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Cultural materialism and historicism in the reading of speculative literature
Ever since I was five years old and I taught myself how to read by using my dad's textbooks, historia has always fascinated me. Even now, when I'm so sickened by my experiences teaching in public school that I find myself at times thinking that I'd rather die than to subject myself to the inanities of the public school system, histories of all stripes fascinate me. They are, after linguistic semantics, the most important and fascinating ideas and concepts that I'll probably ever come across. Perhaps to others it might make some sense, but I just cannot fathom separating historia the recollection of the past from historia the invention of stories.
Rarely does a month go by on the fora that I frequent that I don't encounter some crude attempt at "placing" a particular story, particularly epic fantasies. I will see earnest people putting forth arguments that basically claim that "dark" and "gritty" fantasies are a relatively new occurrence, arising during the past 10-15 years. Rarely is there any real understanding presented of the fantasy literature produced any earlier than that person's own childhood it seems; I rarely see discussions of pre-1977 fantasies, especially those of the epic variety. For those readers, fantasy (particularly epic fantasies, considering the type of fora that I visit most often) seems to be divorced from any sense of history.
This is very strange to me, being not just a historian but also someone who has taught English literature on occasion at the high school level. Perhaps it's because I was greatly influenced by the Cultural Materialists and the New Historicists during my graduate school years in the mid-1990s, but I find it odd that there is so little curiosity about the antecedents of current literary trends. Yesterday, while I was composing my review of David Lindsay's 1920 novel, A Voyage to Arcturus, I found myself thinking about some of the similarities that novel shared with Symbolist and late-period Romantic writers. Although this is reflected with only passing references to three authors (with J.K. Huysmans being the one I thought about most in relation to Lindsay's work), my review is informed with the notion that there is more to a literary work than the words on its pages or how the Author's psycho-sexual tensions may be reflected in it.
Too often I hear of people referring to History as some sort of static, "objective" entity that impartially doles out its judgments. Rather, I see History as an evolving, "living" record of discourse that encompasses not just what people had to eat everyday during the Turnip Winter or the amount of munitions fired during the Siege of Leningrad, but also how people composed stories and why those stories may have import at one time and not at another. Historia is not something that should be divided against itself.
In reading speculative literature, especially now that I'm reading dozens of older works for the Gollancz SF and Fantasy Masterworks review projects, I have found more layers of depth and meaning as I began exploring these texts, some of which are more than a century old, as narrative structures that are not to be separated from their historical pasts. Reading social attitudes as embedded in a story just as William Hope Hodgson's The Night Land and not trying to understand the times in which those stories were written (not to mention trying to understand our own reactions and how these reactions may differ significantly from older generations' views on social mores), that just seems to be a bit daft to me. And yet there are quite a few readers who remain so non-curious about the antecedents for say a J.R.R. Tolkien that they see his The Lord of the Rings as a "beginning" of a tradition, rather than as a transitional work that mediates some of the themes and imagery found in Scandinavian, Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Finnish sagas and epic poems, finding ways to transform these values and modes of expression into a more "modern" language. The result of this seems to be a willful lack of understanding of how fantasy and SF narratives are not truly sui generis, but are rather just extensions of older expressions on the various concerns that make up the human condition.
Sure, there will be those who will argue that literature ought to be judged foremost by its own intrinsic qualities. For the aesthetes, literature is to be analyzed on its inherent genius and not viewed through a historical lens that might take a Shakespeare or Cervantes and have their crowning achievements mixed in with pardoner accounts, Amadis of Gaul, the rise in popularity of teaching the ancient Greek and Latin in schools, and the growing divide between "high" and "popular" culture after the advent of the printing press. There is something appealing about the notion of approaching Hamlet or Don Quijote as objets d'art rather than as integral parts of the national cultures of their day. But when a peasant or merchant begins to quote scenes from these works, twisting them about to fit his/her immediate needs, then these works stop being just Art and become something much more amorphous but no less important: they become cultural markers that are utilized in various way by various social classes over centuries, creating that odd situation, as Borges notes in some of his stories, where "by quoting Shakespeare, one becomes Shakespeare," if albeit only for a moment and with the understanding that multiple applications and interpretations will arise.
All fine and dandy, no doubt, but what about speculative literature? It is rather disconcerting that the so-called "Sturgeon's Law" about where some high number (usually either 90% or 99%) of something is "crap," is cited so often by spec fic readers. To me, it seems to be a sort of lazy shortcut, a way to avoid issues of arguing "quality," not to mention examining just how important certain literary works can be outside of formal assessments of their prose, themes, and characterizations. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress certainly was not viewed as being a masterpiece when it was published in the late 17th century. It is inelegant in its construction, with virtually no subtlety in its prose, its wit, or its themes. And yet for centuries it has been one of the most popular allegorical tales for religion orthodoxy in the English language. One might be able to dismiss it with a curt "it is crap," but that would be akin to throwing one's self into the Slough of Despond. Some things, despite their formalistic weaknesses, come to possess a great power with the public, sometimes lasting for decades or even centuries.
And speculative literature? I believe a better way of assessing it is not to focus solely on its intrinsic qualities, but also to examine what sort of "conversation" it is having with previous works and with our own shared cultural histories. Understanding the Zeitgeist and the Weltanschauungen surrounding a work's composition can enlighten our understanding of the work at hand immeasurably. This holds true not just for a "classic" spec fic work published a generation or two ago, but also for those works being published today. It would behoove us to consider the influences that may be found in a work, since nothing human-made is ever conceived in a vacuum. Historia is, after all, the greatest, on-going story that we've ever heard or told.
Dave Cesarano said...
You should check out Lucian of Samosata's 2nd century AD Ἀληθῆ διηγήματα (A True Story). It reads like some crazy, off-the-wall Dungeons & Dragons adventure you might have played when you were twelve years old.
A party of adventurers sail into the ocean and get blown off course by a storm. They end up on the Moon (of all places) where they get embroiled in it's King's interplanetary war against the King of the Sun.
It was originally satirical, making fun of a lot of the mythical adventure stories prevalent in the Graeco-Roman world, as well as the travelogues of distant lands that were obviously wholly fabricated from the imagination. You can find translations of it online (like here).
Although it wasn't the author's intent, it is actually a great example of very old fantasy/science fiction/speculative fiction that is sadly overlooked.
I stumbled across a moment like this doing research for an historical fiction story last week. Apparently Dumas' Three Musketeers is based on a French book from 1700. It reminded me, actually, of studying the Romantic poets in college...in particular, the discussion of Cristabel's effect on the genre before it was published, and how after it was published (10-15 years after it was first read out loud in those circles and prompted poets who'd heard it or heard about it to write their own "ghost" poems) it seemed derivative and...well, overhyped. You're right to say that nothing is created in a vacuum, and that every work is a dialogue with the works that have gone before (at least those the author and in a different sense reader) have encountered.
I think the...shall we say, not inability and not unwillingness but unknowingness of readers to examine books in this fashion has a lot to do with how reading is taught to kids and how books are presented. Almost none of the books we read in my junior high or high school classes were presented in a context against other books of the time or even strongly correlated to the culture of the time. We'd get, at most, one day on the time period and author and then just jump into reading. It was only at university, and in upper-level English classes, might I add, that books were presented in a cultural and literary context and held up against one another to see those threads of influence and reaction linking them.
I tend to agree with the thrust of the post that older books need even more context than newer ones for full appreciation - at least this is what see the post boiling down too - but and this is a huge but, the question is who is providing the context since history is very ideological and everything except known facts - and even those sometime - can and have been reinterpreted in various fashions across time.
So if you pick any history book, whether is an encyclopedia, a monograph, a popular non-fiction or even a research paper, the ideology of the author or of his/her times or of his university will color the context first and foremost and facts as mentioned will be presented so they fit.
In a sense you can argue that history is a tale, partly fictional, partly factual, so putting older fiction in context is very tricky - for example even this notion of "the culture of the times" a previous commenter mentioned, is very subjective and will depend on who is presenting it.
And for a very specific example in the sff case, look at the reactions about Yellow Blue Tibia and its presentation of USSR of 1986.
A known sff writer based on her husband recollections disagreed about its accurateness, while myself based on living next door at the time, I found it pitch perfect in a way I find it very rarely in descriptions of Eastern Europe by Western authors...
Jonah said...
OK, you lost me in the last two paragraphs. Are you saying that people dismiss things as crap rather than discussing the merits of a work within its social/historical context? (i.e. the equivalent of dismissing Bunyan rather than acknowledging its significance)
I agree with most of what you're saying, but I'm jut not sure wha you're trying to convey at the end.
Close, but not exactly. What I'm intending to do there is to illustrate, via what some contemporary readers (past and present alike), is that what some might label as "crap" might actually have some historical significance that lies outside the story's intrinsic qualities. Matters of public taste do change, after all, and that I'm just merely cautioning assuming something that is viewed as "crap" will remain "crap" decades from now.
nycfan
From a historian's perspective a novel or other piece of literature may be interesting in a great many ways that it wouldn't be to a normal reader. But this is not necessarily true for an average reader. If they're genuinely interested in cultural history they'd probably be better off reading a good secondary work rather than wading through the huge amount of older literature that they wouldn't enjoy.
histories of all stripes fascinate me. They are, after linguistic semantics, the most important and fascinating ideas and concepts that I'll probably ever come across. Perhaps to others it might make some sense, but I just cannot fathom separating historia the recollection of the past from historia the invention of stories.
Too often I hear of people referring to History as some sort of static, "objective" entity that impartially doles out its judgments. Rather, I see History as an evolving, "living" record of discourse
If Jacek Dukaj's Ice (Lód is ever translated into one of your languages, read it. There's a lot of discussion about what is history and the nature of truth, all within the context of an alt-history late Tsarist Russia and its intellectual currents with a steampunk thriller plot someplace among the wandering narratives. I think you'd enjoy it.
Daniel Soler said...
Excellent post. Another facet of the fantasy genre that invites an historical perspective – and promises equal fascination – is the publishing industry that puts it on the shelves. For example, how many Tolkien fanatics are aware of convoluted U.S. publishing history of the "Lord of the Rings" series – and how much the subsequent controversy played a part in bringing the books greater attention that helped pave the way for a larger readership? What about the history of gaming labels that offered a consistent line of titles – like the now defunct TSR – and the part these publishers played in reinforcing genre stereotypes that not only delivered the goods that fans desired, they also furthered the very systems that these game companies promoted in their modules?
I agree with you: the story behind the story, so to speak, offers its own discoveries and thrills.


So, I am in love with this book! It is so freaking cute as well as sweet, meaningful, thoughtful, inspiring, and most of all FUN. I know what you're thinking, this is a book about a child about to start middle school how could I have enjoyed it near as much as I did well....because I was once this child. I was a middle (a middle who was also the second oldest out of four with the next sister, yeah 4 sisters, being 6 years younger, so it was a unique middle situation) and while I don't exactly remember heading off to middle school I do remember all those feelings that come along with being a middle. Those feelings that you'll never find your place in your family, with your friends, in your school, in the world. You're just this kid floating out there doing the best you can and trying to make it through each day with out messing up too badly.
Their situations are much different but the fact is that the feelings Booki Vivat brings out through Abbie are the feelings of almost every child out there...even for some of us as adults now but definitely when we were entering the world of middle school.
"This book was amazing! It's very funny and I loved the art! I don't know why but it reminds me of Ivy and Bean, Naruto, and Harry Potter. Ivy and Bean because of the conspiracies about the teachers and such and because it seems like Ivy and Bean but for kids that are a bit older. Harry Potter because of the whole school thing and how everything keeps going wrong. Naruto because it's really funny and they make a lot of minor plans that end up going wrong. Also after I finished the book I almost couldn't wait until morning because of the pastries and I was so hungry. I also think when Gloria (7) is a bit older she will really like this book too. I would rate it 5 stars and I wish there was a number two!"
I adored the illustrations that Booki added to the book to help tell the story. They perfectly complimented it and gave the book an even more endearing feel. It is that something extra that just pushes the book in to the realm that teeters past 5 stars but you've limited yourself to those 5 star and if you could you'd just give it star after star after star. I loved the relationships in the book, especially Abbie and her brother Peter's, it highlights that underlying sweetness that you'll find through out the book and if you didn't have an older brother growing up it will make you wish you had.
I could gush and gush about this book and never gush enough. If you have a middle child, a middle schooler this is a must (I wish it had existed back when I was a middle schooler, sadly I am not even sure Booki 'existed' when I was a middle schooler, haha, eek!) it is a book that every class room from I'd say 4th grade on needs to have in their library. It is a book that even if you don't have a middle or a middle schooler you should get because it will mean something special to anyone that reads it because we can ALL relate to Abbie Wu and her FRAZZLED life.
Excellent review today! I am so excited to read this book--so far everyone has loved it. I need to read this book and remind myself of feelings I had back in middle school as well as have my daughter read it too.


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Tag: Solar Energy: The Requirement of the Hour
Solar Energy: The Requirement of the Hour
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Author Gaurav6Posted on July 20, 2018 Categories MixTags Solar Energy: The Need of the Hour, Solar Energy: The Requirement of the HourLeave a comment on Solar Energy: The Requirement of the Hour

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: Operands to the || and && operators must be convertible to logical scalar values Matlab I'm checking the objects validity in Matlab with the combination of zeros in the array. I want to use && operator to do so but when I use that in a single if statement, it givs me the error:
Operands to the || and && operators must be convertible to logical scalar values.
My Code:
for ii=1:1000
 if (Vec(ii,:) ~= 0) && (isvalid(MyObj))
%opeartions
end
end

A: Those operators perform shortcut evaluation similar to the comparable C operators.   That is a || b  only evaluates b of a is false, and a && b only evaluates b if a true.   It will not do this shortcut evaluation on a point by point basis.
Since at least one of your operands appears to be a vector of boolean conditions (Vec(ii,:)~=0),   Matlab is telling you that the shortcut evaluation cannot be peformed.
You put this in an if,  so you needed a single scalar boolean anyway.  I would guess that you meant the scalar first operand as any(Vec(ii,:)~=0) rather than the vector.

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An image of a species of diatom, Cymbela cistula. Markus Buehler says diatoms are a good example of the way weak building blocks — in this case, fragile and brittle silica — can be used in biology to build strong and durable materials, by assembling them in structures organized differently at different scales.
MIT researchers aim to learn biology's secrets for making tough, resilient materials out of simple components, and then improve on them.
Nature has one very big advantage over any human research team: plenty of time. Billions of years, in fact. And over all that time, it has produced some truly amazing materials — using weak building blocks that human engineers have not yet figured out how to use for high-tech applications, and with many properties that humans have yet to find ways to duplicate.
But now a number of researchers such as MIT professor Markus Buehler have begun to unravel these processes at a deep level, not just finding out how the materials behave but also what the essential structural and chemical characteristics are that give them their unique properties. In the future, they hope to mimic those structures in ways that produce even better results.
It all comes down to assembling complex structures from small, simple building blocks, Buehler explains. He likes to use a musical analogy: A symphony comprises many different instruments, each of which on its own could never produce something as grand and complex as the combined rich, full musical experience. In a similar way, he hopes to construct complex materials with previously unavailable properties by using simple building blocks assembled in ways that borrow from those used by nature.
In biological materials such as spider silk, the geometry of the structures makes all the difference. Silk, a subject of earlier studies by Buehler and his colleagues, is made up of molecules that are, in themselves, inherently weak, but the basic disk-shaped molecules are combined into small stacks, which are in turn combined into cross-linked fibers in a way that makes the whole far stronger than its component parts. Engineers could learn a thing or two from such structures, Buehler suggests, with their different arrangements at different scales. "If we figure out how to design things at multiple scales, we don't need fancy building blocks," he says.
Peter Fratzl, a materials scientist at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Germany, sees great promise in this approach. "It is not so much the chemical composition that really counts, but the way the components (which may be intrinsically poor) are joined together," he says. "Unraveling these structural principles requires experimental as well as theoretical approaches covering many length scales, from the size of molecules to complete organs." So far, the research has been mostly on the theoretical side, but Buehler and others are hoping to proceed with experimental work as well.
This design approach not only holds the promise of creating materials with great qualities of strength, or stretchiness, or with useful optical or electrical properties, but also for making use of materials that are now thought to be of little use, or even waste products.
The key to making strong materials out of weak components, Buehler has found, lies in the way small pieces are arranged into larger patterns in different ways at different scales — in other words, in a hierarchical set of structures. "This paradigm, the formation of distinct structure at multiple length scales, enables biological materials to overcome the intrinsic weaknesses of the building blocks," he wrote in a paper appearing this month in the journal Nano Today. Buehler's research was supported by NSF, ARO, AFOSR, ONR, DARPA and the MIT Energy Initiative.
Most of the structural materials designed by people, on the other hand — steel, bricks, mortar — have simple structures that do not vary with scale, although some composite materials and structures built from components such as carbon nanotubes are beginning to implement at least some differentiation of structure with scale. But Buehler sees this as an area that is ripe for much more sophisticated and complex new designs.
Buehler suggests that just as biology has done, humans could engineer materials with desired properties such as strength or flexibility by using abundant and cheap materials such as silica, which in bulk form is brittle and weak. "The design of hierarchical structures could be the key to overcome their intrinsic weakness or brittleness, properties that currently prevent their widespread technological application," he wrote in the Nano Today paper. Using cleverly designed structures, he suggests, humans should be able to produce materials with almost any kind of desired properties, even using a very limited, and "almost arbitrary" set of components.
ARCHIVE: "Tiny rifts create fragility of brittle bone disease"


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Salmorejo is my all-time favourite Spanish dish for those scorching summer days. It used to be a messy business when I made my own but since my cooking day in Malaga I've learnt how to simplify the making and the mess. Here's how I make it now.
First scald the tomatoes to make them easy to peel by cutting a cross in the bottom of each one and putting them into boiling water for 30-60 seconds. Remove immediately into a cold water bath and the skin will peel off easily.
Cut the cores out and blend the tomatoes and pepper if used for about 30 seconds, add the bread, but only the soft inside, the quantity can be adjusted according on how thick you like your Salmorejo. Blend well for several minutes.
Add a splash of vinegar, salt, and garlic and blend well then add the oil slowly, once incorporated add one hard-boiled egg, adjust seasoning.
Chill and enjoy garnished with bits of jamon and chopped hard-boiled egg. I think of it more as a dip than a soup and serve it with fresh crusty bread.


Among the suburbs of the city, the address most popular is near the upcoming Prestige Park Square, Bannerghatta. The previous neighborhood has changed into a cosmopolitan nerve-centre hosting a range of housing options as well as options for Entertainment and Shopping. Development with a constant upgrade of civic infrastructure has fast-tracked in this belt. With such a key location Prestige Park Square will be like a hot cake in the market. Bangalore is the ideal location and looking at the current market situation should be attractively priced. From Prestige builder there are many more imminent projects in Bangalore. The Prestige Group has been renowned for becoming one of the largely important real estate developers and is thus proficiently shaping the skyline of the South India. The development of this company is known to extend crosswise Commercial, Leisure, Residential & Hospitality as well as retail. A total of 163 projects have been achieved by this construction that way with the advanced locality of 46.97 million square feet.
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Book buddies! This morning, Yellow Class read stories to the children us! They even showed us their non-fiction books based on an African country. We had a lovely morning sharing books with one another.
Book buddies with Orange Class.


There is no better place in the country to enjoy a baseball game than Boston. There are plenty of sports bars, but if watching the baseball game is what is important to you, grab a draught at one of these pubs. Baseball is tops on their agenda. Included on this list is America's First Sports Bar, two different year's winners of the #1 Sports Bar in America by Sports Illustrated, the #2 Baseball Bar in America by ESPN, and a handful of others you won't want to miss.
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With over 90 high definition televisions, a state of the art sound system and cutting edge technology, Game On! is America's premier sports viewing venue. With their chef driven menu featuring New England classics paired with American comfort food and the best sports fare you've ever tasted, they will become one of your favorite dining destinations everyday not just on game day. Located in historic Fenway Park they have managed to combine all of the historic elements that make Boston what it is.
At Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill at Fenway, there is never an away game. The president of Red Sox Nation is in the former home of the WBCN studios. They serve Comfort Food made fresh daily, with items suitable for all diets. Signature items are the House Smoked BBQ Ribs, and the Remy Burger served on Fried Dough. Their Audio/Visual game experience is unrivaled, as they have two huge 132" by 72" 1080p projection TV"s above their 34 seat bar.
Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill at Boston Seaport is a one of a kind sports bar experience that begins with New England's largest monster 32 foot HD videowall that will give you a better view than if you were actually at the game. They also have 46 Large HD Plasma screens to guarantee there isn't a bad seat in the house.
Jerry Remy's Sports Bar & Grill at Seaport is also on the water with a spectacular view of historic Boston Harbor. Whether you are planning your next after work party, hoping to run into Jerry Remy, in search of the perfect late night hot spot or looking for the best location to watch a game, come in for an experience where you can't go wrong.
McGreevy's 3rd Base Saloon is a traditional Irish Pub dedicated to Boston sports, Boston history and great music. They're known as America's First Sports Bar, winner of Boston's best sport bar many times over, home of the Dropkick Murphys, the birth of Red Sox Nation and the best bar in Boston to kick back and enjoy a pint. Join them for a night of fun, sports viewing, drinks, food and friends.
Thanks to an affordable, easy-to-navigate menu and 140 TVs, the Sports Grille Boston makes an ideal watering hole and an especially appropriate pre- or post-game dining destination. Sports fans of all stripes cheer on their alma mater or their favorite teams on one of the restaurant's 15 satellite channels. Friendly waitresses and bartenders are careful not to distract patrons from the big game. From pizzas to burgers to hot dogs, all the old favorites one finds at sporting events are here.
Those without tickets to a Sox game need only grab a seat and munch on a pair of hulking chili-cheese dogs to replicate the experience. Juicy turkey tips and huge, freshly made salads cater to palates evolved beyond standard pub grub. If your team wins, indulge in one of the grill's all-American desserts (apple pie or chocolate cake). The Grille caters to families with a kids' menu, but parents should know that patrons can get rowdy during contentious games, namely Sox-Yankees match-ups.
Sweet Caroline's is so good, so good, so good. And right behind Fenway Park on Boylston.
And with 11 flat-screens and three projector screens strewn about, there's nary a bad viewing seat in the house for Pats, Cs and Bruins watching. Unless, of course, you choose to hang out on the 30-seat outdoor patio opening in a couple weeks, which faces Fenway.


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Canadian Scientist Released Secret UFO Archive – Exo News
Jul 9, 2019 | Alien News | 0 |
Canadian Scientist Released Secret UFO Archive
by paradox January 30, 2019 (micetimes.asia)
• Victor Viggiani, a retired school principal from Toronto, Canada, addressed a distinguished panel at the Alien Cosmic Expo in 2016 with classified documents of the North American Command Aerospace Defense (NORAD) concerning the observations of U.S. and Canadian fighter pilots engaging UFOs. (see 1:56 minute video below) He released the documents in spite of being threatened with being indicted for espionage and threat to national security.
• Among the eleven NORAD documents, there were 75 reported cases of pilot "intercepts", where military craft came very close to alien craft. According to one document, in 2001, two CF-18 aircraft climbed to 35,000 feet and saw three flying saucers. Another document reveals how on November 14, 2008 a metal element, likely part of a UFO, was discovered.
• Notwithstanding, a Canadian Intelligence Committee report advised that Canada should go on a "parallel system" with the United States Air Force, to play down UFOs at all costs.
• [Editor's Note] Some of this information was taken from the video.
Victor Viggiani from Toronto has published some classified documents of the North American command aerospace defense (NORAD), which was relevant a few decades ago.
Male 30 years ago was engaged in the study of UFOs. He could not disclose any information, as all its activities are classified. Only now, after retirement, Victor was able to uncover some peculiarities of their work.
There were published 11 files, which referred to the observations of fighter pilots in flying saucers. There were 75 cases where the U.S. military is very close to the alien ships.
Victor notes that every year in the sky there are more UFOs. So far, the humanoids do not be aggressive, however it can occur at any time. People do not provoke alien creatures, sure man.
According to one document, in 2001, two aircraft CF-18 took to the air. Then at a height of 35 thousand feet military saw three flying saucers. The second source States that on 14 November 2008 was discovered a metal element, which is most likely part of the UFO.
The authorities of the developed countries in recent times not so aggressive hide information about the humanoids. Some experts even hold conferences and invite "hunters" UFO. Apparently, everyone is sick to remain silent.
1:56 minute video from Earth Mystery News of
Victor Viggiani addressing Alien Cosmic Expo 2016
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ExoNews Editor
Duke Brickhouse is a former trial lawyer and entertainment attorney who has refocused his life's work to exposing the truth of our subjugated planet and to help raise humanity's collective consciousness at this crucial moment in our planet's history, in order to break out of the dark and negative false reality that is preventing the natural development of our species, to put our planet on a path of love, light and harmony in preparation for our species' ascension to a fourth density, and to ultimately take our rightful place in the galactic community.
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New Jersey High School Sports
Mount Rushmore results: Your picks & ours for all-time best in New Providence sports
Updated Aug 03, 2020; Posted Jul 28, 2020
Check out the list of New Providence's best all-time athletes.NJ Advance Media file photos and photos courtesy of New Providence
By Brandon Gould | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
New Providence is a small school in Union County, but it has a rich history that includes state champions, MLB draft picks and NFL players since its opening in 1958.
This year, New Providence was chosen as one of the schools for our Mount Rushmore project. That means we'll need your help to select the four-best athletes/coaches in the history of the school.
Here are the results after more than 90,000 votes cast.
NJ ADVANCE MEDIA PICKS
Teddy Blackwell of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
NJ Advance Media pick No. 1: Teddy Blackwell, Football/Baseball, 1977
Blackwell is one the best football players the program has ever seen. The star running back set the single-season scoring record (which has since been broken) in state history with 254 points during his senior year. That mark broke the record of 246 points set by John Gianantonio of Netcong in 1950 and Blackwell set it as he led New Providence to a win over Butler in the 1976 North Jersey, Section 2, Group 2 title game. New Providence went unbeaten for the first time ever that season behind the play of Blackwell, who finished that season with 37 touchdowns and 16 conversions. He returned a punt 60 yards for a touchdown in the state final to win the game. Blackwell was twice selected to the All-State teams in football and baseball. He was a star player for the 1976 team that won a state championship on the diamond. Blackwell went on to play football in college at Rutgers and was a team captain. He ran for nearly 2,000 yards as a Scarlet Knight and returned two punts for touchdowns during his time there. Blackwell spent some time in camp with the New York Giants.
Frank Allocco of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
NJ Advance Media pick No. 2: Frank Allocco, Football/Basketball/Baseball, 1971
Allocco was an All-State standout in football, basketball and baseball at New Providence and went on to play football and basketball at Notre Dame. He was a three-year letterman in football for the Irish and was on the 1973 team that won a national championship. He played two years of basketball at Notre Dame under Digger Phelps. Allocco later had a great career as a basketball coach himself; most notably on the high school level at De La Salle in California. He also coached at the University of San Francisco.
Syd Kitson of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
NJ Advance Media pick No. 3: Syd Kitson, Football, 1976
Kitson was part of an incredible group of athletes to suit up on the gridiron for New Providence in the 1970s. His efforts at the Union County school earned him a scholarship at Wake Forest. In college, he started his career at tight end, before being moved to offensive tackle and eventually to offensive guard. Kitson, who is 6-foot-5, excelled on the offensive line and drew the attention of scouts. He was drafted in the third round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. Kitson played four seasons, splitting time between the Packers and Dallas Cowboys.
Coach Frank Bottone is hanging up his whistle after coaching New Providence High School to a State Championship, on Bottone Way in New ProvidenceSteve Hockstein | For NJ Advance Media
NJ Advance Media pick No. 4: Frank Bottone, Coach, Football, 1963-2010
The legendary football coach put together a 334-125-7 record during 48 seasons at New Providence. That time with the Pioneers also included six sectional playoff championships and eighth titles overall. When he reached 300 wins, Bottone was just the fourth coach in state history to hit that milestone. Bottone started with New Providence football during its inception in 1963, when it was a sub-varsity program. The Pioneers played their first varsity season under him two years later in 1965. In his final season in 2010, Bottone led New Providence to the North 2, Group I title. He also guided New Providence to championships in 1974, 1976, 1987, 1988 and 1989.
Winner No. 1: Frank Allocco, Football/Basketball/Baseball, 1971
Richard Allocco of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Winner No. 2: Richard Allocco, Football/Basketball/Baseball, 1973
Allocco was an All‐American high school football player, 1,000‐point scorer in basketball and a hard‐hitting, left‐handed pitcher in baseball. His brother, Frank, was also a standout at New Providence and their brother, Mike, who went to Union Catholic and ended up being drafted in the NBA and ABA. Richard continued the family's athletic success before joining Frank at Notre Dame. As a 6‐foot-2, 197‐pound running back at New Providence, the younger brother rushed for more than 4,500 yards and scored 43 touchdowns. He accumulated more than 6,100 yards in total offense, helping him earn over a 100 college offers for football.
Winner No. 3: Frank Bottone, Coach, Football, 1963-2010
(Left to Right) Enjoying some pre-dinner socializing at the Union county Inter-Scholastic Athletic Conference 19th Annual Scholar-Athlete Dinner held at the Westwood in Garwood Thursday night are Paul Miller, of New Providence High School, winner of the Outstanding Educator Award, Justyna Lobaza of Linden High, winner of the Robert L. Duncan Award for Outstanding Female Sholar-Athlete, Frank J. Cicarell (cq), Executive Director of UCIAC, Quarran Rogers of Elizabeth High, winner of the Walter A. Gardell Award for Outstanding Male Scholar-Athlete, and Alfred Jakucs (cq) of Linden High School, winner of the Distinguished American Award. (CG)File photo
Winner No. 4: Paul Miller, Coach, Baseball/Boys Basketball/Golf, 1958-2011
Miller coached for 53 years and led New Providence to a pair of state championships in baseball during his 32-year tenure on the diamond. Miller's teams found success in Union County as well, winning the county championship in 1977 and 1983. The legendary coach also oversaw a handful of players who were drafted in the MLB Draft, including a few right out of high school. The school's baseball field is now named after Miller. The veteran coach also led the school's golf team to a Group 1 state championship in 2010.
Here's the full list of nominees:
John Ferrara of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
John Ferrara, Wrestling, 1969
Ferrara is one of three wrestlers in the history of the school to win an individual state title. During his senior year, Ferrara was the state's top wrestler in the 106-pound weight class and became the first wrestler in program history to be crowned a state champion. Ferrara won a district title prior, but in 1969 he took it to the next level, winning his district and region on the way to taking home a state title.
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Frank Allocco, Football/Basketball/Baseball, 1971
Richard Allocco, Football/Basketball/Baseball, 1973
Allocco was an All‐American high school football player, 1,000‐point scorer in basketball and a hard‐hitting, left‐handed pitcher in baseball. His brother, Frank, was also a standout at New Providence and their brother, Mike, who went to Union Catholic and ended up being drafted in the NBA and ABA. Richard continued the family's athletic success before joining Frank at Notre Dame. As a 6‐foot-2, 197‐pound running back at New Providence, the younger brother rushed for more than 4,500 yards and scored 43 touchdowns. He accumulated more than 6,100 yards in total offense, helping him earn over a 100 college offers for football.
New Providence head coach Art Cattano in the first half of the NJSIAA boys basketball Tournament of Champions quarterfinals on Wednesday, March 13, 2019Andrew Mills | NJ Advance Media
Art Cattano, Football/Basketball/Baseball/Coach, 1973
Cattano was a member of the 1972 state championship football team and also excelled in baseball and basketball at New Providence. Cattano later became a legendary basketball coach at his alma mater. He has coached for 36 years at New Providence, winning more than 500 games and two state championships. Cattano also spent 34 years as an assistant football coach and one year as the head coach at New Providence. He is in the NJSIAA Football Coaches Hall of Fame.
Mike Barba of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Mike Barba, Baseball, 1975
Barba was an all-conference player as a senior and finished that year with a 6-2 record. The 6-foot, 195-pound pitcher went on to play in college at Coastal Carolina before being selected in the 7th round of the 1979 draft by the San Diego Padres. He played seven years of minor league baseball for the Padres, California Angels, St. Louis Cardinals and New York Mets. Barba played AA ball for three years in the early 1980s and had his best year in 1984 with the Beaumont Golden Gators of the Texas League, going 4-1 with the Padres' minor league affiliate.
Syd Kitson, Football, 1976
Rich Billitz, Wrestling, 1976
Billitz won it all in the 122-pound weight class as a senior in 1976. He went head to head with Madison's Mike Jacoutot and pinned him in 1:27 to become the second wrestler in program history to stand on the top of the podium at the state finals. Billitz was also a four-time district champion and two-time regional placer. He wrestled in college at Fairleigh Dickinson-Teaneck.
Teddy Blackwell, Football/Baseball, 1977
Your picks and ours for all-time sports greats
Check out the great nominees and vote to enshrine four
Steve Gelmine of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Steve Gelmine, Baseball, 1981
Gelmine put together a sensational career at New Providence and was so good in high school that the Cleveland Indians drafted him in the 13th round. The 6-foot, 175-pound pitcher elected to go to Florida State instead, however, and finished with a 12-4 record for the Seminoles. After graduating from Florida State, Gelmine was drafted by the Houston Astros. The left-hander played one year of minor league baseball and finished with a 5-2 record in A- ball for the Auburn Astros of the New York-Pennsylvania League.
Barry Blackwell of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Barry Blackwell, Baseball, 1984
Blackwell was the next in line in the list of great athletes to come through New Providence. He was an all-state standout in baseball and went to Florida State, where he was a catcher for the Seminoles and a member of the 1986 team that made it to the National Championship game. The 6-foot-1, 190-pounder put up a .328 average over the course of four years and belted 31 homers. He was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 17th round of the 1988 Amateur Entry Draft. Blackwell played four years in the minor leagues, making it as high as AA ball with the Canton/Akron Indians.
Alan Niemela of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Alan Niemela, Football/Baseball/Basketball, 1985
Niemela was a three-sport athlete at New Providence, but really made a name for himself in football. He went on to play at West Chester in college and broke several school records while completing 462 of 846 passes for 5,921 yards and 52 touchdowns. The 6-2, 206-pound signal caller was most valuable player in the PSAC-East, ECAC Division II Player of the Year, Eagles' Alumni Delaware Valley College Player of the Year and a finalist for the Harlon Hill Trophy (the Division II Heisman) while at West Chester. He then had a brief tryout with the Philadelphia Eagles.
Lori Carpenter of New ProvidenceNew Providence yearbook, used with permission
Lori Carpenter, Cross Country/Indoor Track/Outdoor Track, 1986
Carpenter was a sectional champion in cross country in three seasons and finished as an All-State selection as a senior. She was the first female in program history to win a Union County title in cross country. New Providence didn't see another county champion until 2015, when Jillian Turner won the crown. Carpenter was also a Group 1 champion during indoor track, winning the title in the 3200. Carpenter excelled in outdoor track as well, with titles in the 800, 1600 and 3200 across her junior and seniors seasons. She set school records in the indoor and outdoor 800 meters.
Dennis Lonergan, Football/Wrestling/Baseball, 1989
Lonergan helped lead New Providence to state championships in 1987 and 1988. As a senior, he was an All-State quarterback for a New Providence team that secured the second of three straight state titles. Lonergan was also a standout linebacker for the Pioneers. In wrestling, Lonergan was the first freshman to start at the upper weights. He excelled in his four years, winning district and regional titles. A three-sport athlete, Lonergan was also a star on the diamond and an all-state selection.
Rita Arora, Golf, 1993
Arora petitioned to be on the golf team - which was all-male at the time - and quickly made her mark for New Providence. She was so god that she earned a spot on golf team at Rutgers, where she continued to shine and was a two-team team MVP. Arora also went on to play in Amateur and Pro tours, including time on the Futures Tour.
Chris Gates of New Providence High School clears bar at 15 feet in Group 1 pole vault during NJSIAA Group Track and Field Championship in South PlainfieldJohn Oller
Chris Gates, Track and Field, 1998
Gates is one of the most accomplished track and field athletes to come through New Providence. He won an outdoor state title in the pole vault, taking home the crown with a mark of 15-0 in 1998. That height stood alone as a school record until 2013, when Michael Closs tied it and finished second in the state that year.
Donnie DeFilippis, Wrestling, 1999
DeFillippis was a storied high school wrestler, making it to the state finals in 1996 and 1998 before winning it all in 1999 at the 140-pound weight class. DeFillippis only wrestled two years at New Providence, but overall he was a four-time district champion and four-time regional champion. He transferred from Seton Hall Prep to New Providence as a junior and made it to back-to-back state finals. He finished the dream of winning a state title in 1999 with a win over St. Joe's Eric Norgaard to finish 31-0 as a senior. DeFilippis continued wrestling in college at Rutgers in the early 2000s.
Joe Melillo of Middlesex attempts tag at first as Todd Simo of New Providence slides back during game at Toms River EastJeff Huntley | For the Star-Ledger
Todd Simo, Baseball/Basketball, 1999
Simo was a standout pitcher at New Providence and was known for his ability to overwhelm batters and strike them out. He helped lead New Providence to a Group 1 championship in 1998 - the program's last state title in first since 1976. The 6-foot-3, 190-pounder was drafted out of high school by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 36th round of the 1999 Amateur Entry Draft. He did not sign, however, and played college baseball at George Mason and Kean University. At New Providence, Simo was also a basketball star at New Providence. He helped lead the Pioneers to a Group 1 state title in 1999 along with his twin brother, Tim. That team set a then-program record with 21 wins.
New Providence QB #12 Ryan Stanek unloads as North Plainfield's #32 David Salazar is blocked by New Prov's #1 Jon Scarpa in the first half in New ProvidencePete Wiederhold | For The Star-Ledger
Ryan Stanek, Baseball/Football, 1999
Stanek was another player on the 1999 New Providence baseball team that was drafted out of high school. He also helped lead New Providence to a Group 1 championship in 1998. That was only the second group title in the history of the program. The 6-foot-3, 210-pound catcher was selected by the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 38th Round of the 1999 Amateur Entry Draft. He did not sign and played college baseball at William Paterson University. Stanek was also an impact player on the gridiron and started at quarterback for New Providence.
Priscilla Barletta, Swimming/Tennis/Track and Field, 2008
Barletta was an all-group performer in three sports, but she was especially talented in the pool. She went on to swim at Lehigh and earned Freshman Swimmer of the Year honors in 2009. Barletta held the school record in the 200 free. After her college career was over, Barletta coached at her alma mater and won a sectional title with the boys swim team. Barletta moved up to the college ranks to coach swimming, spending time at UConn and Army before landing her current job as lead assistant at Penn State.
Dylan Glendinning of New Providence High School, the Boys Tennis Player of the WeekMatt Rainey | The Star-Ledger
Dylan Glendinning, Boys Tennis, 2010
Glendinning helped lead New Providence to a state championship in 2010 and that marked the first time in 20 years that the program claimed the top spot. Glendinning was first singles for that team and won an individual title at the Union County championships that spring. That title run in 2010 started a run of excellence for New Providence that also won state championships in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Those teams were led by first singles Alex Hochen.
New Providence's Laura Gregory moves the ball around Haddon Township's #13 Katie Getzinger in the first half. New Providence defeated Haddon Twp, 50-40. SundayDavid Gard | For NJ Advance Media
Laura Gregory, Girls Basketball, 2011
Gregory and Kaitlyn Cresencia were stars for a New Providence team that won it all in Group 1 back in 2011. That team finished 24-6 and made it all the way to the Tournament of Champions. Gregory led the team in scoring that winter, averaging 13 points per game. She also made an impact on the boards and pulled down 14 rebounds in a 50-40 win over Haddon Township in the state final. With Gregory and Cresencia leading the way, New Providence went on a two-year stretch where it did not once lose back-to-back games in a season. Gregory went on to play at Muhlenberg.
Kylie Desgadon of Belvidere battles with Alex Schlobohm (pictured right) of New Providence in the soccer game between New Providence and Belvidere in the NJSIAA Group 1 girls soccer semifinalWilliam Perlman | For NJ Advance Media
Alex Schlobohm, Girls Soccer, 2013
Schlobohm is one of the top players to come through the girls soccer program and was a key piece in championship runs in 2010 and 2011. She had her best year for the Pioneers in 2011, with 17 goals and 11 assists. That included a score in a 4-0 win over Haddon Township in the 2011 state final. Schlobohm was impactful the year before as well with 12 goals and 11 assists for New Providence, which beat Pennsville, 1-0, in the 2010 final thanks to a Casey Trezza goal in the second half. Gina Caprara was the leading scorer on that 2010 team and helped the Union County squad win its first outright state title. New Providence was co-champs in 2000 and 2003 prior to taking home a solo crown in 2010. Schlobohm played college soccer at Boston University. Her sister played for the team at Cornell.
New Providence's Jack Harvey makes a pass under pressure from Xavier McCormack (31) of Summit during the semifinals of the Union County Lacrosse Tournament at Johnson High SchoolSaed Hindash | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
Jack Harvey, Lacrosse/Football, 2015
Harvey finished his time with the New Providence lacrosse team in style, with the fifth most goals all-time (257), at the time, in state history and and fifth most all-time points (417). As a senior, he scored 87 goals, sent out 67 assists and picked up 83 ground balls. Harvey played lacrosse in college at Gettysburg and was named a Preseason Division III Player of the Year candidate at one point by Inside Lacrosse. In high school, he was also a standout in football, starting three years as a quarterback.
Vote Maggie Roughley 4 MVP in N. Jersey Sectional Playoffs! Poll closes Monday! #rollneers https://t.co/LX38pwsEhW pic.twitter.com/7nhmDQgsPZ
— NPHS Athletics (@rollneers14) November 20, 2015
Maggie Roughley, Girls Soccer, 2016
Roughley is one of the best soccer players that Scott Murphy has seen during his years as the New Providence girls soccer coach. Roughley was a standout for the Pioneers and also a top player for PDA - an elite club team based out of Somerset County. Roughley was a team captain for two years at New Providence and earned a scholarship to play D1 soccer at Fordham. The midfielder finished her high school career with 21 goals and 14 assists.
New Providence's Katie Kinum drives to the hoop as Cranford's Lauren Williamson defends during 1st quarter girls basketball action in the Union County Tournament semifinals in Rahway on ThursdayAndrew Miller | For NJ Advance Media
Katie Kinum, Girls Basketball, 2017
Kinum finished her high school career with 1,861 career points and that mark makes her the leading scorer in school history. She was part of a team that went 22-10 and won the Group 1 state championship in 2015. As a senior, Kinum was an All-State selection after putting up 22.8 points, 8.3 rebounds and 3.5 assists per game. She went on to play college basketball at UPenn and will be a senior next winter.
Sydney Morang was a member of that 2015 championship team as well and had a double-double in a 32-30 win over Haddon Township in the title game. Morang played three years at New Providence before transferring and graduating from IMG Academy in Florida. She played college basketball at the University of Florida.
Katherine Ge of New Providence hits a shot in the first singles final of the Group 1 tennis finals at Mercer County Park in West Windsor, NJScott Faytok | For NJ Advance Media
Katherine Ge, Girls Tennis, 2018
Ge played first singles as a freshman for a team that won it all and took home the Group 1 state championship in the fall of 2014. After losing hold of the state title in 2015, New Providence stormed back with Ge at first singles and won the crown again in 2016. Stephanie Maluso was another Class of 2019 player, along with Ge, who helped spark New Providence at the second singles position.
Tyler Lawton of New Providence tries to get past Ben Martin of Bernards during the boys lacrosse game between Bernards and New Providence at Bernards High SchoolScott Faytok | For NJ Advance Media
Tyler Lawton, Boys Lacrosse, 2018
Lawton is one of the top lacrosse players to come out of the New Providence program. The talented scorer came through with 145 goals and 75 assists. Lawton followed in the footsteps from Jack Harvery after the two played together in 2015. Lawton finished with 62 goals in his senior year. He went to play at Syracuse out of high school. He transferred and now plays for Wagner College, however.
Sophia Kudryashova, of New Providence, wins the 200 freestyle during the Union County Swimming Championships held at Rutgers UniversityJohn Munson | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
Sophia Kudryashova, Girls Swimming, 2019
Kudryashova was one of the best swimmers New Providence has ever seen. She finished second in the state in the 100-yard freestyle (51.28) and third in the 200-yard freestyle (1:49.82) at the 2017 NJSIAA swimming and diving Championships. Kudryashova broke two meet records at the Union County finals with a 1:50.61 in the 200 and a 51.14 in the 100. She was also a three-time USA Swimming Scholastic All-American in high school. Kudryashova is currently a swimmer at the University of Michigan. Her sister, Julia, swam in college for Maryland and Rutgers. Julia broke the Union County record in the 50 and 100 freestyle events as a junior and a senior. That 100 freestyle record stood until Sophia bested it in 2019.
New Providence's #5 Kaitlyn Cumiskey and #22 Julianna DeGeorge hold up the trophy after their win over Glen Ridge. Girls Basketball, North 2, Group 1 final, New Providence defeated Glen Ridge, held in New ProvidenceMary Iuvone | For NJ Advance Media
Kaitlyn Cumiskey, Lacrosse/Cross Country/Basketball, 2020
Cumiskey scored 301 goals in just three years playing lacosse at New Providence. She was on pace to hit 400 if the spring season had been played and would have been the sixth player in state history to reach that mark. Cumiskey led the state with 112 goals a year ago. She will play college lacrosse at UPenn. Cumiskey also ran cross country at New Providence and was a key veteran presence on the basketball team. She helped lead the Pioneers to a North 2, Group 1 championship this winter.
Frank Bottone, Coach, Football, 1963-2010
Paul Miller, Coach, Baseball/Boys Basketball/Golf, 1958-2011
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      {{ $posts->body }}
      <textarea id="body" name="body" class="backend_textarea" rows="40" required>{{ $posts->body }}</textarea>

    <input class="backend_submit" type="submit" value="Update">
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="PUT">
    <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="{{ Session::token() }}">
  </form>
@endsection

Here's the edit function in the PostsController.
public function edit(Posts $posts)
{
    return view('posts.edit')->withPosts($posts);
}

And the update function.
public function update(Request $request, Posts $posts)
{
    $this->validate($request, array(
    'title' => 'required|255',
    'slug' => 'required|255',
    'body' => 'required'
    ));

    $posts->title = $request->title;
    $posts->slug = $request->slug;
    $posts->body = $request->body;

    $posts->save();

    return redirect('posts');
}

I have a test post that I created through my create form, so create and store are working. It shows up just fine on index with the information I want. But when I click the edit button, it takes me to an empty edit view, and if I fill the fields and hit the update button, I get the 'MethodNotAllowed' exception as in the title.

A: Try to change
href="{{ route('posts.edit', $post) }}"

on
href="{{ route('posts.edit', ['post' => $post]) }}"

Hope it help you to find right solution :)


text:
Constitutional Law Keyed to Chemerinsky
Constitutional Law Keyed to Cohen
Constitutional Law Keyed to Stone
Constitutional Law Keyed to Sullivan
Constitutional Law Keyed to Brest
The Bank of the United States: A Case Study
The Constitution in the Early Republic
Are We a Nation? The Jacksonian Era to the Civil War, 1835-1865
From Reconstruction to the New Deal: 1866-1934
The New Deal and the Civil Rights Era
Federalism, Separation of Powers, and National Security in the Modern Era
Bond v. United States 134 S.Ct. 2077 (2014)
Gregory v. Ashcroft 501 U.S. 452 (1991).
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder 133 S.Ct. 2612 (2013).
Edmond v. United States 520 U.S. 651 (1997).
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 542 U.S. 507 (2004).
United States v. Cox 342 F.2d 167, cert denied, sub nom. Cox v. Hauberg, 381 U.S. 935 (1965)
National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning 134 S.Ct. 2550 (2014)
In re Sealed Case 838 F.2d 476, rev'd sub nom. Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)
Edmond v. United States 520 U.S. 651 (1997)
Race and the Equal Protection Clause
Sex Equality
Liberty, Equality, and Fundamental Rights: The Constitution, the Family, and the Body
The Constitution in the Modern Welfare State
Constitutional Law Keyed to Shanor
Constitutional Law Keyed to Varat
Constitutional Law Keyed to Farber
Constitutional Law Keyed to Rotunda
Constitutional Law Keyed to Choper
Constitutional Law > Constitutional Law Keyed to Brest > Federalism, Separation of Powers, and National Security in the Modern Era
In re Sealed Case
Citation. 838 F.2d 476, rev'd sub nom. Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)
Citation838 F.2d 476, rev'd sub nom. Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)
Government officials being investigated by an independent counsel under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 challenged the Act as unconstitutional.
The Ethics in Government Act violates the Appointments Clause, rendering it unconstitutional.
Such intimate involvement with other branches undermines the status of the judiciary as a neutral forum for the resolution of disputes between citizens and their government.
A dispute between the executive and legislative branches over document production resulted in a criminal investigation. Under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, 28 U.S.C.S. §§ 591-598, at the request of the Attorney General, the Special Court appointed an independent counsel to investigate whether the actions of three former government officials, including a federal Assistant Attorney General, violated federal criminal law. The officials being investigated argued that the Act was unconstitutional and challenged the independent counsel's ability to issue subpoenas compelling the officials to testify before a grand jury concerning their actions taken in their government capacities. The court of appeals granted review.
Does the Ethics in Government Act violate the Appointments Clause?
(Silberman, J.) Yes. The Ethics in Government Act violates the Appointments Clause, rendering it unconstitutional. The first issue is whether the independent counsel would be considered an inferior officer. Under the Appointments Clause, inferior officers do not need to be appointed by the President and consented to by the Senate. An inferior officer is one who is subordinate to a principal officer. The independent counsel has the power to decide whether an investigation should continue, decides whether a prosecution should be brought, and has authority over the investigation for as long as the investigation lasts. Because the authority of the independent officer is so broad, she should be considered a principal officer and not an aide or subordinate of the head of a department. Therefore, her appointment by the Special Court is unconstitutional. Even if she was an inferior officer, the appellants argue that the Act is still unconstitutional because it interferes with the President's executory duties. We agree. The Act gives a court the authority to appoint the independent counsel. This appointment is inconsistent with the constitutional grant of executive power to the President. A law that places the power to appoint an officer to prosecute criminal law in a branch other than the executive obstructs the President's ability to execute the law. In Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976), a statute allowing Congress to appoint members of the Federal Election Commission was declared unconstitutional because it gave the legislative branch the authority to appoint executive officers. The Commissioners exercised executive power because they could bring civil actions against violators of the election laws. Here, the independent counsel argues that the Appointments Clause allows for Congress to grant courts the power to appoint inferior officers. We do not believe that the clause intended to allow an officer of one branch of the government to appoint an officer of another who is assigned a central duty to the constitutional role of that other branch. Further, the Act violates the separation of powers doctrine by limiting the President's ability to remove or supervise the independent counsel. Additionally, the Act gives an Article III court non-Article III powers. Close association between an Article III court and a prosecutorial office undermines the status of the judiciary as a neutral arbiter of disputes between the government and its citizens.
The Supreme Court addressed this case in Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988), revisiting the issue of whether an independent counsel is an inferior officer. In Edmond v. United States, 520 U.S. 651 (1997), the Court took up the issue of whether Congress was authorized to allow the Secretary of Transportation to appoint civilian members to the Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals under the Appointments Clause.
Study Assets: Introduction to Separation of Powers and Congressional Powers


2008-12-02T07:42:42-05:00https://images.c-span.org/Files/312/282635-05-m.jpgLawrence Korb talked about President-elect Obama's formal announcement of his national security team yesterday, including his choices for Secretary of State (Senator Hillary Clinton), Defense Secretary (Robert Gates), National Security Adviser (Retired General James Jones), Secretary of Homeland Security (Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano) & U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (Susan Rice). He responded to telephone calls and electronic mail.


text:
Home » Report from Europe: US Spine receives CE mark for sale of its technology
Report from Europe: US Spine receives CE mark for sale of its technology
US Spine (Boca Raton, Florida) said it has received CE-mark certification for the commercial sale of its technology in Europe, indicating that the company has met the essential health, safety and performance protection requirements detailed in the European Medical Device Directive 93/42/EEC.
The company also said it has been certified to ISO13485:2003 and ISO 9001:2000 by LNE GMED, a certification and notification body, after a comprehensive audit of US Spine's quality management system.
The ISO certifications are internationally recognized medical device quality management system standards developed by the International Standards Organization.
"Receiving our ISO certifications and CE-mark approval are exciting steps forward in providing European surgeons and patients with our next generation of spine technology," said President/CEO Doris Blake. "Our Facet Fixation technology is ushering in a new type of posterior fixation that allows surgeons to create a rigid posterior construct in a fraction of the time required by conventional devices."
She added, "We've introduced the concept of a facet bolt as well as providing surgeons with an implant that is preloaded into the delivery mechanism. With our technology providing faster, easier to use and potentially better patient outcomes, it has already been enthusiastically embraced by the surgery communities here in the U.S. and we anticipate a similar response abroad."
US Spine is focused on the development and commercialization of advanced spinal implant systems with "breakthrough technology" to address the rapidly increasing spine implant market. It said its development efforts are centered on motion and tissue preservation through the use of advanced biomaterials and expert surgeon designers.
The future of care and support in London
UK Care Services Minister Phil Hope is holding public consultations on the future of the care and support system in England, particularly in the London area.
In 20 years, the number of people living in Greater London over the age of 65 will have risen to more than 1 million, and the number of people over 85 will have risen to over 140,000.
The engagement on the future of care and support involves members of the public, people who use services and their families joining Hope to discuss their views on what kind of system they want to see in the future, as well as how it should be funded.
Hope said, "At the turn of the century there were 19 people working for every one retired. That number has now decreased to four working for every one retired. It's vital [that] I discuss, with the people of London, how we can create a high-quality, affordable care and support system for a rapidly aging population."
He added, "The care and support system for the future should promote independence, choice and control for everyone. We are committed to creating a system in the future that meets the individual needs of our ageing population and their families. I urge people to get involved — the reform affects us all."
Hope said that in 20 years' time a quarter of the entire adult population in England will be over 65 and the number of people over 85 will have doubled. "We expect over 1.7 million more people to have care and support needs [then]," he said.
FDA okays Austrian firm's product
CNSystems Medizintechnik (Graz, Austria) said it has received FDA clearance for CNSystem's CNAP Monitor 500, permitting the sale of the product in the U.S. The CNAP Monitor 500 measures non-invasive and continuous blood pressure in real-time and can predict responsiveness to fluid administration.
In the perioperative setting, detecting blood pressure drops and their cause in time is crucial for peri- and postoperative outcome. However, until recently only invasive methods provided quality information to the clinician.
CNSystems said CNAP provides reliable blood pressure monitoring comparable to invasive techniques and adds valuable information about fluid responsiveness of the patient non-invasively. It said this allows spreading the highest level of blood pressure monitoring to all perioperative settings where close blood pressure monitoring is indicated, but the risk and discomfort of invasive measurement is not justified.
Misonix signs another distributor
Misonix (Farmingdale, New York) reported the signing of another European distributor, Eclipse Medical (Rotterdam, the Netherlands).
The three-year, exclusive distribution agreement allows Eclipse Medical to distribute the SonaStar Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator, the BoneScalpel Ultrasonic Bone Cutter, and the SonicOne Ultrasonic Wound Debrider in the Netherlands.
Misonix said Eclipse Medical has built a solid reputation as a distributor of medical devices and capital equipment, with special emphasis on surgery and oncology.


Whenever I use a tv or a display unit(such as during the Richard scene) i get frame drops, low res visuals(on the display) and in the case of Richard, a strange texture glitch limited to a piece of his hair(his combover appears blurry, almost like an artifact but contained to that specific piece of hair) on the top of his head.
Other than that the game works fine, but the in game displays are just buggy and don't work properly for me. Any idea how to fix it?
Other games also work completely fine and my drivers are updated. I have a 960 4GB Geforce and even though its a low spec card it runs everything else perfectly fine. Current settings for the game are all on High.


text:
Inside the Retravision collapse: Six things the retailer failed to do
The tough retail environment was the obvious catalyst for the appointment of administrators yesterday to Retravision Southern, but there were other factors at work in the collapse of the electrical retailer's buying arm, according to retail experts.
Retravision Southern acted as the buying and marketing licensor for 104 privately-owned Retravision stores in Victoria, southern New South Wales and Tasmania.
Administrators KordaMentha blamed the fragile retail environment for Retravision's problems.
"The company's ability to operate as a going concern had been impacted by the industry-wide decrease in consumer discretionary spending being experienced by retailers," Bryan Webster of KordaMentha said in a statement yesterday.
However, retail experts say while the fragile retail sector was an issue, other factors were also at play, including the deflation of Retravision's core product, the structure of the business as a co-operative and the location of its stores.
These are six of the factors behind Retravision's collapse:
1. An outdated co-operative model
Retravision operated as a co-operative with Retravision Southern acting as the buying arm for stores in Victoria and NSW, which were independently owned and operated.
Stephen Giles, partner in the retail and brands group at law firm Norton Rose, told SmartCompany that while he has no knowledge of the Retravision situation, he recently presented to another organisation on the topic, "The Co-operative is Dead".
"There is no leadership in a co-operative, just a mix of consensus and people doing their own thing," says Giles.
"The economies of scale are not what they should be because there is no retail discipline – each member buys what they want, so there is no genuine competitive pressure on their suppliers to give the best deal.
"The retail models supported by co-operatives cannot compete in CBD and high competition market.
"Typically they survive with members from rural and regional areas, where there is not as much competition."
2. Failure to move to a franchise model
Giles advocates a franchise model for businesses rather than a co-operative model.
"The primary reason why the franchise model always outperforms the co-operative model is because it is a selling group not a buying group; it is customer focused, not supplier focused," says Giles.
"We have seen a number of co-operatives successfully convert to franchising like Forty Winks, Auto Barn and Auto Pro.
"They have not lost their mantra, but a co-operative is often a passive player and a Forty Winks or Auto Barn can go out and take an opportunity that arises in a new area like a new site."
3. Deflation of core product
The cost of computers, televisions and digital cameras – all products sold by Retravision – fell by more than 13% in 2011, according to the Canon Consumer Digital Lifestyle Index.
Brian Walker, managing director of the Retail Doctor Group told SmartCompany that Retravision was affected by the deflation of its core product as TVs and appliances have become more mass-produced than ever before.
"The categories they play in are the most affected. If you look at the department stores, those categories are the most affected – appliance and home electrical," says Walker.
"That category is over competed."


This is very much needed. The SILENCE is deafening. Nothing seems to be happening or if it is it is barely perceptible, in terms of the media, in state or national politics, or any other venue that would reach the general public.
Thank you George. Great topic. I think the silence is because it's so scary people feel helpless and don't want to talk about it. I work everyday selling solar power. Solar power is available to many people but there's huge misconceptions about it which are furthered by the media. The biggest one is that it's "too expensive" (you can lease a system for $0 out of pocket), it will "break the grid" (utility company propaganda) etc. Realistic solutions need to be part of the discussion because you can't just take fossil fuels away from people without giving them an alternative. Thank you for your commitment to addreesing this issue.
The silence has been troubling me for years, along with my feeling of ineffectiveness. My biggest frustration is people's lack of recognition and responsibility for the waste of energy everywhere – overheated shops, offices, public spaces in the winter; excessive air-conditioning everywhere in the summer, buildings ablaze with light, the amount of travel, etc, etc.
What I am always wishing I could do is to get a national campaign together of people who are prepared to politely challenge these excesses by contacting the management of the culprit organisations, large or small, followed by reporting successes and failures on the group's web site. I have done some such contacting in the past but it's been a lonely job. Any takers?
Good timing George. East Coast surge, houses washed away, flooding where no flooding before, even after years of building extra defences. On the the media I watched, no mention of climate change.
The direction is absolutely correct!
1) Achieve economies of scale ($); utilizing a corporate marketing approach to determine and target through professional, planned and well led marketing campaigns.
2) Timely and effective response to bad, inaccurate and misleading journalism and journalistic practices.
3) Above all: communicate at an organic and personal level. Attach the ownership of the problem to the individual, making the issue 'personal'. The inertia is too great to move people until they see 'benefit' in doing so and 'cost' in not doing so.
This needs leadership and a willingness to sacrifice some autonomy by those concerned. Shared responsibility under an agreed plan spreads the load and the financial burden.
An unfortunate consequence of the deafening "Climate Silence" over the past five years (essentially since the debacle at Copenhagen) is that there's been little, if any, examination of the lessons of that debacle and, in particular, what its realities mean for Western climate policy. I suggest that, at least to some extent, it may even be that those realities are so uncomfortable that the more perceptive of those who have hitherto been in the forefront of debate are unwilling to talk about them.
The problem stems from the 1970s when the then overwhelmingly powerful West, to accommodate developing countries' anxiety to escape poverty and their ambition for economic and political growth, developed the concept of "sustainable development" effectively exempting them from environmental constraint. The concept was formalised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 when the world was divided into two blocs: Annex 1 countries (essentially the developed economies) and Non-Annex 1 countries (essentially the least developed world, OPEC members and the developing, and fastest growing, economies). Under Kyoto (1997), the former were committed to stabilising GHG emissions and the latter were not. Although over the years Non-Annex 1 countries have become increasingly powerful (responsible, for example, for 67% of global CO2 emissions in 2012), they have resolutely refused to change the Annex 1 / Non-Annex 1 categorisation.
At Copenhagen, Non-Annex 1 countries, led by China, humiliatingly defeated the West. Thereafter the heart went out of climate negotiations: the victors have been in the driving seat ever since, made worse by Canada, Russia, Japan and (probably) Australia tiptoeing away from commitment. That accounts for about 75% of global emissions. And, as the USA won't sign a binding deal if other major economies don't, essentially only the EU (little more than 10%) is left. So dreams of a binding global deal in Paris next year are no more than that – dreams. CO2 emissions will continue their inexorable rise. And there's nothing the EU can do to reverse that.
As Professor Mike Hulme has said recently, "The debate about climate change needs to become more political, and less scientific." And in my view the only rational subject for that debate, and for consequential action, is the determination of our (the West's) optimum course in a world where we are rapidly losing influence, where emissions will rise and where our trying to prevent that from happening is pointless.
Such a debate may be uncomfortable. But it's the new "human story", the new "climate challenge" and its being uncomfortable mustn't be a reason for avoiding it.
Let's assume there's a possibility the developing nations might change their tune. If so, our continuing to assert just how bad it is, and how grim the outlook if we don't take action, can only be counter-productive. That's because it hands them an even bigger stick to beat us with: "OK, you keep repeating it's so terrible, is happening now and will get far worse. We're not sure we agree** but, assuming you're right, it's historically your fault we're in this mess. So hand over vast sums of compensation and start massive emission reductions now: only then will we believe you're really serious. And then, maybe, we'll consider reduction".
As we (the West) cannot do either – for example, the US Congress has shown that, whichever party is in power, they're not going to agree to unilateral reductions nor (especially since the 2008 banking crisis) to pay money they haven't got to the cash-rich "developing" economies. Therefore the latter (who obviously know all this) are given the perfect excuse to continue business as usual. And to blame us.
There's a (very) minor typo in my last comment: remove the "As" from the beginning of the last paragraph.
Robin Guenier's point in his comments above is unanswerable, which is presumably why it hasn't been answered.
However, while he is undoubtedly correct logically in stating that only Europe is likely to make serious attempts to cut emissions, it's an argument that is going to meet stiff opposition on psychological grounds, which is George's subject, and why his reaction is awaited so eagerly.
No one likes to be reminded that they're getting old and feeble, least of all a political union of the 300 million richest people on the planet. We can boast all we like of our rich cultural history and show it off to Chinese tourists; we can send our two and a half nuclear armed submarines somewhere (no-on knows where or against whom); and we can still mount the odd small-scale military intervention in collapsing countries. But our population is dwindling and our growth is near zero, while the rest of the world economy is bounding ahead at 4%p.a. Africans are twice as numerous as us and will be five times as numerous by the end of the century, and richer than we are now, and China will be the richest nation on earth.
No -one is going to follow our example on emssion reductions. We're just not important enough. This argument is even harder to accept psychologically than the argument that perhaps climate scientists are not quite as good as they think they are.
What's the concerned UK environmentalist to do given that (a) unless there are radical cuts in GHG emissions, global warming will be a serious threat to mankind and the planet, and (b) countries responsible for about 70% of emissions are, for the reasons set out above (also see this: **), almost certain to continue to reject any binding obligation to reduce their emissions?
1. Either go to Beijing and, avoiding scientific argument, make their case to the Politburo for a change of heart based on personal conviction as a global neighbour.
2. Or, as the UK cannot overcome the threat, prioritise a radical review of how best to ensure the economy is strong enough to provide some degree of protection to people and the environment.
Unfortunately only the second would seem to be practical.
Re my option 2 (above), one item to consider might be the abolition of wind and solar power subsidies and the reallocation of the money saved to reducing fuel bills and building stronger defences against the anticipated climate chaos. After all, if we're unable to prevent the chaos (see above), it's immoral to further enrich rich landowners and the better-off middle classes while harming the poorest and most vulnerable members of society.


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Hedinger Roofing Company was founded in 1952 by Hubert Hedinger. Shortly thereafter, Hubert was joined in business by his two sons, Bill and Bob Hedinger. Over the years, they built a solid reputation as one of Southern Indiana's premier roofing contractors. Today, Hedinger Roofing Company continues the tradition set by its founders in providing expert and knowledgeable roofing services.
We employ professionals who are knowledgeable in the variety of roof systems available and can recommend a system that will meet your specific requirements. Hedinger Roofing offers state of the art roofing utilizing E.P.D.M., thermoplastics, asphalt built-Up roofing, modified bitumen, and standing seam metal as well as shingles. This is why customers have ben calling Hedinger Roofing since 1952.
We provide a variety of roofing services for you.
Contact us to request a free quote and get started with your project. Fill out the form or give us a call.


text:
Q: Vue js npm run build error in bundle.css Conflict: Multiple chunks emit assets to the same filename bundle.css (chunks app and chunk-f33d301e) If I uncomment the below css extracting method in the vue.config.js file and run build for production. I am getting the above mentioned error.
// vue.config.js file

// uncomment before executing 'npm run build'
    css: {
        extract: {
          filename: 'bundle.css',
          chunkFilename: 'bundle.css',
        },
    }

Am I supposed to pass the filename as variable. But these are default template code for extracting css during production build.

A: Try renaming the chunkFilename to e.g. just "bundle", because otherwise, the extracted CSS file and the chunkFile have the same file name.


Offering students superb tuition, innovative and flexible study modes, the best and most up-to-date study materials, and a relentless commitment to personal attention, City Colleges represent a completely novel approach to third-level professional education and examination preparation.
Many of Ireland's leading lecturers in the areas of Professional Law, Professional Accountancy, Childcare, Business Studies, Computing, Event Management and Psychology have come together to offer students a different kind of educational experience, one where the learner's needs are paramount, and his or her expectations are constantly surpassed.
The City Colleges Group delivers programmes from two venues in Dublin (City Centre and Dundrum) and a suite of on-line courses nationwide.


text:
Connect Four with an AI using minimax and alpha-beta pruning.

## License

See the [LICENSE.md](LICENSE.md) file for license rights and limitations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub