text:
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Available at WH Smith, Sainsbury's, Morrisons, Easons and independent newsagents, our lavishly illustrated 132-page bookazine pays tribute to the early years of The Beatles.
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In this latest Collectors Edition of Vintage Rock, we trace the band's roots as fledgling skifflers The Quarrymen playing local gigs in Liverpool through to their hothouse development as they became The Beatles at the Cavern and in Hamburg, before moving on to inventing the mega-gig at Shea Stadium.
Inbetween, we serve up some fascinating insights into the life of their manager Brian Epstein, the astonishing rise of Beatlemania in the UK, Europe and the United States, put the band's first five studio albums under the microscope and also go behind the scenes on their two big-screen outings, A Hard Day's Night and Help!
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David Bowie mentor Lindsay Kemp stars in new Tim Arnold video
A NIGHT FOR CHRISTINA – stars gather for Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre
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The Beatles celebrate the White Album with special anniversary releases
Aswad, 10cc and the SAS Band among Weyfest headliners
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BACKGROUND AND AIM: Bowling-side quadratus lumborum (QL) asymmetries have been previously reported on the dominant side in junior cricket fast bowlers using MRI. The aim of this study was to investigate QL asymmetry when measuring with two different methods; first using a small number of images with clear muscle borders and second using a larger number of images with less strict inclusion criteria. METHODS: MRI was performed on 38 junior (14.9 years) cricket fast bowlers prior to the start of a cricket season. Each MR image slice was evaluated to determine whether the QL muscle contour was visible and was assigned an image-quality rating for inclusion in the study. The cross-sectional area of each included QL image was measured and compared with the corresponding image on the other side of the spine to determine side-to-side difference (asymmetries). RESULTS: Using the main method of including only high-quality MR images, 25% of MR images, where QL was in the field of view, met the inclusion criteria. The mean QL asymmetry was 13%, while 55% of participants had asymmetries greater than 10%. There was no significant difference in the number of participants with dominant and non-dominant side QL asymmetry. However, there was a significant difference in the magnitude of asymmetry between the dominant side (10.5%) and non-dominant (16.4%) asymmetries. The intraclass correlation coefficient for repeated measurements of QL asymmetry for randomly selected images (18%) was excellent (ICC 0.966, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.99). Using the second measurement method, with less strict inclusion criteria for MR images, similar results on the distribution of QL asymmetry were found. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous research, this study demonstrated that there was a similar distribution of QL asymmetry between the dominant and non-dominant side. The presence of only dominant side asymmetry must therefore be questioned.


text:
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http://paul.wright.socialpsychology.org/
Media Psychology
BIO: Associate Professor, The Media School, Indiana University. PhD, University of Arizona. Research and teaching interests center on media psychology, health communication, and audience analysis. Ranked by Communication Education as in the top 1% of research productivity worldwide.
JOURNAL ARTICLES: Articles span the fields of communication, psychology, and health. Illustrative outlets include Journal of Communication, Human Communication Research, Communication Monographs, Communication Research, Annals of the International Communication Association; Media Psychology, Journal of Media Psychology, Psychology of Men and Masculinities, Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Psychology of Women Quarterly; Archives of Sexual Behavior, Sexual Health, Journal of Sex Research.
CHAPTERS AND ENTRIES: Illustrative venues include Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, American Psychological Association Handbook of the Psychology of Men and Masculinities, Handbook of Children and Media, Encyclopedia of Health Communication, Encyclopedia of Media Violence, International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology.
EDITORIAL BOARDS: Human Communication Research, Communication Monographs, Annals of the International Communication Association, Health Communication, Archives of Sexual Behavior, International Journal of Sexual Health, Sexuality & Culture, Journal of Sex Research, Psychology of Men & Masculinities.
Wright named to Annals of the ICA editorial board
Wright named to Communication Monographs editorial board
Wright in top 1 percent of communication and media research productivity worldwide
Wright named to HCR editorial board


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

The purpose of this note is to  follow the historical development of
the ideas that led to the formulation of  String Theory. As we will
discuss, the story consists of a remarkable succession of inspired
insights. First  Veneziano  guessed the form of the four point
function~\cite{VENE}. This was followed by its extension to
amplitudes with an arbitrary number of external legs. At this
point the dual resonance model was constructed. The subsequent
analysis of  its
factorization properties  allowed one to identify the full target
Hilbert space of physical states and its critical dimension by the
use of various consistency conditions. The natural interpretation of
the structure uncovered was that of a string propagating in
Minkovski space-time.

We want to stress that all this was achieved without the use of
a Lagrangian formulation but by implementing the basic principles of
S-matrix theory directly on the scattering amplitudes in a model
containing an infinite number of zero  width resonances. The new,
additional requirement was the Dolen-Horn-Schmid (DHS)
duality~\cite{DHS} i.e. that  the sum of
resonances in one channel represents correctly the resonances in the
other channel.

As a result, the basic framework of Perturbative String Theory at
the operational level was well understood by 1971. Further progress
was achieved through the discovery of the Superstring and Space-time
Supersymmetry which led to tachyon free theories. Later some basic
concepts used before at a heuristic level like the origin of the
first class constraints necessary for making the spectrum unitary
and Lorentz invariant were put on a firm ground starting from the
action used in Ref.~\cite{POLY}.

Further conceptual developments like the connection between world
sheet conformal invariance and target space equations of motion
were only partially understood and had to wait for the first String Revolution
to get a more complete formulation. Finally
the relation between different String Theories through
dualities was the result  of the second String
Revolution.

In this note we will concentrate on the developments during the
period 1969-1972.

As we mentioned above three components entering the basic
structure of perturbative string theory i.e.:

\begin{itemize}
\item{the string world sheet}

\item{the physical spectrum and
vertex operators}

\item{the critical dimension}
\end{itemize}
were all correctly  identified by the end of 1972 and in this short note
we will limit ourselves to the description of the evolution of their
understanding. We will not cover  other very important
developments during the same period like e.g.  fermionic degrees
of freedom on the worldsheet (the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond
formalism~\cite{NS,RAMOND}), compact degrees of freedom on the
world sheet leading to internal symmetries~\cite{HALP} and String
Field Theory in its light-cone formulation~\cite{SM1}.

We will follow the evolution of the ideas which led to the
understanding of  the three basic concepts above outlining the
most important conceptual jumps. Just the essential formulae will
be given referring
 for the detailed derivations to the accompanying paper~\cite{DIV}.
We will try to put in perspective the evolution of the ideas by
translating the guesses and insights in today's language and
understanding, as presented in the standard modern textbooks~\cite{POLCH}.
 We start with a brief reminder of the  developments on which
 the three breakthroughs mentioned above  were based.

\section{Prehistory: The discovery of the Dual Scattering Amplitudes}
 \label{Prehistory}

The first step which started the evolution of String Theory was
 the Veneziano Formula~\cite{VENE}.
By a historical accident Veneziano's formula refers to what
 is today Open String Theory. The analogous formula for
Closed String Theory guessed by Virasoro~\cite{VIRA}   was
generalized~\cite{SHAPI} and analysed later~\cite{DELGIU2} when
the basic structure of the open string was already understood. We
will follow the historical path and discuss only  Open String
Theory.

The formula guessed by Veneziano corresponds to  what we call
today the 2 to 2 scattering amplitude of the bosonic open string
tachyons:
\begin{eqnarray}
A (s, t, u) = A(s,t) + A(s, u) + A(t,u)
\label{astu}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
A(s,t) = \frac{\Gamma (- \alpha (s) )\Gamma (- \alpha (t) )}{
\Gamma (- \alpha (s) - \alpha (t) )} = \int_{0}^{1} dx x^{-
\alpha(s) -1} (1-x)^{-\alpha (t) -1} \label{ast}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{rising} \alpha{(s)} = \alpha_{0} + \alpha ' s
\end{eqnarray}
is a linearly rising Regge trajectory.

The appearance of the free parameter $\alpha_{0}$ instead of the
 usual value $1$ will be discussed below. Moreover, in
 the Veneziano amplitude, as written above, there is no
 requirement that the external particles are the spin $0$
 particles on the leading trajectory $\alpha(s)$. Nevertheless we
 will continue to call the external particles "tachyons"  because they
have negative mass squared if we require them to be on the leading trajectory
 for $\alpha_0=1$.

In Veneziano's original approach  the amplitude was supposed to
 describe scattering of mesons due to strong interactions.
 The physical principles guiding Veneziano in his
guess were  the usual analyticity and crossing symmetry
requirements of the scattering amplitudes and a new principle,
the DHS duality~\cite{DHS}.

DHS duality was abstracted from a phenomenological study of
hadronic reactions and stated that the scattering amplitude could
be decomposed alternatively into a set of s-channel or t-channel
poles, each decomposition being complete, and containing, by
analytic continuation, the other. This was expressed by the
pictorial identity~\cite{HR}  in Fig. \ref{dua}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfxsize = 6cm
\centerline{\epsfbox{dua2}}
\caption{\small The duality diagram contains both s and t channel poles}
\label{dua}
\end{figure}

In today's language it is qualitatively clear that the DHS
requirement is fulfilled if the amplitude is related to the
correlator of four vertex operators in a conformal field theory.
The two different decompositions which make explicit the pole
structure can be represented graphically by two ``duality
diagrams'' related by a continuous deformation and correspond to
the two possible decompositions in conformal blocks of the
conformal correlator. This happens if the conformal block is
translated into poles in Lorentz invariants constructed from the
space-time momenta. This basic feature of String Theory to which DHS
duality led, is very far from its phenomenological origin.
Ironically, it seems that present hadron scattering data~\cite{DL}
are not anymore in agreement with DHS duality which was
a feature related to the  energy range available at the time.

For the $N$-point function the DHS duality is generalized by
requiring that, for a fixed ordering of the external particles, the
amplitude can be represented by any one of the deformations of the
respective $N$-point duality diagram.
As described in Ref.~\cite{DIV}, one way to understand the
mechanism by which $A(s,t)$ satisfies the DHS duality is
to study its integral representation and identify
the two  mutually exclusive integration domains which produce
the poles  in the $s$ and in  $t$ channel respectively.
This is generalized
for the $N$-point function by writing it as a sum of terms, each one
corresponding to a given ordering of the external legs. Each term has
a $N-3$-dimensional integral representation. The  different deformations
 of the duality diagram are obtained from the singular contributions
  to the integral representation of mutually exclusive $N-3$
 dimensional integration regions.

