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Canada-U.S. Travel Restrictions Extended to Feb. 21
Anne Erickson	January 12th
398517 02: A Canadian Customs and Fisheries officer watches over the U.S.-Canada border between Blaine, Washington and White Rock, British Columbia November 8, 2001 in White Rock, BC. The Peace Arch border crossing is one of the busiest crossings in North America. (Photo by Jeff Vinnick/Getty Images)
If you were hoping to make it to Canada later this month, it doesn't look like that's in the cards, as the coronavirus (COVID-19) travel restrictions at the Canada-U.S. land border are being extended for another month.
The news, which came from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau today (Jan. 12), means the current border restrictions will remain in effect until at least Feb. 21, 2021.
Trudeau said this "important decision" was taken to ensure the safety of citizens on both sides amid the pandemic.
"Our focus since the start of this pandemic has been protecting you and your family. Whether by procuring vaccines or by bringing in strict travel and border measures, our priority is your safety," Trudeau said.
As of today, there have reportedly been more than 670,000 COVID-19 cases in Canada and more than 17,000 deaths. The U.S. reportedly has more than 22 million COVID-19 cases and more than 376,000 deaths.


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Le Tour de Catalogne 1980 est la 60 édition du Tour de Catalogne, une course cycliste par étapes en Espagne. L'épreuve se déroule sur 7 étapes du 3 au  sur un total de  Le vainqueur final est l'Espagnol Marino Lejarreta de l'équipe Teka, devant Johan van der Velde et Vicente Belda.

Étapes

Prologue
03-09-1980: Sant Carles de la Ràpita – Sant Carles de la Ràpita,  (clm) :

étape
04-09-1980: Sant Carles de la Ràpita – Lleida, 182,7:

2 étape
05-09-1980: Lleida – l'Espluga de Francolí,  :

3 étape
06-09-1980: l'Espluga de Francolí - Mollet del Vallès,  :

4 étape A
07-09-1980: Barcelone - Tibidabo,  :

4 étape B
07-09-1980: Mollet del Vallès – Alt del Mas Nou,  :

5 étape
08-09-1980: Girona - Manresa,  :

6 étape
09-09-1980: Cardona – Llívia,  :

7 étape A
10-09-1980: Vic – Vic,  (clm) :

7 étape B
10-09-1981: Vic – l'Hospitalet de Llobregat,  :

Classement général

Classements annexes

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .

Liens externes
 Site officiel
 Classements sur cyclingfever.com
 Classements sur cyclebase.nl

1980
Cyclisme sur route en 1980
1980 en Catalogne
Sport en Espagne en 1980
Sport en septembre 1980

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Despite the many beautiful voices and tracks on this weeks Cabeza de Vaca show at Scanner FM, the stars are undoubtedly Essex group Disco Inferno who are enjoying a belated and most deserved moment in the spotlight.
The catalyst for this attention is the release of "The 5 EPs" compilation on One Little Indian that as its name implies, colletcs together five singles of almost all non-album tracks from the period 1992-1994.
The CD version came out last year and its success prompted the release of a double vinyl edition that has kept the group clearly in the consciousness. One suspects a certain amount of guilt in this, since the group were clearly overlooked in their time, something that is both surprising and sad since back in quiet little Perth in Australia at the beginning of the 90s it seemed that everyone owned and loved "In Debt" released on Ché Trading back in 1992.
The liner notes to the vinyl release by David Howell of the Fat Cat label and Obsessive Eye fanzine are fascinating and complement a lot of the other recent material made available on the group. Check out also a review of "The 5 EPs" at FACT and the brilliant interview at the Quietus conducted late last year and a brief article in the Guardian .
Si hables español hay unas entrevistas en castellano en el sitio web de Afterpop y en el sitio web de El destilador cultural .
The equipment was not without its problems. The old Atari computer used for the recordings would endlessly crash and playing live was frought with difficulty for the same reasons. Crause later described it as "vaguely amusing nightmares of malfunctioning and crashing equipment." It is arguably this reason above all others that might have led to the group's downfall. Media praise had, after all been genuinely positive, if not as prolific as the group might have like, but their inability to gain momentum on the road and also to enter into any scene perhaps cost them the most. Disco Inferno were forever outsiders, embracing sampling and technology at a time when indie, surprisingly, turned its back on the burgeoning "baggy" scene, while Crause's obvert political lyrics may have been too much for many.
And an immigrant was kicked to death again."
There are some post-Disco Inferno curiosities floating around, more than I have briefly collected here, including several unreleased tracks that might see the light of day again soon, and surely there is now a call to re-release the early material on vinyl or even CD as well, as even the CDs are fetching high enough prices on Discogs?
A BBC 3 live radio session was post-humously released as "The Mixing it session" by Tugboat in 1999.
After leaving Disco Inferno, Ian Crause recorded two solo singles, one for Tugboat and another for Spanish label Aquarella. Crause's politics apparently also led him to Bolivia.
Psychogeography is a term that seems to come up a lot in terms of music these days (see also the previous post on Punk and Jon Savage) In particular, Patrick Keiller's films are hailed a big influence on the politics and sound of Disco Inferno and blend in with Crause's left-wing politics.


AdDaptive Intelligence is looking for talented individuals with experience in programmatic advertising, ad tech or digital media. The Programmatic Account Manager will work closely with clients and partners to oversee the execution and optimization of programmatic advertising campaigns across desktop, mobile, social and video channels, as well as provide critical day-to-day support and service and find opportunities to create additional value for our clients.
As a key member of our team, the Programmatic Account Manager will regularly work with all divisions including sales, business development, product and operations. Candidates must be comfortable taking risks and have an entrepreneurial spirit that will allow them to be successful in a dynamic start-up culture.
Send us an email to careers@addaptive.com explaining why you're the best fit for the Programmatic Account Manager position. Be sure to include your name, email, phone, resume and anything else that you feel is highly relevant.


Driving under the Influence (DUI) is a major offense that may likely affect a variety of variables of a person's life. Professions may possibly be spoiled, legal service fees may influence finances and driving a car liberties may be revoked. There are a great deal of irrevocable consequences to driving a vehicle under the influence that may cause severe harm to a person's lifestyle. If arrested for a DUI, legal representation is called for to get a minimized sentence and keep clear of jail time. Judges are providing harsher sentences for the crime, as well as, bigger fees.
At the present time, the legitimate drinking age in the U.S.A. is 21 years old. A great fraction of Driving Under the Influence charges are garnered by folks under the age of 21. Many Driving Under the Influence charges were accompanied by traffic accidents and fatalities. States mindful of the studies are issuing underage drinkers, who drive under the influence, felony charges and expanded jail sentences.
Currently, in all 50 states, driving while intoxicated is classified by law as possessing a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08% or much higher. However, in some states intoxicated drivers may be charged with a lesser offense if the BAC is lower than 0.08%. Laws for DWI's vary from state to state. Therefore, individuals must learn the rules of just about state before driving.
Alcohol is a depressant that slows the interaction or impulse time of the individual. Brain signals are covered up when drinking. Some signals do not arrive to the brain while intoxicated. As a consequence, owners may not react rapidly enough to stay away from an impediment in the street, a ceased car or an animal. Men and women that are drunk or inebriated may view actuality otherwise than actuality. This makes it complicated to handle the auto or truck and drive within the white and yellow lines on the street. Drunk individuals generally result in collisions when they cannot discern or keep the vehicle in the path.
Several impaired individuals have caused fatalities or severely injured themselves or another person. Drivers under the age of 24 are more likely to pass away in a car accident than from any other cause, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Forty percent of these fatalities are related to booze. Both individuals and passengers are likely to die in an booze associated driving a vehicle incident.
A blood alcohol content of one tenth or 0.10 will increase the likelihood of a lethal mishap by seven times. By the same token, the chance for death increases 25 times for any person whose blood alcohol level is increased to 0.15. Driving with a legal blood alcohol level of 0.04 will raise the chance of being included in an automobile accident by 1.4 times. If this number doubles, the likelihood of an auto accident increases by 11 times. More drinks could have deadly consequences, if the driver proceeds to run a car. Those who decide to continue may live with the repercussions of their actions, if they come through the car accident.
Drivers in Georgia may be charged with a Drunk driving if the BAC level is 0.08 or steeper. Any amount of contraband drugs or unlawful blood levels will be grounds for a Driving under the influence charge in the state of Georgia. Drivers that exhibit erratic driving behavior and a blood alcohol content of over 0.08 may be convicted of a Driving under the influence. In some instances, individuals may also be taken to jail.
Drivers under the age of 21 that are suspected of Driving under the influence may be issued a violation in Georgia if the breathalyzer reads 0.02 or more expensive. Commercial drivers may also be issued a violation if their blood alcohol level is 0.04 or increased.


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Ethiopia • Interviews • News
Exclusive interview with Bashir Makhtal: "THEY STOLE ME FROM MY WIFE AND FAMILY."
by Zecharias Zelalem
Written by Zecharias Zelalem
(OPride)—A tall, sharply dressed man with warm, reassuring smile walked toward me and shook my hands. It's a firm but friendly handshake. For a moment I thought he's a brother or cousin of Bashir Makhtal, a Canadian citizen who spent more than 11 years in Ethiopia's notorious prisons on bogus terrorism charges.
For someone who spent the last decade languishing in maximum security prisons — being shifted in and out of solitary confinement where he endured brutal torture —Bashir looks incredibly well.
It's only been a month since Bashir walked free from the infamous Maekelawi prison in Addis Ababa. He was convicted on terrorism charges and accused of being a member of the outlawed rebel group, Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF). He denies the charges. He was sentenced to life in prison in 2009 in a trial deemed sham by rights groups.
Days after he was freed, Bashir flew to Canada and was welcomed home at Toronto airport in an emotional reunion with his family. On Tuesday when I met him in Ottawa, he had just hosted a press conference and was waiting for the start of a meeting organized by Amnesty International, the rights group that took up his cause a decade ago. Seamlessly transitioning between events, Bashir appears upbeat and content. The trauma and scars of his eleven years of torment weren't visible at least on the surface.
He ushered me into a conference room of Amnesty International's Canadian headquarters, where his wife Aziza and cousin, Said Makhtal, were waiting. I recognized Said immediately. During the entirety of Bashir's ordeal, Said was the public face of the campaign to free his cousin. He has made plenty of media appearances over the past decade in which he urged the Canadian government to pressure Ethiopian authorities to release Bashir.
Despite the psychological and financial toll they have endured, both Said and Aziza looked remarkably well and still elated.
Bashir speaks with a soft tone. He has an easy-going demeanor. He didn't hesitate to delve into the horrific and tragic injustices that shaped the last decade of his life.
OPride: First off, on behalf of our readers and staff, I am glad that you are with your family and that your nightmare is over. Welcome back to Canada. We'd also like to thank you for willing to share your story with us.
Bashir: Thank you very much. I'm thankful you are here, as there are a lot of things I need to share with Ethiopians, with the world about my case and about what happens in Ethiopia.
OPride: Most of us heard of your plight as a Canadian citizen fighting a politically motivated sentence. But there are many who are eager to get to know you better. Tell us about your upbringing. Where does the Bashir Makhtal story begin?
Bashir: I was born in the town of Deghabour, Ethiopia. I lived there until the age of six. As I'm sure you know, the people of my region, the Ogaden, have faced systematic oppression at the hands of different Ethiopian governments. My family fled this oppression for neighboring Somalia and I grew up and went to school in the capital Mogadishu. I had a normal childhood.
OPride: Years later, when you were accused by an Ethiopian court of being an ONLF fighter, Ethiopian government media pointed to the fact that your grandfather, Makhtal Dahir, was the founder of the ONLF. As a child growing up, did you see much of Makhtal Dahir? Did he influence you in any way?
Bashir: It's true that I'm the grandson of Makhtal Dahir, the founding chairman of the ONLF. He was a great leader and fighter for the cause of the Ogaden people. Somalis have suffered unbearably under the Ethiopian imperial and then military dictatorships. My grandfather fought to secure basic rights for his people — nothing else. He was among the first to launch a revolt against the system that was killing his people. We know his history very well, but I saw none of this as a child as he had become old and had ceased participation in these sorts of activities. For example, he was uncompromising on the ONLF agenda and opposed the initiative of the WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front) because that group had the goal of incorporating our region into Somalia. The ONLF pursued independence from Ethiopia and an end to the persecution of our people. My grandfather and his colleagues didn't like the idea of the demarcated Ogaden territory being absorbed into Somalia. My grandfather's story is well known, but as I said most of it happened before I was born so I wasn't a witness to it.
OPride: I understand you immigrated to Canada as a young man. Tell us about your life here in Canada prior to your arrest.
Bashir: Yes, I actually went to Italy first. My elder brother was already in Canada and his presence here influenced my decision to come to immigrate to Canada. I arrived in 1991. I lived in the Toronto area and pursued my education, studying Computer Science at DeVry University. I worked hard for my goals and my degrees. I eventually got a job in my domain at the CIBC (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce).
OPride: You became a Canadian citizen and after hard work and tribulations; entered the professional job market and started giving back to society. Then, in 2001, 10 years after you arrived in Canada, you decided to return to East Africa. What was the reason for your trip?
Bashir: I had a good life and a decent job in Canada. But I had intended on providing for not just myself, but my family members. I have around 20 siblings. On my salary, my contributions to them were limited. I was looking for options when a friend of mine — a fellow Somali and also a Canadian citizen — came to me with a proposal. He told me there was a market for selling used clothes in the region that would be very profitable. His business plan seemed foolproof and we became partners. So we left Canada with an idea. I was based in Djibouti, but we operated in Somalia, Djibouti and the United Arab Emirates. Business was good. I provided for my family and traveled frequently between these three countries. From 2001 until my arrest [in December 2006], I lived a successful life as a businessman.
OPride: The main charge against you was that you were an ONLF member and it is linked to this period of your life. The Ethiopian government has always maintained that during this time, you made a trip to Eritrea that was not for business reasons. Eritrea has a history of supporting the ONLF. Did you ever travel to Eritrea and if so, what were the reasons for doing so?
Bashir: It is true that I traveled to Eritrea on two occasions. I never claimed to have traveled to Eritrea for business reasons. I will make this part clear to you. Sometime before 2004, the ONLF held a general assembly in London where they published a communique which had information about the organization's goals and details about its leadership. I have never been involved with the ONLF in any shape, way or form. Yet, to my surprise, I found my name listed among those as members of the group's leadership team. Not only me, other notable Somalis also found themselves on this list. The ONLF politburo members knew my identity as a grandson of Makhtal Dahir and a member of the Somali community. But they never consulted me on the inclusion of my name among members of the organization. So I contacted them and requested the removal of my name.
I was told that I have to appear before a committee in person in order for my request to be processed. This is the reason for my first trip. The said committee was at the time-based in Asmara, Eritrea. So in 2004, I traveled to Asmara for the first time to meet with ONLF representatives. When I got there, I was told that some key officials weren't present for various reasons and that I wouldn't be able to get my name removed. I had to wait for another occasion. I stayed in Eritrea for two days and left. In early 2006, the ONLF had another meeting. I went back to Eritrea to clear my name. This time, they heard me out.
I left Asmara having been told that my request will be processed. Sure enough, in June of that year, I received two notices from the organization. One was the newly published list of ONLF leaders with my name removed from the list. The second was an official letter from the ONLF leadership apologizing to me for any inconveniences caused. I received these in June of 2006, and as you know, I was arrested six months later. I have never been a member of the ONLF. I had these documents in Canada. I managed to get them faxed to Ethiopia. Both documents, including the ONLF's official apology, were submitted to the judge as evidence of my innocence during my trial. I think they were never even taken into consideration.
OPride: Let's rewind a bit and look at the events leading up to your arrest. The narrative long held by the Ethiopian court that sentenced you is that you were taken into custody by Kenyan troops on the Somali border after having fought with militants in Somalia. This was during the first weeks of the Ethiopian army's December 2006 invasion of Somalia. What led you to being caught on the Kenyan Somali border?
Bashir: Well, as I stated earlier, I was a businessman who frequented Mogadishu regularly. I was in the capital during those last few days before the Ethiopian army took over. At the time, the Ethiopian government was explaining to the whole world that everyone — the Islamists, the ONLF, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and others — were all in Somalia planning to launch attacks against Ethiopia. This is all a fabrication. But it became clear that they would use this as a pretext to invade the country. I realized that the situation had become unstable and that with the Ethiopian soldiers coming, it would be too dangerous to remain in Somalia. So I tried to book my flight out. What many don't know is that in those last days before the invasion, the Ethiopian government planned every detail.
Together, Ethiopia, with the help of the U.S. government and the so-called Somali Transitional Government sealed the country's airspace. There were no flights allowed in and out of Somalia. There was no way out of the country. I had planned on flying out to Dubai but was unable to. I waited a few days and then I realized that I if I stayed any longer, I could be caught up in a war. So that's when I decided to travel by land out of Mogadishu. I rented a car and was driven to the Kenyan border. From there, I crossed the border into Kenya and traveled to Garissa [northeastern Kenya), where there was an immigration office. I planned on applying for a visa there which I could use to stay in Kenya for a few days, enough time to travel to Nairobi and book a flight back to Djibouti. Many other foreigners were already there. With no flights out of Somalia, they were left stranded and took this same route to Garissa.
OPride: So you weren't actually captured on the border by Kenyan soldiers as was widely reported. You made your way peacefully to Garissa.
Bashir: That's right. At Garissa's immigration office, we had to undergo screening. Kenyan authorities were wary of militants infiltrating the country, so they took their time with us. I was held there for five days, as they looked at my documents and file. After five days, they told me I was in the clear. They would transfer me to Nairobi. Everything seemed routine so far. On the sixth day, I was taken to a police station in Nairobi. Coincidentally, this police station is located next to the Canadian embassy. I expected my wait in that police officer to be the end of it. But I remained there for weeks. There were a number of other foreigners with me and we each waited for our turns, but my wait was the longest. While I was there, two Ethiopian intelligence agents came to the station and started observing me from close range. They chatted with the Kenyan police officials and would come back and sit with us. I felt something was fishy.
OPride: How did you know that they were, in fact, Ethiopian intelligence officers? Did they have any clothing or visible markers that gave away their identities?
Bashir: No they were plainclothes officers. I grew suspicious of them because they appeared out of nowhere and they immediately concentrated on me. I asked them "who are you?" One of them told me, "I'm a foreigner stranded like you." I didn't believe him. I've lived around East Africans all my life. We know each other's traits very well. I identified them as being Tigrayans just by looking at them. Then my suspicion grew into fear when one of them asked if he could videotape me. I objected. At this time, I had enough. I contacted a friend in Nairobi. He came to the police station and gave me a cellular phone. I knew that I could always be a target of harassment and intimidation by the Ethiopian government, so I used the phone to notify the Canadian embassy of my circumstances. I was wary of what would happen next.
OPride: So the first contact between Ethiopian and Kenyan security forces happened in Nairobi?
Bashir: Yes. Both cooperated to ensure that I was transferred to Ethiopian custody. I have insider information that this was a personal request by [the late] Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, who went as far as promising the Kenyan leader at the time (Mwai) Kibaki millions of dollars for his reelection campaign as a gift for handing me over to Ethiopian authorities. I didn't know this at the time. From the police station, we were taken in vehicles to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. As foreign nationals, we were told we would be deported back to our countries.
Aboard the vehicle, people chatted and talked, so nobody noticed me make a last phone call. I called my wife [in Canada] and told her I felt uncertain about what was happening to me. At the airport, there were state journalists and Kenyan security officials. They wanted to report on the story that foreigners fleeing Somalia were returning home. I, along with a group of foreigners, was separated from the rest and taken to the cargo section of the airport.
I noticed the plane on the runway that we were supposed to board. Having flown back and forth across the region, I could identify the plane models and the locations they would fly to. The rather small plane was one used to fly from Nairobi to Mogadishu. It wasn't what was used for intercontinental flights. Why would they send me to Somalia? I went up to a Kenyan security officer and asked: "Excuse me, if I'm being deported, as a Canadian, shouldn't I be deported to my country?"
The Kenyan security officer laughed at me and told me in a mocking tone, "yeah we will send you to your country." When it was time to board, I refused. I refused to move and when they started to physically force me on the plane, I screamed out loud. I created a scene. When they saw that I wouldn't go willingly, Kenyan soldiers came over to me and severely beat me. I boarded the plane bloodied. The attack on me dislocated my shoulder and left me in searing pain. I felt the pain in my shoulder for the next two years. The plane departed for Somalia. By that time, the Ethiopian army was already in the capital, Mogadishu. From there, I was put on an Ethiopian military plane and flown into Addis Ababa on January 16, 2007.
OPride: You were physically assaulted at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. Despite neither being born in Somalia nor being a citizen of that country, you were deported there — which is an extraordinary rendition and thus against international law. There were a host of violations of your rights even before entering Ethiopian custody. At the time, it was reported that you had acquired the services of a lawyer by the name of Mekuria Tafesse. Did this lawyer ever manage to speak of these violations to the judge?
Bashir: I have never met this Mekuria Tafesse. He was hired by my family and the Canadian embassy to defend me. I had no access to any lawyers during the first 18 months of my incarceration. Mr. Mekuria was given a lot of money, I'm not sure how much exactly but I can find out for you. He never once met with me, and, in the end, he left the job before I had made a single court appearance –making a hefty sum and doing absolutely nothing for me. I had another lawyer, Gebreamlak Tekle who was appointed just as my trial was set to begin. He is the one who presented the judge with the ONLF apology document that should have cleared me. But this case wasn't about evidence. It was completely fabricated from beginning to end.
OPride: What part of the case against you do you think was fabricated?
Bashir: My trial began in August 2008. I knew I was innocent and had nothing to hide. I even waved my right to not be cross-examined. But then the eyewitnesses began to testify. One came out and said under oath that I was an ONLF commander who he had seen fighting in Somalia. But the second witness had the most ridiculous testimony. He told the court that he had seen me among the ONLF fighters who carried out the attack on the Abole oil field in the Ogaden. It was the attack that left many Ethiopian and Chinese oil workers dead. That incident happened in April 2007. I was detained in December 2006. How could I carry out an attack and kill oil workers in the Ogaden if I was imprisoned at Maekelawi? I had been incarcerated for four months when this attack took place. When I heard this false testimony, I knew that the whole court process was corrupted. Later on, I discovered that some of those who testified against me had signed a written affidavit, declaring that everything they said in court was untrue. It was all fake. It was planned. They wanted me to suffer. They stole me from my wife and family.
This interview was lightly edited for clarity. In Part II, Bashir talks about his time in prison, the people he met and the injustices he'd witnessed, as well as his release. Check back soon.
Bashir Makhtal Canada Ethiopia kenya Ogaden Somalia
At least four killed, 250 homes burned in renewed Somali Liyu Police attacks inside Oromia
Former Oromo rebel leaders return to Ethiopia to pursue peaceful struggle
Zecharias Zelalem
Zecharias Zelalem is a writer and journalist tackling sports and politics. He's also a contributor for Addis Standard and Ethiosports.
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Keith Ellison condemns crackdown on Oromo students
Lessons and the future of the #OromoProtests
UN rights chief: Ethiopia should reform its anti-terrorism law and release...
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Oromo Thanksgiving Irreecha joyously celebrated worldwide
Abiy Ahmed Ali sworn in as Ethiopia's new prime minister

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The EAST Trauma Research Scholarship is a great opportunity for an Acute Care Surgeon to begin their academic career. The potential of this initial seed can be limitless.
Personally, I began a basic science study that examined the beta adrenergic modulation of erythropoiesis in trauma. Receipt of this initial scholarship provided the necessary first step for obtaining preliminary data that was translated into a NIH NIGMS K08 (GM078301) award that was matched in funding by the Clowes ACS/AAST Research scholarship. The continued success of my basic science research led to a NIH NIGMS R01 (GM105893) that studied anemia and the chronic hyperadrenergic state following major trauma.
The initial EAST Trauma Research Scholarship has led to continued funding from the NIH for ten years and has allowed me to grow from a junior surgeon-scientist to a senior surgeon-scientist.


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easyJet celebrates the opening of its Nantes base, the airline's 29th base in Europe and seventh in France
easyJet celebrated the opening of its 29th base in Europe at Nantes Airport on 5th April, in attendance of VINCI Airports and the airport team. Nantes is a strategic choice for easyJet seventh base in France as it is both an attractive leisure and business destination with growing inbound and outbound demand.
This base opening is aligned with easyJet strategy of long term investment in France where one quarter of all its passengers starts or finishes their journey.
Operator of Nantes-Atlantique airport since the signing of the concession contract in 2011, VINCI Airports successfully rolled out its inclusive airport development model, in close cooperation with airlines and in particular with easyJet.
VINCI Airports' model focuses on the improvement of connectivity in the Nantes region benefitting the North West territory local communities; transformation of the customer experience and the roll out of a best in class sustainability policy.
Johan Lundgren, easyJet CEO and François Bacchetta, easyJet country director France and Italy were joined by Nicolas Notebaert, CEO of VINCI Concessions, President of VINCI Airports and François Marie, Nantes-Atlantique airport Director to celebrate this important milestone in the airline's expansion during a ceremony which was also attended by Laurent Dejoie, Regional Council Vice-President and Finances commission President and Jacques Gillaizeau Nantes Metropolis VP.
The ceremony guests were able to see the landing of an Airbus A320Neo, flying from London, with its improved noise and carbon performance that comes with this new generation aircraft. easyJet is one of the major operators of the Airbus NEO in Europe. easyJet also unveiled a Nantes based aircraft with a special livery featuring Nantes' iconic "Chateau des Ducs" that will help to promote the city across the 27 destinations easyJet flies to in Nantes.
Since easyJet started flying to Nantes with a flight from Geneva in 2008, it has carried 6.5 million passengers to and from the airport. With the three new Airbus A320 aircraft based in Nantes, easyJet is able to offer a total of two million seats in 2019, an increase of 37% compared to 2018. easyJet will fly 100,000 new visitors to Nantes in 2019.
easyJet's investment will provide clear benefits to the local economy with the creation of 110 local jobs for pilots and cabin crews along with many more being created in the wider local economy.
This base means more choice with 14 new routes, more frequencies especially on domestic routes with a 30% increase, and improved schedule with more early departures that would benefit to our 20% of business passengers in Nantes.
Johan Lundgren, easyJet CEO commented: "As we celebrate the launch of this new base in Nantes today, we are really proud to continue the airline's successful expansion in France. Over 20 million passengers fly with us to and from France every year: that's a quarter of all easyJet passengers which shows how important France is to the airline. This base opening is another significant milestone in France for easyJet, now counting seven bases across the national territory from today.
"We remain committed to France and we have big plans for the new base as with three A320 based we are aiming to reach the #1 position in Nantes with 25% market shares, flying 1.8 million passengers this year.
"Our investment in Nantes will provide clear benefits to the local economy in terms of jobs with 110 local jobs for pilots and cabin crew and thousands more being created in the wider local economy.
easyJet will promote Nantes and its region across the 27 destinations we operate from Nantes and I am sure our customers will enjoy our great network and our fantastic crews.
"This attractive and dynamic region has found in easyJet a long term partner for its future development".
François Bacchetta, easyJet's France Director added: We have built a long term relationship with Nantes and have been working hand in hand with Nantes airport for over 10 years now to build a relevant leisure and business network reflecting our customers' needs while continuously improving the customer experience.
"In addition to the signification network enhancement enabled by the base launch easyJet will launch the fast track option in Nantes, A popular service among our business passengers which represent 20% of our passengers in Nantes reflecting the local economic dynamism."
Nicolas Notebaert, CEO of VINCI Concessions, President of VINCI Airports said: "easyJet has chosen the Nantes-Atlantique airport as its first base in France's North West region, and this is excellent news for the airport teams and all the stakeholders. As we have seen in Lisbon, Porto and elsewhere, selection as a base by a leader such as easyJet has a strong positive impact on a region. This is in keeping with the action we take at VINCI Airports to make mobility a development driver that creates jobs and enhances the region's ability to attract tourists by opening new routes.
easyJet's choice of Nantes-Atlantique as a base also reflects our excellent relations with the airlines. VINCI Airports and easyJet have formed an efficient partnership based on our shared vision of inclusive, sustainable and innovative airport mobility serving an open world and facilitating travel and trade between countries and communities. I welcome all the easyJet crews to Nantes-Atlantique and am confident that they will thrive here in this dynamic, innovative and welcoming region."
Laurent Dejoie, Pays de la Loire Regional Council Vice-President added: "The opening of an easyJet base at Nantes-Atlantique shows the region attractivity and dynamism as economy and population are both growing. The 14 new routes easyJet is launching will contribute to the airport and the region influence in France and in Europe while supporting local employment.
Due to Pays de la Loire region geographical position in Europe the territory accessibility is a constant challenge. Opening up our territory means an airport platform matching the local economy and tourism activity ambitions of this dynamic region."
Jacques Gillaizeau Nantes Metropolis VP chimed in: easyJet base launch in Nantes is milestone in the airline long term development in French regions. It is a true satisfaction for Nantes and its metropolis as it acknowledged Nantes is gaining attractively at a European level. This is also good news for local employment with the creation of over 110 jobs.
The three based Airbus A320 will also be the ambassadors of our local experience as parts of these aircraft family are manufactured in Bouguenais.
easyJet will also be one of the largest NEO operator in Europe. This new generation aircrafts already flying to Nantes allow a 15% fuel and carbon emission saving and are 50% quieter on landing and take-off approach compared to current generation. This a positive sign of easyJet commitment to sustainable flying and noise nuisance reduction."
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Effects of Selected Herbicides on Growth and Nitrogen Fixing Activity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sb16)
ARMITA NAHI1, RADZIAH OTHMAN1, 2, DZOLKHIFLI OMAR3 and MAHDI EBRAHIMI4
1Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
2Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
3Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
4Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: R. Othman, Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia or Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; e-mail: radziah@agri.upm.edu.my
Submitted 5 July 2015, revised 15 January 2016, accepted 11 February 2016
DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1215618
A study was carried out to determine the effects of paraquat, pretilachlor and 2, 4-D on growth and nitrogen fixing activity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sb16) and pH of Jensen's N-free medium. The growth of Sb16 and pH of medium were significantly reduced with full (X) and double (2X) doses of tested herbicides, but nitrogen fixing activity was decreased by 2X doses. The nitrogenase activity had the highest value in samples treated with 1/2X of 2, 4-D on fifth incubation day, but 2X 2, 4-D had the most adverse effect. An inhibition in the growth and nitrogenase activity was recovered on the last days of incubation.
Key words: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sb16), nitrogenase activity, paraquat, pretilachlor, 2, 4-D
Microorganisms employed to enhance the availability of nitrogen by fixing atmospheric N2 to the crops are called N2 fixing bacteria. There is a natural association between rice plant and N2 fixing bacteria. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is broadly found on or in plants and has a worldwide distribution (Denton and Kerr, 1998). Diazotrophic S. maltophilia strain Sb16 isolated from Tanjong Karang, a rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing area in Selangor, Malaysia, has been proven to improve rice production (Naher et al., 2009). The Sb16 strain used in this study was obtained from the Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor. Herbicides have been the most efficient chemical weed management approach since they were introduced to agriculture. They may cause undesirable effects when applied at high concentrations. Various herbicides act on various types of plant species, on various processes of plant metabolism, and at various periods in plant growth cycles. Translocated herbicides are taken up into the plant's vascular system, while contact herbicides only affect the part of the plant contacted by the spray. Some herbicides represent a risk of vapourising to other sites, while others stay effective for a long term in the soil, harming planted crops at a later time. If they come into contact, herbicides applied to soil or plants might interfere with the microbial biofertiliser inoculated to crop plants. The herbicides commonly used for rice production are paraquat, glyphosate, oxadiazon, propanil, pretilachlor, 2, 4-D, etc. Paraquat, pretilachlor and 2, 4-D have been chosen for the present study. The effect of herbicides on N2 fixing activity of diazotrophs is a major concern among researchers as it is vital to the soil fertility of rice fields. Meanwhile, studies on the effects of herbicides on symbiotic N2 fixation have concentrated on Rhizobium sp. under in vitro conditions (Moorman, 1986). However, there are insufficient studies on the effects of herbicides on other species of N2 fixing bacteria. Besides, as attributing of N2 fixation to the specific bacterium in the plant system is impossible, the effects of herbicides on N2 fixation ability of the specific bacterium need to be determined in laboratory conditions to predict the role of strain in N2 fixation process in the plant system under natural soil condition. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effect of paraquat, pretilachlor and 2, 4-D at concentrations corresponding to 1/2, 1 and 2 times of their recommended field application rate (X) on the growth and N2 fixing activity of Sb16 and pH of Jensen's N-free medium (Jensen, 1951) within a determined incubation time.
Medium was inoculated with a colony of Sb16 strain and incubated at 35°C on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 3 days. Aliquots of 1 ml of approximately 108 cfu/ml of live cells, with adjusted optical density (OD)600 of ≈ 0.1, was inoculated to each culture flask.
The herbicides used in this study were paraquat dichloride (13% w/w) Syngenta Capayam, pretilachlor (28.7% w/w) Syngenta Sofit N300 EC and 2, 4-D isopropylamine (28% equivalent) (35.5 % w/w) Kompressor Ancom Cropcare. The herbicides solutions were prepared by mixing the required amount of active ingredient in sterilised distilled water to obtain concentrations corresponding to 0, 1/2, 1 and 2 times of the recommended field application rate. Therefore, four rates of 0, 0.78, 1.56 and 3.12 mg/ml of paraquat at the rate of 12 g/l; 0, 0.72, 1.44 and 2.87 mg/ml of pretilachlor at 5 g/l; 0, 1.42, 2.84 and 5.68 mg/ml of 2, 4-D at 8 g/l were prepared to get the concentrations of 0, 1/2, 1 and 2 times of the recommended field application rate, respectively. Thereafter, herbicides were sterilised by filtration (Millipore filter, 0.22 µm) aseptically in a laminar flow cabinet.
The prepared herbicides solutions were added to each sterilised flask (250 ml) containing 75 ml Jensen's N-free broth medium. Control flasks were without herbicides. Before inoculum application, optical density (OD600) of inoculum was checked and regulated to approximately 0.1 and the drop plate method for cell count on N-free agar was employed to confirm the population (Somasegaran and Hoben, 1985). Aliquots of 1 ml of the desired inoculum (approximately 108 cfu/ml) of live cells was transferred to each culture flask using sterilised pipette. The flasks were incubated at 28°C on a rotary shaker for 7 days till the end of the experiment.
At each sampling period, 1 ml of the culture was sampled and 10-fold serial dilutions were made up to 10-8. The mixture in each test tube was shaken vigorously to suspend bacterial cells. Aliquots of 0.1 ml of appropriate dilutions was placed on each Jensen's agar plate. The plates were then incubated at 32°C. The population was determined using the drop plate method at 24 h intervals within 7 days.
The N2 fixing activity of Sb16 strain in Jensen's N-free broth, amended with paraquat, pretilachlor and 2, 4-D, was determined using acetylene reduction assay (ARA) based on the methods by Hardy et al. (1968) and Somasegaran and Hoben (1985). At every 24 h interval, 1 ml of the suspension was taken from each flask and transferred to a 10 ml air-tight Syringe. A sample of 10% of air was extracted from each syringe and pure acetylene gas (99.8%) was injected with a gas-tight syringe. The syringes containing bacterial suspensions were allowed to incubate on incubatory shaker for 1 h. Thereafter, 1 ml of the air sample from each incubated syringe was injected into a Gas Chromatography (HP 6890) equipped with Hydrogen Flame Ionisation Detector (FID) with a temperature of 120°C, injector temperature 150°C with Column (Agilent J&W GC Column, HP-PLOT/Q, 30 M, ID 0.53, Film Thickness 40 µm) and carrier gas (nitrogen) 70-80 kPa for lighting the FID, Hydrogen 100 kPa and air 10 kPa. The produced ethylene was determined based on the transformation rate of acetylene to ethylene (% v/v).
Changes in the pH of Jensen's N-free broth, inoculated with Sb16 strain and amended with herbicides, were determined using a standard pH meter (pHM 210, MeterLab®) equipped with a glass electrode at every 24 h interval within 7 days.
The study was conducted as factorial complete randomised design (CRD) with four replications. The factors were 3 types of herbicides with 4 different concentrations and 7 incubation periods. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysed using SAS (version 9.3). The treatment means were compared by using Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT). The number of bacteria was log10 transformed before statistical analysis.
Results of our study shown that population of bacteria in the presence of each of the herbicides exhibited a similar trend. The population significantly increased from day 1 – day 3 of the incubation period. However, it decreased on the fourth day, followed by a significant increase on the fifth day. The population significantly declined from the sixth-seventh day. Meanwhile, the population in the samples treated with double dose of paraquat reached that of the control sample on the last day of incubation (Fig. 1A). In particular, Sb16 had the lowest population (6.25 log10 cfu/ml) in the samples amended with double dose of pretilachlor on the seventh day (Fig. 1B). However, the highest population (7.93 log10 cfu/ml) was obtained in the samples amended with half dose of 2, 4-D on the fifth day (Fig. 1C). Based on the results of statistical analysis, the population was significantly influenced by the type of herbicides. The population decreased significantly upon treatment with herbicides at full and double doses when compared with the control. There was a significant three-way interaction effect between the herbicides, concentrations and incubation time on the Sb16 population.
Fig. 1A. Effect of different concentrations of paraquat on population of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 1B. Effect of different concentrations of pretilachlor on population of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 1C. Effect of different concentrations of 2, 4-D on population of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
The nitrogenase activity in the presence of each of the herbicides increased from the first to fifth incubation day, followed by a decline up to day 7. The nitrogenase activity in the samples amended with double dose of paraquat started to decline from the fifth incubation day, but those with the half and full doses decreased from the sixth day (Fig. 2A). The nitrogenase activity in the samples amended with full dose of pretilachlor reached to that treated with half dose on the second day (Fig. 2B.). The highest nitrogenase activity (3.1 × 10-6 nmol C2H4/cfu/h) was obtained in the samples amended with half dose of 2, 4-D on the fifth day. However, the lowest nitrogenase activity (4.2 × 10-8 nmol C2H4/cfu/h) was recorded in the samples amended with double dose of 2, 4-D on the first day (Fig. 2C). Results of the statistical analysis showed no significant differences in nitrogenase activity between samples amended with paraquat and pretilachlor. Addition of half dose of herbicides resulted in a significant increase in nitrogenase activity compared to the control, while nitrogenase activity decreased significantly in the presence of double dose of herbicides. Herbicides, concentrations and incubation time showed a significant three-way interaction effect on the nitrogenase activity of Sb16.
Fig. 2A. Effect of different concentrations of paraquat on nitrogenase activity of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 2B. Effect of different concentrations of pretilachlor on nitrogenase activity of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 2C. Effect of different concentrations of 2, 4-D on nitrogenase activity of diazotrophic Sb16 in Jensen's N-free medium during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Acidity (pH) in the presence of each of the herbicides significantly increased from days 1-5 of incubation, followed by a significant decline till day 7. Acidity in the samples amended with half, full and double doses of paraquat reached the value of the control sample on the seventh day (Fig. 3A). The highest pH in herbicide amended samples was recorded by 7.46 with half dose of pretilachlor on the fifth day (Fig. 3B). However, the lowest pH (6.8) was obtained in the samples amended with double dose of 2, 4-D on the first day (Fig. 3C). The statistical study of the results showed that pH did not differ significantly between samples amended with paraquat and pretilachlor. Similarly, pH of Jensen's medium was not affected significantly by half dose of herbicides but significantly decreased in the presence of full and double doses of herbicides. There was a significant three-way interaction effect between herbicides, concentrations and incubation time on the pH of Jensen's medium.
Fig. 3A. Effect of different concentrations of paraquat on pH of Jensen's N-free medium inoculated with diazotrophic Sb16 during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 3B. Effect of different concentrations of pretilachlor on pH of Jensen's N-free medium inoculated with diazotrophic Sb16 during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
Fig. 3C. Effect of different concentrations of 2, 4-D on pH of Jensen'sN-free medium inoculated with diazotrophic Sb16 during 7 days of incubation period; Bars indicate standard error (n = 4).
An inhibition in the growth of Sb16 resulting from the addition of higher concentrations of herbicides was recovered on the last incubation days. This finding concurs with the study of Latha and Gopal (2010) which revealed an initial decrease in the growth of Azospirillum lipoferum with herbicides 2, 4-D, butachlor, pretilachlor and pyrazosulfuron compared to the control treatment after 24 h of incubation, followed by an increase over time. The increase in bacterial population over time can be due to the mineralisation of the herbicides by the bacteria as energy and carbon sources. Soil microorganisms use many herbicides as good carbon and/or nitrogen sources (Qiu et al., 2009). The insignificant effect of half dose of herbicides on growth of Sb16 and pH of medium can be explained by alterations in the medium nutrient, chemical structure and herbicide degradation by the bacteria. Ayansina and Oso (2006) found lower microbial counts in higher concentrations of herbicides compared to the recommended doses.
Adeleye et al. (2004) studied the toxicity of 2, 4-D amine to Bacillus subtilis and found that a decrease in the survival percentage occurred at higher concentrations. Smith and Beadle (2008) also reported the toxicity of 2, 4-D and its metabolic intermediates on Burkholderia cepacia. The significant stimulation in the nitrogenase activity of Sb16 in lower concentrations of 2, 4-D in the present study corresponds to the findings of Saikia et al. (2014) who reported a higher rate of acetylene reduction in seedling roots of citronella inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and treated with 2, 4-D than with A. brasilense alone. 2, 4-D does not only seem to affect several distinct metabolic pathways in a variety of organisms, but shows a direct biphasic effect depending on its initial concentration (Toyoshiba et al., 2006). At low concentrations, 2, 4-D might stimulate growth of the organism by cell division and elongation; however, it may induce abnormalities at high concentrations. Non-targeted organisms exposed to 2, 4-D might respond by starting a metabolic chain-reaction that is commonly associated with changes in the cellular membrane integrity and fluidity.
Based on the data obtained on growth and N2 fixing activity in the present study, paraquat showed moderate toxicity on Sb16 strain. Drouin et al. (2010) found that paraquat applied in a range between 0.367-367 kg/ha had no bactericidal effect on Sinorhizobium strains, but it inhibited three strains of Bradyrhizobium at 36.7 kg/ha. Paraquat toxicity is thought to be mediated by the superoxide anion (O2–), a reactive species generated by the reoxidation of reduced paraquat by molecular oxygen (Bus et al., 1974).
According to the results of the present study, pretilachlor had the highest adverse effect on the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16. However, as research on the effect of pretilachlor on pure cultures of bacterial strains in vitro condition is scarce, the exact mechanism of the action of this chemical in microorganisms remains unknown. In general, the microbial degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides can be initiated by two reactions; formation of glutathione conjugate (Stamper and Tuovinen, 1998) or N-dealkylation (Li et al., 2013).
Meanwhile, during the incubation period, a variety of factors can influence the growth and nitrogenase activity of bacteria. These factors include O2, CO2, nutrients and inorganic salts of the medium, as well as some environmental factors such as light, pH and temperature. Thus, changes in any one of these factors, within the seven-day culture, affect the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16.
In the present study, the decrease of pH in the Jensen's medium amended with herbicides could be due to the decrease in the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16 following the contact with herbicides, leading to a more acidic medium. Optimal pH for N2 fixation is 5-8 (Leigh, 2002). Through N2 fixation by Sb16, ammonium ion (NH4+) can be produced. The presence of high NH4+ concentration increases pH of the medium. The increase in the pH of the medium on the last incubation days after the initial inhibition could be related to an increase in the growth and activity of Sb16 and also adaptability to stressful conditions.
The study showed that the tested herbicides at half dose had a positive effect on the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16. However, double dose significantly decreased the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16 and pH of the Jensen's medium. An increase in the activity and growth of Sb16 and pH of the Jensen's medium amended with double doses was found to occur on the last incubation days. It can be concluded that at their recommended doses, the tested herbicides might have insignificant effects on the growth and nitrogenase activity of Sb16 under natural field conditions. Further studies involving other strains of S. maltophilia need to be carried out so as to better clarify the susceptibility of these diazotrophic strains to the herbicides.
The authors are grateful to the Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, UPM.
Adeleye I., E. Okorodudu and O. Lawal. 2004. Effect of some herbicides used in Nigeria on Rhizobium phaseoli, Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus subtilis. J. Environ. Biol. 25(2):151-156.
Ayansina A.D.V. and B.A. Oso. 2006. Effect of two commonly used herbicides on soil micro flora at two different concentrations. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 5(2):129-132.
Bus J.S., S.D. Aust and J.E. Gibson. 1974. Superoxide-and singlet oxygen-catalyzed lipid peroxidation as a possible mechanism for paraquat (methyl viologen) toxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58(3):749-755.
Denton M. and K. G. Kerr. 1998. Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11(1):57-80.
Drouin P., M. Sellami., D. Prevost., J. Fortin and H. Antoun. 2010. Tolerance to agricultural pesticides of strains belonging to four genera of Rhizobiaceae. J. Environ. Sci. Health [B] 45(8):757-765.
Hardy R.W.F., R.D. Holsten., E.K. Jackson and R.C. Burns. 1968. The acetylene-ethylene assay for N2 fixation: laboratory and field evaluation. Plant. Physiol. 43(8):1185-1207.
Jensen H.L. 1951. Notes on the biology of Azotobacter. In: Proceedings of the Society for Applied Bacteriology, 14(1):89-94. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Latha P.C. and H. Gopal. 2010. Influence of herbicides on cellulolytic, proteolytic and phosphate solubilising bacteria. Int. J. Plant. Prot. 3(1):83-88.
Leigh G.J. 2002. Nitrogen fixation at the millennium, 1st ed. Elsevier Science, London, UK.
Li Y., Q. Chen., C.H. Wang., S. Cai., J. He., X. Huang and S.P. Li. 2013. Degradation of acetochlor by consortium of two bacterial strains and cloning of a novel amidase gene involved in acetochlor-degrading pathway. Bioresour. Technol. 148:628-631.
Moorman T.B. 1986. Effects of herbicides on the survival of Rhizobium japonicum strain. Weed. Sci. 34(4):628-633.
Naher U.A., R. Othman., Z.H. Shamsuddin., H.M. Saud and M.R. Ismail. 2009. Growth enhancement and root colonization of rice seedlings by Rhizobium and Corynebacterium spp. Int. J. Agr. Biol. 11(5):586-590.
Qiu Y., H. Pang., Z. Zhou., P. Zhang., Y. Feng and G.D. Sheng. 2009. Competitive biodegradation of dichlobenil and atrazine coexisting in soil amended with a char and citrate. Environ. Pollut. 157(11):2964-2969.
Saikia S.P., A. Goswami., K.D. Mudoi., A. Gogoi., R. Kotoky., H. Lekhak and N. Handique. 2014. Effect of 2, 4-D treatment and Azospirillum inoculation on growth of Cymbopogon winterianus. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res 8(9):955-960.
Smith A.R. and C.A. Beadle. 2008. Induction of enzymes of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetate degradation in Burkholderia cepacia 2a and toxicity of metabolic intermediates. Biodegradation 19(5):669-681.
Somasegaran P. and H.J. Hoben. 1985. Methods in Legume-Rhizobium Technology, 1st ed. University of Hawaii NifTAL Project and MIRCEN, Paia.
Stamper D.M. and O.H. Tuovinen. 1998. Biodegradation of the acetanilide herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 24(1):1-22.
Toyoshiba H., H. Sone., T. Yamanaka., F.M. Parham., R.D. Irwin., G.A. Boorman and C.J. Portier. 2006. Gene interaction network analysis suggests differences between high and low doses of acetaminophen. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 215(3):306-316.
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Coptic Christian groups and some liberals have expressed support for Suleiman as a counter to a possible Islamist takeover. Other voters say they'd choose him because he's a familiar figure whom they believe can restore order in a country that's reeling from a crime wave and disruptive protests since Mubarak's ouster.
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Opinion is mixed as to whether Suleiman poses a serious challenge to Islamists, whose conservative base is split between two leading candidates: the right-wing Hazem Salah Abu Ismail and the wealthy Muslim Brotherhood financier Khairat el Shater.
Both the Brotherhood and the ultraconservative Salafist movement, who together make up 70 percent of Parliament, are sending their supporters to Tahrir Square, one indication that Suleiman's candidacy has shaken their plans for a smooth path to an Islamist filling Mubarak's vacant seat.
Since announcing his run, Suleiman has made every effort to pitch himself as the anti-Islamist candidate, pandering to fears that Egypt will become a closed-off, hostile nation unless he's at the helm as a buffer against the ascendant religious forces. He's made sure to note that the Muslim Brotherhood already has reneged on its promise not to field a presidential candidate.
"That change struck horror in the souls of members of Egyptian society," Suleiman told the Egyptian newspaper al-Fagr in an interview published Thursday, according to an Associated Press translation. "If the Brotherhood's candidate wins the presidential election, Egypt will be turned into a religious state. All state institutions will be controlled by the Brotherhood."
Suleiman was chief of Egypt's feared intelligence apparatus for nearly two decades and served as Mubarak's vice president in the regime's final days. His terse announcement of Mubarak's resignation on Feb. 11, 2011, set off scenes of euphoria among the protesters in Tahrir Square.
Islamists were constantly on Suleiman's radar during his time as intelligence chief, suffering years of persecution and imprisonment in terrorism investigations that critics say were exaggerated to silence opposition to Mubarak or to curry favor with the regime's backers in Washington.
Suleiman's name cropped up in several Egypt-related U.S. diplomatic cables made public by the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks. The correspondence portrays Suleiman as a close ally of the United States and Israel in the fight against Islamist militant groups such as Hamas in the Palestinian territories. He also was a close partner in the U.S. practice of extraordinary rendition, essentially the outsourcing of torture of terror suspects to friendly nations, according to investigative news reports and books on the subject.
A State Department cable from 2006 said that the intelligence collaboration with Suleiman was "probably the most successful element of the relationship" between the United States and Egypt.
During the 18-day uprising that brought down Mubarak, demonstrators railed against the then-vice president's U.S. ties in chants that took advantage of the rhyming of "Suleiman" and "American."
Right after Suleiman's candidacy was announced, the Islamist-majority legislature began drafting a "political isolation law" to strip former regime figures of the right to vote or run for office for 10 years. The law is primarily symbolic for now — the military council would have to ratify it and the final decision on eligibility rests with Egypt's election commission, which is expected to present a final list of approved candidates by the end of the month.
Although the bill, which lawmakers want applied retroactively so that it covers this year's race, might also disqualify other former-regime hopefuls, there's no question as to the intended target.
"We call it the Omar Suleiman Law," said Mohamed Mashaal, spokesman for Suleiman's campaign. "This is a law that's being designed to fight the general, and it's a war the Parliament has waged against one of Egypt's most prominent figures."


"We loved having our daughter's bat mitzvah at Warehouse Studios!" Alex P.
"Great space, and Geoffrey is extremely helpful." Jarrett D.
"I loved having my wedding here this past Sunday." Tammy K.
Our recently renovated 1914 era coffee roasting facility is now a unique, 5000 sq. ft. old school-style NYC event space. Designed with the intent of providing beautiful amenities inside a gritty unfinished Brooklyn loft, our space makes the perfect location for high-end events that want a down to Earth feel. Studio 1, our main shoot space, hosts huge steel casement windows with opaque wire safety glass, rustic plank wood floors, rough brick and distressed plaster walls. Visitors often remark that it reminds them of old SoHo or Williamsburg before both areas became overly gentrified. Studio 2, with 16ft ceilings and a balcony, is perfect for events needing a breakout area or dance floor. Studio Amenties * Loading dock with elevator * Brand new professional kitchen with range, micro, fridge * Studio controlled spiral duct heat/ac * 5G high speed internet * Bose sound system * PA system* Peerspace only allows us to say the space is open 6am to 11pm. If you need hours outside of that window, let us know and we can work it out. Getting to us Located in the up and coming Sunset Park / Industry City area of Brooklyn, we're five blocks from the 36th Street stop in the D and N/R trains. That's 4 stops from Union Square. There's also ample local parking if you want to drive. *Some items like equipment, PA, chairs, etc may require additional fees.
We are open to all kinds of events, but prioritize bookings based on what we feel is best for the space. Please include a detailed description of your event in your inquiry. FOOD/DRINK/CATERING - Our preferred catering partner is Bartleby & Sage http://bartlebyandsage.com. They have over 20 years of top-tier catering experience and can provide you with everything from simple sandwiches to full service wedding and event planning. You DO NOT need to use them for your catering, but we highly recommend them. Please see their website for pricing and details. TABLES & CHAIRS - Our preferred vendor for these items is Big Dawg Party Rentals http://www.BigDawgPartyRentals.com. Please see their website for details and pricing. SET UP/CLEAN UP - The booked hours must include time for set up and clean up. I often book events on back-to-back days so guests must take everything with them at the end of the event – supplies, decorations, food, everything – unless other arrangements have been made beforehand. I am not responsible for any items left in the space overnight. ALCOHOL - Guests may offer alcohol, but not sell it on premises. SMOKING - Not permitted inside the space or the building. Guests must go down to the street to smoke. MUSIC - We allow both live performance and DJs at modest sound levels, but speakers must be placed in Studio 2 (Smaller room with the balcony. See pix) SECURITY - For non family related events with over 200 guests that serve alcohol, we may require a licensed, unarmed security guard.
We loved having our daughter's bat mitzvah at Warehouse Studios! Geoff was so accommodating and easy to work with through the whole process, letting us come see the space a couple of times and testing out the projector before the event. The space worked beautifully for our purposes, where we could flow back and forth between the two rooms for the ceremony, dinner, and dancing. The painted brick rooms looked great and the view to the river at sunset was stunning. We rented the ping pong table, which was a plus. All in all an excellent event, helped by working with a host who is so friendly and low-key.
Great space, and Geoffrey is extremely helpful. Will continue to use!
Such a beautiful studio. I'll definitely be back. Geoff was such a pleasure and was very accommodating. Great studio, with amazing natural light. Can't wait to shoot here again.
I used this space for my wedding. Couldn't have been happier with how it went. Really flexible layout, love the two-room setup. Geoff is a stellar organizer and very clear about house rules and regs.
Warehouse Studios was the perfect event space to host my high school reunion; very spacious, great amenities and welcoming staff. The owner Geoffrey and his colleague Alejandro were a joy to work with. They met all my needs and then some. During set up they both were on hand to help in any way they could, they answered all my questions and were very accomodating to all of my guests. I highly recommend this space for anyone who is looking for an organized but easy going staff who will work to fit your needs.
Geoff was very accomodating and the space was the perfect fit for our event. Thanks again.


Reel Entropy | A blog about the decline of Western Civilization. And movies.
Oh god, she looks so bad! Why does she look so bad! Images courtesy Warner Bros. Pictures.
3/10 The Curse of La Llorona doesn't go far enough. It's the same tame, predictable movie-product the Paranormal Activity/Insidious/Conjuring super-brand has been churning out for more than 10 years now, this one vaguely Mexican-themed.
In 1973 Los Angeles, because everything in this series absolutely must be set in the mid-late 20th century, Child Protective Services case worker Anna Tate-Garcia (Linda Cardellini) mourns for her recently dead husband with their two children, Chris and Samantha (Roman Christou and Jaynee-Lynne Kinchen). Grief and increased parenting workload affects her work, a fact which only adds to her distress.
After a strange case that ends in the drowning of two children and their delinquent mother, Patricia Alvarez (Patricia Velásquez), claiming the involvement of the supernatural, the Gates family is haunted by a powerful door lord called La Llorona (Marisol Ramirez), the weeping woman, a ghost in Mexican folklore who murdered her own two children in life and was cursed to walk the Earth looking for others to take their place.
I really don't understand why they went with the "grow horns out and end the world" scenario again. Your core audience here, the only people who are going to show up for this, remember a much better version of this plot point in the 2004 adaptation. Images courtesy Lionsgate.
2/10 Hellboy isnt' just terrible. It's stylishly terrible.
In Tijuana, Hellboi (David Harbour), a half-demon known as the world's greatest paranormal investigator, is forced to kill Esteban Ruiz (Mario de la Rosa), a colleague and drinking buddy who had been turned into a vampire. Hellboi is troubled at the ease with which Ruiz was written off once he became a monster. He carries this with him into his next mission in England, where the blood queen Nimue (Milla Jovovich), a fifth century witch who was dismembered by King Arthur, threatens to cover the land in a second plague.
The Rise of Skywalker? What?
I'm trying to imagine a more lame title. Titles have never been Star Wars' strong suit – it's 20 years later, and I still don't know who the phantom menace was supposed to be, but at least it was cool to say.
Disney Star Wars has always been stingy with its trailers, but this is getting to the point of self-satire. This is a 123 second trailer, and 15 seconds of that are spent on a completely blank screen. Another 15 seconds are spent on an eternal shot of a completely empty desert landscape.


← How to use wildcard character to batch encrypt all PDF files in a folder by encryptpdf command line application?
I purchased your PDF to Image program today and have some questions.
The attached is what I need to process. You can see that I have ~1100 folders with an average of 150 PDFs in each. Executing this .bat file on the same server where the files are located is estimated to run 130+ hours to process 150K+ PDFs. Each PDF has a single page and standard resolutions. Server is a Hyper-V VM (Xeon X5460 3.16 GHz (2 Processors); 64 GB RAM; RAID-10 array with plenty of disk space free and drive highly defragged.
1. Is there a more efficient way to do this? .bat file appears to have to load your .exe each time. Is there a wild card variant I could use to process all PDFs in a single folder and output to another folder of choice?
2. In the Windows GUI, is there a way to specify folders not just files? And will the GUI run faster than the command line?
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000000.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000000.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000002.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000002.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000003.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000003.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000005.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000005.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000006.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000006.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000007.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000007.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000008.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000008.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000009.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000009.tif"
pdf2img.exe -r 300 -c g4 -i "E:\GF #00-100\00000010.pdf" -o "E:\GF #00-100\00000010.tif"
Thank you for your reply but it seems you have not answered my two questions.
>>1. Is there a more efficient way to do this? .bat file appears to have to load your .exe each time. Is there a wild card variant I could use to process all PDFs in a single folder and output to another folder of choice?
for %F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) pdf2img.exe -r 300 -compress 4 -mono "%F" "D:\out\%~nF.tif"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pdf) do pdf2img.exe -r 300 -compress 4 -mono "%F" "D:\out\%~nF.tif"
Above two command lines can be used easily, please to try.
>>2. In the Windows GUI, is there a way to specify folders not just files? And will the GUI run faster than the command line?
GUI application hasn't a way to add a folder yet, we are planning add this function in the future releases.
No, the command line version is work faster than GUI version, you can write this command line into a .bat file, you can simple double click to run it when you need to do the conversion in the future.
for %%F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) pdf2img.exe -r 300 -compress 4 -mono "%%F" "D:\out\%%~nF.tif"
for /r D:\temp %%F in (*.pdf) do pdf2img.exe -r 300 -compress 4 -mono "%%F" "D:\out\%%~nF.tif"
for %F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) do echo "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for %F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) do echo "%F" "C:\test\%~nF.xls"
for /d %F in (d:\temp\*.*) do echo "%F"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pcl) do echo "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.zip) do echo "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pdf) do echo "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pdf) do echo "%F" "C:\test\%~nF.pdf"
for %F in (D:\temp\20*.doc) do "D:\Program Files (x86)\docPrint Pro v5.0\doc2pdf.exe" -f 9 -i "%F" -o "X:\INVOICES\%~nF.pdf"
for %F in (D:\temp\*.doc) do "C:\VeryPDF\doc2any.exe" "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.doc) do "C:\VeryPDF\doc2any.exe" "%F" "%~dpnF.pdf"
for %%F in ("D:\temp\*.pdf") do "C:\VeryPDF\pdftools.exe" "%%F" "%%~nF.pdf"
for %%F in ("%CD%\*.pdf") do echo "%%F" "%%~nF.pdf"
for %F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) do pdfrename.exe -find "invoice" "%F"
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pdf) do pdfrename.exe -find "invoice" "%F"
for %%F in (%cd%\*.htm) do html2pdf.exe "%%F" "%%~dpnF.pdf" "paperType=6,Overwrite=yes,margin_top=20,margin_bottom=10,margin_right=1,margin_left=10"
How to convert pdf to clearer tga with PDF To Image Converter?
One Response to How to batch converting PDF files to TIFF files with wildcard? Run pdf2img.exe with wildcard for batch conversion.
I have been testing a version of your converter. Looks really really fantastic.
1) Can you tell me if it is possible to convert folders?
3) Is it possible to recursively convert sub directories?
i.e. a parent folder and all its subdirectories.
>>1) Can you tell me if it is possible to convert folders?
for %F in (D:\temp\*.pdf) do "C:\VeryPDF\pdf2img.exe" "%F" "%~dpnF.tif"
>>3) Is it possible to recursively convert sub directories?
>>i.e. a parent folder and all its subdirectories.
for /r D:\temp %F in (*.pdf) do "C:\VeryPDF\pdf2img.exe" "%F" "%~dpnF.tif"


An ETIAS authorisation will be required for every Peruvian citizen for short-stay period in Liechtenstein starting from 2021.
A valid passport is required to enter Liechtenstein. All tourists entering Liechtensteiner territory from another (Schengen country) are exempted from presenting their passports to Liechtensteiner authorities. In this case, a national identity card is the only document needed.
A Schengen visa is mandatory for all nationals of Peru who stay in the country for a period greater than 90 days.
An ETIAS authorisation will become a mandatory requirement for every Peruvian citizen starting from 2021.
Customs of Liechtenstein regulates and blocks the importing of several dangerous items such as weapons (the traveler must hold a valid European Firearm Pass), legal and illegal drugs.
Tobacco: Cigarettes (250), other tobacco products (250g).
Alcohol: Alcoholic drinks up to 18% volume (5L), alcoholic drinks over 18% volume (1L).
No restrictions applied on import of foreign or local currency.


For anyone who comes to Tokyo, sushi is on the must-eat list. I'm going to introduce a new theme sushi restaurant that newly opened. If you like a cool and fun place with great food, Itamae Sushi EDO is what you're looking for.
Itamae Sushi Restaurant Group has been around and it is known for its quality of taste and entertainment. I've been to their restaurants many times, and I just happened to know that they just opened a new one in Akasaka.
Right at the moment I went in, I was very impressed by its incredible interior - It's like a samurai theme park! Cool lamps, ceiling covered by sake boxes, and urushi box seats.
If you've never worn kimono/yukata, you can try it out there. The restaurant offers free rental and there are many colors and designs you can choose from.
I went there for lunch time, and their lunch set was ¥1,500 with 4 tuna (OMG super good), 1 red snapper, 1 mackerel, 1 eel, 1 salmon eggs, 1 engawa, and 6 pieces of kappa. Wow. they just melted in your mouth.
I regret that was only lunch, and I cannot wait to try dinner menu there. I will post reports when I try dinner there soon!


EXCELLENT DOWNTOWN MANHATTAN BEACH LOCATION - WALK TO ALL RESTAURANTS, SHOPS, GREENBELT/JOGGING PATH AND THE BEACH! Featured on HGTV's House Hunters, nothing was spared on this complete remodel in 2012. This Tuscan style town home with rustic tile roofs, wrought iron railing and arched distressed front door is located in the Firenze Villas literally in the heart of downtown Manhattan Beach. Enjoy the cool ocean breeze with VIEWS of Downtown Manhattan Beach and OCEAN VIEWS from your living room, office/study and outdoor patio. Never miss a sunset! The upstairs features an open floor plan with living room, kitchen, dining room, office, half bath and an outdoor deck. The mosaic tile fireplace is truly a piece of art! The kitchen includes custom cabinetry with soft closing feature, all Miele stainless steel appliances, black quartz countertops, glass backsplash and granite cooktop island. Downstairs you'll find all three bedrooms (including the master ensuite and an additional full bath)..all on one level. Additional upgrades include: all new (2012) distressed white oak hardwood floors throughout, beautifully updated bathrooms, gorgeous lighting fixtures, custom closets, sound dampening windows and a sound proofed sliding glass door. This home includes central air conditioning, a 2 car garage with entrance to home, separate laundry room and more recent upgrades include a new 75 gallon water heater, termite work + fumigation, and fresh paint inside.
We respect your online privacy and will never spam you. By submitting this form with your telephone number you are consenting for James and Stephanie Makishima to contact you even if your name is on a Federal or State "Do not call List".
© 2019 James and Stephanie Makishima & Zillow, All rights reserved.


Seven planets along with the shadowy planets Rahu and Ketu are called as NAVAGRAHA in Vedic Astrology (Jyotish). All the principles and theories of jyotish or vedic astrology is based on the planetary positions and house position of Navagraha.
According to Vedic Astrology, the planets (Navagraha) are relay stations for the reception and transmission of stellar energies. In Vedic Astrology, the seven major or visible planets are normally listed in order of the days they rule: Sun, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn for Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Satutday.These seven planets along with the shadowy planets Rahu and Ketu are called as NAVAGRAHA in Vedic Astrology (Jyotish). All the principles and theories of jyotish or vedic astrology is based on the planetary positions and house position of Navagraha.
Of the Navagraha, the Sun and the Moon, as the two luminaries are most important. Next in importance are Mars, Jupiter and Saturn as the major planets beyond the orbit of the earth. Then come Venus and Mercury as the major planets within the orbit of Earth and therefore always close to the Sun.
The Lunar nodes, norh and south, called Rahu and Ketu, regarded as shadowy or secondary planets, are of yet less imporatance.


Grapevine Sailing Club and the Grapevine Junior Race Team welcome you to Lake Grapevine and our annual Silly String Regatta. We look forward to your joining us for a great weekend on the water. The Club Meeting room is located on the Docks at Scotts Landing Marina, 2500 Oak Grove Loop S, Grapevine, Texas.
Trailers and Boats. Competitor boats may be unloaded and kept along the shoreline, there will be an area for each Laser/420 and Opti's. Trailers may be stored on the upper level of parking area. The Grapevine Police Department has been notified and will help to keep watch and run extra patrols in the park over the regatta weekend. We will assign numbered dolly tags as boats are launched on Saturday, competitors simply need to remember what number they are assigned to aid in their return. The marina is in the process of building additional dockage which will unfortunately be "in the middle" of our typical launch area. The anchors and supplies in the area can be a hazard, so please be careful and keep watch over youngsters, we don't want to see anyone hurt. We apologize for any inconvenience.
Coach Boats. Trailers shall be stored in the trailer lot. Slips for coach boats, and dock access cards can be obtained Friday evening 6-9pm or on Saturday morning. James Gordon is your point of contact. Please do not just "find a spot"! The Marina works with us to provide slips making for a more organized and secure event, plus the docks have controlled access. There is a cement boat launch ramp on the Southeast corner of the Marina parking lot, please use this to launch all Coach Boats. This will help you as it is not near the participant launch area and will expedite a safe Sunday loading.
Accommodations. There is a camping area in the park within proximity (but not walking access) to the Marina. The Gaylord Texan and Great Wolf Lodge are both nearby with rooms available for the weekend. A quick search will reveal many other hotels in the area at a variety or price points.
Big Daddy's Restaurant is located on the dock if you need food at other times during the day. There are many other restaurants in the Grapevine and Southlake area ranging from fast-food to a high end dining experience. Shopping at Grapevine Mills and Southlake Town Center is also just a short drive away.
Grapevine Sailing's Commodore and membership, along with the Junior Team, their parents and coaches all welcome you to Silly String 2018.