text:
Kevin Kwok
@kevinakwok
30+ Book Recommendations by Kevin Kwok
Weijian Shan
Saw @ByrneHobart recommend ages ago. https://t.co/tiZSru0rFA
6:09 AM . 27 Nov 2022
BARE ESSENTIALS
Dieter Brandes
The book is the first profound book about one of the most successful food retailers in the world: ALDI. The management system and key success factors are described and explained in great detail.
@JakeStone00 https://t.co/f3MgeUVOp1
1:54 AM . 22 Jun 2022
Rebel without a Crew
Famed independent screenwriter and director Robert Rodriguez (Sin City, Once Upon a Time in Mexico, Spy Kids, Machete) discloses all the unique strategies and original techniques he used to make his remarkable debut film El Mariachi on a shoestring budget. This is both one man's remarkable story and an essential guide for anyone who has a celluloid story to tell and the dreams and determination to see it through. Part production diary, part how-to manual, Rodriguez unveils how he was able to make his influential first film on only a $7,000 budget. Also included is the appendix, "The Ten Minute Film Course," a tell-all on how to save thousands of dollars on film school and teach yourself the ropes of film production, directing, and screenwriting. A perfect gift for the aspiring filmmaker.
This was great book. Like prince of persia book, it's contemporaneous diary of Robert Rodriguez as he makes his first film that then becomes breakout hit. I'm really big fan of this genre, so if anyone has others definitely lmk https://t.co/rzJSBIM3st
4:59 AM . 31 May 2022
Age of Ambition
Evan Osnos
@ArtirKel @tommycollison great book
11:44 PM . 9 Jan 2022
High modernism is used almost entirely as a pejorative these days Has been very interesting to read the memoirs/notes of Jean Monnet and Harry Hopkins from pre/post WWII era as the most pro-high modernism writing I've read
5:35 AM . 29 Dec 2021
Harry Hopkins
Christopher D. O'Sullivan
One of the most controversial figures of the New Deal Era, Harry Hopkins elicited few neutral responses from his contemporaries. Millions admired him and believed the New Deal agencies he headed had rescued them from despair, but many of President Roosevelt s enemies passionately hated him and derisively called him the world s greatest spender or FDR s left-wing Rasputin. Hopkins was a paradoxical man: a trained social worker who enjoyed the company of the swells, attending cocktail parties, and gambling at the track. Once the quintessential New Dealer, during World War II he single-mindedly devoted himself to aiding the allies, downplaying his previous commitment to social reform and rupturing his friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt, among others. He was sickly and underweight, yet a profane and blunt-spoken man, lacking in any outward affectations of charisma. Still, FDR curiously saw Hopkins, who moved into the White House on the very day that Germany invaded France in May 1940, as his most suitable successor, the New Deal s legatee, a possible Democratic nominee for president. Much of what FDR accomplished would never have been possible without Hopkins whom the press described as not only FDR s most trusted official, but also his most intimate personal friend. Analyzing Hopkins role in wartime diplomacy and his personal relationships with the twentieth-century s most indispensable leaders, historian Christopher O Sullivan offers enormous insight into the most controversial aspects of FDR s foreign policy, the New Deal Era, and the beginning of modern American history."
More in Biography & Autobiography
Sam Hughes
Reread Ra. Entire book is good. But the first half on its own (without plot twist of latter half) I am just so enamored with May be my favorite world building and spiritual description of engineering and development of new sciences
4:15 PM . 22 Dec 2021
The Arsenal of Democracy
A. J. Baime
Chronicles Detroit's dramatic transition from an automobile manufacturing center to a highly efficient producer of World War II airplanes, citing the essential role of Edsel Ford's rebellion against his father, Henry Ford. 35,000 first printing.
@rallyhudson But also Arsenal of democracy is another book on this
10:48 PM . 20 Sep 2021
The creator of the hit podcast series Tides of History and Fall of Rome explores the four explosive decades between 1490 and 1530, bringing to life the dramatic and deeply human story of how the West was reborn. In the bestselling tradition of The Swerve and A Distant Mirror, The Verge tells the story of a period that marked a decisive turning point for both European and world history. Here, author Patrick Wyman examines two complementary and contradictory sides of the same historical coin: the world-altering implications of the developments of printed mass media, extreme taxation, exploitative globalization, humanistic learning, gunpowder warfare, and mass religious conflict in the long term, and their intensely disruptive consequences in the short-term. As told through the lives of ten real people--from famous figures like Christopher Columbus and wealthy banker Jakob Fugger to a ruthless small-time merchant and a one-armed mercenary captain--The Verge illustrates how their lives, and the times in which they lived, set the stage for an unprecedented globalized future. Over an intense forty-year period, the seeds for the so-called "Great Divergence" between Western Europe and the rest of the globe would be planted. From Columbus's voyage across the Atlantic to Martin Luther's sparking the Protestant Reformation, the foundations of our own, recognizably modern world came into being. For the past 500 years, historians, economists, and the policy-oriented have argued which of these individual developments best explains the West's rise from backwater periphery to global dominance. As The Verge presents it, however, the answer is far more nuanced.
@rint1ntin well, the book that made me look at it is @Patrick_Wyman's The Verge. Which I highly recommend though isn't primarily on this. Since then have just been searching around on papers on it
6:58 AM . 20 Sep 2021
Daniel Nenni
The purpose of this book is to illustrate the magnificence of the fabless semiconductor ecosystem, and to give credit where credit is due. We trace the history of the semiconductor industry from both a technical and business perspective. We argue that the development of the fabless business model was a key enabler of the growth in semiconductors since the mid-1980s. Because business models, as much as the technology, are what keep us thrilled with new gadgets year after year, we focus on the evolution of the electronics business. We also invited key players in the industry to contribute chapters. These "In Their Own Words" chapters allow the heavyweights of the industry to tell their corporate history for themselves, focusing on the industry developments (both in technology and business models) that made them successful, and how they in turn drive the further evolution of the semiconductor industry.
Book pairing I'm currently enjoying is: Fabless: the transformation of the semiconductor industry Memoirs: Jean Monnet Very unexpected but actually pair together to me surprisingly well. Both on creation of ecosystems that came to define much of modern world from meta angle
3:46 AM . 25 Jul 2021
The Age of Reason Begins (The Story of Civilization VII)
Examines the religious strife and scientific progress made from 1558 to 1650 in Europe
Was recommended 1 chapter in a Will Durant book by @typesfast who told me to just read about Richelieu Have read entire book to get to this chapter. And omg it was all worth it. Rest of book great. But Richelieu! Always great when friend calibrated enough to make such great rec https://t.co/Dxh3E0SenD
6:57 AM . 3 May 2021
From Third World to First
Few gave tiny Singapore much chance of survival when it was granted independence in 1965. How is it, then, that today the former British colonial trading post is a thriving Asian metropolis with not only the world's number one airline, best airport, and busiest port of trade, but also the world's fourth–highest per capita real income? The story of that transformation is told here by Singapore's charismatic, controversial founding father, Lee Kuan Yew. Rising from a legacy of divisive colonialism, the devastation of the Second World War, and general poverty and disorder following the withdrawal of foreign forces, Singapore now is hailed as a city of the future. This miraculous history is dramatically recounted by the man who not only lived through it all but who fearlessly forged ahead and brought about most of these changes. Delving deep into his own meticulous notes, as well as previously unpublished government papers and official records, Lee details the extraordinary efforts it took for an island city–state in Southeast Asia to survive at that time. Lee explains how he and his cabinet colleagues finished off the communist threat to the fledgling state's security and began the arduous process of nation building: forging basic infrastructural roads through a land that still consisted primarily of swamps, creating an army from a hitherto racially and ideologically divided population, stamping out the last vestiges of colonial–era corruption, providing mass public housing, and establishing a national airline and airport. In this illuminating account, Lee writes frankly about his trenchant approach to political opponents and his often unorthodox views on human rights, democracy, and inherited intelligence, aiming always "to be correct, not politically correct." Nothing in Singapore escaped his watchful eye: whether choosing shrubs for the greening of the country, restoring the romance of the historic Raffles Hotel, or openly, unabashedly persuading young men to marry women as well educated as themselves. Today's safe, tidy Singapore bears Lee's unmistakable stamp, for which he is unapologetic: "If this is a nanny state, I am proud to have fostered one." Though Lee's domestic canvas in Singapore was small, his vigor and talent assured him a larger place in world affairs. With inimitable style, he brings history to life with cogent analyses of some of the greatest strategic issues of recent times and reveals how, over the years, he navigated the shifting tides of relations among America, China, and Taiwan, acting as confidant, sounding board, and messenger for them. He also includes candid, sometimes acerbic pen portraits of his political peers, including the indomitable Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, the poetry–spouting Jiang Zemin, and ideologues George Bush and Deng Xiaoping. Lee also lifts the veil on his family life and writes tenderly of his wife and stalwart partner, Kwa Geok Choo, and of their pride in their three children –– particularly the eldest son, Hsien Loong, who is now Singapore's deputy prime minister. For more than three decades, Lee Kuan Yew has been praised and vilified in equal measure, and he has established himself as a force impossible to ignore in Asian and international politics. From Third World to First offers readers a compelling glimpse into this visionary's heart, soul, and mind.
@samhinkie @bgurley Also would recommend the lee kuan yew autobiography after the caro books
10:37 AM . 5 Apr 2021
Never Lost Again
Bill Kilday
Have been enjoying this book on Keyhole / Google Maps written by early employee Recommended by @kane and was surprised I'd never heard of it before. https://t.co/sPTXvXD6ab
6:18 AM . 21 Oct 2020
Danny Meyer
A landmark, bestselling business book and a fascinating behind-the-scenes history of the creation of Danny's most famous eating establishments, Setting the Table is a treasure trove of valuable, innovative insights applicable to any business or organization.
Setting the Table is great book and very worth everyone reading Also was what this post was inspired from: https://t.co/wBMtwM1zOF https://t.co/3niw5o7QjC
More in Business & Economics
The Park Chung Hee Era
Byung-Kook Kim
In 1961 South Korea was mired in poverty. By 1979, it had a powerful industrial economy and a vibrant civil society that led to democracy eight years later. This volume examines the transformation as a study in the politics of modernization, contextualizing many historical ambiguities in South Korea s trajectory toward sustainable economic growth."
Reading The Park Chung Hee Era @danwwang has been recommending it for some time and finally have gotten to it Not as well written narrative as Caro or LKY books. But clearly going to be up there for me as recommendation. Highly recommend https://t.co/u1RoX9Zgve
The Singapore Story
@fulhack Robert Caro's LBJ series and power broker
12:01 AM . 1 Jul 2020
The Years of Lyndon Johnson
Robert A. Caro
The political biography of our time, now available in a four-volume hardcover set. Robert A. Caro's life of Lyndon Johnson is one of the richest, most intensive and most revealing examinations ever undertaken of an American president. It is the magnum opus of a writer perfectly suited to his task: the Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer-historian, chronicler also of Robert Moses in The Power Broker, whose inspired research and profound understanding of the nature of ambition and the dynamics of power have made him a peerless explicator of political lives. "Taken together the installments of Mr. Caro's monumental life of Johnson . . . form a revealing prism by which to view the better part of a century in American life and politics during which the country experienced tumultuous and divisive social change. . .Gripping." --Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times "By writing the best presidential biography the country has ever seen, Caro has forever changed the way we think, and read, American history . . . It's his immense talent as a writer that has made his biography of Johnson one of America's most amazing literary achievements . . . As absorbing as a political thriller . . .A masterpiece, unlike any other work of American history published in the past. It's true that there will never be another Lyndon B. Johnson, but there will never be another Robert A. Caro, either." -NPR "One of the truly great political biographies of the modern age. A masterpiece" --The Times (London) The Path to Power reveals the genesis of the almost superhuman drive, energy, and urge to power that set LBJ apart. Chronicling the startling early emergence of Johnson's political genius, it follows him from his Texas boyhood through the years of the Depression in the Texas Hill Country to the triumph of his congressional debut in New Deal Washington, to his heartbreaking defeat in his first race for the Senate, and his attainment, nonetheless of the national power for which he hungered. National Book Critics Circle Award in Nonfiction Means of Ascent follows Johnson through his service in World War II to the foundation of his long-concealed fortune and the facts behind the myth he created about it. The explosive heart of the book is Caro's revelation of the true story of the fiercely contested 1948 senatorial election, which Johnson had to win or face certain political death, and which he did win--by "87 votes that changed history." Caro makes us witness to a momentous turning point in American politics; the tragic last stand of the old politics versus the new--the politics of issue versus the politics of image, mass manipulation, money and electronic dazzle. National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography Master of the Senate carries Johnson's story through his twelve remarkable years in the Senate. It is an unprecedented revelation of how legislative power works in America, how the Senate works, and how Johnson, in his ascent to the presidency, mastered the Senate as no political leader before him had ever done. In a breathtaking tour de force, Caro details Johnson's amazing triumph in maneuvering to passage the first civil rights legislation since 1875. Pulitzer Prize in Biography Los Angeles Times Book Award in Biography National Book Award in Nonfiction The Passage of Power is an unparalleled account of the battle between Johnson and John Kennedy for the 1960 presidential nomination, of the machinations behind Kennedy's decision to offer Johnson the vice presidency, of Johnson's powerlessness and humiliation in that role, and of the savage animosity between Johnson and Robert Kennedy. In Caro's description of the Kennedy assassination, which The New York Times called "the most riveting ever," we see the events of November 22, 1963, for the first time through Lyndon Johnson's eyes. And we watch as his political genius enables him to grasp the reins of the presidency with total command and, within weeks, make it wholly his own, surmounting unprecedented obstacles in order to fulfill the highest purpose of the office. National Book Critics Circle Award in Biography "Brilliant . . . Important . . . Remarkable ... In sparkling detail, Caro shows Johnson's genius for getting to people--friends, foes, and everyone in between--and how he used it to achieve his goals...With this fascinating and meticulous account, Robert Caro has once again done America a great service."-- President Bill Clinton, The New York Times Book Review (front cover) "The politicians' political book of choice...An encyclopedia of dirty tricks that would make Machiavelli seem naïve." London Literary Review "Making ordinary politics and policymaking riveting and revealing is what makes Caro a genius. Combined with his penetrating insight and fanatical research, Caro's Churchill-like prose elevates the life of a fairly influential president to stuff worthy of Shakespeare. . .Robert Caro stands alone as the unquestioned master of the contemporary American political biography." The Boston Globe
