read books."
When did I say that? You might be confused - I sell books. Whether anyone reads them once I sell them is not important to me. It is the do re mi I'm after. But I read a lot as I like reading (I did as child before I got to high school I'd had read about 80% of Dickens' novels, Hugo's 'Les Miserbles', many books on (albeit "popular") science, and much else) its true but there was long period in my life didn't read much. I don't necessarily think anyone else should read books, it is one way of getting information that is ancillary o TV, videos and the internet etc
" 4 reasons why books suck compared to TV
A picture is worth a thousand words."
This can be true but is more of a truism, as photographs and images can be falsified as much as words.
" TV lets you see and hear a story, or information. Imagine just reading about the recent disasters in Japan, Alabama and Missouri vs. seeing them and seeing interviews with survivors. Much more powerful and immediate on TV."
Maybe but that can be disadvantage and a cause of information distortion also. When I was young we had no TV and radio with only 3 stations. We got news via the news paper and none of us were the worse for it. It also seemed pretty immediate. But TV, used wisely has some advantages (not many.) But most people just sit there staring at it vacantly and about 80% of it is taken up by adverts these days. A newspaper can be read in more depth - people usually only take in a small amount of the info on TV. many people read the Newspaper every day and watch TV (some people, I'm not one, can read very quickly and retain the info also)
" 2. Books take too much time. TV gives the info much faster. "
Yes and no. There are so many of them for sure and many are very long. But a lot of people love long books. And many people (not me) can read very quickly.
Faster but less in depth. Books can be reviewed by the reader and they can be copied. TV is another media. people who read books also watch TV. My son, for example, learns a lot from TV documentaries (or YouTube etc) etc and movies,as he doesn't read many books, now that is fine. But some people read also. I use all new media /technology except I don't have a cell phone.
" 3. More interactive than books. People have said that books are more interactive because why?"
What is more attractive? They can be - the over art, their physicality. Some people, au contraire, hate books. There are those who as well as loving reading, are bibliophiles.
" Because you have to turn the pages?"
"Technology now allows you to vote and interact with TV programs."
Unfortunately and we get morons of every ilk giving their usually very uninformed and stupid and superficial (because they don't read enough I am afraid!) opinions. (I hate talk-back for this reason). The "man on the street" is always an ignorant fascist.
"4. Information is more current, right up to the minute"
But often twisted, superficial, and manipulated by the various agencies (and the general ignorance of people who don't read enough!) because of that.
I am not one of those who only believes in High Culture, nor do I fetishize The Book. I can see huge advantages that TV and computers have bought (or can do even more one day) but so far the book as such has or should not be replaced. But I CAN see some (many, space saving is one)) advantages with electronic books such Kindle or similar.
But it is not an either or situation. The other thing about books is you can write your own. Of course you can also make movies.
Look everything has its advantages and disadvantages. There are many ways to kill a cat or eat an elephant, and all roads lead to Rome...The point about books for Tonga etc was that they could easily etc access to computers etc
Do you ever look at art (ro technical or craft or animal books with pictures?) books? Imagine a really good art book in electronic form? It is almost impossible (it may happen using holographic tech etc)...also there are many books not online as such and even e-books usually cost.
But, once a woman came to my house and looked at my (by then) many books, and said: "I hate books." Some people do. As I say when I was in my twenties I mainly read books about electronics etc as I was doing a course in engineering.I had very few books. Some friends I have have none at all. When I was young we didn't have many books but we went to the library once a month I think it was. The "electronic book" may well replace physical books one day (but there will still be book collectors).
Kind regards, RT
I use to hate books and the reason why is because I thought they were boring. When really they are like a tv but typed in words. just think about it like that and they are ace.
but poems...sorry...they really suck
ps now i read a lot, but i still spend time on my xbox 360. i play the 360 from about 10 am-5pm and then i read till 9:30 which is when i eat and take a shower and get ready for bed at 10pm. about 4 times a week ill walk around my apartment complex for 30 min to an hour. so you cant say i dont do anything other then games. now you may say, "oh what about your social life, well i have almost 100 friends that i play with half the time on xbl and then theres the internet, so i have all my bases covered. ok?
Books aren't for everyone but they can give pleasure and information. But if you look at television in a way you are also reading. Even if there are no words being spoken you are "reading" the images and that is good. But remember when people had no TVs? I do! Even then most people didn't read.
For human beings, books are a relatively recent invention and most people for most of our history have either been unable or not able or not interested (enough) to read.
If you prefer games etc there is no problem I used to spend ages playing Pacman in the 80s and I was an adult! My son spends hours playing computer games and he is now 40. He does read but not very much.
He learns from watching TV, videos, YouTube etc and in fact learns some things via his computer games. But with his computer etc and X-Box he plays games which are his main interest.
I have more recently got a bit obsessed with books. You don't need to read books unless you enjoy reading them.
Some books are used for reference.
Poetry is not very popular, and often difficult so don't worry about not reading poetry, you are not alone there! A lot of poetry is too complicated and mysterious... I write poems but often have no idea what I have written about myself or why anyone would want to read what I have written! So if you don't like poetry just don't read poems. Poetry doesn't make anything happen, it's a bit like Chess...a game which is quite useless but can be interesting if you know the rules and a few tricks...but it is so hard, and used to take up so much of my time in studying it, that I recently gave up playing it! So I don't encourage people to write (or even read) poetry or to play chess. Both activities are probably quite useless.
Keep well, RT
There is a more simple reason why the military is still quite large for a developing country.
It brings in money for the country. They had agreements with other countries with equipment. Whenever Fiji seeks aid from overseas, it can point to the good work its peace keepers are doing in Lebanon or Gaza as way to sweeten the deal.
There are also hundreds of Fijians who serve in the British armed forces for the same reason. Money for their families.


We was what we need from a reporter. Honest, clear, a person of integrity. He had opinions, but he revealed them only very rarely. He was interested in all of the best of American life and covered with admiration such dimensions as the space program, science, the arts.
He exemplified the best of the American nation: our positive attitude, our curiosity, our sense of fairness.
I doubt he would have a career in TV news today, his ideas of the integrity and independence of news from advertising would not sit well today.
And I suspect his approach to reporting would attract only scorn from those who unblushingly carry the title of journalist today without understanding what the word meant. In his autobiography, Cronkite described how his first newspaper boss paper drilled him endlessly in the difference between what you knew and what you suspected, the difference between having the facts exactly right and having them approximately right. No one in TV news cares about that now.
There was a reason he was known as "the most trusted man in America" and as "Uncle Walter." Who do we really trust now?
Born in 1916, he was most famous for his tenure as anchor of the CBS Evening News from 1962 to 1981.
To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion.
Wow. Comment on the Apollo 11 moon landing.


text:
Mikroprocesor (zkráceně µP či uP) je v informatice označení pro centrální procesorovou jednotku (zkratka CPU, anglicky central processing unit), která je jako celek uložena do pouzdra integrovaného obvodu nebo do několika integrovaných obvodů. Postupně zpracovává jednotlivé instrukce programu, čímž realizuje požadovanou funkci.

Mikroprocesor představuje příklad sekvenčního logického obvodu, který pro uložení dat používá dvojkovou soustavu.

Tato elektronická součástka je ukryta nejenom v osobních počítačích (jedná se o poměrně malou skupinu mikroprocesorů), ale např. ve spotřební elektronice, CNC strojích, automobilech. Ve všech odvětvích techniky se setkáváme s trendy automatického řízení (například v oblastech těžkého průmyslu, letectví, automobilů, lékařství, telekomunikací nebo energetiky).

