text:
Europe :: Spain Print
Page last updated on July 10, 2019
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre
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Europe :: Spain
All Space Capital Places Landscapes
The city lights of Spain and Portugal define the Iberian Peninsula in this photograph taken from the International Space Station (ISS) on 4 December 2011. Several large metropolitan areas are visible, marked by their relatively large and brightly lit areas, such as the capital cities of Madrid, Spain - located near the center of the peninsula's interior - and Lisbon, Portugal - located along the southwestern coastline. The ancient city of Seville, visible at image right to the north of the approximately 14 km (9 mi)-wide Strait of Gibraltar, is one of the largest cities in Spain. The view is looking outwards from the ISS towards the east. The network of smaller cities and towns in the interior and along the coastline attest to the areal extent of human presence on the Iberian landscape. Blurring of the city lights is caused by thin cloud cover (image left and center), while the cloud tops are dimly illuminated by moonlight. Though obscured, the lights of France are visible near the horizon line at image upper left, while the lights of northern Africa are more clearly discernable at image right. The gold to green line of airglow, caused by excitation of upper atmosphere gas molecules by ultraviolet radiation, parallels the horizon line (or Earth limb). Image courtesy of NASA.
The Pyrenees (whose highest point is Spain's Pico d'Aneto 3,404 m; 11,168 ft) extend from the Bay of Biscay (west, left) to the Gulf of Lyon (east, right). Spain lies south of the range, France is to the north, and Andorra is entirely within the range near the eastern snow patch. There is a long history of mining in the Pyrenees - tin, tungsten, talc, fluorite, barium, and gold. Image courtesy of NASA.
The Alps may be more famous, but the Pyrenees have been around much longer - tens of millions of years longer, in fact. These mountains formed between 100 and 150 million years ago when the landmass that Spain occupies pushed into the one that France occupies. The mountains have served as a natural barrier between the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and the rest of Europe ever since. Stretching east to west across 430 sq km (166 sq mi), the Pyrenees fall mostly within Spain's borders, but also pass into the independent state of Andorra. The NASA Terra satellite captured this image of part of the Central Pyrenees - the highest part of the range - on 1 August 2000. In this false-color image, clouds appear white, snow appears pale blue, vegetation appears green, and bare ground appears as either pink or dark, bluish-purple. Water on the ground appears dark blue (or nearly black). In this shot, the vegetated areas are mostly to the north, and the peaks to the south are mostly bare rock. Patches of dark purple that are visible along rivers and in valley floors are probably developed areas. Image courtesy of NASA.
The Strait of Gibraltar provides a natural physical barrier between the countries of Spain (north) and Morocco (south). This photo shows the mountainous northern coast of Morocco and the coastal mountains of southern Spain, including the dagger-shaped, snow-covered Sierra Nevada Mountains of southeastern Spain. The British territory of Gibraltar is located on the thin, wedge-shaped peninsula on the east side of the bay in the southernmost protrusion of Spain. The city of Ceuta is a Spanish enclave on the extreme northeastern coast of Morocco. Image courtesy of NASA.
This space shuttle photo was taken near sunset. Two packets of tidally-generated internal waves are highlighted by sunglint off the surface waters in the Strait of Gibraltar. The older packet (labeled) contains at least 14 waves, which can be counted like tree rings. A younger group is forming near the middle of the strait (marked by the carat south of Gibraltar). The waves are generated as a diurnal tidal pulse flows over the shallow Camarinal Sill at Gibraltar. The waves flow eastward and refract around coastal features; they can be traced for as much as 150 km. Image credit: NASA.
Algeciras, Spain (left), the Bay of Gibraltar (Bahia de Algecira), and Gibraltar itself (right) are featured in this detailed vertical view over the European side of the Strait of Gibraltar. Ship traffic in the bay can easily be seen. Image courtesy of NASA.
The small Spanish enclave of Ceuta occupies a narrow isthmus of land on the African side of the Strait of Gibraltar; the rest of the surrounding territory is Morocco. Densely populated Ceuta occupies the center of the image, its pink and white residential and industrial rooftops occasionally broken by patches of green - city parks and athletic fields. North of the city, seawalls enclose a small bay and harbor. On the beach, bright blue patches are large water parks. The Spanish fort at Monte Hacho on the eastern isthmus tip commands a clear view of the Strait. Image credit: NASA.
Saharan dust blowing off the west coast of Africa and over the Canary Islands (a Spanish archipelago) on 11 November 2006. The horizontal line is the border between Morocco (to the north) and Western Sahara. The plumes of dust are more distinct off the coast of the former than the latter. The fine particles blow to the northwest, and although the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria appear unaffected, the neighboring islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote are receiving a strong dusting. Click on photo for higher resolution. Image courtesy of NASA.
Scene in the old walled town of Pensicola in Andalusia.
A view of the city of Toledo. On the right is the castle-fortress known as the Alcazar.
Ronda, a city perched on cliffs in the province of Malaga. This mountainous area of Andalucia is roughly 750 m (2,500 ft) above sea level.
Well-preserved Roman aqueduct a few kilometers north of the city of Tarragona.
View of the Valley of the Fallen, a memorial to the dead of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
A view of Barcelona from the heights overlooking the city.
The Sagrada Familia (Basilica and Exiatory Church of the Holy Family) in Barcelona was designed by the Catalan architect Antoni GAUDI. Construction began in 1882 and completion is hoped for by 2026. Construction is dependent on donations. The church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia in Barcelona is the seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona. It was constructed from the 13th to the 15th centuries, with the bulk of the work done in the 14th century.
The neo-Gothic facade of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia in Barcelona (built 13th-15th centuries).
The crypt of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia in Barcelona. The saint is the patron of the Spanish city.
Evidence of damage dating back to the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) may be seen on this church wall in the Old City in Barcelona.
Doric columns supporting the roof of the lower court that forms the central terrace at the unique Park Guell garden complex in Barcelona. Designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi and built between 1910 and 1914, the park is full of his mosaics including this ceiling rondel.
The facade of the City Hall in Barcelona.
Chapel of St. Agatha in the Palau Reial Major (Grand Royal Palace) in Barcelona. The royal chapel was built in the 14th century.
Building in the complex of the Grand Royal Palace in Barcelona. The palace dates to the 11th century.
View of Cordoba showing the Roman Bridge and the massive Mesquita complex on the left.
Courtyard of the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin (Mezquita) in Cordoba. The cathedral was originally a church (constructed about A.D. 600) that was considerably expanded and converted to a mosque during the Muslim conquest (it became the second-largest mosque in the world). Following the recapture of the city in 1236, the building was reconsecrated as a Christian church and additional architectural alterations were added in subsequent centuries.
Interior of the Mezquita in Cordoba showing some of the distinctive Muslim architecture and a section of the dome.
The treasure chamber in the Mezquita of Cordoba houses a remarkable monstrance - a vessel used to display a consecrated Eucharistic Host - constructed by the German master goldsmith Heinrich von Arfe between 1510 and 1516.
Monument in Cordoba to the famous Andalusian-Arab polymath Ibn Rushd (1126-1198; known in European literature as Averroes).
Cordoba monument honoring a native son, the eminent Jewish philosopher Maimonides (1135-1204).
Original Moorish Garden at the Alhambra, Granada.
Alhambra garden viewed through an archway, Granada.
View of Granada from the Alhambra.
Courtyard of the Lions at the Alhambra, Granada.
Courtyard in front of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
View of the gardens through a window at the El Escorial.
Tombs of Spanish kings and queens at the El Escorial.
The Catedral de Santa Maria de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) at Seville is the largest Gothic cathedral - and the third largest church - in the world.
La Giralda, one of the two bell towers of the Catedral de Santa Maria de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) at Seville. The lower two-thirds of the structure are a former minaret.
The Patio de las Doncellas (Courtyard of the Maidens) in the Alcazar in Seville.
Fountain in the Garden of El Estanque in the Alcazar in Seville.
Gateway in the gardens of the Alcazar in Seville.
Pathway in the gardens of the Alcazar in Seville.
North facade of the Royal Palace in Madrid.
West facade of the Royal Palace in Madrid as seen from the Campo del Moro (Garden of the Moors).
Interior detail from the Cathedral of Toledo.
Exterior detail over one of the Cathedral doors in Toledo.
The Aqueduct of Segovia - built of unmortared, granite blocks - is one of the best-preserved Roman monuments on the Iberian peninsula. It is one of the symbols of Segovia and appears on the city's coat of arms.
Garden at the Alcazar (fortress) in Segovia.
View of the 16th-century Cathedral of Segovia as seen from the Torre de Juan II (Tower of John II) in the Alcazar. Built between 1525 and 1577, this late Gothic structure - dedicated to the Virgin Mary - is referred to as the "Dame of Spanish Cathedrals."
Ceiling detail in the Cathedral of Segovia.
The library at El Escorial, the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo El Real, contains many priceless manuscripts, as well as artwork by Titian, El Greco, Valazquez, and many others.
The interior of the neo-Gothic Cathedral of Santa Maria la Real de La Almudena in Madrid.
The Puerta de Alcala (Alcala Gate) monument in the Plaza de la Independencia (Independence Square) in Madrid. Inaugurated by King Carlos III in 1778, it originally functioned as an enormous gate in the city's wall.
The Bear and the Arbutus (Strawberry Tree) in the Puerta del Sol (Sun Gate) in Madrid. The bear eating the fruit of the tree is the heraldic symbol of the city of Madrid.
The Plaza de Toros (bullring) in Madrid. Inaugurated in 1931, it has a capacity of 25,000.
The Palacio de Cristal (Crystal Palace) in the Parque del Buen Retiro (Park of the Pleasant Retreat) in Madrid. Inspired by The Crystal Palace in London, it was built of glass and steel in 1887 - originally to keep alive exotic plants from the Philippines.
The eclectic Palacio de Comunicaciones (Palace of Communications) in Madrid successfully combines elements of Gothic, Romanesque, and Renaissance architecture. Opened as the headqusrters for the Post and Telegraph State Company in 1909, it became the municipal headquarters of Madrid in 2007.
The Lago Metro Station in Madrid is one of the few surface stations of the system. First opened in 1919, the Madrid Metro is one of the largest subway systems in the world.
The Palacio Real (Royal Palace) in Aranjuez, 48 km (30 mi) south of Madrid, is one of the residences of the King of Spain. It was commissioned by Philip II in the late 16th century, but not completed until the middle of the 18th century.
Part of the Palacio Real de Aranjuez fan collection.
Terrorist groups - home based
Refugees and internally displaced persons
Introduction :: Spain
Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy, and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights. More recently, Spain has emerged from a severe economic recession that began in mid-2008, posting four straight years of GDP growth above the EU average. Unemployment has fallen, but remains high, especially among youth. Spain is the Eurozone's fourth largest economy. The country has faced increased domestic turmoil in recent years due to the independence movement in its restive Catalonia region.
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Geography :: Spain
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France
40 00 N, 4 00 W
note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon
total: 1,952.7 km
border countries (6): Andorra 63 km, France 646 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1224 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km, Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km
note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m
coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
other: 9.1% (2011 est.)
38,000 sq km (2012)
with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; dense settlement is found around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona
periodic droughts, occasional flooding
volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas
People and Society :: Spain
noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish
Spanish 86.4%, Morocco 1.8%, Romania 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018 est.)
note: data represent population by country of birth
Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)
note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Roman Catholic 70.2%, atheist 9.9%, other 2.6%, non-believer 15.1%, unspecified 2.1% (2016 est.)
0-14 years: 15.29% (male 3,879,229 /female 3,664,016)
15-24 years: 9.65% (male 2,458,486 /female 2,299,523)
25-54 years: 44.54% (male 11,208,598 /female 10,762,651)
65 years and over: 18.15% (male 3,833,601 /female 5,118,817) (2018 est.)
This is the population pyramid for Spain. A population pyramid illustrates the age and sex structure of a country's population and may provide insights about political and social stability, as well as economic development. The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right. The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top. The shape of the population pyramid gradually evolves over time based on fertility, mortality, and international migration trends.
total dependency ratio: 51 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.5 (2015 est.)
9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
7.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla
6.497 million MADRID (capital), 5.494 million Barcelona, 830,000 Valencia (2018)
30.7 years (2015 est.)
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
female: 85 years (2018 est.)
1.5 children born/woman (2018 est.)
9% of GDP (2014)
3 beds/1,000 population (2013)
improved: urban: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 100% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 0% of population (2015 est.)
150,000 (2017 est.)
Government :: Spain
conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local long form: Reino de Espana
local short form: Espana
etymology: derivation of the name "Espana" is uncertain, but may come from the Phoenician term "span," related to the word "spy," meaning "to forge metals," so, "i-spn-ya" would mean "place where metals are forged"; the ancient Phoenicians long exploited the Iberian Peninsula for its mineral wealth
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
name: Madrid
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)
17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]
note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)
1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain
National Day (Hispanic Day), 12 October (1492); note - commemorates the arrival of COLUMBUS in the Americas
history: previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
amendments: proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one-tenth of members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)
civil law system with regional variations
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain
dual citizenship recognized: only with select Latin American countries
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years for persons with no ties to Spain
chief of state: King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR, Princess of Asturias (daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005)
head of government: President of the Government (Prime Minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ Perez-Castejon (since 2 June 2018); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Maria del Carmen CALVO Poyato (since 7 June 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the party or coalition with the largest majority of seats, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; election last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2022); vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election results: percent of National Assembly vote - NA
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding
description: bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of:
Senate or Senado (266 seats; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 58 members indirectly elected by the legislatures of the autonomouse communities; members serve 4-year terms)
Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms or until the government is dissolved)
Senate - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023)
Congress of Deputies - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023)
election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PSOE 121, PP 56, EKC 11, EAJ/PNV 9, C's 4, other 7; composition - men 169, women 97
Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 28.7%, PP 16.7%, C's 15.9%, Unidos Podemos 14.3%, Vox 10.3%, ERC 3.9%, other 26.1%; seats by party - PSOE 123, PP 66, C's 57, Unidos Podemos 42, Vox 24, ERC 15, other 23; composition - men 184, women 166; percent of women 47.5%; note - total General Courts percent of women 42.7%
highest courts: Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, lawyers, and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance
Asturias Forum or FAC [Carmen MORIYON]
Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties)
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR]
Canarian Coalition or CC [Ana ORAMAS] (coalition of 5 parties)
Junts per Catalunia or JxCat [Carles PUIDGEMONT]
Ciudadanos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA]
Compromis - Communist Coalition [Joan BALDOVI]
New Canary or NCa [Pedro QUEVEDOS]
Unidas Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] (formerly Podemos IU; electoral coalition formed for May 2016 election)
People's Party or PP [Pablo CASADO]
Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies]
Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Pedro SANCHEZ]
JxCat-Junts Together for Catalonia [Jordi SANCHEZ]
Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Javier ESPARZA]
Navarra Suma (electoral Coaltion formed by Navarrese People's Union (UPN), Ciudadanos (C's), and the Popular Partty (PP) ahead of the 2019 election)
Vox or Vox [Santiago ABASCAL]
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
chief of mission: Ambassador Santiago CABANAS Ansorena (since 17 September 2018)
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Kansas City (MO)
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard BUCHAN (since December 2017) note - also accredited to Andorra
embassy: Calle de Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona
Pillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow
name: "Himno Nacional Espanol" (National Anthem of Spain)
lyrics/music: no lyrics/unknown
note: officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem is the first anthem to be officially adopted, but it has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as "Marcha Real" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by "Himno de Riego" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events
Economy :: Spain
After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain's real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.
Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain's budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.
Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain's economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain's export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.
In 2017, the Spanish Government's minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain's borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.
$1.778 trillion (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.6% (2017 est.)
agriculture: 2.6% (2017 est.)
grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment
22.75 million (2017 est.)
agriculture: 4.2%
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 24% (2011)
revenues: 498.1 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 539 billion (2017 est.)
0.05% (10 September 2014)
0.25% (13 November 2013)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
2.03% (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.088 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$841.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
$2.21 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
France 15.1%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 7.8%, Portugal 7.1%, UK 6.9%, US 4.4% (2017)
machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Germany 14.2%, France 11.9%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.8%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 4% (2017)
$1.963 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.9214 (2015 est.)
Energy :: Spain
258.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
105.9 million kW (2016 est.)
1.325 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
36.81 million cu m (2017 est.)
31.27 billion cu m (2017 est.)
2.548 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
286.7 million Mt (2017 est.)
Communications :: Spain
total subscriptions: 19,680,973 (2017 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2017 est.)
well-developed, modern facilities; one of the largest in Europe, average mobile penetration for Europe; effective competition with encouraging regulation; investment in 5G technologies and services; more than 60 percent of households have access to fiber to the home broadband connections
domestic: fixed-line 42 per 100 and mobile-cellular 113 telephones per 100 persons
international: country code - 34; submarine cables provide connectivity to Europe, Middle East, Asia, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries
a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations
total: 39,123,384 (July 2016 est.)
total: 14,473,888 (2017 est.)
Transportation :: Spain
number of registered air carriers: 20 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 414 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 60,809,228 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,040,913,279 mt-km (2015)
EC (2016)
over 3,047 m: 18 (2013)
Heliports: This entry gives the total number of heliports with hard-surface runways, helipads, or landing areas that support routine sustained helicopter operations exclusively and have support facilities including one or more of the following facilities: lighting, fuel, passenger handling, or maintenance. It includes former airports used exclusively for helicopter operations but excludes heliports limited to day operations and natural clearings that could support helicopter landings and takeoffs.
10481 km gas, 358 km oil, 4378 km refined products (2017)
total: 15,302 km (9699 km electrified) (2017)
narrow gauge: 1,207 km 1.000-m gauge (400 km electrified) (2017)
broad gauge: 11,333 km 1.668-m gauge (6,538 km electrified) (2017)
mixed gauge: 190.1 km 1.668-m and 1.435m (190.1 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified); 3.6 km 0.600-m gauge
total: 683,175 km (2011)
paved: 683,175 km (includes 16,205 km of expressways) (2011)
1,000 km (2012)
major seaport(s): Algeciras, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Tarragona, Valencia (all in Spain); Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in the Canary Islands)
container port(s) (TEUs): Algeciras (4,389,836), Barcelona (2,968,757), Valencia (4,832,156) (2017)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Mugardos, Sagunto
Military and Security :: Spain
Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE, includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA) (2013)
18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2013)
Terrorism :: Spain
Terrorist groups - home based: This entry provides information on the US State Department's designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations headquartered in a specific country, which may or may not be a group's country of origin. Details on each organization's aim(s) and area(s) of operation are provided.
Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA):
aim(s): establish an independent Basque homeland in northern Spain and southwestern France based on Marxist principles
area(s) of operation: headquartered in northern Spain, reportedly disarmed in 2017 (April 2018)
Transnational Issues :: Spain
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; after voters in the UK chose to leave the EU in a June 2016 referendum, Spain again proposed shared sovereignty of Gibraltar; UK officials rejected Spain's joint sovereignty proposal; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Refugees and internally displaced persons: This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees, internally displaced persons (IDPs), or stateless persons. Each country's refugee entry includes only countries of origin that are the source of refugee populations of 5,000 or more. The definition of a refugee according to a UN Convention is "a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a . . . more
refugees (country of origin): 13,765 (Syria), 10,555 (Ukraine) (2018) note - estimate represents asylum applicants since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014 to November 2018; 31,620 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)
note: 138,548 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2019); 65,325 migrant arrivals in 2018
despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime


Matt Cooney has today announced that he is leaving PA Housing after 9 years service.
Matt originally joined LHA-ASRA as Group Chief Executive in 2010 and became Chief Operating Officer and Deputy Chief Executive for PA Housing following the merger between Paragon and Asra in April 2017.
that operational performance should remain strong and continue to improve while the business was going through integration.
With the help of colleagues and managers, all three of these things have been achieved. Also the improvements to our systems and structures that were based on a "best of both" approach has meant that PA Housing is in a much better position than either of the legacy organisations. Now that this is done, I feel that it is the right time for me to move on.|"


You are here: Home / Articles / Is Food the Last Thing to Worry About?
Is Food the Last Thing to Worry About?
Our food system is woefully dependent on petroleum, as writers such as Richard Heinberg (1) and Michael Pollan (2) have eloquently pointed out. Soaring food costs have brought on riots in some countries, and in unstable nations, famine continues to be a regular visitor. Fears of empty grocery shelves have made food security the centerpiece of many a post-Peak Oil plan, and among those watching energy descent, a common refrain is that the best way to guarantee your food supply is to buy a piece of land and grow your own.
Yet in the developed world, especially the breadbasket nations such as the US, Canada, and other food-exporting countries, the food network may be one of the last systems to fail during energy descent. In developing a wise post-Peak strategy, assessing relative risks is critical. Devoting large amounts of time and resources to events that are less likely leaves us unprepared for more probable difficulties. I don't want to discourage anyone from growing food—I'm a serious gardener myself and could list dozens of excellent reasons for doing it. But I think there are many reasons not to be focusing primarily on food as the system most likely to fail. This isn't to say that industrial, oil-based agriculture is invulnerable, let alone sustainable. And we may see temporary shortages of specific foods. But there are many reasons why our fears of a food collapse—particularly when they lead us to a go-it-alone, grow-your-own response—may be distracting us from focusing on more immediate and likely risks.
First, two notes of clarification: This article is about net food-exporting nations such as the US, where I live. In the less-developed world, where food growing has been abandoned for export crops that are sold for cash to import commodity food, the food system is far more vulnerable. And by "food collapse" I mean a prolonged inability to produce essential foods, not brief or local shortages of certain items, or high prices while supplies are ample. Volatile commodities markets, weather, and the other gyrations of our uncertain era mean that temporary or local shortages can always occur.
Food gets a lot of attention in part because we need it to survive, but also because one solution to a food crisis—growing your own—seems doable. I suspect we focus on food in part because providing it appears much more possible than, say, keeping the financial, health care, or automotive industries running.
Why would I argue that food collapse in breadbasket nations is not likely, when today's farming is so dependent on hydrocarbons? Our food system is complex—much more so than it needs to be—but many of our society's other structures are far more complex, and thus more vulnerable. Joseph Tainter (3) and others point out that complex systems need increasing energy inputs, and eventually reach a point of diminishing returns, so that the costs of complexity eventually outrun its benefits. When inputs decline, the most complex systems are often the first to fail, since they need vast resources to maintain them. With that in mind, we can ask what is likely to fail first during energy descent. That way, we'll know what we should direct our energies toward preparing for.
Is it any wonder that one of the first complex systems to collapse has been our financial system? The energy and complexity used in Byzantine financial instruments such as collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps, and in moving trillions of dollars through millions of highly orchestrated transactions each day, is immensely greater than what it takes to grow, process, and ship food. Another system teetering near collapse is health care, and it, too, is a fantastically complicated system needing sophisticated, expensive equipment and years of specialized training for practitioners, all administered by an insurance system of equally staggering complexity. Thus the most complex systems are already collapsing. When viewed through the lens of complexity, the relative robustness of the developed world's food system, even as finance collapses and health care becomes increasingly unavailable, is less mysterious.
It would bolster my argument to show quantitative measurements of these systems' relative complexity, and for these I'll point to Howard T. Odum (4) and his concepts of emergy (not energy, but embedded energy) and transformity. Emergy measures the total solar energy used directly and indirectly to make a product or service. Transformity builds on this, and means the emergy of one type required to produce a unit of energy of another type. It describes conversion losses and energy quality. For example, think of a food chain. A million calories of solar energy can make a given quantity of algae. When plankton eat this, it might yield 1000 calories of plankton. These plankton, when eaten, become one calorie of fish. Thus the transformity of that one calorie of fish is one million calories: the amount of sunlight used at the beginning of the food chain divided by the one calorie of fish produced. The plankton, being lower on the food chain, have a lower transformity: 1000 calories, or a million calories of algae divided by 1000 calories of plankton produced.
Processes that have higher transformity don't just need more energy per output. They also contain more energy conversion steps, which bring efficiency losses and places for the system to fail. Also, high-transformity systems usually need more complex technologies than processes of lower transformity. Plankton are simpler than fish.
So how complex is our food system? Odum's work tells us that food transformities in industrial cultures are on the order of 25,000 to 100,000 sej/J (solar emergy joules input per joule gained). This is low compared to nearly all other familiar goods and services. Odum says that the production of paper has a transformity of 215,000 sej/J; electricity, 200,000 sej/J; cement, 750,000,000 sej/J; and complex transactions based on digital technologies, such as investment banking, have transformities in the billions or higher. If complexity, transformity, and stability are related—and I think they are—then activities of great complexity and high transformities, including office jobs, electricity, communications, and nearly all social and economic services, will be disrupted before food production will be. We're seeing that process unwind today. Training and supplying an investment banker or surgeon is more complex than doing the same for a farmer. As complexity plummets due to energy descent, jobs and products of lower transformity are more likely to remain.
But even if the food system isn't all that complex, you might argue, we have paved over much of our farmland and use oil to make food. Let's look at the numbers. The US is a net exporter of food, and produces roughly 4000 calories of food per person (5). To stock this larder, the US uses roughly 3 million barrels per day of petroleum, or 15% of our total consumption (6). Thus the US could cut the amount of oil used by the food system in half and still provide a basic 2000-calorie diet. That's 1.5 million barrels per day or its equivalent, which should be available for some time. This means that neither complexity nor oil are likely to be limiting factors on food production in breadbasket nations until after the failure of other more complex, energy-intensive elements of our lives.
Cheap oil has freed us to pour staggering amounts of energy, both human and fossil, into non-essentials, such as the entertainment, recreation, tourism, sports, media, and other fuel-gobbling industries. Inexpensive oil lets much of the developed world endlessly buzz around in inefficient cars and jets. In other words, 85% of our fossil-fuel consumption is used for things other than food, usually wastefully. As oil becomes expensive we will choose to redirect a modest portion of that 85% away from long commutes, non-essential industries, and other symptoms of cheap oil, in order to feed ourselves. It's likely that as we round Hubbert's bend we'll return to putting 30-50% of our energy use toward food production, as has been the case for most of human history (7). This reordering of oil priorities can buy us the time needed to reconfigure our grossly inefficient, hydrocarbon-based food system into something far more localized and sustainable, if we're smart.
Another oft-cited argument for food collapse is that fossil-fuel supplies are unreliable. What if foreign producers cut us off? The US currently produces about 5.2 million barrels of oil per day. Canada and Mexico are the top two petroleum importers for the US, providing about 40% of our imports, or 3.8 million bbl/day (8). Thus 9 million bbl/day are currently available from nearby sources. That's three times the oil used by our food system, and six times what is needed for a basic diet. Natural gas, used to make nitrogen fertilizers, is a critical agricultural resource that also comes from relatively stable sources. Canada provides 95% of America's natural-gas imports. The continent's intertwined economies and the realities of geopolitics make it probable that hydrocarbons will flow long enough for the US to shift to a less oil-intensive agriculture. Obviously, oil output will continue its decline, and there are bound to be periodic crises, but the numbers suggest that starvation in the US is far from a certainty.
Food production is truly the oldest profession. We're good at it, we've been doing it for 10,000 years, and it is a relatively simple system to run. It is at the base of a large cultural pyramid, which makes it fundamental, so although disrupting it would be catastrophic, it is also more elementary and thus easier to keep running than all the systems above its level of complexity. There are gardeners in over 71 million American households (9), so there is a sizable knowledge base to help with the transition to more local food production.
Almost certainly, food will shift from being a minor piece of the US economy to once again requiring one-third to one-half of our labor and energy. The example of Cuba, which in a few years retooled its agriculture system after a sudden and near-total cutoff of oil, shows that food systems can be modified quickly. How long would it take us to convert the nearest city park, or a soybean field that's growing feedstocks for newspaper ink and car lacquer, into food production if it were urgent? One season. The recent substitution of ethanol corn for soybeans over vast acreages in a single season shows how quickly farmers can respond to new markets. And as food prices rise, people thrown out of work by energy descent will find jobs growing food, as Sharon Astyk and Aaron Newton have suggested in their book, A Nation of Farmers.
As cheap shipping disappears, can we feed ourselves locally? To gauge this, we need to know if there is enough farmland near cities to feed their populations. Researchers at Cornell University found that the basic calories to feed Rochester, New York's population of 225,000 could be grown on existing cropland within 16.5 miles (26.6 km) of the city limits and would cover 36,000 hectares (90,000 acres) (10). This admittedly simplistic analysis looks only at caloric needs, not overall nutrition. To provide a balanced and diverse diet might require a larger area, so let's say we'd need twice as much land, or 180,000 acres. That area is still within 25 miles of the city, close enough to easily bring goods to market. This could save much of the fuel used today to transport the infamous 1500-mile salad. Plus, the Cornell analysis assumes wasteful conventional agriculture techniques, not high-intensity ones that use local nutrient sources such as composted waste and animal and human manure, as well as other resource-saving methods that people dependent on local food would readily use. It's probable that the largest cities, such as New York, would be unable to feed themselves locally, but it is likely that for them we will set fuel priorities to ship food from more distant farms.
And it is the reordering of fuel priorities that leads us to one of the most powerful reasons that food supplies are less likely to run out than almost any other resource. Politicians understand that hungry people topple governments. We're deeply imbued with cultural lore reflecting this. Most people know little else about Marie Antoinette other than the apocryphal taunt to starving peasants that ensured her rendezvous with the guillotine, "Let them eat cake." Trotsky noted that every society is only three meals away from a revolution. History shows that any functional state short of a kleptocracy will allow almost every other service—health care, banking, sanitation, schools, transportation—to languish before it allows its people to go hungry. Preserving the flow of at least 1.5 million barrels of oil per day for food will be a critical priority of the US government.
Let me be the first to admit that there's still some chance of food collapse. Perhaps stupid or corrupt leaders will choose to direct energy resources not toward food but to the military or the rich. Or it's possible that the link between the financial sector and food, via the futures and commodities markets, may play havoc with food supplies. And it's certain that adjusting from today's food consuming 10% of the average family budget to the historical norm of 30% to 50% will be disruptive.
Whatever your chosen post-Peak scenario, it's smart to keep emergency food and water on hand, as much as makes you feel comfortable. But focusing on preparations for a food-system collapse reminds me of the story of the fellow searching for his keys under the streetlight. He didn't lose them there, but that was the only place where the light was bright enough to see. In crisis, we often default to doing what we know even if it's not the wisest action. We can't individually fix the economy or health care, yet we certainly can grow some food, and that may be why it is central to many post-Peak plans. And I agree: growing food is simple. It's an ancient skill that is at the heart of human culture, and even in its industrial manifestation, it is a robust system that is less complex and energy-intensive than most of society's other activities. That's why I suspect the food system will last longer than much of the rest of the oil society. Although brief disruptions are certainly possible, in breadbasket nations food is more likely than many other aspects of our culture to make it through the transition.
But for a thousand other reasons, plant a garden anyway.
3. Tainter, Joseph. The Collapse of Complex Societies.
4. Odum, Howard T. A Prosperous Way Down.
7. Braudel, Fernand. The Structures of Everyday Life.
9. National Gardening Association, 2005. Environmental Lawn and Garden Survey.


text:
Raising Awareness in September and Beyond
Elyssa Daniel
Cancer awareness months offer the community a chance to improve treatments, prevention.
For most, the end of summer and beginning of fall brings to mind thoughts of returning to school (even if it's virtually), or possibly trips to apple orchards or cider mills. But at the Rogel Cancer Center, it serves an even greater purpose.
"This time of year represents the beginning of a number of cancer awareness months," said Martha Laatsch, director of community outreach for the Rogel Cancer Center. "Our community outreach program tries to feature educational events that line up with these cancer campaigns."
Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Regular screenings and early detection are key to improving outcomes for patients.
That's where awareness months can play a vital role.
"If we can help people learn about cancer and some of the signs or symptoms, it's possible that we'll be able to better detect and treat these conditions," Laatsch said. "There are life-saving benefits to expanding awareness to as many people as possible."
On top of that, building awareness also increases the amount of donations that fund services for patients, as well as the research that leads to treatment breakthroughs.
They also serve as a helpful reminder for the general public to schedule necessary cancer screenings. National guidelines recommend what ages you should be screened at for certain cancers. If you have a family history of cancer or other risk factors, your doctor may recommend that you begin screening sooner.
SEE ALSO: Why You Should Continue Routine Cancer Screenings During COVID-19
Providing support
While Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October typically receives a lot of attention, in September, seven other cancer types work to bring awareness to their diseases and prevention.
Throughout September, the Rogel Cancer Center works to raise awareness of childhood cancer, gynecological cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and thyroid cancer. But no matter the awareness month, the Rogel Cancer Center provides several resources for all its patients all year long.
"It's important to make sure that patients and families who are managing any type of cancer diagnosis feel supported and part of the Michigan Medicine community throughout their treatment journey," said Donna Murphy of Patient at Family Services at the Rogel Cancer Center. Resources include:
Patient and Family Support Services.. These complementary therapies usually refer to activities which offer a creative and/or physical outlet to reduce stress and anxiety including art therapy, guided imagery and music therapy.
Patient Navigation. This involves non-clinical members of the health care team who specialize in guiding patients through a complex system. They work to educate, support and empower patients throughout their cancer journey. Navigators connect individuals to resources within Michigan Medicine and in the community.
Rogel Cancer Center Community Outreach. A team that is committed to providing reliable health information, tailored programs and special events to educate the community about cancer prevention, screening and early diagnosis.
"In the end, awareness months are a lot more than sporting a ribbon for 30 days," Laatsch said. "They allow us to refocus efforts on helping, supporting and treating those who are managing a cancer diagnosis each and every day."
Cancer: Help, Diagnosis & Treatment
Integrative Therapies in Cancer Care: What the Research Tells Us
A Cancer Researcher Finds Beauty in Real Life
Cancer, Cameras and a World of Details: A Scientist's Artful Hobby

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What every woman should have - a list in progress.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...something perfect to wear if the employer, or date of her dreams wants to see her in an hour.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...a youth she's content to leave behind.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...a past juicy enough that she's looking forward to retelling it in her old age.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...a set of screwdrivers, a cordless drill, and a black lace bra.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...one friend who always makes her laugh and one who lets her cry.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...a good piece of furniture not previously owned by anyone else in her family.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...eight matching plates, wine glasses with stems, and a recipe for a meal that will make her guests feel honored.
A WOMAN SHOULD HAVE ...a feeling of control over her destiny.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...how to fall in love without losing herself.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...when to try harder and when to walk away.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...that she can't change the length of her calves, the width of her hips or the nature of her parents.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...that her childhood may not have been perfect but it's over.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...what she would and wouldn't do for love, or more.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...how to live alone, even if she doesn't like it.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...what she can and can't accomplish in a day, a month, or a year.
EVERY WOMAN SHOULD KNOW...that she is meant to be a sister to every other woman.


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You have the right, at any time, to object to the processing of personal data relating to you according to Article 6 ( 1) of the Littera e or f GDPR for reasons arising from your particular situation; this also applies to profiling based on these regulations. The person responsible will no longer process the personal data concerning you unless he can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for processing that outweigh your interests, rights and freedoms, or the processing is for the purpose of enforcing, exercising or defending legal claims. If the personal data relating to you are processed for direct marketing purposes, you have the right to object at any time to the processing of your personal data for the purpose of such advertising; this also applies to profiling insofar as it is associated with such direct advertising. If you object to processing for direct marketing purposes, your personal data will no longer be processed for these purposes. Regardless of Directive 2002/58 / EC, you have the option, in the context of the use of information society services, of exercising your right to object through automated procedures that use technical specifications.
However, these decisions must not be based on special categories of data under Article 9 paragraph 1 GDPR unless Article 9 paragraph 2 letter a or g GDPR valid and appropriate measures to protect the rights and freedoms, and your vital interests were made. With regard to the cases referred to in (1) and (3), the person responsible shall take appropriate measures to uphold the rights and freedoms and their legitimate interests, including at least the right to obtain the intervention of a person by the person responsible, to express his / her own position and heard on challenge of the decision.
Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, you shall have the right to complain to a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of its residence, place of work or place of alleged infringement, if you believe that the processing of the personal data concerning you is against the GDPR violates. The supervisory authority to which the complaint has been submitted shall inform the complainant of the status and results of the complaint, including the possibility of a judicial remedy under Article 78 of the GDPR.


The Royal Scottish Country Dance Society (RSCDS) is a registered Scottish Charitable Company dedicated to promoting Scottish Country Dance. The Society exists to promote and develop Scottish country dancing worldwide for the benefit of present and future generations. It has a world-wide network of Branches and Affiliated Groups, with a small administrative team at its central office in Edinburgh, Scotland.
The Branches (also known as Local Associations) are independent, autonomous bodies that operate under a Licence Agreement with the Society. Branches and Affiliated Groups are the "grass roots" organizations that run classes, provide training, and host social events at a local level in their own areas.
Members of the RSCDS, through the Branches, appoint delegates to represent them at the Society's General Meetings.
Sets of Traditional Dances, 9 sets. MacNab, Mary I.. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Country Dance Society.
Scottish Country Dance Book, vols. 1-30. Royal Scottish Country Dance Society. London: Paterson, 1930-.


text:
Faith Of The Heart
by Rod Stewart
Album: Patch Adams Soundtrack (1998)
This song was written by accomplished American songwriter Diane Warren. It was originally recorded by Stewart for the 1998 Robin Williams movie Patch Adams, where it fit with the theme of believing in yourself.
In 2001, the song was re-recorded by British opera singer Russell Watson under the title "Where My Heart Will Take Me," to be used as the theme song for Enterprise, the fifth TV series in the Star Trek franchise and a prequel to the original series. Like many other aspects of the Enterprise series, the choice of this song as the theme music became a point of controversy among longtime Star Trek devotees. In 2003, Watson's version was remixed to coincide with the show's rebranding as Star Trek: Enterprise. Ironically, this livelier mix of the theme song came as the plot of the series itself took a darker turn.
Watson performed a slightly edited version of the song during the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, UK. >>
Joshua - Twin Cities, MN, for all above
More songs from Rod Stewart
More songs written by Diane Warren
More songs about confidence or courage
More TV show theme songs
More songs used in movies
Lyrics to Faith Of The Heart
Rod Stewart Artistfacts
Diane from Walnut Grove, AlI am looking for both Sheet Music and CD for the song: "Faith of the Heart" by Rod Stewart. I would love to find a dependable/honest/reasonable site to purchase this song with Sheet Music and CD
Can anyone help me??????
QueenFact or Fiction
Scaramouch, a hoople and a superhero soundtrack - see if you can spot the real Queen stories.
Guy ClarkSongwriter Interviews
Vince Gill, Emmylou Harris and Lyle Lovett are just a few of the artists who have looked to Clark for insightful, intelligent songs.
Songs About MoviesSong Writing
Iron Maiden, Adele, Toto, Eminem and Earth, Wind & Fire are just some of the artists with songs directly inspired by movies - and not always good ones.
Tanita TikaramSongwriter Interviews
When she released her first album in 1988, Tanita became a UK singing sensation at age 19. She talks about her darkly sensual voice and quirky songwriting style.
Dick Wagner (Alice Cooper/Lou Reed)Songwriter Interviews
The co-writer/guitarist on many Alice Cooper hits, Dick was also Lou Reed's axeman on the Rock n' Roll Animal album.
Chris Fehn of SlipknotSongwriter Interviews
A drummer for one of the most successful metal bands of the last decade, Chris talks about what it's like writing and performing with Slipknot. Metal-neck is a factor.


After watching the 2007 film Smiley Face, directed by renegade queer auteur Gregg Araki — I was left feeling cheated out of the total cinematic experience — at least in a manner comparable to how the ditsy dope smoking debutante in the film feels like after shotgunning the last bit of reef resin out of her $300.00 bong. Before watching Araki's 2010 film Kaboom, I anticipated that the Asian auteur would return to the libertine insanity that made his previous works Nowhere and The Doom Generation such adversely pleasurable experiences. Despite the cheap (yet charming) aesthetic of the film, I am happy to report that Kaboom is another wonderful excursion into the wicked Japanese-American mind of Gregg Araki. Like Araki's previous films, Kaboom combines unrelenting sexuality with science fiction elements, launching the viewer into a world of farcical humor and screw loose sexuality. Also, like Araki's past films, Kaboom follows a young aspiring film student as he encounters various sexual misadventures in a world vacillating nihilism. The film begins with a dream and concludes with a Kaboom, enrapturing everywhere in between. As mAQ also mentioned to me, Kaboom proves that Gregg Araki has still "got it."
Kaboom follows 18-year-old film student Smith as he explores his "undeclared" sexuality. It is apparent from the start of the film that Smith is a gay boi with a slight interest in AC/DC. Smith's best friend is a lipstick lesbian that enjoys getting her mouth wet on every moist meat curtain she can find. Upon eating a drug-laced cookie at a debauched college party, Smith has a series of reoccurring dreams involving two beautiful women, one with red hair and another with dark locks. To reveal anymore information about Kaboom's plot would ruin the staggering mystique of the film. I will, however, mention that Kaboom features an apocalyptic cult that slightly resembles (in a cheap plastic "user friendly" kind of way) The Process Church of The Final Judgment, which was originally a splinter client group of L. Ron Hubbard's Scientology. Despite being well into his middle age years, Gregg Araki proves he can still keep up with the degenerating times as exemplified in Kaboom, a cinematic time bomb gorged with contemporary societal ills, set to the soothing sounds of a modern soundtrack. When it comes to synchronizing opulent images with audacious audio tracks, Gregg Araki always delivers. I was thoroughly delighted to find out that Kaboom features a melodic neoteric soundtrack, including catchy numbers from bands like the Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Interpol.
Due to the film's nonexistent production values and less than stellar acting performances (not to mention the fact that Gregg Araki's favorite star — James Duval — only has a minuscule role in the film), Kaboom is not exactly Gregg Araki's greatest masterpiece. Aesthetically, Kaboom is comparable to earlier Araki low-budget films like The Living End and Totally Fucked Up, minus the vintage charm (only time will whether or not Kaboom also carries this quality). After seeing Araki's masterpiece Mysterious Skin, I assumed that the director would be utilizing larger budgets for his subsequent films. Of course, Gregg Araki is not the kind of film director that is willing to prostitute himself out to the pimps of Hollywood, hence his small, yet loyal fan base. Gregg Araki is an auteur in the truest sense of the word, an artist with a distinct and superlative vision. mAQ and I both agree that despite the film's schlocky style and tacked on ending, Kaboom is a worthy addition to Gregg Araki's director filmography. If there ever is a day when an imminent Armageddon scenario comes into play, Kaboom is the film to watch and kick back to, whilst this despairing world withers away. Until that day comes, I will be eagerly waiting for Gregg Araki's next cinematic feature.


text:
Xinhua Asia-Pacific news summary at 1600 GMT, Dec. 3
VIENTIANE -- Lao Deputy Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone on Saturday hailed the Laos-China railway as a pride of Laos.
When addressing a gathering to review the operation of the railway that went optional on Dec. 3, 2021, Sonexay said the cross-border railway, a landmark project of Laos-China friendship, is a strategic project to convert Laos from a landlocked country to a land-linked hub, synergizing with the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative. (Laos-China-Railway)
KUALA LUMPUR -- Malaysian cabinet ministers appointed to their portfolios were sworn in on Saturday, allowing them to officially assume their duties.
In a televised ceremony, they took their oaths of office in front of Malaysian King Sultan Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah, who also presented them with the documents of their appointment. (Malaysia-Cabinet-Swearing-in)
KABUL -- The Taliban-run caretaker government has strongly condemned the attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul as an act of terror and assured to provide security for the diplomatic missions based in the country.
"The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan condemns the failed attack on Pakistan's embassy in its strongest term and won't allow any malicious actors to pose a threat to the security of diplomatic missions in Kabul," the administration's foreign ministry spokesman Abdul Qahar Balkhi said in his Twitter account. (Afghanistan-Pakistan Embassy-Attack)
JAKARTA -- A 6.1-magnitude earthquake struck Indonesia's western province of West Java on Saturday, but did not trigger a tsunami, the meteorology, climatology and geophysics agency reported.
The agency had first reported the quake with 6.4-magnitude, and it has now been revised to 6.1 magnitude, head of quake and tsunami mitigation division of the agency Daryono told Xinhua over phone. (Indonesia-Earthquake,2nd LD Writethru)


Calabar sounded the alarm when its quartet of Rosean Young, Christopher Taylor, Tyreke Wilson, and De'Jour Russell clocked 39.51secs to win the Championship of America 4x100m. That time became the second fastest ever at the Penn Relays for this event.
At the 2017 renewal of the Relays, five Jamaican teams ran under 41 seconds in the event, with Calabar setting a record of 39.00secs. In a repeat performance this year, five Jamaican schools led by Calabar again went below 41 seconds in the final, as runners-up were Calabar archrival Kingston College, 40.13 and Jamaica College, 40.47; second and third, respectively. Other Jamaican teams in the final were Papine, 40.86 and St Jago, 40.88, fifth and sixth, respectively. St Elizabeth Technical did not finish.
Calabar then went into full record-breaking mode; the team of Devannah Gayle (1:53.63), Rivaldo Marshall (1:51.17), Kimar Farquharson (1:50.61), and Jovan Taye Williams (1:50.70) broke the 2009 Championship of America 4x800m record of 7:30.67 by Ablemerie of Virginia, (US) with a new mark of 7:26.09 ahead of their countrymen from St Elizabeth Technical High School (STETHS), finishing second—also inside the old record—in 7:27.54.
Jamaica College (JC) ended third in 7:32.32. Cavvelle Beckles (1:54.72), Dugion Blackman (1:50.54), Fabian Campbell (1:52.92), Ken Reyes (1:54.16) made up the JC team.
Things got even more exciting as Calabar lined up for the final high school event—the Championship of America 4x400m.
Lead-off man Malik James-King put Calabar at a slight advantage, and Anthony Carpenter (whose health status was questionable after Champs) allowed no-one to get close to him before handing off to Shemar Chambers. The third-leg runner also increased the lead Carpenter gave him and handed over to ace quarter-miler Taylor. With the crowd on its feet, Taylor zoomed to a blistering 44.84 seconds, and Calabar stopped the clock at an 3:03.79, the fastest time ever by a schoolboy team in the event.
Calabar erased their own 2017 record of 3:08.59 by Carpenter, Aykeeme Francis, James-King, and Tayor, in that order.
Four Jamaican schools placed directly behind Calabar. Second to sixth, respectively were Petersfield, 3:09.60; Kingston College, 3:09.60; Jamaica College, 3:10.29; Holmwood Technical, 3:11.35; and Edwin Allen, 3:13.37. Newburgh Free of New York, 3:18.66 and Rhodes Hall of Jamaica, 3:22.44, rounded the field.


text:
De Democratische Partij (SD) (Pools: Stronnictwo Demokratyczne) is een Poolse politieke partij. De SD werd op 15 april 1939 opgericht door leden van de in 1937 opgerichte Kluby Democratyczne (Democratische Clubs). Onder de oprichters bevonden zich Mieczysław Michałowicz en Mikołaj Kwaśniewski. Het partijprogramma was liberaal georiënteerd.

Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog namen leden van de SD deel aan het verzet. In 1944 trad de SD toe tot de door de Russen gecontroleerde regering in Oost-Polen. De pro-communistische vleugel van de SD sloot zich na de Tweede Wereldoorlog aan bij het door de communisten gedomineerde Democratisch Blok, waar naast de SD ook de Boerenpartij en de communistische Poolse Verenigde Arbeiderspartij (PZPR) deel van uitmaakten. De partij had in deze periode ongeveer 100.000 leden. Na de invoering van de volksdemocratie in 1947 mochten alleen de Poolse Verenigde Arbeiderspartij, de Boerenpartij en de Democratische Partij blijven bestaan. De Democratische Partij en de Boerenpartij bezaten echter geen werkelijke macht, ofschoon enkele leden uit die partijen hoge functies bekleden in de volksrepubliek. In de Sejm had de Democratische Partij bijna altijd 39 van de 460 zetels.

Na de communistische machtsovername werd de partij o.a. geleid door Wacław Barcikowski.

In 1989 braken zowel de Boerenpartij als de Democratische Partij met de communisten en traden zij toe tot de coalitieregering van Tadeusz Mazowiecki (Solidariteit). Na de invoering van een meerpartijenstelsel in Polen, stapten veel leden over naar andere partijen. Hierna is de SD lange tijd een kleine doch redelijk stabiele partij gebleven. De enige verkiezingen waaraan de SD zelfstandig heeft deelgenomen, waren die van 1991, waarin de partij 1 zetel behaalde. Bij latere verkiezingen heeft de partij meestal wel één of enkele zetels weten te verwerven op lijsten van andere partijen, zoals de Unie van de Arbeid, de SLD en de Vrijheidsunie.

In 2009 kwam het naar aanleiding van meningsverschillen over de koers van de partij en de bestemming van het aanzienlijke partijvermogen tot een ernstig conflict binnen de partij, dat twee jaar later tot een scheuring leidde. Als gevolg daarvan verliet een groot deel van de "oude garde" de partij, wat in 2013 leidde tot de oprichting van de Poolse Democratische Partij (PSD). `

In 2013 ging de SD nauw samenwerken met de Democratische Partij - demokraci.pl en nam de partij een nieuw, liberaal partijprogramma aan. Ook trad de partij toe tot de centrumlinkse coalitie Europa Plus, die bij de Europese verkiezingen van 2014 echter niet over de kiesdrempel kwam en daarna weer werd ontbonden.

Poolse politieke partij
Liberale partij

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Here's another good reason you should make sure all exterior openings are sealed. During the home inspection I usually discuss with my clients the importance of making sure that all exterior openings are sealed so that moisture and insects can not infiltrate.
This home had been sitting empty for quite a while. The bees found a way in through a disconnected dryer vent and built quite a large nest. Lucky for me, someone has smoke bombed the place and killed all of the bees…. there were hundreds of dead bees throughout the home, mainly in the basement.


text:
'use strict';

import React from 'react';
import PollListItem from './PollListItem';

export default class PollsList extends React.Component {
  render () {
    const filterId = this.props.filterByUserId;
    const user = this.props.user;
    let polls = this.props.polls;
    if (filterId) {
      polls = polls.filter(poll => poll.owner === filterId);
    }

    return (

      {
        polls.map((poll, id) => (

<PollListItem poll={poll} user={user}/>

        ))
      }

    );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Our library offers free access to eBooks and eAudio books through Overdrive (Camelia Net), RB Digital and Axis 360. Configuring your iPad for use with these applications is fast and easy and makes checking out and returning a breeze! We are limited to 12 people per class, so registration if first-come, first-serve. Patrons can register for classes at the Reference Desk through Reference Librarian, Nancy LeCrone. All classes will be conducted in the Library's Meeting Room. Please feel free to bring your own device.


Discover main reasons why to choose Plastic Spanish tile roof. . production of Roofeco plastic roof tiles is a polymer formula composed of recycled material with.
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Empty plastic water bottles make the ideal insulated roof tiles .
Nov 4, 2015 . Empty plastic water bottles make the ideal insulated roof tiles . Donald Thomson launched 'A'Gua Costa Rica, a new 100 per cent zero-waste.
'A'Gua Water Bottles Were Designed to Become Roof Tiles | Digital .
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Costa Rica - Solaripedia | Green Architecture & Building | Projects in .
The ISEAMI house in Costa Rica uses recycled plastic louvers () to create a . Solar thermal tanks on the roof provide hot water to domestic uses below.
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Plastics, Be Gone! Costa Rica To Enact A Plastics Ban | The .
Aug 15, 2017 . Soon plastic waste will no longer clog up Costa Rica's landfills, as that country has . Sure, some plastics can be recycled, but too many plastics are not recycled. .. How much money can a solar roof save you in your state?
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Aug 25, 2016 . The notion of using the recycled plastic to build homes for the needy came later. . The roof is not made of plastic, but rather of sheet metal, cement, etc. . two houses in Costa Rica, to begin making ourselves known there.
AVOIDING RAINY SEASON ROOFING PROBLEMS - Real Estate in Costa Rica .
Nov 6, 2007 . During the rainy season here in Costa Rica the grass and plants get . Recycled plastic roofing materials are available as a lightweight option.
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Maderas Cultivas de Costa Rica – Central Valley – Treated, farmed wood. . Tecni Tejas – Central Valley – Plastic Roofing, made from 100% recycled material.
Twine is collected and immediately sent for recycling, while sheaths can be reused . Some companies even use the twine plastic to produce roof shingles and pellets. Altogether, Dole in Costa Rica recycles over 2,000 tons of plastic per year.
May 27, 2012 . During my inspections of roofs in Costa Rica over the past 20 years, I've observed . -Recycled plastic roof materials have been introduced as a.
May 28, 2014 . Having lived in Costa Rica since 1990, he and his wife were so struck by . it in sleek recycled plastic bottles that can later be used as roof tiles.
Nov 12, 2015 . The notion of turning used plastic drink bottles into roofing tiles isn't a new . and AGUA bottled water is now available for sale in Costa Rica.
Helpful tropical climate tips for building a home in Costa Rica .
Home building Atenas Costa Rica swimming pool Eco-construction options in Costa Rica: use sustainable woods like teak; roof tiles made from recycled plastic.
The plastic lightweight roofing panels are free of maintenance.
The plastic lightweight roofing panels are 100%waterproof, 5mm width, . was established in Costa Rica in 1996 due to the problems of a multinational company . production of recycled plastic lightweight roofing panels it was transformed into.
Our roofing material is made from recycled plastic and looks great. A twenty year reforestation project includes replanting local species of trees on our land.
Building green doesn't just mean solar power and windmills on the roof – it also is .. these recycled plastic roofs will be lightweight as well, and last for decades.
Apr 8, 2011 . There are some great new products on the market that look like traditional Spanish tile roofs that are made from recycled plastic. The come in.


Children's Entertainer Sylvia Chave is going to deck the halls with Orange! Come enjoy a live concert just for young children with lots of fun & movement. Bring out your little angels to enjoy a musical gift they won't soon forget.
Sylvia's Concerts are 45 min in length and aimed at audiences 0-8 and the ones that love them.


text:
Q: HTML FORMS - How do you ask for input to be in a specific format? (Discord name#ID format) This is a part of my form:
<input class="input-text" type="text" pattern=".+#.+" name="Name-hash-ID" placeholder="Your name + # + four digit number ID*"/>

I want the user to write down in this specific format:
his username + # + number
But I also have some more specifications... I need the user's number to be 4 DIGITS exactly and the username to be between 2-12 characters only. Also to separate the number and name, user must also have a HASHTAG between...
How do you use the pattern attribute in this scenario? Thanks

A: You can use the following pattern:
.+#\d{4}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Israeli detention was 'five-star' compared to Syrian jail — freed Turkish journalist
Adem Ozkose, who was on board the Mavi Marmara in 2010, was held captive in Syria for months
14 May 2012, 8:33 pm 5 Edit
Anti-regime demonstration in northern Syria, March 2012 (photo credit: AP/Rodrigo Abd)
ISTANBUL (AP) — A Turkish journalist who was held captive in Syria for two months said Monday that he was intensely interrogated while blindfolded by Syrian authorities who suspected he was a spy.
Adem Ozkose, a writer for Turkey's Milat newspaper, also told The Associated Press in an interview that his Syrian captors heaped insults on Turkish leaders, saying they were working for the Americans and had betrayed Syria.
"'You're working for the Americans,'" Ozkose quoted his captors as saying. "'You abandoned us.'"
Ozkose and a colleague, cameraman Hamit Coskun, flew home to Turkey this weekend after Iran, an ally of Syrian President Bashar Assad, helped to secure their release. Turkey, a NATO member that once had warm ties with Syria, has since closed its embassy and demands, along with its Western and Arab allies, that Assad resign because of his bloody crackdown on the opposition.
The two journalists were reported missing in early March in the northern province of Idlib, and were then taken to a jail in Damascus. Initially, Ozkose said, they were held by a militia that put guns to their heads, and then three armored vehicles picked them up for transfer in a helicopter to Damascus under the guard of regular security forces.
He said an Iranian official came to the jail and told them that they would be freed on the following day. On Saturday, jail officials took the journalists to the airport and handed them over to Iranian authorities, and they boarded a commercial flight to Tehran. From there, they flew back to Turkey on a plane dispatched by the Turkish government.
Turkish journalist Adem Ozkose gives an interview at the office of his newspaper, Milat, in Istanbul on Monday. Ozkose and a colleague, Hamit Coskun, were freed this weekend after Iran, a staunch backer of Syrian President Bashar Assad, intervened to help secure their release. (photo credit: Chris Torchia/AP))
An official at the Iranian embassy in Ankara, the Turkish capital, confirmed that Iran was a "facilitator and moderator" for the release of Ozkose and Coskun, and said two Iranian "visitors" who had been kidnapped in Syria were "recently" released by Syrian opposition groups.
But the official insisted the two incidents were not related. He spoke on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the matter.
The official said there were several Iranians, including engineers working on Iranian projects and tourists, still held captive by Syrian opposition groups and that Iran was working for their release.
Ozkose spoke to the AP at the office of Milat, a new newspaper with an Islamic background. The 33-year-old journalist was on board the Mavi Marmara, the Turkish aid boat bound for Gaza that was the target of a deadly raid by Israeli commandos in 2010, and he was held with other passengers in Israeli detention until they were deported.
In the interview, Ozkose described the Israeli detention center as "five-star" in comparison to the Syrian jail, where he slept on a concrete floor, saw naked prisoners and sometimes heard people crying out in anguish.
He said the Syrian militia and guards displayed a keen knowledge of Valley of the Wolves, a Turkish television drama that depicts Israeli soldiers committing atrocities, and features fictional Turkish hero Polat Alemdar, who might be described as a cross between James Bond and Rambo.
"They said, 'Let's see if Polat Alemdar will come and save you," the captors constantly joked, according to Ozkose. "You have only one Polat, we have thousands."
Ozkose has three children, all of whom were born in Damascus, where his family lived for several years.
"After tomorrow, I'll shut off my phone," he said. "I want to play with my children. I want to spend time with my family. And I want to walk for hours. This was my dream, when I was in jail.
Adem Ozkose
Mavi Marmara
Hezbollah leader says Tehran has ability to 'bombard Israel with ferocity and force,' claims Hezbollah has bolstered its arsenal with precision missiles that can reach Eilat
Britain sending destroyer to Gulf amid Iranian threats
By Nasser Karimi and David Rising
Mark Talisman, champion of key law in fight for Soviet Jewry, is dead at 78
State-run institution uses loaded term to describe afforestation near Beersheba; employee protests the use of 'anti-Semitic imagery'; JNF Germany: Display 'painful, intolerable'
Jewish director wrote three films, never produced, in the 1950s — the 'least understood period' of his career — focusing on marital woes
Two killed in West Bank car accident days before celebrating 18th birthdays
Suspect identified in torching of allegedly abusive daycare manager's home
ObituaryMark Talisman, champion of key law in fight for Soviet Jewry, is dead at 78
'I was terrified': Jeffrey Epstein accused of building a network of victims