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Classification of mergers based on role in the value chain
Apohan Corporate Consultants Pvt. Ltd. > Our Services > Classification of mergers based on role in the value chain
Classification of mergers based on role in the value chain:
A business value chain consists of raw material suppliers, Tier 1, Tier 2, tier 3 vendors, suppliers of utilities, suppliers of technology, suppliers of machine tools, users of byproducts, various players in the distribution channel such as wholesalers, retails, warehouses, logistics companies, retail chains, etc. Value chain also consists of replacement products, substitution product, competing products, niche products and their value chains. Depending upon the role of the two companies involved in merger and acquisition in the supply chain or value chain, mergers and acquisitions are classified in the following manner:
Vertical mergers:
Vertical merger means either acquisition of the direct suppliers or the acquisition of the other key players in the distribution channel. Following are the two types of vertical mergers:
Forward integration:
Forward integration means acquisition of a company belonging to the distribution channel the product of a company. Using forward integration, the company participates in the next stage of value addition to the final product. It is a general observation that as we move forward in the value chain the profitability increases. Ownership of the distribution channel also reduces the risk by competition and substitution. Example: Company in manufacturing of paper acquires a company in two newspapers, magazines, publications, notebooks, etc.
Backward integration:
Backward merger means acquiring the key suppliers of a company. This saves the company from the supply chain shocks of availability of raw material, prices, etc. Example: If a famous retail brand of clothes acquires a textile mill, it is called backward integration.
Horizontal merger:
Horizontal merger means that the merging companies are in the production of the same products with different name or brand. Example: Acquisition of a cold rolled steel company by another company producing cold rolled steel.
Lateral merger:
Lateral merger means a merger with a accompany in a different but similar product including at a different stage of production. But the companies being in overall the same sector or industry. Example: A company in in school education acquire another company in professional corporate training.
Co-generic mergers:
It is a merger between two or more entities which are related to each through the same set of customers, experts or technology, suppliers, skills, business environment, etc. Example: Merger of a allopathic medicine company with Ayurvedic medicine company.
Concentric mergers:
It is special variety of cogeneric mergers in which two businesses have the same customers, but merging companies offer different products and services to these clients. For example: Merger of a steel company and cement company both of which supply to the real estate and infrastructure sector.
Forward merger:
Forward Merger, the company gets acquired by its client company. The concept is not any different than forward integration except with the difference of the perspective which legal entity remains.
In a reverse merger, a company gets acquired by its supplier. The concept is not any different than a backward integration except with the difference of the perspective and which entity remains.
Conglomerate mergers:
It is a merger between entities operating in an entirely different products, sectors, industries and maybe even markets. It is a merger between entities totally unrelated to each other in terms of what they do and how they generate revenue. Conglomerate merger results in creation of a diversified businesses.
Triangular Merger:
In a triangular merger, the acquirer creates a wholly-owned subsidiary, which in turn merges with the selling entity. The selling entity then liquidates. The acquirer is the sole remaining shareholder of the subsidiary.
Apohan very well understands the role of a SME company in the value chain. Apohan helps its clients in understanding the impact on the value chain of the business. Apohan carries out professional, end-to-end, customized consultancy services through value chain analysis of M&A deals. Apohan manages the transaction right from the problem identification phase, to the closure of deal with perfection.


Elf Patrol, Inc in Newport News, VA helps provide Christmas to children in hospice care, shelters, or who would otherwise not receive a visit from Santa. Our motto is "Sharing hope, one smile at a time!". We believe that since these children have a very harsh reality day to day, a few moments of joy is a true blessing. With the help of the community, we strive to provide clothing, hats, gloves, and toys for each child especially during the holiday season. We find that through these donations, the families know they aren't forgotten. Since many will be going through a hard time this season and many have very little, we love sharing hope, one smile at a time through a much-needed item.
Thanks to this donation the children were all smiles and grins when they realized all these items were for them. Along with the Mega Blok, each backpack contained a coloring book, crayons, a hat, gloves, school items, some small toys and a ball. This donation gives them all a few minutes to just enjoy the holiday and feel special. After passing out some of the backpacks, we realized they were so excited for that one item, they did not think it was possible to receive more. We had to call them back to pass out presents, and you could feel the joy when we started passing out the bouncy balls to everyone. At first some of the 3-year-olds weren't sure about Santa, but eventually came around when he passed out the candy canes. Moms were holding back tears as the items continued to be given out to all the children. Thank you Good360 for helping us give back to the children and their families during the season of giving – their appreciation meant the world to our organization.