Based on this idea the unique $N$-point function was
constructed in Ref.~\cite{NPARTI}:
\begin{eqnarray}
B_N = \prod_{i=2}^{N-2} \left[ \int_{0}^{1} d u_i u_{i}^{- \alpha
( s_i
  ) -1} (1 - u_i )^{\alpha_0 -1} \right] \prod_{i=2}^{N-2}
\prod_{j = i+1}^{N-1} (1
  - x_{ij} )^{2 \alpha' p_i \cdot p_j }
\label{bnb}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
s_i \equiv s_{1i}~~~;~~x_{ij} = u_i u_{i+1} \dots u_{j -1}
\label{con62}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
s_{ij} = - (p_i + p_{i+1} + \dots + p_j )^2 \label{sij}
\end{eqnarray}
and  $p_i, i=1,2,..,N,$ are the external momenta.  One requires
that the external scalar lies on the leading trajectory as explained
in Ref.~\cite{DIV}. Starting from this expression Koba and
Nielsen~\cite{KN} put it in the more symmetric $SL(2,R)$ invariant
form (see Ref.~\cite{DIV} for details)
\begin{eqnarray}
B_N = \int_{- \infty}^{\infty} d V (z) \prod_{(i ,j)} ( z_i ,
z_{i+1} , z_j , z_{j+1} )^{- \alpha ( s_{ij} )-1}
 \label{bnc}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
 d V (z) = \frac{ \prod_{1}^{N} \left[\theta (z_i - z_{i+1}) d z_i
   \right]}{\prod_{i=1}^{N} ( z_{i} - z_{i+2}
 ) d V_{abc}}~;~ d V_{abc} = \frac{dz_a dz_b dz_c}{(z_b -z_a
 )(z_c - z_b) (z_a - z_c)}
\label{dv}
\end{eqnarray}
and the variables $z_i$ are integrated along the real axis in a
cyclically ordered way: $z_1 \geq z_2 \dots \geq z_N$ with $a, b,
c$ arbitrarily chosen.

The $SL(2,R)$ group mentioned above acts on the integration
variables $z_i$ as a M{\"{o}}bius transformation:
\begin{eqnarray}
z_i \rightarrow \frac{\alpha  z_i + \beta}{\gamma  z_i +\delta
}~~;~~ i=1 \dots N~~;~~\alpha \delta - \beta \gamma =1
\label{proj}
\end{eqnarray}
Using the transformation in Eq. (\ref{proj}) for a fixed ordering, one
can relate amplitudes corresponding to circularly permuted
kinematical invariants and then adding terms for different
orderings one can show that all the requirements of crossing
symmetry are fulfilled. As we understand it today, the M{\"{o}}bius
transformations are related to globally defined reparametrizations
of the disk which leave invariant the metric up to a conformal
factor. This was the first  manifestation of the conformal
symmetry underlying the world sheet action of String Theory which
played an essential role in the understanding of the theory.

 The expression in Eq.  (\ref{bnc})
which was guessed as following from the principles mentioned above,
coincides (for $\alpha_0=1$) with the tree level scattering
amplitude of N open string tachyons obtained
 from calculating the open string path integral on a disk with
the insertion of N-tachyon vertex operators after mapping the disk
to the upper half plane.

The Koba-Nielsen form of the N-point function was the starting
point for the crucial developments which started in 1969.
There was a general feeling among the workers in the field that
the set of N-point functions  represent the result of a unique and consistent
underlying theory. While attempts to use the functions
to fit hadronic data continued, the search for this theory became
the major theoretical challenge.
One aspect which became immediately obvious was
the necessity to "unitarize" the theory: the presence of zero width poles
in the N-point functions showed that the amplitudes should be considered,
at best, as "tree diagrams" of an underlying, unknown theory
and "loop" diagrams should be added to them. A first
attempt~\cite{KSV} to write loop diagrams was by  using again
a generalized form of the DHS principle requiring a singularity
structure of the amplitudes consistent  with deformations of
duality diagrams involving loops. The existence of rather involved
integrals, found in  Ref~\cite{KSV},  which fulfill
the constraints, reinforced the belief in the existence of an underlying
theory. On the other hand, the ambiguities in the amplitudes
constructed originating in what we call today "the measure factors"
and the impossibility to verify the unitarity, reinforced the
necessity of understanding the basic underlying theory.

The approaches used  were conditioned by the development of the
 theoretical techniques at the time. Though the path integral
 formulation of Quantum Field Theory existed, it was  not well
 developed as a calculational tool. This was the case especially
 for gauge theories where the correct treatment of gauge
 symmetries  achieved a few years later by Faddeev-Popov
 did not exist. As a consequence Lagrangian methods based on an
 action were not very precise and involved some guess work at
 different stages. On the other hand, operatorial methods were well
 developed and through the Gupta-Bleuler treatment of
 QED as a prototype, even
 the  correct impositions of constraints corresponding to a
 gauge fixing (at least for the case when the ghosts are
 decoupled in today's language) were understood. We can
 roughly divide the  search for the
 underlying theory as the "Lagrangian approach" and the
"operatorial approach".

Since we will discuss later in more detail the operatorial approach
we start with a description of the evolution of the "Lagrangian" ideas.
Researchers following this path tried to guess the underlying
Lagrangian which
would lead to the N-point functions. This line was open by Nambu, Nielsen and
Susskind. Nambu~\cite{STRING1} and Susskind~\cite{SUSS} proposed
that the
 underlying dynamics of the dual N-point functions corresponds to
 a generalization of the Schwinger proper time formalism where
 a relativistic string is propagating in proper time. The
 equation of motion satisfied by the string coordinates  was the
 two-dimensional D'Alembert equation following from a
 linearized Lagrangian. Using plausible arguments they
 obtained  expressions similar to the N-point (tree) amplitudes.

Then Nielsen~\cite{NIELSEN} and immediately after
 Fairlie and Nielsen~\cite{FN}
used this linearized Lagrangian   for constructing the
"analogue model". The basic observation was that the momentum
dependence of the integrands in the Koba-Nielsen amplitudes and
their loop generalizations is related  to the energy of   two
dimensional electrostatic problems where the momenta are "charges"
located on the boundary. Then the electrostatic problem is solved
on a disk for the tree amplitude or on  an  higher genus two
dimensional surface described by the duality diagram corresponding
to the respective loop amplitude. We understand this result today
as a simple consequence of the fact that the $ik X(\sigma)$ factor
in the exponential of the vertex operator acts as a source for the
string coordinates whose propagator is the two dimensional Coulomb
kernel. Though the measure was not correctly reproduced, the
"analogue model" is important since it is the first appearance of
the two-dimensional world sheet in a mathematical role rather than
just as a picture in the duality diagram. This model is the
precursor of the path integral formulation of string theory that
was  understood completely only later.
Furthermore, the "analogue
model" motivated the generalization~\cite{SHAPI} of the Virasoro
amplitude~\cite{VIRA} and therefore the formulation of the Closed
String Theory by simply putting electrostatic sources on a sphere
instead on the boundary of a disk.

A non-linear action, proportional to the area  spanned  by the
string,
generalizing the non-linear one for the pointlike particle, was also
proposed by  Nambu and Goto in  Ref.s~\cite{NAMBU2,GOTO}.
But the consequences
of its non-linear structure, implying the invariance under an
arbitrary reparametrization of the world sheet coordinates, were only clarified
few years  later with  the treatment  of Ref.~\cite{GGRT}
that provides a
rigorous derivation of the properties of the
generalized Veneziano model, though our present understanding of string
theory is mostly based on the action used in Ref.~\cite{POLY}.

The second approach that we will describe in  detail
in the next section, is based instead on the construction of an
operator formalism that made transparent the most important
properties of the model as the spectrum of physical states and their
scattering amplitudes and that historically has been  essential
for relating it to string theory in a completely satisfactory way.

\section{The String World Sheet through Factorization of the
$N$-point amplitudes}
 \label{factorization}

The basic observation used in order to uncover the underlying theory
in the operatorial approach was that, having a set
of $N$-point functions satisfying the DHS
duality, crossing symmetry and tree level analyticity, does not define a
 consistent set of S-matrix elements unless
the different poles in the various channels can be shown
 to come from the same set of physical states, the residues being
factorized. This means that one should find a set of states  and a
set of three point couplings between these states such that any
expansion of a given ordering contribution to any of the $N$ point
functions is reproduced by the same set of states and couplings.

During 1969 there was an intensive activity in this program of
finding the universal set of states and couplings leading to
 factorization. We will describe in words the main steps in
 historical succession and then describe the complete solution
 as formulated in Ref.~\cite{FUVE2} at the end of 1969.
Through an explicit analysis of the residues of a given
pole in  Ref.s~\cite{FUVE1,BAMA}  it was shown that
 factorization can be achieved  by having an infinite number of
  intermediate states. An essential step was made in Ref.~\cite{FGV}
  where it was  proven
  that the spectrum is the Fock space of an infinite number of
  harmonic oscillators. The authors of  Ref.~\cite{FGV} gave general
   formulae for the masses of
  the states in terms of occupation numbers and for the couplings
  of the external tachyons to arbitrary pairs of states in terms
  of matrix elements of vertex operators depending on the harmonic
  oscillator degrees of freedom.  An important result of
Ref.~\cite{FGV} was the discovery of the existence
of the Hagedorn temperature in the
theory, a basic feature characterizing String Theories.

We describe now the solution of the factorization problem
following  Ref.~\cite{FUVE2}. One starts defining
the  operator $Q_\mu(z)$ by:
\begin{eqnarray}
Q_{\mu} (z) = Q^{(+)} (z)  +  Q^{(0)} (z) + Q^{(-)} (z)
\label{qfv}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\[Q^{(+)} =  i \sqrt{2 \alpha'}  \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}
\frac{a_n}{\sqrt{n}} z^{-n}~~;~~ Q^{(-)} =  -i \sqrt{2 \alpha'}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{a^{\dagger}_{n}}{\sqrt{n}}
 z^{ n}
 \]
 \begin{eqnarray}
 Q^{(0)} = {\hat{q}} - 2 i  \alpha' {\hat{p}} \log z
 \label{qfva}
\end{eqnarray}
and the vertex operator by
\begin{eqnarray}
{{V}} ( z ; p ) = : {e}^{i p \cdot Q (z)} : \equiv {e}^{i p \cdot
Q^{(-)} (z) } {e}^{i p {\hat{q}}}{e}^{ + 2 \alpha' {\hat{p}} \log z}
{e}^{i p \cdot Q^{(+) (z) }}
\label{vertope}
\end{eqnarray}
Then it was shown~\cite{FUVE2}  that
the integrand  of the Koba-Nielsen $N$-point function is related
to  the Fock space vacuum matrix element of the product of vertex
operators:
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle 0, 0 | \prod_{i=1}^{N} {{V}} ( z_i , p_i)   |0, 0\rangle =
 \prod_{i >j} ( z_i - z_j )^{2 \alpha' p_i \cdot p_j} (2 \pi)^4
 \delta^{(4)} ( \sum_{i=1}^{N} p_i )
\label{ANc}
\end{eqnarray}
In order to obtain exactly the Koba-Nielsen expression one has to
deal carefully with the fixing of three of the $z$ variables. This
is done by   extracting the $z$ dependence of the vertex operators
using the identity:
 \begin{eqnarray}
z^{L_0} V (1  , p) z^{-L_0} = V ( z, p) z^{\alpha_0}
 \label{dila4}
\end{eqnarray}
 where $L_0$ is the operator:
\begin{eqnarray}
L_0 = \alpha' {\hat{p}}^2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n a_{n}^{\dagger} \cdot
a_n
\label{elzero}
\end{eqnarray}
Choosing three consecutive values of $z_i$ to be fixed:
\begin{eqnarray} z_a = z_1 = \infty~~;~~ z_b = z_2 =
1~~;~~ z_c = z_N =0
\label{cho8}
\end{eqnarray}
the Koba-Nielsen amplitude can be rewritten in the operator
language as:
\begin{eqnarray}
A_{N} \equiv \langle 0, p_1 | V (1, p_2) D V ( 1, p_3 ) \dots  D V
(1, p_{N-1} ) | 0, p_N \rangle
\label{bng}
\end{eqnarray}
where the "propagator" $D$ is equal to:
\begin{eqnarray}
D = \int_{0}^{1} d x x^{L_0 -1 - \alpha_0 } (1 -x )^{\alpha_0 -1}
= \frac{  \Gamma ( L_0 - \alpha_{0} ) \Gamma ( \alpha_{0}  )}{
\Gamma ( L_0  ) } \label{propa5}
\end{eqnarray}
and the states (using what we understand today  as "operator-state
correspondence") are defined as:
\begin{eqnarray}
 \lim_{z \rightarrow 0} V
(z;p) | 0,0\rangle \equiv | 0 ; p \rangle ~~;~~ \langle 0; 0 |
\lim_{z \rightarrow \infty}  z^{2 \alpha_0} V (z; p) = \langle 0,
p | \label{limi67}
\end{eqnarray}
The $z_i$ integrations of the Koba-Nielsen formula which were absorbed in the
definition  in Eq. (\ref{propa5}) are translated into
integrations over the "proper times" $x_i$ appearing in the propagators.

This provides an explicit solution to the factorization. In fact, one can
insert  between each $V$ and $ D$ a complete set of states of the space
spanned  by  the harmonic
oscillators (Fock space) appearing in $Q(z)$.
Since $D$ is diagonal in the basis of occupation numbers, poles will
appear at $\alpha(s)=0,1,2,...$   with factorized residues related
in a universal fashion to the matrix elements of the vertex
operators.

This solution to the factorization
 problem was the crucial step in the development of String Theory
 since, from
now on, the  $N$-point functions were clearly related to a
theory in which the set of space-time fields  is labeled by the
 states in the Fock space on which the $Q_\mu$ fields are
realized. The $Q_\mu$ fields are, of course, the open string
coordinate fields $X^{\mu} (\sigma, \tau)$ in $d$ space-time
dimensions for $\mu=0,1,2,..,d-1$, computed at
the endpoint of the string coordinate $\sigma =0$, where $z$ is
related to the other string coordinate $\tau$ by $ z=e^{i \tau}$. They
are Heisenberg operators, their dependence on the
world-sheet coordinates  $\sigma$ and $\tau$ follows from the fact
that they are  solutions of an equation of motion following from
a free linearized Lagrangian. However, as it is described above the
Lagrangian was not used in the derivation, the various expressions
being obtained by a rewriting of the N-point amplitudes. While the
linear spacing between the poles of the Veneziano formula was
suggestive of some underlying harmonic oscillator type structure
 only the solution of the
factorization problem unveiled the true structure of the theory,
i.e. an infinite number of oscillators assembled into a set
 of fields $Q_\mu$ living on a two-dimensional world sheet.

The vertex operators for the emission of tachyons represent
insertions on the boundary (for open string theories) of the
two-dimensional world sheet.
Of course the relation in Eq. (\ref{bng}) is the way in which
scattering amplitudes are obtained in String Theory starting from
the matrix element of products of vertex operators.
The historical way was exactly the opposite i.e.
given the Koba-Nielsen formula,   the operators whose matrix
elements reproduce the formula were correctly guessed identifying
the Hilbert space.
Now the fulfillment of the DHS requirements became  natural: the $Q_\mu$
are massless two dimensional fields defining a two-dimensional
conformal theory and the $N$-point functions are related to
integrals of correlators of the vertex operators in the $SL(2,R)$
invariant vacuum. The integration over the $z$ variables required
by the Koba-Nielsen formula, in order to produce the poles in
$\alpha(s_{ij})$, is related to the integration over the "proper
times" after the mapping of the disk into the upper half  plane. The fact that
this particular expression is special to a particular gauge (at
that time called the orthonormal gauge) was already understood
during the first period of String Theory, but  it became more
transparent and rigorous after  Polyakov's seminal paper~\cite{POLY}.

Having the decomposition of the amplitudes in "vertices" and
"propagators" allows the calculation of loop diagrams by gluing
them and taking traces for the loops. The loop diagrams are
necessary for producing an S-matrix consistent with unitarity.
In this way, one obtained already in 1970 the correct
expression in the Schottky parametrization of  quantities defined on
a Riemann surface as the period matrix, the abelian differentials and
the Green's functions~\cite{LOVE1b,ALE,AA}. However,
the correct measure of integration in the multiloops was not known at the
time since it requires the understanding of ghost contributions.
It is clear now that these operatorial expressions in the covariant
gauge are the same as those obtained by performing the path integral
of the string Lagrangian over the appropriate world sheet.

We know today that the restrictions on the operators $V$ and $D$
which can be used
follow from a correct gauge fixing of the string Lagrangian. In the
absence of a Lagrangian again the correct restrictions on $V$
and $D$ were found by a rather tortuous path (from today point of
view) which we are going now to describe.

The expressions used above differ from the ones used in the modern
formulation in two respects:

i)The vertex
operators used  were defined for a conformal weight $\alpha' k^2$. This
value, related to the mass squared of the open string tachyon, is given in
terms of the arbitrary parameter $\alpha_0$: $\alpha_0 = \alpha' k^2$.

ii)The dimension $d$ of space-time i.e. the number of
string coordinates was left free.

\section{The Virasoro Conditions}
\label{Virasoro}
We start this section by reminding  the reader
how the two points mentioned at the end of the previous section
are understood today. The  starting point  today for the bosonic
string theory is   the $\sigma$-model
action (the action used in Ref.~\cite{POLY})
that, at the classical level, couples the string coordinates to
the two dimensional
world sheet metric in a diffeomorphism  and Weyl invariant manner.
Then the requirement that these two ``gauge symmetries'' (diffeomorphism and
Weyl) are not anomalous in the quantum theory fixes the space-time
dimension to the value $d=26$ for the bosonic string.

Once  the two ``gauge symmetries''  are respected at the quantum
level,  the standard Faddeev-Popov procedure can be applied,
in principle in  an arbitrary gauge, and
 a consistent quantization can be performed giving the physical
 states/operators  in the gauge chosen. The states/operators in different
 gauges are isomorphic leading to the same results when gauge invariant
 correlators are calculated. In particular, by
 choosing a covariant gauge the Lorentz invariance of the theory
 follows automatically, while the unitarity of the theory is not obvious.
 On the other hand,  by choosing an explicitly unitary gauge (the
 light-cone gauge) the unitarity of the theory is completely manifest, while
 the Lorentz invariance has to be checked.
 In the covariant gauge the physical
 states correspond to operators with dimension $1$ for the open
 string and $(1,1)$ for the closed string. This fixes the leading
 Regge trajectories to have intercept $\alpha_0=1$ or $\alpha_0=2$
 for the open and closed strings, respectively.
In a ``physical'' gauge, as the light-cone gauge,
the states which are now "transverse"  correspond to
cohomologically equivalent families in the covariant gauge.

Actually the BRST approach outlined above is essential for the
bosonic string only in order to compute, with manifestly Lorentz
covariant methods, the correct integration measure for multiloop
amplitudes. The understanding reached at the end of 1972 was almost
complete including tree and loop diagrams.

We want to stress here once more that none of the ideas based on the
BRST invariant approach (including the  $\sigma$-model action) were
known in the early days of string theory. The Nambu-Goto action
was known, but it was not really understood how to use it rigorously
for deriving all the properties obtained using the operator
formalism. One had to use alternative methods
which amazingly enough led to the correct results. This is what we
are going to explain below.

Before we proceed, let us notice that, from the present point of
view, the description done in the previous section involved just a
conformal theory of $d$ massless fields. Of course in such a theory
any vertex operator is legal and the correlators of vertex operators
on the $SL(2,R)$ invariant vacuum have the block decomposition
properties even after integrating over their "proper time"
coordinates. Interestingly, even without the understanding that a
consistent String Theory
 should be the gauge fixed version of a Weyl anomaly free theory
the way to make the theory consistent by restricting i) and ii)
was correctly guessed. This was done by looking for some "gauge"
conditions that could help in decoupling the negative norm states, required
by manifest Lorentz covariance, from the spectrum of the physical
states pretty much in analogy with what was known to happen in QED.
We start discussing the way in which the correct gauge conditions were
discovered.

In Ref.~\cite{FUVE1} it was pointed out that the residues of the
poles on which the amplitude is factorized are not positive definite
simply due to the presence of the time components of the oscillators
which in the operator formulation lead to a negative contribution to
the scalar  product. As a possible way out from this inconsistency
of the theory,  linear relations between the residues were uncovered
leading to the decoupling of some Fock space states  from the
amplitude. The basic driving idea was  that the situation here was
analogous  to the Gupta-Bleuler quantization of QED. As in QED
where the Lorentz condition was imposed to characterize the subspace
of the physical states,   here also
 some "gauge" conditions, that later on were understood to
be due to some  first class constraints, were imposed on the spectrum
which would eliminate the negative norm states.

 In this way
one managed to get the correct result without having to fix the
gauge of the diffeomorphisms and Weyl invariance and to introduce
 the $b,c$ ghost system.  This has been possible because the ghosts
are decoupled from the string coordinates. As a
consequence, the nontrivial BRST cohomology can be realized in
terms of the string coordinates only, the ghost ground state not
being excited and, for tree diagrams at least, one can calculate
consistently using the string coordinates restricted by the first
class constraints.

    The correct final
answer was reached following  a rather tortuous, but
physical and at that time intuitive path.

We start  describing   the
 linear relations~\cite{FUVE3}  mentioned above.
  In the operatorial formalism there is a realization~\cite{GLIOZZI,CMR}
of the M{\"{o}}bius transformations in Eq. (\ref{proj}) in terms of the infinite set
of harmonic oscillators. This  SL(2,R) algebra
has a simple action on the vertex operators and  annihilates the
vacuum. Its generators  $L_1,L_0,L_{-1}$ are:
\begin{eqnarray}
L_0 = \alpha' {\hat{p}}^2 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} n a_{n}^{\dagger} \cdot
a_n~;~ L_1 = \sqrt{2 \alpha'} {\hat{p}} \cdot a_1 +
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sqrt{n(n+1)} a_{n+1} \cdot a_{n}^{\dagger}
\label{elle}
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{-1} = L_{1}^{\dagger} = \sqrt{2 \alpha'} {\hat{p}} \cdot
a_{1}^{\dagger} + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sqrt{n(n+1)}
a_{n+1}^{\dagger}  \cdot a_{n} \label{L-1}
\end{eqnarray}
We recognize, of course, the central extension free $SL(2,R)$
subalgebra of the Virasoro algebra which acts as a symmetry on an
arbitrary CFT correlator, provided it is evaluated on the
$SL(2,R)$ invariant vacuum. We remind the reader, however, that
the algebra of the Virasoro operators and more generally two
dimensional conformal
field theories were not known at the time. Their understanding was a
result of the developments we are describing. The $SL(2,R)$
subalgebra generates the M{\"{o}}bius group of the finite
transformations of $z$:
\begin{eqnarray}
z'=\frac {\alpha z+\beta} {\gamma z+\delta}
 \label{mobius}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha \delta -\beta\gamma =1$.
 The vertex operators have the standard transformation properties
 under the M{\"{o}}bius group corresponding to the weight $L_0=\alpha' p^2$.
 In the expectation value in Eq. (\ref{bng}) the information that $z_a$
 is fixed appears only through  the "bra" vector on the l.h.s. of the
 matrix element. Therefore the r.h.s. has  a residual symmetry,
 the subgroup of the M{\"{o}}bius group which leaves the fixed
 $z_b=1,z_c=0$ unchanged :
 \begin{eqnarray}
z' = \frac{z}{1 - \alpha (z-1)} = z + \alpha ( z^2 - z ) + o(\alpha^2 )
\label{prota}
\end{eqnarray}
This subgroup is generated by
\begin{eqnarray}
 W_1 = L_1 - L_0
  \label{gene}
\end{eqnarray}
Since the "ket" on the r.h.s. is left invariant by the subgroup in Eq.
(\ref{prota}) we obtain :
\begin{eqnarray}
W_1 | p_{(1, M)}   \rangle =0
 \label{genee}
\end{eqnarray}
 where :
 \begin{eqnarray}
| p_{1, M) }   \rangle = V (1, p_{M}) D \dots V ( 1, p_{2} ) |
p_{1} ,0\rangle
 \label{factb}
\end{eqnarray}
independently on the number of $V D $ insertions.
 Clearly, one gauge condition $W_1$ is not enough to project out
 all the negative norm states and additional conditions were
 searched for. We remark that Eq. (\ref{genee}) is not a consequence of
 any gauge symmetry, being valid in any CFT for  vertex operators
 of arbitrary  dimensions provided the vertex operators are
 inserted at the value $z=1$. Nevertheless  following the pattern
 that led to   Eq. (\ref{gene}),
 Virasoro~\cite{VIRA2} realized that, if $\alpha_0=1$, the state in
 Eq. (\ref{factb}) is annihilated by
an infinite set of "gauge" operators:
\begin{eqnarray}
W_n  | p_{1, M) }   \rangle =0~~;~~n=1,2,3, \dots
\label{wn1}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
W_n = L_n - L_0  - (n-1)
\label{wn}
\end{eqnarray}
with :
\[
L_n = \sqrt{2 \alpha' n} {\hat{p}} \cdot a_{n} +
\sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \sqrt{m (n+m)} a_{n+m} \cdot a_{m}  +
\]
\begin{eqnarray}
+ \frac{1}{2} \sum_{m=1}^{n} \sqrt{m ( n-m)} a_{m-n} \cdot a_m~~~;
n \geq 0~~~L_{-n} = L_{n}^{\dagger}
\label{ellen}
\end{eqnarray}
The "gauge" conditions in Eq. (\ref{wn1}) imply the following
equations for the on shell physical states of the
generalized Veneziano model~\cite{DELGIU}
\begin{eqnarray}
( L_0 -1) | Phys \rangle =  L_n | Phys \rangle =0 ~~~;~~~  n=1,2, \dots
 \label{wnn}
\end{eqnarray}
These are exactly the constraints  following from the diffeomorphism
and Weyl symmetry of the action in presence of a two dimensional
metric after the gauge fixing which eliminates completely the
metric. These constraints annihilate the intermediate states in Eq.
(\ref{bng}), that are not physical,  as we know from the now
standard gauge fixing-BRST procedure~\cite{POLCH}. We postpone the
discussion of the exact conditions under which the constraints
eliminate the negative norm states to the next section since it is
closely tied to the recognition of the critical dimension. In
conclusion, the correct results were obtained at the tree level
without needing to know the underlying Lagrangian and to introduce
the ghost degrees of freedom. What is more amazing is that also
the
 one-loop measure was correctly obtained by using the Brink-Olive
operator, that projected in the subspace of physical
states~\cite{BO}. The correct measure for the multiloop
amplitudes was  determined much later, although it would have been
possible, in principle, to determine it by extending the procedure
of Brink and Olive to multiloops.

Once the intercept $\alpha_0$ got fixed
to $1$ it became clear that the first state on the leading
trajectory is a tachyon; its consistent removal was achieved  only
with the discovery of the superstring and the GSO
projection~\cite{GSO}. Imposing the infinite set of Virasoro
constraints on the vertex operators corresponds in today's
language, that was already used in Ref.~\cite{CAMPAGNA},
to the requirement that the vertex operators should be  primary
fields with dimension $1$~\cite{CAMPAGNA}.
Projecting from the Fock space the
states which are annihilated by all the Virasoro constraints and
eliminating the zero norm states following the
procedure explained in  Ref.~\cite{DELGIU},
defines the physical Hilbert space which should have positive
norm.

 Shortly after Virasoro found the constraints (\ref{wn}) it was realized that
 the $L_n$ operators  are the generators of the conformal group
 in $d=2$~\cite{FUVE3}. The
 full algebra of the group including the central extension present
 in the commutator of $L_n$ with $L_{-n}$ was correctly worked out
only somehow later~\cite{WEIS}~\footnote{See note added in proof of
Ref.~\cite{FUVE3}.}. In this way the algebra of the Virasoro operators was
 established and became the basic algebraic structure underlying
  two-dimensional CFT and String Theory.
The  central extension discovered  by Weis~\cite{WEIS}
which is understood today as a manifestation of the conformal
anomaly~\cite{POLY}, has far reaching consequences which we are
going to discuss now.

 \section{The Critical Dimension}
 \label{Critical}

 The discovery of the critical dimension with its various
 manifestations shows the serendipity characteristic of this first
 period of String Theory.
 Since, as we know it today, the existence of the critical
 dimension is a consequence  of the conformal
 anomaly cancellation
 between the string coordinates fields and the $b,c$ ghost system,
 it is clear that in   the absence
 of the understanding of the coupling to two dimensional metrics
 and its gauge fixing which leads to the ghosts, the critical dimension could
 manifest itself only  through its "side effects"
i.e. various consistency conditions of the theory.
 The first calculation pointing to the existence of the critical
 dimension was done by Lovelace~\cite{LOVE1}. He calculated
the non-planar loop with a number of tachyons as external particles,
represented in Fig.\ref{FRdiagram}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{loop}\caption{The doubly twisted open string diagram.}
\label{FRdiagram}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

 This diagram was proposed
 earlier~\cite{FR} as a model for the "Pomeron" which dominates the
 high energy elastic scattering amplitude of hadrons and therefore according
 to the lore of the time  was described
  as the Regge pole in the t-channel
 with the highest intercept.
The diagram was first calculated in  d=4 ~\cite{PRELOVE} and
 the analytic structure showed the presence of a branch
cut in the t-channel. In Lovelace's  calculation the dimension of
 space-time $d$ and the effective number of dimensions going
 around in the loop $d'$, were left as free parameters. It was
 understood at the time that only the physical degrees of freedom
 which obey the Virasoro gauge conditions circulate in the loops
 but the exact way to implement this fact was not understood~\footnote{This
 was clarified few years later by Brink and Olive~\cite{BO}
inserting in the loop
 the operator that projected into the space of physical states.}. The
 result of the calculation showed that  the singularity in the
 $t$-channel became a pole only when $d=26$ and $d'=24$ and in
 this case the intercept of the "Pomeron" Regge trajectory is $2$.
  We understand this result today as a consequence of the
  conformal invariance of the theory: by a continuous deformation
  of the world sheet the diagram in Fig,\ref{FRdiagram} can be brought
to the form in Fig.\ref{closed}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics{tree}
\caption{
The diagram of Fig. \ref{FRdiagram} in the closed string channel.}
\label{closed}\end{center}
\end{figure}

 Now it is clear that one has a tree diagram,
   in the $t$-channel a closed string (the cylinder) being
   exchanged with the open string tachyons being coupled to the
   upper and lower disks. As a consequence
in the t-channel one should have only poles.
However, the conformal deformation of
   the world sheet on which the above expectation is based is
   valid only when conformal transformations act as expected
   classically i.e. no anomaly is present implying $d=26$.
    In addition, we know
   today that the $b,c$ ghosts circulating in the loop cancel the
   contribution of two of the space-time string coordinates
   leading to $d'=24$. Finally the intercept $2$ is the one
   required by the correct gauge fixing for the closed
   string. We identify nowadays the trajectory in the $t$-channel
   with the graviton and not the Pomeron though the connection may
   come back to haunt us~\cite{CHUNG}. In the critical case the
   couplings of the open strings can be factorized and a
   consistent open-closed theory can be constructed~\cite{POME,MIX}.

