In 2013 after huge success of my previous ebook ive decided to make new one – this time paid. In this text i share two unique methods to gather 100% google trusted links in two sneaky ways. The links come straight from Google.com itself and have nothing to do with Google+ or their Blogger platform. They are in article and dofollow. Price of Trust Rank Exploit ebook is a bargain.
In 2012 ive decided to create first free ebook instead of usual blog posting. The ebook was short and to the point – the way i always write. It covers few really easy yet unknown methods to stop spammers on your sites and not let your content be ripped by others. I was really happy to see over 1000 downloads straight from my website and it didnt get single bad review.
In 2012 after Pinterest boom, me and my buddy decided (actually was more his idea than mine) to make a tool that would allow to make multi-account campaigns on pinterest. Pintensify allows you to generate pins from spintax, pin and repin things by keyword or username, auto comment and like pins + much much more. It is an all in one solution for pinterest botting, yet due to many changes on pinterest and not enough time to make the app 100% working the tool is possible to buy as Beta release.
In late 2011 due to loads of emails from blog readers and so many views i decided to make a community in form of a forum. It was open at first but because most people were just coming to repost to other forums and give nothing back.. I made it closed. Also google attempts at destorying SEO were an inspiration to make a closed community. BlackhatPwnageForum is one time payment and everybodys welcome – whether he is blackhat/whitehat or newb/pro. You can find there guides, 0sec deals, free linkslists, software and scripts.
In 2011 i was in need of google cache ripper. My buddy helped me to make such small tool.. few weeks later we started building a massive software that is actually loads of small-task SEO tools all i none. Currently BSS is one of those SEO softwares that i have open 24/7 and it had ZERO bad press. Inside you will find many keyword scrapers, article rippers, xrumer tools, email harvesters, text manipulation software, ppc calculators, proxy harvester and checker + much more. Usually you would pay 10-30$ per tool, here you get all of them multithreaded and multitasked [so you can run each tool few times and make them work together] in one decent package. Tool available for Windows, Linux and Mac!
In 2010 (so way before all other automated softwares came out) i`ve made Mass Prestige Poster, a tool that with full automation can post to over 50 CMSes [blogs,guestbooks,wikipedias and some others], learn new fields and automatically break math captchas. The ground-breaking [and still not beaten up by many] thing in the tool was – it knew itself how to post on each CMS – what code to use, where to place link, how to avoid spam filters. After 2 years and loads of programs on market MPP is still working, and has dedicated users.
In 2009 i decided i will be sharing my knowledge and wisdom of blackhat seo with other people and created a blog which is now considered #1 blackhat seo resource online. It has reviews of 100% verified software, i denied many many reviews + free methods that really work. Even tho site has "blackhat" in name it is actually an internet marketing blog with more agressive point of view but alot of normal white hat guys or just IM people will find there alot of useful information. Site gets over 9k unique users a month and has the only non-spammy mailing list in the universe. I mail only when i post something and the mails.. lets say they are worth reading!


An interesting article about the restoration of Sinpar Plein Air no. 232, registered in this site's Plein Air Register as # 41!
Our friend Hanz sends us these yet unknown Plein Air pictures taken from Renault Magazine 1968, no. 67. The pictures feature famous French 'vedettes' like Eddie Constantine, Daniel Gelin and Robert Lamoureux in new Plein Airs! Pictures are taken at the 'Reserve Africaine' in Thoiry (78) France, which had its public opening in 1968.
This is a picture of the Sinpar 4 door convertible prototype as presented on the 1968 Salon de Paris. The picture shows the same car 45 years later after a full restoration. The car is owned by the DeMeester family, who in the past were in charge of Sinpar.
The second picture shows the car at Salon de Paris in 1968.
Our friend C. Meier has sent us this movie featuring all 1968 Renault models available in Holland at the occassion of the arrival of Saint Nicolas. It shows a plein air registered in the Netherlands (12-15-JD) which was owned by Renault Nederland. The movie is shot in December 1968 by Renault dealer ship Verstraaten. This is the same car featured in many of the Plein Air press photos and news articles. As far as we know the car and the registration no longer exist. Unique plein air footage!
Note that the picture is not a picture of the actual model but a picture of Sinpar no. 509.
A copy of this article was kindly put on line by French FIAT enthusiasts. The article contains a road and beach test of a number of beach cars available in 1968, amoung which a Plein Air and a FIAT. A copy can be downloaded from this site under the tab Plein Air history, beach car competitors.
Thanks to our friend Jeffrey who alerted us to the publication.
50th anniversary You tube video featuring Sinpar no. 509 and many other R4's.
This picture was sent to us by our friend Marc. The picture was taken in 1968 and is part of the collection of the French Sinpar Association (registre_sinpar@hotmail.fr), that is dedictaed to preserving Sinpar's history and all Sinpar products. As per the confirmation of Mr. Olivier Weyl, contact person of the Sinpar Register, it shows a number of Plein Airs at the Sinpar production site at Verneuil sur Avre. Note that the convertible top was available in two different colors (black and grey). The canvas 'doors' were optional. Also note the Renault 4 pick-up in the backgound, apparently an other Sinpar R4 conversion.
And another picture from the collection of the Sinpar Association, also taken in 1968.
Our friend Hans-Peter has sent us the attached press photo for Belinda stockings taken in 1972 published in a 1972 ad campaign all over Germany, featuring Hans-Peter's former plein air. A great addition to the site!
A You Tube movie with images of and from Renault 4 Plein Air Simpar no. 434 'La Canadienne' in the company of many other R4's.
An articles in Japanese Hobidas Auto.com Car Magazine Tipo, issue 2011/4 featuring Plein Air Sinpar no. 350, registered as # 19 and owned by our friend Jun.
An article of unknown date, featuring one of alledgedly 2 plein airs in Japan. The first Japanese Plein Air (sinpar no. 350) was registered in this site's Official Plein Air Register on 18 January 2011.
This document complements MR Plein Air (see above) and gives details of Plein-Air specific parts. Pdf copies of pages 81.19, 82.75, 84.65-67. Download via link below.
Cinquante ans et pas une ride ! Au point même qu'on la croirait toujours en production. Un must qui aura su conquérir le cœur de tous les automobilistes. Venez faire un tour en 4L, ou plutôt dans les 4L des cinquante personnages illustres inconnus ou célébrités illustrant cet ouvrage. Cinquante ans et cinquante portraits pour découvrir l'une des voitures françaises qui aura le plus marqué l'histoire de l'automobile du 20e siècle.
Voiture de Week-end de Demain?
Many thanks to Francois who put this article online.
GRANDE CARTE POSTALE 21X10cm qui a été postée le 19 02 1968 adressé à un concessionnaire automobile. Il s'agit d'une publicité de RENAULT Cette carte est intitulée Carrosserie "Plein air" SINPAR sur renault 4 "Grande societé" 2 ou 4 roues motrices. Il s'agit d'une pub d'époque pour la 4l cabriolet ou découvrable, la même que celle de TANGUY ou LAVERDURE dans les chevaliers du ciel.Le texte est imprimé:"Au soleil Au grand air Image de l'évasion! avec la voiture "Schuss"
Our friend Remko Kort sent us a copy of the attached article in the March 2008 issue of German Magazine Oldtimer Markt.
The picture of the Sinpar tag on the first page indeed suggests that at least 529 R1123's were converted to plein airs, but the diamond and oval shaped Renault tags are missing. The article does not confirm that the car in the pictures is indeed no. 529.
Who knows this car and/or the owner?
Thanks to our German friend Hans-Peter we now have a color copy of the article available upon request.
Thibaut Amant and others made this book in light of the 50th birthday of the Reanult 4L in 2011. The book features (amongst others) R4 Plein Air Sinpar no. 509, registered in our Plein Air Register under no. 004.
This meeting is organized by 4L Magazine and Renault Histoire & Collection to celebrate the 50th birthday of the Renault 4L. We would encourage in particular all Plein Air owners to travel to Thenay, preferably with their car and meet soul mates who are so lucky as to own a Plein Air and other Plein Air enthusiasts and 'amateurs'. Please use the Plein Air Forum to announce your participation and probe the interest of others.
Picture taken in 1980, kindly provided by our friend Andre. Spot the Plein Air in the mid right of the picture.
This is the official Renault 4 Plein-Air operation manual, issued with every Sinpar Plein Air. It is currently an extremely rare document, even more so than the car itself. An 8 pages pdf copy will be made available to each owner registering his or her Plein-Air in the Plein Air Register of this website.
Jeep! Jeep! Jeep! Hourra! An article celebrating the beauty of beach cars!
Article in Dutch Losange Magazine, 27 March 2010 about a Plein Air produced by Renault and Sinpar in France, exported to Canada in 1968, registered in Canada in 1970 and brought home to France again in 2009. After 40 years, the car is in mint condition.
This brochure includes a letter dated 18 March 1969 from Renault Germany confirming that the Plein Air is only available in color 322 white. Certain sources claim that later on German Plein Airs were also available in yellow and green.
Manuel Reparation Renault 4 "Plein Air"
Dutch car magazine Autovisie featured a Dutch registered Plein Air on the cover page of its June 1970 issue, to promote a photo contest. The Plein Air picture is one of the plein air press photos.
The publication features two Canadian Plein Air enthusiast who have restored one of the 20 (40?) Terre des Hommes Plein Airs exported to Canada in 1968 for the Terre des Hommes World Exhibition in Montreal.
This Plein Air is currently owned by the City of Montreal, which had it restored as part of the Terre des Hommes heritage. The picture shows the car in 1996 before restoration.
Article in the second issue of in 2007 introduced French 4L Magazine featuring a 1969 Plein Air, Sinpar no. 330, and... Sophie!
An article in Dutch Renault dedicated Losange Magazine, featuring a Dutch registered 1968 Plein Air, Sinpar no. 254.
Sinpar Brochure, featuring 4x4 versions of the Renault 4 Cabriolet, Torpedo and Pick-up. All cars extremely rare today.


text:
"This is What the Others Have Done": The Impact of Confederation on the Use of Precedent in Newfoundland Supreme Court Decisions From 1932-1958
Krista M. Atkins
Confederation with Canada in 1949 marked a drastic change in Newfoundland's identity as it moved from Dominion to province. The impact reverberated throughout all aspects of life in Newfoundland, including the legal system. Studying the case law pre- and post-Confederation in its historical context illustrates the development of the use of precedent by the Newfoundland judiciary and emerging patterns where Canadian law was more likely to be considered. Paying particular attention to cases heard by the Newfoundland Supreme Court, which stemmed from or were influenced by the legal difficulties arising from the Confederation, as well as the evolution of the bench itself, reveals when the shift occurred from the dominance of British law over the Court's decisions to the infiltration and ultimate acceptance of Canadian law. The author examines the case law from 1932-1958, dividing it into three distinct periods, which move from a strong adherence to British authority, to the recognition that non-British precedent was gaining influence, to finally surrendering to the newfound supremacy of Canadian law. In conclusion, although Newfoundland's own legal precedents that were made prior to Confederation appeared insignificant once the province was subsumed under Canadian jurisdiction, the Justices of the Newfoundland Supreme Court were committed to applying the law in a practical manner that remained faithful to the needs and values of the Newfoundland people.
Krista M Atkins, ""This is What the Others Have Done": The Impact of Confederation on the Use of Precedent in Newfoundland Supreme Court Decisions From 1932-1958" (2008) 17 Dal J Leg Stud 41.

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Description: Human reviewed resources presented for the therapist and consumer interested in rehab and injury information.
Announcement: If you have torn your shoulder labrum, physical therapy can help you restore normal motion and strength. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) keeps your shin bone from gliding forward under your thigh. Injury to your ACL can limit your ability to participate in high level sports.


text:
The England–Wales border (), sometimes referred to as the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border,  runs for  from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south, separating England and Wales.

It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created. The administrative boundary of Wales was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1972. Whether Monmouthshire was part of Wales, or an English county treated for most purposes as though it were Welsh, was also settled by the 1972 Act, which included it in Wales.

Geography

The modern boundary between Wales and England runs from the salt marshes of the Dee estuary adjoining the Wirral Peninsula, across reclaimed land to the River Dee at Saltney just west of Chester. It then loops south to include within England an area southwest of Chester, before rejoining the Dee, and then loops east of the river to include within Wales a large area known as Maelor, formerly an exclave of Flintshire, between Bangor-on-Dee (in Wales) and Whitchurch, Shropshire (in England). Returning to the River Dee as far as Chirk, the boundary then loops to the west, following Offa's Dyke itself for about , and including within England the town of Oswestry, before reaching the River Vyrnwy at Llanymynech. It follows the Vyrnwy to its confluence with the River Severn, and then continues southwards, rising over Long Mountain east of Welshpool. East of Montgomery, the boundary again follows the line of Offa's Dyke for about , before looping eastwards to include within Wales a large area near Churchstoke including Corndon Hill. It then runs westwards to the River Teme, and follows the river southeastwards through Knighton before turning south towards the River Lugg at Presteigne, which is within Wales.

The boundary continues southwards across hills to the River Wye, and follows the river upstream for a short distance to Hay-on-Wye, on the Welsh side of the border. It continues southwards and rises through and across the Black Mountains, following the Hatterall Ridge past Llanthony on the Welsh side and Longtown, Herefordshire on the English side, to reach the River Monnow near Pandy. It then generally follows the river, past Pontrilas (in England) and Skenfrith (in Wales), towards Monmouth, looping eastwards to include the town itself and a surrounding area within Wales. At Redbrook, the boundary again reaches the Wye, and follows the river southwards, past Tintern and Chepstow on the Welsh side, to its confluence with the Severn at the Severn Bridge. The boundary then continues down the Severn estuary towards the Bristol Channel, with the small island of Flat Holm being administered as part of Wales and the neighbouring island of Steep Holm as part of England.

Administrative boundary
The boundary passes between Flintshire, Wrexham County Borough, Powys, and Monmouthshire in Wales and Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire and Gloucestershire in England.

There are several places where the border runs along the centre of a lane or street, resulting in properties on one side of the street being in Wales and those on the other side being in England. Notable examples include Boundary Lane in Saltney and the main street of Llanymynech.

History

Ancient Britain

Before and during the Roman occupation of Britain, all the native inhabitants of the island (other than the Pictish/Caledonian tribes of what is now northern Scotland—and also excepting the Lloegyr of greater south-east Britain) spoke Brythonic languages, a sub-family of the Insular Celtic languages, and were regarded as Britons. The topographical contrast between the mountainous western areas and the generally lower-lying areas to the east is reflected in the nature of ancient settlements, with the majority of hillforts in Britain found in this western area.

Roman era

During the Roman occupation, the tribes of Wales (Ordovices, Deceangli, Demetae, and especially the Silures) were noted by Roman authors as fiercely resisting any occupation. As such the border area became a centre of military activity, with legions based at Deva (Chester), Viroconium (Wroxeter), and Isca Augusta (Caerleon).

In most of Wales, the militaristic nature of the occupation was in stark contrast to that of southeast Britain. As such, by the end of Roman rule, there would have been a cultural border, between the highly Romanised Romano-British in the east, and the more independent and tribal kingdoms to the west. This western area was, however, largely Christian, and a number of successor states attempted to continue Roman practices. The most successful of these were the Kingdom of Gwynedd in the northwest, the Kingdom of Gwent and Glywysing in the southeast, the Kingdom of Dyfed in the southwest and the Kingdom of Powys in the east. Powys roughly coincided with the territory of the Celtic Cornovii tribe whose civitas or administrative centre during the Roman period was at Viroconium. Gwynedd, at the height of its power, extended as far east as the Dee estuary. Gradually, from the 5th century onwards, pagan tribes from the east, including the Angles and Saxons, conquered eastern and southern Britain, which later became England.

In the south, the Welsh kingdom of Gwent broadly covered the same area as the pre-Roman Silures, traditionally the area between the rivers Usk, Wye and the Severn estuary. It was centred at different times on Venta (Caerwent), from which it derived its name, and Isca Augusta (Caerleon). Gwent generally allied with, and at various times was joined with, the smaller Welsh kingdom of Ergyng, centred in present-day southern Herefordshire west of the Wye (and deriving its name from the Roman town of Ariconium); and the larger kingdom of Glywysing in modern Glamorgan. The name Glywysing may indicate that it was founded by a British native of Glevum (Gloucester).

Medieval era

The Battle of Mons Badonicus, circa 500, could have been fought near Bath between the British, the victors, and Anglo-Saxons attempting to reach the Severn estuary, but its date and location are very uncertain and it may equally well have taken place in Somerset or Dorset. However, it is more certain that the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged in the 6th and 7th centuries in the upper Thames valley, Cotswolds and Hampshire areas. In 577, the Battle of Deorham in the southern Cotswolds was won by the Anglo-Saxons, and led to Wessex extending its control to the Severn estuary and the cities of Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath. This severed the land link between the Britons of Wales and those of the south west peninsula. By about 600, however, the area of modern Gloucestershire east of the Severn, as well as most of Worcestershire, was controlled by another group, the Hwicce, who may have arisen from intermarriage between Anglo-Saxon and British leading families, possibly the successors to the pre-Roman Dobunni. The Hwicce came increasingly under Mercian hegemony.

At the Battle of Chester in 616, the forces of Powys and other allied Brythonic kingdoms were defeated by the Northumbrians under Æthelfrith. This divided the Britons of Wales from those in Northern England, including Lancashire, Cumbria, and south west Scotland, an area which became known as "Yr Hen Ogledd" or "the Old North". Within a few decades, the Welsh became engaged in further defensive warfare against the increasingly powerful kingdom of Mercia, based at Tamworth in what became the West Midlands of England. The capital of Powys, Pengwern, at or near modern Shrewsbury, was conquered by Oswiu of Northumbria in 656 when he had become overlord of the Mercians. Powys then withdrew from the lowland areas now in southern Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire, which became known to Welsh poets as "The Paradise of Powys". The areas were occupied by Anglo-Saxon groups who became sub-kingdoms of Mercia, the Wreocensǣte or Wrekinset in the northern part of what became Shropshire, and the Magonsæte in the southern part. Further south, the area north west of the Severn later known as the Forest of Dean seems to have remained in British (that is, Welsh) hands until about 760.

Offa's Dyke

After Ine of Wessex abdicated in 726, Æthelbald of Mercia established Mercia's hegemony over the Anglo-Saxons south of the Humber. However, campaigns by Powys against Mercia led to the building of Wat's Dyke, an earthwork boundary extending from the Severn valley near Oswestry to the Dee at Basingwerk in what became Flintshire, perhaps to protect recently acquired lands. After Æthelbald was killed in 757, a brief civil war in Mercia then ended in victory for his distant cousin, Offa. As king, he rebuilt Mercia's hegemony over the southern English through military campaigns, and also caused the construction of Offa's Dyke, around the years 770 and 780.

Offa's Dyke is a massive linear earthwork, up to  wide (including its surrounding ditch) and  high. It is much larger and longer than Wat's Dyke, and runs roughly parallel to it. The earthwork was generally dug with the displaced soil piled into a bank on the Mercian (eastern) side, providing an open view into Wales and suggesting that it was built by Mercia to guard against attacks or raids from Powys. The late 9th-century writer Asser wrote that Offa "terrified all the neighbouring kings and provinces around him, and ... had a great dyke built between Wales and Mercia from sea to sea". In the mid-20th century, Sir Cyril Fox completed a major survey of the Dyke and stated that it ran from the Dee to the Severn, as Asser suggested, but with gaps, especially in the Herefordshire area, where natural barriers of strong rivers or dense forests provided sufficient defence. More recent research by David Hill and Margaret Worthington concluded that there is little evidence for the Dyke stretching "from sea to sea", but that the earthwork built by Offa stretched some  between Rushock Hill near Kington in Herefordshire, and Treuddyn in Flintshire. Earthworks in the far north and south, including sections overlooking the Wye valley and east of the Wye at Beachley, may in their view have been built for different purposes at different times, although their conclusions are themselves disputed.

Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English in later centuries. By the 9th century, the expanding power of Mercia led to it gaining control over Ergyng and nearby Hereford. The system of shires which was later to form the basis of local administration throughout England and eventually Wales originated in Wessex, where it became established during the 8th century. Wessex and Mercia gradually established an occasionally unstable alliance, with Wessex gaining the upper hand. According to Asser, the southern Welsh kings, including Hywel ap Rhys of Glywysing, commended themselves to Alfred the Great of Wessex in about 885. Alfred's son Edward the Elder also secured homage from the Welsh, although sporadic border unrest continued. In the early 10th century, a document known as The Ordinance Concerning the Dunsaete records procedures for dealing with disputes between the English and the Welsh, and implies that areas west of the Wye in Archenfield were still culturally Welsh. It stated that the English should only cross into the Welsh side, and vice versa, in the presence of an appointed man who had the responsibility of making sure that the foreigner was safely escorted back to the crossing point. In 926, Edward's successor Athelstan, "King of the English", summoned the Welsh kings including Hywel Dda of Deheubarth to a meeting at Hereford, and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between England and Wales, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the eastern bank of the Wye should form the boundary.

By the mid-eleventh century, most of Wales had become united under the king of Gwynedd, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. In 1055, he marched on Hereford and sacked the city. He also seized Morgannwg and the Kingdom of Gwent, together with substantial territories east of Offa's Dyke, and raided as far as Chester and Leominster. He claimed sovereignty over the whole of Wales, a claim recognised by the English, and historian John Davies states that Gruffudd was "the only Welsh king ever to rule over the entire territory of Wales.". However, after his most powerful ally – Earl Elfgar of Mercia and East Anglia – died, Harold and Tostig Godwinson took advantage of the situation – Gruffudd being besieged in Snowdonia – and invaded Wales. In 1063, Gruffudd was killed by his own men. Harold returned many of the Welsh princes their lands, so that after Harold's death at the Battle of Hastings, Wales was again divided without a leader to resist the Normans.

March of Wales

Immediately after the Norman conquest of England, King William installed one of his most trusted confidants, William FitzOsbern, as Earl of Hereford. By 1071 he had started the building of Chepstow Castle, the first castle in Britain built of stone, near the mouth of the Wye. It served as a base from which the Normans continued to expand westward into south Wales, establishing a castle at Caerleon and extinguishing the Welsh kingdom of Gwent. William also installed Roger de Montgomerie at Shrewsbury, and Hugh d'Avranches at Chester, creating a new expansionist earldom in each case. In the Domesday Book of 1086, Norman lands are recorded west of the Wye at Chepstow and Caldicot in the Gwent Levels (); over the whole of north east Wales as far west as the River Clwyd, an area known to the Welsh as the Perfeddwlad; and west of Offa's Dyke, especially in Powys where a new castle was named, after its lord, Montgomery.

Domesday Book no doubt records the extent of English penetration into Wales. This suggests that Offa's Dyke still approximately represented the boundary between England and Wales. However, during the anarchy of Stephen various Welsh princes were able to occupy lands beyond it, including Whittington, Shropshire (see Whittington Castle) and Maelor Saesneg, hitherto in England. These lands were brought under English lordship by Henry II of England, but became Marcher lordships, and so part of Wales. This involved a loss of direct rule by the English crown.

Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small lordships, at times numbering over 150, between the Dee and Severn and further west. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size. Hundreds of small castles, mostly of the motte and bailey type, were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. Many new towns were established across the area, some such as Chepstow, Monmouth, Ludlow and Newtown becoming successful trading centres, and these tended to be a focus of English settlement. However, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans.

The Marches, or Marchia Wallia, were to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By the early 12th century, they covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Glamorgan, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. Some of the lordships, such as Oswestry, Whittington, Clun, and Wigmore had been part of England at the time of Domesday, while others such as the Lordship of Powys were Welsh principalities that passed by marriage into the hands of Norman barons. In ecclesiastical terms, the ancient dioceses of Bangor and St. Asaph in the north, and St. David's and Llandaff in the south, collectively defined an area which included both the Principality and the March, and coincided closely with later definitions of Wales.

The Principality of Wales () covered the lands ruled by the Prince of Wales directly, and was formally founded in 1216, and later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, Prince of Gwynedd, and King John of England. Encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales, the principality operated as an effectively independent entity from the reign of Llywelyn until 1283 (though it underwent a period of contraction during the early part of the reign of Dafydd ap Llywelyn in the 1240s, and again for several years from the beginning of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's rule in 1246). Its independence was characterised by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well established laws of Cyfraith Hywel, and by the increasingly sophisticated court of the Aberffraw dynasty.

The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by Edward I of England. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "Prince of Wales" as legally part of the lands of England, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The Council of Wales, based at Ludlow Castle, was also established in the 15th century to govern the area.

Formation of "England and Wales" and county boundaries

However, the Marches remained outside the shire system, and at least nominally outside the control of the English monarchy, until the first Laws in Wales Act was introduced in 1535 under Henry VIII. Henry had not seen the need to reform the government of Wales at the beginning of his reign, but gradually he perceived a threat from some of the remaining Marcher lords and therefore instructed his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, to seek a solution.
This, and a further Act in 1542, had the effect of annexing Wales to England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, commonly referred to as England and Wales. The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas formed into new counties, or amalgamated into existing ones.
At this point, the boundary between England and Wales, which has existed ever since, was effectively fixed. In the border areas, five new counties were created – Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire and Monmouthshire – and Flintshire gained some additional territory. However, several of the marcher lordships were incorporated in whole or in part into English counties. The lordships of Ludlow, Clun, Caus and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; and Wigmore, Huntington, Clifford and most of Ewyas were included in Herefordshire. According to John Davies:

Thus was created the border between Wales and England, a border which has survived until today. It did not follow the old line of Offa's Dyke nor the eastern boundary of the Welsh dioceses; it excluded districts such as Oswestry and Ewias, where the Welsh language would continue to be spoken for centuries, districts which it would not be wholly fanciful to consider as Cambria irredenta. Yet, as the purpose of the statute was to incorporate Wales into England, the location of the Welsh border was irrelevant to the purposes of its framers.

An 1844 Act of Parliament later abolished several enclaves. One of these, Welsh Bicknor, was an exclave of Monmouthshire between Gloucestershire and Herefordshire.

Monmouthshire

Although Monmouthshire was included in the 16th century legislation, it was treated anomalously, with the result that its legal status as a Welsh county fell into some ambiguity and doubt until the 20th century. It was omitted from the second Act of Union, which established the Court of Great Sessions, and like English shires it was given two Knights of the Shire, rather than one as elsewhere in Wales. However, in ecclesiastical terms, almost all of the county remained within the Diocese of Llandaff, and most of its residents at the time spoke Welsh. In the late 17th century under Charles II it was added to the Oxford circuit of the English Assizes, following which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, it gradually "came to be regarded as an English county". Under that interpretation, the boundary between England and Wales passed down the Rhymney valley, along Monmouthshire's western borders with Brecknockshire and Glamorgan, so including Newport, and other industrialised parts of what would now generally be considered to be South Wales, within England.

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica unambiguously described the county as part of England, but noted that "whenever an act [...] is intended to apply to [Wales] alone, then Wales is always coupled with Monmouthshire". Some legislation and UK government decisions, such as the establishment of a "Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire" in 1908, referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", so that it was treated as one with Wales rather than as a legal part of Wales. The county's status continued to be a matter of debate in Parliament, especially as Welsh nationalism and devolution climbed the political agenda in the 20th century. In 1921 the area was included within the Church in Wales. The Welsh Office, established in 1965, included Monmouthshire within its remit, and in 1969 George Thomas, Secretary of State for Wales, proposed to fully incorporate Monmouthshire into Wales. The issue was finally clarified in law by the Local Government Act 1972, which provided that "in every act passed on or after 1 April 1974, and in every instrument made on or after that date under any enactment (whether before, on or after that date) "Wales", subject to any alterations of boundaries..." included "the administrative county of Monmouthshire and the county borough of Newport". The legal boundary between England and Wales therefore passes along Monmouthshire's eastern boundaries with Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, essentially along the River Monnow and River Wye.

The border today

English and Welsh boundaries

The first legislation applying solely to Wales since the 16th century was passed in 1881. Subsequently, the border between England and Wales has taken on increasing legal and political significance.

Until the Welsh Disestablishment in 1920, the Diocese of St Asaph covered parts of north-west Shropshire. The parishes transferred to the Diocese of Lichfield were: Criftins, Hengoed, Kinnerley, Knockin, Llanyblodwell, Llanymynech, Melverley, Morton, Oswestry, St Martins, Selattyn, Trefonen, Weston Rhyn and Whittington.

In 1965, a separate department of state was established for Wales – the Welsh Office – which assumed an increasing range of administrative responsibilities from Whitehall. By 1992, the Welsh Office oversaw housing, local government, roads, historic buildings, health, education, economic development, agriculture, fisheries and urban regeneration, although the extent to which it was able to be autonomous from England in public policy is a matter of debate.

The establishment of devolved government in Wales through the Welsh Assembly, set up in 1999, has led to a divergence between England and Wales on some government policies. One such is the fact that prescription charges were abolished in Wales in 2007. In 2008, residents of the village of Audlem, Cheshire,  from the border, "voted" to become part of Wales in what was originally a joke ballot. Some residents sought to make a case for securing Welsh benefits such as free hospital parking and prescriptions. The modern border lies between the town of Knighton and its railway station, and divides the village of Llanymynech where a pub straddles the line. Knighton is the only town that can claim to be on the border as well as on Offa's Dyke. The postal and ecclesiastical borders are in places slightly different – for example the Shropshire village of Chirbury has Montgomery, as its post town, and the Welsh town of Presteigne is in the English Diocese of Hereford.

National League North football club Chester F.C.'s ground at Deva Stadium straddles the border, with the car park and some of the offices in England but the pitch in Wales.  In the 2021–22 season, the club were threatened with legal action for failing to apply the COVID-19 regulations applying in Wales and allowing crowds to attend matches at the ground.

A competition was launched in 2005 to design one or more new iconic images, along the same lines as the "Angel of the North", to be placed at the borders of Wales. This became known as the "Landmark Wales" project, and a shortlist of 15 proposals was unveiled in 2007. However, the proposal was shelved after it failed to receive Lottery funding.

The main road links over the border in the south are the M4 Second Severn Crossing and the M48 Severn Bridge.
In July 2017, the Welsh Secretary, Alun Cairns, announced that tolls would be abolished at the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the South Wales economy by around £100m a year. In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 when VAT was removed. All tolls ceased on 17 December 2018.

Lost Lands of Wales

The Lost Lands of Wales was a minor political idea of the mid-1960s which called into question the status of areas along the east side of the England–Wales border, which its proponents regarded as Welsh. The idea related to parts of the counties of Cheshire, Gloucestershire, Herefordshire and Shropshire.

The Lost Lands Liberation League was reportedly a minor group in the 1960s claiming to recover the "Lost Lands" for Wales. Some Welsh nationalist organisations have campaigned on the issue, although Plaid Cymru does not. The group is associated with Gethin ap Gruffydd.

Place names

In general, placenames of Welsh origin are found to the west of the border, and those of English origin to the east. However, many historically Welsh names are also found east of the border, particularly around Oswestry in northern Shropshire, such as Gobowen and Trefonen; in southern Shropshire, such as Clun; and in southern Herefordshire, such as Kilpeck and Pontrilas. Most of these areas were not incorporated fully into England until the 16th century, and native Welsh speakers still lived there until at least the 19th century. Equally, placenames of English origin can be found on the Welsh side of the border where there was Mercian and Norman settlement, particularly in the north east, such as Flint, Wrexham and Prestatyn; in English Maelor, such as Overton; in central Powys, such as Newtown and Knighton; and in southeastern Monmouthshire, including Chepstow and Shirenewton.

See also
 Anglo-Scottish border
 Berwick upon Tweed
 Church of England border polls 1915–1916
 Cross-border derby
 Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English
 Debatable lands
 History of Wales
 List of Anglo-Welsh Wars
 Little England beyond Wales
 Lloegyr
 Monmouthshire (historic)
 Offa's Dyke Path
 Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border
 Severnside derby
 Welsh Marches

References

Further reading

1536 establishments in England
1536 establishments in Wales
English law
Geographic history of the United Kingdom
Welsh nationalism
History of Shropshire
History of Cheshire
History of Gloucestershire
History of Herefordshire
Territorial evolution

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
UBISOFT ANNOUNCES HYPER SCAPE™ OPEN BETA AVAILABLE IMMEDIATELY
July 12, 2020 July 12, 2020 5 min read spartaprime
PC Players across the World Can Discover the Fast-Paced Urban Battle Royale
and Viewers Can Begin Earning Battle Pass XP Just by Watching Content
SAN FRANCISCO — July 12, 2020 — Today at Ubisoft Forward, Ubisoft® announced a Hyper Scape™ Open Beta for all PC Players available immediately worldwide. Hyper Scape is a free-to-play fast-paced urban battle royale first person shooter. Developed by Ubisoft Montreal, Hyper Scape takes place in the distant future of 2054, where up to 100 Contenders descend upon the virtual city of Neo-Arcadia to engage in action-packed and fast-paced matches to be crowned champion. During this Open Beta, Hyper Scape will introduce Crown Rush Solo, a 100-player free-for-all version of its main Battle Royale mode, on top of the previously available 3-player squad mode Crown Rush Squad, The Open Beta will also feature two new limited time modes: Hack Runner Squad and Turbo
Mode Squad. Additionally, the Open Beta includes one new hack and weapon, Shockwave and Harpy respectively. These additions build on the previously available nine weapons and nine hacks from
the Technical Test. Hyper Scape's Open Beta will also introduce all new features to the innovative Crowncast Twitch extension, including Battle Pass progression by watching Hyper Scape live streams on Twitch and the ability for streamers to invite viewers directly into their squad from Twitch chat. These additions are on top of the previously available Viewer Events, which allow all Twitch viewers the opportunity to have a real-time impact on the battle by voting on events that affect all contenders within a match, such as Low Gravity, or Infinite Ammo. The Open Beta introduces a new Event called Haste that increases the game's speed for all contenders.
The Hyper Scape Open Beta will include a free 30 tier battle pass alongside an in-game shop offering additional customization options. All Open Beta progress and items will carry over through future live phases and into the full launch, across PC and console. Hyper Scape will launch its Season One for PC, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 later this summer.
Hyper Scape was designed from the ground up as an intense, vertical and fast-paced battle royale experience with Twitch streamers in mind. Three-player squads and solo players can dive into the futuristic virtual city of Neo- Arcadia to engage in dynamic firefights, quickly transitioning from narrow streets to open rooftops and deadly interiors.
Hyper Scape introduces Hacks, abilities that players can loot in the world the same way they do weapons. Hacks grant offensive and defensive capabilities to suit all playstyles. Laying down a mine, seeking an enemy, protecting the squad with a big wall or turning invisible to sneak up on opponents are just a few examples of the Hacks players can combine and swap effortlessly. All Hacks and weapons can be upgraded through the Fusion mechanic to produce more powerful iterations of the
pre-existing item.
Hyper Scape innovates and twists the battle royale formula in many ways, such as the unpredictable Decay which dissolves the map of Neo-Arcadia into different patterns, or the unique Echo mechanic that keeps players active in the battle even when they're down. At the end of a Hyper Scape match, the climactic showdown phase starts when the Hyper Scape crown spawns on the map. Players have two different ways to claim victory, either by picking up and carrying the crown for 45 seconds or by being the last player or squad standing.
For more information about Hyper Scape, please visit: www.hyperscape.com
About Hyper Scape
Hyper Scape is an urban, fast-paced, free-to-play battle royale game developed by Ubisoft Montreal. Set in the virtual city of Neo-Arcadia, up to 100 players face each other to become champion of the Hyper Scape. Bringing a fresh take on
the battle royale genre, Hyper Scape is a fast-paced experience that introduces innovative gameplay mechanics such as Hacks, the Fusion, the Decay, the Showdown and many others. Through Hyper Scape Crowncast, a Twitch extension developed in partnership with Twitch, Hyper Scape offers a unique viewing experience, but also offers new tools for streamers to interact with their community. Hyper Scape is currently in a closed technical test and is scheduled to
release on consoles and PC.
Ubisoft is a leading creator, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment and services, with a rich portfolio of world-renowned brands, including Assassin's Creed, Far Cry, For Honor, Just Dance, Watch Dogs, Tom Clancy's video game series including Ghost Recon, Rainbow Six and The Division. The teams throughout Ubisoft's worldwide network of studios and business offices are committed to delivering original and memorable gaming experiences across all popular platforms, including consoles, mobile phones, tablets and PCs. For the 2019–20 fiscal year, Ubisoft generated net bookings of €1,534 million. To learn more, please visit: http://www.ubisoftgroup.com. © 2020 Ubisoft Entertainment. All Rights Reserved. Ubisoft and the Ubisoft logo are registered or unregisteredtrademarks of Ubisoft Entertainment in the US and/or other countries.
Battle Royale, First person shooter, Free, Hacks, Hyper Scape, Open Beta, Shooter, Ubisoft
Pearl Abyss Recruits Participants For "Shadow Arena Regional Cup – Asia" until July 12
Tom Clancy's Elite Squad ! First Official Clancy mobile game will feature former heroes and villians from franchise .


text:
Beyond the Big Bang:
Searching for Meaning in Contemporary Physics
Perhaps more than any other scientific discipline, modern physics has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos by tackling a number of age-old existential questions: How did the universe begin? How can something emerge from nothing? What is the fabric of reality? Why do the laws of physics seem to be uniquely suited for life on Earth? Do we live in a deterministic universe? For all its successes, physics has also uncovered new mysteries, from dark energy and dark matter to the perplexing properties of quantum mechanics and the possibility of multiple universes. While new discoveries have pushed us to the frontiers of science, they have also raised fundamental questions regarding what physics can ultimately reveal about the nature of our reality.
The great revolutions that shook 20th century physics transformed familiar ideas such as space and time, opening new pathways for understanding and interacting with the world around us. Today, however, we are left to wonder how to relate to dark matter, black holes, or the multiverse—concepts that appear to be wholly disconnected from us. Has modern physics lost touch with our basic intellectual and existential concerns? Can physics help us to understand what it means to be human, or are we merely insignificant specks in the cosmos? What, in other words, is the human significance of contemporary physics?
Moderated by Steve Paulson, journalist and Executive Producer of Wisconsin Public Radio's To the Best of Our Knowledge, this intriguing three-part series brings together a wide array of leading physicists, philosophers, historians, and writers to explore the multiple scientific and philosophical dimensions suggested by modern physics, with an emphasis on understanding how recent scientific advances impact our enduring search for meaning. In doing so, the series will analyze and reflect upon the wider implications of these discoveries in a manner that seeks to render them more accessible to our daily lives.
The Origins of the Universe: Why Is There Something Rather than Nothing?
Tuesday, October 14, 2014 | 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM Sold Out
Great mysteries still surround the origins and existence of the universe. Experts from the fields of cosmology, astrophysics, and philosophy unite to discuss the most basic existential question of all: Why are we here? Learn More
The Unification of Physics: The Quest for a Theory of Everything
Wednesday, December 10, 2014 | 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM Sold Out
A "theory of everything" has thus far eluded physicists seeking to unify the laws of the universe. Physicists Katherine Freese, Marcelo Gleiser, Lee Smolin, and Max Tegmark debate whether there are scientific and human limits on what can be ultimately known. Learn More
Transcending Matter: Physics and Ultimate Meaning
Wednesday, February 4, 2015 | 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM Sold Out
Astrophysicists Adam Frank and Priyamvada Natarajan, historian of science David Kaiser, and philosopher of physics Tim Maudlin share their thoughts on what contemporary physics can offer in the quest to understand our place in the universe.
The Origins of the Universe:
Why Is There Something Rather than Nothing?
The Unification of Physics:
The Quest for a Theory of Everything
Transcending Matter:
Physics and Ultimate Meaning
David Kaiser, PhD is Germeshausen Professor of the History of Science and Department Head of MIT's Program in Science, Technology, and Society, and also a member of MIT's Department of Physics. His books include Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics, and How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival... Read More
David Z. Albert, PhD is Frederick E. Woodbridge Professor of Philosophy and Director of the M.A. Program in The Philosophical Foundations of Physics at Columbia University. He received his B.S. in physics from Columbia College and his doctorate in theoretical physics from The Rockefeller University. Professor Albert is the author of Time and Chance and Quantum Mechanics and Experience as well as numerous articles on quantum mechanics... Read More
Max Tegmark, PhD is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is the scientific director of the Foundational Questions Institute. He graduated from the Stockholm School of Economics and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and later received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. Known as "Mad Max" for his unorthodox ideas and passion for adventure, his scientific interests range from precision cosmology to the ultimate nature of reality, all explored in his book ... Read More
Neil Turok, PhD is one of the world's leading theoretical physicists. Formerly Professor of Physics at Princeton and Chair of Mathematical Physics at Cambridge, he is currently Director and Niels Bohr Chair at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada. Neil's research focuses on developing fundamental theories of cosmology and new observational tests... Read More
Priyamvada Natarajan, PhD is Professor in the Departments of Astronomy and Physics at Yale University. She is a theoretical astrophysicist whose research involves mapping the detailed distribution of dark matter in the universe exploiting the bending of light en-route to us from distant galaxies. In addition to her academic position at Yale, she also currently holds the Sophie and Tycho Brahe Professorship of the Dark Cosmology Center, Niels Bohr Institute, at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark... Read More
Adam Frank, PhD is a physicist, astronomer and writer, and is currently a professor of Astrophysics at the University of Rochester. His research focuses on computational astrophysics with an emphasis on star formation and late stages of stellar evolution. His popular writing has focused on issues of science it its cultural context including issues of science and religion and the role of technology in the human experience of time. He is a co-founder of National Public Radio's 13.7 Cosmos and Culture Blog... Read More
Katherine Freese, PhD is the George E. Uhlenbeck Professor of Physics at the University of Michigan. Starting in September 2014 she is Director of Nordita, the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics located in Stockholm. She works on a wide range of topics in theoretical cosmology and astroparticle physics. She has been working to identify the dark matter and dark energy that permeate the universe, as well as to build a successful model for the early universe immediately after the Big Bang... Read More
Jim Holt is an American philosopher, author and essayist. He has contributed to The New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, The New York Review of Books, The New Yorker, The New York Review of Books, The American Scholar, and Slate. Holt received his B.A. and M.A. in mathematics from the University of Virginia, and was a faculty fellow in the philosophy department at Columbia University... Read More
Tim Maudlin, PhD is Professor of Philosophy at New York University. He received his BA in Physics and Philosophy from Yale and his PhD in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Pittsburgh. His work centers on the interpretation of physical theory: how the mathematical structures used in physics may be understood as presenting a physical account of the world... Read More


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text:
The Moon and Sixpence (film)
The Moon and Sixpence is a 1942 film adaptation of W. Somerset Maugham's novel of the same name. Dimitri Tiomkin was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture.
The Moon and Sixpence
Albert Lewin
John E. Burch (assistant)
David L. Loew
1919 novel
by W. Somerset Maugham
Herbert Marshall
Doris Dudley
Dimitri Tiomkin
$1.2 million (US rentals)[1]
Geoffrey Wolfe (Herbert Marshall), a writer similar to Maugham, tells the story of Charles Strickland (George Sanders). A mediocre, seemingly unassuming London stockbroker, Strickland suddenly gives up his career, wife of 17 years (an uncredited Molly Lamont), and children and moves to Paris. Mrs. Strickland asks Wolfe to bring him back. To Wolfe's surprise, Strickland has not run away with another woman (as he had been told), but because Strickland feels compelled to become a painter. He exhibits no remorse or shame about abandoning his family and refuses to return to his old life, whereupon his wife divorces him. Despite his strong disapproval of Strickland's callous behavior, Wolfe is intrigued.
Several years later, Wolfe is in Paris to see his friend, kindhearted Dirk Stroeve (Steven Geray). Stroeve is a bad painter, but an astute judge of others' talent. When Wolfe asks if he knows Strickland, he confidently states that the man is a great painter, even though he has not sold any of his work and barely ekes out a living with odd jobs. However, Stroeve's beloved wife Blanche loathes the man.
Finding Strickland seriously ill near Christmas, Stroeve persuades a very reluctant Blanche to take him into their happy home, promising to nurse him back to health by himself. After six weeks, the artist recovers and makes himself at home, even evicting his host from his own studio. When Stroeve asks him to leave, Blanche unexpectedly announces she is going with him. Stroeve first tries to throttle Strickland. Then, after regaining his composure, he gives the couple the apartment and departs himself.
Later, Strickland discards Blanche (he only accepted her because he wanted to study the female form), and she commits suicide. Even after all this, Stroeve offers to put Strickland up at his mother's home in Holland. He declines.
Wolfe travels to Tahiti, where he learns of Strickland's fate from Captain Nichols (Eric Blore) and Tiara Johnson (Florence Bates). Tiara had arranged a match between Strickland and her young, infatuated cousin Ata (Elena Verdugo). They marry, live happily on Ata's property, and have a child. Strickland paints as much as he wants.
Then Dr. Coutras (Albert Bassermann) is sent for. He informs Strickland he has contracted leprosy. Ata refuses to leave him, braving the hostility of their neighbors, though she eventually entrusts their child to others. Two years later, Coutras is summoned again. He is too late; Strickland is dead. Entering the now dilapidated house, Coutras is awestruck by the paintings adorning all of the interior, recognizing despite his lack of knowledge of art that Strickland has created masterpieces. Ata, however, burns the house down, fulfilling a promise extracted by her husband.
George Sanders as Charles Strickland
Herbert Marshall as Geoffrey Wolfe
Doris Dudley as Blanche Stroeve
Eric Blore as Captain Nichols
Albert Bassermann as Dr. Coutras
Florence Bates as Tiara Johnson
Steven Geray as Dirk Stroeve (as Steve Geray)
Elena Verdugo as Ata
Preservation statusEdit
Because this film was independently produced, it was unavailable for many years after the initial release and 1948 re-release. On December 14, 2011, Turner Classic Movies aired a restored print from George Eastman House which includes the tinted scenes in Tahiti and the final reel in Technicolor (the scenes in London and Paris are in black and white).
^ "101 Pix Gross in Millions" Variety 6 Jan 1943 p 58
The Moon and Sixpence on IMDb
The Moon and Sixpence at the TCM Movie Database
The Moon and Sixpence at AllMovie
The Moon and Sixpence at the American Film Institute Catalog
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Moon_and_Sixpence_(film)&oldid=887898540"


text:
Ripley Funeral Home
Send Flowers for Howard Lavaughn
Howard Lavaughn Newby
April 9, 1941 ~ September 14, 2019 (age 78)
Howard Lavaughn Newby was born in Tippah County on April 9, 1941 and passed on September 14, 2019 at his home surrounded by his family. His parents were Harvey and Della Newby of Tippah County.
Howard was a strong believer in education. He held an Associates degree from Northeast Community College, a B.S. in Industrial Education from Mississippi State, a M.S. in Administration and Curriculum Development from Mississippi State, and an Educational Specialist Degree from Mississippi College in Curriculum and Administration. Because of his passion toward the education of others, he was a member of several educational associations. This includes being: a lifetime member of the Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE), a lifetime member of the International Technology Association (ITA), and a local and state member of PERS retired educators.
He began his career as an educator in 1966 teaching various technical skills at Joe Cook Junior High located in Columbus, MS. For 10 years he served as an industrial coordinator contributing to the establishment of the program "New and Expanding Industries" which brought various new businesses into the state of MS. After working with various industries across the state of MS and the nation, he brought his skills back to his beloved Tippah County where he was hired to oversee the construction, purchasing of equipment, and selection of specific teaching materials designed for vocational and technical programs.
Perhaps his proudest accomplishment was that center in Tippah County. He worked hard to ensure it was the first vocational center in the state of MS that had computers in its business program in 1985. Those computers were used to teach the basic computer skills which became critical as industry began to leap into the electronic age. Many young men and women have established their own businesses as a result of having gone through training at the Tippah Career and Technical Center, of which Howard served as director for 25 years.
He is preceded in death by his wife Anne Holland Newby, brother Harvey Leon Newby, an infant sister, sister Mae Dell Little, and brother John Henry Newby. He is survived by his two sons: Britt L. Newby of Starkville, MS and Lathan A. Newby and his wife Lahoma M. Newby of Lumberton, MS. He also leaves behind two grandchildren: Haley R. Cooley and her husband Cory A. Cooley of Brooklyn, MS and Caden H. Newby of Lumberton, MS. Siblings which remain to mourn his passing include Troy H. Newby and his wife Rita G. Newby (Blue Mountain, MS), Mary Jane Moore (Panama, FL), Martha A. Stanley (Indianapolis, IN), Roy C. Newby (Blue Mountain, MS), and Penny F. Floyd and her husband David L. Floyd (Ripley, MS). Fellow survivors brother-in-law James A. Little and Dianne G. Newby will surely miss him. Finally, he leaves behind his dear friend Iris Carneil Meisel (Saltillo, MS).
The most important thing Howard would like everyone to know about him occurred when he was 10 years old. He was at Paul's Chapel Church when he trusted Jesus Christ as his Savior. He understood that the only way anyone could make it into Heaven was to trust Christ, and he wants everyone to know that if they will trust in Christ as well, they will see him again.
Visitation will take place at Ripley Funeral Home September 16, 2019 from 5-9 PM. A second visitation will take place at Ripley Funeral Home from 12 AM-2 PM with final services following directly afterwards. The family request that memorials be directed to the Howard L. Newby Memorial Scholarship Fund at Northeast Mississippi Community College.
The Ripley Funeral Home is honored to serve the Newby family and invites you to share memories.
To send flowers to Howard Lavaughn Newby's family, please visit our floral section.
1011 ity Ave. North
Ripley, MS 38663
Lebanon Cemetery


>> President Donald Trump's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, under scrutiny by the FBI. The highest profiled target yet in the sprawling Russia probe hanging over the White House. The Washington Post reporting Thursday, Kushner is being investigated for his meetings in December, and other possible interactions with the Russian ambassador and a banker from Moscow.
Adding that Kushner, a White House senior advisor, is the only current administration official known to be considered a key person in the probe. Investigators believe Kushner has significant information relevant to their inquiry. But, that does not mean they suspect him of a crime or intend to charge him, according to NBC.
Putting him in a different box from Paul Manafort and Michael Flynn, who were formerly considered subjects of the investigation, and whose records have been demanded by grand jury subpoenas. An attorney for Kushner issuing a statement Thursday, saying her client would cooperate with the investigation. The FBI, several congressional committees and a special council appointed by the justice department, are looking into allegations of meddling by Russia in the 2016 US election, and possible ties with the Trump campaign.
The controversy escalating since Trump fired FBI director James Comey on May 10th. Moscow has repeatedly denied the allegations and Trump denies any collusion with Russia.


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While asphalt paving companies typically close by the end of December, there is something called winter paving. Winter asphalt is typically in the form of cold patching, and is not the same as summer asphalt. While cold patch asphalt is beneficial and often necessary, it differs significantly from the hot mix asphalt you get in summer.
Cold patching asphalt is essentially what it sounds like; filling a pothole with gravel/asphalt material without heating it.
It is cheap and quick, but it's only temporary.
Cold patch asphalt is not heated, and it's meant for temporary or emergency repair (usually as a way to get a parking lot through winter to hot asphalt paving season).
Hot mix asphalt is the best way to repair potholes, as it is a more permanent method.
Hot mix asphalt is the classic asphalt paving you're familiar with that involves a hot mixture and compaction machinery.
Milling – This is a method of resurface paving using a milling machine to grind down the top layer of the existing asphalt (typically 1.5" depth). These millings are then loaded into a dump truck to be sent for recycling. A new layer of asphalt can then be paved on top to the thickness that was removed.
Pulverization/Full Depth Reclamation – Asphalt reclamation is a very "green" method of paving. In this process, the full depth of the asphalt and a predetermined portion of the underlying materials are pulverized and blended together to produce a stabilized base course to pave on. By reconstructing the existing asphalt, and transforming it into processed stone in-place, this process eliminates costly truck moves and hauling expenses.
Saw Cut & Patch – This method involves the cutting and removing of sections of pavement that have deteriorated. After removal, these sections are filled with hot mix asphalt (according to the appropriate depth and grade).
Milling & Patching – As described above, the milling process involves a pavement's surface being ground to a desired depth so that a new layer of hot asphalt mix can be put on top. This process is actually very economical because you can choose the depth of your repair.
Infra-Red Patching – Innovative machinery is used to heat and soften the asphalt surface allowing it to be workable in any weather (above 0 degrees). Because of this, this method can be performed year-round, and eliminates the seam created by other patching methods.
Prior to winter, you will want to make sure that your asphalt is prepped and ready to take on the cold, harsh, and wet months ahead. Some parking lot winter preparation items include; inspection, cleaning up your lot, drainage check and repairs, crack filling, pothole patching, sealcoating, and re-striping your parking lot lines.
Hot mix asphalt patching should be completed prior to winter, but if winter brings on major parking lot deficits, applying a cold asphalt patch is beneficial in temporarily slowing down deterioration, until you can apply hot mix asphalt next season. It is important to understand that cold patch asphalt is only a temporary fix, and should not be expected to permanently fix your asphalt.
By proactively maintaining and repairing your parking lot, you can help extend its overall lifespan, and ensure a safe lot. Contact EastCoat Pavement Services today for your free paving, repair, and/or maintenance parking lot consultation!


I hope you are all having a wonderful week. Denim is such a timeless fabric that keeps being reinvented in new ways, season to season. Not to mention it is also such a versatile, easy to style fabric. This season denim is all about frayed hems, embroidery, mini skirts, oversized denim jackets, ripped fabric and mom jeans. To update your wardrobe I've put together a collection of pieces with all of these trends, just for you.


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Home > Catalog > Dracula: Complete Legacy Collection
Dracula: Complete Legacy Collection
All 6 films from the original legacy (1931 - 1948)
The original Dracula is one of the silver screen's most unforgettable characters and, along with the other Universal Classic Monsters, defined the Hollywood horror genre. Dracula: Complete Legacy Collection includes all 6 films from the original legacy including the frightening classic starring Bela Lugosi and the timeless films that followed. These landmark motion pictures defined the iconic look of the famed vampire and continue to inspire countless remakes and adaptations that strengthen the legend of Dracula to this day.
Actors: Bela Lugosi, Otto Kruger, Jr. Lon Chaney, Boris Karloff, Bud Abbott
Directors: Tod Browning, Lambert Hillyer, Robert Siodmak, Erle C. Kenton, Charles Barton
Writers: Garrett Fort, Eric Taylor, Edward T. Lowe, Oliver Jeffries, Robert Lees
Producers: Tod Browning, Jr. Carl Laemmle, Ford Beebe, Paul Malvern, Robert Arthur
Region: U.S. and Canada
Studio: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
Dragon Ball Super Part Seven
Willy's Wonderland


At our August 18-19 retreat we will be naming ways we can help serve the Rock Point Board Vision for Rock Point: "To be a welcoming sanctuary of spirituality, creativity, community, education, training and environmental stewardship." We will report on our retreat and create a brochure to share our next steps and invite involvement from all interested persons. We are hoping this intentional community will provide a channel of service and involvement for those who want this spiritual home to thrive. Please let me know if you have questions?
The Rev. Craig Smith, Rock Point Development Minister: craigfsmith23@gmail.com. I work 20 hours a week and am easiest to reach weekday mornings at the diocesan office: 802-863-3431.


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Syria Strikes ISIS, MH370 On Autopilot?, iPutin
Fans gathered Wednesday at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, CA, on the five-year anniversary of the Michael Jackson's death.
Ringo Chiu/ZUMA
GeopoliticsSourcesWHILE YOU SLEPTCountriesUnited States
SYRIA STRIKES ISIS IN IRAQ
Iraq's Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki confirmed in an interview with the BBC previous reports that the Syrian military had carried out air strikes against ISIS near the Iraqi border town of Qaim, explaining he had not requested them but "welcomed" the strikes against the jihadist group. This comes after U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry yesterday warned — without naming them — Iran and Syria "that we don't need anything to take place that might exacerbate the sectarian divisions." According to The New York Times, Iran is sending military equipment, including drones, to the Iraqi authorities in a bid to stop ISIS's march towards Baghdad.
KERRY UPS PRESSURE ON RUSSIA OVER UKRAINE TRUCE
Meanwhile on another front, Kerry stepped up pressure on Moscow to push the separatists in eastern Ukraine to disarm within "the next hours," Reuters quotes him as saying. Although he insisted that "our preference is not to have to be in a sanctions mode," he said that the possibility of new economic measures would be discussed at a meeting with EU leaders in Brussels later today. British newspaper Financial Times notes however that U.S. business groups are opposed to new sanctions, as they fear it will "harm American workers and cost jobs."
WORLDCRUNCH-TO-GO
On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the event that is considered the trigger of World War I, Dominique Moisi of French daily Les Echos lays out some disturbing similarities and differences between events then and now, and the intervening century. "Today, as we are starting to feel — and rightly so — a loss of control over the course of history, we may start to doubt the quality of the world's leaders; and so those images of Sarajevo start coming to mind."
Read the full story 1914-2014: Is The World About To Unravel Again?
Fans of Michael Jackson paid tribute to the "King of Pop" on the fifth anniversary of Michael Jackson's death.
VETERAN RADICAL ACQUITTED
Radical Muslim cleric Abu Qatada was acquitted this morning by a military court in Jordan due to lack of evidence to convict him over terrorism charges, Al Arabiya reports. The 53 year-old will however remain in custody because of separate charges over his alleged role in a plot to attack Western tourists in Jordan in 2000, for which the court postponed its ruling until September. Qatada, who is said to have inspired young members of al-Qaeda, was first arrested in the UK in 2001 and was deported to Jordan last year, after a years-long judicial battle. Read more from the BBC.
British actor Gary Oldman apologized Wednesday for his Playboy interview last week, after he was accused of anti-Semitism for vigorous remarks on Hollywood and political correctness. He had some choice words also for himself.
NIGERIA BLAST DEATH TOLL REACHES 21
The death toll of an explosion at a shopping mall in the Nigerian capital of Abuja yesterday reached 21, with 17 reported wounded, according to the Nigerian Tribune. The blast occurred as people were gathering to watch their national team face Argentina in the World Cup. AFP says that the Nigerian military arrested one suspect and killed another. Boko Haram have claimed responsibility for the attack, while suspected members of the terrorist group are said to have killed 16 soldiers in the attack of a military post in the northeastern state of Borno.
MH370 LIKELY ON AUTOPILOT WHEN IT CRASHED
Investigators working on the disappearance of Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 now believe it's "highly, highly likely" that the aircraft was on autopilot when it ran out of gas and crashed into the South Indian Ocean,The Australian reports. Australian officials also confirmed that the search area was moving south to a 60,000-square-kilometer zone that was previously checked, but this time the search teams will explore the area underwater. The aircraft took off from Kuala Lumpur on March 8 and disappeared on its way to Beijing, with 239 passengers and crew on board.
MY GRAND-PÈRE'S WORLD
AN UNFORTUNATE VICTORY
A general amnesty announced by Bashar al-Assad this month is setting free or reducing sentences for thousands in Syrian jails. One case involves a man who served 21 years for a "crime" that shows a different side to the cruelty of the Assad regime. Read it here.
Check out the hefty price (both in rubles and dollars) of the new limited edition "Caviar iPhone5S Supremo Putin."
Bertrand Hauger
WHILE YOU SLEPT
While You Slept is Worldcrunch's daily morning mix of our best stories and breaking news. SUBSCRIBE TO WHILE YOU SLEPT NOW [SIGN ME UP]
Why Making COVID Predictions Is Actually Getting Harder
We know more about COVID than ever before, but that doesn't make it easier to predict what will happen this year. It also remains to be seen if we'll put the lessons we learned into practice.
A young boy who arrived from Hong Kong wears a face mask and face shield at Vancouver International Airport in Canada on Jan. 10, 2023.
Darryl Dyck/The Canadian Press via ZUMA Press
CoronavirusTHE CONVERSATIONSourcesEuropefeatured-postUnited KingdomCountries
Duncan Robertson
In 2020, we knew very little about the novel virus that was to become known as COVID-19. Now, as we enter 2023, a search of Google Scholar produces around five million results containing the term.
So how will the pandemic be felt in 2023? This question is in some ways impossible to answer, given a number of unknowns. In early 2020, the scientific community was focused on determining key parameters that could be used to make projections as to the severity and extent of the spread of the virus. Now, the complex interplay of COVID variants, vaccination and natural immunity makes that process far more difficult and less predictable.
But this doesn't mean there's room for complacency. The proportion of people estimated to be infected has varied over time, but this figure has not fallen below 1.25% (or one in 80 people) in England for the entirety of 2022. COVID is very much still with us, and people are being infected time and time again.
Meanwhile, the number of people self-reporting long COVID symptoms in the UK is around 3.4%, or one in 30 people. And the cumulative risk of acquiring long COVID grows the more times people are reinfected with COVID.
The problem with models
During the early days of the pandemic, simplemodels could be used to project the number of COVID cases and the likely effect on the population, including demands for health care.
Relatively few variables were needed to produce the first projections. That was because there was one main variant of COVID, the original strain, to which everyone in the world was susceptible.
But now, those simple assumptions no longer hold. Much of the world's population is estimated to have had COVID and there are significant differences between individual levels of protection in terms of which vaccines, and how many doses, people have received around the world. In total, 13 billion vaccine doses have been administered – but not equitably.
Modelling also works well when people act in ways that are predictable, whether this is normal, pre-pandemic behavior, or at times of severe social restrictions. As people adapt to the virus and make their own assessment of risk and benefits of behavior, modelling becomes more complex.
A reduction in surveillance also makes modelling more difficult. During the peak of the emergency response to COVID this was a priority, including surveillance of people with the virus and surveillance of variants. This allowed new variants such as omicron to be identified early and responses to be prepared.
The UK in particular produced two million COVID sequences up to February 2022, accounting for one-quarter of the world's genome sequencing output. But sequencing activity has subsequently decreased, which may increase the time it takes to identify new variants of concern.
The pandemic is not over
There remain big differences in pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions in place around the world — for example, the use of masks, COVID testing and building ventilation. As governments loosen and at times re-tighten their responses to react to dynamic medical and social pressures, there is a risk that variants could emerge which evade some of the defenses that populations have built up.
The next stages of the pandemic will also be influenced by people's behavior. For instance, how much we work from home and whether we reduce our social contacts when infectious.
There's no certainty that new variants will emerge that have an effect in the order of delta or omicron, but it is possible. Should this occur, it's important that plans are in place to respond in the context of waning interest in COVID and resurgent misinformation and disinformation.
The next pandemic
It's pertinent to ask how much learning has taken place during the COVID pandemic to improve the response to the next pandemic.
The challenge is to design incentives for nations to cooperate to reduce long-term global risks.
During this pandemic, we've often seen short-term national interests prioritized, with a focus on national responses to vaccine equity while discounting the long-term global availability of vaccines. While laudable initiatives such as Covax were established, conceived to provide equitable access to COVID vaccines and treatments, the challenge is to design incentives for nations to cooperate to reduce long-term global risks.
As with any political response, the priorities of the emergency phase can all too easily be forgotten, such as governments' abilities to manufacture vaccines. The UK government's sale of the Vaccine Manufacturing and Innovation Centre is an example of this. Capacity to develop and produce vaccines quickly would stand us in good stead for the next pandemic, but these priorities now have to compete against others that are more immediate or politically expedient.
The UK's COVID inquiry is bound to be presented with thousands of pages of evidence, with many submissions giving clear, self-consistent accounts of "lessons learned". Whether those lessons are put into practice is another matter entirely.
Chinese Students' "Absurd" Protest Against COVID Lockdowns: Public Crawling ›
Xi's Burden — Why China Is Sticking With Zero COVID ›
Risks Of Reinfection And Long COVID: The Pandemic Is Not Over ›
There's no room for COVID complacency in 2023 ›
How Covid will continue to disrupt global healthcare in 2023 | Reuters ›
China's Zero-Covid Approach Explained as Chengdu Lockdown Is ... ›
End-Of-Regime Vibe? Supreme Leader Keeps Referring To Shah's Final Days
The Dnipro Massacre, A Perfect Embodiment Of Russia's War
davos forum
Davos, The Slow Melt Into Irrelevance
kobe earthquake
This Happened—January 17: The Kobe Quake


We are looking forward to offering our usual favourites such as Tai Ping Hou Kui green tea from Anhui, Dian Hong black tea from Yunnan as well as some new additions.
New to our range of green teas will be Anji Bai Cha. The name often confuses as Bai Cha is translated as white tea. However Anji Bai Cha is processed as a green tea and has become increasingly popular in Shanghai and the surrounding provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Anji Bai Cha gets it's name from the tea bush cultivar which is famous for it's fine white new leaves and buds. These cultivars are sometimes referred to in research papers as Albino shooting.
Whilst on the subject of 'Bai Cha'. Wan Ling took the opportunity to visit Fuding in Fujian. Fuding is the home of white tea and one of the main production regions along with nearby Zheng He. Fuding grows a number of cultivars including Da Bai (big white) and yi hao (number 1).
The picture above, shows Fuding Bai Mu Dan White tea drying on bamboo racks. The racks are positioned so that catch the sun whilst also allowing a constant air flow.
Continuing through Fujian. Wan Ling visited WuYi mountain (Wuyi Shan) to catch up with old friends and to develop new contacts. Later in 2015 we are looking forward to extend the collection excellent Rock oolong teas.
Earlier in the year, Wan Ling returned to Yunnan to explore the ever changing tea world there. No matter how many times you have the chance to visit, the more there is to learn. The world of tea is moving very fast these days and in Yunnan, theories, practices, technologies and scientific knowledge is progressing in leaps and bounds.
For the Wan Ling Tea House team, tea is a life time passion and looking to the future we are excited to selectively expand our collection of choicest teas. This will include a broader range of Puer teas and Yunnan black teas.
There are still many more travels due in 2015, but this is a little snap shot of the year to date. We hope you enjoyed the update and we look forward to sharing some of the teas we have selected this year.


VMware issued security updates for its vCloud Director, ESXi, Workstation and Fusion products.
Vulnerabilities, which VMware labeled critical, became exposed at the Pwn2Own 2019 contest where researchers unveiled two VMware Workstation vulnerabilities.
"VMware ESXi, Workstation and Fusion contain an out-of-bounds read/write vulnerability and a Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) vulnerability in the virtual USB 1.1 UHCI (Universal Host Controller Interface)," VMware said in a post. "Exploitation of these issues requires an attacker to have access to a virtual machine with a virtual USB controller present. These issues may allow a guest to execute code on the host.
VMware patched a critical out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the e1000 virtual network adapter used by Workstation and Fusion (only on macOS).
In addition, there was a VMware Workstation and Fusion update addressing an out-of-bounds write vulnerability in the e1000 and e1000e virtual network adapters. Exploitation of this issue may lead to code execution on the host from the guest but it is more likely to result in a denial of service of the guest.


Tip-Flex construction for the ultimate in smooth performance. Tuned to transfer energy along a smoother curve. Ultimate lifting power with no compromise of durability. Midnight blue blanks with accenting wraps. Crushproof REC Recoil® guides. Unique red reel seat with black nickel skeleton. Super-grade modified full wells freshwater grip. UV-inhibiting paint coating. Cordura rod tube. Made in USA.