text:
Leeds: Whites enter the race to sign Agustin Alvarez
Leeds United have reportedly entered the race to sign Penarol sensation Agustin Alvarez, as Marcelo Bielsa looks to improve his squad depth at Elland Road.
The Lowdown: Alvarez impressing Uruguay
The 20-year-old striker is already a full Uruguay international, scoring once in four international appearances to date, not to mention impressing for Penarol.
Alvarez has netted 33 times in just 70 appearances for his current club – he also has nine assists – leading to interest in his services.
It appears as though Leeds could be seen as a possible destination for the youngster, if a fresh report is to be believed.
The Latest: Leeds linked with move
According to La Repubblica [via Sport Witness], the Whites are eyeing up a January move for Alvarez, although Zenit Saint Petersburg have already made a €15million (£12.8m) bid.
Fiorentina are also mentioned in the report, so Leeds may have their work cut out signing the striker, whose current Penarol deal expires in the summer of 2024.
The Verdict: Exciting young option
Admittedly, Alvarez is a relative unknown in England, but if Bielsa sees him as someone who can improve his squad, he has shown he can be trusted in the transfer market.
At 20, the Uruguayan would come in as a squad option still learning his trade but he could add some much-needed attacking firepower, especially with Patrick Bamford suffering an injury-plagued season.
It is vital that Leeds don't just sign quick fixes in order to pull clear from the Premier League relegation zone and Alvarez would represent long-term planning beyond Bielsa's time at the club.
In other news, a pundit has made a huge call regarding the future of one Leeds hero. Read more here.
Related Items:Agustin Alvarez, Elland Road, Leeds, Leeds transfer news, Leeds transfer rumours, Leeds United, Leeds United transfer news, Leeds United transfer rumours, Marcelo Bielsa, Penarol, Premier League, Uruguay
Article title: Leeds: Whites enter the race to sign Agustin Alvarez


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Język japoński, jak wiele innych języków, używa szerokiej gamy tytułów grzecznościowych służących do okazania szacunku innym osobom.

W języku japońskim tytuły grzecznościowe występują w formie przyrostków grzecznościowych (sufiksów honoryfikatywnych) i mogą być dołączane do nazwisk, imion, a także tytułów zawodowych. Najbardziej popularnym i znanym poza Japonią przyrostkiem jest -san, który semantycznie odpowiada zwrotom pan, pani, panna w języku polskim. Inne popularne przyrostki to -sama, sensei (występuje zarówno jako sufiks i jako samodzielne słowo, rzeczownik), -kun, i -chan. Przyrostki te często występują łącznie z przedrostkami grzecznościowymi i są także uzupełniane grzecznościowymi, pełnymi szacunku, czasownikami, które różnią się całkowicie w zapisie i wymowie od czasowników standardowych, powszechnie używanych (np. "jeść" to taberu, ale uprzejmie i z szacunkiem meshiagaru).

Tytuły grzecznościowe (język szacunku sonkei-go)

San
Sufiks  jest najpowszechniejszym tytułem grzecznościowym, dodawanym do nazwisk lub imion, zarówno mężczyzn, jak i kobiet. Tłumaczy się jako: "pan",  "pani", "panna".

San używa się również po rzeczownikach oznaczających zawód. Na przykład sprzedawca książek może być zaadresowany jako hon'ya-san ("sprzedawca książek" + san), a rzeźnik jako nikuya-san ("rzeźnik" + san). Może mu towarzyszyć przedrostek honoryfikatywny "o", np. o-isha-san ("pan doktor")

San jest też używane w rozmowach o korporacjach lub podobnych podmiotach. Na przykład, biuro lub sklep firmy o nazwie Kojima Denki może być nazywany "Kojima Denki-san" przez inną niedaleką firmę. Można to zaobserwować na minimapkach, często używanych w książkach telefonicznych i na wizytówkach w Japonii, gdzie nazwy niedalekich firm pisane są z użyciem -san.

Choć – mówiąc ściśle – w tym użyciu nie jest to tytuł honorowy, -san może być również dołączone do nazw zwierząt lub produktów żywnościowych. Na przykład kot domowy może być nazywany neko-san, a ryba używana do gotowania – sakana-san. Oba użycia są uznawane za kobiece i/lub dziecinne (jak "Pan Kot" po polsku) i powinno się ich unikać w rozmowie.

W zachodniej Japonii (Kansai), szczególnie w okolicach Kioto,  jest używane zamiast san.

Sama
 jest bardziej formalnym i uprzejmym niż -san, oficjalnym sufiksem grzecznościowym. Jest głównie używany do tytułowania osób o wyższym statusie niż mówiący, a także w biznesie w odniesieniu do klientów. Pojawia się także w słowach używanych do rozmów o osobach, względem których mówiący chce okazać szacunek lub poważanie, albo do tytułowania takich osób, na przykład o-kyaku-sama ("szanowni państwo klienci, goście"; o jest przedrostkiem grzecznościowym) lub Tateishi-sama (tateishi oznacza "stojący kamień", który jest czczony od 600 lat w tokijskiej dzielnicy Katsushika).

Sufiks -sama jest używany w prasie w odniesieniu do żeńskich członków rodziny cesarskiej (na przykład Masako-sama, żona następcy tronu). Japończycy dołączają również -sama do nazwisk osób o szczególnym talencie lub urodzie, choć to użycie często jest żartobliwe, przesadzone lub nawet ironiczne. Przykładem może być tytuł Tanaka-sama w odniesieniu do młodego mężczyzny o nazwisku Tanaka uznawanego za bardzo przystojnego przez wielbicieli, a także Leo-sama (lub Reo-sama), co stało się przyimkiem medialnym Leonarda DiCaprio.

Użycie -sama wobec samego siebie będzie odebrane jako arogancja i wywyższanie się ponad innych, co jest niedopuszczalne. Skrajnym tego przykładem może być wypowiedzenie zwrotu ore-sama ("moje czcigodne Ja"), co będzie już blisko wulgarności.

Sama stosowane jest także przy nazwiskach w adresach pocztowych i jest często spotykane w oficjalnych e-mailach.

W taki sam sposób, w jaki -chan jest zdrobniałą, pieszczotliwą wersją -san, istnieje również forma familiarna, używana przez dzieci, -chama dla -sama, używana zazwyczaj przez dzieci w odniesieniu do osób starszych.

Dono
 należy do grupy słów uprzejmych, terminologii szacunku (teinei-go, keigo). Oznacza "szanowny pan", "szanowna pani" o szczególnym charakterze formalnym. Obecnie jest to forma używana głównie w oficjalnych pismach i listach (także biznesowych). Tytuł ten nie jest używany w codziennej konwersacji. Występuje natomiast na dyplomach i dokumentach przyznających certyfikaty i nagrody. Prezentuje on duże podobieństwo do angielskiego Esquire (Esq.).

Pojawiające się  w filmach lub serialach słowa: tono (殿) lub tono-sama (殿様) odnoszą się do panów feudalnych daimyō. Tono jest archaizmem w odniesieniu do dawnych, okazałych budynków, pałaców, rezydencji arystokratów. Ten sam znak czytany -den występuje do dziś w słowie o znaczeniu pałac (kyūden).

Dono i tono często występują w anime i mandze, zazwyczaj w jednej z dwóch form:
 uległej – dzięki dawnemu znaczeniu, ta forma okazuje więcej szacunku niż sama, a dużo więcej niż san.
 równorzędnej – ta forma dono jest używana przez jedną potężną/istotną osobę w odniesieniu do innej potężnej/istotnej osoby, z wielką dozą szacunku, lecz bez wynoszenia adresata ponad mówiącego.

Shi
 jest tytułem używanym w oficjalnych pismach i przemówieniach, w odniesieniu do osoby nieznanej mówiącemu – zazwyczaj znanej poprzez publikacje, lecz której mówiący nigdy nie spotkał osobiście. Na przykład jest popularnym terminem w języku gazetowym. Preferowany jest w dokumentach oficjalnych, publikacjach akademickich i niektórych innych formach oficjalnych pism. Odnosi się wyłącznie do mężczyzn, ale w dawnych czasach był sufiksem po nazwiskach panieńskich kobiet zamężnych (pol. "z domu", ang. "née"). Występuje także w kurtuazyjnym znaczeniu, w czytaniu jako sufiks -uji po nazwiskach.

Jest to także sufiks używany po nazwach klanów lub rodzin, np. Genji (源氏).

Po tym, jak imię osoby zostało użyte z shi, dana osoba może być adresowana poprzez samo shi (bez użycia imienia), jak długo jest tylko jedna osoba, do której piszący lub mówiący się odnosi.

Sensei
 to (1) nauczyciel (w szkole), osoba nauczająca jakiejś dziedziny wiedzy lub sztuki, (2) słowo honoryfikatywne używane bez nazwiska przy zwracaniu się do: nauczycieli, prawników, polityków, lekarzy, mistrzów, artystów, (3) słowo honoryfikatywne, dodawane do nazwiska nauczycieli, lekarzy itp. Jest stosowane powszechnie, aby pokazać respekt mówiącego wobec kogoś, kto osiągnął pewien poziom mistrzostwa w swojej dziedzinie. Na przykład japońscy fani mangi odnoszą się do rysowników z użyciem przyrostka sensei, jak Takahashi-sensei dla artystki Rumiko Takahashi. Termin ten jest podobnie stosowany przez fanów w innych dziedzinach sztuki.

Terminem ō-sensei  często określa się założycieli sztuk walki w ramach budō, np. Morihei Ueshiba twórca aikido.