Předchůdcem mikroprocesorů byla elektronická CPU vyrobená z oddělených TTL integrovaných obvodů.

Tranzistor změnil situaci ve vývoji elektroniky, zejména proto, že se jednalo o elektronickou součástku bez pohyblivých částí. Jedná se o součástku, která dokázala v mnoha oblastech efektivně nahradit do té doby používané elektronky a relé.

Vývoj mikroprocesorů dosud sleduje Mooreův zákon týkající se stálého zvyšovaní výkonu v čase. Tento zákon nám říká, že se "komplexnost integrovaného obvodu s ohledem na minimální cenu komponent zdvojnásobí každých přibližně 18 měsíců", což se ve všeobecnosti i překvapivě dělo od začátku 70. let. Od samotných začátků jako mozek kalkulaček viděl zvyšující se výkon k dominanci mikroprocesorů v každé jiné formě počítače; každý systém od největšího mainframe (sálový počítač) po nejmenší handheld dnes v jádře používá mikroprocesor.

Historie

První čipy
Technologie výroby integrovaných obvodů pokročila v 60. letech 20. století natolik, že okolo roku 1970 bylo možné vyrobit procesor, jehož podstatná část byla realizována jedním integrovaným obvodem. Začátkem 70. let byly prakticky současně vytvořeny tři typy mikroprocesorů jako výsledek tří nezávislých projektů v přibližně stejném čase: Intel 4004, Texas Instruments TMS1000 a Garrett AiResearch Central Air Data Computer MP944.

V roce 1968 společnost Garrett začala pracovat na počítači schopným soupeřit s elektromechanickými systémy, které byly vyvíjeny pro systém letové kontroly nové stíhačky F-14 Tomcat námořnictva USA. Návrh byl hotový do roku 1970 a jako jádro používal čipovou sadu založenou na MOS, byl menší a spolehlivější než mechanické systémy a začal se používat ve všech raných modelech letadel Tomcat. Systém považovalo námořnictvo za velmi vyspělý, označilo jej za tajný, a utajování pokračovalo až do roku 1997. Z toho důvodu je CADC a čipová sada MP944 považována za poměrně neznámou i dnes.

Firma Texas Instruments vyvinula 4bitový čip Texas Instruments TMS1000. Testovala hranice předprogramovaných vložených aplikací a v září 1971 představila verzi zvanou TMS1802NC 17, které implementovala kalkulačku na čipu.

Ve firmě Intel vyvinul Federico Faggin 4bitový čip Intel 4004, ten byl uvolněn do prodeje dne 15. listopadu 1971.

Firma Texas Instruments se ucházela o patent na mikroprocesor a Gary Boone jej dostal v USA 3,757,306 za architekturu mikroprocesoru na jediném čipu dne 4. září 1973. V letech 1971 a 1976 firmy Intel a Texas Instruments podepsaly mnoho vzájemných licenčních patentových dohod, podle kterých firma Intel platila firmě Texas Instruments za patent na mikroprocesor.

Jednočipový počítač je variantou mikroprocesoru, která kombinuje jádro mikroprocesoru (CPU), paměť a vstupně/výstupné linky na jednom čipu. Patent USA 4,074,351 na počítač na čipu, zvaný patent na mikropočítač, byl udělen Garymu Booneovi a Michaelovi J. Cochranovi z firmy Texas Instruments. Mimo tohoto patentu je správný význam mikropočítače počítač používající (několik) mikroprocesor(ů) jako svůj CPU, zatímco koncept patentu do jisté míry připomíná mikrokontrolér.

Intel uzavřel smlouvu s Computer Terminals Corporation (dříve zvanou Datapoint) ze San Antonio v Texasu na čip určený pro terminál, který navrhovali. Datapoint se rozhodl čip nepoužít a Intel jej prodával od dubna 1972 jako 8008. Čip se stal prvním 8bitovým mikroprocesorem na světě. Byl základem počítačové sady Mark-8, propagované v časopise Radio-Electronics v roce 1974.

Procesory Intel 8008 a jeho následovník Intel 8080 otevřely trh s mikroprocesorovými komponentami.

Předpona mikro se přestala používat.

Významné 8bitové procesory
Po Intel 4004 později následoval Intel 8008, první 8bitový procesor. Tyto procesory jsou předchůdci tržně úspěšného Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 a odvozené 8bitové procesory Intel 8bit.

Konkurenční architektura Motorola 6800 byla klonována a vylepšena firmou MOS Technology pod názvem MOS Technology 6502, čímž soupeřila s popularitou Z80 v osmdesátých letech.

Z80 i 6502 se soustředily na nízkou cenu, dosaženou díky kombinaci malého pouzdra a jednoduchými požadavky na sběrnici a integrované obvody. Ty byly poskytovány jako oddělený čip (např. Z80 obsahoval paměťový kontrolér). Byly to právě tyto vlastnosti, které umožnily start "revoluci" domácích počítačů na začátku osmdesátých let, která nakonec produkovala polo-užitečné stroje za 99 USD.

Motorola představila osmibitový procesor MC6809 v srpnu 1974. Jiný z prvních 8bitových procesorů byl Signetics 2650, vyráběný společností stejného jména.

Výchozí návrh mikroprocesoru ve světě vesmírného letu byl RCA 1802 od Radio Corporation of America (též známy jako CDP1802, RCA COSMAC), který NASA použila v programu vesmírných sond Voyager a Viking v sedmdesátých letech a na palubě sondy Galileo na Jupiter (1989–1995). CDP1802 byl použit proto, že má velmi nízkou spotřebu a protože jeho výrobní proces  zajišťoval lepší ochranu proti kosmickému záření a elektrostatickým výbojům než jakýkoli jiný  procesor té doby; proto se o 1802 hovoří jako o prvním procesoru se zvýšenou odolností vůči radiaci.

Rozdělení (mikro)procesorů

Podle instrukční sady
Podle instrukční sady se dělí na procesory (CPU) s úplnou instrukční sadou CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) a procesory s redukovanou instrukční sadou ), RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computing), VLIW a EPIC.

Mezi představitele CPU s instrukční sadou CISC patří mikroprocesory řady x86-64. Představitelé CPU s instrukční sadou RISC jsou mikroprocesory ARM, SPARC, MIPS, PowerPC a Alpha. Mezi představitele VLIW patří zejména mikroprocesory Tilera a některé GPU fy AMD a představitelé instrukční sady typu EPIC jsou mikroprocesory IA-64 a ev. mikroprocesory Elbrus.

Podle šířky slova (v bitech)
Jedním ze základních ukazatelů procesoru je počet bitů, tj. šířka operandu (slova), který je procesor schopen zpracovat v jednom kroku. První procesory byly 4bitové, což bylo dáno tím, že často pracovaly přímo s čísly v desítkové soustavě. Brzy přišly 8bitové procesory, u nichž se zjednodušeně dá říci, že umí přímo počítat s čísly od 0 do 255, zatímco 16bitový procesor s čísly od 0 do 65535 (tj. 0 až 216 − 1) atd. Operace s většími čísly pak musí být rozděleny do několika kroků. Procesory se slovem 32bitů byly dlouho dostačující, ale protože kvůli návrhu dokázaly přímo adresovat jen 4 GB virtuální paměti, byly nahrazeny procesory 64bitovými.

Existovaly i procesory, které měly exotické šířky slova, například 10 nebo 24 bitů (například DSP z řady Motorola 56000). V počítačích se však prosadily procesory s šířkou slova danou mocninou 2 (kvůli jednodušší manipulaci a vzájemné zaměnitelnosti jednotlivých operandů).

Podle architektury procesoru
Procesory RISC s redukovanou sadou strojových instrukcí a CISC procesory s velkým počtem strojových instrukcí. Jako výhodnější se ukazují instrukční sady typu RISC, avšak některé architektury z důvodu zachování zpětné kompatibility pracují i se strojovým kódem typu CISC (Intel x86). Procesory RISC jsou velmi úspěšné např. v mobilních telefonech nebo v superpočítačích, protože jednodušší architektura se projevuje nižší spotřebou energie.

Podle podpory operačního systému
Pro jednoduché aplikace nemusí procesor integrovat jednotku pro správu a ochranu paměti (MMU, ), případně podporovat ochranu paměti nebo privilegovaný režim. Pro provoz plnohodnotných operačních systémů (například Windows NT a vyšší tj. XP, 7, 8 …, Linux, Mac OS X atd.) je jednotka správy a ochrany paměti nezbytná. Bez zmíněné podpory v procesoru jsou velmi omezené možnosti primitivního multitaskingu, současné práce více uživatelů na jednom počítači nebo virtualizace.

Podle stupně integrace
Jednočipový mikropočítač nebo také mikrokontrolér (MCU) obsahuje kromě procesoru i další obvody, jako jsou časovače (timery a watchdog timery), nevolatilní paměť (EEPROM, FLASH nebo ROM) a volatilní paměť (typicky SRAM), dále vstupně výstupní obvody, takže je schopen samostatné funkce. Za průkopníky v této kategorii můžeme považovat 8bitový procesor Intel i8051, který poprvé integroval všechny základní periferie (jádro procesoru, paměť RAM, EEPROM, čítače a časovače) na jediném čipu a 16bitový technologický procesor Siemens SAB 80C166, který poprvé integroval A/D převodníky, komunikační linky a masivní systém čítačů/časovačů/přerušení. Následníky řady 80166 dnes vyrábí Infineon (řada C167 a C166 SV2) a SGS Thomson (řada ST10). V současnosti v oblasti jednočipových mikropočítačů a mikrokontrolérů převažují obvody založené na architektuře ARM.

Podle specializace
Digitální signálový procesor (DSP) je zaměřen na zpracování signálu. DSP jsou optimalizovány na co nejrychlejší opakování jednoduchých matematických algoritmů, zaměřených na zpracování signálu. Typickou aplikací DSP je filtrace signálu pomocí filtrů FIR a IIR nebo Fourierova analýza. DSP se dnes používají především ve spotřební elektronice a v telekomunikační technice. Současné DSP obsahují proti svým předchůdcům navíc také rychlé komunikační linky, aby bylo možné přenášet velký datový tok, protékající těmito procesory. Můžeme rovněž pozorovat snahy o spojení výhod DSP a mikroprocesorů, ať už je to cestou rozšiřování DSP o periferie nebo rozšiřováním mikrokontrolérů o DSP jednotky.

Podle počtu jader
V současnosti jde vývoj směrem k integraci více jader, tedy více procesorů do jediného čipu. Tento trend můžeme pozorovat u procesorů pro osobní počítače. Procesory se tedy dělí na jednojádrové a vícejádrové. Zvyšování počtu jader je v podstatě vynuceno fyzikálními omezeními (např. rychlostí šíření elektrického signálu, technologií daným ztrátovým výkonem čipu, …). Integrací většího počtu jednodušších jader je možné dosáhnout při stejné výrobní technologii na stejné ploše křemíku pro některé aplikace (více náročných paralelních výpočtů) mnohem vyšší výpočetní výkon, než použitím jediného složitého jádra.

Podle implementace
Mikroprocesor může být vytvořen jako jednoúčelový obvod určený přímo k velkosériové výrobě, ale může být implementován také jako firmware běžící v programovatelném hradlovém poli. Jádro jednoduchých 8bitových mikroprocesorů se skládá z 5 až 10 tisíc hradel.

Základní parametry mikroprocesoru
Díky složitosti procesorů není možné stanovit několik jednoduše srozumitelných obecných parametrů, které by umožnily objektivní srovnání různých procesorů. Následující tabulka umožňuje zhruba srovnat hlavní rysy současných procesorů.

Odkazy

Reference

Literatura
 Váňa Vladimír: ARM pro začátečníky, BEN - technická literatura, 2009,
 Skalický Petr: Mikroprocesory řady 8051, BEN - technická literatura, 2002,
 Pinker Jiří: Mikroprocesory a mikropočítače, BEN - technická literatura, 2004,
 Bernard, Jean – Michel, Hugon, Jean, Corvec, Robert Le: Od logických obvodů k mikroprocesorům, SNTL Praha 1986

Související články
 Architektura procesoru
 Architektury procesorů (seznam realizovamých procesorů)
 Centrální procesorová jednotka
 Vektorový procesor

Externí odkazy

Procesory
Architektura počítače

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Smitham Allotments Society is a self-managed site in Chipstead Valley in the south of the London Borough of Croydon. The land for the site was donated to the people of Coulsdon by the landowner in 1908 and so fruit and vegetables have now been grown on the 30 plots there for over a century.
It is a relatively small site, and therefore a friendly community of gardeners. It lies on a south facing slope between the houses on Chipstead Valley Road and the Tattenham Corner railway line. The soil is a sandy loam on chalk so drainage is good but the soil is hungry. We can grow almost anything, provided the soil is kept moist and is frequently manured. All root vegetables do well and asparagus absolutely loves it. Most fruits do well apart from those that require acid, such as blueberries and whitecurrants. The aspect enables us to grow the more tender sun-loving plants such as vines, artichokes, aubergines and peppers but we are in a notorious frost pocket and can experience frosts into the first week in June!
The site is managed by a committee consisting of five members elected at the Annual General Meeting:
Chairman: Edward Nash
Secretary: Andy Sparkes
Treasurer: Ann Shore
Facilities: Ramon Farooki
Website: Graham Lovegrove
Like most allotment societies today, there is a waiting list but the sooner you register the sooner you will be allocated a plot. The current letting fee is £30 per annum.
To contact us, please use our Contact Form
Tucked away on a gentle slope behind houses in Chipstead Valley Road, you will find Smitham Allotments.
Early in the 19th century, a local farmer, Mr Tucker, sold his land to Cane Hill Authorities so that the hospital could be built. This action displaced local people from the land where they had grown their own produce. Mr Tucker had two daughters, one of whom is described as a religious lady.
In 1908, she compensated the people of Coulsdon, by giving a plot of land now called "Smitham Allotment" to the Parish to be held in perpetuity. At this time other land was also given to local churches.
The Coulsdon & Purley Council arranged for the supply of water to the site. The First World War started and records show that a Miss Halls of the Vacant Land Society arranged for the allotment to be transferred to the Council. Subsequently in 1923 the land was registered under The Lloyd George Allotment Act 1920.
For the next 60 years the land continued to be worked as season followed season, until in 1982 an article was published by the Coulsdon & Purley Advertiser, "Allotments Fall Vacant as the Good Life Falls". The article suggested that the site would be closed. Local people believed the Council would develop the land.
A fierce battle ensued, led by a plot holder, Mr Taylor. The Council were unable to find the original deeds relating to Miss Tucker's wishes. However, Mr Taylor's solicitor discovered the deeds in the Council archives, and the future of the allotments was secured.
In 1984 Smitham Allotment plot holders took out a lease with Croydon Council granting them the authority to manage the site.
At the 2012 AGM the CFAGS Common Conditions were adopted. From now on the rules of the society include these terms and conditions.
Rules: Rules of the Smitham Allotment Society.pdf
Common Conditions: Common conditions.pdf
View the minutes of the latest meeting (6th June 2021): AGM Minutes 2021.pdf
South Croydon Allotment Society
https://www.south-croydon-allotments.org.uk/
Croydon Council Allotments
https://www.croydon.gov.uk/leisure/parksandopenspaces/allotments
Website creator!
https://cambronsoftware.co.uk
Smitham Allotments, Coulsdon, Surrey | Website by Cambron Software

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text:
Serious Person Syndrome
Paul Krugman:
I do have one qualm, though, which isn't really about Bernanke, but rather about the broader symbolism of the reappointment — namely, it unfortunately seems to be a reaffirmation of Serious Person Syndrome, aka it's better to have been conventionally wrong than unconventionally right.
This sounds right and important. And it need not only apply to reappointments, but to theories and whether they are accepted or not. Absurd statements in conventional packings - accept. True statements in unconventional packings - reject. But this is not just a complaint, more a call to investigate and change. Investigate whether there really is such a bias and if so, try to change the conventions so that they function better as a filter to distinguish between good and bad theories.
Is it possible to do this? And how? First, to believe the Serious Person Syndrome I would like to have something more than anecdotes to base it on. For instance an experiment in which individuals played a game in which every round some people win or lose based partly on ability and partly on luck. Moreover, there would be some "conventional" strategy and unconventional strategies. Maybe based on focal points or just norms or conventions established before the game by the instructors. One could then examine whether the players assigned less blame to a player who was playing an unsuccesful but conventional strategy, than an unsuccesful unconventional strategy.
Vague words you say? What is the empirical proof? Well, I recall a paper where the author believed to have found a sub-optimal conventional strategy in American football. The existence of this was explained by coaches trying to avoid blame for losing a game and there was less blame involved when chosing the sub-optimal, but conventional, strategy.
Maybe the reader can give more examples and create better experiments?
Posted by Hans Olav Melberg at 12:37 PM No comments: Links to this post
Macroeconomics as convoluted fiction
One successful strategy in microeconomics is to search for something that seems stupid, ignorant, misguided, etc. and dream up some implausible, ridiculous story that explains it as actually being sophisticated, subtle optimization. The explanation is linked very loosely to the real world by linking selected assumptions and effects to anecdotes or stylized facts, and if someone says it is all nonsense you can retreat to the "as-if" defence. Since you can "explain" it through your convoluted Alice-in-Wonderland model, you can then claim that the phenomena in question is "no longer a challenge to standard rational choice theory."
Personally, I became aware of this through my PhD work on rational addiction theory. A 1988 note from University of California, Berkeley Professor Jeffrey A. Frankel that was recently linked to in Krugman's blog points to the same thing in macroeconomics.
Stockman comments on how everything can be made consistent with dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models based on indiviudal optimization (the "equilibrium view"). When economists thought purchasing power parity held, this was interpreted as evidence in favor of the equilibrium view. When they thought it didn't… well, this was evidence in favor of the equilibrium view. So when a dataset doesn't allow you to reject the null hypothesis that real exchange rate follows a random walk, this:
[…] is […] interpreted as evidence in favor of the equilibrium theory, even though the latter has no more testable implications for the real exchange rate than does the proposition that 9 is a prime number.
He notes evidence that would seem to favor sticky-price theory, and shows how "equilibrium" theorists work out convoluted, bizarre models to "explain" this within their framework.
Such explanations are clever, and make for good
journal articles that are popular among academic economists. But that doesn't make them true.
Speaking of "agents," spy novels are a good analogy for stories that are clever and make entertaining reading, but have little to do with the truth. Datum: a few minutes ago, I got up from my chair next to Alan Stockman on the stage, and walked over to take my place here at the podium. Hypothesis 1: I am a spy for a foreign power, Alan is a CIA counterspy who was about to assassinate me, and so I got up to move out of range. This hypothesis is "consistent with the facts" in the sense that, if true, it would explain them; but it is convoluted and not very plausible. Hypothesis 2: John Le Carre was in British intelligence before he
began his second career as a novelist. This hypothesis is interesting to speculate about. I have no idea whether it is true or not. It is also "consistent with the facts" in the weak sense that it does not contradict the datum. But it seems no more relevant than the statement that 9 is a prime number, the proposition that agents dynamically optimize, or the hundreds of other hypotheses that I "fail to reject" every morning in the shower. Hypothesis 3: I came up to the podium for the simple reason that AEI invited me here to comment on Alan's paper. While not as clever as the other propositions, this hypothesis is simple, plausible, and
consistent with the facts in the strong sense that it would explain them while most other hypotheses would
not. (I will leave it to you to decide which hypothesis is the correct one.)
He also has some fun comments on the flip to a state where the goal of macroeconomics became to find nothing (no explanation, no relevant causal variables etc.):
The word "nothing" will play a key role in my comments.
["We know nothing, therefore we should do nothing."] The word does not often appear explicitly in the writings of equilibrium theorists. The popular phrase in the econometric writings is "random walk." [The usual conclusion is stated as "I have found that such-and-such a variable follows a random walk." Or, at
best, "I cannot reject the hypothesis that this variable follows a random walk." You seldom hear someone say, "After studying this variable for 6 months, I have absolutely nothing to say that would help to predict its movements." But the statements mean the same thing.] In Stockman's paper, the phrase is "in the current
state of knowledge:" "In the current state of knowledge...exchange rates and the current account should play little role...[in the conduct of monetary policy]"
It's OK to laugh at Robert Lucas, everyone :-)
One cannot find good, under-forty economists who identify themselves or their work as 'Keynesian'. Indeed, people even take offense if referred to as 'Keynesians'. At research seminars, people don't take Keynesian theorizing seriously anymore; the audience starts to whisper and giggle to one another.
(Robert Lucas)
I loved finding this quote by Lucas. It means I can finally enjoy the Solow quote below without any trace of bad conscience:
Suppose someone […] announces to me that he is Napoleon Bonaparte. The last thing I want to do with him is to get involved in a technical discussion of cavalry tactics at the Battle of Austerlitz. If I do that, I'm getting tacitly drawn into the game that he is Napoleon Bonaparte.
(Bob Solow, talking about Robert Lucas's rational expectations work in "Conversations with Economists" by Klamer and Colander)
Economists understand everything – after the fact
The standard defence of absurd theories is usually that they predict. Predictive success is the only relevant criterion, assumptions be damned. But what should we say when we fail to predict – and fail spectacularly at that, as in the recent financial crisis. The answer: Flip our defence around. We may not predict, but at least we have the understanding and insight to explain what happened after the fact. As Chris Dillows discusses here.
He starts by pointing out that it is possible to find theoretical concepts, small groups or individual researchers that have worked on things in the past that now seem relevant to understanding the financial crisis. He then relates this to Jon Elster's troubling view of mechanisms as a form of completely non-predictive understanding.
To put it more crudely than this guy himself does: We have loads and loads of story elements in economic theory that can be combined to join any set of assumptions to any outcome. All we need is to know what outcome actually occured, and we'll be able to serve up a convincing and sophisticated "explanation" in no time.
[…]we have […] lots of mechanisms, capable of explaining why things happen and the links between them. What we don't have are laws which generate predictions. In his book, Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, Jon Elster stressed this distinction. The social sciences, he said:
"Can isolate tendencies, propensities and mechanisms and show that they have implications for behaviour that are often surprising and counter-intuitive. What they are more able to do is to state necessary and sufficient conditions under which the various mechanisms are switched on."
This is precisely the problem economists had in 2007. We knew that there were mechanisms capable of generating disaster. What we didn't know is whether these were switched on. The upshot is that, although we didn't predict the crisis, we can more or less explain it after the fact. As Elster wrote:
"Sometimes we can explain without being able to predict, and sometimes predict without being able to explain. True, in many cases one and the same theory will enable us to do both, but I believe that in the social sciences this is the exception rather than rule."
The interesting question is: will it remain the exception? My hunch is that it will; economists will never be able to produce laws which yield systemically successful forecasts.
What's more, I am utterly untroubled by this. The desire for such laws is as barmy as the medieval search for the philosopher's stone. If you need to foresee the future, you are doing something badly wrong.
I especially dig the ending. Friedman in the more extreme statements of his "as-if" article on positive economics made absurd assumptions a virtue, and now this guy is making a lack of predictive success a virtue.
Turning our assumptions on ourselves as economists, we are (of course) always doing the optimal thing. A fact that gives me immense peace of mind: Whatever I'm doing, I can rest assured that I could have done no better.


A cyclist is said to be riding to Abuja after arriving Nigeria from Morocco.
It was reported earlier this year (in February) that a Chinese female cyclist, Huang Shuang, rode from Morocco to Lagos, Nigeria, within five months.
Huang, also known as CICI, said that she was inspired to embark on "cycling around the world'' after riding around her country.


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Roy Hudd opens new Age UK Centre
Published on 07 July 2011 09:00 AM
Roy Hudd opens a new Age UK centre in Peterborough to support older people
Leading entertainer Roy Hudd, who has enjoyed over fifty years as an actor, comedian and author, is opening an exciting new Age UK Centre in Peterborough at 19-25 Westgate on Thursday 7 July at 11.00am.
The launch, hosted by Roy Hudd, will showcase all the fantastic services and products that Age UK and its local partner Age UK Peterborough have to offer older people, their families and carers, to help make later life better for all.
As well as housing the local Age UK shop which sells new and donated items, the organisations' dedicated staff and volunteers will showcase the huge range of ways in which Age UK can help. Free guides on topics from home and care, health and wellbeing, work and learning and getting involved in volunteering will be available from an information hub. Locals can also have 'one-on-one' consultations with Age UK Peterborough's warm and friendly staff about a wide range of services and products to help people live healthily and happily for longer. Whether it's providing information and advice on local services such as help with cleaning and shopping; encouraging activity through a 'fit as a fiddle' master class; or helping to find value home, motor and travel insurance - the new Age UK Centre in Peterborough intends to ensure that older people are getting as much out of life as possible.
The Age UK Centre in Peterborough will also stock a wide range of products to help older people feel safe and independent at home which they can trial in-store and arrange free in home assessments for. These include stair-lifts, personal alarms, bathing solutions and daily living aids to assist with everyday tasks like opening a jar and unlocking a door.
The bright and stylish Age UK shop at the front of the Centre will be a great place for people to add to their wardrobe and purchase a wide range of donated and new items, including books and home-ware. Age UK shops, supported by a team of dedicated staff and volunteers, help to generate much needed funds for people in later life whilst encouraging people to recycle their clothes properly.
Hugh Forde, Retail and Trading Director at Age UK, said: 'A lot of hard work and careful consideration has gone into this new Age UK Centre in Peterborough to showcase a wide range of services and products designed with the needs of people in later life in mind. We'd like to take this opportunity to thank local people who have donated stock for our charity shops or their valuable time to volunteer in the Centre. All the profits from the Age UK Centre in Peterborough will go to help those in later life.'
David Bache, Chief Executive at Age UK Peterborough said: 'We are delighted to be able to run some of our frontline services from the Age UK Centre in Peterborough. We're looking forward to working closely with the national charity to provide the best possible services for the older people of Peterborough. We believe that the new Centre will provide the opportunity for us to help even more people in later life to remain living independently at home. If you would like to make a donation or assist with our fundraising work in Peterborough we would be delighted to hear from you.'
For more information on Age UK, please call Kate Rispin in the Age UK Media Team on 020 3033 1427 or email katie.rispin@ageuk.org.uk. Alternatively, for more information on Age UK Peterborough, please call David Bache on 01733 564 185 or email D.Bache@ageukpeterborough.org.uk.
We provide free information, advice and support to over five million people; commercial products and services to over one million customers; and research and campaign on the issues that matter to people in later life. Our work focuses on five key areas: money matters, health and well being, home and care, work and training and leisure and lifestyle. We work with our national partners, Age Scotland, Age Cymru and Age NI (together the Age UK Family), our local Age UK partners in England and local Age Concerns. We also work internationally for people in later life as a member of the DEC and with our sister charity Help Age International.
Age UK Peterborough is a local charity working with and for older people in the Peterborough area (registered charity number 1080030). Age UK Peterborough is at The Lindens, 86 Lincoln Road, Peterborough, PE1 2SN.
Roy Hudd
A famous face in showbiz for over fifty years, Roy Hudd is a natural comedy entertainer, a talented actor, playwright, sketch-writer, and performer. He broke into TV appearing on Not So Much A Programme, More A Way of Life, but found wider fame with 1969's The Roy Hudd Show.
Since 1975 The News Huddlines has had an amazing run on Radio 2, and is something of an institution.
Roy's work as a dramatic actor in television has also won him praise. Dennis Potter's Lipstick on your Collar proved a huge success. This led to his most endearing dramatic role, again written for him by Potter, that of Spoonerism-afflicted Ben Baglin in Karaoke.
Roy was recently seen as Archie Shuttleworth in Coronation Street.
Media contact: Katie Rispin
Out-of-office-hours: 07071 243 243


Fix a test that returned a wrong result in r-devel (t-test now returns a list with more elements).
Fix a bug in t_test when the independent variable has unused factor levels.
Fix printing of p-values if p = 1.
Add support for aov in anova_apa.
Fix bug when using abbreviations "pes" or "ges" in anova_apa.
In anova_apa significance asterisks might have been incorrect when p-values were corrected for violation of sphericity.


This is an unmissable opportunity to work for a company who disrupted the insurtech landscape and created a one-of-a-kind app that allows users to get insured easily and quickly. You'll be able to define the brand and make it the go-to insurtech on the market.
This company has created a one-of-a-kind app that's gained a lot of momentum leading them to expand to exciting new markets.
They're a bubbly and social bunch who care about making sure their employees are well looked after. Expect fun socials, team lunches, mental health support, and a personal development budget.
Take ownership of this company's PR strategy to shape the way the world interacts with this exciting company.
This role comes with the huge opportunity of moulding this company's identity though press releases, blogs, online publications, and by working with journalists.
We're looking for a self-starting and passionate individual. Someone with a love for tech business coming from either in-house or an agency and looking to make an impact in the insur-tech space.
You'll be someone who is easy to get on with, personable, and effortlessly able to build great relationships with journalists (and the team).
Lots of PR experience with an impressive track record of building companies up.
To apply for this opportunity, please reply to this advert or email your CV to eli@greymatterrecruitment.co.uk. Alternatively, if you would like to have a confidential chat about this or any other role at Grey Matter Recruitment, please give Eli a call on 07523 909 259.


Steve was born in Iowa but got to Texas as soon as he could after 35 years in the paper industry. He and his wife of 48 years, Ann, have four sons and five grandchildren, all living in California. After 14 career moves, including work in Brazil and France, Steve and Ann decided on Lakeway as their new forever home in December 2013.
Steve served on the Lakeway Civic Corporation/Lakeway CF boards, was head of the Charter Review Committee, and a member of the Lakeway Zoning and Planning Commission before election to the City Council in 2018. He continues as an active member of Lakeway Service League, Sing Along Lakeway, and Lakeway Citizen Police Academy Alumni Association, and as an emcee at the Lakeway Men's Breakfast Club. He enjoys golf, wine, and photography.
He believes that Lakeway is such a great place to live because of the hundreds of active volunteers. He wants to make it easier for citizens to get information and communicate with their elected representatives.
He supports a new Comprehensive Plan to guide the inevitable growth coming our way. He is a fiscal conservative and supportive of business growth.
Steve may be reached by email.
Steve spent 35 years in the paper industry in a variety of technical and manufacturing executive roles. He was chairman of an international school in Brazil. His work took him to three continents and two new languages. He taught at Texas A&M as an adjunct professor in Mechanical Engineering. Before retirement he was part owner of a recycled paper mill and consulted on maintenance and operating best practices. He sees opportunities for using Lean Manufacturing principles in our City government.
He graduated from M.I.T. with bachelor's and master's degrees in mechanical engineering, master's degree in textile technology, and Ph.D in mechanical engineering.
Steve and Ann have been married 48 years and have four sons. They are blessed with five grandchildren who live too far away in California. They are very grateful for the wonderful people in the Lakeway community who welcomed us into their special city.


Hi, friends this is raj. Plz refer me some books in order to prepare for Bank recruitment exams.
What is the general syllabus for Bank PO exams which is adopted by most PSU banks in India? Could someone give me the details….
Portfolio Management in CFA !!!!
What are the subjects we have to study for banking exam ? What are the subjects i should focus more to get through the exams ?
Hi friends, tell me how can i download Bank PO Exam material for free?
Can anyone from u suggest me some books to prepare for Bank of Baroda PO Exam??????
I have intrest in doin company secretary course, but I am not able to get any good guide books. I will join coaching soon. Pls guide me.
Can anyone tell me few books, which can help me in preparing for Bank Clerical Exams?


The Tree of Woe: All's quiet.
Another fun weekend in New Orleans. Saturday I went apartment hunting and think I may have found a winner. Between Craigslist and the article, we actually had two pretty good choices, both in Broadmoor. While we're sad to be leaving the French Quarter, we just couldn't find something that would work with the limited lease term and The Beeb. Oh well, we can always visit.
Other than that, not much to report. Jeez, I hope something exciting happens so I can blog about it!


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Q: Objective-C How to check if keychain item is null (objectForKey) When I launch my app, I want to check if there are any stored credentials in the keychain, so I'm trying this :
- (BOOL)areStoredCredentials {
if(![keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecAttrAccount]) return NO;
else{
    NSLog(@"STORED CREDENTIALS : %@ / %@", [keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecAttrAccount], [keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecValueData]);
    self.login = [keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecAttrAccount];
    self.password = [keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecValueData];
    return YES;
}}

But this functions never returns NO even when the stored credentials are null. It even prints:
2011-11-13 21:58:07.205 NeroApp[541:f803] STORED CREDENTIALS :  /
Does anybody know why ?

A: It looks like you are getting empty strings from the keychain. You may try this kind of check:
if (![[keychain objectForKey:(id)kSecAttrAccount] length]) return NO;
else {
    ...
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
+1 704-714-4400 Contact Us
The Mary DBT Semans Gardens
About the Mansion
About Duke Mansion
The Lynnwood Foundation
Support our Nonprofit Organization
The Duke Mansion is protected as a nonprofit with all proceeds being used to preserve and protect this community treasure. The Mansion celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2015 and is one of Charlotte's landmark homes.
Supporters and guests of The Duke Mansion are dedicated to providing critical resources to help ensure that this home and all of the important history it represents remain a part of Charlotte for generations to come. There are two membership groups that provide critical support to The Duke Mansion and the other part of our nonprofit organization, The Lee Institute. The Lee Institute is the active programming arm of the combined nonprofit. To learn more about the important and innovative work of The Lee Institute, click here.
THE COLONNADE SOCIETY
Founded in 2000, this group of generous supporters provide the foundation of all giving by investing $2,500 or more on an annual basis to protect The Duke Mansion for generations to come and ensure the development of leaders for the future through The Lee Institute. Click the link below for more about the benefits of being a member of the Colonnade Society.
Colonnade Society Member Benefits
THE PRESERVATION SOCIETY
The mission of the Preservation Society is to sustain, protect and serve as ambassadors for The Duke Mansion, a historical landmark, providing critical financial resources for its preservation while enjoying fellowship and friendship. Membership levels are $550, $750 and $1,000.
Click the button below for more about the benefits of being a member of the Preservation Society.
Preservation Society Member Benefits
Financial information about this organization and a copy of its license are available from the State Solicitation Licensing Branch at 919-807-2214. The license is not an endorsement by the State.
Meetings + Events
The Duke Mansion
400 Hermitage Road
frontdesk@dukemansion.org
© Duke Mansion 2023. All Rights Reserved. Marketing & Website Design by Q4Launch.


You are at:Home»HEADLINES»Who Mocked Priyanka Gandhi's Facial Features?
Who Mocked Priyanka Gandhi's Facial Features?
Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya stirred a controversy with his racist remarks on Priyanka Gandhi Vadra. 'They say She (Priyanka Gandhi) has the nose like her Grandmother (Indira Gandhi). If you obtain power just because of having a nose like your Grandmother, Don't you realise that there will be a president in every household of China?,' he questioned at BJP's Vijay Sankalp rally in Gujarat.
Congress Leaders kept highlighting that Priyanka Gandhi resembles her Grandmother Indira. This is why BJP Leaders began making personal remarks on Priyanka. In February this years, BJP MP Harish Dwivedi told Priyanka wears jeans and top in Delhi but prefers saree and sindoor when she is participates in the election campaign. It's high time BJP Leaders realize that any such personal remarks would cause damage to the poll prospects of their own party.
Priyanka Gandhi was appointed as Congress in-charge of eastern Uttar Pradesh few months ago. On Wednesday, She toured Amethi Lok Sabha Constituency represented by her Brother Rahul Gandhi. What impact Priyanka could create in the upcoming Lok Sabha Elections?


What kind of training do we need have to use your systems?
Your license will include one to one training for your staff. although the system itself is intuitive enough to be used without any special training.


Need Help With Your Design Brief? Need Help With Your Design Brief?
Are you interested in building your own home, but yet to decide what you need or desire?
We have put together this list of questions, to help build a strong vision for your dream home. Answering these questions can help forecast your projects costings and time frames as accurately as possible.
Will you require a new build, knock down re-build or is this an extension to an existing dwelling?
The type of build you require can affect time spent on site prior to, and after, install of the prefabricated modules, which can also influence the total cost and schedule for your project.
Depending on where your site is located, there may be a heritage overlay on your house which protects certain elements from demolition. We always recommend looking into any restrictions placed on building within your area, to ensure your vision is realistic from the beginning.
Are you preferring single or double storey?
For larger projects or homes on narrow sites, creating a two-storey house can allow you to include all of the important spaces you desire but on a smaller footprint. With a larger site, the choice is all yours. Take some time to imagine the spaces you want in your home, and how they will be arranged.
Exactly how many bedrooms do you require?
How many people will be living in this home? Will that number be increasing or decreasing in the near future? Do they each require a bedroom? Will you be needing a guest bedroom? Sometimes a study room will be considered as a bedroom too, so remember to factor this into your numbers.
Were you wanting a second living/rumpus room, or happy with one?
A second living space can create the perfect play-room for the kids or act as adults retreat to escape the chaos of the main hub of the home. Think about how and where each member of the family will want to spend their downtime which will help you navigate this question.
Will you be needing a garage or carport? Ok, double or single?
If you require a garage, this will be built on-site, separate to the install of the project modules. This can increase on-site times and can be built either before or after install of the main house.
Have you thought about a connection from the garage into the main house? Will this be through an intermittent space, such as the laundry, or straight into the main home? These decisions will influence the overall layout of the home, and require careful consideration.
Have you considered study nooks vs study rooms?
With the rise of small business owners and work from home capabilities, having a study space within the home is becoming increasingly popular.
Sometimes having a separate study isn't realistic due to space restrictions, so we find clients often look to include a small study nook in an otherwise unused pocket of the home, such as inset to the wall under the stairs.
Have a long hard think about these questions, and let your project vision naturally take shape. You may find that you want to include everything however we recommend taking time to prioritise these elements to fit within budget and space restrictions. Time taken is definitely time well spent. We want to ensure you really nail your design brief, and set yourself in good stead to design your dream home with Archiblox.


No medieval knight�s outfit is complete without the proper suit of armor underneath. When the dragon�s breath fills the air, the blades of orc assassins come down and the arrows of enemy kingdoms blacken the sky with edged doom, a proper suit of chainmail can be the difference between defiance and death! Don�t let your costume go without a suit of protection. Whether you just seek leggings, a coif and half- or full-sleeve accents to give the illusion of a full suit, or you wish to go all in with a full-length chainmail and hood combination, Historical Clothing Realm has all of the options to suit your needs.
Best of all, whether it�s heavy steel or lightweight aluminum, all of our armor is made of the highest quality materials and priced for affordability. You will be able to command respect wearing your suit of chainmail armor from our line with pride for many years to come. Drop us a line at 1-800-929-7035 for answers to any questions you may have.


The CDC doesn't mince words: Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in America for both men and women. There are proven ways to reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke, especially when it comes to diet and lifestyle. When it comes to genetics, that's a different story.
According to the World Heart Federation, having a first-degree relative who has suffered a heart attack or stroke, is diabetic, or has high blood pressure or high cholesterol increases your own risk of cardiovascular disease. Now a new study is adding your blood type to the list of irreversible risk factors that affect your heart health. The blood groups at risk? A, B, and AB.
Researchers at the University Medical Centre Groningen in the Netherlands analyzed data from more than 1.3 million people, looking at their blood types and any incidents of cardiovascular events, including heart attack, heart failure, and death. They found that individuals with a non-O blood group had a 9 percent greater risk of cardiovascular events, especially heart attacks, than those with an O blood type.
There's no clear explanation about why this link exists, and further studies needs to be conducted to find that answer. The researchers suggest one reason could be that people with non-O blood types have higher concentrations of von Willebrand factor, a blood-clotting protein that could lead to heart attack or stroke. Non-O blood groups are also known to have high cholesterol, especially those with blood type A.
If you don't have an O blood type, talk to your doctor about how that could impact your risk for a heart attack. In the meantime, evaluate your lifestyle for any surprising heart attack risks that could be making your odds even worse.


The school is very fortunate to have received a legacy from two generous past pupils. As a result, the Charles and Jack Stonham Memorial Fund charity was created with the purpose of assisting with the provision of educational trips and school equipment.
The charity has assisted the school in several projects which otherwise may not have been possible. In recent years these have included class trips; the annual residential for Year 5; theatre visits and the purchase of laboratory coats.


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K-Pop Music
Top 100 Songs of the Century
Today's Top Hit Songs
Song Meanings and Facts
Category: Melanie Martinez
by Amanda London · Published September 29, 2020
"Test Me" by Melanie Martinez
"Test Me" is philosophical in its approach. What it centers on is the idea that there are various challenges or tests which life throws our way. And whereas such experiences may cause suffering, they also...
"Field Trip" by Melanie Martinez
"Field Trip" is like a Melanie Martinez beef song. For the most part she doesn't seem to be aiming the lyrics at anyone in particular. Rather, the vocalist comes off more along the lines of asserting her...
"The Bakery" by Melanie Martinez
"The Bakery" is based on a job Melanie Martinez had in high school. As the title implies, she did in fact work in a bakery. In the first verse she lets it be known that she enjoyed it a...
by Amanda London · Published June 29, 2020
"Bombs on Monday Morning" by Melanie Martinez
Even for an artist who tends to rely on metaphors as heavily as Melanie Martinez does, "Bombs on Monday Morning" is one of the more lyrically-complex songs in her (unreleased) catalog. For instance, as...
by SMF · Published June 28, 2020
Melanie Martinez's "Fire Drill" Lyrics Meaning
This track by Melanie Martinez is deceptively-philosophical in its approach. The titular "fire drill" is a metaphor for a random, unspecified, unforeseen emergency which may materialize in the future. The reason Melanie refers to it in...
Joni Mitchell's "Both Sides Now" Lyrics Meaning
"I Fought the Law" by The Clash
"Chasing Birds" by Foo Fighters
"Love Dies Young" by Foo Fighters
Foo Fighters' "Making a Fire" Lyrics Meaning
Song Meanings & Facts
Song Meanings and Facts © 2022. All Rights Reserved.


text:
32nd Annual MLK Celebration Leadership Award Recipient: Charles M. Vest
Charles M. Vest
MIT President, 1990–2004
32nd Annual MLK Leadership Award
Charles M. Vest was MIT's president from 1990 to 2004.
A Champion of Diversity
As the Institute's leader from 1990 to 2004, he sparked a period of dynamism.
Charles M. Vest was a tireless advocate for research and science, and a passionate supporter of diversity and openness. His deft handling of one of his presidency's greatest challenges — a public examination of MIT's troubled history on issues relating to gender equity — ultimately proved a high point of his tenure, reinforcing the Institute's status as a beacon of meritocracy.
In 1998, Vest forthrightly acknowledged serious gender-equity problems cited by senior women faculty in the School of Science; he then supported corrective measures to address longstanding imbalances. A stunningly candid and publicly released report detailing gender inequity at MIT — and Vest's subsequent leadership on the issue —stimulated examination of gender equality at universities across the country.
"I have always believed that contemporary gender discrimination within universities is part reality and part perception," Vest wrote in a much-cited preface to the MIT report on gender equity, "but I now understand that reality is by far the greater part of the balance."
Vest's leadership team, and those of MIT's five schools, reflected Vest's personal commitment to diversity and inclusion. Under Vest, MIT appointed its first female department head in the School of Science; its first two minority department heads in the School of Engineering; its first five female vice presidents; and the first African-American chancellor.
Throughout his presidency, Vest also strived to bolster the diversity of MIT's student body and its faculty. Underrepresented minorities grew from 14 percent to 20 percent of the undergraduate population, and from 3 percent to 5 percent of the graduate student body. The number of women grew from 34 percent to 42 percent of undergraduates; when Vest stepped down as president, women outnumbered men in 10 undergraduate majors. The proportion of women graduate students increased from 20 percent to 29 percent during his tenure.
Vest was a staunch advocate of need-based financial aid. In 1992, MIT went to trial to fight the Justice Department's contention that antitrust statutes were violated when top universities, including MIT, shared information about applicants' financial need. A lengthy court battle ultimately established the "MIT Standards of Conduct," enabling colleges committed to need-based aid to exchange certain data, and also led to legislation permitting colleges to adopt a common methodology for measuring need.
2006 32nd Annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Celebration


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Omphaloceps triangularis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast and Uganda.

References

Moths described in 1893
Agaristinae
Insects of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Insects of Uganda
Insects of West Africa
Fauna of the Republic of the Congo
Fauna of Gabon
Moths of Africa


Email marketing software company AWeber Communications has recently moved into a new, LEED Gold Certified headquarters in Chalfont, Pennsylvania. The 71,000 sqft office was designed by Wulff Architects to express the company's core values through architecture.
"AWeber Communications: To accommodate a growing business, AWeber relocated their world headquarters and seized the opportunity to exemplify their "Core Values" in an architectural design that both physically enables their philosophies and expressively symbolizes them. Their new facility creates a remarkable experience by embodying their passion for collaboration, innovation, sustainability, and fun.
Collaboration- AWeber's headquarters is the epitome of flexibility, providing mobile workstations which promote collaboration and facilitate creativity. Throughout the open work areas is playful furniture, over 3,500-square-feet of writable wall surface, and informal gathering spaces to promote interactions that nurture teamwork and innovation. The environment promotes idea sharing through a flat spatial hierarchy, with the CEO working in the open area using an identical workstation as all team members.
Innovation – Dedicated rooms in the core of the building enables teams to hold impromptu discussions. Individuals can find privacy in refurbished British phone booths and quiet rooms. A mural by a local artist and executed with the participation of the AWeber team wraps the grand staircase, providing a colorful tribute to how the team works to help small businesses grow. Additional stylistic gestures, echoing the mural's composition, weave a common theme throughout the building.
Sustainability – LEED Gold certified with 100-percent of all carbon emissions offset through renewable energy certificates. The techniques of Biophilia, including a living wall, 2 story rain curtain, and an outdoor cafe increase access to nature and improve air quality. Energy is managed by predicting energy usage, and measured against actual usage. Energy efficiency is achieved through daylight harvesting, superior HVAC equipment and controls, intelligent data center design, energy efficient appliances and highly-efficient personal computing.
All electricity usage is offset with renewable energy generation certificates.
A 20 foot Bio-wall featuring over 2,000 plants increases oxygen and air quality.
A two-story rain curtain provides access to nature.
Daylight harvesting reduces energy consumption.
Floor-to-ceiling windows brighten the entire office with natural sunlight.
Window shades automatically adjust based on the position of the sun.
Toilets, urinals and faucets are low-flow water-efficient.
A state-of-the-art building management system monitors over 50,000 points in the building every 15 seconds, providing optimal light and temperature control and minimal waste.


Food for fishes always contains rich crude protein, but the crude protein in the food is hard to digest for the fish. After being processed by the fish feed pellet extruder, the feed can be easy to digest. Similar with wet type fish feed extruder, dry type also uses alloy steel. Dry type fish feed extruder is suitable for small- or medium-scale fish farms and fish feed industry, for processing shrimp feed, prawn feed, floating fish feed, sinking fish feed pellets and pet feed pellet.
Under the action of the frictional force of the principal axis and flat-die, the compression roller spins. The high temperature between the roller and die ripens the starch of the materials, and the protein becomes congealed. Then the fish feed is extruded from the holes of the die. Fish feed pellets are conveyed out of the extruder. Additionally, we can choose the length of the feed by regulating the angle of the cutting knife.
1.Simple structure, widely used, small flooring space, low noise.
2.We can use dry powder materials to make feed pellets without adding extra water into the dry type fish feed extruder. The dry pellet feed is convenient to store.
3.The dry pellet feed is well processed which is easy for the animals to digest. During the process, the pathogenic microorganism and parasites are eliminated.
4.This fish feed pellet extruder also applies to make pellet feed for rabbits, ducks and the like. What's more, the pellet feed is more economical than the compound mash feed.
6.The raw materials can be used in producing pellet feed is various.
1.Blend 5 or 10 kilogram mash feed with edible oil of 5% or 10% together. If the mash feed becomes caking, we should disperse them to keep the feed in powder condition.
2.Put the feed into the extruder before we turn on the machine. Then we should regulate the bolt of the press roller until the feed can be extruded normally.
3.We should do test runs with the oily mash feed for 3 to 5 times before adding dry powder into the machine. And the pellet which is made of oily mash feed should not be used in feeding rabbits.
4.If you want to regulate the length of the pellet, we can adjust the angle of the cutting knives.
5. Feed pellets are hot when they are just coming out of the machine. We should place them in a ventilated room. After cooling down, the feed pellets can be stored in bags.
1.Stay away from the feed inlet when fish feed extruder works. If you want to add materials into it, you should be with the help of a stick, not your hand.
2.We should add materials before turning on the machine. And leave some materials in the extruder when you stop the machine in case the express roller and die mold directly touch each other.
3.If the machine gets stuck, we should turn down the machine immediately.
4.We should loosen the bolt of the express roller after finishing work.
5.Check the degree of tightness of the belt to prevent the belt slipping and decrease the capacity.
6.Add and replace the lubricating oil regularly.
7.It is normal that the temperature of engine rises to 70 degrees after a long continuous working.
Please send me a quote for the dry feeds pellet machine.
Also your address in Nigeria where I can visit for demonstration.
Please send me the price of dry feed pellets Machine.
Hi what is the price of your dry and wet floating feed extruder ?
Can you send me prices for each of the models for dry pellet extruder?


The Well being and Health Program on the Faculty of Kinesiology is perfect for college kids eager about wellness, personal training, coaching, or being a well being and health educator. Come in at the moment and expertise Mercy Health & Fitness Center. 7. Bach Performance Web site owner Eric Bach is among the few coaches on the market who is equally good at teaching individuals for muscle gain, fats loss, and athletic performance. We talked to specialists, learn lots of of critiques, and examined seven top heating pads, discovering that the Pure Relief XL King Size is the perfect for most individuals.
As the highest-rating health and fitness app, Fitbit customers skew youthful: customers between the ages of 18-24 spent a median of almost four.5 hours per month on the Fitbit app, which is more than twice the amount of time that another age group spent with the app over the identical time period.
• Physique composition is the proportion of fat-free mass (muscle, bone, blood, organs, and fluids) to fats mass (adipose tissue deposited beneath the pores and skin and round organs). He takes a back to fundamentals approach- raise heavy weights 3-5 instances per week, eat well, relaxation and recover.
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Guyana has voted in general elections described by police as steady and peaceful. Incumbent President Donald Ramotar of the People's Progressive Party – Civic (PPP/C) is running against David Granger, representing a five-party opposition coalition. Mr Ramotar's party has been in power for more than two decades. If the PPP/C wins, it will be its sixth consecutive term in office and the second for Donald Ramotar.
Full Article: Guyana votes in general election - BBC News.