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Trump says he is planning a 'very substantial' middle class tax cut in next year
By Rachel Frazin
AM EDT
President Trump on Thursday said that he planned to announce a middle class tax cut in the next year.
"It will be a very substantial tax cut for middle income folks who work so hard," Trump said at a retreat with House Republicans in Baltimore.
He added that the tax cut would be "very, very inspirational" but did not provide additional details.
The comments come a day after the White House said that the president would not reduce capital gains taxes "at this time."
"President Trump was thoroughly briefed on the complex economic, legal and regulatory issues, and concluded that at this time he does not feel enough of the benefits will go to the middle class," White House spokesman Judd Deere said Wednesday.
The president has previously sent mixed messages on the issue.
He said last month that he was also looking into a temporary payroll tax cut.
Trump last month said in a tweet that he would approve a "major middle income tax cut" if Republicans keep the Senate and presidency and take back the House in next year's elections.
He also did not elaborate on this proposal, which came days after adviser Larry Kudlow said Thursday that the administration was looking at a "tax cuts 2.0" package for long-term improvement but not near-term cuts.
Ahead of last year's midterm elections, Trump suggested to reporters that his administration was working on a middle class tax cut. But lawmakers said they were unaware of such an effort, and no such bill ever came to fruition.
Any tax proposal from the White House would face an uphill battle in Congress with the Democratically controlled House.
Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) has indicated that she would be open to middle-class tax cuts, but only if they are offset by taxes on the wealthy, according to Bloomberg.
Labels: Donald Trump, Larry Kudlow, Middle Class, Nancy Pelosi, Rondoids, Tax Cuts, TAXES, Trump speech
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Happy Thursday! My two big boys headed back to college this week and are working their way through mid terms. Yesterday was Physiology and Anatomy 2 exam. YIKES!! I'm so glad it was them and not me!!!
Thank you for featuring my Time Management Tips post this week!
Happy Wednesday! Thanks for hosting every week!


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Khashoggi 'threatened' by Saudi official before death
Jamal Khashoggi felt threatened by people close to Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman before he was assassinated, said a close friend in his testimony to an Istanbul court on Nov. 24.
A second hearing of the trial was held in the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor's Office in the absence of 26 Saudi suspects, including two former aides of the powerful Saudi crown prince, involved in the Washington Post columnist's high-profile murder.
The 59-year-old journalist was strangled and dismembered inside the kingdom's Istanbul consulate on Oct. 2, 2018. He went inside to get the documents for his marriage to Turkish fiancée Hatice Cengiz.
Ayman Nour, an Egyptian political dissident and longtime friend of Khashoggi, told the court that the journalist had described to him of being personally threatened by the Saudi media czar.
"I had known Khashoggi for about 30 years. We had worked together with him on a magazine project in London. He told me that he was threatened by al-Qahtani and his family. al-Qahtani is close to the Saudi royal family," Nour said.
Noting that Khashoggi was living in Istanbul since 2015, Nour highlighted a meeting between Khashoggi and Crown Prince Mohammed.
"In 2016, Khashoggi told me that he was going to meet Mohammed. They quarreled about the next year's budget. At the end of the meeting, as Khashoggi told me, Bin Salman asked him, 'You are going to Istanbul so often. Why do you meet Ayman Nour?' Khashoggi did not respond to the question," Nour said.
"When Khashoggi came back to Turkey, he took a photo with me and posted on his social media account with a note, 'Ayman is my old friend.' This was his answer to Mohammed," Nour said, adding that Mohammed knew he did not like him.
"I have media investments in Turkey. In 2017, Khashoggi called me from the U.S. and told me that he wanted to make statements. It was weird. We asked for many interviews, but he turned them down. Then he called and criticized the Saudi administration harshly," Nour said in his testimony.
According to Nour, a week later, Khashoggi came to Istanbul and asked him not to broadcast that interview.
"I asked him, 'Why?' He said, 'al-Qahtani called and has threatened me.' He then started crying. I tried to calm him down," Nour said.
"He then gave a new interview saying the opposite of what he said previously," Nour added.
Nour also remarked on Khashoggi's visits to the Saudi consulate in Istanbul.
"He was going to marry his fiance, so he needed some papers. After his first visit to the consulate, he called me and said, 'They acted nice and respected me. Should we tyrannize them by criticizing so much?' One week later, he went to get the papers he needed. And that thing happened."
Turkish prosecutors in March accused Saud al-Qahtani, a former senior adviser to Mohammed, and Ahmad al-Asiri, Saudi Arabia's former deputy intelligence chief, with incitement to first-degree murder.
Further, some 18 Saudi nationals have been charged with premeditated murder. The prosecutors are seeking life sentences for all of the accused.
Khashoggi's fiancee Cengiz also attended the hearing, which has been adjourned to March 4, 2021.


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Provincial Reconstruction Team eller PRT är en form av team som sätts upp för att återuppbygga och stödja instabila stater och regioner. PRT:s har etablerats i Afghanistan sedan 2002 och i Irak sedan 2008. Teamen består av olika arbetsgrupper så som experter på statlig uppbyggnad, militärer och diplomater.

Grundtanke och historia
Grundtanken med PRT är baserad på ett civilt och militärt samarbete mellan olika organisationer och länder som tillsammans ska hjälpa ett land med att återuppbyggas och utvecklas. Teamen ska hjälpa länderna att bygga upp samhälle och utveckla dem på ett hållbart sätt genom att till exempel hjälpa till att bygga nya skolor och att bygga upp gamla skolor som skadats i krig. Ett PRT utbildar dock inte polisen utan detta sker genom den Task Force som har ansvaret för ett visst område. Respektive Task Force är även ansvarigt för att säkerheten är tillräcklig för att PRT i deras område kan verka

Problematik
Konstruktionen med PRT är inte alltid oomstridd, till exempel har den före detta presidenten Hamid Karzai uttalat sig om att PRT beter sig som ett eget parlament då teamen bygger upp skolor och vägar på eget initiativ för flera miljarder. Utöver det visar även konservativa folkgrupper och rörelser sitt missnöje genom att attackera teamen och deras anställda.

Referenser

Militära förband i USA

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Please do email or call for a quote on your breed of dog. Further costs may be incurred if the coat is very matted or the temperament of the dog requires extra time. The length of time between appointments will vary depending on breed and coat type. However we would usually recommend a groom every 4-8 weeks.


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39 Essex Chambers has a full complement of leading barristers with considerable experience of acting for clients and adjudicating disputes in the media and entertainment sectors. They have a deep knowledge and understanding of all the business needs and practicalities that are particular to media and entertainment and have appeared in many leading cases. We offer our clients an expert, multi-faceted and practically focused service.
Our members are experienced at appearing in all divisions of the High Court, all UK appellate courts, in Europe, in arbitrations, and before professional, regulatory and disciplinary tribunals, as well as advising on media issues and appearing in disputes in foreign jurisdictions (including the BVI, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore). They are able to integrate their expertise with other aspects of the broad range of services that Chambers provides to a wide spectrum of clients, for example by advising public sector clients on media issues and commercial clients on privacy and confidentiality issues, including in relation to pre-publication injunctions, disclosure obligations and the availability of protections which are compatible with the principle of open justice.
They write articles and give talks on aspects of media law, with a current focus on issues relating to the internet.
39 Essex Chambers' barristers advise and represent household name individuals, media organisations, and representative bodies, including performers, authors, managers, and record and film companies.
Our barristers have extensive experience of advising on all aspects of the regulation of the sector, including drafting representations to OFCOM, and are renowned for their knowledge of the regulation of cross-border broadcasting within the EU (having advised broadcasting organisations in Eire, Sweden, Luxembourg and the UK in that context).
Niki Merison is the Senior Practice Manager for the Media & Entertainment team and will, along with the clerking team below, be able to help you with any questions.


Overall, August was a good month and sales of detached and attached homes were up compared to August of 2010. However, it's the year-to-date numbers that tell the real story.
Compared to 2010, our year-to-date volume is down by 8.9% for condos and 1.9% for detached homes, and values have also slipped. The median price for an attached home in August was $208,000 which is down significantly from a year ago when it was $220,500. Detached homes have done slightly better, but the median price of $370,000 is nearly 4% down from $385,000 last year.
The year-to-date median price for a detached home in Cardiff by The Sea is $892,500, up from $825,000 a year ago. Carmel Valley is also doing well with a median price of $915,500 up from $905,000. And there has been little change in either Del Mar or La Jolla over the last year…both are holding steady at a bit over $1.3 million.
For most of the rest of the county however, home values have dropped. We especially see this in areas that were new in 2005-2006. Many of the homes purchased at the top of the market have now become foreclosures or short sales which tend to pull down the overall values in any neighborhood.
If you have questions about a specific area, just give me a call.
San Diego Short Sales: The Real Numbers?
There has been little change in the number of short sales that have closed escrow this year as compared to the same period last year.
The number of short sale listings that did NOT sell in the same period is much higher than I believe most people would expect.
This means that roughly half of all short sale listings this year did not become successful sales transactions. So what happened to these homes and their owners? We can hope that some of them received permanent loan modifications or in some manner managed to reinstate their loans and keep their homes. But it is likely that the majority became foreclosure statistics.
And why does the short sale listing failure rate seem to have increased this year over last? Is it just because there were more attempted? Are the bank requirements becoming more stringent? Are there more inexperienced agents trying to handle the negotiations?
The answer is probably, "All of the above." But whatever the reason, don't let your short sale become one of the failed statistics. Make sure that you work with an experienced short sale Realtor who will pre-qualify you and your home and knowledgably guide your negotiations to a successful conclusion.
New Foreclosure Stats: What do They Really Mean?
May got off to an interesting start with the release of several foreclosure reports that frankly, seem a bit contradictory. There was good news. There was bad news. And I'm not quite sure analysts have a handle on what it all really means to the housing market.
Let's start with the good news: Mortgage delinquencies are down. According to data from Lender Processing Services (LPS), delinquencies are down by 20% compared to this time last year. At the end of March there were 6,333,040 loans nationwide that were past due or in foreclosure. Sounds like a lot, but that is the lowest level since 2008. The report would seem to indicate that modifications are helping as 23% of loans that were 90 days past due a year ago are current today.
Now here is where it gets confusing. The same report showed that at the end of March foreclosure inventory was at an all time high – 2.2 million loans. This inventory represents loans that have been referred to a foreclosure attorney but have not yet reached foreclosure sale. The number of new foreclosure actions was 270,681 in March which is a 33% increase over the previous month. So foreclosures are up but delinquencies are down?
Another piece of bad news was delivered in a HUD report detailing sales of FHA foreclosed homes. HUD manages the disposition of homes that had FHA loans that were repossessed. At the end of February there were 68,801 homes in the HUD inventory. That is a 50% increase over the previous year. The monthly sale of HUD homes has dropped from ahigh pointof 8,893 last June to a low of just 2,632 in January. Thus new foreclosures are entering the market at an increased rate while sales have significantly stalled.
One factor not considered in the LPS report was the increase in the number of short sales over the last year. In addition to loan modifications, which have not been very effective, short sales are presumably impacting the decreased delinquency rate as more homeowners are opting to sell short earlier in the delinquency cycle versus riding out the foreclosure timeline. If you are a homeowner that owes more than your home is worth and are struggling to make your payments, the bright spot on the horizon might just be a short sale should a loan modification not provide the relief you need.
For the real estate industry overall, this jumble of numbers would seem to indicate that we're still a long way from recovery. With foreclosures increasing and sales decreasing, a bloated inventory of homes on the market will likely keep prices fairly stagnant in most markets.
I'm almost feeling like we can breathe again. We're not out of the woods, but here in San Diego, we're headed in the right direction. And surprisingly, the next generation of home buyers is not running screaming into the night frightened by the plague of foreclosures, but rather embraces the idea of one day owning a home. Check the numbers. What do you think?
According to a January 2011 Harris poll conducted on behalf of Trulia, the American Dream of home ownership is alive and well. 70% of those surveyed say that home ownership is still part of their dream, and 78% of homeowners surveyed say that their home is the best investment they ever made. Well, those are probably folks who didn't buy in 2004-2006. Buyers during those years are probably the 20% who feel trapped in an underwater equity home or the 14% who are considering just walking away. Like I said, we're not out of the woods.
But what I found very refreshing is that 88% of 18-34 year olds aspire to be homeowners, and overall in the west 70% of renters plan to become homeowners. In my estimation, this group will drive the long-term recovery, and drive the next real estate bump in value. Only 10% plan on buying in the next 24 months, but they will help prime the pump. By 2015 we could be in the midst of the next upswing.
So when to buy? Consult with your accountants and money managers, but my bet is now….just as we turn the corner and start to head up.
In an underwhelming report issued this week by Field Asset Services, the company revealed that people would rather buy a foreclosure that has new paint, carpet and appliances than a foreclosed home that has not been spruced-up. Really?
Field Asset Services is a Texas based company that provides cleaning and rehab services to banks and companies holding REO properties. In an independent study during the first half of 2010, 17,252 properties were tracked across 13 states. The homes that were not rehabilitated were on the market for an average of 222 days while those that were rehabbed sold in 69 days.
The benefits are obvious. Not only do banks cut their expenses associated with holding a property but neighborhood values are also improved by reducing the number of vacant homes. It is also more likely that the home will be sold for more and bought by someone who is going to live in it versus an investor looking for a flip. Everyone wins.
So at a cost of only $4000 – $8000 for the average rehab, why aren't more banks willing to put some lipstick on the pig? I wish I knew the answer to that one! I was assigned a foreclosure listing back in September. In early December, the bank finally got around to asking me for quotes to rehab the place. I supplied 2 quotes at roughly $4200 each…..and I'm still waiting. They won't let me list the condo in the MLS, and won't let me sell it to an investor…..because they're still trying to decide if fixing the place is worth it! Crazy! And people wonder why there is a glut of REOs on the market? I say slap on the make-up and get 'em movin'!
Once again, Santa forgot to bring me a crystal ball. So this look into the future of the housing market is based on trends from the past year, projections from those that crunch the numbers, and my gut feelings based on life in the real estate trenches.
Foreclosures continued to be the top story in 2010 with robo-signing and questionable practices making headlines. In 2011 so-called shadow inventory will be making news as it grows and clogs the pipeline. This includes borrowers that are 90 days or more delinquent, homes in foreclosure, and bank-owned properties not yet on the market. S & P estimates that it will take 41 months to clear the backlog, continuing to slow the recovery.
Short sales will increase as the government and lenders try to stem the deluge of foreclosures that add to the shadow inventory. Right now about 35% of defaults end in a cure or short sale. I see that number growing as banks and the government iron out the problems with HAFA (Home Affordable Foreclosure Alternatives), and the processing of short sales is streamlined.
Loan modifications will continue to be largely unsuccessful. There is some hope for small improvement in the numbers if the FHA principal reduction program can be expanded.
Mortgage interest rates jumped this last month, but are gradually heading down. Frank Nothaft, chief economist for Freddie Mac foresees rates staying below 5.00% throughout the year. Let's hope he's right.
Home sales will increase, especially for first-time buyers, provided interest rates remain low and the economy continues to improve. If unemployment continues to decrease and incomes increase we should see an increase in home sales over 2010 by the 2nd half of the New Year.
Home values throughout most of the country will reach the bottom by mid-year and many areas, such as San Diego County will see modest gains of 2.00 – 4.00%. The exception continues to be the luxury home market where home prices in locations such as La Jolla and Rancho Santa Fe will continue to decline.
My advice? If you own a home and are not terribly upside-down, hang tight. Looking to buy? Do it now! This is a great time to purchase your first home or pick-up an investment property. Struggling with your payments? Let's explore your options, before it's too late. Overall, I'm cautiously optimistic.


When you come to a Catholic hospital, in what ways do you expect the care you receive to be different from the care provided at a non-Catholic hospital?
Director of Mission at St John of God Murdoch Hospital Colin Keogh says that it is not with the clinical delivery of health care that the difference lays.
"Of course, people expect a high standard of professional medical care – that all the doctors and nurses are going to do what they are trained to do," Mr Keogh says.
It's the hope that when you are alone in your hospital bed, feeling frightened, alone and unsure, that there will be a person, or a team of people, who will care for every aspect of your being, not just as a patient in bed 12.
"Catholic Health care delivers person-centred care that meets not only physical needs, but emotional and spiritual needs; respecting the dignity of each and every person," Mr Keogh says.
When sharing his experience of a stay at a Catholic hospital, the late Bishop Michael Putney (1946 – 2014) talked about his expectation that staff would "walk the extra yard" to help him recover from illness.
"Because it was a Catholic hospital and therefore a work of the Church, and therefore in some way carrying on the work of Christ…it owed it to Him and not just to the patient, in justice, to deliver what it said it would," Bishop Putney said.
"(To provide) that exquisite kind of respect and care, which in simple terms is called love. "People will care about you, not just for you." Bishop Putney also spoke of the importance of providing people with the space they need to quietly reflect on their lives.
He acknowledged the challenges in doing so but felt a Catholic facility had the capacity to create moments of tranquillity and an atmosphere of peace and calm.
Catholic health care organisations are committed to enabling all people to flourish and live full and rich lives. Social outreach programs reach those in the community in need who might not have access to health care services.
"We strive to connect with people at all stages of life, at birth and death, and all stages in between; at times of joy and most particularly, times of suffering," Mr Keogh says.
There is a difference in the genuine smile, the welcome that is open to you, the eyes that see the anxiety, the hand that gently touches and heals, the ear that really listens and the attention that hears the emotional need. These connections, which happen instantly, are motivated by the desire to be a better care-giver. It is that generosity of spirit that lights up a room for the patient.