  Further  evidence for the existence of the critical dimension
  came from a close examination of the physical spectrum i.e. the
  Hilbert space left after the infinite set of Virasoro conditions
  are imposed on the Fock space. In Ref.s~\cite{GT,BROWER}
  it was shown that  the physical spectrum i.e. the ensemble of
Fock space states which satisfy the conditions in Eq. (\ref{wnn}) has a
positive definite scalar product (it is "ghost free") only
  when $d\leq 26$. Of course, if the spectrum is ghost free for
  $d=26$, it is a fortiori so also for $d < 26$.  In order to prove
  the "no ghost theorem" for $d=26$  the manipulations used in
  Ref.~\cite{GT} are very similar to the modern ones based on the
  BRST formalism and which are valid provided that the BRST operator
  $Q$ obeys at the quantum level $Q^2=0$
which requires $d=26$. As a corollary of their
  proof Goddard and Thorn showed that the DDF~\cite {DDF}
  states form a basis for the physical Hilbert space.

  This leads to a third manifestation~\cite{GGRT}
  of the critical dimension which is already very close to our
  modern understanding. Though the starting point in Ref.~\cite{GGRT}
  is the Nambu-Goto action the final results correspond to a
  correct quantization in light-cone~\cite{POLCH} and in
  covariant gauge~\cite{POLCH} of the $\sigma$-model action.
  The DDF states are isomorphic to the states
  in the light-cone gauge which live in a Hilbert space which has
  an explicitely positive definite scalar product. The light-cone
  gauge is, therefore,  unitary, however Lorentz
  invariance is not explicit. On the other hand, in the covariant
  gauge Lorentz invariance is explicit but unitarity is valid only on the
  physical Hilbert space after the imposition of the conditions in
  Eq. (\ref{wnn}). In our modern understanding the two gauges being
  equivalent at the critical dimension insures without further
  proof that the spectrum is both unitary and Lorentz invariant.
  However, at the time one had to
  prove  explicitly that on the spectrum in the light-cone
  gauge the Lorentz algebra is fully realized. By constructing all
  the Lorentz generators in  Ref.~\cite{GGRT}  it was shown that the algebra
  closes correctly  only if $d=26$. The treatment in Ref.~\cite{GGRT}
  is already very close to the modern one and completely satisfactory
  for computing string diagrams in the light-cone gauge. The modern
  BRST treatment from a calculational point of view just fixes the
  measure for the multiloop amplitudes.

  We mention finally an interesting interpretation of the central extension
  (and implicitly of the critical dimension) given by Brink and Nielsen in
  Ref.~\cite{BNIELSEN}.   They related the central extension to the Casimir
  energy of the
  string. In our understanding of today this is simply the fact
  that, transforming $L_0$ to the strip (or cylinder for the closed
  string) coordinates, an additional term proportional to the
  central extension appears. This argument was later generalized to an
  arbitrary CFT in Ref.~\cite{CARDY} giving a relation between the
  central extension and energies on finite geometries.

  \section{Conclusions}
   \label{Conclusions}

    In this history-oriented note we briefly reviewed some of the
    developments that led to what we call today "String Theory".
    At the end of 1972 a complete theory existed (as summarized in
    Ref.~\cite{GGRT}) which, except for the existence of the tachyon, was
    consistent. Its perturbative spectrum and the precise rules
    for calculating perturbatively scattering amplitudes
    were completely understood in the operator formalism. The
    theory is unitary and Lorentz invariant for $\alpha_0=1$
    and $d=26$. All this was obtained starting from a rather
    strange physical motivation and involved a long chain of
    beautiful conceptual insights and guesses. The impressive
    theoretical structure created in the years 1969-1972
     and further intensively developed
    during the last twenty five years  continues to be
    at the forefront of Theoretical Physics. We dedicate this
    contribution to Gabriele Veneziano who played a leading role
    in the developments we described.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Where to report multiple accounts There is a user who firstly asked a question from its real account. But, after no getting the answer, he/she created a new account and asked the same question again. I tried flagging the post but nothing happened. I don't think meta is not a good place to report these cases everytime. So, where should I report these cases.
Original account: https://stackoverflow.com/users/1605871/user1605871
Duplicate account: https://stackoverflow.com/users/2600095/user2600095
Original question: Curl request showing different content from that of browser request
Duplicate question: curl php empty blank space