Inne tytuły

Kun
 – w oryginalnym znaczeniu znak ten, czytany kimi, znaczył: monarcha, władca, suweren. Obecnie jest tytułem używanym wyłącznie w stosunku do mężczyzn i chłopców. Nauczyciele szkolni używają -kun w odniesieniu do uczniów płci męskiej, w odróżnieniu od -san lub -chan w stosunku do uczennic. Użycie -kun w odniesieniu do dzieci płci męskiej jest podobne do użycia -san w stosunku do dorosłych. Innymi słowy, nieużycie -kun jest traktowane jako zachowanie niegrzeczne, ale – podobnie jak -san w odniesieniu do członków rodziny – -kun jest tradycyjnie pomijane w odniesieniu do własnych dzieci (chyba, że kun stanowi część przezwiska: "Akira-kun"—Akkun).

Tak zwracają się do siebie koledzy w pracy, także członkowie parlamentu japońskiego, a ministrowie są adresowani z użyciem kun przez przewodniczących izb.

Chan
 jest zdrobniałym, familiarnym przyrostkiem. Jest to nieformalna wersja san używana do adresowania dzieci i żeńskich członków rodziny. Może być również zastosowana do zwierząt, kochanków, bliskich przyjaciół i ludzi znanych od dzieciństwa. Chan jest używane jako słowo pieszczotliwe, szczególnie w przypadku dziewcząt, aż do dorosłości. Przyjęło się także, iż rodzice nazywają swoje córki chan, a synów kun, choć chan można również użyć w stosunku do chłopców. Dorośli mogą używać chan w formie pieszczoty, zwracając się do kobiet, z którymi są w bliskich stosunkach.

Chan może być uznany za kobiecy styl mówienia, gdyż jest używany głównie przez kobiety lub w odniesieniu do nich. Jego zakres użycia przypomina słowo "kochanie" w języku polskim. Nazwanie kobiety neko-chan ma znaczenie podobne, jak w języku polskim "koteczku". Mężczyźni nie używają chan w odniesieniu do innych mężczyzn (z wyjątkiem małych dzieci).

Imiona zwierząt są często tworzone poprzez dodanie chan do skróconej nazwy gatunkowej. To pokazuje jeszcze większe przywiązanie, niż gdyby dodać je do pełnej nazwy. Zatem, na przykład udomowiony królik (usagi) może być nazywany usa-chan, a nie usagi-chan. Podobnie, chan jest czasem użyte, aby stworzyć przezwiska dla gwiazd. Na przykład Arnold Schwarzenegger zyskał dla uproszczenia trudnego nazwiska przydomek Shuwa-chan w Japonii. Przydomki mogą również używać wariacji chan (zobacz eufoniczne przyrostki i gry słów poniżej).

Choć zazwyczaj zwrotów grzecznościowych nie stosuje się w odniesieniu do samego siebie, część młodych kobiet przybrała afektowaną formę mówienia o sobie w trzeciej osobie z użyciem -chan, sposób mówienia spotykany zazwyczaj tylko wśród małych dzieci. Na przykład, młoda kobieta o imieniu Maki może się nazywać Maki-chan zamiast używać form w pierwszej osobie.

Japończycy używają -chan w odniesieniu do dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, a czasem do uczennic i uczniów szkół podstawowych i dzieci w rodzinie. Nie można zwracać się w ten sposób do dorosłych kobiet lub mężczyzn. Inaczej mówiąc, chan używa się tylko wobec dzieci. Użycie wobec dorosłych jest niezręczne i niegrzeczne.

Oprócz -chan występują także:  (rzeczownik używany jak przyrostek, intymny lub pogardliwy),  (poufały sufiks używany w stosunku do znanej osoby, w mangach, języku kobiet),  (przyrostek wyrażający szacunek językiem familiarnym, dziecięcym).

Tan, jako hipokorystyczny sufiks, jest często używany w personifikacjach moe, artystycznych memach na japońskich imageboardach uosabianych przez żeńskie postacie, przedstawianych jako cosplay, reprezentujących nieludzi, obiekty nieożywione, idee lub fenomeny lub popularne produkty konsumenckie. Znane przykłady to między innymi OS-tan (reprezentujące systemy operacyjne) i Bisuke-tan (reprezentujące ciasteczka KFC). Niektóre z tych postaci, jak na przykład Binchō-tan, są prawdziwymi firmowymi maskotkami.

Chama, jako kontaminacja chan i sama, jest czasem używana w stosunku do osób młodych, lecz cieszących się szacunkiem mówiącego.

Senpai i kōhai
 – osoba starsza, lepsza, bardziej doświadczona, poprzednik w pracy lub szkole. Sposób zwracania się do starszych lub wyższych pozycją kolegów lub mentorów, np. uczniowie odnoszący się do uczniów wyższych klas w szkołach, początkujący sportowcy do starszych stażem w klubach sportowych, nowi pracownicy do swoich mentorów lub starszych stażem w biznesie.

 – przeciwieństwo senpai, młodsza osoba wiekiem, stażem w szkole, pracy.

Słowa senpai i kōhai pokazują wzajemne relacje wynikające z różnicy wieku i doświadczenia. Jednakże, nawet uproszczone porównanie senpai do mentora na Zachodzie, a kōhai – do protegowanego, co ułatwia zrozumienie cudzoziemcom, jest zbyt silne.

Tytuły związane ze stanowiskiem, funkcją, zawodem
Oprócz opisanych powyżej tytułów ogólnych, do nazwisk dodaje się nazwę wykonywanego zawodu lub prowadzonej działalności, np. w przypadku sportowców komentator RTV używa słowa . Zawodowy stolarz może używać tytułu  oznaczającego "mistrz stolarski" i być adresowanym "Suzuki-tōryō" zamiast "Suzuki-san".

Wewnątrz firmy używa się po nazwisku tytułów służbowych, na przykład prezes firmy  (np. Tanaka-shachō), czy szef działu (naczelnik)  (np. Suzuki-buchō) itp.

Nazwy zawodów
Są dwa sposoby nazywania osób, które wykonują określony zawód (nie jest to zwrot grzecznościowy), czy prowadzą określoną działalność, np. sportową. Podobnie jak w języku angielskim sufiksy: "-ist" i "-er", w języku japońskim taką rolę pełnią:

 家  "-ka" – np.: , , ;
 者  "-sha" – np.: , .

Nazwy przedsiębiorstw
Jak wspomniano powyżej, firmy często odnoszą się do siebie nieformalnie, używając nazwy firmy plus san. Jednakże w korespondencji formalnej, oficjalnej, gdy list lub e-mail nie jest adresowany do konkretnej osoby, ale do firmy, organizacji, stowarzyszenia itp. dodaje się zwrot (rzeczownik w charakterze sufiksu) . Tytuł ten jest tłumaczony na język angielski jako "Messrs.", skrót od "Messieurs".

Zgodnie z japońską zasadą zachowania grzeczności i hierarchiczności w tytułach, stosuje się złożenia znaczeniowe (zwroty), wyrażające szacunek dla innych, a obniżające własną stronę. Z tego powodu, mówiąc o własnej firmie trzeba użyć np. formy , a o firmie rozmówcy –  i .

Ue
 oznacza wysoki poziom szacunku. Obecnie jest rzadko używany, można go jednak znaleźć w konstrukcjach typu  lub , odnoszących się do własnych rodziców. Słowa (rzeczowniki) używane w rodzinach samurajskich przed okresem Meiji.

Tytuły cesarskie i rządowe
Japoński protokół cesarski jest skomplikowany i posiada rozbudowaną tytulaturę. Poniżej wybrane przykłady.
  oznacza "Wasza/Jego/Jej Cesarska Mość" (ang. Your/His/Her Majesty). Pierwotne znaczenie: "przy schodach pałacowych".
 Tennō Heika 天皇陛下 "Jego Cesarska Mość" odnosi się wyłącznie do panującego monarchy
 Kōgō Heika 皇后陛下 "Jej Cesarska Mość" do cesarzowej
 Tennō Kōgō Ryōheika 天皇皇后両陛下 "Ich Cesarskie Moście Cesarz i Cesarzowa" .
  oznacza "Wasza/Jego/Jej Wysokość" (ang. Your/His/Her Highness).
  oznacza "Wasza/Jego/Jej Ekscelencja" i jest używany m.in. w stosunku do wysokiej rangi urzędników państwowych, premierów, ambasadorów, mężów stanu.

Sztuki walki
Adepci sztuk walki nazywają swoich mistrzów sensei. Młodsi stopniem zwracają się do starszych współćwiczących senpai, do młodszych kōhai, a do równych dōhai. Poszczególne dyscypliny stosują własne nazewnictwo i tytuły, także honorowe. Niektóre tytuły występują w kilku różnych dziedzinach.

Różne tytuły są używane w odniesieniu do starszych instruktorów. Jakie tytuły są używane, zależy od organizacji:
  – instruktor (w sportach walki);
  – zaawansowany nauczyciel (w sportach walki);
  – ekspert, mistrz szermierki, "nauczyciel nauczycieli". Używany w różnych dyscyplinach dla najlepszych nauczycieli, czasem tłumaczony jako "Wielki Mistrz";
  – nauczyciel, mistrz, trener, instruktor (także w sportach walki np. kendo);
  – honorowy sufiks dodawany do nazwisk zapaśników sumo grupy sekitori, tzn. dywizji makuuchi i jūryō.

Wybrane inne
  – mistrz, wielki mistrz go i shōgi. Zobacz też powieść noblisty Yasunariego Kawabaty Meijin - mistrz go.
  – nauczyciel (w szkole), wykładowca;
  – rzeczownik honoryfikatywny o znaczeniu: mistrz, przełożony, trener-właściciel stajni  sumo, szef gangu (oya 親 znaczy rodzic, rodzice);
  – (1) instruktor, (2) doradca, (3) lider, (4) wódz;
  – tytuł używany np. dla (1) instruktorów sztuk walki, (2) nauczycieli tańca, muzyki;

Zobacz też
 język japoński
 kanji
 keigo
 pismo japońskie
 kaligrafia japońska
 hiragana
 katakana

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Poser, William J. (1990) Evidence for Foot Structure in Japanese. "Language" 66:1, s. 78–105. Przedruk w: Natsuko Tsujimura (red.), Japanese Linguistics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Oxford: Routledge, 2005, s. 159–190.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Please Tell Me about Japanese Honorifics and Terms of Address
 Dai Nippon Butokukai (informacja o sportach walki)

Język japoński
Japońskie obyczaje

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Granger Stage Station
Granger Stage Station is located on 110 Spruce Street, Granger Wyoming. In 1970, Granger Station was added to the National Register of Historical Places. Clarence E. and Eva Adams donated one acre of land to the state of Wyoming in the 1930s to honor this historical site. Granger Station is of historical significance due to its use as a station for stage coach travelers passing through on the Oregan trail. Granger Station also functioned as a mail station and contributed to the Pony Express. Currently this site is open to the public.
Granger Stage Station. Wyoming SHPO photo.
Door Way to Granger Station.
One of the dilapidated windows of Granger Station.
Interior Window of Granger Station.
Interior room of Granger Station.
Sketches of Granger Station Structer 1.
Sketches of Granger Station 2.
Granger Stage Station, located in Granger Wyoming is a structure that is made of lime-sand mortor with two foot thick walls. Initially, fur trappers were traveling through the nearby Green River in 1824. Eventually the general area became a commonly used meeting spot for fur trappers in the area by 1834. As emigration picked up pace through the 1840s, from travelers of the Oregon Trail, a place was needed to accommodate the weary and exhausted travelers. By 1856, a station was built for stage couches and also served a dual function as a post for the Pony Express during the time frame of 1860-1861. By the year of 1868, and with the Union Pacific Railroad having a route built through the area; Granger Station became an active rail line station.
Accommodating the needs of the Pacific Union Railroad, a small rail camp was built nearby along with additional station buildings and a water tank for locomotives passing through. Granger Station had become a vital necessity for the Union Pacific Railroad and the workers of the Railroad who utilized its services and accommodations.
Included are various images and sketches of Granger Station as well as a PDF file containing the "Written Historical and Descriptive Data" report on Granger Station (Date compiled after 1930).
Granger Stage Station, Old Route 30, North Granger, Sweetwater County, WY. Library Of Congress. . . http://loc.gov/pictures/item/wy0029/.
Granger Station. WYOHistory.org. November 08, 2014. Accessed February 24, 0219. https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/granger-stage-station.
Wyoming Historical Archive about Granger Station.
110 Spruce St, Granger
Granger, WY 82934
Created by Matthew Napier (Instructed by David J. Trowbridge, Marshall University) on February 24th 2019, 5:18:41 pm.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
FOR RSS February 27, 2012
Christopher Santarelli
D'oh! Waiter Spills 5 Pints of Beer Down German Chancellor Angela Merkel's Back
"I was shoved from behind, and tried to catch the beers..."
Hoping to blow off some steam at the Christian Democratic Union's Ash Wednesday meeting in Demmin, which apparently features drinking, German Chancellor Angela Merkel could not get a break as a waiter dropped a tray of beers down the back of the woman who is often labeled as the most powerful in the world.
To the waiter's credit, he was holding at least six fairly large cold ones. Merkel understandably jolted when the beers first crashed down her back, but did not let the accident get to her, smiling for cameras soon after the spill:
Yahoo! reports that the waiter, only known as Martin, told Bild newspaper: "A colleague should have brought her the beer. But she was so nervous, she asked me to do it for her."
"I was shoved from behind, and tried to catch the beers, but it was too late," he said.
The Daily Mail reports that the waiter is 21, and was shouting a swear word as the glasses slipped off his tray towards the country's leader. While Merkel may have regained her cool, aides standing behind her threw their arms into the air, with one holding her head in their hands.
To be a world leader, I guess you must learn to not cry over spilled Pilsener:


text:
Жак Рупник (; 21 ноября 1950, Прага) — французский и чешский политолог и публицист, сотрудник Центра Международных Исследований (CERI) Доктор истории университета Париж I — Сорбонна (1978). Советник президента Чехии Вацлава Гавела. Профессора Института международных отношений (ІFRI, Париж), специалист из Центральной Европы и Балкан.

Биография
Выпускник Сорбонны и Гарварда.

В 1995—1996 годах — исполнительный директор Международной комиссии по Балканам от Фонда Карнеги.

В 1999—2000 — член Независимой Международной комиссии по Косово.

В течение 1990—1992 годов был советником Вацлава Гавела.

В 1992—2003 — соредактор международного журнала критической мысли Transeuropéennes.

С 2010-го — член совета гаагского Института исторической справедливости и примирения.

2008—2013 годы — член совета директоров Европейского партнёрства ради демократии (Брюссель).

Автор книг «Другая Европа» («The Other Europe»), «История Коммунистической партии Чехословакии» () и др., а также многочисленных научных статей.

Библиография
 L'Europe des vingt-cinq : 25 cartes pour un jeu complexe (avec Christian Lequesne), Paris, Autrement, 2004 (nouvelle ed. 2005).
 Les Européens face à l'élargissement : perceptions, acteurs, enjeux, Paris, Presses de Sciences Po, 2004.
 Balkan Diary, Pristina, KACI, 2004
 International Perspectives on the Balkans, Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, Clemensport, Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 2003.
 The Road to the European Union : The Czech and Slovak Republics, (avec Jan Zielonka, dir.), Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2003.
 Kosovo Report. Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned, (en collaboration) Rapport de la Commission internationale indépendante sur le Kosovo, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000.
 Le printemps tchécoslovaque, (dir.), (préfacé par Vaclav Havel), Bruxelles, Complexe, 1999.
 International Commission on Balkans, Unfinished Peace, (dir.), Washington, Carnegie Endowment, 1996.
 Les Balkans, paysage après la bataille, (dir.), Bruxelles, Complexe, 1996.
 Le déchirement des nations (dir.), Paris, Le Seuil, 1995.
 L'Union européenne : ouverture à l'Est ? (avec Françoise de La Serre et Christian Lequesne), Paris, PUF, 1994.
 L'autre Europe, crise et fin du communisme Paris, Odile Jacob / Points Seuil, 1993.
 De Sarajevo à Sarajevo : l'échec yougoslave, (dir.), Bruxelles, Complexe, 1992.
 The Other Europe, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988.
 Le nouveau continent (avec Dominique Moïsi), Paris, Calmann-Lévy, 1991.
 L'Amérique dans les têtes (avec Denis Lacorne et Marie-France Toinet), Paris, Hachette, 1986.
 Totalitarismes (avec Guy Hermet et Pierre Hassner), Paris, Economica, 1984.
 Histoire du parti communiste tchécoslovaque, Paris, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, 1981, (édition tchèque 2002).

Награды
 Памятный знак за личный вклад в развитие трансатлантических отношений Литвы и по случаю приглашения Литовской Республики в НАТО (12 февраля 2003 года, Литва).

Источники

Литература
 RUPNIK, Jacques. Jiná Evropa. Překlad Adriena Borovičková. Praha: Prostor, 1992. 352 s. ISBN 80-85190-17-6.
 RUPNIK, Jacques. Dějiny Komunistické strany Československa : od počátků do převzetí moci. Překlad Helena Beguivinová. Praha: Academia, 2002. ISBN 80-200-0957-4.

Ссылки
 Website von Rupnik bei SciencesPo
 publikace J. Rupnika tamtéž
 Profil na stránkách konference Fórum 2000
 Osobnosti na ČT24: "Celá americká ekonomika stojí na čínské půjčce," říká Jacques Rupnik, přepis rozhovoru pro ČT24, 16.4.2009
 Jacques Rupnik (rozhovor z cyklu České televize "Na plovárně") - video on-line v archivu ČT
 Jacques Rupnik v pořadu Před půlnocí (10.11.2011, ČT24) - video on-line v archivu ČT
 "Jacques Rupnik: Potřebujeme skutečnou debatu o sudetských Němcích," rozhovor pro magazín Pohled zvenku, 7. 3. 2013
 Украинская неделя. 27 мая, 2014

Политологи Франции


text:
News Sports Business NoCo Life Opinion Obituaries E-Edition Legals
Young Pro: King keeps Odell's brand alive
Pat Ferrier
patferrier@coloradoan.com
Age%3A 35
Occupation%3A Marketing and branding manager%2C Odell Brewing Co.
Education%3A Bachelor%27s degree in business administration%2C marketing concentration%2C CSU
Q: Explain what you do.
A: I manage the overall marketing initiatives for the brewery with a growing team of amazing co-workers.
I help build the annual marketing plan based on our company goals and then work with the marketing team and outside agencies to implement the plan. This includes everything from product development execution — brand identity and package design — to product promotion — advertising, social media, public relations, events and sponsorships.
Q: How did you get into the business?
A: Having been a student at CSU, I was introduced to the Fort Collins beer culture in college. It's no secret that the local breweries have a reputation for not only making amazing beer, but also for being wonderful employers.
I always kept an eye on job opportunities in town. Shortly after I graduated, I saw an ad for an opening at Odell Brewing in the paper, and applied immediately.
Q: What are the biggest challenges you or your industry face?
A: There are a number of challenges the brewing industry faces. One key challenge is simply sourcing raw materials. Water is the No. 1 ingredient in beer, so water quality and availability is always important.
We also rely on agriculture, which is subject to climate and weather changes. Malt and hop crop quality and yield can vary greatly from year to year.
Q: What are the biggest rewards of your job?
A: Well, obviously the free beer! Just kidding. I'm grateful that I get to work with a group of incredibly creative and passionate people and for a company that cares about us and our community.
It's truly a collaborative effort to craft a delicious beer, tell its story, share it with friends and be able to give back. I just love being a part of that.
Q: What advice do you have for someone else thinking about a career in your field?
A: The craft beer industry continues to grow. There are new breweries opening daily. Find a place that inspires you, and be open to different jobs. Many of us wore a variety of hats before settling into our current roles.
If you're willing to dive in at the ground level, you might find that you're able to help define your path and grow into a position you're passionate about.
Q: What did you want to be when you grew up?
A: When I was younger, I always imagined working for a big ad agency or fashion magazine in New York City, and living in loft decorated all in black and white.
Q: What kept you from pursuing that vision?
A: As I grew older, I realized how much I love the mountains. I thrive with nature nearby, and when I moved to Fort Collins for college, I knew I'd found home.
Q: Where do you see yourself careerwise in 10 years?
A: Wow. Ten years seems so far, yet so close. I'd love to expand my role with the brewery beyond daily execution into more strategic planning.
We didn't even really have a marketing department five years ago, so it's exciting to think about how we'll continue to grow and evolve.
Q: Outside of work, what's your favorite thing to do and your favorite place to do it?
A: My favorite thing to do outside of work is spend time with my family. The place doesn't matter much, as long as we're together.
Q: What role does volunteerism/giving back play in your work or personal life?
A: I volunteer both with work and outside of work. I think it is incredibly important to give back to your community. That's what makes it a community. It's an opportunity to offer support to those who need it, step outside of your normal routine, and learn something new.
Q: Where is your favorite spot in Fort Collins and why?
A: My favorite spot in Fort Collins is the top of Horsetooth Rock. That's where my husband proposed.
Q: If you could interview one person in the world, who would that be and why?
A: That's really tough. There are many brains I'd like to pick! If I had to pick just one at the moment, it would be my Nana. We always had a special bond, but she passed away when I was young. I would love the chance to really get to know her as an adult.
Young Professional is a collaboration with the Fort Collins and Loveland chambers of commerce.
• Occupation: Marketing and branding manager, Odell Brewing Co.
• Education: Bachelor's degree in business administration, marketing concentration, Colorado State University
• Family: My husband, Ryan, also works for Odell. Together we have four children and two dogs.
• Contact information: (970) 498-9070, Twitter: @ajbeergirl


text:
Angelo Ciocca (1975-), homme politique italien.
 Aníbal Ciocca (1915-?), joueur de football international uruguayen.
 Pierluigi Ciocca (1941-), banquier et économiste italien.
 Walter Ciocca (1907-1984), auteur de bande dessinée argentin.


How Does an Objection to Confirmation of Sale Work?
Augie Arnold is an experienced and successful carpenter who owned and operated a successful new home framing company. At some points during the boom years he had framing contracts scheduled out 12 to 18 months in the future. The downturn in new home construction left his business shaky. After obtaining a foreclosure judgment, Augie's lender took his home to a sheriff's sale in August of 2011. At the time, comparable homes in his neighborhood were selling for $300,000. His home was once valued over $600,000.
When the sheriff's sale was conducted, the only bidding party was Augie's lender. The total balance of Augie's loan was $475,000. The lender bid a mere $175,000 for Augie's house. Augie's attorneys objected to confirmation on the basis that the sale price was unconscionable. Given that the fair market value of Augie's home was closer to $300,000, and given that the lender's bid would expose Augie to a $300,000 deficiency judgment, the court denied confirmation of the sale, forcing the lender to begin the sale process over from the beginning.


GAHHH I am gushing over this family session. I have know the Tadesse family my entire life and they are just a group of incredible people. They are genuine, loving, caring and love each other in a deep way. I am so blessed to have them in my life and I do not take their love for granted. You can see in their pictures how close knit they are. I want my family to be a unit just like the Tadesse family. I am also so excited for Brittany to be joining their family soon (YAY)! I just love them so much and I love these pictures and they way to truly capture their personalities.


Breastfeeding, because of its important health benefits, is recognized both nationally and globally. In the United States, August is known as Breastfeeding Awareness Month. Every year we celebrate World Breastfeeding Week across the globe from August 1st - 7th. Everyone seems to agree with both of these celebrations and the important health impact these measures deliver.
There are some that argue that we do not need to bring special attention to black breastfeeding because "all breastfeeding matters" and "breastfeeding is not about race." Sound familiar? EXACTLY!!! This is pretty much the white privileged outcry, or even at times racism, against #BlackLivesMatter! Only racism or blatant ignorance can lead to the conclusion that Black Breastfeeding Week is redundant or unnecessary.
In the United States, black infants die at a disproportionately HIGHER rate than any other race or ethnicity. Black babies, in our country, are TWO to THREE times more likely to die than white babies. Let that sink in!! For every white baby that dies at least 2-3 black babies die. It is no secret that healthcare disparities as well as the impact of institutionalized racism have a direct impact on the morbidity and mortality of black babies, children, women, and men. Black women die during or after childbirth at THREE times the rate that white women die. These statistics apply across socio-economic backgrounds.
Serena Williams, who undoubtedly has unlimited resources and access to the best care available, almost died after childbirth because of the inherent racism in our healthcare system. Studies have shown that healthcare providers do NOT listen to women and they especially do NOT listen to black women. Had Serena not been a strong, knowledgeable advocate for herself the story would have likely ended tragically.
Black women face unique cultural barriers to breastfeeding. We can NOT ignore the impact that slavery, YES slavery, had on black women and how they see and relate to their bodies. In addition, the rapidly growing field of epigenetics clearly shows us that our sustained history of racism in the US does cause transgenerational genetic change that adversely impacts health outcomes for people of color, particularly black infants, children, women and men.
Another reason we do need Black Breastfeeding Week is that representation does MATTER. We know that cultural and ethnic representation in healthcare facilitates better health outcomes. In fourteen years that I have practiced in maternal child health, in both public health and private practice, serving New Jersey and New York City families, I have only ever met FIVE black International Board Certified Lacation Consultants (IBCLCs), and one of them moved back to her homeland of Kenya. Of the FOUR remaining IBCLCs that I know personally, two are in private practice and the other two work for WIC. The communities around me do not reflect this abysmally low number of IBCLCs. We need to do BETTER to empower black women to become IBCLCs by removing the unique barriers that they face.
I wholeheartedly SUPPORT Black Breastfeeding Week because black babies, black women and black families DO MATTER!!!! To help change a broken system please consider supporting organizations like The Perinatal Health Equity Foundation headed by powerhouse Nastassia Davis, RN, IBCLC, NYC Baby Café, Black Mothers Breastfeeding Association, or Black Women Do Breastfeed, among other important organizations and local efforts to promote awareness about black breastfeeding.
HAPPY Black Breastfeeding Week 2018 #LoveOnTop!!!!


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Preview: Tamara Krikorian & Peers @ Squires Cinema, Northumbria University
On Thursday 5th May, The Women Artists of The North East Library presents an evening of short video works from the pioneering video artist
By NARC. on Tuesday, May 3rd, 2022
On Thursday 5th May at Squires Cinema, Northumbria University, The Women Artists of The North East Library presents an evening of short video works from pioneering video artist, Tamara Krikorian.
Krikorian, who actually lectured at Northumbria when it was the former Polytechnic in the seventies, was a co-founder of London Video Arts and, as well as being involved in a number of high profile exhibitions, organised the first video art conference in Britain – Video: Towards Defining an Aesthetic at the Third Eye Centre, Glasgow in 1976.
During the Women Artists of North East Library's residency at Northumbria University, Holly Argent has been researching the work, context and influence of Tamara Krikorian. The event will bring together Krikorian's work alongside fellow lecturer Stuart Marshall and other regional and national contemporaries who were preoccupied with the medium of television and questioned the power of mass media.
Doors are at 5:30pm (films shown 6-8pm) and entry is free, although booking is required.
Preview: Stairwall – The Things We Find @ Various Venues
Preview: Janet @ Brinkburn St Brewery, Newcastle
News: Sunderland Shorts Film Festival 2022
Preview: Journey in Colour @ The Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle
Preview: Summer Events @ Newcastle Castle
Preview: The White Card @ Tyneside Cinema
Preview: Darlington Arts Festival 2022 (20th-22nd May)
Preview: The Northern Film Festival @ ARC Stockton (19/05/22)
Preview: Hawthorn; The Lil Journey @ ARC, Stockton
News: Dirty, Sexy and Totally Iconic
Preview: A Northumberland Menagerie @ Various Venues


text:
"""
URL Configuration

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.views.generic import TemplateView
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', TemplateView.as_view(template_name='static/itworks.html')),
]

if settings.SERVE_STATIC:
    # for static files
    urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)
    # for media files
    urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Pass parameter to Spring soap interceptor I have spring integration outbound gateway that makes web service call.
I have a interceptor that intercepts soap request and logs to log file. Now I want to pass a parameter to handleRequest method of interceptor class so that I can associate each logged soap request to an id in database.
The value id I need to pass to interceptor is stored in headers with name id
code looks something like below.
<int-ws:outbound-gateway  uri="${soap.url} interceptor="interceptor"  >
</int-ws:outbound-gateway>

Below is interceptor.
public class Interceptor implements ClientInterceptor {

@Override
public boolean handleRequest(MessageContext messageContext) throws WebServiceClientException {

//id below is parameter that needs to be passed.

    LOGGER.info("soap request for "+id +" is " +messageContext.getRequest().getDocument().toString());

    return true;
}

}
I thought of setting a property to Interface in the bean definition.
<bean id="interceptor" class="com.services.Interceptor" >
    <property name="id" value="#{headers['id']}" />
</bean>

But this is not working as I am unable to access headers here somehow. getting exception during server start up .. Even if I get this exception resolved, this will have issues as object is singleton.Any other pointers here ?
    Caused by: org.springframework.expression.spel.SpelEvaluationException: EL1008E:(pos 0): Property or field 'headers' cannot be found on object of type 'org.spri
ngframework.beans.factory.config.BeanExpressionContext' - maybe not public?
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.PropertyOrFieldReference.readProperty(PropertyOrFieldReference.java:224)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.PropertyOrFieldReference.getValueInternal(PropertyOrFieldReference.java:94)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.PropertyOrFieldReference.getValueInternal(PropertyOrFieldReference.java:81)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.CompoundExpression.getValueRef(CompoundExpression.java:51)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.CompoundExpression.getValueInternal(CompoundExpression.java:87)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.ast.SpelNodeImpl.getValue(SpelNodeImpl.java:120)
        at org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpression.getValue(SpelExpression.java:242)

A: See my answer to your other question for why you can't do what you are trying.
To pass an argument to your interceptor, you could use a ThreadLocal - add a service upstream of the gateway to set your value and then retrieve/remove it in the interceptor.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The family relocated to British Columbia in 2008. The new residence was designed after the family had lived in the existing house for two years and learned how they and the seasons interacted with the site. The design was centered on a strong need for light, sun, and both visual and physical connections to all the available outdoor space, and culminated in a single-story house where every room accesses south light and a garden.
The living quarters is at street level. Each bedroom is accompanied by its own terrace that links to the courtyard area, with the master bedroom situated at the top. The living space is framed by large matching glass sliders and windows that face the front and back yards allowing for ample natural light during the grey winter months, as well as expansive views extending from the forest and cliffs to the rear, through the house to the front garden, the street, and ultimately the neighborhood. Neither orientation, front or back, is over-emphasized at the expense of the other, so that living in this house is as much about enjoying a private landscape as a shared one.


text:
Statesman seeks court order for TRS to comply with open-records ruling
Bob Sechler
The Teacher Retirement System of Texas has continued to conceal portions of its $487,000-a-month office lease in the Indeed Tower high-rise under construction in downtown Austin, a year after the American-Statesman first asked for the unredacted document and despite a recent opinion from Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton's office that it must comply.
On Wednesday, the Statesman sought a court order compelling the taxpayer-funded state agency to abide by the attorney general's ruling and release what advocates for open government contend is basic public information.
"One of the fundamental tenets of good government is that the people must be able to see how their money is spent," Statesman Executive Editor John Bridges said. "Too often in Texas, lawmakers and courts have found ways to weaken our Public Information Act and put the interests of businesses over those of the people. The TRS lease is one of those cases."
Bridges noted that the newspaper has been successful over the past three years in pursuing open-records cases against the city of Austin, the University of Texas and the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, "and we look forward to prevailing in this one."
"We all should demand good-faith compliance from our public institutions when it comes to open-records laws," he said. "If these agencies truly acted in the people's interests, we would not be forced to go to court to get access to the public's records."
Officials with the Teacher Retirement System, which oversees benefits for about 1.6 million Texas teachers and school employees, provided virtually no financial information about the Indeed Tower lease when they announced it in May 2019. They subsequently said they received a competitive lease rate from its developer — a Trammell Crow-affiliated company called TC Austin Block 71 LLC — because they committed early to be a tenant in the building, but they wouldn't disclose the terms.
Since then, the Statesman's reporting has revealed that the retirement system has a significant ownership position in the 36-story high-rise going up on West Sixth Street, through a $230 million investment in a partnership that financed TC Austin Block 71 and has a stake in it.
In addition, the Statesman pushed the state agency to divulge the base lease rates it has agreed to pay — which it did in January, seven months after the newspaper first asked for complete financial information. More recently, the agency also confirmed the additional rate it will pay initially for its portion of the building's estimated operating expenses.
Combined, those two rates add up to $57.50 per square foot to start, equating to about $487,000 a month for the retirement system's roughly 100,000 square feet — or $5.8 million annually, a sum that will climb over the 10-year duration of the lease.
The price is well above the amounts paid by most state agencies to rent space in Austin, although local real estate experts have said it's below average for top-tier offices downtown.
Despite disclosing those figures, the retirement system still has declined to provide the Statesman with an unredacted copy of the lease, even though Paxton's office said April 22 that it must do so because the document isn't exempt from disclosure under the state's Public Information Act.
It's unclear what information is in the redacted portions of the lease supplied to the Statesman. All but a couple of paragraphs of six full pages under the heading "Base Rent and Operating Expenses" are blank, in addition to a number of other redactions.
Retirement system officials wouldn't comment on the issue Wednesday or on the Statesman's legal action.
About two weeks ago, the agency said it can't release the document in its entirety despite Paxton's action because "a third party" — TC Austin Block 71 — has filed a lawsuit against Paxton seeking to overturn his decision and keep the redactions secret.
"Even though TRS did not object to withholding any part of the lease (in the latest legal wrangling over it), the third party did object and subsequently filed a cause of action in this matter," retirement system spokesman Rob Maxwell said. "Those portions of the lease that are not part of the court case, we have provided to you."
But Joe Larsen, a Houston lawyer and a Freedom of Information Foundation of Texas board member, said at the time that the retirement system had no legal basis to continue concealing the lease, because Paxton's office said that it couldn't and because the state agency didn't file a lawsuit of its own to contest the decision within a 30-day window that it had to do so.
On Wednesday, the Statesman intervened in TC Austin Block 71's lawsuit, opposing the effort by the Indeed Tower developer to overturn Paxton's decision and seeking a court order forcing the retirement system to immediately provide the newspaper with an unredacted copy of the lease in accordance with the attorney general's decision.
The retirement system "has a ministerial duty to 'comply with the decision of the attorney general' by producing the lease to the Statesman," the newspaper says in its legal filing.
An attorney for TC Austin Block 71 didn't immediately respond to a request for comment Wednesday.
The retirement system originally intended to move one of its divisions into Indeed Tower, which is named after the internet job-search company that will occupy its top 10 floors when the building is finished in 2021.
After the state agency disclosed its base lease rates this year, however, some retired teachers and state lawmakers balked at the price tag and questioned why it needs high-end offices in Austin's most expensive commercial district. Retirement system officials subsequently backed off those plans in February and instead are trying to sublease the space.


Extensive use of a modification of the Havinga method of weighing oysters in water, using a Type K7 T GD Mettler balance with suspension attachments, has shown that weekly weighing of numbered individuals reveals individual differences . in rate of shell deposition which correlate with feeding, parasite infections, etc. The method is quick, sensitive, and accurate.
Andrews, Jay D., "Measurement of shell growth in oysters by weighing in water" (1961). VIMS Articles. 1257.


text:
Industry Related
Digital MarketingMarketing
Marketing Mega Trends in 2018
Madhuri Keta 5 years ago 1 comment4803 views
As 2018 begins after a much deserved holiday downtime, there's this curiosity to know what possibilities, challenges, and opportunities the year holds for the marketing industry. Here's a look at the marketing mega trends in 2018 that we believe are here to redefine the space for good.
According to a research conducted by The Economist Group, 79% of users prefer to buy from a company that functions with a social purpose. The same research showed that 83% of junior staff prefers to work for an organization that operates for a social purpose.
Purpose-driven brands such as 3M, Google, and Chobani have proven that the best way to make money is by putting 'purpose before profit' and supporting the interests of all stakeholders. To be successful and sustain that success, it is imperative to have a 'brand purpose' because it reveals the 'why' of your business and tells your customers what makes you unique.
If your brand purpose makes a positive impact, people are more likely to buy your products or services. For instance, Starbucks has been striving towards 100% ethically sourced coffee and participating in community service besides launching a climate change strategy.
If your brand purpose is honest and resonates with the customers, you could well be their hero! For example, Heineken's 'Moderate Drinkers Wanted' marketing campaign deals with some serious issues related to alcohol consumption and prods both the consumers and the industry to promote 'responsible drinking'.
Traditional advertising is dying a certain death. The proof? Over 600 million consumers worldwide are using ad-blocking technology today. Consumers today want something better than the 'one-way' communication of advertising.
'Context' is slowly but surely replacing advertising. Tesla spent as little as $6 per car in advertising, less than 1/190th of the ad cost of its closest competitor, and outsold them by three times. While Mercedes Benz was busy persuading the world to buy their cars, Tesla was having a direct conversation with its consumers about living fossil-fuel free.
Similarly, short-term rental site Airbnb sent its messages to Craiglist users looking for a room and solved the problems of its users in a timely manner and in a way acceptable to them. The engagement was honest, native, personal, and purposeful. To put things in a perspective, Airbnb's target is to book over 100 million stays in 2017 within an ad budget of $23.5 million, while Hilton Hotels is looking to book over 140 million stays on an advertising spend of $188 million.
According to 2016 'State of Marketing — Salesforce Research', the best-in-class marketing organizations deploy as many as 14 tools on an average. The report also found that a cohesive customer experience is possible only through integration and automation across tens of data sets, channels, and applications. The new era of marketing requires us to focus on automations across such hyper-connected networks.
The future of marketing is not about messages; it's about creating contextual experiences. Given the variances in data structure, tools, and workflows in the industry today, only an Automation 2.0 framework can support this future.
According to Digital Ocean, 85% of high-performing teams implementing loT-based marketing, rate their results as 'effective to very-effective' at helping them create cohesive customer journey (Source: LinkedIn).
Publishers no longer control the narrative of propaganda and PR today. Instead, a collective engagement of both the publisher and the consumer makes for a powerful and engaging narrative setting. Users today have as much content generation ability as the brands they interact with, thanks to the multitude of apps, technology, and tools at their disposal.
The power of 'participation' was evident by the 2016 US presidential election. When searching for 'Election Results' users were directed to a fake news story that stated that Donald Trump had won the popular vote. With over 325 backlinks, 45,000 shares on Facebook, and hundreds of comments, this article beat CNN hands down. Agree the fake news site was probably a bottom rung publication, yet it was able to change the narrative through 'participatory propaganda'.
According to a recent Myclever study, about 70% of consumers prefer engaging via a chatbot rather than an app. The study also revealed that consumers consider chatbots to be the fastest way to find answers to their queries. Forbes writer, Blake Morgan, believes chatbots are the future of 'customer experience' and have the power to replace search windows and many apps in the not-so-distant future.
The case in point is AdRoll that has been using chatbots to empower its sales development rep (SDR) team to increase the number of calls by 13%. What's more, the SDR team now sets up almost 50% of all appointments via chatbot.
Marketing consultant and best-selling author, Jay Baer, has begun using a chatbot to communicate with his audience and has been seeing almost ten-fold increase in open rates and a five-fold increase in click-throughs.
Chatbots are going to be an irresistible temptation for marketers in 2018. They are gaining customer insights, using AI to get smarter, learning to negotiate, and getting more affordable!
It is clear that marketing in 2018 is going to be hyper focused on purpose, context, participation, and technology. To succeed, business organizations must ensure that they are listening to their customers, and relating to them through relevant, timely, and engaging content.
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FBI watching Oracle-SAP trial
SAP has said the FBI and the DOJ are both investigating the circumstances that led to Oracle's lawsuit
James Niccolai (IDG News Service) on 06 November, 2010 08:03
An FBI agent has been in the courtroom each day this week watching the Oracle-SAP trial, suggesting U.S. law enforcement continues to take an interest in the case.
SAP said in 2007, when Oracle filed its civil lawsuit against the company, that the Department of Justice had requested documents related to the matter from SAP and its TomorrowNow subsidiary. SAP said at the time that it would "fully cooperate."
In a court filing in August, SAP said there was an "ongoing investigation" by the DOJ and the Federal Bureau of Investigation into "some facts and circumstances that are involved in this matter."
Oracle originally filed 10 complaints against SAP, including copyright infringement, violation of the federal computer fraud and abuse act, breach of contract and unfair competition. It agreed to pursue only the copyright claim at trial after SAP accepted some liability.
It's not unusual for representatives from the DOJ or the FBI to listen in at civil proceedings to learn more about a case or help them determine if they wish to file criminal charges.
"We have an interest in the case," the FBI agent said in court Thursday. He declined to comment further or provide his name. A spokesman with the FBI office in San Francisco would not confirm or deny it is watching the case.
Kyle Waldinger, an assistant U.S. attorney in San Francisco, was also in court observing the case this week, Bloomberg reported.
SAP spokesman Bill Wohl declined to comment beyond reiterating that his company would cooperate with any requests. A spokeswoman for Oracle declined to comment.
SAP has admitted that its now-closed TomorrowNow subsidiary stole support materials from an Oracle website, and the trial is to determine how much damages SAP should pay.
Charles Phillips, a former Oracle president, testified for Oracle in the case this week, and Oracle Chairman and CEO Larry Ellison is due to take the stand Monday. SAP will begin to present its defense in about 10 days, and the trial is expected to wrap up before the end of the month.
Tags copyrightOraclelegalsoftwareapplicationsSAPintellectual propertyCriminalCivil lawsuits
James Niccolai
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https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_1-gigandet.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Dinah Gigandet won both the 800 and 1,600 Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_2-jcb.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Jaydon Culp-Bishop won both the 100 and 200 Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_3-stanley.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Annah Stanley won the 100 Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_4-boezi-4×800.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Anna Boezi runs her leg of the 4×800 Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_5-jesse-westmeyer.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Jesse Westmeyer placed in both the shot put (shown here) and discus Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_6-browder.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Lenea Browder won both the discus (shown here) and shot put Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_7-fong2.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Sophie Fong won the pole vault Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_8-plunkett-to-franklin.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Kiersten Franklin (left) takes the baton from Evelyn Plunkett in the 4×100 relay Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_9-castaneda.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Katie Castaneda placed in the top four in a pair of events Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_10-westmeyer.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Hallie Westmeyer placed second in the high jump Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_11-coate.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Braden Coate runs the 1,600 Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.
https://www.tdn-net.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2019/04/web1_12-burton-to-monroe.jpgDavid Fong | Miami Valley Sunday News Troy's Blake Burton (left) prepares to hand the baton off to Caillou Monroe in the 4×100 relay Friday at the Xenia Doug Adams Invitational.


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Mumbai to Delhi Flights
Single people in their 50s open up to the idea of using dating apps
Greed, deceit and lies: How a Tinder date ended in murder
Mumbai: Gay and Lesbian
Online dating pune india
48 hours in . . . Mumbai, an insider guide to the Gateway of India
Mumbai Girls for Free Dating | Girls in Mumbai for Dating
12 Romantic Places For Couples In Mumbai
Mumbai Railway Master Project MUTP-III
In May , Sharma was dead, and Seth was in jail on charge of murdering him. Both of them had allegedly lied to each other. She had led him to believe that she was interested in him and not his millions of rupees. He had given her the impression that he had millions of rupees. The date was doomed from the start. His phone was switched off right after. They had only been married for three years; their son was born a year-and-a-half ago. It was an arranged marriage, but not one without romance.
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Of course don't expect gay discos sporting the rainbow flag yet, but for those looking to get a taste of this culture here's the low down:. Check www. Check out their Facebook page group for information. Organised by Solaris Pictures and Bombay Dost, the festival featured films from 25 countries. The festival's next edition is scheduled for May , Check the website for details. Check their facebook page for more details.
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MUMBAI: A Western Railway superintendent fell victim to a dating app bounced and she needed to urgently pay the landlord of her new flat in Orlem Rs 85, He then began to look up the internet for information on her.
From boat rides to watching a lovely sunset and eating out to working out together, the city offers many opportunities to plan the perfect date. So if you wish to find a lovely spot to enjoy the company of your loved one, look no further! With lush greenery all around and a beautiful palm beachfront, this man-made lake lets you soak in the nature with your girlfriend and watch a lovely sunset together.
The jogging track surrounding the lake is perfect if you wish to go for a long walk with your partner. Surrounded by greenery, Pandavkada Falls is a metre-high waterfall in Navi Mumbai. Watching its cascading waters hit the rocks can be a serene experience for you and your partner. You can trek to the site with your girlfriend or simply plan a romantic picnic date near the falls.
Being close to the station, this place is quite easily accessible. If your girlfriend loves amusement parks, Wonders Park is a great place to spend a fun-filled day with her.
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Considering the many dating options available here, you might consider this city to be one of the most sought after places for finding the right romantic partner for you.
Dating back between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Elephanta Caves in Mumbai are the UNESCO World Heritage Sites that represents the diorama of the Hindu.
Choose your reason below and click on the Report button. This will alert our moderators to take action. ET Magazine. Tech and Gadgets. City Life. Between The Lines. Shephali Bhatt. Font Size Abc Small. Abc Medium. Abc Large. ET Bureau To most people inside and outside that age bracket, the idea of a baby boomer dating is outlandish.
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In , Mumbai was named an alpha world city. The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were originally home to communities of Marathi language speaking Koli people , [22] [23] [24] For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company when in Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and Seven Islands of Bombay.
Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development.
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Please refresh the page and retry. Colonial-era monuments vie with each other along the waterfront, while glass-and-concrete structures increasingly claim the skyline. A bigail Blasi, our resident expert, offers her top tips on the hottest things to do and places to drink and stay this season. Mumbai has legions of five-star and business hotels, but few characterful guesthouses.
On the menu are high-end nibbles and cocktails that blend fresh fruits and spices. It was constructed in an Islamic meets neo-classical style to celebrate and emphasise British power, which only outlasted the building of the arch by a few decades.
Looking for romantic places in Mumbai for couples? I strongly believe that exploring new places with your partner is the most romantic and thrilling exercise in a relationship. Travelling and roaming around, enjoying those little numerable things like watching a sunset together, feeling the ripples of waves touching your feet, sharing ice-cream from a single cone after a tiring day, a long evening walk along the seashore, a plate of bhel puri or chaat or a music concert can add a lot of memories and bonding in a relationship.
It's time you go to one of the best places to visit in Mumbai with your girlfriend!
It is the railhead for the Western and Central railways, and trains from the city carry Mumbai is connected by a network of roads to the rest of India. and a new expressway between eastern Mumbai and Navi Mumbai (opened university and contain gigantic Buddhist sculptures dating from the 2nd to the 9th century bce.
In the bid to know each other better, they took a question-answer challenge on the dating site. Tinder reports that on March 29 alone, there were more than three billion swipes worldwide. The dating portal further states that in India, conversations have gone up by an average of 39 per cent, while the average length of conversations has become 28 per cent longer.
According to a report published by the World Economic Forum, another dating app, OkCupid, has recorded a 26 per cent increase in conversations since March and over 40 per cent of an average of 16, respondents per question across India were open to coming together online for meals and drinks. They continue to date virtually. But to sustain them is difficult. For Noida-based Anil Wadhwani and his girlfriend Natalia Gupta from Bangalore, who met via a matrimonial website over a year ago, there is a communication gap that often leads to arguments.
Gupta is of the opinion that communication is more important than staying together and the two have grown as a couple by being far apart. Putting things into perspective, Paranjape feels that virtual dating is good for fun, entertainment and ideal only for short-term connections.
Raju Ansari, a shopkeeper in Delhi, was on Facebook to beat nighttime loneliness when that promise popped up on his timeline. Ansari was hooked. The promise kept building.
Navi Mumbai, September 06, IST year-old businessman fell prey to an unidentified woman's offer to join a dating site and ended Extra charges of ₹50 per passenger on special trains, says Indian Railway.
The victim has alleged that he lost Rs 46 lakh to the fraudsters Representational. A year-old man has been allegedly duped of Rs 46 lakh by unidentified persons running a website that promised him young dates, police said on Monday. The victim, a resident of suburban Malad, had approached Kurar police station with a cheating complaint in January this year, an official said.
After studying the complaint, a case was registered against unidentified persons on Saturday and a probe has begun, said senior inspector Uday Rajeshirke of Kurar police station. Police said the victim, already married, had registered himself with the website in May last year in order to date young women. Promoted Listen to the latest songs , only on JioSaavn.
He did so in the account given by the caller. The victim was fleeced several times over various so-called services the website promised," he said. The victim, in his complaint, has alleged that he lost Rs 46 lakh to the fraudsters and multiple attempts to contact those operating the website proved futile, police said. Man Duped Dating Website. Follow Us:.
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Evernote is really a simple system to use. Do yourself a favor and try it today.
Developing a habit is an important part of creating change, but an equally important aspect is creating a process. And not just any process, a SIMPLE process. For if I've learned anything working with my clients, I've learned "if it's not simple, it's too hard." Creating a simple process is perhaps the most crucial aspect of driving change.
What does creating a process look like? If I asked you to write down the steps to do something you do every day you could. Let's take getting dressed each morning. My system looks like this: 1. Take shower 2. Brush teeth 3. Put in contacts….. etc. I do the same thing each morning. I don't need to think about it, I've done it so many times that it has become rote.
Everything that is done routinely needs a clearly thought out process. Let's apply this concept to staying on top of the papers in your office. We start by breaking this into WHAT, HOW and WHEN.
Pick up the top item in the pile – ask: what needs to be done?
WHEN is the frequency: "I will schedule 2 hours each week." Put it on your calendar. If something comes up and you have to move it, that's fine as long as you spend the 2 hours each week. (Realistically, when you get started this can take 2 hours. As time goes on it may take less than 1).
While this process may seem daunting, the more you work it, the easier it becomes. By having the process written down in black and white it helps you to keep on track and on task until it becomes rote.
Being a solopreneur or telecommuter has many advantages. But there are also a few disadvantages. One of them is that there is no one in the next office to bounce ideas off of. As the old saying goes "two heads are better than one." And the more I study group dynamics, the more I KNOW that many heads create best decisions.
But what happens when we are working alone? I see in many of my clients that making decisions often presents road blocks. From a productivity perspective, I don't think that in this situation rushing to conclusion is the best solution.
Gather facts – who, what, where, why, when, etc.
1,2, and 4 we can do on our own. But who do we brainstorm with? Consider – a mastermind group, an accountability partner, a coach, a consultant, or colleagues from a professional association. I depend on my NAPO colleagues most of the time. When it's a big decision I often consult an expert or coach. Regardless, I know that ideas spark ideas, and for my decision making to be most effective I can't do it alone.


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Steve Gleason - Quotes
There are 17 quotes by Steve Gleason at 95quotes.com. Find your favorite quotations and top quotes by Steve Gleason from this hand-picked collection about life, time. Feel free to share these quotes and sayings on Facebook, Pinterest, Tumblr & Twitter or any of your favorite social networking sites.
Life is difficult. Not just for me or other ALS patients. Life is difficult for everyone. Finding ways to make life meaningful and purposeful and rewarding, doing the activities that you love and spending time with the people that you love - I think that's the meaning of this human experience.
I have moments where I miss my old self. But I think anyone can get caught up in what we used to have. But at the same time, we can choose to focus on the beauty of now.
I have been diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). It's a terminal disease with an average lifespan of two to five years post-diagnosis, and scientists don't know what causes it. ALS prevents your brain from talking to your muscles. As a result, muscles die. As a result, every 90 minutes people die. I am a person. ---->>>
Because ALS is underfunded, patients have had no option but to fade away and die. That is not OK. ---->>>
Does anyone know if Lamborghini makes wheelchair vehicles? If not, I want to change that. ---->>>
The film 'The Diving Bell and the Butterfly,' based the book of the same name, has a line that enlightens and comforts me. The protagonist, who has lost all ability to move except one eye, discusses his role as a father. He notes, 'Even a fraction of a father is still a father.' ---->>>
It's pretty simple for me; I believe all people are created equal, regardless of their sexuality. To promote respect and acceptance is an important role for NFL players and the NFLPA. ---->>>
Typing with your fingers or thumbs is sooooo 2012. I tweeted that earlier in the year. I type with my eyes. Not only that, I navigate my computer, create and play music, keep a calendar, conference call, lead web X meetings, text and, obviously, tweet with my eyes. ---->>>
I look at the human life like an experiment. Every new moment, every new experience, tragic or otherwise, is an opportunity to gain a more accurate perspective and helps lead me to clarity. ---->>>
If we have a purpose in life beyond being a cog in the human machine, mine is to help inspire people and that's pretty cool. I would like to motivate the world.
To cure ALS medically is not economical. The realities are that it's difficult to find funding for research for a medical cure. I believe in developing technology as opposed to medical research. Technology can be economical.
A terminal diagnosis can really mess with your head. Honestly, it makes you want to run away to the moon. Many ALS patients want to fade away quietly. This was not for me. ---->>>
I believe happiness is a choice. Some days it is a very difficult choice.
Many ALS patients end up fading away quietly and dying. For me, this was not OK. I did not want to fade away quietly. ---->>>
To have a statue of you up 100 years from now at the Superdome, I think that's amazing. ---->>>
ALS does not affect cognitive process. Stephen Hawking, one of smartest people on the planet, has ALS. It rarely affects the eyes. It doesn't affect senses like hearing, taste and touch. ---->>>
I think about death all the time. I think that's a good thing because we're all going to die, and the only thing we can control is how we are and what we're doing in the meantime. ---->>>
Name: Steve Gleason
Occupation: Athlete
Stephen Michael Gleason (born March 19, 1977) is a former professional American football player who played as a safety with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). Originally signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2000, he played for the Saints through the 2007 season (wikipedia)


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Daniel G. Hoffman '47, '56 GSAS, Former U.S. Poet Laureate
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Home > Summer 2013 > Daniel G. Hoffman '47, '56 GSAS, Former U.S. Poet Laureate
PHOTO: ELIZABETH McFARLAND, COURTESY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESSDaniel G. Hoffman '47, '56 GSAS, an author, professor and 22nd Poet Laureate of the United States (1973–74), died on March 30, 2013. He was 89 and lived in Swarthmore, Pa.
Hoffman was a prolific poet who also wrote free verse and scholarly essays. His first book of poems, An Armada of Thirty Whales, was published in 1954, won the Yale Younger Poets Prize the same year and was chosen by W. H. Auden as part of the Yale Series of Younger Poets. Other works include, but are not limited to, Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe (1971); Brotherly Love (1981); Hang-Gliding From Helicon: New and Selected Poems, 1948–1988 (1988), winner of the 1988 Paterson Poetry Prize; a war memoir, Zone of the Interior: A Memoir, 1942–1947 (2000); Darkening Water (2002); Makes You Stop and Think: Sonnets (2005); and The Whole Nine Yards: Longer Poems (2009). His final collection, Next to Last Words: Poems, was released this year (see Bookshelf).
Born on April 3, 1923, Hoffman grew up mostly in Larchmont, N.Y. His father was a financial adviser and his mother a high school English teacher. Hoffman entered Columbia as a pre-engineering student but was called up to serve in the Army Air Forces during WWII, serving stateside as a technical writer and as the editor of an aeronautical research journal, The Technical Data Digest, which featured abstracts for articles relevant to military research and development.
Hoffman returned to Columbia in 1946 and graduated the next year with a B.A. in English, following that with an M.A. (1949) and a Ph.D. (1956), also in English. He taught briefly at Columbia, then at Swarthmore for 10 years before moving to Penn in 1966, where he was the Felix E. Schelling Professor of English Emeritus until his retirement in 1993. Many of his poems are set on Cape Rosier in Maine, where he spent summers.
Hoffman received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters in 2005 from Swarthmore. Other honors include the Memorial Medal of the Magyar P.E.N. for translations of Hungarian poetry, grants from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters as well as the Ingram Merrill Foundation, fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters' Arthur Rense Prize.
He also was a Chancellor Emeritus of the Academy of American Poets and from 1988–99 was Poet in Residence at the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine, where he administered the American Poets' Corner. Hoffman joined the Council of the Authors Guild in 1974 and later was one of three plaintiffs in The Authors Guild et al. v. Google Inc. (2005), the purpose of which was to prevent Google from providing a complete searchable index of extant books.
Hoffman married poet and Ladies Home Journal editor Elizabeth McFarland in 1948; she died in 2005. He is survived by a son, MacFarlane, and daughter, Kate Hoffman Siddiqi.
Karl Daum '15 and Lisa Palladino
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Tee off in Support of Scholarships for our Niagara College Student Athletes!
Enjoy a fun filled day on the links with proceeds supporting scholarships for our student athletes. Start off with a delicious lunch provided by the College's Canadian Food & Wine Institute. Our varsity golf team will be on hand to provide clinic instructions before you head out and on the course giving golf tips as you play. Students and staff from a variety of programs will be there making this a unique experience for all, including a variety of wine, beer and ale tastings from the Niagara College winery and brewery. End your day with a fabulous buffet dinner.


Image from Pennsylvania Game Commission website.
According to the Pennsylvania Game Commission's website, two controlled burns are set for tomorrow (Monday, November 16, 2015) in State Game Land No. 217 located southeast of Andreas in West Penn Township (Schuylkill County). The burn areas, totaling about 52-acres, border the Carbon and Lehigh County line at the far eastern portion of Schuylkill County.
The burn is weather permitting. According to Weather.com, Monday's weather for Andreas calls for sunny skies, temperatures ranging from 35 to 65 degree Fahrenheit, and 6 MPH northwest winds.
In addition to these two burns, four controlled burns are scheduled in the future for parts of State Game Land No. 141 on the Broad Mountain between Packer Township, Weatherly and Jim Thorpe. The date hasn't been set yet and will only be done if time and weather permit.
The controlled burns are part of 3,300 acres of scheduled prescribed fires. 5,000 acres were burned last year during controlled burns. Click HERE for a related press release.
No prescribed burning will take place after November 20, since the statewide firearms bear season begins November 21, 2015.
Click HERE to view and navigate the P.G.C.'s online interactive map of schedule control burns in Pennsylvania.
The Pennsylvania Game Commission is using prescribed burns to improve forest habitat on State Game Lands throughout the Southeast Region.
Prescribed burn area. Image via Google Maps.
The majority of State Game Lands are forested, with oak species being a major component. As an oak forest begins to age, the new oak seedlings are outcompeted by other tree species (such as birch, maple and tulip poplar). The overall impact to the forest is a decline in the number of oak seedlings growing into mature trees and a change in the species composition of the forest.
This decline in the number of oak seedlings is a problem because oak trees are extremely valuable to wildlife. Oak acorns have high nutritional value and are sought after as a fall food by a variety of birds and mammals as they prepare for the winter. While other trees may hold some value to wildlife, they don't compare to the benefits derived from oak.
Oak trees are very different from birch, maple and tulip poplar. Their bark is much thicker and their root systems are much deeper. Because of these fundamental differences, fire can be used to promote the growth of oak seedlings and reduce competition from other species. A very monitored, slow moving "prescribed burn" can be used to remove the black birch, red maple and tulip poplar seedlings from the forest understory. The fire will enable the oak seedlings, already present on the site, to sprout and grow without interference from surrounding vegetation. This will allow oak to remain the dominant species as this forest grows.
Throughout Pennsylvania's long history, oak trees have evolved with low intensity fires, a lot of them occurring naturally. Fires were intentionally set by native Americans for thousands of years to promote wild berries and improve game habitat. In the early part of the 20th century, public concern over wild fires led to the creation of the US Forest Service's Smokey Bear campaign in 1944. Since then, wildfires have been all but eliminated from the state. This has not had a completely positive result. Because of the reduction of fires, Pennsylvania forests have changed and resulted in the gradual transition away from a forest that was once dominated by oak trees to a forest now dominated by red maple and black birch. In order to increase the number of oak trees on each site, the Game Commission attempts to mimic those earlier growing conditions by reintroducing fire, in a controlled manner, back into the forest ecosystem.
The Game Commission has been using prescribed burns as a habitat management tool for more than ten years, burning thousands of acres, from grasslands to forests.
Prescribed burns may be scheduled to occur much of the year depending on the weather and site conditions. All prescribed burns will be conducted and guided by all laws, standards and procedures of the Prescribed Burn Practices Act, as well as techniques learned from prescribed burns on other State Game Lands.
The use of prescribed burns, sometimes referred to as a controlled burn, is very different from a "wildfire." With a prescribed burn, safety is the first consideration in the process, from the planning through the implementation. The entire operation is overseen by a "Burn Boss." The process for a prescribed burn begins with a detailed plan written by local field staff, approved by the Pennsylvania Game Commission and reviewed by other state agencies. Only after this has been accomplished, can the agency move forward with the prescribed burn.
The timing of a burn is very weather dependent and takes into account the amount of moisture both in the ground and in the growing vegetation. The public will be able to find information on the exact burn window for all prescribed burns in the Southeast Region on the Game Commission website.
In anticipation of the burn, a fire break is established around the entire area. Prior to the burn, all of the leaves and branches are removed from the fire break so that it will serve as a barrier between the prescribed burn and the surrounding forest.
During the day of the prescribed burn, access to the site will be restricted and only people directly associated with the burn will be allowed access at or near the site. Trained staff will be on hand with numerous pieces of fire equipment and water resources. All necessary local fire and emergency personnel will be notified in advance.
Prior to the start of the prescribed burn, a small, easily extinguished "test" burn will be conducted so that the Burn Boss can check the fire behavior and smoke dispersion patterns for the day. If the "test" fire burns within the pre-determined parameters, the prescribed burn will be allowed to continue. If it does not burn within those parameters, it will be called off for the day.
If the Burn Boss approves the prescribed burn to proceed, an experienced crew of Game Commission and other natural resource agency personnel will use a regimented process to burn the site.
As the fire begins to burn out, remaining areas with flames will be extinguished. After the prescribed burn is finished, there may still be small amounts of smoke present within the interior of the controlled burn area as some of the vegetative material burn out. This smoldering may last for several days after the area is burned. Flames will not be present though and there will be no danger to surrounding forest. The area will be monitored over the next 24 hours.
A safe and effective prescribed burn is very dependent on both site and weather conditions. An anticipated burn window is established between time periods when optimum site and weather conditions could be present. As more exact weather and site conditions become known, the window for the burn is narrowed. At this point, the anticipated burn window is between October 5, 2015 and November 20, 2015. The public will be notified of the burn window status through the Game Commission website.
State Game Land 217, totaling 7,647 acres, is located in northern Lehigh, southern Carbon and southern Schuylkill counties. It contains a wide variety of habitat types within its borders and is home to a multitude of different wildlife species. Since over 97% of this State Game Lands is forested and 95% of that area consists of mixed oak forests, the use of a prescribed burn is very appropriate.
The area to be treated with a prescribed burn totals 52 acres. It contains a mature oak stand that is dominated by chestnut oak. Forest fires were a common occurrence on this ridge in the early 1900's, which led to the establishment of this oak stand. The combination of a lack of fire over the past 60 years and increased sunlight reaching the forest floor due to openings in the forest canopy, has led to a dense non-oak understory.
The goal of this prescribed burn is to recreate the conditions that led to establishment of this aging oak forest. Currently there is a large amount of birch, sassafras, black gum and red maple seedlings that are overtopping and shading existing oak seedlings. If this condition continues, these oak seedlings will eventually be crowded out and die. A prescribed burn will remove a large number of these competing seedlings and allow the oak seedlings to grow and thrive.
By removing some of the less desirable species, the prescribed burn not only reduces competition for the oaks, but it will also allow more sunlight to hit the forest floor. Sunlight is necessary for the acorns to sprout. Oak trees are extremely valuable to wildlife, so the failure of these acorns to germinate is a problem. A thick layer of accumulated leaves has also created an additional barrier on the forest floor, making it difficult for the acorn roots to become established in the soil. A fire will burn and remove much of this leaf layer.
This is an aging oak stand that will undoubtedly have to deal with the loss of large oak trees in the coming years. It is vital that there are younger oak trees in the understory to replace these aging oaks. If oak seedlings are not available, this stand will eventually be replaced by red maple, birch, sassafras and black gum. The only effective way to maintain this invaluable oak component is with the use of a prescribed burn.
Although the area may look a little different for a short time, the long and short-term effects will definitely benefit wildlife, the forest habitat and the users of State Game Lands. The blackened soil of the burn will remain in that condition for a short time, but will come alive with plants germinating from seeds exposed by the fire. Oak seedlings will begin to sprout very soon after a prescribed burn. Seeds produced from the overstory trees will germinate. Recent studies after State Game Lands fires also show reduction in ticks within the burned area. A prescribed burn of this intensity will not impact most of the over story trees. Most of the changes to the forest habitat will take place on the forest floor. Some species (red maple, black birch and tulip poplar) will be reduced from the site for a number of years. Within the following growing season, the site should be green and teeming with new plants – many of them rare plants that depend on fire to germinate and grow.
Click HERE to view the press release or for more information.