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Neurodegeneration
Circuit Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases View all Articles
Smita Saxena
University of Bern, Switzerland
Roland Brandt
University of Osnabrück, Germany
Cintia Roodveldt
Andalusian Center of Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Spain
A Brief History of the Miniscope
In Vivo Deep Brain Imaging in Freely Moving Animals
Longitudinal Tracking of Individual Cells to Study Ndds
Imaging Specific Cellular Subtypes to Study Ndds
New Frontiers in Miniscope Imaging
Mini Review ARTICLE
Front. Neurosci., 31 October 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.01174
Circuit Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A New Frontier With Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy
Craig T. Werner1*, Christopher J. Williams2, Mercedes R. Fermelia2, Da-Ting Lin1,3 and Yun Li2*
1Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
2Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
3The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are devastating age-associated brain disorders. Significant efforts have been made to uncover the molecular and cellular pathogenic mechanisms that underlie NDDs. However, our understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms that mediate NDDs and associated symptomatic features have been hindered by technological limitations. Our inability to identify and track individual neurons longitudinally in subcortical brain regions that are preferentially targeted in NDDs has left gaping holes in our knowledge of NDDs. Recent development and advancement of the miniature fluorescence microscope (miniscope) has opened up new avenues for examining spatially and temporally coordinated activity from hundreds of cells in deep brain structures in freely moving rodents. In the present mini-review, we examine the capabilities of current and future miniscope tools and discuss the innovative applications of miniscope imaging techniques that can push the boundaries of our understanding of neural circuit mechanisms of NDDs into new territories.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), are prevalent and incredibly devastating diseases, with an estimated 6 million people affected by NDDs in the United States alone. A common risk factor for most NDDs is advancing age, and with a globally growing elderly population, the number of cases is expected to increase rapidly worldwide in the coming years. Substantial efforts have been undertaken to study NDDs, which have led to fundamental insights into these diseases. Still, the neurobiology that underlies NDDs is not well understood. With limited knowledge, therapeutic interventions have been developed to delay deterioration and provide temporary relief of symptoms, but there remains a tremendous need to improve treatments.
Although NDDs uniquely affect specific neuronal subpopulations, the accumulation of distinct protein-based macroscopic deposits that cause neuronal loss is a common hallmark of NDDs. In parallel with progressive neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, altered calcium homeostasis, aberrant neural activity, abnormal neuronal plasticity, and impairment in large-scale neural circuits are well-documented features of many NDDs (Palop and Mucke, 2016; Frere and Slutsky, 2018; Pchitskaya et al., 2018; Jackson et al., 2019). The interdependence between abnormal protein depositions, neuronal loss, and dysfunctional neural networks remains to be determined. Nevertheless, growing evidence suggests that many neurological deficits in NDDs may reflect functional impairment in neural circuits rather than neuronal loss (Palop et al., 2006; Seeley et al., 2009), suggesting that targeting reversible neural circuits holds therapeutic potential and deserves substantial consideration (Laxton et al., 2010; Bakker et al., 2012; Canter et al., 2016).
Due to technical challenges in performing longitudinal studies on individual neurons in large-scale populations from subcortical brain regions in freely moving animals, our current understanding of the neural circuit mechanisms that underlie NDDs and associated symptoms remains limited. In the present mini-review, we focus on the potential of the miniature fluorescence microscope (miniscope), a recently developed in vivo calcium imaging technology (Figure 1; Aharoni and Hoogland, 2019), to provide new insights into dysfunctional neural circuits that contribute to the pathogeneses of NDDs. We first discuss a brief history of the miniscope, and then describe specific capabilities of the miniscope with potential applications to study microcircuit dysfunction in models of NDDs.
Figure 1. The miniscope. (A) Basic components of miniScope and GRIN lens system. (B) Schematic for a mounted miniScope with the GRIN lens aimed at GECI-labeled cells in a deep brain structure. GRIN, gradient index lens; GECI, genetically encoded calcium indicator.
The observation of in vivo calcium transients using microscopy would not be possible without calcium indicators (Grienberger and Konnerth, 2012). Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs; Miyawaki et al., 1997), and GCaMP-family GECIs in particular (Nakai et al., 2001; Tian et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2013), have proved to be incredibly important tools, and have played important roles in defining what can be achieved with calcium imaging. Ongoing advancements in calcium sensors continue to push beyond current limitations, and with activity sensors also moving beyond calcium, voltage, neurotransmitter, and ion sensors will help to shape a very different future for fluorescence microscopy (Table 1; Lin and Schnitzer, 2016; Deo and Lavis, 2018).
Table 1. Selected genetically encoded indicators.
Coinciding with advancements in fluorescent activity reporters has been progress in imaging instrumentation. Since the development of two-photon microscopy (Denk et al., 1990), studies examining calcium activity have increased dramatically. Imaging cortical activity through cranial windows in head-fixed animals using a variety of behaviors has provided many new insights into the neuronal encoding of behavior (Yang et al., 2009; Komiyama et al., 2010), and the emergence of Gradient Index (GRIN) lenses, which relay images from one end to the other to provide an optical interface to the brain, has allowed for endoscopic imaging of deep brain regions (Barretto et al., 2009; Yang et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2019). Examination of neuronal activity during behavior in freely moving animals was then made possible by the development of fiber-optic based microscopes (Helmchen et al., 2001, 2013; Flusberg et al., 2008; Sawinski et al., 2009) and miniature fluorescence microscopes with two-photon (Helmchen et al., 2001; Sawinski et al., 2009; Liang et al., 2017; Zong et al., 2017) or epifluorescent light sources (Ghosh et al., 2011).
The first miniscope was developed by Ghosh et al. (2011), which included a number of unique features. The miniscope was head-mounted with fluorescence excitation and detection onboard rather than away from the microscope, and also bypassed cost limitations of table-top setups by using commercially available and inexpensive technologies. The miniscope offers many unique advantages, including the ability to perform recordings that are cell-type specific, large-scale (hundreds of cells can be recorded), and longitudinal in nature [cells can be recorded for months (Zhang et al., 2019)]. These features provide a unique tool to study NDDs, as the miniscope can image cells in microcircuits during the development of NDD-like pathophysiology and behavior in animal models.
Many behavioral manifestations of NDDs have been modeled in animals (Gitler et al., 2017), and understanding the microcircuitry that encodes disease-related aberrant behaviors could provide essential insights into the neurobiology underlying NDDs. However, observing neuronal activity during behaviors in freely moving animals has been technically challenging. Two-photon imaging using table-top setup approaches requires head fixation, which limits the usability to certain behavioral assays. Moreover, differences in neural activity have been reported in head-fixed animals compared to freely moving animals, suggesting that head-restrained and natural conditions have different neural correlates (Ravassard et al., 2013; Aghajan et al., 2015). Various instruments have been developed to examine neuronal activity during behavior in freely moving animals (Helmchen et al., 2001, 2013; Flusberg et al., 2008; Sawinski et al., 2009; Liang et al., 2017; Zong et al., 2017), but the miniscope offers a unique option that is accessible, compact, and affordable (Figure 1 and Table 2; Aharoni and Hoogland, 2019).
Table 2. Open-source miniscopes.