A: You can flag it for moderator attention and make sure you don't forget to add the relevant duplicate accounts links in the details. The moderators will take necessary action asap
and as Oded comented, try to prevent posting such issues publicly.
And if you have already done that, 17 hours is not too late. There are many flags in the review queue and kindly wait for your turn.  Have a look at this too How long can a flag wait for review?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Learning Style Profile© PART 1: Building The Capacity For Socially Appropriate Conversation In Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder #e213
Learning Style Profile© Introduction Course
Learn strategies to help children develop a social-communication "game-plan" to initiate, maintain and respond to others in naturalistic contexts.
"This has completely shifted my way of thinking as an SLP and how I structure therapy. All of the topics covered were relevant. He did an amazing job outlining all of the principles of LSP."
– L.V., prior course participant
This course introduces Dr. Patrick Rydell's Learning Style Profile© (LSP), a profile that expands our current understanding of unique learning styles related to individuals with autism spectrum disorder. It addresses 10 naturalistic, developmental-behavioral intervention components that represent the greatest challenges for professionals and families as they establish and facilitate the necessary foundations for conversational skills in young children with ASD.
By incorporating the LSP Protocol (included with this course), participants will be able to identify the learning style challenges of young children with ASD that inhibit social connectivity and reciprocal communication. The LSP will assist professionals and families to identify early profiles of learning style strengths and challenges, then establish evidence-based and proven interventions uniquely designed to help children with ASD get ready for natural, reciprocal social interactions and conversation. Offered for 0.6 ASHA CEUs – 6 contact hours.
Course includes downloadable Learning Style Profile© Assessment Protocol. Plus 10 corresponding Podcasts!
Course Overview – The Learning Style Profile
Developing a "Game Plan" Early
Learning Style Challenges in Children with ASD
How Do You Define "Learning"?
Who is Doing the Thinking?
Cues vs. Prompts
Look Up and Around
We Talk About What We Know
Developmental Progression from Early Childhood to Adolescents
Ten LSP Components: Talking Points, Discussion and Competencies
"This whole course was extremely beneficial for my practice. The LSP approach has really changed my perspective on how to teach my students with ASD."
– M.M., prior course participant
The Learning Style Profile© (LSP):
The LSP intervention strategies assist children with ASD to "look up and around" to recognize social-communication and interpersonal cues in the naturalistic context in order to understand "how and when" to independently use their skills to engage in meaningful social interactions and conversation.
The LSP routinely asks the question, "Who's Doing The Thinking?" Are the adults prompting the children with a) what to say, b) when to say it, and c) how to say it? Or, are the children learning how to take advantage of the contextual cues to make these decisions on their own, thus preventing a prompt-dependent learning style?
The LSP avoids an overemphasis on using direct teaching methods to teach correct skills. Rather, the LSP focuses on assisting children to develop a learning style that promotes independent decision-making and a confident use of a social-communication "game-plan" to initiate, maintain and respond to others in naturalistic contexts.
Related LSP Training Courses:
How To Set Up The Therapy Environment
Part III:
The "Who's Doing The Thinking" Instructional Series
LSP Questionnaire:
A Protocol for Identifying Social-Communication-Behavioral Breakdowns Between Children with ASD and Partners in Therapy
Video course with downloadable handout, downloadable Learning Style Profile© Assessment Protocol, and links to 10 corresponding Podcasts. Stop and re-start the course at any point. Learners retain access to course content after completion for ongoing reference and review.
This course was recorded in front of a live audience.
"Assisting staff, family, and peers to provide modeling was beneficial, and rehearsing with rotating roles, coach vs responders, variety of objects, people, activities, and places. Linking the activities and techniques to the learning styles was helpful." S.L. (Jan. 2023)
"Loved JARs, 5 questions of structure, and cueing vs. prompting. I found it helpful to think about distance, using social modeling for conversations, and taking turns being the "captain". Lots of videos and examples (aka demonstrations) - super helpful." H.W. (Jan. 2023)
"So many useful strategies to help ASD children be productive learners. Dr. Rydell speaks through many years of experience and the videos were extremely helpful to demonstrate strategies using everyday activities." M.D. (Dec. 2022)
"How to incorporate peers in therapy sessions was beneficial. I liked the videos." M.H. (Dec. 2022)
"Reducing prompting. Makes sense not to TELL kids to say...." M.L. (Dec. 2022)
"Everything was beneficial. Very interesting. I liked the presenter and material." Z.N. (Dec. 2022)
"I liked the discussion of the Learning Style Profile. It really helps identify the stages a therapist needs to work on with children with ASD. I liked all the examples and visuals Dr. Rydell provided as he discussed each of the 10 LSP components." S.D. (Nov. 2022)
"Learning how to help a child shift from object oriented to people oriented. Video examples and repetition of information was helpful." B.P. (Nov. 2022)
"I really enjoyed the videos of working with the students and the teaching before and after. Dr. Rydell's manner of presentation is so much more interesting than often seen. I appreciated that he was on a stage walking around rather than following a person teaching from a seated position. This was much more engaging." A.W. (Nov. 2022)
"I was most interested in the use of peer modeling instead of adult directives. I liked the many video clips showing the different elements of the LSP in action." D.M. (Nov. 2022)
"Dynamic presenter. Establishing the social glue before moving on to other goals was beneficial to learn." S.T. (Nov. 2022)
"I loved the way to shift from object-oriented to people-oriented for those who are struggling. The information was taught so well and the videos were great information." A.L. (Oct. 2022)
"Lots of video which demonstrates the importance of different LSP approaches." W.T. (Sept. 2022)
"The videos are helpful... Pat's explanations and pauses during the video help. Thank you for sharing. I've already tried to implement in my therapy session with a co-worker and saw a difference in the child calming down." Y.M. (Sept. 2022)
"I liked all of the content. The idea of how to help kids be less object oriented was beneficial." M.S. (Aug. 2022)
"I liked the early steps of the LSP. Videos were helpful in demonstrating the strategies." J.G. (July 2022)
"I liked the tools and resources provided. And learning how to handle a child with ASD in social interactions." J.M. (July 2022)
"This whole course was extremely beneficial for my practice. The LSP approach has really changed my perspective on how to teach my students with ASD. It most importantly has taught me how to create a social game plan so that my students can learn on their own rather than being so prompt dependent." M.M. (June 2022)
"I really liked how the instructor broke down each section of the LSP and gave various video examples on how to implement therapy. One important take-away from the video examples was how I can use less talking and more cuing." M.M. (June 2022)
"I found the entire class to be great! His presentation was very easy to listen to and the videos really brought his ideas to realization." L.D. (June 2022)
"Easy to follow and understand. I liked the information on executive functions as I work on executive function skills with many clients." K.P. (May 2022)
"Straight forward information, supporting the idea that you can't explicitly teach every single thing, but teaching kids how to learn from others." J.C. (May 2022)
"I liked the video examples on how to implement." C.L. (May 2022)
"Specific treatment examples with explanations. I liked the ideas on how to explain the theory behind the practice to family members and teachers." J.L. (May 2022)
"Moving therapy away from scripted communication and toward natural, spontaneous communication was beneficial." S.S. (May 2022)
"I liked the videos illustrating his points, especially how the videos also showed some "what not to do" – that it wasn't all perfection. The early LSPs will be beneficial to my practice because I work with very young children with ASD and need strategies for establishing joint attention and social referencing." A.R. (Apr. 2022)
"I appreciate how Dr. Rydell broke down the LSP and its components while also providing examples through videos of actual patients." A.C. (Apr. 2022)
"The discussion on shifting our patients from Object-Oriented to People-Oriented was very helpful and an easy first step to implement in my daily practice." A.R. (Apr. 2022)
"I thought the video examples were great. The entire course was excellent. I was happy to see that this was an advanced course worth more than 1-2 hours of credit. At this point in my career, these are the kinds of courses I need." N.R. (Mar. 2022)
"I liked the examples of clinician behaviors to give children the best interventions." A.B. (Mar. 2022)
"This approach to ASD therapy makes so much sense! I appreciated the easily applicable modifications to current approaches and how easily these strategies can be worked in and targeted. I appreciated the layout of the 10 objectives and the focus in #1 on minimizing distractions/objects in order to set the stage for the person/therapist as being the most important "object" to interact with in the room." M.C. (Mar. 2022)
"I liked the many examples, videos, and explanations of how/why each technique is effective. I also appreciated the presenter's willingness to show imperfections in his own sessions, as we can all relate to session by session successes and failures in our approaches/strategies." M.C. (Mar. 2022)
"The 10 LSP are useful to organize my thoughts and analysis to a child. I liked the videos, examples and protocol." C.C. (Feb. 2022)
"I liked how Dr. Rydell discussed information on how to work with children with ASD; I enjoyed the videos of the work that he did with his children and their families. I liked how he emphasized how children need to feel that glue which builds their confidence and then the language goes on top of that." A.M. (Jan. 2022)
"I liked all of it! So common sensical when you hear it." T.K. (Dec. 2021)
"I liked the simple way the speaker presented complex information." S.O. (Dec. 2021)
"Presented new ideas when working with ASD children in a way that was easily understood, and provided videos/examples on how to use each part of the learning style profile program. The whole seminar was very beneficial!" C.M. (Nov. 2021)
"I found the topic of clearing the room and not giving the child an object but rather having the child look around and get joint attention with you beneficial." D.A. (Oct. 2021)
"This has completely shifted my way of thinking as an SLP and how I structure therapy. All of the topics covered were relevant. He did an amazing job outlining all of the principles of LSP." L.V. (Sept. 2021)
"I loved all the videos and the concept of foundational teaching for these children with ASD. I appreciated this new perspective of how to help those with ASD and the LSP model." C.M. (Sept. 2021)
"Excellent course! Information was presented clearly. Enjoyed watching the video presentation!" A.G. (Aug. 2021)
"Excellent speaker and very helpful video examples, especially showing student growth over time." M.L. (Jul. 2021)
"The flexibility and generative language, shared control, and executive function will be beneficial for my daily practice. The relevance of the information, the knowledge and enthusiasm of the presenter, and the video examples were good." S.K. (Jul. 2021)
"Everything-amazing and best online course I have ever taken. I loved Pat-very effective at communication the LSP particularly given the videos to follow." J.G. (Jun. 2021)
"I can't pick just one! LSP #4 and LSP #5 were the most enlightening. I love the whole idea of modeling without using words and teaching the young child to switch roles in activities. Clear, practical strategies that I understand today. Given a framework to work within. It builds on the knowledge I already have, but looks through a different lens. Thank you for producing the program." M.G. (Jun. 2021)
"I am working with the younger-aged children and finding it difficult to find ways to engage them in activities, to stay in the room, to not climb onto the counters, etc. This course has given me some useful ideas with one child in particular - the "runner", with no apparent comprehension or communication. I have gotten him to sit in a chair with me for up to 20 minutes, with occasional eye contact while I'm playing with a toy. I hand it over to him after he has watched me and sometimes I have to provide some HOHA, but he has gotten better at watching me, looking at me, and taking a turn. Great examples and working through the LSP steps or levels." K.S. (Jun. 2021)
"The use of videos enhanced what the speaker was teaching." M.G. (May 2021)
"I work at a private school in which my entire caseload is students with autism. For me the most beneficial topics would be to helps my students become more people oriented and the concept of when/then rather than if/then." R.R. (May 2021)
"I think tying together CERT model, joint attention, executive functioning to a learning style profile is wonderful. I liked that the presentation used videos, lecture, and handouts." S.M. (Apr. 2021)
"I can't pick just one! LSP #4 and LSP #5 were the most enlightening. I love the whole idea of modeling without using words and teaching the young child to switch roles in activities. Clear, practical strategies that I understand today. Given a framework to work within. It builds on the knowledge I already have, but looks through a different lens." M.G. (Apr. 2021)
"The presenter was a dynamic speaker and kept my attention throughout the course. The organization of the course was great. I especially enjoyed the video paired with discussing child's agenda. The videos gave a real feel of the lsp approach." D.L. (Apr. 2021)
"The content was excellent, and the videos provided outstanding examples that support understanding." S.S (Mar. 2021)
"I enjoyed the examples and the reassurance that it's okay to not know what you're doing at first. I can also relate to his early practice experiences. It was very detailed and relatable to my clinical experience." A.D. (Mar. 2021)
"I liked the 10 principles that came from boiling down a lot of info." L.B. (Feb. 2021)
"I really enjoyed learning about JAR and how to mix/match simple words to create greater verbal flexibility. I enjoyed the podcast aspect with input from parents, teachers, and clinicians." H..F. (Feb. 2021)
"I liked the logical explanations to use with parents to explain the use of (non-verbal) instruction/prompting. I appreciated the emphasis throughout on cues as opposed to prompts." M.F. (Feb. 2021)
"I appreciated the treatment strategies via LSP and how informative the course is." R.T. (Feb. 2021)
"I liked the practical strategies provided. Dr. Patrick Rydell's manner of presentation was excellent. The Rocky Mountain Autism Center sounds like an excellent facility." M.M. (Jan. 2021)
"The parent teaching suggestions were most helpful. This was a logical progress of the Prizant and Weatherby approach and was very comfortable and made total sense to me." G.E. (Jan. 2021)
To apply practical applications of LSP Components in order to prepare the child for successful social interaction with peers.
To apply practical applications of LSP Components in order to prepare the child for successful communication interaction with peers.
To apply practical applications of LSP Components in order to prepare the child for successful conversational interaction with peers.
#e251 How Can Children With Autism Learn Social Skills From Their Peers? Teaching Vs. Mentoring


1880, noun and verb, "to combine in refusing to have dealings with, and preventing or discouraging others from doing so, as punishment for political or other differences." From Irish Land League ostracism of Capt. Charles C. Boycott (1832-1897), land agent of Lough-Mask in County Mayo, who refused to lower rents for his tenant farmers. Quickly adopted by newspapers in languages as far afield as Japanese (boikotto). The family name is from a place in England. Related: Boycotted; boycotter; boycotting.


text:
Q: C# remove item from queue I have code from this side
http://www.algorytm.org/klasyczne/kolejka/kolejka-1-cs.html
I create queue:
2(first),3,4,2,4,3,4,2(last)
What I need to do:
Create a method that remove an item "2" from this queue.
Thx.

A: First, your collected code is so annoying (it's Polish writing, not English).
I just can help you by providing pseudocode:
DelItem(Item, PrevE, CurrE)
  1. If CurrE= LastE
        If CurrE.Item = Item
            PrevE.Next = null
            Delete(CurrE)
        return
  2. NextE = CurrE.Next
  3. If CurrE.Item = Item
        PrevE.Next = NextE
        Delete(CurrE)
        CurrE = PrevE
        NextE = CurrE.Next
  4. DelItem(Item, CurrE, NextE)


text:
What Type Are You?
Posted on August 2, 2013 by Writer Dave
I was at a writer's conference in London, listening to a speaker talking about the merits of categorizing people. It's like that old adage: When you point a finger at someone there are three fingers pointing back at you! Often when you label a person, it reflects on you also. Categorizing is about self-awareness!
After the speech, we were all tested to see what type we were. The six people at my table, including me, had a discussion about the pros and cons of typing people.
"Well, here we are ladies and gents, we have all been typed, and I am an introvert. I'm very independent, I'm a "do it my way" person, like Frank Sinatra. What were you people typed as?"
Tom spoke up: "I'm an extrovert, a realist who is action-oriented."
Jim smiled and said: "I'm also an extrovert, but I'm a communicator and persuader. I motivate people."
Patsie mumbled: "I'm an introvert. I'll try anything once, usually high-risk things."
"I'm an extrovert. I take on challenges readily. I'm inventive and I tend to convert everything to ideas and schemes," said Lily.
Jane looked confused and said: "I'm an introvert. I tend to do the necessary things that have to be done. I'm driven by a sense of responsibility and I'm a practical person."
"Well, that's all very interesting. Now, do you agree with your test type?"
I became the moderator of the group!
"Yes and no," said all!
"Well, I think I have some of each type and I try to see people as individuals not types," said Jane.
"I think Jane is right," said Tom, "Sometimes I'm an extrovert and sometimes I'm an introvert."
"That's true, but what I think is being tested here is what ways we prefer to express ourselves most of the time."
They all nodded in agreement.
"We were all tested on extroversion and introversion. Do you remember what the speaker said about them?"
Lily explained: "You are an extrovert if you verbalize much of what you observe and think. You talk rather than listen. You are a lively person."
"Wow! There's nothing wrong with your memory, Lily," said Patsie.
Patsie continued: "You're an introvert if you keep your observations and thinking inside. You listen rather than talk."
Jim responded: "Yes, I'm an extrovert because I am energized by the outside world."
And Jane said: "I'm an introvert. I get energy from reflection, introspection and solitude. Introverts want a quiet life in a noisy world!"
"Well, all your comments have been spot on. Shall we finish by having you all comment on: Should you put people in categories?"
They all looked very pensive.
"I'll kick it off, I think we are all individuals and I resent it when people think they know me just because they have put me in a pigeon-hole!"
Everyone nodded and clapped.
"I think it's human nature to type people whether we realize it or not," said Tom.
"You should not try to judge people until you get to know them. But we tend to group people as soon as we meet them," said Jim.
"But can't we fight against the bad things in our nature," argued Patsie.
"I like to fool people. I am basically shy, but sometimes I become a mouthy dame," laughed Lily.
"When you pigeon-hole someone, you really might lose the chance to get to know them better," said Jane.
I chimed in: "Sometimes, we ASSUME we know a person by grouping them and when they prove us wrong, we feel like an ASS!"
The table exploded with laughter!
"At the end of the day, we are all writers. Will all this info about typing people help us become better writers?"
"I think it will. It will help us put together our characters more realistically. We also, will realize why we approach a story the way we do," said Tom.
Everyone agreed.
"So, I'll sum up this discussion with the statement: EVERYONE IS NOT LIKE YOU. YOU ARE UNIQUE. DIFFERENT IS NOT BAD, IT'S JUST DIFFERENT!"
This entry was posted in Fiction by Writer Dave. Bookmark the permalink.
7 thoughts on "What Type Are You?"
Bob Rakstang on August 2, 2013 at 9:16 pm said:
Dave what a great story! Reminds me of the many times I have decided a person falls into this or that, and a lot of times, much to my delight, they weren't at all what I thought.
Larry Primak on August 3, 2013 at 2:45 am said:
Dave Wise's latest blog is a fast reading exercise in the psychology of self-awareness.
Dave attends a writer's conference with a number of his fellow writer's who have been tested on what they have learned regarding "what type of person" he or she is.
Utilizing what they have learned from the lecture, each of his colleagues explain their personal reasoning behind being either an introvert or extravert. Dave, as usual, sums up the experience.
A good read,
LLC's Wife on August 3, 2013 at 3:34 am said:
What a unusual story. very well written. It was short,
but direct. I enjoyed the story.
Patrica Oliver on August 3, 2013 at 10:46 pm said:
Food for thought there,Dave ! Those of us who are active users of Twitter and Facebook ,Bloggers [!] etc must be extroverts,self-publicists,to boot …always seeking the approval of others : liking,retweeting ,favouriting ,commenting ….It helps to be thick-skinned !.
cousin Jim on August 3, 2013 at 10:51 pm said:
I liked your story, but you left out my category, the lame cousin who hangs around waiting for you to buy the drinks and not tell any family secrets!
TOM MITCHEL on August 4, 2013 at 1:51 pm said:
Dave, you got me dead to rights. I am both an extrovert at times and an introvert at other times. I believe we are all like that. It's just that we are, generally, more of one kind than the other. As an actor, I try to become the character I am portraying. To be him completely, and lose Tom altogether. It works for me. At parties, if I know the people there, I am an extrovert. If I don't know them, I am quiet and spend a lot of time listening. I think we are all like that. Am I wrong?
Writer Dave on August 4, 2013 at 2:04 pm said:
Tom, you are spot on!
As with you actors, we writers are creatures of alternative worlds. We live our characters and their stories!


text:
Q: Modify the "options" parameter of popupbeforeposition event I am using the Popup widget of the jQuery Mobile library (version 1.3.1). I am trying to handle some code in the beforeposition event. The documentation says that:

Handling this event gives an opportunity to modify the content of the popup before it appears on the screen. For example, the content can be scaled or parts of it can be hidden or removed if it is too wide or too tall. You can also modify the options parameter to affect the popup's placement. The properties inside the options object available for modification are the same as those used by the reposition method.

I need to set the x and y parameters but I could not figure out how to modify the options parameter of the event. A code example would be awesome. Thanks for your time.

A: beforeposition events omits an object containing values of popup's position (options), x, y and positionTo.
To modify those options once beforeposition triggers, use the below.
$( ".selector" ).on( "popupbeforeposition" , function (e, ui) {
    ui.x = value;
    ui.y = value;
    /* OR
    ui.positionTo = "window"
    */
});

If you wish to open a popup programmatically, use the below.
$( ".selector" ).popup( "open", {
  x: value,
  y: value
});

value = number in pixels

Demo

A: Here is a jsFiddle Demo:  http://jsfiddle.net/ezanker/3pW3P/
I used the popupafteropen event instead and used the reposition method:
$("#page1").on("pageinit", function () {
    $("#popupPadded").on({
        popupafteropen: function () {
            $(this).popup("reposition", {
                x: 70,
                y: 115,
                positionTo: "window"
            });
        }
    });
});


text:
Why intentions matter to the criminal law
The intentions with which you acted matter to the law in a couple of different respects:
(1) The fact that D had a particular intention in acting as he did can make his conduct unlawful, when if he did not have that intention his actions would have been perfectly lawful. In such a case, we can say that D's intention was wrong-making.
(2) The fact that D had a particular intention in acting as he did can make his conduct more seriously wrongful than it would have been had he not had that intention. In such a case, we can say that D's intention was aggravating.
Wrong-making intentions
Consider the following two cases. In both cases, Patient is terminally and is in crippling pain.
Allowed: Dr Good gives Patient a dose of morphine that is sufficient to relieve his pain, realising at the same time that if Patient receives a dose of morphine of that quantity, then Patient's death is likely to be significantly accelerated. There is no other means of relieving Patient's pain. Patient subsequently dies from the dose of morphine that he received.
Not Allowed: Dr Bad gives Patient a dose of morphine of exactly the same quantity as that administered by Dr Good. But when Dr Bad administers the dose, he intends that the dose that Patient receives will kill him, thereby ending his torment. Patient subsequently dies from the dose of morphine that he received.
(It should be noted that there is actually no medical evidence that doses of morphine administered in sufficient quantities to relieve pain can actually accelerate people's deaths; but that does not affect the discussion below.)
The only difference between these two situations is that in Allowed, Dr Good does not intend (in the sense of acting with a particular aim or purpose) to kill Patient, whereas in Not Allowed, Dr Bad intends to kill Patient.
In every other respect, the situations are identical. Both doctors act with the ultimate intention of relieving Patient's pain (note that you can have more than one intention in a given situation because you can have more than one aim or purpose in acting in a particular way) – it's just the means by which they intend to relieve Patient's pain differ. And in terms of the doctor's physical actions, they are identical: both administer the same dose of morphine, and both bring about Patient's death at the same time.
So the only difference between the two situations is what is running through the doctors' heads at the time they inject the morphine into Patient. But that difference is enough to make Dr Bad a murderer, while Dr Good is not guilty of any offence and is regarded as having acted perfectly legitimately, indeed laudably. Why does the difference in the two doctors' intentions matter so much to the criminal law? We can consider a number of different explanations:
(1) Usurpation. Probably the most historically accurate explanation of why Dr Bad's intentions make what he did unlawful is that in deciding to kill Patient, he is 'playing God' – usurping a decision (as to when Patient will die) that it was for God to make. However, in a secular society, such an explanation is regarded as illegitimate. However, is it possible to argue that Dr Bad's decision to take Patient's life was wrongful because it involved Dr Bad in usurping a decision that was for Patient to make? The answer must be 'no' because Dr Bad would still be regarded as murderer even if he was simply carrying out Patient's instructions in injecting him with morphine. We have to look elsewhere for explanations as to why Dr Bad's intentions make him a wrongdoer.
(2) Patients' interests. Maybe we could argue that it is in the interests of patients for the law to say that their doctors are not allowed to act with the intention of killing them. The idea is that patients would do worse under any other alternative rule, such as 'A doctor is allowed to act with the aim of killing one of his or her patients if conditions x, y and z are satisfied.' Four arguments might be made for saying that patients would be worse under an alternative rule. (i) A slippery slope argument that once we drop the bar on doctors' intentionally killing their patients by adopting an alternative rule, various institutional and political pressures will result in that alternative rule being gradually reformed and relaxed, and patients will do worse under those successor rules than they would have done had the original bar on intentional killing been retained. (ii) A pessimistic argument that while patients might do better under the alternative rule, if the alternative rule is applied correctly, human error means that the alternative rule will not be applied correctly, and patients will consequently do worse under the alternative rule than they would have done under the original rule which barred intentional killing under any circumstances. (iii) A psychological argument which observes that human beings do not cope well under circumstances of cognitive dissonance – where they are subjected to two conflicting emotions or reactions. In such a situation, human being resolve the dissonance by changing the way they look at the situation that is triggering their emotion or reaction so as to 'mute' one of the dissonant emotions or reaction. A doctor who intentionally kills a patient under an alternative rule might well experience a period of cognitive dissonance where his training makes him think 'It will be a bad thing if this patient dies' and the law (which gives effect to the alternative rule) makes him think 'It is okay to bring this patient's life to an end'. The doctor might well resolve this dissonance by beginning to downgrade the importance of saving his patients' lives. In other words, he will become desensitised – with sinister implications for his other patients. So the doctor's patients will get worse treatment from the doctor under the alternative rule than they would have done had the doctor been forbidden from ever intentionally killing a patient. (iv) A combined argument, which says – on the basis of points (ii) and (iii), above – that under an alternative rule, patients will become scared to consult their doctors and will be especially scared to go into hospitals, and will as a result do worse than they would have done had the bar on intentional killing of patients been retained.
I think that all of the arguments (i) – (iv), above, have something going for them, and help to justify the continued existence of a rule barring doctors from intentionally killing their patients, while at the same time doctors are allowed to do things that they know will result in their patients' dying, so long as doing those things is a necessary and proportionate means of treating their patients' conditions.
Aggravating intentions
Consider the following two situations. In both cases, Parents have a two-month old Baby.
Useless: Parents neglect to feed Baby because they are spending all their money on drugs; as a result, Baby dies.
Evil: Parents neglect to feed Baby because they resent having to spend any money on her, and hope that she dies; Baby does eventually die.
Parents will be guilty of gross negligence manslaughter in Useless; while they will be guilty of murder in Evil. This is because Parents acted (or, more accurately, failed to act in breach of their duty to feed Baby) with the aim or purpose of killing Baby in Evil, while they had no such aim or purpose in Useless. (I disregard the possibility that Parents might be 'held' to have had an intent to kill in Useless under Woollin, on the basis that they foresaw that death was virtually certain to occur. If this troubles anyone, just assume that Parents were so high all the time in Useless that they thought Baby wouldn't die even if he wasn't given anything to eat.) Why does the fact that Parents had an intent to kill in Evil make their offence much more serious than the offence committed by the Parents in Useless, who had no such intent? A couple of different explanations can be given:
(1) Character. The Parents in Evil have worse characters than the Parents in Useless. The Parents in Useless did not care enough about the value of their Baby's life. The Parents in Evil did not care at all about the value of their Baby's life. This difference in character may lead us to want to stigmatise the Parents in Evil and the Parents in Useless in different ways – by giving them different names (murderers in Evil; manslaughterers in Useless) – so that people will know what sort of characters they are dealing with when they come across them.
(2) Danger. Because the Parents in Evil have worse characters than the Parents in Useless, the Parents in Evil are more dangerous than the Parents in Useless. The Parents in Evil have proven themselves willing to kill other people, when the Parents in Useless have not provided any evidence that they are willing to do the same. Given this difference in dangerousness, we might want to lock up the Parents in Evil for longer than the Parents in Useless, both to prevent the Parents in Evil doing any more harm to anyone else, and to provide greater opportunities for their rehabilitation.
This entry was posted in Criminal Law Theory, Intentions by mcbridesguides. Bookmark the permalink.


48 Black Pet Dog Cat Play Exercise Pen Fence w/Case 4B. Click here to view full size. Click to close full size.
This is the actual picture for the pen. Exercise Pen is the preferred choice among dog show professionals and pet owner.
These 8 panel pens are sturdy. It comes with a carry bag.
Preconnect design , set up and take down in less than 1 minute - take it anywhere! Rounded Edges - Safer for puppy. Size: 48" High, each wall is 28" long, 8 panels total. Bolt Latches- Keep pup safe. International Buyers - Please Note. We do not mark merchandise values below value or mark items as "gifts" - US and International government regulations prohibit such behavior. We believe that you should have the right to enjoy quality product without paying for the premium shopping mall owner charge their store owner. We offer fast and convenient service which allows for more time spent doing whatever you want. At valuemassage, we take every measure to ensure that we have happy customers. Best Prices: By avoiding many of the big brands marketing and packaging costs, we deliver the same quality products at a fraction of the cost. Our products are also tested for quality assurance purposes (UL Listed, CE, ETL, etc).
By accessing this site and using any of its features, you expressly agree that the venue shall be the State of Georgia and that Georgia State Law shall apply in all cases and for all disputes of every nature that have arisen or may arise between us. You expressly waive all arguments of jurisdictional diversity. Any legal actions prosecuted or instituted by you or US, shall only be brought in a federal or state court of competent jurisdiction in Gwinnett County, Georgia, and each party hereby consents to the jurisdiction and venue of such courts for all such purposes. Any failure to enforce any rights under this agreement shall not be deemed to be a waiver. We stand behind every product we sell.
This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. The item "New Preconnected 48 Black Pet Dog Cat Play Exercise Pen Fence withCase 4B" is in sale since Thursday, October 03, 2013. This item is in the category "Pet Supplies\Dog Supplies\Fences & Exercise Pens". The seller is "valuemassage" and is located in Alpharetta, Georgia. This item can be shipped to United States, to all countries in Europe, to Canada, to Australia, to Japan, to China, KR, ID, to Taiwan, ZA, TH, to Hong Kong, IL, to Mexico, to New Zealand, PH, SG, SA, AE, QA, KW, BH, MY, TR, BR, CL, CO, CR, DO, PA, TT, GT, SV, HN, JM.


text:
Asus responds to laptop hacking attack
By sysadmin on March 26, 2019 in Reviews
We've just heard the worrying news that over a million Asus laptops could have been hacked using the Asus Live Update Utility, and now Asus has responded acknowledging the hack, explaining the steps it is taking to address the issue and offering advice on how its customers can protect themselves.
Asus got in contact with us to explain that: "A small number of devices have been implanted with malicious code through a sophisticated attack on our Live Update servers in an attempt to target a very small and specific user group."
Protect yourself with the best antivirus software
Five tech security hacks everyone should use
Looking for a new laptop? Here's the best laptops of 2019
As we reported yesterday, security firm Kaspersky discovered that hackers were using the Asus Live Update Utility, which is used to download and install software updates for Asus devices, and now Asus has confirmed that. It stresses that the problem only affects a 'very small' number of users, but the potential reach of this attack is worrying large.
Asus has promised that its "customer service has been reaching out to affected users and providing assistance to ensure that the security risks are removed."
Asus has also explained how it has "implemented a fix in the latest version (ver. 3.6.8) of the Live Update software," that implements "an enhanced end-to-end encryption mechanism. At the same time, we have also updated and strengthened our server-to-end-user software architecture to prevent similar attacks from happening in the future."
It's good to see the company taking this so seriously and working fast to release a fix and ensure it doesn't happen again, though the fact that there was a security hole in the software it includes in all of its laptops and PCs in the first place is still troubling.
If you have an Asus laptop, make sure you have Live Update 3.6.8 installed.
Asus has also released an online security diagnostic tool that will check your system to see if it is affected, and it suggests that anyone who's concerned should run it and contact Asus Customer Service.
Hopefully Asus' quick response will prevent this nasty attack from spreading too far.
Don't be put off – here are the best Asus laptops in 2019
The best cheap laptop deals and sales in March 2019: prices from just £159
Apple watchOS 5 update release date, news and features


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text:
Mesut Yılmaz ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Mesut Yılmaz (Politiker) (1947–2020), türkischer Politiker
 Mesut Yılmaz (Fußballspieler) (* 1989), türkischer Fußballspieler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With this adapter, you can use controllers meant for the Japanese Famicom on your PC.
Supports famicom controllers with a 15 pin connector.
Acts as a standard HID joystick. No drivers required.
Works under Windows, Mac and Linux.


The Miami Herald – MIAMI issued a news release and provided information and leader commentary on the Miami luxury real estate market. Miami consistently works with The Miami Herald to provide information on the residential and commercial markets, as well as on international buying activity.
Miami Today – MIAMI provided information and coordinated interviews for a piece by Carla Vianna on the Miami condo market in the Brickell/Downtown Miami area.
WSJ (Beijing) – WSJ Reporter Alyssa Abkowitz interviewed MIAMI CEO Teresa King Kinney at LPS Beijing in April 2015. A feature story will appear soon in the WSJ.
Dow Jones (New York) – Reporter Adam Brinkow of Dow Jones is working on a story about real estate in the City of Miami. Provided data, reports and information and coordinated interviews.
PIB Magazine (Brazil) – MIAMI provided statistics and commentary on Brazilian real estate buyers in the Miami and U.S. real estate markets.
South Florida Luxury Guide – MIAMI provides statistics and information on the luxury real estate market in Miami-Dade and Broward counties on a bimonthly basis.
Bloomberg News – MIAMI provided information to and coordinated interviews for reporter Prashant Gopal who produced story on the Miami real estate market. Miami also provided information to reporter John Gittelsohn, who regularly covers the Miami market.
Bloomberg News (Washington, D.C.) – worked with reporter on story featuring buyers impacted by financial crisis who have recovered and are ready to start spending and borrowing responsibly.
South Florida Cooperator (New York) – coordinated the participation of MIAMI Leaders and members in story about hosting successful open houses.
Your Investment Property Magazine (Australia) – worked extensively with managing editor to schedule interviews with MIAMI Leadership and major players in the Miami real estate market and other markets in Florida - in Miami and during the NAR Realtors Conference in San Francisco. Also provided detailed statistics and information on the local market and impact of foreign buyers.
El Nuevo Herald (Miami) – worked for several months on piece about Russian investment in Miami. Offered latest statistics on Russian buyers and coordinated several interviews with MIAMI Leaders and with Members working with Russian buyers and investors.
The Wall Street Journal (New York) – facilitated information and coordinated interviews for story featuring Miami high-end single family home market.
Market Watch/Dow Jones – provided statistics for story on cash sales and investors in Miami real estate market.
The Wall Street Journal Americas (New York) – worked with journalist in New York for story that appeared in various Latin America partner papers regarding new construction condos in Miami and the proportion of Latin American buyers, particularly Brazilians. Provided information and coordinated interviews.
Fohla de San Paulo (Brazil) – worked with New York correspondent on story international buyers, particularly Brazilians investing in the Miami Real Estate market. Conducted interview and provided extensive statistics and information on foreign and Brazilan buyers in Miami.
Qual Magazine (Brazil) – conducted interview to be featured in special issue. Topics included international buyers and Brazilians investing in Miami market, state of the Miami real estate market, and connecting Miami members with foreign buyers.
CNBC (New York) – provided information and coordinated interview with MIAMI Leader for spotlight on Miami market, including home prices, sales activity, inventory, and other market metrics.
BBC (Washington, D.C.) – coordinated two stories on Miami: "Inequality in Miami" and "Miami's Renaissance". Provided information and statistics and coordinated interviews.
Channel 10/WPLG (South Florida) – MIAMI senior vice president of public relations appeared on "This Week in South Florida" with Glenna Milberg to discuss current state of local real estate market and factors impact market performance.
CNN Latino (Miami) – 2014 MIAMI Chairman of the Board Liza Mendez was featured on segment of "Maria Elvira" Show, discussing home price appreciation and great time for homeowners to sell.
South Florida Luxury Guide – provided statistics on Miami properties listed or sold for more than $1 million and offered market overview for feature in special publication.
NBC (Miami Bureau) – worked with journalist on story about Latin buyers and investors in Miami market, provided statistics on local market and on international buyers, coordinated interviews and connected journalist with MIAMI members to feature Latin clients for anecdotal evidence for newly re-launched Latino section online.
Veja Magazine (Brazil) – worked with reporter visiting Miami to provide information on Brazilian buyers in Miami. Also coordinated interview with chairman of the board and with the chairman of the board of MIAMI partner association SECOVI-SP in Brazil, who was in Miami to attend association's Inaugural and Awards event and receive "International Partner of the Year" award. Connected journalist with MIAMI Leaders and members to facilitate clients to feature in the story.


Matted and ready for framing. 1868 Print. Two prints singled matted (mat measures 11 3/4 x 15). Labeled Plate 2 and Plate 3, with the latter referencing 'Vol. 6' in the margin - likely removed from an encyclopedia. The first print illustrates two styles of fortification, the 'ancient' style popular in castles during the Middle Ages, and the modern star shaped style adapted for defense against canonry and other gunpowder artillery. The second shows dissected views of wall sections designed by numerous engineers, including the legendary Vauban.