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Confirmation and Catechesis
There have been discussions recently—here on the site, at home, around the diocese—concerning Confirmation, especially as found within the '79 BCP.
I'd summarize the standard Western view as "confirmation completes Baptism."
M's response, and that of others, is that in the '79 BCP Baptism doesn't need completing; it's already a complete act in and of itself. If this is the case, then it completely changes many of the assumptions that we've held about the nature and timing of Confirmation.
Reception of the Eucharist is not dependent upon Confirmation: I note that this seems to me to be a bit of Eastern influence, especially as they commune after Baptism as well (I'm thinking particularly small children here). Is there an Eastern corollary to Confirmation? I'm ignorant…
Esp. if Reception is not an issues, what about age?: M and I emphatically agree that Confirmation is not a rite of passage based on age. Yes, bar/bat mitzvahs are and they did evolve out of catholic Confirmation practices—but that doesn't mean that Confirmation is or should be a rite of passage. We also agree that Confirmation is about a "mature public affirmation" of faith. Mature is not 10. Or even 15. We're thinking that 20's and 30's is when "mature" really starts to hit.
Catechesis: What's appropriate and proper? This is where I see the ideal of a 3 year catechumenate making some connection with our context. Not three years, but a decent enough amount of time to give a person a suitable grounding in the faith
Sacramental Status: If Baptism is completed in Baptism—which appears to be a clear departure from the current Roman Catholic catechism ("the reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace") does Confirmation remain a Sacrament or sacramental rite? Is there an indelible spiritual mark (section 1304) impressed at Confirmation? Despite the place and authority of the current Roman Catechism, it seems to me there's quite a bit of waffling going on in this text itself due to both the issues raised by the Liturgical Renewal and the inclusion of non-Latin Rite Christians within the papal fold…
This entry was posted in Anglican, Sacraments on May 11, 2009 by Derek A. Olsen.
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19 thoughts on "Confirmation and Catechesis"
bls May 11, 2009 at 9:42 am
I think Confirmation have a purpose, although perhaps not for much longer, given that Christendom is no more.
I was baptized as an infant and was actually confirmed, too, when I was about 12, I think, but then immediately left the church and never went back for over 30 years. (Even before the confirmation, I had little interest in the church for itself; I was mainly there to sing in the choir.)
But when I returned, I was a half-hearted, occasional, attender – until actual conversion of heart, at which point I decided to join the church. And my confirmation (since I was originally confirmed a Methodist) was an adult decision of commitment. I meant to stick at that point, and was no longer "free-riding" (as I saw it, or would have, if I'd thought about it) on my infant baptism.
I hold with infant baptism, BTW – I didn't even know this was an issue for some, in fact! – but also think confirmation has a place, as an adult commitment of mind and heart. So I guess in that way it could be said to "complete" Baptism. I think the rite itself should be rewritten, though; as it is, it doesn't have enough stuff, for my taste.
(But then, I think we should rewrite the whole '79 BCP; it's too cerebral and not excited enough about things, so don't mind me….)
So if people continue to baptize infants, I think Confirmation does have a purpose. If Christianity turns towards a mostly-adult-baptisms thing, then maybe not….
Chris May 11, 2009 at 9:48 am
Brief comment for now … more later, perhaps.
From my Lutheran vantage point, Baptism is complete in and of itself. Though Confirmation has its origins in the prayer of the Holy Spirit as the final part of the rite of baptism, Baptism and Confirmation have evolved enough to be two related yet distinct rites. In fact, because of this understanding, I wrote a paper in seminary describing how unnecessary Confirmation Ministry would be in a church that has a robust ministry of life-long learning to support baptismal living … The paper was for a course on Youth and Confirmation Ministry, and my professor wasn't pleased. ;-)
Confirmation in 20s or 30s? Sure, but those folks are largely absent from our churches! Seriously, I like the idea of a catechumenate-like formation process (that was the focus of my wife's diss), but for practical reasons I wouldn't want to lose a rite for adolescents. I believe our young people can and should have public rites of passage in our churches … whether such rites of passage are defined by the tradition of Confirmation or not is less important to me. But from first time serving as an acolyte or lector, to receiving first communion, to making a public profession of faith after a period of study (in a protestant context "Confirmation" need not be a once-and-done thing, but can be repeated!), we need rites – large and small – of passage and initiation for our young people.
Christopher May 11, 2009 at 10:07 am
M and others are correct about the overall approach in the BCP. Confirmation tends to be the rite searching for a theology, and all of the West is confused on the matter. We've tended to lump it as a sacramental rite. Of course, with Newman and the East, I think this numbering game from the Scholastics is not helpful really.
In short, in the East, an infant is baptized, chrismated (confirmed), and receives Eucharist in one fail swoop, holding to ancient practice both East and West. A baptized infant is a full member of the Body of Christ, and it's amazing to watch little ones in these traditions learn what to do, like cross themselves and kiss icons, from early on. Formation is by doing at that age.
Chris is right to note that Confirmation was placed together with the sealing/sending prayer of the Spirit in the earliest rites and is still so today in the East.
In the West, in N. African and Roman practice, there were two oilings, one before baptism that went with exorcism and usually performed by the presbyter. A second oiling following was performed by the bishop–i.e., what we have come to call Confirmation.
In E. Syria, the oiling happened first and was a full on oiling, considered the ultimate point of the experience, rather than the water rite, given the emphasis on the Holy Spirit in that tradition.
Confirmation, the second oiling, got separated from Baptism in the West as dioceses moved away from metropolitical realities to huge rural dioceses in which bishops might make it to a parish once in a lifetime. Hence, the tales of bishops riding through and confirming while on horseback…
I agree it's about mature public affirmation and commitment–making baptism one's own, so to speak. And that a rich catechesis is in order, but it should be happening all along, not just in a scramble for Confirmation. We don't tend to do that scramble very well or the "all along" either in my observation.
bls May 11, 2009 at 10:19 am
I'm good with the "Chrismation" idea – in fact, I like it better – but since some people (from other traditions, for instance) will not have been chrismated, wouldn't then "Chrismation" have to replace "Confirmation" in any case, Christopher?
Vicki McGrath May 11, 2009 at 11:21 am
My own experience of initiation and formation was classic: baptized as an infant; full spectrum of Sunday School, choir, parish activities with my family, etc. (but not much in the way of prayer at home once I was past the age of five); confirmed in 8th grade; youth group and parish volunteer in high school (assistant Sunday School teacher). I remember next to nothing about my confirmation prep – in part because that was the spring my grandmother died and we were away many weekends to take care of her affairs; but also I think the supply priest who prepared us may not have been comfortable with a group of 8th graders. However, when it came to the actual event, I knew it was a Big Deal – a real commitment to Christ, and some of that came from my wrestling with my grandmother's death. The fact that a little more than three years later I had my first experience of call to ordained ministry tells me that teenagers are absolutely able to make spiritual commitments, given the right kind of adult wisdom and support. As teens are trying to make sense of themselves and the world and life and God, the Church has an important role to play, even if it just being a companion on the journey.
I agree that Baptism is complete in and of itself and that confirmation is about maturity and affirmation and owning the baptismal promises. So we need to treat our older teens (ideally at least 10th graders) like this reaaly is their decision. I tell kids and parents right up front that while the parents may insist the kids come to confirmation class, it is the teen's choice in the end. And I havea private conversation with each kid about 2 weeks before the scheduled service asking them if they want to be confirmed and why. Obviously, not every one can articulate their faith as clearly as others, but it puts the responsibility on them, where it belongs. In 15 years, I only ever had one boy decline, and he was not confirmed (though his parents weren't happy). But he didn't drop out of Church, and we left the door open for him to be confirmed later.
I think the problem with a lot of confirmation curricula is that they assume a lot of knowledge and formation going into confirmation (is they are experiential programs) OR they are very factual and dry and don't get into what being in a relationship with the Living Christ is all about. In my experience, you have to do some of both, and being willing to take kids where they are, assuming that God is already well at work in their lives – even if they are not always aware of it.
Vicki+
Marshall Scott May 11, 2009 at 12:32 pm
As Christopher has written, so I remember Marion Hatchett describing the thought of the Standing Liturgical Commission in preparing the 1979 Prayer Book. It was a desire to reflect, if not exactly return to, more ancient practice, thought to be better preserved in the Orthodox East than the Roman West. So, my children were baptised and chrismated by bishops (who seemed to think it odd that I didn't want to do it myself, when I thought it odd that my "pastor" would expect me to be my sons' priest instead of their father), and so sacramentally "confirmed."
We were at the time concerned that the Christian community did need a rite of passage. In those days we thought about not permitting confirmation until age 16. Perhaps it's not maturity, but it's the point where the rest of us put our lives in their hands, due to that other great rite of passage: receiving a driver's license. (Coincidentally – or perhaps not – in many states it's also the age of legal consent for sexual activity, if not for marriage without parental consent.) In Canons (I.17.1(b)) states, "Members sixteen years of age and over are to be considered adult members;" and (from (c)), "It is expected that all adult members of this Church, after appropriate instruction, will have made a mature public affirmation of their faith and commitment to the responsibilities of their Baptism and will have been confirmed or received by the laying one of hands by a Bishop…." It's an expectation and not a requirement, and it's largely not observed until someone is invited to serve on the Vestry or feels called to ordained ministry; but there it is.
So, although my sons are "confirmed," were they (D.V.) to seek to participate more fully in the life of the Church they would still need to be received.
Derek the Ænglican May 11, 2009 at 12:34 pm
But that's the issue, Vicki–even in 10th grade is it really their choice? Neither my brother nor I had a choice. I would have gone even if I hadn't had to, but at the smae time I would have gotten a whole lot more out of it if it had happened at a later point.
Why not keep doing engaging Christian formation through high school and allow confirmation whenever folks decide, whether that be 17 or 70?
Chris, yes, there do need to be rites of passage, but I do think that they should be something other than Confirmation.
Caelius Spinator May 11, 2009 at 2:19 pm
"Perhaps it's not maturity, but it's the point where the rest of us put our lives in their hands, due to that other great rite of passage: receiving a driver's license."
I was confirmed when I was 7 after taking the adult Inquirers' classes at church. They pretty much had run out of Sunday School in my small urban parish and didn't have many kids my age to encourage them to do much more. The bishop was highly skeptical about confirming me until he met me. I still don't know what convinced him. They still suggested I take a somewhat more traditional confirmation class a year or two, which I did.
Then I went to a new parish, where they insisted I take another confirmation class and Re-affirm. Thus, I was baptized, confirmed, and re-affirmed, all before the age of 16. Ten years later, I still don't have a driver's licence and know a very small number of cradle Episcopalians my age who are regular communicants.
The lesson I have taken from all of this is that baptism is sufficient for membership in the Body of Christ. That anyone chrismated in the Episcopal Church or received by the laying of hands of a bishop should be entitled to membership in the Episcopal Church sensu strictu (that's how I read Hatchett). And that anyone who pledges some extremely nominal sum and regularly communicates should be eligible to vote and/or serve on the vestry when they are of an age permitted by the religious corporation law of the civil power.
In the end, what kept me engaged in the life of the community and in autocatechesis was being treated like a full member of the community with responsibility for using and developing my gifts in its service. Not the classes, which were mildly interesting to me and rather boring to most of my contemporaries, because they didn't answer two key questions: (1) why should the Christian Church and the God it proclaims shape my life?; (2) How can I get people in this particular situation not to treat me like a child? A teenager wants to answer these questions in a variety of other contexts, including those that involve the operation of automobiles. (I'm still not quite over the hump with letting the automobile shape my life.)
Erika May 11, 2009 at 2:56 pm
Some of these questions are addressed in the Journey to Adulthood formation program used by many Episcopal parishes. While failing the orthodox theology test in many ways, "J2A" (as it's called) provides a Rite-13 ceremony around age 13 to acknowledge the bodily changes youth are experiencing (and mirrors the bar mitzva/ bat mitzva), builds in the pilgrimage as a rite of passage in the anthropological sense (youth leave home/parents to take risks and learn the "mysteries" from wise elders who aren't their parents), and places confirmation later (at least 16) with the expectation that it is the beginning of adult ministry in the church, not an "exit rite."
At the parish where I worked, we had a year-long mentoring program (as opposed to a couple Sunday afternoon information cramming sessions) to prepare young adults for confirmation, and our clergy emphasized to the youth that this was their choice and the clergy would back them in any conflicts with parents.(The youth and mentors loved this program. The parents complained mightily because it "took too much time." I think it's since been done away with.)
Baptism was seen as full membership in the Church with confirmation expressing communion with one's bishop (that is, being an Episcopalian) and an adult assumption of responsibility for promises made on one's behalf in Baptism.
It seems that for much of human history, 16 was a reasonable age for marriage, parenthood, work life, running one's household, etc. Increased standard of living in recent centuries has led us to create the "teenager" and extend this period of responsibility-free adolescence into the 20s and 30s. I'm not in favor of 16 year olds marrying and having kids! (Modern life confers benefits…) But I do think that people this age are facing and wrestling with the real questions and one reason this demographic, and 20s/30s, might be walking away from the church is that they are marginalized and condescended to. (As one who's been active in church for my 20s and early 30s, I can say from experience that there's a constant reminder from the baby boomer set that I don't have enough experience, insight etc. to do "real" work, forgetting that Jesus died at 33…) I think we need to take their insight and struggles seriously and give them, and expect from them, real responsibility (and expect that their parents acknowledge this, too).
I find my 2 cents became at least $1.47!
Christopher May 11, 2009 at 3:17 pm
As I noted of small children in the Eastern Churches, this from our own Caelius needs to be the heart of the matter:
"what kept me engaged in the life of the community and in autocatechesis was being treated like a full member of the community with responsibility for using and developing my gifts in its service."
We in the West have acted as if classes only are the heart of the matter. But doing coupled with teaching is at the heart. Teaching a small child to dip her hands in the font and make the Sign of the Cross is a way of teaching appropriate to her age. Teaching the Lord's Prayer…etc.
Vicki McGrath May 11, 2009 at 3:25 pm
Erika,
I agree with you that a lot of parishes don't know what to do with people in their 20's. I spent my first year out of college at a parish where I was nearly invisible because of my age – that was from the people, not the priest. For a number of reasons I moved parishes (and neighborhoods). My new parish had a wonderful fellowship group that ranged in aged from just-post-college to about 40, and a great deal of social and ethnic diversity within that group. But the experience of having had my contributions as a high school student and as a college student honored and valued (in 2 different parishes)and then going to a city parish that didn't know what to do with a 22 year old was both confusing and disheartening.
I guess getting back to Derek's original question – how do we continue to do real Christian formation for middle and high school students that honors their gifts and abilities? It needs to include their desire to have their world be meaningful and connected to God, and to respect their contributions to the life of the community.
So where confirmation ends up in all of this, I do not know.
Bill Carroll May 11, 2009 at 3:43 pm
I think that Ruth Meyers' Continuing the Reformation is required reading on this point.
We should have a service of Reaffirmation, but should not require it for any office or order in the Church. Baptism is full Christian Initiation by water and the Holy Spirit. No other rite is required. Everything that is useful about confirmation is captured in reaffirmation.
rick allen May 12, 2009 at 7:53 am
I suppose I would caution that, if confirmation is truly a sacrament (and I'm not sure if Anglicans uniformly consider it one), then it should not be transformed into something that it is not.
So, whatever the difference between Eastern and Western practice, there is agreement that confirmation is the sealing of the Holy Spirit, and not an adult re-affirmation of infant baptism.
This notion of looking to it as a rite of passage to adulthood, or as a liturgical counterpart to the evangelical "decision for Christ" so important to our Baptist friends, is certainly understandable. But it is not the catholic tradition, if that is an important consideration.
Derek the Ænglican May 12, 2009 at 8:21 am
That's one of my issues with the current discussion in the Episcopal Church. Since Confirmation *was* separated from Baptism in the West it took on a form that, I believed, morphed into a rite of passage.
The best way to understand the current Episcopal Baptismal rite is that, "Confirmation generally comprise[s] one single celebration with Baptism, forming with it a 'double sacrament,' according to the expression of St. Cyprian" in the words of the Roman Catechism. As I see it, then, a proper baptism according to the 79 BCP falls within the requirements of the catholic tradition.
If this is the case, then the sacramental act has already been completed as part of the baptismal act and the rite entitled "Confirmation" is no longer a sacramental rite and is therefore mislabeled.
What, then, should happen to it and what is its connection with catechesis?
I don't know how it works with Episcopalians, but my impression is that the Catholic Church's strategy these late years has been to use the sacraments to, so to speak, coerce catechesis.
So, if you're going to get married, you must go to Pre-Cana classes. If you are going to baptize your child, you must go to baptism classes.
This is good and bad. Those wanting to enter into marriage should certainly give it a little more thought than young people in love are accustomed to do. Those baptizing children should realize that it isn't "water magic," but a promise to raise their children in a faith that they should at least have the rudiments of.
In the same way, Confirmation, for teenagers, at least, is usually conditioned on a year's participation in the "youth group," helping with a particular Sunday liturgy, weekly discussions of religious and moral issues, doing a few community projects together, etc. My son was happy to do it–not too thrilled, but he wanted to be confirmed. My daugher, though she considers herself Catholic, audibly groans at the thought of attending mass (I reiterate, she is a teenager), and though she'd like to be confirmed, she's not much of a joiner, and doesn't want to get involved in any youth group. And so though I am happy to gently compel her to come to mass (assuring her that in a few years she will be totally free to act as she pleases), I don't feel I should push confirmation, which at her age I think should be her choice, and a part of me wishes that the catechetical part weren't a condition, even knowing that it would be good for her, and that, if she desires it, later, she could be confirmed at any time as an adult.
John-Julian, OJN May 12, 2009 at 9:00 am
I sat in as a consultant on the BCP'79 commission discussions concerning Confirmation. The vast majority of liturgical scholars were pretty much in favor of doing away with "sacramental" Confirmation altogether, but the on-the-ground parish practitioners felt that was too drastic a step to take. I think the general hope was that Confirmation would gradually fade away (i.e., as it was re-united with the improved Baptismal rite and its Chrismation made clear).
And I sincerely hope that will happen. Confirmation floats around now as a theological oddity, and it will be a good day IMHO when a separate and clear rite of Reaffirmation is used (without so-called Confirmation "contaminating" that liturgy). I don't see the point of keep trying to keep Confirmation tied to Reaffirmation.
I feel deeply that confirmation as a sacrament is very important to the Christian life on a number of levels. If we take seriously the idea of the apostolic succession, it is in the laying on of hands by the bishop that this is passed on to the laity in a chain going back to Christ's commission of the twelve. Thus the time of making a mature oath of fealty to God is also the time of receiving His commission to serve Him, taking up the "priesthood of all believers." This constitutes a separate movement from baptism and has a different nature. In baptism, especially infant baptism, we receive God's grace utterly passively. We bring nothing to God in it but our sin and are killed and raised in Christ a new person. God does everything. In confirmation, on the other hand, insofar as we are capable of offering God anything of ourselves, we actively pledge to Him the faith and loyalty that, before His restoration of our fallen nature in baptism, we were totally incapable of giving. Far from making it unnecessary, baptism makes confirmation possible. Although the same vows are repeated in both rites, it is with different intents, and these are clear in the BCP in the prayers that follow the covenant: in the one we seek cleansing and acceptance into the Body of Christ; in the other we present ourselves for work. So that's my sacramental theology!
I think it is a great disservice to children to allow them to be confirmed before they are ready. 17 or 18 at the youngest is not unreasonable. I was confirmed as an apostate Methodist teenager, not because my parents required it of me, but because my younger brother and sister were to be confirmed, and if I wasn't, I thought it would be obvious that I no longer believed and that disappointing my parents with the truth would be far worse than perjuring myself before God. When I did return to the faith, this was a great grief to me, and I would have been glad of someone standing in my way at the time and impressing on me just how serious the sacrament is. When I was confirmed later as an Episcopalian, I needed something more than a reaffirmation; I felt a strong call to serve God, and I knew I could not do it without that assurance of His special grace.
Kristen, the public mature acceptance is not something that want to lose either. But it seems that's different from the sacramental rite.
I do this a complicated topic…
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E-Special 01: The State of the North Carolina Economy for Manufacturing
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When people talk about the general economy and the economics surrounding the manufacturing industry, we may get lost in all the technical and jargon-riddled analysis. We want answers, but due to the variable nature of the economy and especially the manufacturing industry, that might not be so easy. But what we can do is talk to someone who can simplify the most complicated economic concepts and current events. That's why I sat down with the guy who has the scoop, N.C. State University economist Dr. Michael Walden.
Dr. Walden is a William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor and Extension Economist at North Carolina State University and a member of the Graduate Economics faculty with The Poole College of Management. His Ph.D. degree is from Cornell University and he has been at N.C. State since 1978.
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Phil Mintz is the executive director of NC State Industry Expansion Solutions (IES) and director of the North Carolina Manufacturing Extension Partnership (NCMEP). At NCMEP, Phil drives outreach to NC manufacturers, builds relationships with federal and state leaders and coordinates efforts to drive profitable manufacturing growth in the state. He also leads the broader IES extension operations outreach unit of regional managers, technical specialists and business development leaders providing business engagement, assessment and improvement tools. This includes statewide peer networks, ISO 9000 quality management systems, Six Sigma, Lean manufacturing, environmental services, and health and safety solutions.
Dr. Michael Walden is a William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor and Extension Economist at North Carolina State University and a member of the Graduate Economics faculty with The Poole College of Management. His Ph.D. degree is from Cornell University and he has been at N.C. State since 1978. He has also been a Visiting Professor at Duke University. He has served on several local and state level commissions. He currently teaches ARE 201 Introduction to Agricultural and Resource Economics.
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October 28, 2013 by Sean Gaffney and Melinda Beasi Leave a Comment
Bookshelf Briefs 10/28/13
This week, Sean and Melinda look at recent releases from Seven Seas, Yen Press, Kodansha Comics, and Viz Media.
Alice in the Country of Joker: Circus and Liar's Game, Vol. 3 | By QuinRose and Mamenosuke Fujimaru | Seven Seas – This continues to be the best of all the many Alice spinoffs we've seen by a wide margin, as it's particularly good at developing the themes that made the original game so interesting. People you once knew vanishing and getting replaced, the fact that everyone in the world – except Alice – CAN be replaced, and wanting everything to stay in a happy stasis so that nothing bad ever has to happen are all driving factor's in Alice's mindset. But it's a bad mindset to be in, which is probably why this world is always on the cusp of violence, why everyone (except Ace) keeps urging Alice to choose them, and ultimately why we keep coming back to the image of Alice's older sister Lorina, whose appearance – supposedly – makes up the cliffhanger to this volume.-Sean Gaffney
Fairy Tail, Vol. 31 | By Hiro Mashima | Kodansha Comics – We're essentially starting fresh after this time skip, so this volume is a good one to reinforce the basic talking points of the series to date. We see the continued connection between Fairy Tail's world and Edolas, the reappearance of Jellal, who tries to get Erza to abandon him in one of the most transparent lies ever – no one, particularly Erza, believes a word of it. And we see Lucy's bond with her Celestial Spirits, which help her to finally move past the death of her father. This all helps set up the Grand Magic Games, the fighting tournament that will dominate volumes to come. Fairy Tail may be back at the bottom of the heap, but the awesome teamwork shown at the end means we can't count them out just yet. Still a fun shonen romp. -Sean Gaffney
Magi, Vol. 2 | By Shinobu Ohtaka | Viz Media – I had assumed that Jamil, the ruler we meet here, would end up being one of the series' first major antagonists. But no, he's just a minor antagonist, and so is allowed to show his evil, cowardly, and gutless ways right off the bat. Indeed, this volume reads very much like "if the series isn't popular, it can end here", with only the last few pages, sending Aladdin off into another plotline, showing that it's moving on. Aladdin continues to be more than he seems, but we don't really find out how much more. Instead, I was more fascinated with Morgiana, and the manga discussing how slavery works not only through physical chains but also the sheer emotional beatdown that convinces a slave that escape is impossible. I hope we see more of her soon. In the meantime, get on the Magi train now while it's still early. – Sean Gaffney
Missions Of Love, Vol. 5 | By Ema Toyama | Kodansha Comics – Despite what the cover may lead you to believe, this is not the latest from Project H Manga. It still runs in Nakayoshi, a magazine for elementary school and junior high girls in Japan. And the actual content inside is less salactious, ear-biting aside. The author is far more interested in seeing the back and forth involved with four selfish people who see no harm in abusing the others for their own ends. Shigure, however, is probably the nicest of the four, and therefore he seems to suffer the most, between Yukina's appalling mixed signals, Mami's emotional manipulation, and Akira's willingness to do whatever it takes to make Yukina his. It all adds up to a giant teen hormone cocktail, and it's as addictive as ever, even if it's still bad for you. – Sean Gaffney
Pandora Hearts, Vol. 18 | By Jun Mochizuki | Yen Press – A day or two ago, a kind soul came along in comments to a recent post to reassure me that nobody dies in volume 18 of Pandora Hearts. But, y'know, some revelations can be more painful than death, and that's certainly true of this volume. Fortunately, that's just how I like it. Jun Mochizuki continues to hurt me in all the best ways, as she begins to really unravel the truth behind both Oz's origins and Alice's death. Her frenetic style generally sends me back for a second read shortly after I've finished the first, but I'll admit I enjoy every second of it. Unfortunately, this has never been a series that can welcome new readers into its middle volumes, but if you like lively, delicious artwork and complex plotting, this series is well worth hunting down from the beginning. Still recommended. – Melinda Beasi
Filed Under: Bookshelf Briefs


Sorry if this repeats what anyone else has said, but I think this is the best harddisk review I have seen. All the other hdd reviews I have read though, all go into detail about how many mb/s the drive can transfer and what the access time is, I/O performance etc. This is all very nice, but all we really care about is how does the hdd perform in real world apps and games in comparision to other drives. How much faster is my browser going to load.
And that is why I was so impressed with this review. I realise it probably took more time to create this review, but it was well worth it. You can see how much the drives in the comparision compare to the amount of money you will spend instead of having to extrapolate from throughput benchmarks.
You are just making it clear that you do not have a firm grasp of English. You are afraid of those who criticize poor grammar, because you know that you yourself will be exposed for the fraudulent pustule that lies beneath your slimy veneer.
I have a life. I'm just sick of illiterate authors. Just because it is a tech site is no excuse for extremely poor writing skills. I'm talking about skills that should be completely mastered before being allowed to graduate from elementary school.
"You are afraid of those who criticize poor grammar, because you know that you yourself will be exposed for the fraudulent pustule that lies beneath your slimy veneer."
"Do keep in mind though, the numbers we're talking about here are ridiculously low - even 900 µs to write to MLC flash is much faster than writing to a mechanical hard disk."
But when it comes to random writes ssd's in general - this intel ssd included - fails miserably.
Yes as the other poster say, the Intel drive have solved the issues with small random writes that the OZC and other MLC drives so far have been suffering from. If you read the whole article thoroughly you will see that clearly.
Random writes are exactly as fast as sequential writes on this Intel SSD (10,000 random 4k writes per second).
The article you referenced uses data from an SSD which appears to suffer from issues relating to the JMicron controller.
IanCutress: @AndyBoxall @cathaypacific Every time you visit taipei, you go home an odd way?


In Vienna, she feels shadowed by history, time marching on.
Review of Now Comes the Lightning, by Sarah Bernstein (Pedlar Press, St. John's NL, 2015), 142 pages.
The early-mid 20th century French singer, Fréhel, is the subject of Now Comes the Lightning (Pedlar Press, 2015), a novella by native Montrealer Sarah Bernstein. In chapters made from individually titled prose poems, Bernstein gives an intimate portrait of this early twentieth century artist. Fréhel's stage career began in the famous theatres of Montmartre in the 1910s — preceding that of Edith Piaf — and ended onscreen in the 1940s. Like Piaf, Fréhel was famous in her day for distinctive renditions of "chansons réalistes," which relate stories of the working class and the marginalized: the poor, the criminalized, and the cast-offs.
What the "game" might be is open to interpretation. Born Margot Boulc'h, and first taking the stage name "Pervenche" (Periwinkle), Fréhel grew up in Paris, where she endured a poor childhood. In the novel, she is sent to work at a very young age, but dreams of being a performer. In her early teens, she is discovered in a café where she has been singing for food and a place to sleep. She makes it onto the stages of Montmartre, where she is mentored by an older singer, and falls in love with several men, including the young Maurice Chevalier. Men are not reliable, however: Chevalier — portrayed as childlike with the repeated epithet of "milk teeth" — envies her success so much that he leaves "bruises the colour of softening pears on her arms and neck." Not long after this, he abandons Fréhel for the more famous Mistinguett, 13 years his senior. On her own again, Fréhel lives mired in depression and addiction, and becomes a wanderer.
The book continues to follow Fréhel as she travels eastern Europe during the First World War, eventually returning to Paris to reclaim the stage and begin her film career. Fame had its downside: during World War II, Fréhel was one of many well-known entertainers pressed into service by the occupying Nazis to entertain German troops and POWs. Later in life she expressed regret at this collaboration, but Bernstein titles the poem about this shame, "Fréhel, Dissembling." The book ends with Fréhel as a "sagging drunk," unrecognizable to those who encounter her.
Stylistically, the book is reminiscent of other verse novels, particularly Anne Carson's Autobiography of Red. While there is no magic realism or mythic grounds for Fréhel's story, her character feels archetypal, perhaps because her life imitates the lives of many operatic heroines abandoned and betrayed by men. The book's lyricism and understanding of Fréhel as a woman of a particular time and place kept me reading, even though at times I was frustrated by a lack of obvious narrative cues. That said, reading the book over carefully, I recognize the effort to knit together the arc of a life: while some poems are based on newspaper articles or interviews with her contemporaries, others are clearly woven from Bernstein's strong imagination, embroidering scenes (which may or may not have occurred) with lines such as these: "The edges of the stone buildings fade against the sky, which goes on and on, clouds covering over cracks of yellow winter light." This image captures perfectly both the emotional, and the actual, dimming of Fréhel as she enters into what one reporter called the "night" of her career.
Naomi Guttman's latest book is the novella-in-verse, The Banquet of Donny & Ari: Scenes from the Opera, (Brick Books). Raised in Montreal, she writes, teaches, and cooks in Central NY. You can find more about her, including reviews and readings, at Naomi Guttman's website.


I saw Matrix Revolutions yesterday with Apple folks.
About ten years ago, when I was in college and having a really emphatic feminist phase, Robert Bly's book Iron John came out. I bought it, but failed to read much of it. My father borrowed it and read it, though. After reading it, he said in his most scathing tone, "I am unable to write a short paragraph summarizing what that book is about."
I mention this because I want to use that denigration against the Matrix trilogy. It certainly seems to have a lot of mystical allusions, but I haven't been able to put them together into any whole.
Roger Ebert more or less shares my opinion of the matrix, as does Chad Underkoffler (with spoilers).
I read this essay on Matrix Reloaded (with spoilers) today, and it gave me some interesting thoughts and insights. I'm glad I read it.
Then I read this exegesis of Matrix Reloaded (also with spoilers), and found it almost but not quite completely different. This let me return to the comfort of my smug denigration of the trilogy as incoherent.
By the way, the first essay scores between 4 and 7 out of 9 on predictions for Matrix Revolutions, depending on how you count. The second essay wrote 17 questions under the category 'things to be wrapped up in the third movie' (of which one was a joke); of those, I count about six or seven things that actually did get wrapped up.


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Q: Nodal Analysis in AC with different Frequency throughout I am trying to solve this circuit for the voltage across nodes C and D. Now I think I know how to solve it mostly and would probably opt for loop analysis.  But what has me confused is that the current supply is operating at 3r/s while the voltage supply is operating at 5r/s

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
The ground I can place anywhere I want but I figured the place it is in the diagram made the most sense.
Is there some simple rule I am forgetting on converting frequency so that I can more easily calculate the resistance of the inductors and capacitors?  If not how would I go about calculating the resistance of inductors and capacitors with two different 'w' in the circuit?

A: This becomes very simple with superposition.  Just solve for the voltage at the required nodes using only one source at a time.  Then add them up and you should have the answer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Brexit: EU dashes Theresa May's hopes of securing changes to her deal as Commons vote looms
Homepage | Forums | Topics In Depth | Foreign Affairs | Brexit: EU dashes Theresa May's hopes of securing changes to her deal as Commons vote looms
January 6, 2019 at 9:42 AM - Views: 6 #9028
Theresa May's hopes of securing the legally binding changes needed to win support for her Brexit deal are fading, after EU sources said it was unlikely there would be a new European summit to approve them.
An emergency council like the one held in November would be needed to sanction any changes that would have legal force.
But diplomats have told The Independent that any concessions offered would be unlikely to require a meeting.
It means any alterations or new language secured by the prime minister will probably not satisfy enough rebel Tories or her DUP partners in government to win the Commons vote expected in the coming weeks.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-latest-theresa-may-deal-eu-changes-commons-vote-michel-barnier-a8712006.html?utm_source=reddit.com


Hilo's Elijah Apo ran the ball against Campbell in Ewa Beach earlier this year. The Division I state champion Vikings are back in this year's tournament after beating Kealakehe 25-11 Friday night. Jordan Fong / Special to the Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
It sounded strange and extreme enough.
Not only would Kamehameha-Hawaii forfeit to Hilo in the final regular-season game — a makeup date due to Hurricane Olivia — but would Division II league leader KS-Hawaii have to forfeit its playoff games due to a little-known by-law in the Big Island Interscholastic Federation handbook?
Fortunately, for all parties, there will be no further forfeitures. KS-Hawaii did, as first reported by Nick Abramo on Hawaii Prep World, forfeit Friday's game with D-I Hilo (7-0). Is there a sizable monetary fine? The league hasn't responded yet.
This is certain: KS-Hawaii (5-2) lost home-field advantage when Konawaena (5-2) beat Kealakehe in another makeup game on Saturday. KS-Hawaii beat Konawaena recently, and therefore had the head-to-head tiebreaker. That no longer exists as part of the consequence for forfeiting a game.
Hilo coach Kaeo Drummondo called it "a very confusing week." He also noted that roster sizes are down around the island, or at least for Hilo and KS-Hawaii.
"We're light in numbers and I know Kamehameha, for a game or two, was in the 20s. I don't know if it has to do with Pop Warner having a division with no weight limit, eighth and ninth grade. We're 20 or 30 kids less than we used to have," said Drummondo, who guided the Vikings to the Division I HHSAA state title last year.
When word got around that KS-Hawaii was cutting its regular season short, it set off the week of confusion.
Drummondo: "I was told that there was a meeting on Monday. My perspective to our athletic director (Kurt Kawachi) is that we're going to play on Friday. I was notified in the afternoon that KS-Hawaii had notified the league and our AD that they were forfeiting the game.
"I know the outcome of the game wouldn't have any meaning, really, but I wasn't anticipating a forfeit. I was kind of surprised when I found out Monday afternoon. I found out while I was working, early afternoon. I inquired because I wanted to know how we were going to set up our schedule for the rest of the week.
Drummondo: "About 4 o'clock, I get a call from my AD. He says that the league may be considering allowing KSH to renege on the forfeit. I was frustrated. From a coach's perspective, our game planning is important. We have weekly game plan meetings with our players. You don't want to go into a game without a game plan. We scratched Monday to allow the players to lift and rest, catch up on some homework. I didn't watch a minute of film on KSH. For me, that was the most frustrating part. In that situation, what can we control? We just needed an answer from the league. We would have only a Thursday walk-through for a game that would've been on Friday.
"Had the league placed us in a situation where we were going to play tonight (Friday), we would've showed up to play. But getting a game plan prepared in a day-and-a-half is difficult. Putting the kids out there in a situation like that, if you don't prepare properly. It's a scary precedent. What if that's their strategy? I'm glad it worked itself out. I don't know anybody who would purposely do that. I know that wasn't the intention of the KSH staff, but the situation is not ideal.
Drummondo: "It's hard, honestly, when I went to bed Wednesday night I was anticipating a game on Friday. It's exciting, looking forward to competition. Then we found out on Thursday morning that the forfeiture is going to stay in place. That helped us to figure what we're going to do Thursday (afternoon). So we gave the kids off today. I made a deal with them. If you have a productive practice on Thursday, you'll have Friday off. They didn't have classes. Saturday, we'll get in the weight room and walk-through 8 to 11 (in the morning).
Hilo will play Kealakehe on Friday for the BIIF D-I title and a chance to defend its state crown. KS-Hawaii will play at Konawaena on Saturday for the BIIF D-II title. The Wildcats have won the last three and six of the last seven.
KSH's forfeit against Hilo coupled with Leilehua's and Moanalua's recent losses may change the HHSAA seedings for Div 1? Crazy, for Oahu teams, outer Island travel is always risky with the home cooking that usually favors the BIFF, MIL or KIF. Na Menehune and Mules screwed the pooch this weekend…..damn.
Officiating just as bad on Oahu as neighbor isles , just gotta come prepared to play and expect a few "phantom" calls during playoff games.


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Projects & Congresses
Online presentation of the European project MonaLiSA - tools for measuring and improving listening skills
Published by IFOTES on 12 November 2021
MonaLiSa online event
12 November 2021 h.14:30-16:30
Online presentation of the results of the European project MonaLiSA - tools for measuring and improving listening skills
The three outputs of the project were presented:
an online questionnaire for self-assessment of listening skills
a web app where you can find exercises to test and train listening skills
a repertoire of learning nuggets to improve listening skills.
Main speakers:
Dr. Stefan Schumacher (IFOTES Europe), project manager of MonaLiSa
Dr. Ulrike Dinger (Universitaetsklinik Heidelberg) partner of the project MonaLiSa.
TES directors, trainers, volunteers and all those interested in improving listening skills were invited to attend.
The conference was held in English, with French translation.
The video recordings of the speeches will soon be available.
The general purpose of the MonaLiSa project is to make the educational tools accessible to everyone to acquire and improve their listening skills, and to be able to manage positive and meaningful relationships.
The Project MonaLiSa is funded by the European Program Erasmus + and all outcomes are accessible as open source.
More about the MonaLiSa project
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Q: how to modularize wcf services? I am working on a WCF application that supports 4 different applications.
lets call those 4 application: App1, App2, App3, and App4.
this WCF Application has 4 services. one for each application.  4 services are very similar, thats why I want to combine them together into 1 wcf application.  Here's the problem, if I need to change the service for App1, I need to redeploy the entire application. even tho, services for App2, App3, and App4 have no changes.  I try to avoid that, but I dont want to create 4 different WCF applications because they are very similar, if there's a change, I probably have to change it 4 times and redeploy 4 times.
I am thinking about using WCF and MEF. I just want to know what other options out there I can explore.

A: One solution is to create WCF interfaces that support extensibility. That is, instead of simply calling a method with a fixed set of parameters, consider calling a method that takes as a parameter, an identifier (which could be an integer) for the method to be called internally. The parameters for the secondary method are packaged as an array of class instances passed as a single parameter to the WCF method.

A: You would need more information to know for certain what to do here.
My natural inclination would be towards using WCF web methods that takes an identifier parameter.  Your web method would have any number of parameters you need based on your requirements (though my preference in this situation would be to provide logic-related parameters as an array containing key/value pairs and all identifier parameters are separate arguments) with one parameter being a version number or app ID.
Your WCF web method's internal code would act as a router, routing the retrieved values to the correct internal method to process your results based on the target application or version number.
For example, it may turn out that app1, app2, and app3 all use the same version of a hypothetical method DoSomething() whereas app4 has some additional logical requirement.  They can all share the same operation contract and web service, while actually being handled differently under the hood..  The good thing about this approach is that if app5, 6, and 7 emerge in the future you do not need to break your existing operation contracts.
Consider the following:
[ServiceContract]

public interface IApplicationService
{
    [OperationContract]
    [WebGet(UriTemplate = "/DoSomething?appId={appId}&parms={parms}")]
    ResponseObj DoSomething(string appId, string[] parms);
}

public class ApplicationService: IApplicationService {
public ResponseObj DoSomething(string appId, string[] parms)
{
    ResponseObj retVal;
    switch(appId)
    {
         case "app1":
         case "app2":
         case "app3":
             retVal = DoSomething(parms);
             break;
         case "app4":
             retVal = DoSomethingElse(parms);
             break;
         default:
             // Handle case
             break;
    }
    return retVal;
}
private ResponseObj DoSomething(string[] parms) { /**logic!**/ }
private ResponseObj DoSomethingElse(string[] parms) { /**logic!**/ }
}

[DataContract]
public class ResponseObj { /**data members**/ }

With something like this your operation contract is never changing.  If you change something for the logic in App4, for example, it does not affect 1, 2, or 3.  However, your API documentation would need to be clear on the format of your expected array and your private methods would have to validate the retrieved data.
Depending on how things are configured you can do things in other ways.  For example, if your web service has a login() method that returns a session, you could tie the version to the session.  Now your routing is based on the session state you're tracking on the server, and you can easily abstract it away in framework code without needing to clutter up your business logic methods.
Personally I have not used MEF with WCF, only MVC4, so I can't comment on how well it would suit your use case here. The solution I've provided does not rely on MEF but is somewhat expensive to maintain over time as you start scaling out to more apps using a shared service.  I've built something similar for a former employer elsewhere, though it was an abstraction to a control database that provided configuration data for different registered apps via appId.


text:
New simulation program lets Yarmouth officers play it safe
Kristen Young @KristenCCT
Feb 6, 2019 at 9:00 PM Feb 7, 2019 at 6:33 AM
Training room allows officers to confront real-life scenarios.
WEST YARMOUTH — Patrol Officer Matthew Mangano stands in a dimly lit room in the basement of the Yarmouth Police Department, focused on a giant projection screen mounted to the wall in front of him.
Holstered on his hip is a simulated 9 mm handgun made to the same weight and specifications as the real gun but equipped with a laser instead of bullets.
On the screen, a man in a business suit stands a few yards from a car, which presumably has just been stopped by Mangano. The man tells Mangano he has to retrieve his registration and starts walking toward the vehicle.
"Just let me know where it is," Mangano says. "Sir, stay back here and I will go and grab it."
The man ignores Mangano and continues walking toward the car. He reaches through the open passenger-side door.
"Step away from the vehicle," Mangano says. "Step out of the vehicle, sir."
The man pulls a gun and fires several rounds at Mangano, who is already moving to the side of the room. In less than a second, Mangano returns fire with the simulated gun. The man stumbles backward, slumps against the open car door and the screen goes black.
The scenario is one of more than 800 that Yarmouth officers will soon be able to run through on a regular basis, now that a $57,000 MILO Range simulator — which was purchased last year by the Yarmouth Police Foundation — has been installed in a new training room converted from a former storage area.
"The goal of this training is to put them through a scenario ... and have them either escalate, depending on the scenario, or de-escalate," Lt. Kevin Lennon said.
The scenarios are grouped into categories that range from domestic disturbances and traffic stops to searches and mass shootings. Trainers are able to adjust how each scenario plays out, meaning that a suspect might comply, flee the scene, draw a weapon or do something else, Lennon said.
Officers are encouraged to react they way they would on the street and can choose the level of force they believe is appropriate, including no force, pepper spray, a stun gun or a firearm. Lennon clarified that officers will be required to store their real firearms in a locked container before entering the room.
In this case, Mangano reacted appropriately by moving quickly to make himself a more difficult target, and he used the appropriate level of force, Lennon said.
Lennon, who has been a MILO, or Multiple Interactive Learning Objectives, instructor for years, said the system allows officers to hone their decision-making skills and reaction times in a controlled space. They receive feedback from instructors who have the ability to film the officers and show them their own responses to the simulations.
"If they make a mistake, we want them to make it here, in this environment, so we can talk about it and then learn about it," he said.
The training room strives to make the interactions as realistic as possible. A flashing red and blue light can mimic conditions on the road, and the room can be darkened so the screen will be visible only where it's illuminated by an officer's flashlight. Lennon said he also plans to bring obstacles into the room to heighten the challenge.
As the distractions increase, so do the officers' stress levels, he said.
"With lack of proper training, people make mistakes," he said. "Our hope is to get them through that stress and help them build on that, so when they're out on the street and they're faced with that ... they will succeed."
Simulated training is part of the curriculum for new officers during their initial police academy training, Lennon said, but the fact that MILO systems exist in only a handful of locations across the state makes it nearly impossible for police departments to provide the training on a regular basis.
Sending officers to train at the closest simulator, which is located in Plymouth, would require overtime pay for those who attend and for others who cover their shifts. The cost of sending every Yarmouth officer to a single session could total somewhere between $15,000 and $18,000, Lennon said.
With the MILO system on-site, officers will be able to train regularly without incurring additional costs, he said. Once more officers are instructed in running the system, which should happen in the next few weeks, the department plans to conduct a different category of training each month.
"We can run them through the scenario in less than 15 minutes and then get them back on the road," Lennon said. "We're not shorting the shift and we have plenty of people to work."
The new training room is the first phase of construction of the Sgt. Sean M. Gannon K-9/Police Officer Training Facility, a $1.2 million state-of-the-art complex planned on the department's grounds. The facility, which will be paid for entirely through donations to the foundation, will also include a mock house, obstacle course and contained shooting range. The range, which will be enclosed in a soundproof, bulletproof container, is the only place where live rounds will be fired.
According to Deputy Chief Steven Xiarhos, the facility will be made available to other departments throughout the region.
"We were fortunate to have the vehicle to buy this," Lennon said of the simulator, "and if we can now pass this training opportunity on to (other departments), it only makes everybody safer, and that would be the ultimate goal."
— Follow Kristen Young on Twitter: @KristenCCT.


I am very pleased with the school the team of staff is remarkable, they have several extra curricular activities, and they have special events as rewards for their amazing progress in their academic classes. Each student gets a very satisfied amount of time with their teachers. The whole staff is well groomed and clean cut. They care and treat your child as if one of their own. The school is positively ambitious and amazing.
I am not happy with this school. Unfortunately, my son is mentally challenged. The teacher and administration lack effective communication regarding the children.
I am extreemly pleased with Eakin Primary. My daughter has progressed so well, and learned so fast. Everyone of the staff that I have met have been wonderful with the children.


Madam, sir, aalborg-sports is with you !
With the Prestige adult skis pack, you can rent cheaply high quality skis at 2 Alpes.
These high-end skis at a discount price for this quality of rental skis at Deux Alpes, may be supplemented by a cheap lease of helmet or combination.
Ski storage is included in the price.


text:
Culinary club
In April 2014
Culinary club's closing.
In March 2014
Culinary club in March, 2014.
News of this month
In December 2013
Culinary club in December, 2013.
In November 2013
In October 2013
The opening of a new season of the culinary club
Culinary club in April, 2013.
Culinary club in February, 2013.
Culinary club =)
Cooking club's closing season.
Last meeting in this year…
Stories of girls
Zenevich Tanya
Girls' dreams
Make-up and photo session
Some words about culinary team.
Valya's story
Liza's story
Culinary photos
Сhildren's Dreams
Nastya I.
Nastya L.
Vika A.
Valya
About little Valya
LOVE 4 THE CHILDREN
…sharing LOVE with orphans in Belarus and abroad
Statistics blog
In November: Smilovichi orphanage.
Posted: December 19, 2011 by Dobr9k in Smilovichi
Hello dear friends! I would like to share with you and tell you how we went to an orphanage in the village Smil ovichi. Perhaps not everyone knows this "orphanage". This is the place in which children (often from socially disadvantaged families) before distribution to orphanages. While the kids have a "chance" to get out and back into the family. For example, if parents decide to get back on the right track and are being treated for alcoholism.
November 17 The Lord blessed us, and we had the opportunity to talk with their children in one of these shelters. Kids has joyfully accepted and then refused to let go. We played and talked with the guys. On this day, there were little kids in the receiver. Senior boy and girl of 8 years. Kids can easily go to the contact. Some girls and boys literally "rode" on the team members. It was a feeling that we are in the normal nursery. Kids just so warm and communicated with us, sharing with us your interests! But my heart bleeds when someone of the guys started talking about his family: a mom and dad, brothers and sister about with whom they were separated. Kids so directly talked about their families and with such ease talking about the shelter, apparently not realizing yet what to expect in the near future. Saying goodbye to us, some kids hugged us tightly, saying, "I will not let you anywhere!" Honestly, there were mixed feelings at the same time …
Let us hope that God will bless us to visit the orphanage and in the future!
In November: orphanage in Rudensk
In December: Live hope for children.


text:
Q: How to send notification in background? I use IntentService to get data from database. This is my code:
GetDataService.java
public class GetDataService extends IntentService {

    public GetDataService() {
        super("GetDataService");

    }

    @Override
    protected void onHandleIntent(Intent intent) {
        Parameter parameter = new Parameter();
        String data = (new LandSlideHttpClient()).getDeviceData();

        try {
            parameter = JSONLandslideParser.getParameter(data);
        } catch (JSONException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        Intent in = new Intent();
        in.setAction(DataReceiver.ACTION_RESP);
        in.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);
        in.putExtra("123", (Parcelable) parameter);
        sendBroadcast(in);

        long ct = System.currentTimeMillis();
        AlarmManager mgr = (AlarmManager) getApplicationContext()
                .getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE);
        Intent i = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), GetDataService.class);
        PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getService(
                getApplicationContext(), 0, i, 0);

        mgr.set(AlarmManager.RTC_WAKEUP, ct + 10000, pendingIntent);
        stopSelf();
    }
}

CurrentData.java
public class CurrentDataService extends Fragment {

public CurrentDataService() {
    super();
}

private DataReceiver dataReceiver;

TextView id;
TextView temp;
TextView acc;
TextView moisture;
TextView battery;
TextView date;
TextView time;

@Override
public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container,
        Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    View rootView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.currentdata_layout,
            container, false);
    id = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showID);
    temp = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showTEMP);
    acc = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showACC);
    moisture = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showMoisture);
    battery = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showBat);
    date = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showDATE);
    time = (TextView) rootView.findViewById(R.id.showTIME);

    return rootView;
}

@Override
public void onResume() {
    IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(DataReceiver.ACTION_RESP);
    filter.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_DEFAULT);

    dataReceiver = new DataReceiver();
    getActivity().registerReceiver(dataReceiver, filter);

    Intent intent = new Intent(getActivity(), GetDataService.class);
    getActivity().startService(intent);
    super.onResume();
}

@Override
public void onDestroy() {
    getActivity().unregisterReceiver(dataReceiver);
    super.onDestroy();
}

public class DataReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {

    public static final String ACTION_RESP = "getdatafromBroadcast";

    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        Parameter result = (Parameter) intent.getParcelableExtra("123");

        id.setText(result.getId());
        temp.setText(" " + result.getTemp());// + "  °C");
        acc.setText(" " + result.getAcc());// + "  m/s2");
        moisture.setText(" " + result.getMoisture());// +// "  mps");
        battery.setText(" " + result.getBattery());// + "  %");
        date.setText(result.getDate());
        time.setText(result.getTime());
        if (Float.parseFloat(temp.getText().toString()) > 25) {
            NotificationCompat.Builder mBuilder = new NotificationCompat.Builder(
                    getActivity()).setContentTitle("My notification")
                    .setContentText("Danger")
                    .setWhen(System.currentTimeMillis());

            NotificationManager mNotificationManager = (NotificationManager) getActivity()
                    .getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);
            mNotificationManager.notify(1, mBuilder.build());
        }
    }

}
}

I have two problems:

*

*I want when the value of temp greater than 25, then create one notification notifies user in case app closed. But my code does not create notification.

*I use navigation bar and have a second tab named Current data which shows current infomation. I use intentservice and Alarm manager but my CurrentTab just operate when my app show this tab, but if i move to another tab, CurrentTab dont show Toast ( I setting Toast show when temp > 25). So, Is my intentservice wrong?
If you know my problems, help me, please.

A: First of all check whether your if condition is working or not.. Put a toast or print something..
If it works, put this code in it:
 NotificationManager mManager;
mManager = (NotificationManager) this.getApplicationContext().getSystemService(this.getApplicationContext().NOTIFICATION_SERVICE);

 //Put the name of the class where you want to go on clicking the notification.. I used MainActivity

       Intent intent1 = new Intent(this.getApplicationContext(),MainActivity.class);

       Notification notification = new Notification(R.drawable.ic_launcher,"This is a test message!", System.currentTimeMillis());

       intent1.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_SINGLE_TOP| Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP);

       PendingIntent pendingNotificationIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity( this.getApplicationContext(),0, intent1,PendingIntent.FLAG_ONE_SHOT);
       notification.flags |= Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
       notification.setLatestEventInfo(this.getApplicationContext(), "Notification", "This is a test message!", pendingNotificationIntent);

       mManager.notify(0, notification);

This code for notification will work, just make sure, your if condition is working


The Glacier Grand Slam Tour offers you a full day of scenic activities in the Skaftafell region, combining a half a day hike where you will get up close to an icefall and experience panoramic views the glacier and surrounding mountains. a fun Zodiac Boat Trip in Fjallsárlón lagoon with an overview of Vatnajökull Glacier.
The tour starts from Skaftafell (next to the Visitors Center) You will be driven by bus from there to the front of Falljökull glacier (Falling Glacier). Here the hiking part of the tour starts where you will walk along a winding paths carved out by the glacier. When arriving at the tongue of the glacier you will get a quick safety instructions and you need to gear yourself with crampons before heading up towards the icefall. Your guide will lead the way as you will be walking through some amazing blue colored formations of ice. On this You will have plenty of time to take in the vast panoramic views of the surrounding mountains.
Guests must provide their own transportation from Skaftafell to Fjallsárlón glacier lagoon after the glacier hike. You arrive back in Skaftafell around 14:00 which gives you about an hour to complete the 47 km journey to the Fjallárslón lagoon for the zodiac boat trip which starts at 15:00. It is possible for you to bring your own vehicle to the glacier car park which reduces the journey time by approximately 20 minutes.
Waterproof clothing and hiking boots are available for rent. In Skaftafell many of the items above are offered for sale in the booking center.


* Used for enhanced IDE code autocompletion.
* @property \app\components\RbacManager $authManager The auth manager for this application. Null is returned if auth manager is not configured. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\components\Mailer $mailer The mailer component. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\components\User $user The user component. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\components\MyResponse $response The response component. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\components\ErrorHandler $errorHandler The error handler application component. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\components\ConsoleUser $user The user component. This property is read-only. Extended component.
* @property \app\models\User|\yii\web\IdentityInterface|null $identity The identity object associated with the currently logged-in user. null is returned if the user is not logged in (not authenticated).