The Power Broker
Moses is pictured as idealist reformer and political manipulator as his rise to power and eventual domination of New York State politics is documented
Nature's Metropolis
William Cronon
Argues that the American frontier and city developed together by focusing on Chicago and tracing its roots from Native American habitation to its transformation by white settlement and development
@KonyCapitalism Great book! Love it's section on the grain exchanges and beginnings of chicago commodities!
1:50 PM . 10 May 2020
Debt - Updated and Expanded
A revised and updated edition of the international bestseller. Graeber, one of the early organisers of Occupy Wall Street and a well regarded academic, presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom; he shows that before there was money, there was debt. For more than 5000 years, since the beginnings of the first agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems to buy and sell goods, long before the invention of cash. It is in this era, Graeber argues, that we first see a society divided between debtors and creditors.
@dhaber @Alex_Danco damn been meaning to read both of these. assume both fans of each book? Also love cameo in Schwab bio when him and one of KKR founders were tennis buddies talking about the new opportunities. and then went off and did those two companies haha
Merchants of Debt
George Anders
Originally published: New York, NY: BasicBooks, c1992.
The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement
Steven M. Teles
Am currently reading the book pairings of Kochland (Koch Industries) and Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement (Federalist Society) Both very worth reading, regardless of political leaning. In fact, especially if liberal.
Kochland
Christopher Leonard
NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER * NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF 2019 * WINNER OF THE J ANTHONY LUKAS WORK-IN-PROGRESS AWARD * FINANCIAL TIMES' BEST BOOKS OF 2019 * NPR FAVORITE BOOKS OF 2019 * FINALIST FOR THE FINACIAL TIMES/MCKINSEY BUSINESS BOOK OF 2019 * KIRKUS REVIEWS BEST BOOKS OF 2019 * SCHOOL LIBRARY JOURNAL BEST BOOKS OF 2019 "Superb…Among the best books ever written about an American corporation." —Bryan Burrough, The New York Times Book Review Just as Steve Coll told the story of globalization through ExxonMobil and Andrew Ross Sorkin told the story of Wall Street excess through Too Big to Fail, Christopher Leonard's Kochland uses the extraordinary account of how one of the biggest private companies in the world grew to be that big to tell the story of modern corporate America. The annual revenue of Koch Industries is bigger than that of Goldman Sachs, Facebook, and US Steel combined. Koch is everywhere: from the fertilizers that make our food to the chemicals that make our pipes to the synthetics that make our carpets and diapers to the Wall Street trading in all these commodities. But few people know much about Koch Industries and that's because the billionaire Koch brothers have wanted it that way. For five decades, CEO Charles Koch has kept Koch Industries quietly operating in deepest secrecy, with a view toward very, very long-term profits. He's a genius businessman: patient with earnings, able to learn from his mistakes, determined that his employees develop a reverence for free-market ruthlessness, and a master disrupter. These strategies made him and his brother David together richer than Bill Gates. But there's another side to this story. If you want to understand how we killed the unions in this country, how we widened the income divide, stalled progress on climate change, and how our corporations bought the influence industry, all you have to do is read this book. Seven years in the making, Kochland "is a dazzling feat of investigative reporting and epic narrative writing, a tour de force that takes the reader deep inside the rise of a vastly powerful family corporation that has come to influence American workers, markets, elections, and the very ideas debated in our public square. Leonard's work is fair and meticulous, even as it reveals the Kochs as industrial Citizens Kane of our time" (Steve Coll, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Private Empire).
THE NEW YORK TIMES NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER THE SUNDAY TIMES NUMBER ONE BESTSELLER SHORTLISTED FOR THE WELLCOME BOOK PRIZE 2017 'Finishing this book and then forgetting about it is simply not an option...Unmissable' New York Times At the age of thirty-six, on the verge of completing a decade's training as a neurosurgeon, Paul Kalanithi was diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer. One day he was a doctor treating the dying, the next he was a patient struggling to live. When Breath Becomes Air chronicles Kalanithi's transformation from a medical student asking what makes a virtuous and meaningful life into a neurosurgeon working in the core of human identity – the brain – and finally into a patient and a new father. What makes life worth living in the face of death? What do you do when when life is catastrophically interrupted? What does it mean to have a child as your own life fades away? Paul Kalanithi died while working on this profoundly moving book, yet his words live on as a guide to us all. When Breath Becomes Air is a life-affirming reflection on facing our mortality and on the relationship between doctor and patient, from a gifted writer who became both.
@noampomsky This is great book and capturing of the pathways that get cut off in death/breakups Read it paired with When Breath Becomes Air, for all the tears
1:27 AM . 29 Apr 2020
An autobiographical portrait of marriage and motherhood by the acclaimed author details her struggle to come to terms with life and death, illness, sanity, personal upheaval, and grief.
Fine Structure
@justkuiper @patio11 @z Re, Fine Structure, and Invested (schwab autobio) are one's i've recommended publicly to him on twitter and he's purchased/read Phoenix project I didn't, but yeah makes sense he'd like
2:29 PM . 23 Feb 2020
Is very good pairing with Invested by Charles Schwab which also covers early startup days of an bdustry we don't view as ever having been anything but legacy incumbent
4:10 AM . 8 Feb 2020
@njess @qntm @z https://t.co/klrdQvldp6
10:08 AM . 7 Jan 2020
Rare a book comes along where I can't stop myself from binging in one day Highly recommend Fine Structure by @qntm Feel like I need to recompile myself to retether to real world Via: @z. Whose handle is so short that twitter forgets to autocomplete it https://t.co/Bgd4e4YVix
3:56 AM . 7 Jan 2020
Richard Rothstein
Lauded by Ta-Nehisi Coates for his "brilliant" and "fine understanding of the machinery of government policy" (The Atlantic), Richard Rothstein has painstakingly documented how American cities, from San Francisco to Boston, became so racially divided. Rothstein describes how federal, state, and local governments systematically imposed residential segregation: with undisguised racial zoning, public housing that purposefully segregated previously mixed communities, subsidies for builders to create whites-only suburbs, tax exemptions for institutions that enforced segregation, and support for violent resistance to African Americans in white neighborhoods. He demonstrates that such policies still influence tragedies in places like Ferguson and Baltimore. Scholars have separately described many of these policies, but until now, no author has brought them together to explode the myth of de facto segregation arising from private prejudice or the unintended consequences of economic forces. Like The New Jim Crow, Rothstein's groundbreaking history forces us to face the obligation to remedy our unconstitutional past.
@varma_ashwin97 Yes glad you like it! I'm blanking at the moment but this one is also well worth reading https://t.co/ouS6LXw3Mq
The Men Who Would Be King
Nicole LaPorte
@aleksndr_r Yes, can also add The Men Who Would Be King about dreamworks
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Penetrating analysis of the functions and organization of city neighborhoods, the forces of deterioration and regeneration, and the necessary planning innovations
@anishabajaj17 100% Jane Jacobs https://t.co/mZbeBUD4hb
DisneyWar
James B. Stewart
DisneyWar is the breathtaking, dramatic inside story of what drove America's best-known entertainment company to civil war, told by one of our most acclaimed writers and reporters.
If you enjoyed the Iger bio, recommend pairing it with DisneyWar See the old guard, when *they* were young and trying to shake things up. Classic prequel You know how it'll end, but get to see how it got there Way crazier story. Should be on HBO https://t.co/nNsgKu6nlp
Catch and Kill
Ronan Farrow
In this instant New York Times bestselling account of violence and espionage, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter Ronan Farrow exposes serial abusers and a cabal of powerful interests hell-bent on covering up the truth, at any cost. In 2017, a routine network television investigation led Ronan Farrow to a story only whispered about: one of Hollywood's most powerful producers was a predator, protected by fear, wealth, and a conspiracy of silence. As Farrow drew closer to the truth, shadowy operatives, from high-priced lawyers to elite war-hardened spies, mounted a secret campaign of intimidation, threatening his career, following his every move, and weaponizing an account of abuse in his own family. All the while, Farrow and his producer faced a degree of resistance they could not explain -- until now. And a trail of clues revealed corruption and cover-ups from Hollywood to Washington and beyond. This is the untold story of the exotic tactics of surveillance and intimidation deployed by wealthy and connected men to threaten journalists, evade accountability, and silence victims of abuse. And it's the story of the women who risked everything to expose the truth and spark a global movement. Both a spy thriller and a meticulous work of investigative journalism, Catch and Kill breaks devastating new stories about the rampant abuse of power and sheds far-reaching light on investigations that shook our culture. INDIE BOUND #1 BESTSELLERUSA TODAY BESTSELLERWALL STREET JOURNAL BESTSELLER
Read Ronan Farrow's Catch and Kill But if you haven't yet, read Rich McHugh's piece about experience at NBC trying to report on Weinstein with Farrow Less for the personal failings of exec team. But more on how wrong depends on structural embeddedness https://t.co/aLnf8YJADt
More in True Crime
Caro's Book of Poker Tells
One of the ten greatest books written on poker, this must-have book should be in every player's library. If you're serious about winning, you'll realize that most of the profit comes from being able to read your opponents. Caro reveals the secrets of interpreting tells - physical reactions that reveal information about a player's cards - such as shrugs, sighs, shaky hands, eye contact, and many more. Learn when opponents are bluffing, when they aren't and why - based solely on their mannerisms. Over 170 photos of players in action and play-by-play examples show the actual tells. These powerful ideas will give you the decisive edge. 320 pages
The secret Caro tome Via @danwwang https://t.co/TIWMt5Vktn
John Boyd may be the most remarkable unsung hero in all of American military history. Some remember him as the greatest U.S. fighter pilot ever -- the man who, in simulated air-to-air combat, defeated every challenger in less than forty seconds. Some recall him as the father of our country's most legendary fighter aircraft -- the F-15 and F-16. Still others think of Boyd as the most influential military theorist since Sun Tzu. They know only half the story. Boyd, more than any other person, saved fighter aviation from the predations of the Strategic Air Command. His manual of fighter tactics changed the way every air force in the world flies and fights. He discovered a physical theory that forever altered the way fighter planes were designed. Later in life, he developed a theory of military strategy that has been adopted throughout the world and even applied to business models for maximizing efficiency. And in one of the most startling and unknown stories of modern military history, the Air Force fighter pilot taught the U.S. Marine Corps how to fight war on the ground. His ideas led to America's swift and decisive victory in the Gulf War and foretold the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. On a personal level, Boyd rarely met a general he couldn't offend. He was loud, abrasive, and profane. A man of daring, ferocious passion and intractable stubbornness, he was that most American of heroes -- a rebel who cared not for his reputation or fortune but for his country. He was a true patriot, a man who made a career of challenging the shortsighted and self-serving Pentagon bureaucracy. America owes Boyd and his disciples -- the six men known as the "Acolytes" -- a great debt. Robert Coram finally brings to light the remarkable story of a man who polarized all who knew him, but who left a legacy that will influence the military -- and all of America -- for decades to come. ..
@davefontenot @typesfast https://t.co/b5ISC8iWK6
11:48 AM . 5 Sep 2019
Casey almost never recommends books on product management Which is how you know @cagan's Inspired is a must read https://t.co/aaNdPVQHLh https://t.co/BomvcMvfTg
3:13 AM . 4 Sep 2019
More in Product Management


