In this study, the first use of a bioresponsive polymer therapeutic agent in the promotion of corneal re-epithelialisation after injury in an ex vivo whole-eye organ culture model was described. A polymer–protein conjugate consisting of dextrin and recombinant human epidermal growth factor was synthesised and applied as a single dose to a 2 mm ex vivo corneal ulcer, in culture. Enhanced wound healing was observed in response to dextrin–recombinant human epidermal growth factor, when exposed to α-amylase, compared with controls. This highlights the potential for polymer therapeutics to provide a platform for bioresponsive drug/protein delivery in the field of ophthalmology.
The descriptor 'polymer therapeutic' is an umbrella term used to describe polymeric drugs, polymer–drug conjugates, polyplexes, polymer–protein conjugates, and polymeric micelles, to which a drug can be bound.1 In the context of polymer–protein conjugates, the stability and solubility of proteins can be enhanced, and their biological half-life and immunogenicity reduced, via polymer conjugation.2 3 To this date, although polymer therapeutics have been licensed for use in humans (table 1), they have not been investigated widely in the field of corneal wound healing.
We have evaluated the efficacy of single dose dextrin–rhEGF in an ex vivo organ culture model of corneal wound healing.19 20 The synthesis and characterisation of the conjugate was reproducible (figure 1).4 Two-month-old male Wistar Han rats (250–300 g; Charles River Laboratories, Margate, UK) were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxiation, confirmed by cervical dislocation. Wounding was performed within 1 h of sacrifice. The globe was irrigated with Balanced Salt Solution (BSS Plus®; Alcon Laboratories, Hemel Hemstead, UK) containing 0.1% EDTA. A full-thickness 2 mm corneal abrasion was produced by excision. The globe was then enucleated. Tissue culture medium (DMEM supplemented with penicillin G, 100 U/ml; streptomycin sulphate, 100 μg/ml; amphotericin B, 0.25 μg/ml; L-glutamine, 2 mM (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK): serum-free media (SFM)) was supplemented with study compounds, as shown in table 2, and added to the globes (n=4). Specimens were maintained at 37°C/5% CO2 for 64 h. Wound healing was assessed by digital wound photography and fluorescein staining. After 64 h, globes were fixed in 10% formal saline, embedded in wax, sectioned and stained with H&E. Statistical analyses were undertaken using GraphPad Prism®, version 4.00 (GraphPad Software). Data were compared using a 1-way ANOVA, with a Bonferroni post test for group analysis. Results were expressed as a mean and SD. Statistical significance was considered at a probability of p<0.05.
The Polymer-masking UnMasking Protein Therapy (PUMPT) hypothesis. Succinoylated dextrin is conjugated to recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) using EDC and sulfo-NHS cross-linkers to produce a dextrin–rhEGF polymer–protein conjugate. On exposure to α-amylase (present in human tear fluid), bioactive rhEGF is released from the polymer in a controlled release fashion. rhEGF would induce corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration, whilst the polymer would be metabolised to the maltose and isomaltose disaccharide units. RT, room temperature.
This ex vivo model of corneal wound healing was sensitive to stimulation by fetal calf serum and by dextrin–rhEGF. In the conjugated form, the rhEGF promoted a significant increase in the rate of corneal wound healing, with wound closure by 48 h, in the presence of human physiological levels of α-amylase compared with free rhEGF. With the addition of exogenous α-amylase, at physiological concentrations, rhEGF was released, or 'unmasked' from the polymer, thereby restoring bioactivity (figures 2 and 3).
Typical ex vivo corneal wound closure images. (A) Healing of the corneal abrasion in serum-free conditions over 64 h. (B) Healing of the corneal abrasion in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS)—supplemented media. (C–H) Typical fluorescein staining of the corneal wound in the remaining study groups at 48 h.
(A) Haematoxylin/eosin staining of a section through a corneal abrasion in the absence of fetal calf serum (FCS). (B) Haematoxylin/eosin staining of a section through a region of corneal abrasion in presence of FCS. Both specimens were harvested at 64 h. The corneal wound is still evident in the absence of FCS supplementation (Wm, wound margin) (magnification ×20).
There was a significant improvement in wound healing (p<0.006), in response to serum-containing medium (SCM; group 2), compared with the serum-free (SFM; group 1) and α-amylase (group 3) controls at 24 h (figure 4A). All wounds in the SCM group (group 2) had fully re-epithelialised by 48 h, while the average wound areas in the serum-free controls (groups 1 and 3) were 24.5±8.1% and 31.4±5%, respectively, of that at time 0 h (p<0.001). In the unconjugated rhEGF groups (groups 4 and 5), there were no significant effects on wound re-epithelialisation (p>0.05) at either concentration and neither resulted in total wound re-epithelialisation. Wound areas at 64 h were 5.6±11.3% and 23.4±21.4% of the total wound area at time 0 h for the 10 μg/ml rhEGF and 1 μg/ml rhEGF groups, respectively (mean±SD) (figure 4B).
(A) Healing of the corneal wound (% reduction in wound area compared to 0 h) over 64 h in response to fetal calf serum (FCS) (serum-containing media) and serum-free controls. There was a significant decrease (*p<0.006) in the wound area in response to FCS when compared with serum-free controls. (B) The corneal wound area reduction in response to free recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). The initial rate of wound area reduction (over the first 24 h) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from FCS, but the effect was not sustained over 64 h. (C) The corneal wound area reduction in response to dextrin–rhEGF. In the 'masked' (α-amylase-free) state, the bioactivity of dextrin–rhEGF was reduced to that of serum-free controls (p>0.05), but upon the addition of α-amylase at physiological concentrations, bioactivity was significantly restored (**p<0.006). Dextrin–rhEGF was most effective at the 1 μg/ml concentration (***p=0.027) compared with the conjugate at 10 μg/ml concentrations.
In the dextrin–rhEGF conjugate study groups (groups 6–8), there was failed re-epithelialisation, in the absence of physiological concentrations of α-amylase (group 6; 'masked'), with an abrasion of 23.4±5.5% of that at time 0, persisting at 64 h. This was not significantly different to the SFM control (group 1) (p>0.05). Upon the addition of α-amylase (93 IU/l; 'unmasking'), there was a significant decrease in the wound area at 24 h in both the 1 μg/ml rhEGF equivalent (group 7) and 10 μg/ml rhEGF equivalent (group 8) groups (p<0.006). The dextrin–rhEGF conjugate was significantly more effective at decreasing the wound area at 24 h at the lower dose (1 μg/ml rhEGF equivalent) than at the higher dose (10 μg/ml rhEGF equivalent) (p=0.027) (figure 4C).
The increased efficacy of the dextrin–rhEGF conjugate in enhancing corneal wound healing may be due to the sustained release phenomena.4 In the ex vivo model described herein, the rhEGF was applied as a single dose at the outset of the experiment, and the free rhEGF may have been degraded because of the short half-life of EGF.18 Although initial wound closure rates are similar in the first 24 h between rhEGF and dextrin–rhEGF (+α-amylase), this apparent difference tailed off as time progressed. In the ex vivo organ culture model, the pharmacokinetics of EGF will differ but the sustained release of rhEGF from the α-amylase-mediated, degradation of the dextrin–rhEGF conjugate may account for the enhanced wound healing in the dextrin–rhEGF study groups. The ex vivo model of corneal wound healing has been shown to be reproducible and that it is a reliable model for further analysis of polymer–protein conjugates. This is the first application of polymer therapeutics specifically designed for tissue regeneration in such a model, and these preliminary investigations highlight the potential for the application of these therapeutics to enhance corneal wound healing. This application of a specific endogenous trigger to promote the controlled release of a bioactive peptide may be applied to the healing and/or regeneration of other tissues in the future.
The authors would like to acknowledge support from EPSRC platform grant No. EP/C 013220/1.
. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003;2:347–60.
. Introduction and overview of peptide and protein pegylation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54:453–6.
. PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1451–8.
. Dextrin–rhEGF conjugates as bioresponsive nanomedicines for wound repair. J Control Release 2008;130:275–83.
. Amylase in human tear fluid: origin and characteristics, compared with salivary and urinary amylases. Exp Eye Res 1975;21:395–403.
. Icodextrin provides long dwell peritoneal dialysis and maintenance of intraperitoneal volume. Artif Organs 1998;22:8–12.
. Polymer masked-unmasked protein therapy. 1. Bioresponsive dextrin-trypsin and -melanocyte stimulating hormone conjugates designed for alpha-amylase activation. Biomacromolecules 2008;9:1146–54.
. Selective binding of the epidermal growth factor and its specific effects on the epithelial cells of the cornea. Exp Eye Res 1972;14:135–41.
. Proliferation of corneal epithelium induced by epidermal growth factor. Exp Eye Res 1973;15:361–6.
. Kinetics of corneal epithelial regeneration and epidermal growth factor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1974;13:804–9.
. Stimulatory effects of fibronectin and EGF on migration of corneal epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28:205–11.
. Epidermal growth factor in alkali burned corneal epithelial wound healing. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:802–7.
. Effect of EGF dosage forms on alkali burned corneal wound healing of mice. Burns 1995;21:7–10.
. Epidermal growth factor in topical treatment following epikeratoplasty. Ophthalmologica 1992;205:121–4.
. Epidermal growth factor in the topical treatment of traumatic corneal ulcers. Ophthalmologica 1993;206:119–24.
. Epidermal growth factor in the topical treatment of herpetic corneal ulcers. Ophthalmologica 1994;208:37–40.
. Influence of topical human epidermal growth factor on postkeratoplasty re-epithelialisation. Br J Ophthalmol 1997;81:391–5.
. Pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human epidermal growth factor in the anterior eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:3209–15.
. Increased apoptosis and abnormal wound healing responses in the heterozygous Pax6+/− mouse cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:1911–17.
. Wound healing in rat cornea: the role of electric currents. FASEB J 2005;19:379–86.
Funding JH was funded by a Fellowship from The Healing Foundation (Registered Charity No. 1078666) and the Welsh Office for Research and Development (WORD).


Mexico City, Mexico — Mexico has become the number one supplier of beer exported into the United States in 2017 say officials.
According to a report by Bloomberg, two out of every three beers imported by the United States comes from Mexico with Corona and Dos Equis being the most popular brands.
The report says that according to the Beer Institute, during 2017, approximately 2.7 billion liters of Mexico's brew headed across the US border, making it the number one beer importer for Americans.
The Netherlands came in as the second most imported, exporting some 549 million liters to gain a market share of almost 14 percent. Belgium, Canada and Germany followed behind with single-digit market share figures.
The most popular Mexican brands include Corona Extra and Modelo Especial, both manufactured for the US market by Constellation Brands as well as Dos Equis and Tecate, produced by the subsidiary Cuauhtemoc Moctezuma de Heineken.


New as of 2015 Zen Quest is developing a range of environmental technology modules (ETM) which can be incorporated into existing programmes. These modules can be tailored to our clients needs and run at a variety of different venues and environmental settings.
Solar 1 - Build interest, enthusiasm and understanding of small solar systems by learning how to build solar panels that can charge a smart-phone on a desktop lamination machine.
Shigu (事故) is located on the first bend on the Changjiang River (金沙江,长江河) and is famous for being the place where the red army crossed during the long march. One small old bridge still remains and there is a small museum in the village dedicated to this event.
The Earthship idea has been developed and refined for over 30 years. It started with an american architect called Michael Reynolds who started building his alternative buildings in the deserts of Taos, New Mexico. The Earthship is an all-encompassing off the grid building that provides: heating, cooling, electric power, drinking water, water heating, vegetable production and sewage treatment in one self sustained unit.
Liming (黎明) is a small village situated in Laojunshan National Park (老君山), the second national park to be created in China and is home to many unique species of animals and plants. Most famous of these include the Yunnan golden Monkey, Giant flying squirrels and the Red Panda. The local tribe is called the Lisu, who still lead quite an isolated life from the rest of China.
If you found this page you are probably wondering how can this peace of woven parachute cord (paracord) help me survive in an emergency situation?


Research shows that the number of connected devices will grow from 28 billion today to an expected 50 billion by 2020. Meanwhile the number of connected people will increase from 2 billion today to around 6 billion by 2020. This means that both the network attack surface and the human attack surface will expand.
On top of that there is a cybersecurity hiring crisis. It is expected that there will be 1.5 million people missing from the security workplace by 2019. This naturally means with fewer defenders and more opportunities for adversaries, incidents and the associated data will also continue to rise.
Based on the average dwell time before a breach is discovered and the average number of reported incidents, at a bare minimum we're talking about 328 concurrent ongoing breaches at this very moment. While most adversaries are financially motivated (stealing information such as credit card numbers, medical records and proprietary information that can be sold on the dark web), other motivation includes hacktivism, cyber warfare and cyber espionage.
So how can we effectively look into large datasets from security incidents and help detect and prevent the next attack?
Each incident report includes hundreds of indicators of compromise (IOCs). IOCs can be related to the victim's host evidence (such as malware type, file name, hash file and registry keys). Additionally, IOCs can be related to the communication lines to the malicious link (such as IP address, domain name, URL and port numbers). Both host-based and network-based IOCs indicate a potential intrusion in your network.
The challenge is that the data is not always linked and it's a massive amount to sift through. If you have 4 threat intelligence sources that provide even just 300 indicators a day, that means you're getting at least 500,000 indicators a year! Organisations do not have time to investigate them all and pushing that information to your sensor grid (IPS, firewalls, etc.) isn't practical. You end up with tons of false positives and poor performance.
There are many threat intelligence providers out there – from open source to commercial to industry-specific feeds – that continuously update a list of IOCs. Each provider adds a little piece to the puzzle in order to help illustrate as best as possible the current threat landscape. This has led to the industry adopting threat intelligence platforms to help bring all the pieces together into one repository for a single picture of the threat. The threat intelligence platform automates the ingestion, correlation, normalization and de-duplication and serves as a single source of truth for all teams and systems within the organisation. It becomes the tool to mine data to understand threats; add context to analyse and investigate; and effectively use the intelligence within your organisations processes and tools.
Classifying by adversary allows you to look at attacks focused on your industry and infrastructure. Whilst classification by incidents or events (age, owner, day of week, user ID) allows you to connect the dots across the kill chain. Lastly you can classify by relevance, sorting by CVE, OS, user or brand of device – so you get an even more focused look at what you should care about.
Once threat data is classified, you also need to prioritise because not all data are equally relevant to every organisation. Using an applicable threat intelligence platform can help you score and automatically prioritise threats. One key consideration, however, is that every organisation is different in terms of their business, security operations and risk profile. This requires scoring and prioritisation based on parameters you set, including indicator types (IP address, malware type, host-based vs network-based, etc.) and indicator source (open source, commercial, industry based, as well as internal sources like your SIEM and ticketing systems).
Context is very important in understanding threats, but unfortunately, we don't always get all the context we need so we need to use enrichment tools.
Some of the methods we use are similar to the process in the TV show, "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" where you use your lifelines to get help. For example, asking the audience a question is, in effect, crowdsourcing and using VirusTotal is a good example of this in our world. Or you might phone a friend when you have a specific question you know they can answer. This correlates to contacting a specific vendor that specialises in that type of attack for assistance.
Another method used in threat investigations is link analysis which involves identifying the relationships between bad actors, transactions, objects, servers, IP addresses, and specific malware families.
Whatever method you use, the human element is very important. You need a person and their human intelligence working in concert with the technology and tools. A threat intelligence platform is designed to facilitate this with centralised intelligence sharing, analysis and investigation.
So how can we measure the effectiveness of threat intel? Effective threat intelligence examines total attack surface, taking into account the industry, location, internal software and networks, vulnerabilities, physical threats to personnel and property, third-party vendors, brand reputation risks, and customer goodwill. It comes down to reducing time to detection and time to respond. If we can reduce these numbers, then we've done our job.
Next year the threat intelligence market is expected to exceed over £1 billion. I believe that the role of threat intelligence is to support the entire security and defence strategy. Everyday organisations are blindsided by cyber-attacks and analyst risk missing external threats that can impact on the business. Threat intelligence is empowering these organisations to develop a proactive approach to cyber security. With over 5000 new vulnerabilities per year and 400 million malware variants also popping up annually, threat intelligence numbers are showing that organisations need to be on the front foot and proactive in their engagements for the future and beyond.


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15 May 2016 Cyprus needs and anti-money laundering champion
HomeAll PostsAnalysis15 May 2016 Cyprus needs and anti-money...
Back in 2012, organisational change and leadership expert Marina Theodotou and I co-authored a reportfor PwC entitled 'Professional services: driving growth and jobs in Cyprus'. We analysed the sector's (very positive) impact on jobs and economy growth and benchmarked Cyprus both as a place to do business and as an innovator. We also conducted a 'SWOT' analysis (identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and followed up with recommendations for the government, the private-sector players and the sector representatives.
One of the key risks we highlighted was 'loss of favourable tax regime'. We cited the risk, roundly denied at the time, that the troika would force an increase of the corporate tax rate from 10% to 12.5% (as it promptly did just a few months later); the proposed introduction of an EU-wide common tax base, which the European Commission revived in mid-2015; and the risk of a financial transactions tax.
We also highlighted the risk of over-concentration in one market (Russia) and said: "In future Cyprus may have to distinguish itself not by its tax system but purely on the basis of the quality of its service".
Fast forward to 2016 and we can add the global fallout from the Panama Papers leaks as another major risk to the sector, for two key reasons.
The first relates to global voter appetite. There is clearly public support not only for a crackdown on money laundering and tax evasion but on what has to date been perfectly legal tax management, too. This could be the next target by the UK prime minister, David Cameron, after hosting the anti-corruption summit this week.
Combine difficulties in creating tax structures with a harmonised corporate tax base (pushed through if the UK quits the EU, perhaps) and this will be a major setback for professional services in Cyprus.
The impact on the wider economy cannot be ignored. The two sectors combined account for almost 16% of GDP in 2015. That makes them bigger than the direct contribution of tourism.
Risk-averse international banks
The second risk relates to how international banks are responding to the Panama Papers.
Only this week the Financial Times reported that Barclays, Deutsche Bank and UBS had decided to close 25,000-30,000 accounts in their corporate and investment banking divisions.
The FT said that the closure of corporate accounts showed banks were becoming more aggressive "either because they are considered too risky under anti-money laundering rules or because they have become uneconomic in light of new regulations".
Last month Deutsche Bank also stopped being a correspondent bank for euro transactions with RCB Cyprus. The decision was reportedly taken before the Panama Papers leaks and RCB Cyprus "categorically denies" any connection with the Panama Papers.
But Deutsche Bank was already becoming extremely cautious. Its own internal enquiry this year (following questions raised by a Cypriot bank presumably doing its due diligence properly), found a "systemic" failure of internal controls and a "suspected money-laundering pattern".
Other major banks are also grappling with reputational issues. UBS was charged by a Belgian court in February of money-laundering and serious and organised tax fraud (it denies the charges). Barclays paid a £72m penalty late last year when the UK's Financial Conduct Authority found that it risked being used to launder money.
Faced with this onslaught, one can imagine what the mantra is like in international banks these days: "If it looks risky, dump it".
The opportunity for Cyprus
This brings me to the opportunity for Cyprus and the need for a national champion.
In this new world order, only the squeaky clean will survive. Cyprus has done a great deal in the past few years to improve its compliance record, both in letter and in practice.
Out of the 10 areas covered by the OECD in its strict 'second peer review' late last year, Cyprus was found fully compliant in seven and 'largely compliant' in three areas. This puts Cyprus ahead of Luxembourg (fully compliant in five), on the same level as Germany, the Netherlands and the UK (also seven) but behind Malta (eight) and Ireland (all 10).
The only problem is that no one is aware of this. I know this because of the streams of foreign journalists who come knocking at my door every year with nothing else but money-laundering on their minds. As far as they are concerned (they are mainly from NATO countries), Russia is bad, therefore Russian business must mean money-laundering.
One reason no one is aware that Cyprus has been cleaning up its act is because there are so many bodies charged with tackling money-laundering: the Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Cyprus (ICPAC/SELK), the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC), the Central Bank of Cyprus, the Bar Association, and, of course, MOKAS, the anti-money-laundering unit in the Attorney-General's Office.
A single record and a single voice
There is no single record of what they have done, whom they have fined, closed down, or withdrawn licences from.
It is time their efforts were gathered into a single place and recorded, shared with anyone who encounters foreign journalists, politicians or potential investors in their daily lives, and then shouted from the rooftops by everyone with an interest in promoting investment in Cyprus.
This job should not fall to the abovementioned regulators and overseers, as it might construe a conflict of interest. However, there is a body that has investment in Cyprus as its primary aim, namely the Cyprus Investment Promotion Agency (CIPA).
The work to be done is too important to be left to juniors. It needs a single, persuasive champion with the following qualities:
A squeaky clean reputation.
Strong selling skills for persuading a sceptical international public.
A background in the sector so that he or she can identify remaining weaknesses.
The diplomatic skills to lobby the government and the sector quietly to make the necessary changes.
In case you were thinking that I am putting myself forward, the requirement for a background in the sector has ruled me out. But there must be someone out there.
AML anti-moneylaundering Central Bank Cyprus CySEC laundering moneylaundering Russia
08 May 2016 Higher oil prices will affect your pocket
22 May 2016 Phantom fall in Cyprus jobless numbers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
search filter Books & JournalsAll JournalsCultural Politics
About Cultural Politics
Research Article|March 01 2009
Wikination: On Peace and Conflict in the Middle East
Gary Hall
Cultural Politics (2009) 5 (1): 5-26.
https://doi.org/10.2752/175174309X388455
Gary Hall; Wikination: On Peace and Conflict in the Middle East. Cultural Politics 1 March 2009; 5 (1): 5–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.2752/175174309X388455
This article begins by analyzing critically the usefulness of the recent political philosophy of Chantal Mouffe for reconceptualizing ideas of peace and conflict. It takes as its focus for doing so the situation of the Middle East. It proceeds to show how Mouffe's radical democratic politics is actually just another form of the liberalism of Habermas and Rawls that she positions her theory against. The article then explores the potential digital media hold for making affirmative, affective, hyperpolitical interventions in specific contents and singular situations. In particular it advocates using the wiki medium – hence the piece's Wikipedia-like form – to experiment with new ways of organizing institutions, cultures, communities, and countries which do not uncritically repeat the reductive adherence to democracy, hegemony, and Western, bourgeois, liberal humanism identified in Mouffe, but which can also be located in the institution of academic criticism more widely. "WikiNation" is part of a series of "performative media" projects. Performative media here stands for media that do not endeavor to represent the world so much as have an effect in or on it. They are media which produce the things of which they speak, in other words, and which are engaged primarily in their actual performance.
democracy, hegemony, Europe, liberal, digital, terrorism
© BERG 2009 PRINTED IN THE UK
The Gates of Greece: Refugees and Policy Choices
Terrorist Attacks on the Energy Sector: A Strategic Instrument of the Islamic State in the Middle East and North Africa
Of Partisans and Paranoid Experts
Map Room: Fear Thy Neighbor: Crime and Xenophobia in Europe
Permeable Bodies Vulnerability, Affective Powers, Hegemony
Difference and Self-Determination
Value, Politics, and Knowledge in the Pharmocracy
Freshman Convocation Authoring a Community


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Q: net core 2.2 to 3.0 authentication migration AddOpenIdConnect Currently I'm in upgrading asp net core 2.2 web site to net core 3.0 that uses Identity Server 4 authentication and found issue that stops me to finish this task: In .net core 3.0 there is no AddOpenIdConnect method in OpenIdConnectExtensions (docs are clear about it:
Link
So is there any substitute in .net core 3.0?
Startup.cs that works in net core 2.2
IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddAuthentication(options =>
                    {
                        options.DefaultScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                    })
                    .AddCookie(options =>
                    {
                        options.SlidingExpiration = true;
                        options.ExpireTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(60);
                    })
                    .AddOpenIdConnect("oidc", options =>
                    {
                        options.SignInScheme = CookieAuthenticationDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;

                        options.Authority = "sso url";
                        options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;

                        options.ClientId = "client_id";
                        options.ClientSecret = "secret";
                        options.ResponseType = $"{OpenIdConnectParameterNames.Code} {OpenIdConnectParameterNames.IdToken}";

                        options.SaveTokens = true;
                        options.GetClaimsFromUserInfoEndpoint = true;
                    })

A: If you examine the 2.2 -> 3.0 migration document here:
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/migration/22-to-30?view=aspnetcore-3.0&tabs=visual-studio
You will see in the add package references for removed assemblies section (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/migration/22-to-30?view=aspnetcore-3.0&tabs=visual-studio#add-package-references-for-removed-assemblies) that there is now a nuget package to support this:
https://www.nuget.org/packages/Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.OpenIdConnect

A: For recognizing AddOpenIdConnect, from version 3.0 onwards, you must install package:
Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.OpenIdConnect

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


DC Universe's digital subscription and streaming service has just appeared on Google Play, ahead of its planned fall 2018 release. Announced in late June, the service includes a streaming library of original programming like a live action version of "Teen Titans" and several other shows; plus a selection of DC animated movies, classic TV series like "Wonder Woman," the four Christopher Reeve-starring Superman films; and a host of other content like a lineup of digital comics, an online forum, and more.
So far, interested users can only sign up to pre-order the service, and that, apparently, has not changed. However, the company has said that it would begin a beta test in August, and the app's launch appears to be the first indication that's about to kick off.
One screen, for example, shows a board within the community section where beta users can offer feedback.
The Google Play version of the app is listed as "Unreleased," but you are able to now download it to supported Android devices. Unfortunately, you're not able to view its content without becoming a beta tester – even if you signed up to pre-order the new subscription service.


Digital Thermometer - Philadelphia Instruments and Controls, Inc. - Specializes in the production of temperature related products.
These thermometers are housed in sealed enclosures suitable for use in high humidity places. Meters come complete with permanently attached probes calibrated to provide matched accuracy. These probes are constructed of tough, long-life materials, and can be custom optimized to meet specific customer requirements. Typical monitoring applications include batch cooking of fudge, hard and soft candies and any product where the processing temperature is critical. Built-in quality gives these instruments an excellent combination of accuracy and durability.
Thermocouple type K wire is used because of it superior mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
Heavy-duty probes are designed for use in batch production applications. Long flex-life cables are steel reinforced and are jacketed for either cold or hot environments.
Large bright red LED display is about 1/2" high for excellent readability. Individual digits are mounted in sockets for simple replacement.
Based on calibration and probe construction range is -50 to 550 °F (-45 to 288 °C).
±1 degree from -30 to 400 °F using NBS traceable references in calibration baths.
Accuracy to the extremes of the range is ±2° F.
-10 to 120 °F (-23 to 49 °C).
One degree max. for an ambient range of 0 to 120 °F.
PVC molded 4" x 4" x 2½" splash proof enclosure. Exposed hardware is stainless steel.
Supplied with a 5ft power cord for 120 VAC 50/60HZ.
Appx.1.2 lbs (0.54 kg) without probe.


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Is your active fund really a Closet Tracker?
Is your active fund really…
CLOSET TRACKERS, ALSO KNOWN AS CLOSET INDEXING OR INDEX HUGGING, REFERS TO THE PRACTICE OF FUND MANAGERS CLAIMING TO MANAGE PORTFOLIOS ACTIVELY WHEN IN REALITY THE FUND STAYS CLOSE TO A BENCHMARK
IMPACT OF CLOSET TRACKERS
The issues around 'closet trackers' form part of a broader issue on the effectiveness of investor disclosure and the legitimate expectations of investors in respect of the service provided by some asset managers.
Closet trackers may result in:
Investors making investment decisions based on an expectation that they will be provided with a more active fund management service than they receive in practice and, therefore, may be paying higher management fees than that usually envisaged for a passive/not significantly active management service;
Investors being exposed to a different risk/return profile than they expect; and
Asset managers not providing clear descriptions of how funds are managed in key disclosure documents such as the fund's Prospectus and Key
Investor Information Document (KIID).
The practice is now the focus of regulatory scrutiny and a clamp-down across Europe. ESMA is concerned the practice may harm investors as they are not receiving the service or risk/return profile they expect based on the fund's disclosure documents, while potentially paying higher fees compared to those typically charged for passive management.
In 2016, ESMA conducted research on a sample of 2,600 funds for the period 2012-2014 to determine whether it could find any indication of closet indexing at an EU-wide level. Quantitative metrics, such as the percentage of a UCITS' portfolio that does not coincide with the underlying equity benchmark, indicated between 5 and 15% of UCITS equity funds could potentially be closet indexers.
ESMA then reviewed the investor disclosure documents of the funds concerned, to see how they described their management strategy, and found they tended to confirm the quantitative analysis results.
Following ESMA's analysis resulting in a statement on "supervisory work on potential closet index tracking", a number of European regulators have investigated the "closet tracker" issue with varying results and subsequent measures taken.
Finanstilsynet, the Norwegian regulator, found that DNB Asset Management Fund had performed very closely to its benchmark, however, marketed and priced itself as an actively managed fund. In 2019, on appeal DNB Asset management was ordered to pay compensation of €35 million.
The United Kingdom conducted an initial analysis and found that 5 of 23 investment funds presented as active funds displayed profiles of closet trackers. More recently, in March 2018, following the FCA's investigation into closet trackers, it announced that £34 million in compensation payments was to be made to investors. Furthermore, the FCA new assessment of value rules require managers to assess whether value of money has been provided to fund investors (New COLL 6.6.20).
Conversely, some regulators following ESMA's research and using additional measures (outlined further in Country Methodologies and Results section), did not identify the same issues in their markets, such as the AMF in France or the CSSF in Luxembourg. Albeit, they did acknowledge
improvements were required in investor disclosures. Although BaFin did identify some funds which closely tracked an index, it did not identify any cases in which a fund was purportedly active, had corresponding fees and nonetheless solely tracked an index. Furthermore, BaFin stated that they are unpersuaded that it was its job as regulator to influence the level of fees charged by German funds or intervene in the economic decisions of the regulated funds.
MEASURES OF "CLOSET TRACKING"
There are a number of metrics used in the methodology to identify potential closet trackers. The most frequently referenced include:
Active Share;
Tracking Error Volatility;
R2 (r-squared) and
Style Shifting Activity (SSA).
While the Active Share shows the percentage of the portfolio that does not coincide with the underlying equity benchmark, the Tracking Error Volatility shows the volatility of the difference between the return of the portfolio and the return of its benchmark. Seen in conjunction, and in relation to a given equity index, low active share and low tracking error indicate that the portfolio of a fund is close to that of the respective index, which could be a sign for passive fund management.
The R2 ratio represents the percentage of a fund performance that can be explained by a change of performance in a benchmark index. The higher the R2, the closer the performance of the fund is correlated to that of the benchmark.
The style-shifting activity (SSA) developed by Herrmann, Rohleder, and Scholz (2016) seeks to capture shifts in management styles by measuring changes in fund exposures to various market factors between two quarters.
Following ESMA's quantitative study, many European regulators have investigated closet tracking with varying results – see country specific methodologies and results section for more detail.
The following are summaries of key developments across a number of jurisdictions, including examples of inadequate investor disclosures, weak controls by management company boards and examples of overcharging and compensation:
2016 – Active/passive management in Danish UCITS
The Danish FSA published an analysis of the management of equity sub-funds in Danish UCITS. The analysis was based on reports of the financial measures, active share and tracking error, at the end of 2013, and it included 188 equity sub-funds.
The initial analysis showed that 56 of the 188 sub-funds had an active share of less than 60% combined with a tracking error of less than 4%. Following further investigation and changes in the methodology this was reduced from 56 to 22.
Click here for full Atlas article.
2016 – ESMA Updates on Supervisory Work on Closet Index Tracking
On 2nd February 2016, European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published a Statement providing details of its work on closet index tracking funds.
ESMA conducted research on a sample of 2,600 funds for the period 2012-2014 to determine whether it could find any indication of closet indexing at an EU-wide level. Quantitative metrics, such as the percentage of a UCITS' portfolio that does not coincide with the underlying equity benchmark, indicated between 5 and 15% of UCITS equity funds could potentially be closet indexers.
2017 – Better Finance Replicates ESMA Study on Closet Indexing
Better Finance replicates the ESMA study on closet indexing and identified up to 165 equity "UCITS" funds that could potentially be closet indexers.
In their press release they stated that ESMA would not disclose the names of the funds it identified as "potential equity closet indexing funds" in its investigation results. Due to this, Better Finance decided to replicate the ESMA study as closely as possible and – using the same quantitative analysis performed by ESMA – to disclose the list of the sampled funds, including those that are potentially "closet indexers".
2017 – ESMA Includes Closet Indexing in Priorities for 2018
ESMA included closet indexing as a priority for 2018. Included in ESMA's objectives is to ensure that NCAs are taking convergent approaches to situations where deficiencies are identified. In a single market where cross-border distribution of funds is widespread, ESMA believe it is a key part of ESMA's role to try to ensure that investors are treated fairly across all Member States.
2018 – ESMA Hosts Workshop for National Supervisors on Closet Indexing
ESMA holds supervisors' workshop for National Competent Authorities (NCAs) to promote supervisory convergence in NCAs' supervision of closet indexing.
2019 – ESMA Issues Statement on Supervisory Work on Potential Closet Index Tracking
ESMA issues statement on supervisory work on potential closet index tracking. In the statement, ESMA informs stakeholders and especially investors about the potential for some European collective investment funds to be 'closet index trackers', and to give details on the work that ESMA has been doing in this context.
2019 – ESMA Clarify Benchmark Disclosure Obligations for UCITS
ESMA updates Q&A to clarify the UCITS KIID benchmark and past performance obligations. UCITS should clearly indicate, in the KIID, whether their strategy is 'active' (or 'actively managed') or 'passive' (or 'passively managed').
Additionally, investors should be provided with an indication of how actively managed the UCITS is, compared to its reference benchmark index.
2017 – AMF Integrates New Best Practices into its Policy
The Autorité des marchés financiers issues reminder to asset management companies of how important it is to draft the management objective clearly, especially when a fund refers to a benchmark index. The AMF is updating its policy to integrate best practices in this matter.
2018 – AMF Proposes Alternative Approach to Those Currently Used in Europe
AMF test alternative method for accessing closet index funds. The method proposed by the AMF adopts a return-based approach. By using market data solely, this method can be applied to a broader sample and aims to measure the degree of relative activity within a given fund population and its persistence over time. The method is applied to test a sample from between 2006 and 2016 of nearly 800 French funds invested in European equities.
2016 – BaFin Completes Closet Indexing Investigation
BaFin completes investigation into closet indexing having identified deficiencies in transparency. As a result of its investigation BaFin plans to increase transparency obligations for the investment fund industry and has also published a consultation on the matter.
BaFin plans to issue an announcement in order to increase transparency obligations for the investment fund industry. From mid-2017 at the latest, asset management companies will, in cases where equity holdings comprise 51% or more of the funds, have to state in their prospectuses whether retail funds are actively managed or merely track an index. If companies use a benchmark, then they will have to name it and also specify whether and by how much they intend for it to be exceeded or fallen below.
2019 – Central Bank Publishes Thematic Review of Closet Indexing
Central Bank of Ireland publishes outcome of a review of UCITS funds on the subject of closet indexing. Detailed analysis was carried out on all of the 2,550 Irish authorised UCITS funds classified as actively managed as at March 2018.
Key findings from the Review include:
Investors were not always given sufficient or accurate information about the UCITS's investment strategy in the Prospectus and KIID, to enable informed decision making on whether to invest in the UCITS.
The Central Bank also found cases of poor governance and controls by Boards of UCITS Fund Management Companies.
The Central Bank found cases where multi-manager UCITS consistently delivered a performance similar to an index.
Cases were identified where the UCITS have a target outperformance against a benchmark that is less than the fee changed to certain share classes in the UCITS.
Finally, the Central Bank found cases where the past performance section of the KIID did not include relevant benchmark disclosure.
2017 – CSSF Conclusions on Closet Index Tracking Work
Following ESMA's review, the CSSF carried out its own investigations by considering, in addition to the quantitative measures used by ESMA such as Active Share, Tracking Error and R2, qualitative criteria including the actual management style and the disclosure to investors.
The CSSF could not identify any UCITS qualifying as closet index tracker. It could however be observed that investor disclosure in relation to the use of a benchmark can be improved for some of the funds under review. As a result, the CSSF asked the concerned management companies to increase the level of information disclosed in the key investor information document (KIID) and the sales prospectus.
2018 – MFSA Circular on Self-Assessment in Relation to the Evaluation of Potential Closet Indexing Practices Adopted by UCITS and Retail AIFs
MFSA publishes self-assessment in relation to the evaluation of potential closet indexing practices adopted by UCITS and Retail AIFs. ManCos should determine whether a Fund falls under the below criteria classifying it as a potential closet indexer by considering: (a) "active share", (b) "tracking error" and (c) "R2" (r-squared) as all-inclusive metrics, as a minimum.
2016 – AFM Report on Index Hugging
The Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) publishes report on index hugging, alternatively know as closet trackers. The report identified that 7 out of the 85 funds investigated by the AFM are closet trackers. In 2014, these 7 index huggers together managed nearly half a billion euros worth of assets.
The Report contains a number of recommendations aimed at preventing index hugging.
2015 – Finanstilsynet Investigates Closet Tracking
Finanstilsynet announces as part of its supervision of management companies, it is investigating whether Norwegian equity funds that are marketed and priced as actively managed funds are in fact managed as such.
Finanstilsynet decided to impose a corrective order on DNB Asset Management AS. The order broadly required the company to either bring the management of the fund into line with the characteristics of active management, as reflected in the fund's prospectus and the management fee, or to adjust the pricing of the fund to the management strategy that has in point of fact been applied.
2015 – Finansinspektionen Closet Index Funds Investigation
Finansinspektionen (FI) publishes report on consumer protection on the financial market. In the report FI discuss the tightening of rules and measures against closet index funds.
2017 – FCA Publishes its Final Report on Asset Management Market
FCA publish final report on the Asset Management Market study. The FCA looked at fund performance, and the relationship between price and performance. In its additional analysis, FCA found substantial variation in performance, both across asset classes and within them.
FCA evidence suggests that, on average, both actively managed and passively managed funds did not outperform their own benchmarks after fees. This finding applies for both retail and institutional investors.
2018 – FCA Findings Through Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis on Closet Tracker Funds and Closet Constrained Funds
FCA publishes report reviewing potential closet tracker funds and closet constrained funds. In summary, 25 of these funds were adequately describing how investors' money was being managed. Of the remaining 71 funds, FCA are working together with firms on 39 of them. Many of these funds are likely to update their disclosures to investors in 2019 following the release of Policy Statement 19/4 and 32 funds have already made improvements.
2019 – FCA Feedback to CP18/9 and Final Rules and Guidance
FCA published a Policy Statement 18/9 that sets out the final rules and guidance to address some of the findings of the asset management market study, focused on fund objectives and the presentation of benchmarks.
The new rules and guidance:
set out how fund managers should describe fund objectives and investment policies to make them more useful to investors
require fund managers to explain why or how their funds use particular benchmarks or, if they do not use a benchmark, how investors should assess the performance of a fund
require fund managers who use benchmarks to reference them consistently across the fund's documents
require fund managers who present a fund's past performance to do so against each benchmark used as a constraint on portfolio construction or as a performance target, and
clarify that where a performance fee is specified in the prospectus, it must be calculated based on the scheme's performance after the deduction of all other fees.
2018 – State of New York Mutual Fund Fees and Active Share Report
Investor Protection Bureau publish "Mutual Fund Fees and Active Share," detailing the findings of an investigation into fees charged by actively managed mutual funds, their disclosures to investors, and their portfolio composition relative to their fees.
Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced that after an industry-wide investigation into mutual fund disclosures and fees, 13 major mutual fund firms—including those run by some of the largest players in the mutual fund industry—have agreed to voluntarily publish important information about their mutual funds to all retail investors. Under the agreements, the firms will disclose new information that can help retail investors determine whether a higher-cost, actively managed mutual fund fits their investment goals better than another, lower-cost alternative.
COUNTRY METHODOLOGIES AND RESULTS
ESMA conducted a quantitative study to identify potentially closet index funds among European equity funds using the Cremers and Petajisto method
Following ESMA's quantitative study, many European regulators have investigated closet tracking with varying results outlined below.
ESMA created a sample of funds, focusing on UCITS equity funds, domiciled in EU Member States, that were not categorised as index-tracking UCITS and that had:
assets under management of more than € 50mn;
an inception date before 1 January 2005; and
management fees of more than 0.65% of the net asset value (NAV) of the fund.
The resulting sample was composed of more than 2,600 UCITS.
Out of these 2,600 funds, it was possible for ESMA to retrieve data for further analysis for 1,251 UCITS.
The metrics used in the methodology were "active share", "tracking error" and "R 2" (r-squared).
To take into account local specificities of financial markets in the Member States, ESMA analysed three different sets of metrics, aimed at providing a range for the extent of potential closet index funds:
Funds with an active share of less than 60% and a tracking error of less than 4% were classified as potentially being closet indexers. This approach is based on academic research and is used by consumer organisations such as Better Finance.
Funds with an active share of less than 50% and a tracking error of less than 3% were classified as potentially being closet indexers. This set of metrics could be more indicative in Member States with relatively small equity markets.
Funds with an active share of less than 50%, a tracking error of less than 3% and a R2 of more than 0.95 (95%) were classified as potentially being closet indexers. In addition to active share and tracking error, R2 was used as a third criterion to further sharpen the analytical focus.
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The Danish FSA published an analysis of the management of equity sub-funds in Danish UCITS.
The analysis involved 188 equity sub-funds.
The two financial measures used were active share and tracking error.
The analysis showed that 56 of the 188 sub-funds had an active share of less than 60% combined with a tracking error of less than 4%. According to the wide internationally-accepted measures, this indicated that the sub-funds were not necessarily following an active investment strategy.
Following the analysis, the Danish FSA revised the criterion:
Lowered the criterion for low active share from 60% to 50%
Criterion for low tracking error was changed from 4% to 3%
The return before costs, compared with the return on the underlying benchmark index threshold was set at +/- 3 percentage points
The result was that the number of sub-funds in focus in the investigation was reduced from 56 to 22. Thus, all 22 sub-funds had an active share and tracking error of less than 50% and 3%, respectively, and the three-year gross return of the sub-funds was within the interval +/- 3 percentage points compared to the return on the underlying benchmark index.
The AMF carried out a study on funds domiciled in their jurisdiction to determine whether certain funds among those suspected could be considered as closet index funds.
The AMF analysed nearly 800 funds.
The method is to measure the degree of relative activity within a given fund population and its persistence over time based on three indicators:
R2, and
Style-Shifting Activity (SSA)
After conducting the in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis, the AMF was unable to confirm that certain funds designated by ESMA's study were actually closet trackers.
BaFin examined German equity funds with a volume of 10 million euros or more and with equity holdings comprising at least 51 percent for the use of closet indexing.
In its investigation, BaFin reviewed 290 German equity funds.
In its investigation, using the same methodology as ESMA, BaFin did identify certain "suspicious funds", however they did not identify any cases in which a fund was purportedly active, had corresponding fees and nonetheless solely tracked an index.
However, based on the figures which BaFin requested from the asset management companies, it was possible to identify some funds which closely tracked an index.
The Central Bank of Ireland conducted a thematic review of Irish authorised Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS) on the subject of closet indexing.
The review involved:
2,550 Irish UCITS classified as actively managed
15,500 share classes
2,500 indices
The Central Bank used Tracking Error Volatility, R-Squared and Beta in order to identify UCITS that appear to be closely moving in line with an index.
The Central Bank analysis identified 182 UCITS falling within ESMA's description of closet indexing.
CSSF
The CSSF carried out its own investigations by considering, in addition to the quantitative measures used by ESMA such as Active Share, Tracking Error and R2, qualitative criteria including the actual management style and the disclosure to investors.
Except one isolated case for which the analyses have not yet been completed, the CSSF could not identify any UCITS qualifying as closet index tracker. It could however be observed that investor disclosure in relation to the use of a benchmark can be improved for some of the funds under review. As a result, the CSSF asked the concerned management companies to increase the level of information disclosed in the key investor information document (KIID) and the sales prospectus.
Categories: Regulatory Insights, Regulatory ReportingBy Trevor Dempster 22 September 2019
Tags: AOVCloset TrackerCloset TrackingESMAFCAFE fundinfoLiquidity
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