An additional technical challenge is accessing deep brain structures that are preferentially affected in many NDDs. Until recently, the ability of fluorescence microscopy to monitor neuron activity at subcellular resolution has been limited to superficial depths of ∼1 mm (Mittmann et al., 2011). This is due to light scattering that occurs in tissue (Ji, 2014), as well as tissue damage and inflammatory responses that occurs when removing overlaying tissue to provide optical access to a structure of interest. Imaging neurons in deeper brain structures is more practical with endoscopic techniques, which include insertion of lenses into the brain. The use of smaller-diameter GRIN lenses can reduce tissue damage (Bocarsly et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2019) and minimize the effect on behavior (Lee et al., 2016), which can be further improved with the use of robotic surgical instruments (Liang et al., 2019).
Aging is a leading risk factor for many NDDs. While each NDD demonstrates unique spatiotemporal patterns of degeneration, the often-slow advancement of these diseases provides a similarly distinct challenge for researchers to study. A major cause of age-related degeneration is the accumulation of disease-specific misfolded proteins that lead to progressive loss of neuronal function (Hung et al., 2010; Chiti and Dobson, 2017). However, changes in patterned neural and circuit activity have also been observed in most NDDs and are believed to contribute to the onset and progression of disease states (Palop et al., 2006; Seeley et al., 2009).
Hyperexcitability in Early Stage of NDDs
Hyperexcitability has been observed in a number of NDDs. Cortical and peripheral hyperexcitability has been well-documented in clinical studies of ALS patients (Mills and Nithi, 1997; Vucic and Kiernan, 2006; Vucic et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2013; Menon et al., 2015), and is among the earliest pathologies identified in ALS patients (Bae et al., 2013) and during early stages of ALS-like pathology in rodent models (van Zundert et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2016; Marcuzzo et al., 2019). Therefore, it is presumed that neuronal hyperexcitability is an important factor that leads to neuronal loss in ALS. In AD, although hypoactivity is a key feature of late stages of the disease (Braak and Braak, 1991; Nestor et al., 2003), paradoxical hyperactivity has been observed in multiple brain regions of AD patients during pre-symptomatic stages (Sperling, 2007; Dickerson and Sperling, 2008; Miller et al., 2008; Pihlajamaki et al., 2009; Yassa et al., 2010). Furthermore, chronic aberrant increases in excitatory neuronal activity have been detected in the hippocampal and cortical regions in AD mouse models (Palop et al., 2007; Busche et al., 2008), and increasing neural activity has been demonstrated to directly promote the production and secretion of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide (Cirrito et al., 2005, 2008; Bero et al., 2011), whose excessive accumulation appears to play a causal role in AD (Stargardt et al., 2015). However, how hyperexcitable neurons encode behavior and contribute to disease progression remains unknown.
Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Hyperactivity
Targeting hyperactivity in mouse models of AD and ALS has been demonstrated to improve signatures of neural injury (Sanchez et al., 2012; Yuan and Grutzendler, 2016; Zhang et al., 2016; Haberman et al., 2017), and, importantly, clinical trials aiming to reduce hippocampal hyperactivity showed positive effects in patients with amnestic cognitive impairment (Bakker et al., 2012). The most widely prescribed drug for ALS, riluzole, reduces excitatory synaptic activity in the brain (Doble, 1996), and memantine, a therapeutic drug approved for use in late-stage AD, functions as a NMDA receptor antagonist to counteract hyperactive glutamatergic circuits (Zhu et al., 2013). But still, there remains a need to determine how these drugs affect neuronal activity to provide therapeutic relief to disease-related behavioral symptoms. Examining the activity of individual neurons across time could provide insights into how microcircuits encode pathophysiological behaviors as diseases advance. The miniscope is able to track individual neurons for several months during behaviors in freely moving animals (Liang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019), providing an opportunity to examine how changes in activity in individual neurons within a microcircuit across long periods of time affect behavior.
Each NDD has a signature pattern of degeneration progression. Particular circuits are vulnerable, and specific subtypes of cells within circuit-associated brain regions are targeted. In combination with transgenic rodent lines and/or cell-type specific and inducible promotors for vectors in gene therapy, specific neuron subtypes, and other cell-types in the brain can be imaged with the miniscope. This capability provides exciting opportunities for new insights into how neuronal subtypes encode pathology-related behaviors in models of NDDs.
Imaging Dopaminergic, Cholinergic, and Medium Spiny Neurons
The manifestation of PD symptoms is believed to be the cause of dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that leads to an imbalance in basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways (McGregor and Nelson, 2019). Studies with parkinsonian rodents have linked activity changes to discrete neuronal populations with potentially distinct contributions to and/or alleviation of parkinsonian motor symptoms (Mallet et al., 2016; Parker et al., 2018; Ryan et al., 2018; Sagot et al., 2018). Using transgenic Cre-driver mouse lines and a commercial miniscope, Parker et al. (2018) reported that medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the direct and indirect pathways displayed bidirectional changes in firing rate in parkinsonian mice. Firing rates in MSNs, along with behavioral abnormalities, were reversed by administration of L-DOPA or a dopamine receptor D2 receptor agonist (Parker et al., 2018). While this study demonstrated some of the capabilities of miniscope imaging, numerous questions still remain related to firing rate, pattern, and synchronization of neurons in the SNc and other brain regions that are believed to contribute to PD pathology.
Selective vulnerability of MSNs in the basal ganglia is a characteristic of HD (Ross and Tabrizi, 2011). MSNs are unique in that they not only receive dopaminergic input from the midbrain but also glutamatergic input from the cortex and other brain regions. Direct imaging of MSN activity in the basal ganglia would provide useful clues to determine intrinsic properties of MSNs that may lead to vulnerability in HD.
Neuromodulatory system dysfunction has been linked to a number of NDDs, but how specific neuromodulatory systems encode behavior in models of NDD has yet to be examined. Selective loss of cholinergic neurons have been observed in postmortem brains of AD patients (Whitehouse et al., 1981; Mesulam et al., 2004), and reductions in cholinergic markers are strongly correlated with cognitive decline in PD patients (Perry et al., 1985). Importantly, clinical studies support beneficial effects of cholinesterase inhibitor treatment in both PD and AD patients (Emre et al., 2004; Zhu et al., 2013), suggesting a need to better understand how cholinergic neuron dysfunction contributes to symptoms in PD, AD, and other NDDs.
Imaging Specific Inhibitory Interneurons
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a central role in regulating neuronal excitability and maintaining balanced network activity, and inhibitory interneuron abnormalities also contribute to a number of NDDs. Inhibitory interneuron dysfunction has been suggested to contribute to network hypersynchrony (Palop and Mucke, 2016) that underlies frequent epileptic activity that occurs in AD patients (Vossel et al., 2016, 2017), as deficits in inhibitory interneurons result in impaired oscillatory rhythm and network hyperactivity in AD mouse models (Baglietto-Vargas et al., 2010; Villette et al., 2010; Verret et al., 2012; Hamm et al., 2017). In addition, reductions of subpopulations of inhibitory interneurons have been described in AD mouse models and postmortem brains of AD patients (Ramos et al., 2006; Takahashi et al., 2010; Albuquerque et al., 2015; Mahar et al., 2016). Dysfunctional interneurons have also been linked to upper motor neuron hyperexcitability in an ALS/FTD model (Zhang et al., 2016). Imbalance of excitation-to-inhibition (E/I) due to interneuron impairment has been suggested to be a potential common driver for AD and ALS, as well as other NDDs (Do-Ha et al., 2018; Ambrad Giovannetti and Fuhrmann, 2019). Studies on inhibitory interneurons using miniscope imaging in NDD models could shed light on this theory and provide information on inhibitory interneurons in NDD pathogenesis.
Imaging Specific Glial Cells
A variety of glial cells have complex reciprocal interactions with neurons to support their functions and are active participants in neural circuit refinement (Paolicelli et al., 2011; Schafer et al., 2012; Risher et al., 2014; Tani et al., 2014). For instance, subsets of astrocytes in the basal ganglia release glutamate to selectively activate homotypic synapses to regulate neural networks (Martin et al., 2015). Dysfunctional glial cells contribute to the disease progression in both HD and ALS through non-cell-autonomous toxicity (Yamanaka et al., 2008; Haidet-Phillips et al., 2011; Creus-Muncunill and Ehrlich, 2019). Neuroinflammation that results from chronic activation of immune responses are often mediated by microglia and occur in susceptible regions, and are believed to contribute to age-related degeneration (McGeer and McGeer, 2004; Cappellano et al., 2013). Microglial activation and reactive astrogliosis are observed in many NDDs, and reactive astrocytes lose many normal functions and gain new abnormal functions. Synapse elimination by microglial and astrocytes may contribute to the loss of presynaptic terminals and dendritic spines (Chung et al., 2015; Henstridge et al., 2019), one of the earliest features associated with cognitive impairment in many NDDs (Terry et al., 1991; Scheff et al., 2006). Glial cells may selectively remove excitatory or inhibitory synapses to compensate for disease-associated changes at specific brain regions (Hong et al., 2016; Aono et al., 2017; Paolicelli et al., 2017), or may act as a primary driver for the E/I imbalance by directly inducing excessive synaptic pruning (Serrano-Pozo et al., 2013; Rodriguez et al., 2014). Studying glial activity though miniscope calcium imaging might provide useful information on the mechanism of how glial dysfunctions contribute to NDDs.
The current generation of miniscopes offers many exciting possibilities for the study of NDDs. Innovation of the miniscope has been dramatically accelerated by open-source sharing of miniscope projects (Table 2; Aharoni and Hoogland, 2019), with functional improvements that hold the promise of new frontiers. The next generation of miniscopes and fluorescence sensors boast capabilities to distinguish two neuron subtypes simultaneously, manipulate cellular activity while imaging, image cellular events with non-calcium indicators, and record electrical properties (Deo and Lavis, 2018; Aharoni and Hoogland, 2019).
GECIs With Spectrally Separable Wavelengths
In the case of NDDs, it would be advantageous to simultaneously image a preferentially affected cell-type population, as those described above, while also imaging surrounding cell-types. This would provide information to understand how dysfunction of a vulnerable cellular population not only affects behavior, but also the other cells in the local microcircuit. Development of GECIs (Table 1) with spectrally separable wavelengths (Chen et al., 2013; Dana et al., 2016; Inoue et al., 2019) provide potential to examine the concomitance of two distinct neuronal populations correlated to specific behaviors, which can be accomplished a number of ways, including using a Cre-On/Cre-off approach (Saunders et al., 2012).
GECIs with distinct wavelengths also provide an opportunity to concurrently image and manipulate neural activity. Miniscope imaging offers correlational insight into neural activity that encodes behavior, but manipulating neural activity concurrently with imaging can offer insight into causal roles of cell populations within microcircuits (Stamatakis et al., 2018). This task can be achieved by using light-driven channels that have minimal overlapping spectra with a fluorescent activity sensor. One could also model dysregulated neuronal firing observed in NDDs with optogenetics while recording surrounding neuron activity during behavior.
Non-calcium Fluorescence Activity Sensors
Fluorescence imaging has focused primarily on measuring intracellular calcium transients. However, florescent sensors for dopamine transients (Patriarchi et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2018), glutamate transients (Marvin et al., 2013, 2018), intracellular potassium ion concentration (Shen et al., 2019) and voltage signals (Lin and Schnitzer, 2016; Deo and Lavis, 2018), among others, have been developed for imaging (Table 1), with more to come. Many NDDs feature a variety of aberrant signaling, including dysfunction of dopamine and glutamate (Heath and Shaw, 2002; Hynd et al., 2004; Lewerenz and Maher, 2015; Schwab et al., 2015; Poewe et al., 2017), which provides an abundance of opportunities to study NDDs with these cutting-edge sensors. For example, dopamine sensors could be used to image dopamine transients in the SNc during progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons.
Extensive evidence suggests that many NDDs may be characterized by alterations in single-cell firing patterns and dyssynchronization between circuit nodes. Electrophysiological techniques currently offer unparalleled temporal resolution, but are unable to record spatiotemporal dynamics of action potential activity in ensembles with single-neuron resolution (Henze et al., 2000; Obien et al., 2014). Fluorescence imaging infers neural activity with high sensitivity but is traditionally unable to accurately resolve individual action potentials during high frequency firing due to slow decays. Engineering of voltage-responsive fluorophores is advancing rapidly with hopes of providing fluorescence responses that can greatly improve temporal resolution (Deo and Lavis, 2018; Quicke et al., 2019).
Capable of performing cell-type specific recordings on large-scale populations longitudinally, the miniscope offers opportunities to ask new and exciting questions in NDDs. Studies utilizing miniscope imaging are increasing rapidly across disciplines of neuroscience but are not commonly being used in NDD models. It is our hope that this mini-review, while by no means exhaustive, brings attention to the powerful capabilities of miniscope imaging, and offers a glimpse into potential questions that could be answered with miniscope experiments in studies of NDDs.
CTW, CJW, MF, D-TL, and YL contributed to the preparation of the manuscript. CTW, D-TL, and YL wrote and edited the manuscript.
This research was supported by grants from NIH NIDA IRP, COBRE NIGMS (grant no. 5P20GM121310-03), and NINDS (grant nos. 1R61NS115161-01 and 1UG3NS115608-01).
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Keywords: neurodegenerative disorders, miniature fluorescence microscopy, miniscope, in vivo calcium imaging, deep brain imaging, longitudinal recording
Citation: Werner CT, Williams CJ, Fermelia MR, Lin D-T and Li Y (2019) Circuit Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A New Frontier With Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy. Front. Neurosci. 13:1174. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01174
Received: 28 August 2019; Accepted: 17 October 2019;
Published: 31 October 2019.
Smita Saxena, University of Bern, Switzerland
Cintia Roodveldt, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Spain
Roland Brandt, Osnabrück University, Germany
Copyright © 2019 Werner, Williams, Fermelia, Lin and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Craig T. Werner, craig.werner@nih.gov; Yun Li, yli30@uwyo.edu


Bellow is a link to a thread on my home site, MNSBR (Minnesota Sport Bike Riders) posted with the permission of its author. There is a fair amount of info on the interweb about this bike project but what I find fascinating is the back story covered here, surrounding this project and the people involved with it. This was the collaboration of several like minded individuals, fellow gear heads and very talented garage/race/mechanical wizzards. This project was conceived of, created and developement begun at our home track, Brainerd International Raceway by my predecessors. Folks I admire for their skill as racers, talents as engineers and perseverance as craftsman. Home of the Central Roadracing Association and the fastest turn in North America.
I have posted this in honor of all those who undertake these projects. P.ease take some time to peruse the thread and check out the links, videos and pics.
Thank you to those on this forum that share this desire to learn and create and tackle challenges as they arise, you know who you are.
Many similarities to John Brittens story and his awesome creation.
I'll dig deeper into the story when I have more time, I saw this 5 minutes ago and it pulled me in. I unfortunately have other things to attend to right now. I followed it so I can come back and divulge more.
wish I had a smidgen of these guys talent.
Wow, I swear I could smell the oily two-stroke exhaust, as I was watching the video. Crazy machine--just nuts--I love it.


Maria Alice Mortagua, 60, passed away peacefully at her home on Saturday, March 16, 2019 with her loving family by her side. She was born in Murtosa, Portugal and came to the US in1978, and resided in the Ironbound Section of Newark.
Maria Alice was a housewife and loved raising her family and caring for her home.
Beloved wife of Vasco Fernandes Mortagua; devoted and loving mother of Danny and his wife Diana, and Jennifer Mortagua; loving grandmother of Dilanny Paige Mortagua; sister of Francisco Jose De Oliveira and his wife Creuza, Avelino Jose De Oliveira and his wife Ana Maria, Antonio Jose Oliveira and his wife Maria De Fatima, Maria Das Flores Vigario and her husband Domingos Jose, Rosa Das Flores Tavares and her husband Carlos, Jose Maria De Oliveira and his wife Nidia, and Armando Jose De Oliveira and his wife Julia; also urvived by many nieces and nephews.
The Funeral for Maria Alice will be on Tuesday, March 19, 2019 at 8:30 am at the Buyus Funeral Home 426 Lafayette St., at Wilson Ave., Newark, NJ 07105. Thence to Church of the Epiphany, 207 Adams St., Newark, where at 9:30 am the Funeral Mass will be offered. Entombment Holy Cross Chapel Mausoleum North Arlington, NJ. Relatives and friends are welcome to attend.
Visitation for Maria Alice will be held on Monday, March 18th, from 5 - 8 pm.
In lieu of flowers, donations to the V Foundation (Jimmy V. Cancer Foundation) www.jimmyv.org would be graciously appreciated.
To send flowers or a remembrance gift to the family of Maria Alice Mortagua, please visit our Tribute Store.
"Email Address" would like to share the life celebration of Maria Alice Mortagua. Click on the "link" to go to share a favorite memory or leave a condolence message for the family.


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text:
Church (or Ecclesiastical) Government
MANY FREE REFORMATION AND PURITAN RESOURCES (Books, MP3s, Debates and Articles)
"This collection of 62 CDs is a truly astounding accomplishment. There is nothing like this available to the ordinary Christian on the whole face of the earth. Now, for the first time ever, ordinary Christians can have direct and near effortless access to the very cream of Puritan and Reformed, as well as Covenanter, literature... What they used to say of the Puritan John Flavel's preaching, can be said of these CDs: they are 'hissing hot'! ... more" (emphases added). The much superior PURITAN HARD DRIVE has replaced the CDs in the previous comment.
- Dr Jonathan D. Moore, Cambridge, UK.
(Scholar of 16th and 17th century Calvinistic literature.)
The Covenanted Reformation Defended Against Contemporary Schismatics by Greg Barrow (Greg Price, Dr. Reg Barrow and Larry Birger) A modern classic defending divine right Presbyterianism, the attainments of the second Reformation, the Westminster standards and the Solemn League and Covenant! This book, of over 300 [8.5" X 11"] pages, is also offered as a cerlox bound photocopy [$14.98 US funds] or a Hardcover photocopy [$25.00 US funds].)
Biblical Church Government by Kevin Reed (Covers the basic principles of Presbyterian church government: (1.) scriptural church officers, (2.) church courts, (3.) confessional standards, and (4.) church membership. Second (expanded) edition. "This is the best short statement [of Presbyterian principles of church government] we have ever seen," noted the Banner of Truth magazine.)
Divine Right of Church Government by Sundry Ministers Of Christ Within The City Of London (offsite)
FREE BOOK at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13941
An Assertion of the Government of the Church of Scotland by George Gillespie
The Visible Church: Essence Versus Lawful Form by Larry Birger, Jr. (Discusses Calvin's and the Westminster Confession's view of the visible church, exhibiting the vital distinction between that which is necessary to the being of the visible church and that which is necessary for the well-being of the visible church. Clearly exposes the erroneous notion that the government of the church equals the church. Calvin listed this as a fundamental difference between Protestants and Papists, indicating that the multitude of churches in our current apostasy are (as to their form or constitution) daughters of the Roman Catholic whore (Rev. 17:5). Because they have not followed in the footsteps of the flock (Song 1:8), but instead are walking in the adulterous ways of their (constitutional) mother, these churches are schismatic. Birger concludes with 13 Scripture commands to separate from such denominations who themselves have separated from the company of the faithful.)
International Covenanted Reformation or Schism? (A Reply to Doug Wilson) by Dr. Reg Barrow
Apostolic Presbyterianism by William Cunningham and Dr. Reg Barrow (Shows from Scripture how the Apostles practiced the divine right of Presbyterianism)
Proof That the Church is Often Obscured by Francis Turretin (Proves from Scripture that, throughout much of history, the church [visible and constitutional], is often found only in a very small remnant.)
Communion Catechism (1592) by John Craig "John Craig (1512-1600) was a Scottish reformer. Previously a Dominican Friar, Craig was converted to the Protestant Faith. The Roman Inquisition condemned Craig to death, yet he escaped and returned to Scotland. In 1560, Craig became co-pastor with John Knox in Edinburgh. Later, Craig became a chaplain to James VI. At the direction of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Craig composed this catechism, which was subsequently approved by the Assembly in 1592" (Kevin Reed).
The Decline of American Presbyterianism (A Book Review of Gary North's Crossed Fingers: How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church) by Kevin Reed ("Last year, the present writer reviewed volume 1 of David Calhoun's history of Princeton Seminary. The first volume of Calhoun's narrative ended at a pivotal point in the history of Northern Presbyterianism: the reunion of the Old School and New School Assemblies in 1869. Realizing that a significant part of Princeton's story (as well as the story of the Northern Presbyterianism) was yet to be told, I eagerly took up volume two of Calhoun's narrative, shortly after the book was published. Unfortunately, the second volume, The Majestic Testimony, is a major disappointment. Readers who want to know what happened after 1869, in order to gain an understanding of the demise of Princeton (and Northern Presbyterianism) will require additional sources beyond Calhoun's second volume. Therefore, we are presenting readers with a combined book review, in which we will also draw attention to another important work, Gary North's Crossed Fingers: How the Liberals Captured the Presbyterian Church," notes Reed.)
Calvin, Close Communion and the Coming Reformation (a book review of Alexander and Rufus... by John Anderson [1862]) by Reg Barrow (Shows how Calvin practiced close communion and how the biblical view of this ordinance is intended to purify the individual, church and state. Refutes the Popish and paedocommunion heresies [regarding this sacrament], as well as all views of open communion. Also argues that Arminians, anti-paedobaptists, anti-regulativists, and all those who openly violate the law of God [and are unrepentant] should be barred from the Lord's table -- as a corrective measure ordained of God for their recovery.)
Corporate Sanctification: Holding Fast the Attainments of Reformation by John Brown (of Wamphray; Samuel Rutherford's Disciple) (An overview of the Covenanter doctrine of reformation attainments by one of the great Covenanter theologians. Helpful in dispelling false charges of Anabaptism and perfectionism laid at the feet of faithful Covenanters.)
Presbyterian Government in Extraordinary Times by Kevin Reed
What Is A Moral Person? How God Views the Church and the Nations by David Scott, John Cunningham, and George Smeaton (A clear and concise summary of the biblical doctrine of the moral person; i.e. that God regards churches and nations as moral entities separate from the individual members of which they are composed. No Christian can afford not to understand this vital teaching! In many ways this is a crux of the Covenanter position, underlying as it does upon the issues of separation, civil government, the Covenants, eschatology, etc.)
Saul in the Cave of Adullam: A Testimony Against the Fashionable Sub-Calvinism of Doug Wilson (Editor of Credenda/Agenda Magazine); and, for Classical Protestantism and the Attainments of the Second Reformation by Dr. Reg Barrow
Plain Reasons for Presbyterians Dissenting from the Revolution Church of Scotland. Also, Their Principles Concerning Civil Government, and the Difference Betwixt the Reformation and Revolution Principles (1731) by Andrew Clarkson (In this file you will find the complete table of contents, the preface and the first reason for dissent. Lord willing, other sections will follow in time. The table of contents is very valuable as it lays out in summary [and with a fair amount of detail] the whole scope of the book. It can serve as a kind of summary of second Reformation thought concerning the church, state, separation, schism, worship, civil dissent, church planting, opposition to idolatry and tyranny, and much more!)
Wholesome Severity Reconciled With Christian Liberty; or, the True Resolution of a Present Controversy Concerning Liberty of Conscience by George Gillespie (1644)
An Able & Faithful Ministry by Samuel Miller
The Ruling Elder by Samuel Miller
The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) by John Calvin
The Solemn League and Covenant by Alexander Henderson and others
The Six Points of the "Terms of Ministerial and Christian Communion in the Reformed Presbyterian Church by the Reformed Presbytery
The Scottish Confession of Faith (1560)
The First & Second Books of Discipline
Geneva Book of Church Order (1556)
The Order of Excommunication and Public Repentance adopted by the Church of Scotland in 1569
Paleopresbyterianism Versus Neopresbyterianism by Dr. Michael Wagner
The Unity of the Church by Thomas M'Crie
A Brotherly Testimony Against the Use of Instrumental Accompaniment In Public Worship by Dr. Larry Birger
FIRST TIME EVER, DOUGLAS' STRICTURES ON OCCASION HEARING NOW FREE ONLINE AT: http://www.reformedpresbytery.org/books/index.html
88 Free MP3s on Church and Civil Government
Presbyterian Church Government (more free MP3s)
Covenanter Terms of Communion 8 of 19: Presbyterian Worship and Government 1/2 by Greg Price
DEBATE on the Meaning of the Church in Reformation Thought (Greg Barrow Vs. Richard Bacon)
Church Government in the Bible: Does Scripture Teach Presbyterianism, Prelacy, Popery, or Independency? By William Cunningham
Calvin, Covenanting, Close Communion & the Coming Reformation: Book Review of Alexander & Rufus/Dialogues on Church Communion by Dr. Reg Barrow
DEBATE: Protestant Antidote to Modern Disunity (1/5) Protestant Fundamentals of Separation and Unity (Greg Barrow Versus Richard Bacon, 5 MP3s)
The Divine Right of Presbyterian Church Government (Jus Divinum Regiminis Ecclesiastici) #1
Divine Right of a Form of Church Government (Historical Theology Vol. 1, #4) by William Cunningham
Presbyterianism and the Preservation of the Church by Greg Price
John Owen Represbyterianized 1 of 2 - How John Owen Went From Presbyterianism To Independency And Back To Presbyterianism Again by Dr. Francis Nigel Lee (free MP3)
The Church In Its Relation to the State (The Church of Christ Vol. 1, #5) by James Bannerman
Biblical Principles for Separating From Backsliding Churches; Or, Separation & Schism by Dr. Michael Wagner
Authority of Church Officers and Church Courts (Historical Theology Vol. 1, #3) by William Cunningham
Separation, Occasional Hearing and Marriages by Greg Barrow
Occasional Hearing and Church Discipline 1 of 2 (1841) by Associate Session Xenia, Ohio
Presbyterianism is Biblical Church Government (Historical Theology Vol. 2, #24) by William Cunningham
DEBATE: How the Solemn League & Covenant Binds the USA, Canada, Australia, etc., Today (Greg Barrow Versus Richard Bacon, 3 MP3s)
Offences & Biblical Church Discipline 1 of 2 (How To Approach A Brother To Tell Him His Fault) by Greg Barrow
An Informatory Vindication of a Poor Wasted Misrepresented Remnant Of Covenanters #1 by James Renwick
God's Law & the Church (Why & How the Ten Commandments Apply To the Church, the Nations, the Family and Individuals) by Dr. F. N. Lee
Puritan & Reformed Worship, Puritan Church & Civil Government (Joel Beeke & Puritans)
WORKS ON CHURCH GOVERNMENT AT COVENANTER.ORG
"I know also that a government and discipline in the church (the thing which I now undertake to plead for) is a very displeasing thing to those that would fain enjoy liberty, either of pernicious errors or gross profaneness." - George Gillespie, Aaron's Rod Blossoming; or, the Divine Ordinance of Church Government Vindicated. (1646).
James Melville's A Short Relation of the State of the Kirk of Scotland since the Reformation of Religion, to the present time for information, and advertisement to our Brethren in the Kirk of England.
The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government and of Ordination of Ministers; Agreed Upon by the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, with the Assistance of Commissioners from the Church of Scotland, as a part of the Covenanted Uniformity in Religion Betwixt the Churches of Christ in the Kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland.
George Gillespie on That the Ministry is a Perpetual Ordinance of Christ in the Church, and that Ministers are to be Received as the Ambassadors of Christ Now as Well as in the Primitive Times.
George Gillespie on Of the Election of Pastors with the Congregation's Consent.
Robert Traill's Sermon on "By What Means Ministers May Best Win Souls."
James Fraser's (of Brae) Sermon on Prelacy An Idol and Prelates Idolaters.
John Fairley's Ordination Sermon Treasure in Earthen Vessels.
John Anderson's Sermon Against Occasional Hearing on Proverbs 19:27.
Alexander McLeod's Book The Ecclesiastical Catechism; Being A Series of Questions Relative to the Christian Church, Stated and Answered, With the Scripture Proofs.
Alexander McLeod's Sermon at Gilbert McMaster's Ordination on The Constitution, Character and Duties of the Gospel Ministry.
James M. Willson's Pamphlet on The Deacon.
An Article from the Covenanter Magazine on Occasional Hearing.
J.W. Shaw's Sermon on Attachment to Zion.
John T. Pressly's Book An Inquiry into the Principles of Church Fellowship.
John L. Girardeau's Sermon on the Discretionary Power of the Church.
James Kerr's Lecture on The Attainments of the Church of the Second Reformation.
James Kerr's Lecture on The Church Crisis in Scotland.
Ecclesiastical Government
Church Government at TrueCovennater.org
Presbyterian Church Government:
An Assertion of the Government of the Church of Scotland. By George Gillespie.
The First and Second Books of Discipline: David Calderwood's Edition of 1621.
Terms of Communion: The Authority of the Books of Discipline within the R.P. Churches. By J.B. Johnston.
The Ministerial Office:
The Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven. A Sermon by John Fairley.
Ordination Sermon: We are Labourers together with God. By Thomas Nairn
The Faithful & Wise Servant; or The Authority, Character, & Work of a Gospel Minister, in the Church of Christ, opened up. By John M'Millan II.
The Ministry a Perpetual Ordinance of Christ. Chapter 1 from George Gillespie's Miscellany Questions.
Concerning the Right of Prophesying. Chapter 8 from Robert Baillie's Dissuasive from Errours.
A Humble Acknowledgment of the Sins of the Ministry of Scotland. By James Guthrie.
A Sermon on 1 Timothy 3:1-4, concerning the qualifications for Shepherds in the Church, wherein is discovered the difference between the Popish Clergy with their wicked Hierarchy, and the true Church of Jesus Christ with the faithful ministers thereof. By John Calvin.
On the Calling of Ecclesiastical Officers:
Of the Election of Pastors with the Congregation's Consent. Chapter 2 excerpted from George Gillespie's Miscellany Questions.
Concerning a Calling to the Ministry, and Clearness therein. Excerpted from James Durham's Lectures on Revelation.
Whether Ordination be essential to the calling of a Minister. Chapter 3 excerpted from George Gillespie's Miscellany Questions.
Objections against the necessity of Ordination answered. Chapter 4 excerpted from George Gillespie's Miscellany Questions.
An Ordinance of Parliament for the Ordination of Ministers pro Tempore, according to the Directory for Ordination, 1644.
Ruling Elders:
A Treatise of Ruling Elders and Deacons. By James Guthrie.
The Form and Order of the Admission of Elders, as done by Mr. James Renwick.
The Duties of Ruling Elders and the People over whom they are Appointed Overseers. By Thomas Boston.
An Assertion of the Government of the Church of Scotland: Part 1: Concerning Ruling Elders. By George Gillespie.
Deacons:
Terms of Communion: A Defence of the Deacon's Office & Responsibilities. By J.B. Johnston.
The Marks of the True Catholic Church:
The Marks of the True Catholic Church: An Answer to a Jesuit. By John Knox.
Marks of the True Church. From The Original Covenanter.
Ecclesiastical Assemblies:
The Westminster Assembly. From The Original Covenanter.
The Nature & Benefits of Church Membership:
Church Membership. From The Contending Witness
Biblical Principles of Ecclesiastical Dissent & Separation:
The Informatory Vindication of the True Presbyterian Church of Scotland: Head 4
Plain Reasons for Presbyterians Dissenting: A Summary Article from The Contending Witness
The Reasons of Mr. Alexander Craighead's receding from the present Judicatures of this Church, (early PCUSA,) together with its Constitution, 1743.
A Short Account of Mr. Thomas Nairn, Minister of the Gospel in Linktoun... his Secession from the Associate Presbytery; with the Grounds and Reasons, 1743.
Occasional Hearing from The Reformed Presbyterian, 1839.
The Duty of Separation by John McAuley from The Original Covenanter
Ecclesiastical Association & Terms of Communion:
A Modest Reply to a Pamphlet, entitled A Letter from a Friend to Mr. John McMillan, 1710. (Early Defence of R.P. Principles & Terms of Communion.)
Terms of Communion From The Contending Witness.
Introduction & Appendix to the Auchensaugh Renovation by Thomas Henderson.
Remarks on a Letter... by Adam Brown, (Concerning the Auchensaugh Renovation) by John Dow.
Against Anti-Scriptural forms of Church Government:
The Bishop's Doom. A Sermon by Alexander Henderson on the occasion of the Excommunication of several bishops from the Church of Scotland.
From whence essentially is the calling of a Pastor? Against Independency; Excerpted from Samuel Rutherford's Peaceable Plea for Paul's Presbytery.
Of the Power and Primacy of the Pope. Against the Papacy and the Tyranny of the Roman Heirarchy; Compiled by the Lutheran Theologians Assembled at Smalcald, in the Year 1537.
Whether the power of Ecclesiastick Jurisdiction belongs to the People or to the Presbytery. Chapter 9 from Robert Baillie's Dissuasive from Errours.
A Letter from the Synod of Zeeland expressing their desire for uniformity in Kirk-Government in Scotland, England, & Ireland, and their joy in the overthrow of the intolerable tyranny of Episcopal government, 1643.
Against Ecclesiastical Tyranny:
A Protestation, Declinature, & Appeal, given to the Commission of the General Assembly, 1708, by John McMillan & John McNeil.
A Vindication of the Ministerial Mission & Authority of John McMillan I by John McMillan II.
The Vindication of Mr. James Gilchrist, Minister of the Gospel at Dunscore, by A Dissenting Presbytery of the Church of Scotland.
SUNDRY MINISTERS OF LONDON
The Divine Right of Church Government (Jus Divinum Regiminis Ecclesiastici), Wherein it is Proved that the Presbyterian Government, By Preaching and Ruling Elders, in Sessional, Presbyterial, and Synodical Assemblies, May Lay the Only Lawful Claim to a Divine Right, According to the Holy Scriptures, c. 1646, 1844 ed.
This is one of the all time classic defenses of the divine right of Presbyterianism. It also gives us a clear picture of the original intent of the English Presbyterians working at the Westminster Assembly (and is therefore very useful in determining the original intent of the Westminster Confession itself). It can be seen here that it was the strong conviction of the majority of English divines at Westminster that Presbyterianism is the only form of church government that is instituted by God in His Word. David Hall, (the editor of the Nap. Press edition), states, the book "was not written as a polemical tract, as if to prop up some moribund tradition; rather it is an exemplar of gentle and reasoned discourse." Published anonymously, during the sitting of the Westminster Assembly, because of the Erastian leaning Parliament's "gag rule," this work is considered by some as "an even truer record of the Westminster divines' views of government than the final (politically suppressed) standards" (Coldwell, Naphtali Press edition). Moreover, Hall goes so far as to state that "perhaps no single work is as illuminating for original intent [of the Westminster Standards] as this rare work printed contemporaneously with the meeting of the Assembly;" and that "acquaintance with the political and ecclesiastical events of the time narrows down the possible authorship of this (book, RB) to either (the) Westminster divines themselves, or sympathizers of the Westminster Assembly of divines (p. xvi). Hall also notes that Hetherington (in his masterful History of the Westminster Assembly, p. 270) asserts that this book was the Westminster divine's answer to the English parliament's "nine queries" that were intended "to discourage their thoroughly Presbyterian views." Hall continues, "In the first comprehensive Scottish history of the Assembly, William Hetherington concludes safely: 'Judging from internal evidence, in matter, manner, and style, it appears most certain that this work at least embodies the substance of the answer prepared by the Assembly, somewhat enlarged and modified by the city ministers in whose name it was published.' Although Hetherington (who in a footnote wished for the reprinting of this very work as 'a very valuable contribution to the Presbyterian cause in the present day') initially infers that the work of the Assembly and the London ministers was merged, such that 'so much of the one was transfused into the other as to render then to all practical intents one work,' at the conclusion of his history he concludes with more certainty: "The Jus Divinum of the city ministers appears to me to be both virtually and substantially the Assembly's Answer to the Parliament, containing actually that very Answer as prepared by them; but with such additional amplifications in statement and illustrations, by the city ministers themselves, as might both render it more complete and fit for publication as a distinct work on the subject, and at the same time entitle them to publish it on their own responsibility'" (Hall, pp. xviii-xix, citing Hetherington, History of the Westminster Assembly pp. 270, 362). Furthermore, "not only do we have confirmation from numerous sources that the 2 December 1646 Jus Divinum reflects the Assembly's original intent, we also see along with that the undisputable historical notation that the Assembly considered itself bound by a jus divnum, not merely 'guided' by a nebulous jus hamanum. The difference is cataclysmic" (Hall, p. xxii). Moreover, in The Divine Right of the Gospel Ministry these same authors later give us a glimpse of how different their jus divinum presbyterianism is from much of what "presbyterians" today believe. "So strongly were they committed to this thorough-going jus divinum view that they stated the following 'four things that justly deserve to be abhorred by all good Christians: (1) An Universal Toleration of all Religions; (2) An Universal Admittance of all men to the Lord's Supper; (3) Universal Grace, that is, that Christ died equally for all, and that all men have free-will to be saved; and (4) Universal Allowance of all that suppose themselves gifted to preach without Ordination" (Hall, p. xxi). Moreover, Hall goes so far as to state that "perhaps no single work is as illuminating for original intent [of the Westminster Standards] as this rare work printed contemporaneously with the meeting of the Assembly." This photocopy edition contains the appendix which sets forth "Extracts from some of the best authors who have written on church government, concerning the scriptural qualifications and duties of church members; the sole right of gospel ministers to preach the gospel; the people's divine right to choose their own pastors; together with an abstract of the arguments of the great Dr. Owen (though a professed Independent) in favour of the Divine right of the office of the ruling elder." This edition also includes a preface, "The Editor to the Reader," written by the Cameronian "T.H" (Thomas Henderson) -- an Irish Reformed Presbyterian who was also the author to the forward of James Douglas' Strictures on Occasional Hearing. Henderson recommends this volume as "one of the best defences of presbytery which he has ever seen."
(Rare bound photocopy) 99.94-90%=9.99
Divine Right of Church Government by Sundry Ministers Of Christ Within The City Of London Digital Download (PuritanDownloads.com)
swrb@swrb.com
George Gillespie
Westminster Confession, Assembly and Divines
Separation, Unity, Uniformity, etc.
Scottish Covenanters
Scottish Presbyterianism
Church Government

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sister Rukhsana Shaeen passed away. She leaves behind 2 sons, Fahad Mirza, Ahad Mirza and one daughter.
Janazah will be at Dar Al noor at Hoadly road after 2 nd Jummah prayer (1:45PM) 2/22/13.
Please join us and keep her in your prayers! May Allah (SWT) forgive her and has His mercy on her.


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Bob Dylan Delivers Nobel Lecture
2017-06-06 WPEnt
Bob Dylan has completed his Nobel course requirements.
The Swedish Academy announced Monday that it has received the mandatory lecture from the 2016 literature winner, enabling Dylan to collect 8 million Swedish kronor ($922,000) in prize money.
Spokeswoman Sara Danius described Dylan's talk in a news release as "extraordinary" and "eloquent." Nobel Prize officials said the 26-minute talk was recorded on Sunday in Los Angeles and an audio clip is posted on the academy's website.
Danius said its delivery to the academy meant that "the Dylan adventure is coming to a close." Dylan, widely regarded as the most influential songwriter of his time, received the Nobel Literature diploma and medal in April but was still required to give a speech to receive the money.
Dylan took weeks to publicly acknowledge even winning the prize, announced in October, and greeted with both joy and dismay that a rock star had received an honor previously given to William Faulkner, Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Alice Munro among others.
He did not attend December's Nobel ceremony in Stockholm and his acceptance remarks were read by the United States Ambassador to Sweden, Azita Raji.
Dylan's songs have drawn on literary influences from Beat poetry to Anton Chekhov and his recording was a celebration of books and music and of the common language among art forms. In a warm, raspy delivery, with lounge-style piano in the background, he called Buddy Holly his first musical hero, praised his "imaginative verses" and remembered seeing him in concert not long before Holly died in a 1959 plane crash.
"Something about him seemed permanent and he filled me with conviction," Dylan said of seeing Holly on stage. "Then out of the blue, the most uncanny thing happened, he looked at me right straight there in the eye and he transmitted something, something I didn't know what. It gave me the chills."
Dylan said that folk songs were his earliest musical vocabulary, but that books such as "Ivanhoe" and "Don Quixote" helped shape his view of the world and inspire him to write songs "unlike anything anybody had ever heard." From the start, he believed in absorbing classical texts and the vernacular of the day.
He discussed three works at length: "Moby Dick," (a reminder we "see only the surface of things"), "All Quiet On the Western Front" (in which "death is everywhere, nothing else is possible") and "The Odyssey," a "strange, adventurous tale" he likened to such modern pop songs as Simon & Garfunkel's "Homeward Bound." He concluded by noting that Shakespeare's words were meant to be spoken, "Just as lyrics in songs are meant to be sung, not read on a page."
"And I hope some of you get the chance to listen to these lyrics the way they were intended to be heard: in concert or on record or however people are listening to songs these days," he said. "I return once again to Homer, who says, `Sing in me, oh Muse, and through me tell the story.'"
Categories: Entertainment, News


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Month: Sep 2013
Winners At The 65th Primetime Emmy Awards
The winners of the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards 2013 Outstanding Comedy Series – Modern Family Outstanding Drama Series – Breaking Bad Outstanding Miniseries or Made for Television Movie – Behind the Candelabra Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series – Jim Parsons for The Big Bang Theory Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series –… Continue reading Winners At The 65th Primetime Emmy Awards
Call For Entries: Indie Fest
Call For Entries – Indie Fest, for film, television and New Media Deadline 11 October 2013 A showcase for cinematic gems and unique voices. The Indie Fest is an independent, top-tier international awards competition. We invite entries from filmmakers, television producers, videographers and new media creators. The goal of the Indie Fest is to help… Continue reading Call For Entries: Indie Fest
Categorised as Festival, Film
The Write Journey Weekend Workshop For Screenwriters
The Write Journey Weekend Workshop for screenwriters Cape Town – September 28 and 29 With the explosion of the local film industry it has never been a better time to be a screenwriter in South Africa, and if you're a storyteller with a vivid imagination whose ideas are larger than life, The Write Journey weekend… Continue reading The Write Journey Weekend Workshop For Screenwriters
Red 2: Review
Retired C.I.A agent Frank Moses is back, along with his team of RED (Retired and Extremely Dangerous) friends Marvin (John Malkovich), Sarah (Mary-Louise Parker) and Victoria (Helen Mirren). This time they are drawn in to a search to find a missing portable nuclear device, created by a brilliant physicist, Bailey (Anthony Hopkins). As you can… Continue reading Red 2: Review
R.I.P.D: Review
R.I.P.D takes and old formula, and switches it up, to the max. We begin with two cops, Nick (Ryan Reynolds) and Hayes (Kevin Bacon) who are skimming evidence secured on raids. Nick begins to experience the twinges of guilt, and is promptly killed by Hayes. Normally, the problem would end there, but Nick is recruited… Continue reading R.I.P.D: Review


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Plate for the Planet
Food for You
Top 5 Weird Food to Try in Sydney
If you're looking for weird food to try in sydney, then look no further. We have a list of the top 10 weird dishes in Sydney that will leave your taste buds tingling and wanting more!
Lamb's testicles at Efendy
The Turkish delight that is lamb's testicles will leave your mouth watering for more, with the somewhat surprising flavors of garlic yogurt and Marash chilli butter. They are put atop one another on top an oven-roasted bed of veal kidney bean stew to soak up all those delicious juices before being dipped in beaten eggs mixed together with panko breadcrumbs then deep-fried until golden brown
In 2018 when traveling through Europe you might come across places serving different cuisines from around the world such as French or German food but what about Turkey where they serve dishes not found anywhere else like this awesome dish made by chef Efendy at his restaurant called "Somer Sivrioglu". I wouldn't recommend this dish to anyone who has a strong taste and wants something different from the usual food you would find at your local kebab shop or even your Turkish restaurant.
Kangaroo Tail Soup at The Lord Gladstone Hotel
An oldie but still as weird as ever, kangaroo tail soup is an ancient recipe that was meant to be served at the Lord Gladstone Hotel who are known for their amazing live music sessions on weekends. It is a hearty soup that consists of kangaroo, celery, carrots and pearl barley in vegetable stock wrapped with bladderwrack seaweed which is typical of many soups you would find in Europe or even America but this one has a kangaroo twist to it.
Chef Paul Wilson at the Lord Gladstone Hotel is the man behind this awesome recipe that he has been cooking since 1986 and so far, no one can deny how weird but yet delicious this dish really is! Now if you're thinking of going on a road trip or tourist activity where there are other people around, I would recommend not telling them what you're going to eat beforehand. Once they see a kangaroo tail on your plate then that's when the questions will begin and all of a sudden it'll turn into an awkward situation for both parties but either way it is definitely worth trying!
Durian and avocado smoothie at Café Nho
Avocado is the golden item on everyone's shopping list, and for good reason. It can be enjoyed in many different ways from toast to salads or as a creamy milk drink at Café Nho with condensed durian fruit! But that isn't even close to being weird enough – let me tell you about this spiky fruit called "the king of fruits" which smells so bad it's been known make buildings evacuated because officials mistook its strong fragrance for gas leaks (and then realized how sweet/creamy they taste).
Chapulines at El Topo
Despite their dislike for meat, many people are turning to insects as a potential meal replacement. Insects like crickets bat wings and grasshoppers have been shown to provide protein with low calories or carbs; they also contain iron, calcium magnesium omega 3 fatty acids B12/B2 vitamins that help prevent anemia according the American Journal of Gastrointestinal & Hepatology published last month in Volume 97 Number 6 titled "Insect-Based Food Safety Studies: A Literature Review And Meta Analysis Of Their Impact On Human Health?"
It's true! You can find these spicy snacks at Bondi Junction El Topo restaurant where Chef Javier Plascencia serves up chapulines – translated from Spanish as "grasshopper chips" made mostl
Chicken feet at Tim Ho Wan
Chicken feet are the most delicious, tender and juicy part of a chicken. They're typically served with an amazing sauce or soup that soothes your soul after eating them! I always wanted to try this dish but was turned off by how many bones there were leftover in my plate when they arrived at our table (ouch). But then one day someone told me it tastes just like regular drumsticks. Now, whenever we order Chinese food from here on out – no matter what else is ordered- you can bet some will come with those tasty little nuggets as well.
Sydney is a melting pot of cultures and flavors from all over the world, but some are stranger than others. If you're feeling adventurous or want to take a look at authentic cuisines that might be more familiar with strange concoctions then Sydney will not disappoint! Schedule a trip with https://sydneybusandcoach.com.au/ to take you around to these authentic places.
Easy Finger Food Recipes & Ideas For Parties
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You are TOTALLY rockin that leopard print skirt...one of my fave items on you Olivia!
Thanks so much Adele! I am really loving it!
What a fantastic party! Looks so much fun!
About your question on my blog Friday, I took the photos with Hipstamatic and edited them with Adobe Illustrator.
It was great fun thanks Dani- and the skirt was a bargain!!
Love your skirt too - best and less! No way!
I know!!! What a find!
You seriously look stunning, I love this outfit on you. I'm also always a little psyched to see someone else wearing flip flops because I live in them in the warmer weather and I get so much crap about them. This event sounds like so much fun and what awesome gifts. I love the host Sheri's dress, what great colors.
Love love the skirt! :) I'm so obsessed with those kind!


Red Dead Redemption 2 is a big game, everyone at this point already knows that. You can spend dozens of hours exploring the game and setting miss most of the smaller details and secrets. This makes it a perfect game for a large community of mystery hunters.
Red Dead Redemption What constitutes bizarre or strange is tricky to determine a game like Red Dead Redemption . Sometimes weird bugs and glitches can occur randomly. Remember the weird animal-people-hybrid players encountered in the original Red Dead Redemption ? Kotaku's Highlight Reel?
Today on Highlight Reel we have well- meaning horses, head-turners, and much more!
To the credit of the Red Dead Mysteries community, many players are quick to debunk most images or posts. Players responded to the sad cowboy who just lost a horse with different theories. "Could I have a wandered on the tracks and gotten clipped by a train?" Or "No mystery here is worse, it's either been clipped by the train or glitched out and died." Getting too close to a train. Though, there are ghost trains in Red Dead Redemption 2.
The Red Dead Mysteries community has found some interesting things beyond dead horses. Many players have found different markings and carvings in the side of rocks and trees. The exact meaning of these markings has yet to be determined, but it certainly seems like something strange.
Players also have found a possible pagan ritual site and even UFOs. Players are actually shooting at the UFOs, destroying the lights on the space craft which seems to cause it to freeze in place. Some mystery hunters can tell that this could be the next step in unlocking more UFOs. It is also a bit rude, honestly. Poor aliens.
So what does all this mean? Well … nobody really knows. That's what many players are trying to piece together. What do all these clues, Easter eggs, strange maps and more actually mean? Are they all connected or are separate puzzles, waiting to be solved?
One of the most recent puzzles players used to piece together compasses that are dotted around the map of Red Dead Redemption 2. These compasses are pointing in different directions, so many players believed that they could all be pointing towards something. Maybe a new UFO? Maybe a hidden area? Maybe the third meteorite?
While it may be disappointing that many of the different players are making discoveries, they are also being debunked, which also makes the hard-to-debunk mysteries all the more interesting.
Players have already found two meteorites, but discovered that when collected the game tells the player they only have 2 out of 3 meteorites. Where is the third space rock? Players have different ideas, including the theory of the rock at the bottom of a lake.
One player even contacted Rockstar and supposedly got a response, but I can't confirm if the email is real and even if it is, I not sure customer support representatives would have this information.Maybe this mystery is connected to a map of the stars players found a few months back?
Dead Redemption 2 and GTA V together using time travel.
One of the side quests in RDR 2 has players encountering a strange man who has a birthmark on his face. This birthmark along with other clues seems to imply that the man might be a time traveler and perhaps even connected to the Epsilon cult found in GTA V . Maybe the secret of Mt. Chiliad is actually hidden deep in RDR 2 ?
If there are any more mysteries to be found in Red Dead Redemption 2 it seems almost certain the community will find them and solve them.
Hopefully, all these clues and secrets have a more rewarding pay off than the sad search for the jet pack in GTA V . Those clues ended up meaning nothing and it was only years later that the jet pack was finally added to the game as part of a GTA Online update. So maybe this is all a wild goose chase or maybe, maybe it really is a third meteorite and it will unlock a big, crazy secret.