text:
European Champions Download (1993 Sports Game)
Download full European Champions:
Manual (34 KB)
European Champions screenshots:
This football game aims for a higher level of realism than most of its contemporaries. The game can be viewed top-down (similar to the Kick Off games) or side-on (similar to Manchester United Europe). Three different passing modes are offered, with the aim of providing precise one-touch passing or the ability for long-range direct through-balls. The match options include 10 skill levels, variable wind, five different pitch conditions, and variable match lengths. You can play league and cup tournaments featuring up to 32 of the game's teams, which are taken from the top clubs in top European countries.
European Champions is a fairly mediocre soccer game developed by Audiogenic covering most of Europe's top leagues. The game features two display modes, which can be changed during gameplay: An overhead view, similar to the one found in Kick Off. And a side view, as seen in most soccer arcade games. Technically pretty poor for 1994 and both in terms of gameplay and fun miles away from classics like Sensible Soccer or the early Kick Off games.
People who downloaded European Champions have also downloaded:
European Champions 1992, Eurosoccer, Empire Soccer, England Football Championship, Everest, DDM Soccer '96, European Superleague, F.A. Premier League Stars 2001, The

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


MasterForex is a company founded on 2 October 2006 that provides not only brokerage services, but also education. MFX Broker group of companies incorporates the MasterForex, MFX Broker and MFX Trading Academy brand family.
I think that it's a good broker with supporter and service as well. I came to this broker through my friend introduction with $10 gift bonus. I am trying to make some profit and I also want to withdraw it to have some proof they work really good.


Violets and roses, lipsticks and leathery darkness, lip-puckering tart green apples and buttery sandalwood — these are some of the many strands, both classical and brightly modern, that Giovanni Sammarco weaves together in his latest fragrance, Naias.
Nobile 1942 is a line I've wanted to explore for a while, ever since I tried their boozy, whisky-wine, leather, immortelle fragrance, Rudis, in 2014. They have a rather intimidating number of fragrances, though, and I only managed to get through a few of them when I was sniffing in Rome last year, so when I saw Luckyscent had the latest release, Malia, it seemed like the perfect opportunity to test other things from the line. I was interested first and foremost in their Patchouli Nobile (or Patchouli Nobile Colonia Intense), but then I noticed Nobile had a new apple fragrance with cinnamon and vanilla, and I became strangely obsessed with trying it. So, today, we'll explore a gourmand, a dark patchouli oriental, and a white floral oriental (with tangerine, neroli, and tobacco blossom).
An alcoholic harem master lies drunk in a pool of Calvados brandy in a seraglio made of amber, tobacco, and gold. A hookah lies next to a vat of booze, and wafts a fragrant fruitiness that mixes with the smell of musky cedar from the swamp which circles the harem like a moat and fortress barricade. Within the palace's high walls is a small apple orchard dotted with bales of hay that are lightly coated with honey. In the lush gardens, exotic Indian davana flowers emit a tiny apricot scent, next to the custardy richness of ylang-ylang. At the palace's heart is a courtyard where nubile concubines lounge on aromatic woody divans, dressed in thin silks made from vanilla. They dust their bodies with a light sprinkling of cocoa, as they nibble on toasted nuts and puff on a hookah. The sultan's favorite, Leila, watches with a smile, glowing like a jewel in red and gold fabrics that match the stream of fruited liqueur pouring from a nearby fountain. The air is indolent, warm, musky, sweet, and filled with the smell of decadence, but darkness lies just around the corner. Slowly, shadows of tobacco and dry woods sweep over the ambered gold, covering it like an eclipse does the sun, until night finally falls over the harem. And, still, no-one bothers to help the drunken man collapsed in their midst. They all know what happens when you overindulge in the delights of the seraglio, or l'Or du Sérail.


text:
Фолклендская утка-пароход () — вид нелетающих водоплавающих птиц семейства утиных, который является одним из двух эндемиков Фолклендских островов, где живёт на скалистых берегах.

Видовый эпитет в названии происходит от  — короткий и  — крыло и дан виду за то, что у неё крылья короткие настолько, что она не способна к полёту. Оперение утки-парохода в основном тёмно-серое, но позади глаз имеется белая полоса.

Представители вида достигают длины 61—74 см и весят от 3,4 до 4,42 кг.

Примечания

Утки-пароходы
Животные, описанные в 1790 году
Птицы Южной Америки
Эндемики Фолклендских островов

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Patricia advises domestic and international investors on property acquisitions, disposals, sale and leaseback, leases and tenancies.
Patricia has advised on property transactions involving mixed developments, shopping malls, office blocks, serviced apartments and factories. Patricia also advises on general banking matters particularly in corporate loans, trade financing and Islamic financing.
Patricia began her career as a pupil with Messrs Skrine, Kuala Lumpur in 2005. She then chambered with Messrs Lawrence Chai & Peter Soong, Sabah. Prior to joining Zaid Ibrahim & Co, Penang in 2012, Patricia was previously with Zaid Ibrahim & Co, Kuala Lumpur whereby her area of practice was mainly on debt capital markets transactions and syndicated loans.


text:
Kat Russell Multimedia Journalist
Griffith jury hears opening statements
By Kat Russell, Reporter
The Paducah Sun
http://www.paducahsun.com/news/local/griffith-jury-hears-opening-statements/article_a9e0e9f6-5ad8-11e7-81b7-10604b9f0f42.html
The prosecution and the defense presented opening statements Friday afternoon in the trial of a Reidland man accused of killing his wife.
Earlier in the day, 16 jurors - 10 men and six women - were selected to hear the case.
The defendant, Keith Griffith, 56, allegedly shot his wife three times in the chest before setting their house on fire with her and the couple's two dogs inside.
Griffith is charged with murder, first-degree arson, tampering with evidence and two counts of first-degree animal cruelty.
Taking about three hours, Assistant Commonwealth Attorney Raymond McGee and Mark Bryant, Griffith's attorney, outlined for the jury and Judge Tim Kaltenbach what their cases would focus on in McCracken Circuit Court.
McGee presented the prosecution's case first.
"You're here as jury members in this case because on Jan. 17, 2014, Keith Griffith decided he could kill his wife â ¦ and thought he could get by with it," McGee opened. "We will present our case over the next several days and let you know exactly the evidence that shows that he committed the crime."
With that McGee laid out a timeline that started in 2010, alleging Griffith met a woman named Deanna Joynes in Indianapolis and "immediately fell in love with her and began to pursue her."
The picture McGee painted was one of infatuation on Griffith's part that portrayed his wife, Julie Griffith, as an obstacle in his pursuit of this new relationship.
Over the next three years, McGee said, Griffith allegedly underwent a physical transformation involving weight loss surgery and Lasik eye surgery to please Joynes and garner her affection.
During that time, McGee said, Joynes became increasingly wary of Julie Griffith, whom Keith Griffith had said was his ex-wife, and said they could not see each other until Griffith sorted out his relationship with his wife.
McGee showed photos, gift receipts, cards, and text messages as evidence of Griffith's evolving relationship with Joynes.
"He said not only did he want to marry (Joynes), he also said he wanted her to come to Paducah and â ¦ wanted her to meet his family," McGee said. "Now I think you're picking up on the big problem here - he's got a wife in Paducah."
As for the evidence, McGee touted photos from the hotel, where Griffith said he was the night his wife died, that allegedly show him leaving around 11 p.m. that night and returning around 5:30 the next morning.
He also referred to a video police say they have from a home surveillance system which allegedly shows a car matching Griffith's SUV entering the neighborhood where he and his wife lived shortly before the fire started.
Additionally, McGee said detectives found .45 caliber bullets in Griffith's garage - the same caliber used to kill his wife - and that Griffith had recently taken out a new life insurance policy on his wife.
"Ladies and gentleman, we're going to present a strong case with lots of detailed evidence," McGee said in closing. "And what I ask is that you look at the real evidence - that you don't get pulled into the defense's theories. I have all the confidence in the world that at the end of this case Keith Griffith is going to be found guilty.
Next up was Bryant, who summarized the prosecution's case in three words: "conjecture and speculation."
"The details that Mr. McGee gave you were really phenomenal," he started, "but if you really think about it, what he told you was nothing â ¦ A whole lot of their case is conjecture and speculation."
Bryant alleged that from the first moment law enforcement officials spoke with Griffith, they focused their case on him and him alone.
"When the sheriff's office got the feeling that my client was the culprit, no one else was ever questioned - not a single soul," Bryant said. "This is not a case where the evidence led to Keith Griffith. This is a case where they only looked for evidence that implicated Keith Griffith."
Bryant went through the evidence the commonwealth had presented.
"Here's what they have," he said. "Keith was the husband, they'd been married for 36 years â ¦ He was out of town â ¦ and he was out of town a lot. He wasn't always faithful to his wife, and you're going to hear that. But all those things don't equal murdering your wife."
Bryant then listed what he said the prosecution's case lacked, including no DNA, no gun found, no cell phone pings, no eyewitnesses and no fingerprints.
"So basically, ladies and gentlemen, there is nothing that ties my client to the murder of his wife other than the sheriff's office and the commonwealth attorney's office would love to have a conviction," he said.
To drive his point home, Bryant put a photogrpah up on the projector that depicted a huge mound of trash at a city dump.
"This," he said, "is the prosecution's 'mountian of evidence.'"
Bryant said the evidence the prosecution does have proves Griffith led a "double-life" where he was a married family man at home and unfaithful to his wife when traveling - often indulging in erotic massages, patronizing strip clubs and meeting with "lady friends" while on the road.
All of that Bryant argued proves Griffith was unfaithful and dishonest but not that he is guilty of murder.
The trial will resume with the prosecution presenting evidence at 8:30 a.m. Monday.
Contact Kat Russell, a Paducah Sun staff writer, at 270-575-8653.


text:
Black Health Commission seeks to change face of public health with Black Joy Fest
By Desiree Stennett
Portrait of Advent Health employee Rebecca Desir who started the non-profit, The Black Health Commission in Orlando, Fla., Friday, Aug. 13, 2021. Desire, who helps to manage the grant budget at Advent Health, started the Black Health Commission as an Instagram page where she has amassed more than 11,000 followers. Last year, as data started to show that Black COVID patients were dying at higher rates, she turned the social media campaign into a non-profit dedicated to creating more equity in healthcare through education. The goal of the event is to celebrate Black Joy in the face of all the Black pain that has been on display for more than a year. She will host a "Black Joy Festival" event to celebrate Black Joy in the face of all the Black pain that has been on display for more than a year. (Willie J. Allen Jr./Orlando Sentinel) (Willie J. Allen Jr./Orlando Sentinel)
When Rebecca Desir was a student earning her master's degree in public health at Florida International University, it was clear to her professors that her approach was unconventional.
Most of her schoolmates were looking back at decades of efforts to further awareness of illnesses like HIV and AIDS. A worthy cause, Desir thought. But she was interested in something else.
For a school assignment, she made the argument that public health professionals should be paying attention to the ubiquity of the Brazilian Butt Lift and similar procedures that were sweeping Instagram and the wider popular culture. Aspiring to achieve the latest elusive beauty trend of perfectly rounded hips paired with an impossibly flat stomach, women in Miami — often women of color — were going under the knife in droves.
"In grad school at FIU, that's when I met other professors that really noticed my love for adding pop culture," Desir said. "A lot of women were getting [the surgery] and it was also a public health issue because some women were dying because they were getting it from the black market."
Years later, Desir again channeled her passion for mixing culture and public health when she formed the Black Health Commission, a nonprofit focused on health equity.
Through the Sanford-based organization, which formed in 2019, Desir and friends hosted events to promote the health of expecting Black mothers and the mental health of Black men, before pivoting to using social media to advance public health awareness when the COVID-19 pandemic halted in-person gatherings.
The Black Health Commission, led by Rebecca Desir, will host its first Black Joy Festival on Aug. 28 from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Blue Jacket Park in Orlando. (Black Health Commission /Courtesy of the Black Health Commission)
On Aug. 28, the Black Health Commission will host its first Black Joy Festival at Blue Jacket Park on General Rees Avenue from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Inspired by annual Black music festivals like Broccoli Fest and AfroPunk, Desir said she hopes this will grow to be an event that Black people across the nation put on their calendars a year out and make travel plans to attend.
"I want them to just feel happy," Desir said, adding that she hopes the few hours of joy will serve as a mental health boost for those who attend. "I want them to feel encouraged. I want them to know of the social services we have here in Central Florida and just feel well connected.
Group pushes for maternal health
Spurred by statistics that showed Black mothers were more likely to die from complications related to childbirth than white mothers, Desir worked with friends to organize the first Black Health Commission event in late 2019 — a community baby shower to provide supplies to help expectant mothers care for their children and connect them to services they would need to keep themselves healthy.
Kassandra Clerrobrun, who is now board vice-chair for the Black Health Commission, helped plan the shower. Clerrobrun became passionate about supporting Black families after childbirth following her own difficult experience when she became a mom to twin girls nearly six years ago.
A complication during labor meant she needed an emergency Caesarean section.
"I ended up in a closet, one of the storage rooms with a bed in it already, while I was having contractions waiting for a room to open," said Clerrobrun, who at the time worked as a health care administrator at the hospital where she was giving birth. "So it was just the maltreatment of their own employee, as well as me being a Black woman who needed the assistance."
Amid the chaos, her mother, who is a nurse, came to her side.
"She was kind of my advocate," Clerrobrun said. "She was my voice for the care that I needed. So from then on, I felt like it was my mission to be the advocate for those mothers who didn't have the information or are being treated unfairly just because of their race or socio-economic background."
That's how she became a doula.
As the Black Health Commission raises money, Clerrobrun said maternal health will remain a long-term focus.
Painful year shifted perspective
The organization's second event focused on Black men's mental health, with the goal of creating a space for men to talk openly about the issues they face.
Desir had plans for more events but when the COVID-19 pandemic began, she had to reevaluate her work. To spread the word about health in Black communities in a way that was educational but still engaging, she turned to Instagram and decided to use pop culture as a teaching tool.
When gymnast Simone Biles temporarily dropped out of the Tokyo Olympic games, Desir used it as an opportunity to post about Black mental health.
When rap icon Biz Markie died of complications related to diabetes, it was a chance to mourn — and also teach Black people about the disease.
When actress Keke Palmer posted a bare-faced photo and talked about how her long-undiagnosed Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome had caused severe acne, it was a chance to spread more awareness about PCOS.
"Our unique perspective on this is in seeing how we can tie in pop culture, how we can meet people where they already are," Desir said, pointing out that while people often say they don't follow celebrity gossip, many of the most popular Instagram pages belong to either the famous or pages focused on them.
The message seems to be resonating. More than 11,000 people have started following the Black Health Commission on Instagram since the start of the pandemic.
Still, there were pitfalls.
When George Floyd was killed by a since-fired and convicted Minneapolis police officer last year, Desir said she was frustrated by how reporters around the nation who fixate on stories of Black death rarely report on positive, newsworthy stories in the Black community.
"It was very clear to me and to many in our community that the media does not want to see as happy," Desir said. "There's so many great things happening in the Black communities and that's not being highlighted enough. We're not seeing a lot of us on TV on display, smiling and being joyful."
And when she examined her own work as her audience grew, she found herself falling into that same trap.
"I decided that I was becoming part of a problem of pushing a lot of those negative statistics and a lot of those negative things about the Black community," Desir said. "So I decided to switch focus and focus on Black joy."
'Joy can just be joy'
That was how the Black Joy Festival was born.
The festival is free and family-friendly. There will be opportunities to donate to a fundraiser in support of future work by the Black Health Commission.
Because of the recent spike in coronavirus infections, Desir said the outdoor event will also be a COVID-19 testing and vaccination site. Desir has also partnered with health care providers to make health resources available to people who need them.
Since the start of the pandemic, Black Americans have been bombarded by statistics that show that Black people are more likely to contract and die from COVID-19. They looked on at the deaths of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and others like them. They watched police use brutal force used to quell their protests. Most recently, they have had to grapple with whether to set aside well-founded distrust in the healthcare system and take the potentially life-saving COVID vaccine.
The festival will be a moment of reprieve from that onslaught of Black pain.
In addition to the health resources, there will also be Spades matches, Double Dutch competitions, a DJ playing music, room to dance and a play area for kids.
Showcasing Black joy like this is a radical display, said Kadeem Stewart, creative director for the Black Health Commission.
"This is one of those situations where two things can exist side by side," Stewart said. "Part of me does believe that in the world that we lived in, in America, finding joy [despite] all the violence that we see against people that look like us and look like the people that we love, finding joy in that space, I think is a form of protest. ... The spirit of protest is inherently in there. But it's also important to not always frame things in the spirit of protest.
"Joy can just be joy as well."
dstennett@orlandosentinel.com


text:
Home | About us | Editorial board | Search
Ahead of print | Current Issue | Archives | Advertise
Instructions | Online submission| Contact us | Subscribe |
Login | Users Online: 11
Indonesian mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Biofilms In vitro
Armelia Sari Widyarman1, Sammy H Lay2, Izharie Putri Wendhita2, Eugene E Tjakra2, Felix Indrawan Murdono2, Ciptadhi Tri Oka Binartha1
1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
2 Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Date of Web Publication 17-Dec-2019
Dr. Armelia Sari Widyarman
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University, Jln. Kyai Tapa 260, Grogol, Jakarta Barat 11440
DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_758_18
Background: Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are caries and periodontal disease-related bacteria. The mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and xanthones that have antibacterial properties. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze mangosteen peel extracts' ability to inhibit S. mutans and P. gingivalis has biofilms growth in vitro. Materials and Methods: Mangosteen peel extract effects on the S. mutans ATCC-3198 and P. gingivalis ATCC-3327 in biofilms growth were evaluated by a crystal violet biofilm assay. Each bacterium was inoculated into a brain–heart infusion broth for 24 h at 37°C anaerobic conditions. A volume of 200 μL (107 colony-forming unit/mL) of bacterial suspension were distributed in microplate wells and incubated for 24 h. Mangosteen peel extracts with different concentrations were added into biofilm wells. Biofilm without treatment was used as negative control. Biofilm mass was calculated by 0.5% crystal violet staining, and optical density was measured at 600 nm using microplate reader. All obtained data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with P < 0.05 set as the level of significance. Results: The results showed that mangosteen peel extract could inhibit the growth of S. mutans and P. gingivalis in biofilms significantly compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). The most effective concentration and incubation time for inhibiting biofilm growth was 100% in 6 h for S. mutans and 100% in 24 h for P. gingivalis. Conclusion: Mangosteen peel extract is effective at inhibiting S. mutans and P. gingivalis biofilms, and this antibiofilm agent can be an alternative therapy in preventing caries and periodontal disease. Future studies are needed to explore this effect.
Keywords: Antibiofilm, biofilm, mangosteen peel extract, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans
Widyarman AS, Lay SH, Wendhita IP, Tjakra EE, Murdono FI, Binartha CT. Indonesian mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Biofilms In vitro. Contemp Clin Dent 2019;10:123-8
Widyarman AS, Lay SH, Wendhita IP, Tjakra EE, Murdono FI, Binartha CT. Indonesian mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel extract inhibits Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Biofilms In vitro. Contemp Clin Dent [serial online] 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 21];10:123-8. Available from: http://www.contempclindent.org/text.asp?2019/10/1/123/273170
The national prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia is considered high. Based on a 2004 survey held by the Indonesian Household Health Survey, 71.2% of the population aged 15 and above had caries, and 52.3% of those cases were left untreated.[1] According to the basic health research conducted by the Indonesian government in 2007 and 2013, the decayed missing and filling teeth index was 4.9 and 4.6, respectively.[2] Other than caries, the main problems in the oral cavity are gingivitis and periodontitis. These diseases are caused mostly by bacteria. Most bacteria can naturally form biofilms as an act of survival.[3] Bacterial accumulation that forms plaque on the surfaces of teeth is commonly known as oral biofilm.[4] Oral biofilm is defined as a diverse community of microorganisms found on the surface of the tooth embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).[5]Streptococcus mutans is the primary bacteria that forms oral biofilms is the main cause of dental caries.[6]
Oral biofilm is one of the key causes of caries and periodontal diseases, including gingivitis and periodontitis.[7] If left untreated, gingivitis may lead to periodontitis, which is defined as an inflammatory disease of the tissues supporting the teeth caused by a specific microorganism or group of microorganisms that lead to progressive destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. This disease can involve periodontal pocket formations, recession, or both, as well as tooth loss.[8]
Although many therapeutic agents to treat oral diseases are available, some of these agents may have side effects, including multiple drug resistance.[9] Therefore, the search for natural bioactive compounds that can treat oral diseases with few to no adverse effects continues. Many indigenous Indonesian cultures often use herbs to treat a variety of diseases in the oral cavity.[10],[11] Native Indonesian plant species such as mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) are known to have medicinal potentials.[12] Mangosteen, especially the peel, contains abundant amounts of xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds that possess many significant biological activities in vitro,[13] and other bioactive compounds including flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins.[14] Several studies show that xanthone has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergy, antibacterial, anticancer, and antifungal effects.[15] The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibiofilm properties of mangosteen peel extracts against S. mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms in the oral cavity.
This study is an in vitro experimental design which was conducted at the Microbiology Center of Research and Education (MiCORE) Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University. In this study, we used crude forms of Indonesian mangosteen peel extract G. mangostana L. were collected from Bogor (Java Island, Indonesia). The microorganisms used in the study were standard strains of S. mutans ATCC 3198 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. They were obtained from the microbiology laboratory of Dipa Pharmalab Intersains (PT Dipa Heathcare) in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Extraction of Garcinia mangostana L. peels
G. mangostana L. peels were dried from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. for 2 days. Then, dried G. mangostana peel was inserted into the tool grinder for 10 min. The results were obtained in the form of powder. Subsequently, the G. mangostana peel powder was extracted by the maceration method using 96% ethanol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) as a solvent. The mangosteen peel skin powder was diluted with 96% ethanol (1:5 ratio) for 1 day in a dark container, protected from light, and occasionally stirred. After 1 day, the solution was taken with filter paper. The filtered solution was then processed in the evaporator to evaporate the remaining ethanol solution. After the evaporation process, we obtained G. mangostana peel extract. The G. mangostana peel extract was then diluted with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) to obtain 100% concentration, and then serial dilution was performed using brain–heart infusion (BHI) broth to form an extract with concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.5%.
Phytochemical analysis assay
Phytochemical analysis assay is a series of rapid and simple qualitative methods to determine the presence of bioactive compounds in the plant extracts. In this study, each phytochemical analysis assay was performed in the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (local acronyl BALITTRO) to detect the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, and plant sterols. Saponins detection method: extracts were diluted in a tube containing the distilled water. The tube was shaken continuously in a shaker for 15 min. The formation of persistent foam layer at the top of the tube indicates the presence of saponins. Tannins detection method: 1% gelatin-sodium chloride solution was added into the tube containing the extract. The presence of tannins was indicated by the formation of white precipitate at the bottom of the tube. Alkaloids detection method: extracts were treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and filtered. A few drops of potassium mercuric iodide solution (Mayer's reagent) were added into the filtrate. The presence of alkaloid compounds was indicated by the formation of white creamy-colored precipitate. Phenol detection method: the ethanolic extract was spotted on a piece of filter paper, added with a drop of phosphomolybdic acid reagent and exposed to ammonia vapors. The presence of phenol was indicated by the formation of blue coloration of the spot. Triterpenoids detection method: detection was carried out using Liebermann–Burchard test. Mangosteen peel extract (100 mg) was shaken with chloroform in a tube. A few drops of acetic anhydride was added to the solution. The tube was boiled in a water bath and cooled into iced-water, followed by the addition of concentrated H2 SO4 (2 mL) into the tube. The presence of triterpenoids was indicated by the formation of deep red color in the solution. Flavonoids detection method: a piece of magnesium ribbon was added into 2–3 mL of mangosteen peel ethanolic extract, followed by the addition of 1 mL of concentrated HCl. The presence of flavonoids was indicated by reddish-pink or red coloration in the solution. Glycosides detection method: HCl was added into the extract as a pretreatment to induce hydrolysis. Then, the extract was treated with ferric chloride solution and immersed in boiling water for 5 min. After cooling down, an equal volume of benzene was added into the extract. The benzene layer was separated and added with ammonia solution. The presence of plant glycosides was indicated by the formation of rose-pink color in the solution.[16],[17],[18]
Preparation and treatment of the biofilms
S. mutans ATCC 25175 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 were used in this study. S. mutans was inoculated into BHI broth (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and then incubated at 37°C for 24 h in anaerobic conditions (CO2, H, and N). P. gingivalis was cultured in BHI broth and incubated in a GasPak Jar System (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The cultures that were incubated were then homogenized with a vortexer, and then their optical density (OD) was measured with a microplate reader on a wavelength of 600 nm. A volume of 200 μL bacterial suspension (1 × 107 colony-forming unit/mL) were distributed into the 96-well plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h in anaerobic conditions to form biofilm. After 24 h, each well plate was rinsed with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) twice. The G. mangostana peel extracts with different concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%) were distributed into wells that were rinsed with PBS. As positive control of 0.2% chlorhexidine was distributed into the wells. Observations were made after 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h of incubation time at 37°C in anaerobic conditions. The extracts were then removed, and the well plate was rinsed twice using PBS (AMRESCO, Solon, OH, USA), crystal violet (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) (0.05%) were distributed into well plates and incubated for 15 min. The extraction of crystal violet in each well plate was calculated by adding 96 μL of 96% ethanol, while the amount of biofilm by absorbance was calculated at 600 nm with a microplate reader (AccuReader, Metertech, Taipei, Taiwan).[19] Chlorhexidine at 0.2% was used as a positive control. Biofilms without G. mangostana peel extracts were used as negative controls. All treatments were done in triplicate.
The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to test for normality, and Levene's test was used to test for homogeneity of variance. The normal data (P > 0.05) continued to be analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance test, and P < 0.05 was considered the level of significance. The significant difference between groups was analyzed with Tukey's post hoc least significant difference test. Statistical calculations were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics of Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Phytochemical analysis result
The result of phytochemical test shown in [Table 1]. These assays confirmed the presence of saponins, tannin, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides, and plant sterols in Indonesian mangosteen peel crude extract.
Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic mangosteen pericarp crude extract
Garciana mangostana L. peel extract reduced the growth of Streptococcus mutans biofilm
The results were achieved with 100% concentration of G. mangostana L. peel extract, which inhibited the growth of the S. mutans biofilm during an incubation period of 6 h. The statistical test results showed significant reduction of S. mutans biofilms after the treatment with G. mangostana L. peel extract in all concentrations at the 1 h incubation period compared to the negative control. All concentrations at the incubation period of 6 h and 24 h showed a significant reduction of S. mutans biofilms compared to the negative control (P = 0.000) [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Concentration-response curves for treatment with mangosteen peel extract over different incubation times (1, 3, 6, and 24 h). The vertical axis indicates the Streptococcus mutans biofilm mass in optical density. The horizontal axis indicates the concentration of mangosteen peel extract (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%). Chlorhexidine 0.2% was used as positive control and biofilm well without treatment was used as negative control
Garciana mangostana L. peel extract reduced the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm
The results showed that the most effective concentration of G. mangostana L. peel extract for inhibiting the growth of the P. gingivalis biofilm was 100% over an incubation period of 24 h. The statistical analysis results showed a significant decrease in P. gingivalis biofilms after the G. mangostana L. extract treatment in all concentrations over a 1 h incubation period compared to the negative control (P = 0.000) [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Concentration-response curves for treatment with mangosteen peel extract over different incubation times (1, 3, 6, and 24 h). The vertical axis indicates the Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm mass in optical density. The horizontal axis indicates the concentration of mangosteen peel extract (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%). Chlorhexidine 0.2% was used as positive control and biofilm well without treatment was used as negative control
In this study, G. mangostana peel extract inhibited biofilm formation in S. mutans and P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner, with the best concentration being 100% over an incubation period of 6 h. The antimicrobial activity of mangosteen peel extracts was expressed better in S. mutans than in P. gingivalis. This difference may have been caused by the presence of one main active component in the mangosteen peel extracts, the α−mangostin, which possesses antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive oral streptococci that activate through many mechanisms, including the disruption of peptidoglycan that lead to membrane breakage and cell lysis.[20] Since P. gingivalis is a Gram-negative bacteria that contains a thinner layer of peptidoglycans,[21] this mechanism may not show the same effect as that of the Gram-positive bacteria.
Based on the results of this study, the authors also observed that achieving maximum antimicrobial activity from mangosteen peel extracts required longer incubation periods and higher concentrations. This preconclusional perspective was in agreement with a previous study of Janardhanan et al.[22] who stated that mangosteen peel crude extracts gradually showed better bactericidal effects as the extracts' concentration increased. Mangosteen peel extracts have much potential to damage and kill bacteria, but bacteria in the biofilm states can be more resistant to antimicrobial agents than to suspension cells.[23]
Mangosteen peel extract has antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal properties.[15] Ethanol solvents were reported to be better than methanol solvents at extracting mangosteen peels in terms of the antioxidant activity content.[24] In the previous study, the toxicity of α-mangostin (4000 μg/mL) extracted using hexane and ethyl acetate was tested against gingival fibroblast cells, and no significant cytotoxicity effect was observed for 480 min.[20] Therefore, the α-mangostin was considered safe for the cells.
Previous studies showed that xanthone-containing mangosteen peel extract significantly inhibits the Candida albicans and S. mutans growth in vitro.[20],[25] Oral biofilms are formed through several successive stages, starting with the formation of an acquired pellicle in the form of a thin layer of salivary glycoproteins attached to the tooth surface. Then, the primary bacteria begin to form colonies that can change the surrounding conditions to be more suitable for the growth of obligate anaerobic bacteria.[5] The bacterial colonies that have formed then synthesize EPS such as glucans, which lead to the formation of a biofilm matrix to help the bacteria remain attached to the acquired pellicle.[26] The bacteria inside the biofilm surroundings communicate to survive the environment. One form of communication is quorum sensing: the bacterial process that requires the production of a signal molecule to control bacterial attachment, production of extracellular matrices, and the virulence factor.[27] The biofilm structure reduces the effectiveness of the antimicrobial substance when compared to planktonic cells; the presence of enzyme modification and the efflux pump is associated with the higher resistance factor of biofilms.[28]
The presence of uncleansed oral biofilm can lead to chronic gingivitis and may even progress to periodontitis. Research shows that in the case of periodontitis, Gram-negative bacteria such as P. gingivalis are more common than Gram-positive bacteria.[29] The lypopolysaccharides components present in P. gingivalis will lead to inflammatory processes if interacting with host cell antibodies, which can lead to inflammation and recession of periodontal tissue.[4],[30] Oral biofilm cleansing is one of the key treatments for gingivitis and periodontitis.[29]
A previous study showed that xanthones can damage the mechanical stability of S. mutans biofilm and inhibit glucosyltransferase enzyme activity, which results in the inhibition of biofilm growth.[31] The xanthone-derived compounds contained in the mangosteen peel include α-mangostin, gartanin, and γ-mangostin, garcinone B, garcinone E, and mangostin.[32],[33] α-mangostin has antifungal properties, and studies show that α-mangostin is more effective at killing C.albicans than the same concentrations of clotrimazole and nystatin.[34] Further research proves that α-mangostin can also inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a minimal inhibitory concentration value of 6.25 μg/mL.[35] Flavonoids tend to bind proteins, thus interfering with bacterial metabolism.[36] Tannins are antibacterial because they destroy the permeability of cell walls, resulting in the inhibition of bacterial cell activity.[37] Saponins are also antibacterial because they increase membrane permeability, resulting in cell hemolysis.[38]
Mangosteen peel extract is effective at inhibiting the growth of S. mutans and P. gingivalis in biofilms. This study shows antibiofilm effect can be an alternative therapy in preventing caries and periodontal disease. However, future studies are needed to explore this effect with other oral pathogens.
The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Dentistry, Trisakti University for their invaluable support for this study. Furthermore, we want to express appreciation to Stella Pranoto, SSI and Aradhea Monica Drestia, SSI for their laboratory assistance in Microbiology Center of Research and Education Laboratory (MiCORE Laboratory). Finally, the authors also would like to thank the Indonesian Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Research Institute (BALITTRO) for their help with phytochemical analysis assay.
Maharani DA. Inequity in dental care utilization in the Indonesian population with a self-assessed need for dental treatment. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009;218:229-39.
Rahardjo A, Maharani DA. A review of Indonesia's dental health-past, present and future. Int J Clin Prev Dent 2014;10:121-6.
Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S. Biofilm: A dental microbial infection. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2011;2:71-5.
Nguyen PT, Falsetta ML, Hwang G, Gonzalez-Begne M, Koo H. A-Mangostin disrupts the development of Streptococcus mutans biofilms and facilitates its mechanical removal. PLoS One 2014;9:e111312.
Jakubovics NS. Talk of the town: Interspecies communication in oral biofilms. Mol Oral Microbiol 2010;25:4-14.
Krzyściak W, Jurczak A, Kościelniak D, Bystrowska B, Skalniak A. The virulence of Streptococcus mutans and the ability to form biofilms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:499-515.
Manji F, Dahlen G, Fejerskov O. Caries and periodontitis: Contesting the conventional wisdom on their aetiology. Caries Res 2018;52:548-64.
Saini R, Marawar PP, Shete S, Saini S. Periodontitis, a true infection. J Glob Infect Dis 2009;1:149-50.
Pedraza-Chaverri J, Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pérez-Rojas JM. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:3227-39.
Widyarman AS, Widjaja SB, Idrus E. Strawberry extract's effects on Enterococcus faecalis and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms in vitro. Sci Dent J 2017;1:1-5.
Liliany D, Widyarman AS, Erfan E, Sudiono J, Djamil MS. Enzymatic activity of bromelain isolated pineapple (Ananas comosus) hump and its antibacterial effect on Enterococcus faecalis. Sci Dent J 2018;2:39-50.
Nugraha AS, Keller PA. Revealing indigenous Indonesian traditional medicine: Anti-infective agents. Nat Prod Commun 2011;6:1953-66.
Obolskiy D, Pischel I, Siriwatanametanon N, Heinrich M. Garcinia mangostana L.: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Phytother Res 2009;23:1047-65.
Suttirak W, Manurakchinakorn S.In vitro antioxidant properties of mangosteen peel extract. J Food Sci Technol 2014;51:3546-58.
Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, et al. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: Potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med 2011;11:666-77.
Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram KM, Yoga Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plants' extracts. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011;8:1-0.
Iqbal E, Salim KA, Lim LB. Phytochemical screening, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of bark and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam. J King Saud Univ Sci 2015;27:224-32.
Banu KS, Cathrine DL. General techniques involved in phytochemical analysis. Int J Adv Res Chem Sci 2015;2:25-32.
Witedja U, Suwartini T, Prahasti AE, Widyarman AS. Comparing the effectivities of chitosan citrate and chitosan acetate in eradicating Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Sci Dent J 2018;2:1-7.
Nguyen PT, Marquis RE. Antimicrobial actions of α-mangostin against oral streptococci. Can J Microbiol 2011;57:217-25.
How KY, Song KP, Chan KG. Porphyromonas gingivalis: An overview of periodontopathic pathogen below the gum line. Front Microbiol 2016;7:53.
Janardhanan S, Mahendra J, Girija AS, Mahendra L, Priyadharsini V. Antimicrobial effects of Garcinia mangostana on cariogenic microorganisms. J Clin Diagn Res 2017;11:ZC19-22.
Romero-Lastra P, Sánchez MC, Ribeiro-Vidal H, Llama-Palacios A, Figuero E, Herrera D, et al. Comparative gene expression analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 in planktonic and biofilms states. PLoS One 2017;12:e0174669.
Kaomongkolgit R, Jamdee K, Chaisomboon N. Antifungal activity of alpha-mangostin against Candida albicans. J Oral Sci 2009;51:401-6.
Marsh PD. Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. J Dent 2010;38 Suppl 1:S11-5.
Zijnge V, van Leeuwen MB, Degener JE, Abbas F, Thurnheer T, Gmür R, et al. Oral biofilm architecture on natural teeth. PLoS One 2010;5:e9321.
Li YH, Tian X. Quorum sensing and bacterial social interactions in biofilms. Sensors (Basel) 2012;12:2519-38.
Gunsolley JC. A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents. J Am Dent Assoc 2006;137:1649-57.
Buwitt-Beckmann U, Heine H, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Brock R, Akira S, et al. Toll-like receptor 6-independent signaling by diacylated lipopeptides. Eur J Immunol 2005;35:282-9.
Widyarman AS, Drestia AM, Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM. The anti-inflammatory effects of glycerol-supplemented probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri on infected epithelial cells & in vitro. Contemp Clin Dent 2018;9:298-303.
Liu Z, Antalek M, Nguyen L, Li X, Tian X, Le A, et al. The effect of gartanin, a naturally occurring xanthone in mangosteen juice, on the mTOR pathway, autophagy, apoptosis, and the growth of human urinary bladder cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2013;65 Suppl 1:68-77.
Pinto MM, Sousa ME, Nascimento MS. Xanthone derivatives: New insights in biological activities. Curr Med Chem 2005;12:2517-38.
Shibata MA, Matoba Y, Tosa H, Iinuma M. Effects of mangosteen pericarp extracts against mammary cancer. Altern Integr Med 2013;2:1-6.
Jung HA, Su BN, Keller WJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD. Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). J Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2077-82.
Hidalgo M, Sánchez-Moreno C, de Pascual-Teresa S. Flavonoid-flavonoid interaction and its effect on their antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2010;121:691-6.
Palombo EA. Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:680354.
Al Laham SA, Al Fadel FM. Antibacterial activity of various plants extracts against antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014;7:e11370.
Arabski M, Węgierek-Ciuk A, Czerwonka G, Lankoff A, Kaca W. Effects of saponins against clinical E. coli strains and eukaryotic cell line. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:286216.
Widyarman AS
Lay SH
Wendhita IP
Tjakra EE
Murdono FI
Binartha CT
Antibiofilm
mangosteen peel extract
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Streptococcus mutans
Viewed 88
© 2010 Contemporary Clinical Dentistry | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 10th March, 2010


text:
Deans Grange Cemetery (; also spelled Deansgrange) is situated in the suburban area of Deansgrange in the Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown part of the former County Dublin, Ireland. Since it first opened in 1865, over 150,000 people have been buried there. It is, together with Glasnevin and Mount Jerome, one of the largest cemeteries in the Dublin area, occupying .

History

The Burial Act of 1855 resulted in the closure of many of the older churchyards in Dublin and its environs due to overcrowding. This drove the need to find new lands for cemeteries.

The initial cemetery consisted of just  bought by the Rathdown Union from Rev. John Beatty. The price agreed was £200 which Rev. Beatty set as being equivalent to twenty years rent. A committee was formed to run the new cemetery and on 20 November 1861 Sir George Hobson, chairman of the Guardians of the Rural Districts of the Union, signed the deeds establishing the new cemetery. The new committee set about appointing Matthew Betham as the chairman and Joseph Cope as the office clerk of administrative duties and the building of the new cemetery.

The cemetery was laid out with just two sections, North for Catholic and South for Protestant religions as well as separate chapels for both. It also consisted of a Gate Lodge (Registrar's house) and yew trees lining the main walkways. The buildings were constructed by Matthew Gahan, whose name can be seen on the metal doors to the vaults under each chapel.

The first burial in the new cemetery was on 28 January 1865, when Anastasia Carey was buried near the Catholic chapel. There were four grave types to be chosen by the families.
1st Class located adjacent to the main pathways and considered the most prominent and most expensive.
2nd Class located adjacent to the smaller pathways and expensive.
3rd Class surrounded by other plots where payment was required within five years. Failure to pay resulted in the grave reverting to the Burial Board for reuse.
4th Class on loan and reverted to the Burial Board for reuse after a number of years.

Since the opening of the cemetery two sections were added, South West and West, and the North section was extended. From the 1930s more land was bought and new sections were created and named after different saints bringing the total number of sections to 16.

In 1984 a sister cemetery was opened south of Shankill village called Shanganagh Cemetery and occupying . By the late 1980s, the cemetery was running out of space and it was decided to stop selling new grave spaces. However, recent proposals around 2008 will see a small number of improvements and spaces made available.

The gate lodge was lived in by the registrar until the late 1990s when it was vacated.

Today Dean's Grange Cemetery is administered by Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.

Notable burials

Interred in the cemetery are people from notable events in local and Irish history.
 The 15 local men of the Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster in 1895 who crewed a rescue boat involved in an attempt to rescue the Palme.
 The Angels plot used from 1905 to 1989 to bury children. It is estimated that 750 children are buried here. Cemetery staff renovated the plot around 2008.
 During the 1916 Easter Rising, the cemetery saw the burial of about 50 people connected to the rising. They were either innocent civilian victims, members of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, or British Army soldiers. There is a plot with 6 people buried and the rest are buried by their respective families.
 RMS Leinster was torpedoed by a German submarine  from Dún Laoghaire in 1918. Eleven known victims are buried in the cemetery.

United Kingdom armed services casualties of the 1916 rising and the Leinster sinking are among the 75 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I who are buried in this cemetery, as are 27 from World War II, whose graves are registered and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Also interred at Deans Grange:
Todd Andrews (1901–1985), Irish Republican political and military activist, later civil servant
Mona Baptiste (1928-1993), singer
Louie Bennett (1870–1956), suffragette, trade unionist, journalist and writer
Richard Irvine Best (1872–1959), Celtic scholar
Jasper Brett (1895–1917), Irish rugby international and Royal Dublin Fusiliers officer
Francis Browning (1868–1916), cricketer and President of the Irish Rugby Football Union
Joseph Campbell (1879–1944), poet
Kathleen Clarke (1878–1972), Irish republican Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil TD and Senator and widow of the Irish revolutionary Thomas J. Clarke
John A. Costello (1891–1976), Taoiseach and Fine Gael politician.
Rickard Deasy (1812–1883), lawyer and judge; Member of Parliament for Cork County
Denis Devlin (1908–1959), poet
John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), Scottish inventor of the pneumatic tyre
Reginald Dunne (died 1922), Irish republican
Frank Fahy (1880–1953), Teachta Dála (TD) and Ceann Comhairle (speaker), buried alongside his wife Anna Fahy
Barry Fitzgerald (1888–1961), actor
Alice Stopford Green (1847–1929), historian
John Edward Healy (1872–1934), longest serving editor of the Irish Times (1907–34)
Augustine Henry (1857–1930), botanist
Seosamh Laoide (1865–1939), scholar and a major figure in Conradh na Gaeilge.
Seán Lemass (1899–1971), Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil politician
Kathleen Lynn (1874–1955), suffragette, member of the Irish Citizen Army and TD for the Dublin County constituency
Donagh MacDonagh (1912–1968), writer and judge
John McCormack (1884–1945), tenor; papal count
F. J. McCormick (1889–1947), actor
Joseph McGrath (1887–1966), politician and a founder of the Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake
 Anew McMaster (1891-1962), actor-manager
Brinsley MacNamara (1890–1963), author of The Valley of the Squinting Windows
John D. J. Moore (1910–1988), US Ambassador to Ireland (1969–75), interred next to his wife and a daughter
Dermot Morgan (1952–1998), comedian and actor
Delia Murphy (1902–1971), singer and collector of Irish ballads
John Gardiner Nutting (1852–1918), baronet of St. Helen's, Booterstown
Séamas Ó Maoileoin (1893-1959), Irish War of Independence veteran
Brian Ó Nualláin (literary name Flann O'Brien; 1911–1966), novelist
Leon Ó Broin (1902–1990), writer
Frank O'Connor (1903–1966), writer, pseudonym of Michael O'Donovan
Milo O'Shea (1926–2013), actor
Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha (1883–1964), writer and teacher of Gaeilge
Joseph O'Sullivan (died 1922), Irish republican
John Howard Parnell (1846–1923), politician and older brother to Charles Stewart Parnell
John Talbot Power, 3rd Baronet of Edermine (1845–1901) of Leopardstown Park; grandson of the founder of Power's Distillery, Dublin
Noel Purcell (1900–1985), actor
Senator William Quirke (1896–1955), Fianna Fáil politician, businessman and IRA leader in Tipperary (Irish War of Independence, Irish Civil War)
Arthur Shields (1896–1970), actor Brother of Barry Fitzgerald
Elizabeth Mary Troy (1914–2011), obstetrician
Ernest Walton (1903–1995), physicist and Nobel Laureate
Joseph Edward Woodall (1896–1962), winner of the Victoria Cross
Michael "Sonny" Murphy, from Kilnaboy, Co. Clare who represented Ireland at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic games.

There are also many members of Roman Catholic religious orders buried here such as the Congregation of Christian Brothers, Daughters of the Cross, Holy Ghost Fathers, Irish Vincentians, the Little Sisters of the Assumption and the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart.

References

External links
Dublin Cemeteries
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council website
Burial records for Deans Grange and Shanganagh cemeteries

Cemeteries in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
1861 establishments in Ireland


Men's Underwear: The choice between a traditional or horizontal fly has been debated for a long time. Why would a man choose a horizontal fly? The traditional fly that has long been the hallmark of men's underwear.
There are many factors that come into play in making this decision. The best thought is that the Munsingwear Pouch horizontal fly is more convenient for easy access day or night. It does not matter if the person wearing the brief is left handed or right handed and many of our left handed customers prefer the horizontal pouch. The construction of the horizontal pouch gives superior support especially for men with larger waists. There is better coverage, so less embarrassment in public restrooms. Design is everything when it comes to support and comfort and Munsingwear is famous for their quality. The 100% ring-spun premium soft cotton material, design, and construction of the Munsingwear products goes back to the 1950s when they were quality made in Minnesota. Although they are now made in other countries, their dependability and durability wash after wash remain. Please purchase one brief if you are trying sizes, under Florida Law, we cannot take back underwear. The good thing is that you will receive only new underwear and if there are defects, we will replace the defect when you contact us within 1 year with no need to send back underwear to us.
Most men prefer the full rise pouch brief to the mid-rise. We offer both. The mid-rise pouch brief is 1 1/2 inches lower on the waist and in the pouch itself.
Also new in the past few years is the option to have one black and one gray brief in a package up to size X-Large. Instead of the 3 white pack, there is two, one black and one gray. The package of two colored briefs is the same price as the 3 in white, so they are more expensive. Many of our customers prefer the colored briefs so that there is no need to bleach and the 100% cotton underwear tends to last longer for them.
Munsingwear Kangaroo Pouch Briefs, Knit Boxers, and Undershirts from Wittmann Textiles Company offer you a new level in underwear comfort. The Munsingwear Kangaroo Pouch Brief is known for soft, premium ring-spun 100% cotton material, premium Jacquard waist band elastic, and even waist sizing that provides superior fit.
Buying from Wittmann Textiles Company, a family store and Munsingwear authorized online dealer, has its advantages. We keep track of your orders year to year and can provide sizing help. This means a lot when you find a product you like and want to use them again and again.
However, some people want to buy from a local store. The Munsingwear Company provides a find a store near to you feature on their official website at link: http://www.originalpenguin.com/storelocator.
For a free catalog visit our website or mail a request to Wittmann Textiles Company 11570 SE Dixie Highway, Hobe Sound, FL 33455-5322.


It was a great and enjoyable course. There was a lot of things to learn and implement.
This course is really important for today's leaders.
Excellent course. Loved the Course. Loved Coursera to help me do this course. Thank you Coursera.
This course should be part of academic curriculum, client on-boarding, employee orientation. I learned a lot from this course. I often found myself in situations where I know what is wrong and right but never had right kind of tools or methodology to approach the situation. This course has unlocked those skills and enabled me to take systematic approach in dealing with ethical challenges at workplace.
I truly feel like this course expanded my capacity to think about ethical conflicts, big and small, that can arise in any workplace. I feel that I now possess the tools necessary to effectively and respectively handle each situation and bring light to my own values in the workplace.


1015 Folsom Nightclub in San Francisco has released a schedule Spring 2019. 1015 Folsom Nightclub has 3 events currently penciled in so far, beginning with A Trak on 4/26/2019. Other featured events that are now scheduled at 1015 Folsom Nightclub including Cosmo's Midnight & JMSN on 6/14/2019, and Shiba San on 5/31/2019. At this time , the final event booked at 1015 Folsom Nightclub in San Francisco is A Trak on 4/26/2019. We also carry parking passes, VIP packages and front row tickets for 1015 Folsom Nightclub. Check out #1015 Folsom Nightclub or follow @TicketsBro for more information about new events at 1015 Folsom Nightclub or any updates to these currently scheduled events.


Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a rare mitochondrial disease characterized by sensory and spinocerebellar ataxia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and diabetes, for which there is no treatment. FA is caused by reduced levels of frataxin (FXN), an essential mitochondrial protein involved in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters. Despite significant progress in recent years, to date, there are no good models to explore and test therapeutic approaches to stop or reverse the ganglionopathy and the sensory neuropathy associated to frataxin deficiency. Here, we report a new conditional mouse model with complete frataxin deletion in parvalbumin-positive cells that recapitulate the sensory ataxia and neuropathy associated to FA, albeit with a more rapid and severe course. Interestingly, although fully dysfunctional, proprioceptive neurons can survive for many weeks without frataxin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that post-symptomatic delivery of frataxin-expressing AAV allows for rapid and complete rescue of the sensory neuropathy associated with frataxin deficiency, thus establishing the pre-clinical proof of concept for the potential of gene therapy in treating FA neuropathy.


text:
Prayer flap divides Bandera council
News // Texas
Zeke MacCormack
March 29, 2012 Updated: March 30, 2012 12:07 a.m.
BANDERA — A local pastor's prayers during the visitor comment portion of City Council meetings has prompted Mayor Horst Pallaske to threaten to end all prayers at the meetings.
"That's not what (the comment period is) for," Pallaske said Wednesday. "It's for business."
The flap arose after Pastor Greg Young of Family Christian Center twice prayed during visitor comments following the invocation.
That prompted Pallaske to announce March 1 that prayers during the visitor comment portion are forbidden.
Since then, Young has met separately with Pallaske and Councilwoman Maggie Schumacher to assert that his free-speech rights are being violated.
Young had given the invocation at council meetings from April, when he moved here from California, until Pallaske relieved him of those duties in December.
At a meeting following his dismissal, Young blessed the council during citizen comments. In February, he asked God to give them wisdom on an agenda item.
The mayor has authority to eliminate both the invocation and visitor comments, but he risks litigation if a venue for public input is provided but religious speech is barred.
"That's a violation of the law, both the federal constitution and the Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act," said Hiram Sasser, a lawyer for the Liberty Institute.
One factor is what rules govern visitor comments, said Eric Lane, San Antonio chapter president of Americans United for Separation of Church and State.
"If the council invites anybody and everybody to say whatever they want, then it would be discriminatory to prevent the pastor from praying," he said.
But if the council rules mandate that speakers stick to agenda items, someone offering a generic prayer could be directed to stay on topic, he said.
The ordinance relating to presentations by visitors states:
"Within the discretion of the mayor, subject to council modification, the council may hear from visitors at the beginning of the meeting. Visitors may be heard on any topic, but shall be limited to a three-minute presentation."
City Attorney Barbara Boulware-Wells explained, "In the past it has been interpreted to mean a 'topic' concerning city business. Quite frankly, it hasn't come up in the past because most people have spoken about city business."
A regular attendee at council meetings, Young said he's not trying to stir the pot but won't rule out praying again during visitor comments.
"If somewhere down the road there's a particularly sensitive issue, then I may be led to pray about that issue," he said.
Pallaske said, "If he keeps trying to force himself on me, I won't have any prayer at all" at meetings.
Councilman John Hegemier said, "We have an invocation. How many prayers do we have to have?"
While meeting with Pallaske and Boulware-Wells, Young said he questioned "the animosity directed toward me" and the reason for his dismissal.
Some favoring the change reportedly deemed Young's prayers political, Pallaske said Wednesday, but he cited no examples.
Schumacher linked his ouster to prayer style, noting Young repeatedly punctuates his prayers with, "Father God."
"In a sense, I think four of the five of us said they didn't like the way he prayed," she said.
That was news to Young, who said of Schumacher, "She told me she didn't have any issue with me."
Councilwoman Brandi Morgan said she is offended by the city's conduct toward Young, adding, "From what I can tell, the mayor has violated the pastor's First Amendment rights."
She's also upset that prayer style may have prompted colleagues to seek Young's ouster, saying, "Everybody is going to pray differently and communicate with God the way they want."
Asked Thursday if he plans to sue the city, Young said, "It's not my plan, but I do believe we need to stand up for our right to express our Christian heritage in a public forum."
zeke@express-news.net
Reach Zeke on
Zeke has primarily covered the Texas Hill Country since joining the San Antonio Express-News in 1996.


text:
Q: Implementation of 'print' in Python I was just curious as to how built-in function 'print' might be working behind the scenes in Python3. So, the following code snippet is my attempt to write a print function of my own but I'm not sure if it accurately represents how the actual 'print' works:
import os
import sys
def my_print(*args, **kwargs):
    sep = kwargs.get('sep', ' ')
    end = kwargs.get('end', os.linesep)
    if end is None:
        end = os.linesep
    file = kwargs.get('file', sys.stdout)
    flush = kwargs.get('flush', False)
    file.write('%s%s' % (sep.join(str(arg) for arg in args), end))
    if flush:
        file.flush()

I would appreciate if anyone who knows how built-in 'print' works, assess the accuracy of my version and point out any deficiency.

A: print is a built-in function in Python 3. Most built-in functions are implemented in C (in the default CPython interpreter anyway), and print is no exception. The implementation is builtin_print_impl in Python/bltinmodule.c, which can be seen here: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.11.2/Python/bltinmodule.c#L1986
The PyPy interpreter, on the other hand, is implemented in a subset of Python, so it has a print function written in Python in pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py, which can be seen here: https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/blob/release-pypy3.9-v7.3.11/pypy/module/__builtin__/app_io.py#L87
Here's the relevant code; it's fairly short:
def print_(*args, sep=' ', end='\n', file=None, flush=False):
    r"""print(value, ..., sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

    Prints the values to a stream, or to sys.stdout by default.
    Optional keyword arguments:
    file:  a file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
    sep:   string inserted between values, default a space.
    end:   string appended after the last value, default a newline.
    flush: whether to forcibly flush the stream.
    """
    fp = file
    if fp is None:
        fp = sys.stdout
        if fp is None:
            return
    if sep is None:
        sep = ' '
    if not isinstance(sep, str):
        raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
    if end is None:
        end = '\n'
    if not isinstance(end, str):
        raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
    if len(args) == 1:
        fp.write(str(args[0]))
    else:
        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
            if i:
                fp.write(sep)
            fp.write(str(arg))
    fp.write(end)
    if flush:
        fp.flush()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange