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Iran calms Lebanese fighting, raises hopes for Soviet hostages
By Jim Muir Special to The Christian Science Monitor
Iranian political intervention has brought at least a temporary lull to the violent battles in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli, and has raised hope of an early end to the Soviet hostage crisis in Beirut. But it has also highlighted one of Syria's most pressing dilemmas in its efforts to pacify Lebanon. In deference to its important strategic alliance with Tehran, can Damascus afford to tolerate radical, Iranian-inspired Islamic movements on its own doorstep in Lebanon?
Some of those fundamentalist groups, both Sunni and Shiite Muslim, have links with outside forces hostile to Syria, such as Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. They have often found themselves in conflict with the forces in Lebanon itself, which Syria is relying on in its efforts to tame the country by proxy.
The Tripoli battles are a vital case in point, and the outcome will clearly have wider implications for the rest of the country. The Sunni fundamentalist Tawheed Islami (``Islamic Unification'') movement benefited from its alliance with the PLO to impose its control over much of Tripoli before Yasser Arafat and his men were evacuated from the city in December 1983. For the past 18 days, the Tawheed has been battling for survival against a coalition of Lebanese factions put together by Syria as an instru ment for restoring its indirect control.
For Syria, it was clearly intolerable that a major city such as Tripoli should remain under the semi-autonomous control of Sunni fundamentalists, who openly advocate establishment of an Islamic republic in Lebanon.
But the Tawheed and its leader, Sheikh Saeed Shaaban, have established strong ties with Syria's strategic allies, the Iranians, who see his brand of Sunni fundamentalism as an important complement to their own Shiite revolution. Sheikh Shaaban is the only Lebanese or Syrian leader who is known to have been granted an audience with Iran's leader, Ayatollah Khomeini.
As the Syrian-backed militias inched their way forward against the Tawheed in Tripoli, the Iranians stepped in to halt the carnage. Iranian President Ali Khamenei talked for nearly an hour on the phone Tuesday with Syrian President Hafez Assad. Iran dispatched a delegation that arrived in Tripoli the same evening.
A truce was called, and the Iranian delegation accompanied Shaaban and one of his colleagues to Damascus for talks with Syrian Vice-President Abdul Halim Khaddam Wednesday. The talks were attended by leaders of Iran's closest Shiite allies in Lebanon, the Hizbullah (``Party of God'') and the Islamic Amal.
The Tripoli truce and the involvement of both Sunni and Shiite fundamentalists in the Damascus talks raised hopes that, at the very least, the people who kidnapped the four Soviet Embassy officials in Beirut Monday would refrain from killing any more of them. The body of one of the Russians was found Wednesday morning, shot through the head and dumped near a derelict sports stadium in south Beirut.
If the Iranian-mediated Damascus talks produce a settlement of the Tripoli crisis and an understanding between Syria and the Shiite and Sunni fundamentalists, the early release of the three surviving Soviet hostages may be expected. Responsibility for their abduction had been claimed by both the Islamic Jihad and the hitherto-unknown Islamic Liberation Organization. Despite the confusion, the kidnappings were clearly linked to the plight of the embattled Tawheed fighters in Tripoli.
But can Damascus afford to compromise with the Islamic revolutionaries? The abduction of the Soviets and the murder of one of them illustrate the deadly nature of the challenge the revolutionaries could pose to Syria's influence.
The Syrians have very close relations with the two big militias that control west Beirut -- the Druze Progressive Socialist Party and the Shiite Amal, both of which also have good, direct relations with Moscow. But they were powerless to prevent or remedy the abduction of the Soviet officials, despite Syrian warnings to the perpetrators. Embarrassed, Damascus Radio neglected all mention of the abduction of the Russians in its newscasts.
If the Syrians are to achieve complete control over Lebanon -- a task that has defied all previous efforts by Syria itself and by other outsiders such as Israel and the United States -- the challenges represented by the fundamentalists and by the presence of pro-Arafat Palestinians would have to be ruthlessly eliminated.
Syria's problem is that if it tries to gain complete control, either directly or through proxies, it may seriously jeopardize its vital alliance with Iran, and also with Libya, which strongly opposed the bloody but inconclusive drive against the Palestinian camps in Beirut by Syrian-backed Shiite forces in early summer.
Dozens die in Lebanon as Army clashes with Sunni supporters of Islamic State
On Islamic State's western front, Lebanon girds for pre-winter attacks
Lebanese court pegs deadly mosque attacks on Syria


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ENVIRONMENT GLOBAL WARMING
About EGW
ICESAG
• Environmental Constitutional Law
Environmental International Organizations
Nine Billion People, One Planet
Environmental Law, Policies, and Environmental Protection
Ambiente e Saúde
Global Catastrophes
Climate System
Economy & Environment
Global Warming & Global Society
Global Visitor Map
(10) Planet Blue
Created on Monday, 08 June 2015 04:28 | | | Hits: 1275
THAILAND TSUNAMI 2004
Hurricanes and Tornadoes
Hurricanes are strong cyclones that originate in the oceans, near the tropics. They are accompanied by heavy rainfall and winds blowing at speeds of 75 mph.
Categories of Hurricane
Hurricanes are classified into five categories, based on their wind speeds and potential to cause damage.
• The World Meteorological Organization gives names to hurricanes.
• Hurricanes that form in the western Pacific Ocean are called typhoons.
• Hurricane season is the time when most Atlantic Ocean hurricanes occur.
• The eye is the calm and roughly circular center of a hurricane.
• Some tornadoes can have wind speeds of more than 300 mph.
• The word tornado comes from the Spanish word tronada, which means thunderstorm.
Hurricanes Wind velocity
Category One Winds 74–95 mph
Category Two Winds 96–110 mph
Category Three Winds 111–130 mph
Category Four Winds 131–155 mph
Category Five Winds greater than 155 mph
A tornado is a rotating violent wind that extends towards the ground from the clouds. Tornadoes are funnel-shaped with their narrow end towards the ground.
Tsunamis are tidal waves that occur on the surface of the ocean. They are caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the sea.
• Tsunamis are surface gravity waves.
• Tsunami waves can travel across the ocean at speeds of more than 500 mph.
• Japan is a nation with the most recorded tsunamis in the world.
• The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami is the deadliest tsunami in recorded history.
• Tsunamis are most prevalent in the Pacific Ocean.
• 3.5 billion years ago, an asteroid collision created a giant tsunami that swept around Earth several times.
• When the ocean is deep, tsunamis can cross the entire ocean in a day or less.
• It is believed that a tsunami sounds like a freight train.
• Tsunamis can even travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean.
Megatsunami
A megatsunami is an informal term used to describe a very large tsunami wave.
Rising High
Once the tsunami wave reaches the coast, its top moves faster than the bottom, which causes the sea to rise dramatically
Oceans were formed as a result of the redistribution of mantle materials within Earth, as they rose to the surface. Millions of years ago, as Earth warmed, lava, gases, and water vapor locked in Earth's crust were released. These were carried to the surface by volcanic activity and formed the early atmosphere. Water vapor condensed into clouds bringing the first rain on Earth. Once the water cycle began, oceans starting forming.
The highest tides on Earth are found in the Bay of Fundy east of New Brunswick, Canada.
• The largest waterfall on Earth is actually underwater, found in the Denmark Strait.
• About 97% of all of Earth's water is saltwater found in oceans.
• The temperature of most ocean water is about 39° F.
• 90% of all volcanic activity occurs in the oceans.
• The pressure at the deepest point in the ocean is more than eight tons per square inch.
• The top ten feet of the ocean hold as much heat as the entire atmosphere.
Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the ocean's surface caused by the gravitational attraction between Earth and the moon.
Oceanic Ridge
Oceanic ridges are mountains under the oceans formed by the movement of tectonic plates
(9) Planet Blue
Created on Tuesday, 17 February 2015 07:15 | | | Hits: 1366
Studying Alaska's ice and snow to track climate change
Climate Change - Snow & Ice
Snow is a form of precipitation. Snow is formed when the water vapor in the clouds turn into tiny ice crystals. It is formed in the atmosphere at temperatures below freezing point.
Fact Scope
• Flurries are short-period snowfalls.
• Coarse, granular wet snow is also known as corn.
• Powder is freshly fallen, uncompacted snow.
• A snowstorm is a heavy storm of snow for a relatively long period.
• A snow squall is a very intense snowstorm for a brief period of time.
• Slush is snow which partially melts upon reaching the ground.
• Penitentes are tall blades of snow and spiked ice found at high altitudes.
• Freezing rain is rain that freezes on impact with a sufficiently cold surface.
A blizzard is a long-lasting snowstorm, where visibility is reduced to less than 3.2 feet.
Snowflakes are a collection of ice crystals.
Weather is the state or condition of the atmosphere of a place that exists over a short period of time. It is characterized by change in temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure and the rainfall of a place at any given time. Climate is the average weather of a place over a period of several years. Different places have different climates. The climate of a place can be affected by some major factors such as latitude, altitude, and distance from the sea.
• Weather occurs mostly in the troposphere.
• A barograph is a device used to measure air pressure.
• An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed.
• There are about 11,000 weather stations in the world.
• In 1648 Blaise Pascal discovered that atmospheric pressure decreases with height.
• Benjamin Franklin observed the link between volcanic eruption and weather.
• TIROS-1, the first successful weather satellite, was launched in 1960.
• Francis Beaufort and Robert Fitzroy are credited with the birth of weather forecasting as a science.
Meteorology is the study of weather and climatic conditions.
Factors Affecting Weather
The three key factors that determine weather conditions are air temperature, air pressure, and humidity.
Flood and Drought
A flood is the overflowing of water over areas that are normally dry. A flood generally occurs because of heavy rainfall, onshore waves, or rapid snow melting. Crops and people are greatly affected by floods.
A drought is a condition of no rainfall with extreme dry weather. It occurs for a long period, sometimes for months or years, wiping out all plant and animal life. Severe droughts generally occur in deserts and areas bordering deserts.
In the last 2,000 years, the Yangtze River in China has flooded more than 1,000 times.
• In 1970 the Aswan High Dam was constructed to stop the annual floods of Nile River.
• A meteorological drought is drought caused by prolonged periods of less than average rainfall in a specific region.
• An agricultural drought is caused when there is insufficient moisture for crop production.
• A hydrological drought is caused when water reserves in the lakes and reservoirs fall below normal.
• The Great Leap Forward famine that occurred in 1958–61 in China is regarded as the largest famine of all time.
China's Sorrow
Hwang Ho or "Yellow River" is called "China's sorrow," because it has caused more destruction than any other river in the world.
• In the last 2,000 years, the Yangtze River in China has flooded more than 1,000 times.
For thousands of years, the Egyptians referred
to the annual flooding of Nile River as the
"Gift of the Nile."
An earthquake is a sudden vibration of the planet's surface. The movements of tectonic plates deep inside Earth cause earthquakes. Earthquakes can last from a few seconds to a few minutes. They can be very mild or cause great destruction.
Charles Richter, in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, developed the Richter scale in 1935.
Richter Magnitudes
Earthquake Effects
Less than 2.0 Micro-earthquakes, not felt.
2.0–2.9 Generally not felt, but recorded.
3.0–3.9 Often felt, but rarely causes damage.
4.0–4.9 Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises. No significant damage.
5.0–5.9 Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. At most, slight damage to well-designed buildings.
6.0–6.9 Can be destructive in areas up to about 99 miles across in populated areas.
7.0–7.9 Can cause serious damage over larger areas.
8.0–8.9 Can cause serious damage in areas over several hundred miles across.
9.0 or greater Devastating in areas several thousand miles across.
Seismic Scale
The seismic scale is used to measure and compare the relative severity of earthquakes.
Richter Scale
The Richter magnitude test scale or Richter scale is used to assign a single number to quantify the size of an earthquake.
Created on Thursday, 22 May 2014 08:43 | | | Hits: 1342
The water cycle is the continuous recycling of water on Earth. Water passes through all its forms in a water cycle. The water cycle is also known as hydrological cycle. Water from water bodies evaporates and mixes with air forming water vapors, which then condense to form clouds. The clouds then bring rain and return the water onto Earth's surface.
90% of the total fresh water on Earth is found in Antarctica.
• Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water to the air.
• About 90% of atmospheric water comes from evaporation.
• About 10% of atmospheric water comes from transpiration.
• About 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans.
• Water is the only thing in nature that can be a gas, liquid, or solid.
• Advection is the movement of water through the atmosphere.
• About 0.0001% of water on Earth is found in the rivers and streams.
Earth's Water Supply
97% of Earth's water supply comes from the oceans, icecaps, and glaciers. The remaining 1% comes from fresh ground water.
Parts of the Water Cycle
The water cycle is made up of a few main parts such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
A cloud is a visible mass of condensed water vapor. Clouds are suspended in the atmosphere or in the higher layers of the atmosphere. Air contains water. When warm air containing water rises, it expands and cools. This cool air condenses into tiny water droplets or ice crystals. These droplets aggregate to form a visible cloud.
Type of Cloud – Appearance – Altitude (height)
(Genus)
Cumulo nimbus – Can cause lightening, thunder, hail, strong rains, strong winds, and tornados – Near ground up 75,000 feet
Cirro stratus – Thin, wispy, appears in sheets – Above 17,998 feet
Cirrus – Thin, wispy, filamentous, or curly – Above 17, 998 feet
Cirro Cumulus – Small, puffy, patchy and/or with a wave like appearance – Above 17,998 feet
Alto cumulus – Medium-sized puffy, patchy, scattered clouds often in linear bands – 6,499-20,000 feet
Alto stratus – Thin, uniform – 6,499-20,000 feet
Strato cumulus – Brad and flat on the bottom, puffy on the top – Bellow 6,499 feet
Cumulus – Puffy and pilled up – Bellow 6,499 feet
Stratus – Uniform, flat, thick to thin layered clouds with ill-defined edges – Bellow 6,499 feet
Nimbo stratus – Uniform, dark, flat, low, featureless clouds that produce precipitation – Bellow 6,499 feet
Rain is a form of precipitation. The process of evaporation and condensation leads to the formation of rain. Water from the rivers, lakes, and oceans evaporate and condense to form liquid droplets, which form clouds. As these droplets become heavy they fall onto Earth in the form of rain.
• Drizzle is a type of rainfall with raindrops having a diameter of less than half a millimeter.
• The wettest place in the world is Mawsynram in India.
• The Atacama Desert of Chile has an average annual rainfall of less than .03 inches.
• One inch of rain falling over an area of one acre has a weight of one ton.
• The biggest raindrops on the earth were recorded over Brazil and the Marshall Islands in 2004, as large as .39 inches.
• The Bergeron process is the scientific explanation of how rain forms and falls.
• Small raindrops are nearly spherical in shape.
A rain gauge is used to measure the amount of rainfall.
Types of Rain
There are three general types of rain: orographic, frontal, and convective.
Created on Tuesday, 18 March 2014 04:50 | | | Hits: 1529
The Arctic Regions
Earth is divided into two Polar Regions: North Polar Region and South Polar Region. These regions are very cold and remain covered with snow for most of the year. They include the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, and Siberia in the North Polar Region and the Antarctic in the South Polar Region.
• In the polar region, the sun never rises in winter.
• In the polar region, the sun never sets during the summer.
• The southern polar region is called Antarctica.
• The northern polar region is called the Arctic.
• Fram Basin at –14,070 feet below sea level is the lowest point in the Arctic.
• Bentley Sub glacial Trench at –8,200 feet below sea level is the lowest point in Antarctica.
• The Arctic poppy and reindeer moss are plants grown in Arctic regions.
• William Edward Parry, a British naval officer, undertook one of the earliest expeditions to the North Pole in 1827.
The layer beneath the arctic lands is a frozen layer of soil, which is called permafrost.
Muskeg
Low-lying bushes and grasses in the Arctic regions are known as muskeg.
Time zones are imaginary divisions of the earth. Earth is divided into 24 time zones, which are separated by 15° in longitude. Each time zone has the same time everywhere within it. The zones start at 0° in Greenwich, England.
• Mean solar time is based on the earth's rotation relative to the sun throughout the year.
• British Railways established the first time zone in the world on December 1, 1847.
• Greenwich mean time (GMT) was established in 1675.
• Most major countries had adopted hourly time zones by 1929.
• Sanford Fleming divided the world into 24 time zones, each spaced at 15 degrees in longitude.
• The International Date Line is an imaginary line opposite the Prime Meridian, which offsets the date as one travels east or west across it.
Day of Two Noons
"The Day of Two Noons" is the time zone adopted by the United States and Canadian railroads on November 18, 1883.
Sanford Fleming
In 1878 Canadian Sir Sanford Fleming was the first to propose the system of time zones for the entire world.
Soil is the surface layer of Earth.
It is a mixture of rock particles, organic matters, and water molecules. Physical and biological agents along with climatic conditions generally form soil. Soil is composed of different layers: organic matter, surface soil, subsoil, and substratum.
Types of Soil
There are 12 types of soil: Alfisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, Gelisols, Andisols, and Vertisols.
• Pedology is the scientific study of soil.
• Humus is the top layer of soil, made up mostly of leaf litter and decomposed organic matter.
• Topsoil is the dark-colored layer below the humus, which grow seeds and plant roots.
• The eluviation layer is a light-colored layer beneath the topsoil, which is composed of sand and silt.
• The subsoil is the layer beneath the eluviation layer, made of clay and mineral like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate.
• The regolith is the layer beneath the subsoil, which consists of slightly broken-up bedrock.
• Bedrock is the layer beneath all the other soil layers.
Composition of Soil Sample
An average soil sample consists of 45 percent minerals, 25 percent water, 25 percent air, and 5 percent organic matter.
Pedology is the scientific study of soil.
Earth is divided into large pieces of continuous land masses, known as continents.
Continents cover around 29 percent of Earth's total area. Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica are the seven continents. Asia is the largest and Australia is the smallest continent.
Total Number of Continent Plates
The current continental and oceanic plates include: Eurasian plate, Australian-Indian plate, Philippine plate, Pacific plate, Juan de Fuca plate, Nazca plate, Cocos plate, North American plate, Caribbean plate, South American plate, African plate, Arabian plate, Antarctic plate, and Scotia plate.
• Alfred Wegener, a German geologist and meteorologist, first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912.
• The continental drift states that the seven continents were formed from a single land mass or super continent, Pangaea.
• During the Jurassic period, Pangaea started to break up into two smaller super continents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
• Modern-day continents formed by the end of the Cretaceous period.
• Plate tectonics theory states that the earth's plates are moving constantly at a rate of about 3.93 inches per year.
The sun is the source light, heat, and other forms of energy on Earth. All weather phenomena occur due to uneven heating of Earth by the sun. This causes temperature differences, which lead to global wind, cloud formation, rain, snow, and thunderstorms.
The sun also influences the magnetic properties of the upper atmosphere of Earth, which affects our communication and energy systems.
• Solar energy reaches Earth in less than 9 minutes.
• About 34% of the solar energy reaching the troposphere is reflected back into space by clouds, dust, and chemicals.
• Solar radiation reaches Earth's upper atmosphere at a rate of 1,366 watts per square meter.
• A Trombe wall is a solar heating and ventilation system.
• A solar box oven traps the sun's energy to cook food.
• In 1767 Horace de Saussure made the first known western solar oven.
• Solar cells generate electricity from sunlight.
Use of Solar Energy
Solar energy can be used in a number of applications such as heating, electricity generation, and desalination of seawater.
Natural Greenhouse Gases
Natural greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. The sun is the source light, heat, and other forms of energy on Earth. All weather phenomena occur due to uneven heating of Earth by the sun. This causes temperature differences, which lead to global wind, cloud formation, rain, snow, and thunderstorms. The sun also influences the magnetic properties of the upper atmosphereof Earth, which affects our communication and energy systems
Created on Wednesday, 29 January 2014 05:13 | | | Hits: 1328
NASA IMAX: The Earth - Blue Planet
Mapping the Earth
Earth has been mapped by drawing imaginary lines on its surface. Mapping has helped us in getting information about places on Earth.
The imaginary lines drawn on Earth's surface are the equator, the latitudes, and the longitudes. They help in the determination of north and south on the globe or map. They are measured in degrees.
Cartography is the science of making maps. People who create maps are known as cartographers.
• The oldest known map was found on a 4,300-year-old Babylonian clay tablet.
• The Greeks had advanced knowledge of cartography.
• Anaximander was the first Greek to create a map of the world.
• Ptolemy, in around 150 CE, made a world map, which depicted location in terms of latitude and longitude.
• Maps became widely available after the invention of printing in the 15th century.
• In 1508, Rosselli's World Map was the first map to show the entire globe.
• Gerardus Mercator of Belgium was a leading cartographer in the mid-16th century.
Map after World War II
The use of aerial photography after the Second World War led to the development of modern cartography
The equator is na imaginary line drawn around the center of Earth. It divides Earth's sphere into Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. The length of the equator is about 24,901.55 miles. The equator passes through 13 different countries.
Launch points for rockets to space are usually near the equator because there is more centrifugal force on the equator than in any other place on Earth.
Equatorial Countries
The equator passes through São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil.
• The equator is the longest line of latitude on Earth.
• The equator is located at zero degrees latitude.
• The sun is directly overhead at noon at the equator on the two equinoxes: March and September 21.
• The rate of sunrise and sunset is quickest in places near the equator.
• Volcán Cayambe in Ecuador is the highest point on the Equator.
• The word "equator" is derived from latin aequare meaning to equalize.
Tropical Zone
The tropical zone is the zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It lies between latitudes 23°27' north and 23°27' south. These places experience a very hot and humid climate and receive heavy rainfall. The Tropical zone covers around 40 percent of the earth's surface.
Subdivision of Tropic Zone
The tropic zone is subdivided into three major zones: humid tropics, wet-dry tropics, and dry tropics.
Agricultural products grown in tropical regions include rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, bananas, pineapples, nuts, and lumber.
• Tropical zone countries include India, China, Australia, Africa, and countries of Central and South America.
• Humid tropics receive around 40 inches of rainfall per year.
• Rainforests lie in the humid tropics.
• Wet-dry tropics receive between 10 and 80 inches of rainfall per year.
• Savannah grasslands are found in the wet -dry tropics.
• Dry tropics receive less than 10 inches of rainfall per year.
• Xerophilous plants are found in dry tropics.
The temperate zone is found between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. The climate is not extreme in this zone. The weather at times is quite unpredictable with rain and low temperatures being common in the summers.
Temperate Zone in Northern Hemisphere
In the Northern Hemisphere, the temperate zone includes countries such as Russia, China, Korea, the United States, Canada, and Japan.
Temperate Zone in Southern Hemisphere
In the Southern of Hemisphere, the temperate zone includes countries, such as Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.
• The temperate zone has two main types of climate: maritime and continental.
• Regions of Western Europe and western North America experience a maritime climate.
• The Rocky Mountains in North America separate the maritime climate of the west from the continental climate of the east.
• In Europe, the Alps separate the maritime climate of the west from the continental climate of the east.
• Greek scholar Aristotle was the first to propose the idea of a temperate zone.
• Major tree species of the temperate zone include oak, elm, beech, chestnut, and maple.
Created on Monday, 11 November 2013 04:28 | | | Hits: 1327
Inside the Earth
Inside Earth
The inside of Earth is made up of four layers. The crust and the mantle are the outermost layers, while the outer core and the inner most core form the inner layers.
Created on Wednesday, 18 September 2013 09:01 | | | Hits: 1407
Reveal Earth's Atmosphere
Earth's Atmosphere
The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth. This layer protects the earth from the harmful rays of the sun and keeps it warm.
NASA REVEALS REAL SIZE OF THE EARTH IS BIGGER than first thought
Shape and Size of Earth
Earth is almost spherical in shape with flattened poles and a bulging equator. The circumference of Earth around the equator is larger than at the poles. The diameter of Earth at the poles is about 7,899.83 miles, but around the equator, it is about 7,926.41 miles.
(2) Blue Planet
All Rights Reserved. | ©Copyright 2010-2020 Environment Global Warming

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sprint joins with CSC to take on IaaS market
Sprint (NYSE: S) is expanding its cloud services capabilities, establishing a partnership with systems integrator CSC (NYSE: CSC) to provide its business customers a set of everyday services such cloud-based e-mail, managed hosting and colocation.
Playing up its wireline and, of course, wireless capabilities, Sprint said the joint venture will deliver public, private and hybrid cloud services from any device.
This agreement joins CSC's Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) solutions with Sprint's Unified-Communications-as-a-Service (UCaaS) offering launched in March. Existing and new business customers will use Sprint's IP/MPLS backbone to connect to the CSC Trusted Cloud.
With the new IaaS service, Sprint will be able to meet the demand for services such as computing services, including hardware network and storage, and data center space.
Craig Safir, director of cloud and converged solutions, Sprint, said in an interview with FierceTelecom the IaaS service and partnership with CSC builds on top of the UCaaS offering.
"At the end of March we launched our Sprint Complete Collaboration service, and I think that was the start of putting rich applications and workloads onto a network," he said. "This is an evolution from that in that we're going to offer Infrastructure as a Service to our clients and Greenfield clients as well."
Competing with a number of strong competitors such as CenturyLink (NYSE: CTL) and Verizon (NYSE: VZ), which have been building up their cloud portfolio via acquisitions, the new venture with CSC for Sprint is all about time to market.
Through its relationship with CSC, Sprint can immediately extend its wireline IP/MPLS network to CSC, which has one of the largest data center footprints serving the public sector and Fortune 100 and Fortune 500 segments.
Safir added that working with an established data center operator like CSC versus buying or building out more data centers is the best option for its cloud services strategy.
"They will manage will go data center piece of it and we're bringing the network," Safir said. "We feel like both parties focusing on the pieces they do best in terms of delvering value, and we'll invest in bringing our network with their data center such that we can offer the combined solution."
Sprint's movement into the cloud services arena is timed well.
While cloud services have not been adopted universally by every business, they are growing. A new Gartner Group report forecasts that public cloud services will grow from $91 billion worldwide in 2011 to $109 billion in 2012.
- see the release
Sprint moves into the cloud-based unified communications service arena
Sprint announces wholesale cloud for SMB resellers
Sprint sets aggressive domestic, international Ethernet expansion effort
Sprint paves 100G, 400G optical network core path with Ciena
Sprint's wireline pain continues in Q1 as revenues decline 11%


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Spinning Helps Female Inmates Keep Pounds And Rage At Bay : Shots - Health News Women in prison often eat to relieve stress or boredom. The resulting weight gain can make other physical and emotional problems worse. In one prison, spinning helps keep the pounds and rage at bay.
Biking Behind Bars: Female Inmates Battle Weight Gain
Biking Behind Bars: Female Inmates Battle Weight Gain 4:43
October 11, 20156:21 AM ET
Heard on Weekend Edition Sunday
Taunya English
Women incarcerated at the Riverside Correctional Facility in Philadelphia take part in a spinning class run by Gearing Up. Amanda Cortes (second from left) lost 90 pounds in a year. Bastiaan Slabbers for NPR hide caption
Bastiaan Slabbers for NPR
Women incarcerated at the Riverside Correctional Facility in Philadelphia take part in a spinning class run by Gearing Up. Amanda Cortes (second from left) lost 90 pounds in a year.
The gym at Riverside Correctional Facility in Philadelphia is through the metal detector, two heavy doors and down the hall.
There's a basketball court like one you'd see at any high school, except there's a corrections officer on guard near the 3-point line.
Sixteen stationary bikes are set up in a half-circle in the corner. On bike No. 2, Lakiesha Montgomery, 32, from Philadelphia, is pedaling fast and singing along to the Nicki Minaj song "Fly."
"I didn't think I'd be able to keep up; I'm not the skinniest thing in the bunch," she says.
But she is keeping up.
In 2011, biking advocates from the nonprofit group Gearing Up persuaded prison administrators to let them bring in bikes to teach indoor cycling. Founder Kristin Gavin says before that she had mentored ex-offenders out in the community.
"Over and over I had conversations with women who were saying, 'While I was incarcerated, I put on 60 pounds, I put on 70 pounds,' " she says. Then she would ask them how long they were in prison and she says they'd typically respond, "six months."
At Riverside, Montgomery spends time in the prison yard most days but doesn't get much exercise there.
"The outside is not a real outside, it's like a minigarage. They have a basketball court there, but I don't play basketball. It's a lot of people that come out so you don't have room to really jog or walk. It's like you sit out to just get some air," she says.
She has arm tattoos and a sprinkle of freckles across her nose. Her hair is braided back into cornrows. She also has high cholesterol.
Montgomery was charged with assault this year, among other charges, and has been in county jail for about six months.
"First time, last time," she says. In the meantime, spin class is something to do.
Leahya Ellis and other spinning class participants use exercise as a way to shake away stress, anger and depression. Bastiaan Slabbers for NPR hide caption
Leahya Ellis and other spinning class participants use exercise as a way to shake away stress, anger and depression.
"Keep away frustration being locked up, it helps you get through," Montgomery says.
The Department of Justice surveyed the health of state and federal inmates in 2012 and found that women are more likely than men to be obese.
A study of prison health in Kentucky found greater weight gain for women compared with men. Women on average gained nearly 11 pounds, men only gained 2.5 pounds.
Gearing Up is working with researchers at Temple University to track the weight and body image of the women who spin at Riverside Correctional. The study was just eight weeks long and small, but they've already found small improvements in resting and recovery heart rate — two preliminary measures of heart health.
Gavin says often the women come to class initially to stop gaining weight then later find other reasons to keep coming back.
"I can speak to myself — if I weren't given the opportunity to be physically active, I'd probably go a little crazy. I probably wouldn't be able to manage my emotions, my temper, my anger. I think anger management is a huge issue for a lot of women who are in prison; they are victims of trauma and abuse," Gavin says.
And, of course some of the women have hurt other people.
Exercise can be a way to release all sorts of emotions.
Erica Tibbetts from Gearing Up often leads the spin class.
Tibbetts is in bike shorts. Everyone else has on prison blues: long navy pants and a white T-shirt.
Instructor Erica Tibbetts uses a portable audio system to provide a soundtrack for the spinning class. Bastiaan Slabbers for NPR hide caption
Instructor Erica Tibbetts uses a portable audio system to provide a soundtrack for the spinning class.
"The worst seems to be women don't have good sports bras in here," she says.
No one has a water bottle and exercise shorts aren't allowed. Tibbetts says the women come to class anyway and work with what they have.
Climb on a bike and there's a sense of freedom, even if you're not going anywhere.
At the beginning of class, one by one, the women call out their intention for the ride. The ritual is called "clearing."
Christina wants to leave behind shakedowns. Jean wants to forget "cough and squat."
Sheik is leaving behind "wrongful mistakes."
Others want to shake off the past, stress and depression.
In a 2010 survey, women at Riverside gained about 36 pounds in a year, on average. But after some changes at the facility, that weight gain dropped to 26 pounds when the medical team checked again in 2015.
Bruce Herdman, the prison's chief of medical operations, says weight gain is a problem, but it's not the most urgent health problem his team is managing.
"The chlamydia rate — 6.6 percent on admission. We'll treat a thousand people for HIV. The hepatitis C rate here, largely because of intravenous drug use, is 13 percent. Then you have hypertension, diabetes, all the regular things," he says.
The prison pays Gearing Up to hold spin class three times a week. There's also an occasional yoga class, but the big change affecting women's weight was the food. The meals are certified heart healthy by a nutritionist. There's a lot of it, but portion sizes are smaller now. Last year, the prison cut calories from nearly 2,900 a day to 2,500 for men and women.
That helped, but the facility-provided meals aren't the only food around. Inmates also make do-it-yourself meals with food from the prison commissary. A favorite is called "chi-chis."
"It's where you mix ramen noodles with cheese puffs," explains Amanda Cortes. "You put it in hot water, you put the meat inside, you can do honey mustard sauce or ranch on top, and you just put in a potato chip bag and you mix it up. It's actually pretty good."
Cortes has been in jail for five years and eating that way for most of that time. She's facing several charges including involuntary manslaughter and is waiting for a court date. She says lots of women use food to cope with boredom and depression.
"Some people get two or three trays, so they get fat like that. They take whole loaves of bread to their room," Cortes says.
So Cortes cycles to keep the weight off, and on visiting day, her 10-year-old son noticed.
"When he first seen me he was like, 'Mommy you got skinny!' So I was excited," she says, smiling.
During a year, going to three spin classes a week, Cortes dropped 90 pounds.
At the end of the Gearing Up class, just before the goodbyes and sweaty hugs, there's one last ritual.
The women share what they've brought back from the ride.
One women says she's "bringing sexy back." She and everyone around the circle has a wish: "I'm Jean, and I'm bringing back my bikini. I'm Ruth, and I'm bringing back faith and confidence."
This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, WHYY and Kaiser Health News.


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When You Ask Me Where I'm Going
by Jasmin Kaur
Hardcover eBook Downloadable audio file Paperback
Format: Hardcover eBook Downloadable audio file Paperback
Perfect for fans of Rupi Kaur and Elizabeth Acevedo, Jasmin Kaur's stunning debut novel is a collection of poetry, illustrations, and prose.
so that one day
a hundred years from now
another sister will not have to
dry her tears wondering
where in history
she lost her voice
The six sections of the book explore what it means to be a young woman living in a world that doesn't always hear her and tell the story of Kiran as she flees a history of trauma and raises her daughter, Sahaara, while living undocumented in North America.
Delving into current cultural conversations including sexual assault, mental health, feminism, and immigration, this narrative of resilience, healing, empowerment, and love will galvanize readers to fight for what is right in their world.
"Kaur's debut collection explores what it means to be a young woman in a world that not only fails to hear her but that often refuses to see her. The novel begins with poems that are more than pretty words; they carry weight and breathe fire. Power is reclaimed through self-acceptance and love." - ALA Booklist
"Kaur's elegant and informative poetry and prose packs a powerful punch. The gentle words empathize with and encourage readers, uplifting the soul, and praising every woman's spirit." - School Library Journal
"Kaur's poetry delivers moments of startling clarity and light, lyrically describing the experience of a population rarely visible in Western literature." - Kirkus Reviews
"Kaur draws on her experience of being a Sikh woman in Canada to express feelings of anger, grief, and tentative hopefulness that will resonate deeply with young women who feel unheard and unseen because of their ethnicity, their immigration status, and/or their experience of domestic abuse." - Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books
"A searing and gorgeous debut. This book made me feel seen, but it also educated me—it's sure to provoke many necessary and meaningful conversations." - Jasmine Warga, author of Other Words For Home and My Heart and Other Black Holes
"An emotional journey that will enlighten, inspire and empower readers everywhere." - Amanda Lovelace, bestselling author of the princess saves herself in this one, the witch doesn't burn in this one and the mermaid's voice returns in this one
"Kaur weaves a captivating narrative that reminds us of what it means to be raw, to be powerful, to be beautifully unique—beautifully human. So many people need this book. I'm one of them." - Kristin Cast, #1 New York Times and #1 USA Today bestselling author of the House of Night series, The Dysasters, and the forthcoming The Key
"Jasmin Kaur epitomizes a powerful, assertive, and unapologetic voice, speaking candidly about the deep, dark, and hidden while maintaining a tone of optimism and resilience. As she challenges expectations and brutal truths, Jasmin offers an insightful commentary on the world from her eyes that is bound to resonate." - Madisen Kuhn, author of 18 Years, Please Don't Go Before I Get Better, and forthcoming Almost Home
"Jasmin Kaur's work is divine and essential. She sees you and then hands you the mirror to see yourself. There is a sweet, fierce and true vulnerability in every piece. Cling to this book, it is honest and it will bring you home to yourself." - Upile Chisala, author of soft magic, nectar, and the forthcoming A Fire Like You
"A fierce reminder of the irreplaceable and irrepressible nature of our own voices and the power they hold." - Trista Mateer, author of Honeybee, The Dogs I Have Kissed and forthcoming Aphrodite Made Me Do It
"Gut-wrenching and awe-inspiring. Jasmin Kaur writes the type of poetry that you never want to stop reading, that makes you want to cry, laugh, stop and think, scream, and then tell your stories and speak your truth without apology. This book will change you." - Layla Saad, author of the forthcoming Me and White Supremacy
"Raw and introspective, both painful and uplifting to read, When You Ask Me Where I'm Going seamlessly conveys a vast spectrum of emotions in a very real way that the reader can easily connect with." - The Nerd Daily
Imprint: HarperCollins
BISAC1 : YOUNG ADULT FICTION / Poetry
BISAC2 : YOUNG ADULT FICTION / Diversity & Multicultural
BISAC3 : YOUNG ADULT FICTION / Social Themes / Emigration & Immigration
Jasmin Kaur
Jasmin Kaur is a writer, illustrator, and spoken word artist living in Vancouver, BC. Her writing, which explores feminism, social empowerment, love, and survival, acts as a means of healing and reclaiming identity. As an arts facilitator and fourth-grade teacher, Jasmin has been leading creative writing workshops for young people across North America, the UK, and Australia over the past fi ve years. Visit her online at www.jasminkaur.com.
Other Works by Jasmin Kaur
If I Tell You the Truth
When You Ask Me Where I'm Going by


If we ever get tired of the pattern, it won't be nearly as difficult to change up as laying real Moroccan cement tile would have been. I don't see us replacing them for a very long time though. I don't see us replacing them for a very long time though.
At TFO, tiles are our passion and we are committed to bringing you the best from around the world. We import tiles straight from big brand tile manufacturers allowing us to sell them directly to you at the lowest possible margins.


Robert Schley, Saybrook's Conference Director, confirms that contracts have now been signed with the Hyatt Regency Monterey Hotel and Spa in Monterey, California, for the residential conferences starting in January 2017 through August 2019. All of Saybrook's residential conferences, along with the annual graduation ceremony, will then take place at the Hyatt. The conferences will continue to be held at the beginning of the Fall and Spring semesters each year, in August and January, and will also include the Residential Orientations for new students. Seattle residential students will have their first RC each semester with the other students in Monterey and then continue the rest of the semester in Seattle.
The Hyatt Hotel is located on the historic Del Monte Golf Course run by the Pebble Beach Management Company. With 550 rooms, the hotel is large enough to accommodate all of Saybrook's students, faculty and staff in one place, and with more than 43,000 square feet of meeting space, indoors and out, it should prove to be an ideal location for the residential conferences. It is spread out like a university campus in more than 20 small buildings only three stories tall. There are numerous lounge areas and informal meeting spaces available for faculty/student interaction, and several outdoor venues like fire pits and swimming pools for recreation and just hanging out. A conference center in the center of the complex contains most of the meeting rooms, but quite a few small hospitality suites and parlor suites can be found in the nearby residential buildings that will be perfect for small classrooms and breakout sessions. The hotel is only eight residential blocks from a beach on Monterey Bay, offering great opportunities for walks and fresh air breaks.
The hotel is very near the Monterey Regional Airport, which offers flights on regional jets to numerous cities in the West, including San Francisco, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, San Diego, and Phoenix. The Hyatt also participates in a regular shuttle service to the San Jose Mineta International Airport.
Monterey and its neighbor communities of Carmel, Pacific Grove and Seaside form a wonderful community with spectacular scenery along the Central Coast of California. Famed for the Pebble Beach Country Club and the 17-Mile Drive, along with Monterey's Cannery Row of Steinbeck's notoriety and the world-renowned Monterey Aquarium, this area is ripe for exploration and fun!


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Expression and Worship
From its earliest days, Buddhism has been a missionary religion (Keown 1996: 70). The Soka Gakkai are therefore not unique in upholding their concept of kosen rufu, or the mission of converting people to Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism (Baffelli 2011: 223).
What many people have often found controversial about the Soka Gakkai is the missionary zeal of its followers, including new converts. The movement's argumentative mode of recruitment, shakubuku, placed it under increased scrutiny especially after the Second World War in Japan. It led to tensions with other schools of Buddhism and religions, and raised panics that Soka Gakkai members were brainwashed (Hammond and Machacek 2002: 1190). In the decades immediately after the War, the giant rallies and parades sponsored by Soka Gakkai sometimes reminded onlookers of the demonstrations of the wartime fascist groups. These features resulted in Soka Gakkai gaining notoriety in Japan and being labelled a 'cult', led by unscrupulous leaders with ulterior motives.
This image needs to be balanced with other perspectives of Soka Gakkai's worship, especially outside Japan. In the USA, for example, the influence of celebrities within sports and entertainment (including Tina Turner, Orlando Bloom and Miranda Kerr) highlights the creative and inclusive aspects of Soka Gakkai practices.


In a previous blog, I discussed 7 marketing metrics that L&D need to be using. Hopefully you found these useful and have been able to test some of them out. However, I'd like to take a step back and think more broadly about your learning strategy and brand.
The elevator pitch will be very similar for most L&D professionals, and will likely include phrases such as people development, performance consulting, increasing learning uptake and improving business performance.
What this tells us is that many of the challenges L&D face, in many different organisations and industries, are very similar. What it doesn't tell us is what is being done about it.
Getting a real insight into customers and consumers is a necessity for marketers, and it should be for L&D too in order to gain a true understanding of needs and desires and create solutions your people are calling out for.
Awareness, attitudes and usage allow marketers to quantify levels of customer knowledge, behaviours and intentions – the holy grail of marketing knowledge! However, for L&D, we're going to look closer at awareness and attitudes. Because, even though your people will know about you, are you the first place that comes to mind when they need learning? And what encourages them to make their decisions?
First, let's talk about customers and consumers. These will vary hugely in each organisation, but it's important to understand who's who in your business. It may be that the management team are your customers – that they book training solutions for their teams, the consumers, but it could also be that customers and consumers are the same. It can help immensely to understand this because it allows you to appropriately target your content.
Once you've established that, consider how you talk to them. It may be that you have tried and tested different methods, that some learning champions have given you useful feedback, or that you are doing what has always been done. But here's my suggestion….
Find out what both your customers and consumers really want. You can do this through adapting your learning satisfaction surveys for consumers and creating a new survey for customers. Create and position your questions based on the elements that will make a real difference for your L&D department.
Top of mind is a great measurement because it allows you to identify at what stage, if at all, your customer thinks of your brand. The measurement is the first brand that comes to mind when a customer is asked an unprompted question about a category. For example, if someone asks you where to search for something, you will likely suggest Google. You want to know how many of your customers automatically think of your L&D department when they identify a learning need.
There is no 'right' way to approach a customer, and it is likely you'll require several different approaches for a vast range of prospects. Likeability is a specialised system that is derived from a general survey of customers. You can use a rating scale to establish how much your customers enjoy dealing with you. But, top tip, it's a good idea to offer anonymous responses for this!
This is the percentage of customers who indicate they would recommend your brand to colleagues. Knowing this could help you discover what they love (and don't) about your L&D department, giving you the chance to improve your offering and increase learning uptake.
Another measurement that is best scored on a rating scale (usually 1-5 or 1-7), perceived quality gives you insight into how consumers and customers feel about the quality of your learning solutions, compared to potential competitive products.
When you know the answers to these questions you can start conversations and investigate the why. This is not just important if the results aren't as positive as you'd hoped. It's important even if you are top of mind and people will recommend you, because it helps you identify what you're doing right, in order to avoid changing something that your people love about you.
Transforming your strategy and gaining impartial feedback isn't always the easiest task, but you really can reap the rewards with this knowledge. We can help you through a variety of ways, including consultancy and workshops. Book a call with us today for an initial chat with one of our experts to find out more.


What we call government today is in fact an incorporated entity, that means that because they are corporations,  they can no longer represent you an Autonomous living man/woman, due to the fact the council/government has changed Jurisdiction, they have shifted from a realm of laws to a realm of commercial legislation, controlled by the UCC and for the movement of the cargo, coming under Shipping, (UPU) this they call the Legal System. However, they enthusiastically keep up an act in which they work very hard to convince you that they represent you while knowing the contrary to be fact.
The government manages your resources without you having any input or the ability to see the paper mechanics of that management process, they have achieved this in the use of charitable status by many outsource providers. There is no transparency for anything classed as an asset belonging to the central banking cartel.
When you have completed a study of this page, I would encourage you to take a look at the profile of Barnfield Construction Limited. Through a study of this Credit web, we can see how such corporate entities as Barnfield entrap your Council by guaranteeing its debt.
Once the Bank of England was commissioned, war with France was manipulated by the bankers, forcing the new barony to borrow from the Bank of England, a private affair made up from the funds of the old money Templar families, the rest as they say, is fake history to cover the debt. The Bank of England was founded as a private usury bank in 1694 to act as banker to the Government.
In essence what took place in England from the introduction of the Tudors by the House Stanley, until the introduction of Usury and a puppet monarch in Charles II, and, the commissioning of the Bank of England, was the undermining of the Christian Canon in England and the installation of the road to the incorporation of the entire nation as a new feudal system makes Serfs of the population from the incorporation of the Crown.
Let us also not forget that the next ruling monarch in the corporation that is the United Kingdom, will name himself Charles III, though some claim he will take the name George. See : The Queen of the Chair of Estates and the King of Persons.
More importantly, according to Greg Hallet, Prince William is the son of former King Juan Carlos of Spain, who abdicated in 2014 to make way for his son. King Juan Carlos is also the King of Jerusalem which is the Cabalistic Templar secret society front king from which they will present to the earth the anti-life puppet. His son, Felipe VI is now said to be the claimant to the title but we are of course speaking of the secret societies who's art is deception to divert.
Whenever you are confronted with supposed councillors and politicians, and any personnel feigning to be the holder of a political office, it is your duty to establish who everyone is and what jurisdiction is in force. If you fail in this regard then they will determine the jurisdiction for you.
When you fully absorb this information you can take full jurisdiction over these liars and unclean folks because the living flesh is the nation all else is a dead corporation.
What is a corporation and how does it differ from a real representative government?
When a representational government incorporates it becomes a commercial entity and can only operate in commerce through contract. (Contracts such as with, NATO, the U.N., Europe, and all trade agreements that today we know to be stifling enterprise outside the contracts offered by the network of ever expanding banking owned corporations. They are the outsource providers running your domestic system very badly, while the costs of the contracts rise month on month, that absolutely is a position that needs to change.
Commerce conducts business through contract. It rules the world of paper.
Governments as corporation become strict commercial entities, as such they act according to what is efficient and not according to anything resembling rights, what was the government becomes a Fiduciary with obligations to its share-stockholders, it no longer represents the public. The Public become the Debtor when in point of fact the real position for the Public is as the Creditor. Something has changed without our knowledge, yet when you confront the corporate state we face another excuse for Nondisclosure.
Before incorporation the Parliament was an entity with the sole aim of representing the landed gentry who claimed to represent the public interest by definition of those in service to that landowner. When incorporated, the same is unable to represent anyone in the flesh and blood, they become a fiction and can only conduct and engage other corporations and legal persons through commercial contracts. It is a dead thing in commerce, when government do this they become strictly a commercial entity.Judges (opinionators) enforce commercial code unless you are in British Jurisdiction and understand the Biblical Man, then you invoke real and unwritten common law of England, Great Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Charters in the past governed commerce between government and private enterprise and was a temporary commission to serve a specific purpose, say to build a railroad or sewer system, or any utility need domestically, the government could then contract with the private realm to physically oversee its construction, when the scheme was complete the charter and its rules would be folded. No private enterprise could intrude on the realm. When the government itself incorporates, commercial code becomes the authority without change, and the top of fiat currency in todays global system is the Bank for International Settlements, its World Bank and the fund thereof, the IMF.
Corporate Government is an invention in the fiction, it is a paper entity only. It is a product of the Banks and therefore owned by the banks but has no physical assets of its own, it collects the assets of the flesh and blood through deception and entrapment. That is a Burden placed upon you and Limits Your Capacity as a Man/Woman. For that they are Liable.
Ultimately then, Maritime Law is banking law to serve the banks paper empire. For efficiency a corporate government which acts according to Maritime Law, inverts the land law paradigm and brings 'Charges' not 'Accusations' against any shipmates (crew or legal persons) who then become the Defendant, a dead entity, and therefore the innocence is on you to prove. You are 'Guilty as Charged'. That is Napoleonic Code.
The system that is usurping nations came out of the Royal Society amalgam of all the gnostic cults of the day. Pushed into nations as the script of the secret societies.
As a bankrupt entity the 'United Kingdom Corporation Sole', the U.K. Government, must be folded, this act alone kills all contracts to that entity, all bets are off and we go back to the realm. This works also in Canada, Australia and New Zealand, each having the same original Constitutional realm as England.
When your politicians, judges and heads of police, etc, are chosen by the secret societies, not based on talent, but entirely on the fact they are persons compromised by some dire behaviour or have been set up to suggest the same, you have a serious problem. So serious is that stranglehold that it will take an equally extreme measure to combat the situation. Only with a full and complete amnesty after giving up the blackmailers, can we move in a direction that will give us back our politics and remove it from the shadowy claws of finance.
Corporate governments can get grants but to get them they have to militarise which includes the deployment of military type drills inside society.
This is why uniforms become the main attire for corporate officers, it is a prize from the grantor.
Local authorities are also threatened with their budgets being cut if they do not install the 5G platform outside your homes. What this means.
They claim government powers while no longer operating as such by definition of the shift of Jurisdiction to the legal realm, or commercial code. They are in Controversy.
An overview of the Nolan Principles, which are the basis of the ethical standards expected of public office holders.
The principles also apply to all those in other sectors that deliver public services.
The principles were first set out by Lord Nolan in 1995 and are included in the ministerial code.
Now it must be fully understood that your Consent to the false documentation is the primary victory for the corporation as described on page 37 Silent Weapons for a Quite War.
When you watch your TV and see the small box with sign language accompanying the spoken English, they say for deaf people, what they are doing is programming a mix of language as normal, furthering the divide between the educated and the ignorant.
Pope Felix III (as quoted by Pope Leo XIII in a Inimica Vis.
the inclusion of something as part of a whole.
the process of constituting a company, city, or other organisation as a legal corporation.
1 : an association of people with similar interests or pursuits especially : a medieval association of merchants or craftsmen.
2 : a group of organisms that use the same ecological resource in a similar way a feeding guild.
association, board, brotherhood, chambe, club, college, congress, consortium, council, fellowship, fraternity, institute, institution, league, order, organisation, society, sodality.
1. A member of the lowest feudal class, legally bound to a landed estate and required to perform labour for the lord of that estate in exchange for a personal allotment of land.
2. An agricultural labourer under various similar systems, especially in Russia and eastern Europe in the 1700s and 1800s.
(Historical Terms) (esp in medieval Europe) an unfree person, esp one bound to the land. If his lord sold the land, the serf was passed on to the new landlord.
ˈserfdom, ˈserfhood n ˈserfˌlike adj serf.
1. a person in a condition of feudal servitude, required to render services to a lord, commonly attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another.
Within most constitutional monarchies, notably the Commonwealth realms, the Crown is a non-statutory corporation sole. Although the office and office-holder, conceptually speaking, retain dual capacities in that they may act both in a corporate capacity (as monarch) and in an individual capacity (as a private person), they are inseparably fused in law, which is to say that there is no legal distinction between the office of the crown/sovereign and the individual person who holds it. The Crown can enter into contracts and possess property, and it is in this way that the Crown (state) legally acts as a person. Conceptually speaking, the person of the monarch (office holder) may hold properties privately, distinct from property he or she possesses corporately, and may act as monarch separate from their personal acts. For example, Elizabeth II as a natural person holds several separate offices, such as Queen of the United Kingdom, Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Supreme Governor of the Church of England, etc., which are all distinct corporations sole, and at the same time she may also act as a natural person in a private capacity separate and apart from her role filling these various offices (corporations). This functions in the same way as the office of Prime Minister for example, which may have use of certain properties and privileges, such as an official residence and decision-making powers, however these assets do not belong to the office-holder in a private capacity and thus remain with the office once the office holder leaves, and at the same time the office holder may own property such as a house or a car in a private non-office related capacity.
The sovereign's status as a corporation sole ensures that all references to the Queen, the King, Her Majesty, His Majesty, and the Crown are all synonymous and refer to exactly the same legal personality over time. While natural persons who serve as sovereign may pass on, the sovereign never dies in law, thus it is the corporate nature of the office of sovereign that ensures that the authority of the state continues uninterrupted as successive persons occupy the office. Subsequently, the sovereign is made a corporation sole to prevent the possibility of disruption or interregnum preserving the stability of the Crown (state), and so at the moment of the demise of the sovereign a successor is immediately and automatically in place.
Some Scottish and Irish and Canadian groups are confused. They thought that —to at least some appreciable extent— they have been cut free from the British yoke? So they are checking their treaties — especially their Treaties from Westminster — and wondering?
First Fun Flying Factoid — "Westminster" is a separate principality of the Inner City of London which is itself an independent international city-state and part of the municipal government established by the Holy See.
This is why all the murders and child sacrifices and other dirty business always occurs underground. This is why Princess Di was killed in a tunnel. This is the "Royal Secret". This is how Elizabeth could take The Coronation Oath with her living breath and promise to honour the Public Law and all the other good things that The Coronation Oath requires, and then, three days later, turn around and break it all.
[4ii]The Old English yeomanry which as a yeoman you were a member of a social class in late medieval to early modern England. In early recorded uses, a yeoman was an attendant in a noble household; hence titles such as "Yeoman of the Chamber", "Yeoman of the Crown", "Yeoman Usher", "King's Yeoman", Yeomen Warders, Yeomen of the Guard. The later sense of yeoman as "a commoner who cultivates his own land" is recorded from the 15th century; in military context, yeoman was the rank of the third order of "fighting men", below knights and squires, but above knaves. A specialised meaning in naval terminology, "petty officer in charge of supplies", arose in the 1660s.


In Florence, a census designated place in Burlington County, New Jersey, packaged liquor may be sold between noon and 10:00 p.m. on Sunday, and between 9:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday.
Source: Florence, N.J., Code ch. 36.


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Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 4
By SimHQ on May 20, 2008 in _air11, hide
Back To Page 3
20mm: FO will be a modular release, with the initial one featuring the T-6A Texan II and the T-38C Talon aircraft in both single and multiplayer. First, if you would, comment on the modular approach. What are the benefits and the challenges of doing this from a developer's point of view?
Rick: The main objective of the modular design of Fighter Ops is creating a platform on which new content can be frequently added by XSI and the community. Our ultimate goal is to present the user with a comfortable and consistent experience throughout all releases. The training curriculum featuring the T-6A Texan II and the T-38C Talon will be the first to launch off this platform. In the end the platform design, although very challenging, will certainly give us a great deal of freedom in terms of what can be fabricated and how the sim can be extended for longevity.
20mm: Follow up question on the above, obviously with trainer aircraft, the emphasis will be on learning various facets of aircraft and flight operations. I've seen some discussions on the FO web site concerning the syllabus that would be involved, particularly if the player chooses career mode. For example, moving from UPT (Undergraduate Pilot Training) to IFF (Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals), to aircraft specific training. What will players see in the first modular?
Rick: This first module is based at Laughlin Air Force Base in Texas. It is basically designed to function in two modes, free-flight and Pilot Career mode; and both front seat and backseat operations will be included. The first mode will allow players to fly either flyable aircraft with variable complexity and difficulty options, from fairly easy to highly realistic. The second and main focus for the Fighter Ops simulation is the Pilot Career mode that is specifically tailored for hardcore simmers and enthusiasts. Career mode will begin with the Fighter Ops Flight School — replicating the USAF training program. The emphasis of the first release will be a fully realistic undergraduate pilot training (UPT) course representation. The first aircraft represented is the T-6A Texan II, with its very powerful PT6A-68 turbo-prop engine is a high-performance single-engine, two-seat primary trainer (and not a PC-9) designed to earn your wings and teach students the basic flying skills that are common with the U.S. Air Force.
The second aircraft featured is the T-38C Talon, which is a twin-engine, high-altitude, supersonic jet trainer converted from the older T-38A, with improved avionics and support systems. There are more than 60,000 pilots who have earned their wings in the T-38. The new cockpit design of the Talon makes it closer to F-15E Strike Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. The IFF course is a specialized course that takes pilots who have recently earned their wings in undergraduate pilot training and prepares them for the kind of flight operations and basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) unique to fighter aircraft. We have recreated this syllabus by means of support from actual USAF pilots. The focus is to give the user the realistic situation environment that an actual USAF pilot would experience throughout the IFF stage of their career. This will be achieved through the pilot career mode where the emphases will be presented through various flying fundamentals, classroom instructions, operations procedures, cockpit and formation training, air-to-air emphasis with offensive/defensive maneuvers and so on and so forth. Another very important aspect is to allow online squads to run their own virtual specialized training program using Fighter Ops and having qualified instructors in the backseat.
20mm: Will it be both UPT and IFF for the two aircraft?
Rick: Yes, as stated previously, both the USAF UPT (undergraduate pilot training) and IFF (Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals) syllabus for the T-6A Texan II and the T-38C will be included.
20mm: What will players be able to accomplish in single versus multiplayer modes?
Rick: As stated before, Fighter Ops will have two main types of gameplay: free-flight and career. Each of these two modes can be played in single or multi-player forms. In free-flight, the user simply selects an aircraft, chooses (creates or edits) a mission related to that aircraft, sets the difficulty options and then starts the mission. Career gameplay simply means that the player flies a set of missions (and campaigns) based on the way the modules he/she is interacting with are designed. For example, the training module involves a set of missions based on the UPT and IFF courses; and a module based on an actual war will have a different set of missions or campaigns, according to the way the conflict unfolds. Career gameplay is strict and does not allow the user to change gameplay options as much as free-play does.
Also, all achievements in career gameplay can be saved on official servers. This feature makes various types of player rankings possible and also enables the player to download his/her career state onto a new Fighter Ops installation or on another system running Fighter Ops. In general everything that can be done in career gameplay can also be done in free-flight with less restrictions and more variety. These two modes of gameplay will address most of the needs of our community from brief takeoffs and landings on a given airbase to sight-seeing flights to serious combat missions taking many hours to fly.
Multiplayer will be possible in career gameplay based on the design of the module in question. In free-flight, however, multiplayer scenarios can be created for any flyable aircraft, either by creating new multiplayer missions or by flying existing missions with or without modifications.
20mm: One more follow up to the previous question. Combat flight simmers love to blow stuff up. Is this going to be possible in the first modular release, or will it have to wait until the combat operational aircraft are introduced?
Rick: The inauguration of the combat portions of Fighter Ops will originate after the training module, with many planned USAF combat aircraft, such as the F-16 variants, the F-15 variants, the A-10 and so on. Each will be introduced and released as an individual comprehensive add-on for Fighter Ops. This will eventually play into our long term platform strategy of having an extremely high-fidelity battlefield simulation, which will ultimately cover the many aspects and branches of the military and beyond.
20mm: Another thing most simmers want and love is manuals. I gather there will be a game manual and a Dash-1 manual for each aircraft, correct? If you would, talk about what the players can expect with the manuals, how easy or difficult it will be to learn about the aircraft itself, and especially how to fly it. If one chooses, can you just hop in and fly?
Rick: The documentation is being designed considering a wide variety of users. Currently the plan is for a quick start (hop in and fly) guide, a game manual that basically covers installation, getting started, UI, career mode progression, etc. Each individual aircraft will also come with a PDF electronic Dash-1 type of manual. This detailed document is the pilot's "owner's manual" and includes everything from aircraft description and procedures, emergency procedures, auxiliary equipment, operating limitations, flight characteristics, systems operations, weather operations, performance, etc. This area has not been finalized, however a separate printed portion of the gamemanual and Dash-1 are being considered at an additional cost, and not part of the main Fighter Ops package.
20mm: Let's discuss a typical topic of simulations, and that is scalability. Certainly, there is the most vocal crowd, the "hardcore" simmers who want everything modeled to the nth degree. But there are also a host of other enthusiasts who simply want the experience. They don't care if the startup sequence is not quite right, or even that they do it all, and they may not want to go through an approximation of what a real USAF pilot would have to train to accomplish. They want to hop in a jet and fly around.
The question is what scalability will FO offer and how do you see this in terms of marketability and appeal?
Rick: For the most part I refer you to the answer to the question discussing single-player and multi-player modes. I would like to re-iterate that our design of career and free-flight gameplay types will cover most (if not all) of the needs of any flight sim user.
Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 10
Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade
Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 10 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 2 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 3 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 5 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 6 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 7 Fighter Ops' Rick "Rjetster" Ladomade Page 9


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JMP Singapore & India
1 Wallich St, #16-01/02 Guoco Tower, Singapore 078881
Contact: jmpasia@sas.com
QbD accelerates the move toward ever more innovative areas of research in pharmaceuticals
Daewoong Pharmaceutical, one of Korea's largest pharmaceutical companies, uses big data to develop new biologic drugs in a competitive global market
Daewoong Pharmaceutical
High medical costs have increased global demand for novel treatments, and there is intense competition among pharmaceutical companies to be first to market.
Increasing in-house statistical knowledge with robust methods like quality by design (QbD) and design of experiments (DOE) gives researchers tools to adapt to changing market and regulatory demands.
By harnessing large quantities of data and implementing JMP® to analyze them more effectively, Daewoong can increase the quality of its products and satisfy diverse regulatory requirements, expanding access to patients globally.
It's no surprise to anyone that medical costs continue to rise, putting important treatments out of reach for many patients around the world. Inexpensive new treatments that don't compromise quality are a holy grail to pharmaceutical companies, with both patients and health providers eager for options. To meet this demand, pharmaceutical companies are pursuing innovative areas of research that capitalize on the availability of increasingly large amounts of medical data, such as personalized medicine and biologics. Despite fierce competition and high research costs, the massive untapped global marketplace for these products makes the potential payoff irresistible.
Rising to the challenge of this competitive landscape, Daewoong Pharmaceutical has invested heavily in research and development, particularly in biologics, or drugs made from living cells. Kyoung-Yun Kim leads the NABOTA Research Team at Daewoong, where he works on biologics research and development. Like other large pharmaceutical companies, Daewoong's R&D program targets treatments whose original patents are on the cusp of expiration, to capture the market ahead of their competitors.
Timing is critical to allowing a company to have a successful product launch, and regulatory bodies wield significant power over this process. Although the NABOTA Research Team's biologics are different drugs than their biosimilar predecessors, regulators demand that these products meet specifications equal to or surpassing the original formulations – a requirement that ultimately increases the time to market. Thus, researchers, and subsequently also manufacturers, have to develop stringent processes and demonstrate consistent quality and efficacy to meet regulatory requirements and limit delays. "To do this, you have to perform many analyses that even the original company didn't perform," says Kim.
Communicating the value of statistics companywide
Kim's team of researchers works on NABOTA, a botulinum toxin formulation that has exploded on the market since its launch in 2014. Ongoing research has increased the labeled indicants, expanding NABOTA use globally; with this success and continued investment in R&D, Daewoong aims to expand its NABOTA branch globally to become the highest-valued company by 2023.
Considerable amounts of data are required to conduct this ongoing research and manage global production, however. Regulatory bodies mandate stringent quality standards, and production facilities must collect significant amounts of data to monitor the purity of their products and ensure compliance, especially as they scale up production. From research to production, it is critical for Daewoong employees to understand the significance of data and statistics; targeted statistics training is therefore deployed companywide. In Kim's group, researchers also receive regular training on quality by design (QbD) and design of experiments (DOE) methods to adapt their research to new challenges.
Because statistical results play a key role in decision making, data quality is of utmost importance, and the research team has to have a thorough understanding of the implications of their data and subsequent statistical analyses. Says Kim: "The team helps both management and decision makers understand the results with sufficient statistical explanation and understanding."
Adapting to regulatory requirements
Essential to the development of good manufacturing processes is product purification and the achievement of consistent yield. In the course of their ongoing research, Daewoong developed a patented purification process, "High Pure Technology," which reduces product impurities. This quality initiative is driven, in part, by robust regulatory requirements. "Agencies want tight control of the impurities, so we have to develop state-of-the-art technology to analyze these impurities," Kim explains.
Once a company's research is submitted to a regulatory agency for approval, the agency can ask questions and require more detail about the quality control processes. Further complicating matters, each country has their own requirements, and companies must keep abreast of the constantly evolving guidelines provided by each of these regulatory bodies. Regardless, new approaches like QbD are spreading and becoming the global standard, and as a result, companies must have stringent process management systems, auditable data trails and thorough analytics to support their applications no matter where they go.
'In my case, JMP is more efficient and easier to use than other programs.'
Regulatory agencies don't stipulate which statistical software package must be used to gain approvals, but how that software affects the process or quality is important. As a biochemist, Kim didn't start his research career with formal statistical training. He has, however, learned statistics on the job, taking courses and attending workshops over the years to address whatever challenges arise. Though there are some statisticians at the company for support, the research team primarily deals with their own data issues; thus, facility with statistics has become a key part of their research.
It was during a workshop organized by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety where Kim was first exposed to JMP. The trainer "was immediately able to demonstrate the wide applicability of JMP to our work, helping me to understand how JMP is very relevant in our efforts to venture into overseas markets," he recalls. Kim has since used and compared a variety of statistical tools, but, he says, the powerful analytical engine that underlies JMP is what makes the tool a true standout. "And I've been using JMP ever since," he says.
It wasn't easy to get everyone on board at first – Kim's colleagues were used to other software and they didn't necessarily want to invest time in learning something new. Eventually, it was his business argument, not his scientific one, that convinced the company to make the switch. "I explained to my boss that if I use JMP, we can get more data and we can more easily [incorporate] QbD into all aspects of our projects."
To implement the QbD concept in their research, Kim's team must determine critical quality attributes and set the limit of the process parameters related to their experiments. Using the DOE function in JMP allows them to create a systematic approach to identifying and defining these critical parameters, and from those data, the researchers set control statistics for their processes. With these results implemented, they can submit their data to the regulatory agency.
Using the right software allows Kim's team to interpret and manage data effectively, streamlining both scientific research and the regulatory application process. "JMP is able to showcase big data that is not viewable in commonly used tools – and do so in a user-friendly interface. [We can therefore] present more insights for decision making and analysis than compared to other tools."
Building internal capacity for future growth
Currently, the NABOTA team primarily uses the DOE function in JMP for custom design and some discipline analysis, but in the future, Kim says he hopes to deepen his JMP expertise and position his team to more fully exploit the full suite of JMP functionality. Still, JMP has already expanded the research team's capacity for complex statistical analyses and allowed them to effectively communicate their results on a global scale, facilitating NABOTA's entry into the US and European markets. Says Kim: "We are expecting this tool to be a big part of Daewoong's growth in the global pharmaceutical industry."
Data and statistics continue to grow in importance in the pharmaceutical industry, as big data is used to support medical product design and development. From personalized medicine to biologics, the collection of detailed medical data will play a key role in bringing these cutting-edge areas of research to the market; but researchers must learn to manage and analyze the data effectively to unlock its full power.


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110-Year Prison Sentence For Ponzi-Scheming Tycoon R. Allen Stanford
By Mark Memmott
Published June 14, 2012 at 12:35 PM MDT
R. Allen Stanford before a 2009 court appearance in Houston.
R. Allen Stanford, the billionaire financier and cricket fanatic who was convicted earlier this year of "bilking investors out of more than $7 billion over 20 years in one of the largest Ponzi schemes in U.S. history," has been sentenced to 110 years in prison, The Associated Press reports.
As NPR's Wade Goodwyn reported in 2009, Stanford is:
"A fifth generation Texan who made his fortune in real estate in Houston in the '80s. He holds dual citizenship now. He's an Antiguan. ... And he is big sports fan — golf, polo, sailing, tennis. ... But his greatest love is cricket. ... He paid out $20 million to the winners of a single cricket tournament at Antigua. And when he announced [a] competition in London, he landed on Lords Cricket Ground in a gold plated helicopter."
As for his crimes, the AP writes that, "prosecutors said he used the money from investors who bought certificates of deposit, or CDs, from his bank on the Caribbean island nation of Antigua to fund a string of failed businesses, bribe regulators and pay for a lavish lifestyle that included yachts, a fleet of private jets and sponsorship of cricket tournaments."
Stanford is 62.
This past decade's other infamous Ponzi schemer, Bernie Madoff, cost his investors an estimated $20 billion.
Mark Memmott
Mark Memmott is NPR's supervising senior editor for Standards & Practices. In that role, he's a resource for NPR's journalists – helping them raise the right questions as they do their work and uphold the organization's standards.
See stories by Mark Memmott


My name is Julie Ann Thayer & I live in Royal Oak, Michigan. I have worked in real estate & construction for 30+ years. I am a realtor® that is also a licensed contractor & a designer. I work with both buyers & sellers & I am very familiar with what is available & the values. One of my specialties is working with buyers that are looking to make a property their own & therefore are looking for a property that needs to be renovated or are looking to build custom. Because of my back ground in design & construction & because I build homes, market & sell them, I have a good sense of what it costs to renovate & what would be considered the best value in order to get the best return.
For more information on me & my company please refer to my Houzz real estate & design site - https://www.houzz.com under SHAIN PARK REALTORS - Julie Ann Thayer. You can also refer my Houzz Design Build page under Art Structures by JA Designs & my Facebook page under The Art Structures Team @ Shain Park, Realtors. Information is also available on www.trulia.com , www.realtor.com , and www.linkedin.com.


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Q: Apache camel Quartz endpoints : rescheduling at runtime Is it possible to change cron expression of camel quartzendpoint at runtime using jmx or so ?

A: You can update the route itself (including configuration of the quartz endpoint). As an example you can see how Camel plugin of Hawt.io (http://hawt.io/plugins/camel/) does it

A: No, but you could experiment with CamelContext and see if you can add new routes at runtime.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Lavernock Battery was built at Lavernock Point, Wales on the recommendations of the 1860 Royal Commission during the late 1860s to protect the ports of the Severn Estuary. It was replaced by a new anti-aircraft battery during World War II that was equipped with four heavy anti-aircraft guns.

History
The Palmerston government initiated a large system of coastal fortifications and Lavernock Battery was the most northerly of a chain of defences across the Bristol Channel, protecting the access to Bristol and Cardiff. Completed in 1870, the battery was initially armed with three rifled muzzle-loading (RML)  Mk III guns on disappearing carriages. An 1895 inventory reported a fourth seven-inch gun. By 1903 all four guns had been replaced by two breech-loading six-inch (152 mm) Mk VII guns.

The two 6-inch guns formed part of the Fixed Defences, Severn Scheme and protected the Atlantic shipping convoy de-grouping zone between Cardiff, Barry and Flat Holm. They were manned by men of the 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Regiment, Royal Artillery.

On 13 May 1897, Guglielmo Marconi sent the world's first ever wireless communication over open sea. The experiment transmitted a message over the Bristol Channel from Flat Holm Island to Lavernock Point in Penarth, a distance of . The message read "Are you ready". The transmitting equipment was almost immediately relocated to Brean Down Fort on the Somerset coast, stretching the range to .

Description
The battery was triangular shaped with four gun emplacements, a protective ditch, barracks, a laboratory, and a magazine. Most of the battery has been demolished and the ditch filled in; a swimming pool has been built over one of the magazines. What remains is included in a holiday caravan and chalet park.

The Second World War heavy anti-aircraft battery covers an area about  and also had four gun emplacements for 3.7-inch guns, each of which had some storage for ready-use ammunition. A larger magazine was positioned between two of the gun pits. All of the guns were controlled by a central director-rangefinder observation position. This battery is in good condition and has been listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

References

Further reading

External links

Palmerston Forts Society

Forts in the Vale of Glamorgan
Palmerston Forts
Artillery batteries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia