Daniel Lavoie and I Musici de Montréal, Laurentian Highlands Festival of Classical Music, August 14, 2010.
On August 14 in the village of Ferme-Neuve in the Laurentian Highlands region of Quebec, 260 kilometers (160.5 miles) north-west of Montreal, a unique musical event took place: Daniel Lavoie performed his most popular songs accompanied by the chamber orchestra I Musici de Montreal. The concert was organized as part of the 12th annual Laurentian Highlands Festival of Classical Music. This large-scale festival took place from July through August in 10 different venues and included 31 concerts in which 300 performers took part. The uniqueness and charm of this celebration of music lie in the fact that audiences are given the opportunity to enjoy classical (and not only) music in close proximity to the beautiful and majestic natural landscapes of the Quebec mountains. The tourism infrastructure in the Laurentian Highlands is so thoughtfully constructed that it creates ideal conditions for enjoyment of the open spaces, silence and tranquility of the mountains, lakes and forests, where one often has a sense of being the only human being in the whole world. The idea of listening to classical music in this environment can seem paradoxical, but only at first. In some very natural way the landscapes that bring to mind things eternal also are very conducive to an appreciation of high art.
The 15-member string ensemble I Musici de Montreal was founded in 1983 by the outstanding cellist and graduate of the Moscow State Chaikovsky Conservatory, Yuli Turovsky. It is one of the world's most respected classical music ensembles.
How a chamber ensemble famous for its Hayden interpretations and one of the most popular performers of the chanson quebecoise would be able to make harmony on stage – was a question which I suspect intrigued not only me. A feeling of magic about to happen was in the air.
And the magic did happen. This is the only word to describe the main impression from what we saw and heard. What a delight it was to witness the complete mutual understanding, trust and almost visible sparks flying between the singer and the musicians!
The concert consisted of 3 instrumental pieces and 12 songs. I Musici performed music selected by Daniel Lavoie himself: Dvorak's Serenade opus 22 (finale) and Borodin's Quartet no 2 (scherzo, at the beginning of the first part of the concert) and Debussy's Quartet opus 10 (1st part, at the beginning of the second part).
As for the songs by Daniel Lavoie, they received string arrangements composed with great love and imagination. Without any exaggeration one can say that Monsieur Lavoie at the piano visibly enjoyed the new sound of his works. Among the surprising discoveries I would mention the ending of the song Sauvez. As we know, this song is a heartfelt plea to save the environment from destruction. After the final words the instruments suddenly "scattered" and the emerging cacophony "showed" the chaos in such a vivid manner that the listeners got goose bumps from hearing this shocking musical effect. Another musical surprise was the interpretation of Lavoie's concerts' trademark final song, Boule qui roule. Usually the singer gives the audience the chance to sing along the recurring refrain of this simple but touching song. This time it was the instruments that "sang along." Different groups of instruments "talked" to the piano and that conversation was conducted in such a tender and harmonious fashion that it took the audience's breath away.
I think that all the people who were lucky enough to be present in the audience on that hot summer evening in the middle of the Laurentians had the feeling that the concert was over much too quickly, like a flash of inspiration.


National standard of Good Agricultural Practice (G.A.P. – Good Agricultural Practice) based on requirements of GLOBALG.A.P. has been developed and introduced in Uzbekistan. Now, local companies planning to enter global market can obtain international GLOBALG.A.P. certificates spending less time and money.
GLOBALG.A.P. is an internationally recognized set of standards ensuring food safety and compliance with quality and technical requirements. Currently,agricultural producers in more than 124 countries around the world are under GLOBALG.A.P. certification, and the total number of certified producers exceeds 180,000, of which 75% offer crop products (vegetables and fruits).
Why do food producers need GLOBALG.A.P. certification?
To enter the world market, food producers need to assure that their product is grown in safe conditions and meet environmental requirements. They need to comply with the standards of chemicals use and rational use of natural resources and providing decent work environment for employees. For many foreign companies, the GLOBALG.A.P. Certificate is one of the important conditions for trade in agricultural products. International retail chains and supermarkets are interested in purchasing products, quality of which is certified by international standards.
In competitive global and regional markets of agricultural products, the GLOBALG.A.P. Certificate confirms the adherence of the grown products to all the quality requirements that undoubtedly contributes to customer loyalty improvement and sales growth.
Through implementation of the GLOBAlG.A.P. Standard, a producer, demonstrates openness and responsibility for its products. This always positively effects on improving the company's image and sales.
Before the adoption of the national standard, local producers of agricultural products had to apply to foreign companies to conduct GLOBALG.A.P. audits and certify products. Now, with the adoption of the national standard for Good Agricultural Practice based on GLOBALG.A.P. requirements, local certification bodies can conduct audits. This reduces time and cost for obtaining GLOBALG.A.P. certificates, and gives an option to pay for services in local currency.
Compliance with the GLOBALG.A.P. Standard will make it easier for farmers to access foreign markets and increase revenues. Consumers will be able to receive quality and safe agricultural products, and employees of agricultural companies will be provided with decent working conditions. In addition, the GLOBALG.A.P. Standard requires producers to take an environmental approach in their activities and take care of preserving the environment.
Since 2015, UNDP's 'Aid for Trade' project has been working on easing access of local agro products to foreign markets through promoting international standards in product certification. The project conducted a series of workshops for local farmers and supported a few agrocompanies in passing through GLOBALG.A.P. audits and getting the certificates. A brochure on main GLOBALG.A.P. requirements for agricultural products has been prepared and issued for local farmers.
The initiative of UNDP and the Government of Uzbekistan on the development of international trade to increase incomes and create jobs is carried out in accordance with the Strategy of Action on development of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021, as well as with the global activities of UNDP to assist countries in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
UNDP's 'Aid for Trade' project as a national component of the regional 'Aid for Trade in Central Asia – Phase III' project aims at increasing income generation, creating jobs and expanding exports.


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US Supreme Court Center > Volume 404 > UNITED STATES V. MARION, 404 U. S. 307 (1971) > Full Text
UNITED STATES V. MARION, 404 U. S. 307 (1971)
United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307 (1971)
United States v. Marion
No. 70-19
Argued November 8, 1971
Decided December 20, 1971
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Appellees, claiming that the Government had known of the crimes with which they were charged, the circumstances of the crimes, and appellees' identities for over three years before they were indicted, moved to dismiss on the ground that the indictment was returned "an unreasonably oppressive and unjustifiable time after the alleged offenses," and that the delay deprived them of rights to due process of law and a speedy trial as secured by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. While asserting no specific prejudice, appellees contended that the indictment required memory of many specific acts and conversations occurring several years before and that the delay was due to the prosecutor's negligence or indifference in investigating the case and presenting it to the grand jury. The District Court, after a hearing, granted appellees' motion and dismissed the indictment for "lack of speedy prosecution," having found that the defense was "bound to have been seriously prejudiced" by the three-year delay. The Government took a direct appeal to this Court, which postponed consideration of the question of jurisdiction until the hearing on the merits.
1. The motion to dismiss the indictment for lack of a speedy trial was in the nature of a confession and avoidance, and constituted a motion in bar by appellees who had not been placed in jeopardy when the District Court entered its order of dismissal. That order was therefore directly appealable to this Court under former 18 U.S.C. § 3731. Pp. 404 U. S. 311-312.
2. The Sixth Amendment's guarantee of a speedy trial is applicable only after a person has been "accused" of a crime, which in this case did not occur until appellees (who had not previously been arrested or otherwise charged) were indicted. Pp. 404 U. S. 313-320.
3. The relevant statute of limitations provides a safeguard against possible prejudice resulting from pre-accusation delay, and here appellees were indicted within the applicable limitations period. Pp. 404 U. S. 320-323.
4. Though the Due Process Clause may provide a basis for dismissing an indictment if the defense can how at trial that prosecutorial delay has prejudiced the right to a fair trial, appellees have not claimed or proved actual prejudice resulting from the delay, and their due process claims are therefore speculative and premature. Pp. 404 U. S. 325-326.
WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and STEWART and BLACKMUN JJ., joined. DOUGLAS, J., filed an opinion concurring in the result, in which BRENNAN and MARSHALL, JJ., joined, post, p. 404 U. S. 326.
This appeal requires us to decide whether dismissal of a federal indictment was constitutionally required by reason of a period of three years between the occurrence of the alleged criminal acts and the filing of the indictment.
On April 21, 1970, the two appellees were indicted and charged in 19 counts with operating a business known as Allied Enterprises, Inc., which was engaged in the business of selling and installing home improvements such as intercom sets, fire control devices, and burglary detection systems. Allegedly, the business was fraudulently
conducted and involved misrepresentations, alterations of documents, and deliberate nonperformance of contracts. The period covered by the indictment was March 15, 1965, to February 6, 1967; the earliest specific act alleged occurred on September 3, 1965, the latest on January 19, 1966.
On May 5, 1970, appellees filed a motion to dismiss the indictment
"for failure to commence prosecution of the alleged offenses charged therein within such time as to afford [them their] rights to due process of law and to a speedy trial under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States."
No evidence was submitted, but, from the motion itself and the arguments of counsel at the hearing on the motion, it appears that Allied Enterprises had been subject to a Federal Trade Commission cease and desist order on February 6, 1967, and that a series of articles appeared in the Washington Post in October, 1967, reporting the results of that newspaper's investigation of practices employed by home improvement firms such as Allied. The articles also contained purported statements of the then United States Attorney for the District of Columbia describing his office's investigation of these firms and predicting that indictments would soon be forthcoming. Although the statements attributed to the United States Attorney did not mention Allied specifically, that company was mentioned in the course of the newspaper stories. In the summer of 1968, at the request of the United States Attorney's office, Allied delivered certain of its records to that office, and, in an interview there, appellee Marion discussed his conduct as an officer of Allied Enterprises. The grand jury that indicted appellees was not impaneled until September, 1969, appellees were not informed of the grand jury's concern with them until March, 1970, and the indictment was finally handed down in April.
Appellees moved to dismiss because the indictment was returned "an unreasonably oppressive and unjustifiable time after the alleged offenses." They argued that the indictment required memory of many specific acts and conversations occurring several years before, and they contended that the delay was due to the negligence or indifference of the United States Attorney in investigating the case and presenting it to a grand jury. No specific prejudice was claimed or demonstrated. The District Court judge dismissed the indictment for "lack of speedy prosecution" at the conclusion of the hearing, and remarked that, since the Government must have become aware of the relevant facts in 1967, the defense of the case
"is bound to have been seriously prejudiced by the delay of at least some three years in bringing the prosecution that should have been brought in 1967, or, at the very latest, early 1968. [Footnote 1] "
The United States appealed directly to this Court pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1964 ed., Supp. V). [Footnote 2] We postponed consideration of the question of jurisdiction until the hearing on the merits of the case. [Footnote 3] We now hold that the Court has jurisdiction, and on the merits we reverse the judgment of the District Court.
Prior to its recent amendment, 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1964 ed., Supp. V) authorized an appeal to this Court
by the United States when, in any criminal case, a district court sustained "a motion in bar, when the defendant has not been put in jeopardy." It is plain to us that the appeal of the United States is within the purview of this section. Appellees had not been placed in jeopardy when the District Court rendered its judgment. The trial judge based his ruling on undue delay prior to indictment, a matter that was beyond the power of the Government to cure since reindictment would not have been permissible under such a ruling. The motion to dismiss rested on grounds that had nothing to do with guilt or innocence or the truth of the allegations in the indictment, but was, rather, a plea in the nature of confession and avoidance, that is, where the defendant does not deny that he has committed the acts alleged and that the acts were a crime, but instead pleads that he cannot be prosecuted because of some extraneous factor, such as the running of the statute of limitations or the denial of a speedy trial. See United States v. Weller, 401 U. S. 254, 401 U. S. 260 (1971). The motion rested on constitutional grounds exclusively, and neither the motion, the arguments of counsel, the Court's oral opinion, nor its judgment mentioned Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 48(b), as a ground for dismissal. [Footnote 4] Our jurisdiction to hear this appeal has been satisfactorily established.
Appellees do not claim that the Sixth Amendment was violated by the two-month delay between the return of the indictment and its dismissal. Instead, they claim that their rights to a speedy trial were violated by the period of approximately three years between the end of the criminal scheme charged and the return of the indictment; it is argued that this delay is so substantial and inherently prejudicial that the Sixth Amendment required the dismissal of the indictment. In our view, however, the Sixth Amendment speedy trial provision has no application until the putative defendant in some way becomes an "accused," an event that occurred in this case only when the appellees were indicted on April 21, 1970.
The Sixth Amendment provides that, "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial. . . ." On its face, the protection of the Amendment is activated only when a criminal prosecution has begun, and extends only to those persons who have been "accused" in the course of that prosecution. These provisions would seem to afford no protection to those not yet accused, nor would they seem to require the Government to discover, investigate, and accuse any person within any particular period of time. The Amendment would appear to guarantee to a criminal defendant that the Government will move with the dispatch that is appropriate to assure him an early and proper disposition of the charges against him. "[T]he essential ingredient is orderly expedition, and not mere speed." Smith v. United States, 360 U. S. 1, 360 U. S. 10 (1959).
Our attention is called to nothing in the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Amendment indicating
that it does not mean what it appears to say, [Footnote 5] nor is there more than marginal support for the proposition that, at the time of the adoption of the Amendment, the prevailing rule was that prosecutions would not be permitted if there had been long delay in presenting a charge. [Footnote 6] The framers could hardly have selected less
appropriate language if they had intended the speedy trial provision to protect against pre-accusation delay. No opinions of this Court intimate support for appellee' thesis, [Footnote 7] and the courts of appeals that have considered the question in constitutional terms have never reversed a conviction or dismissed an indictment solely on the basis of the Sixth Amendment's speedy trial provision where only pre-indictment delay was involved. [Footnote 8]
Legislative effort to implement federal and State speedy trial provisions also plainly reveal the view that thee guarantees are applicable only after a person has
been accused of a crime. The Court has pointed out that
"[a]t the common law and in the absence of special statutes of limitations the mere failure to find an indictment will not operate to discharge the accused from the offense nor will a nolle prosequi entered by the Government or the failure of the grand jury to indict."
United States v. Cadarr, 197 U. S. 475, 197 U. S. 478 (1905). Since it is
"doubtless true that in some cases the power of the Government has been abused and charges have been kept hanging over the
heads of citizens, and they have been committed for unreasonable periods, resulting in hardship,"
the Court noted that many States
"[w]ith a view to preventing such wrong to the citizen . . . [and] in aid of the constitutional provisions, National and state, intended to secure to the accused a speedy trial"
had passed statutes limiting the time within which such trial must occur after charge or indictment. [Footnote 9] Characteristically, these statutes to which the Court referred are triggered only when a citizen is charged or accused. [Footnote 10] The statutes vary greatly in substance,
structure, and interpretation, but a common denominator is that
"[i]n no event . . . [does] the right to speedy trial arise before there is some charge or arrest, even though the prosecuting authorities had knowledge of the offense long before this."
Note, The Right to a Speedy Trial, 57 Col.L.Rev. 846, 848 (1957).
No federal statute of general applicability has been enacted by Congress to enforce the speedy trial provision of the Sixth Amendment, but Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 48(b), which has the force of law, authorizes dismissal of an indictment, information, or complaint
"[i]f there is unnecessary delay in presenting the charge to a grand jury or in filing an information against a defendant who has been held to answer to the district court, or if there is unnecessary delay in bringing a defendant to trial. . . ."
The rule clearly is limited to post-arrest situations. [Footnote 11]
Appellees' position is, therefore, at odds with longstanding legislative and judicial constructions of the
speedy trial provisions in both national and state constitutions.
It is apparent also that very little support for appellees' position emerges from a consideration of the purposes of the Sixth Amendment's speedy trial provision, a guarantee that this Court has termed
"an important safeguard to prevent undue and oppressive incarceration prior to trial, to minimize anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation and to limit the possibilities that long delay will impair the ability of an accused to defend himself."
United States v. Ewell, 383 U. S. 116, 383 U. S. 120 (1966); see also Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U. S. 213, 386 U. S. 221-226 (1967); Dickey v. Florida, 398 U. S. 30, 398 U. S. 37-38 (1970). Inordinate delay between arrest, indictment, and trial may impair a defendant's ability to present an effective defense. But the major evils protected against by the speedy trial guarantee exist quite apart from actual or possible prejudice to an accused's defense. To legally arrest and detain, the Government must assert probable cause to believe the arrestee has committed a crime. Arrest is a public act that may seriously interfere with the defendant's liberty, whether he is free on bail or not, and that may disrupt his employment, drain his financial resources, curtail his associations, subject him to public obloquy, and create anxiety in him, his family and his friends. These considerations were substantial underpinnings for the decision in Klopfer v. North Carolina, supra; see also Smith v. Hooey, 393 U. S. 374, 393 U. S. 377-378 (1969). So viewed, it is readily understandable that it is either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge that engage the particular protections of the speedy trial provision of the Sixth Amendment.
Invocation.of the speedy trial provision thus need not await indictment, information, or other formal charge. [Footnote 12] But we decline to extend the reach of the amendment to the period prior to arrest. Until this event occurs, a citizen suffers no restraints on his liberty and is not the subject of public accusation: his situation does not compare with that of a defendant who has been arrested and held to answer. Passage of time, whether before or after arrest, may impair memories, cause evidence to be lost, deprive the defendant of witnesses, and otherwise interfere with his ability to defend himself. [Footnote 13] But this
possibility of prejudice at trial is not itself sufficient reason to wrench the Sixth Amendment from its proper context. Possible prejudice is inherent in any delay, however short; it may also weaken the Government's case.
The law has provided other mechanisms to guard against possible as distinguished from actual prejudice resulting from the passage of time between crime and arrest or charge. As we said in United States v. Ewell, supra, at 383 U. S. 122, "the applicable statute of limitations . . . is . . . the primary guarantee against bringing overly stale criminal charges." Such statutes represent legislative assessments of relative interests of the State and the defendant in administering and receiving justice; they "are made for the repose of society and the protection of those who may [during the limitation] . . . have lost their means of defence." Public Schools v. Walker, 9 Wall. 282, 76 U. S. 288 (1870). These statutes provide predictability by specifying a limit beyond which there is an irrebuttable presumption that a defendant's right to a fair trial would be prejudiced. [Footnote 14] As this
Court observed in Toussie v. United States, 397 U. S. 112, 397 U. S. 114-115 (1970):
"The purpose of a statute of limitations is to limit exposure to criminal prosecution to a certain fixed period of time following the occurrence of those acts the legislature has decided to punish by criminal sanctions. Such a limitation is designed to protect individuals from having to defend themselves against charges when the basic facts may have become obscured by the passage of time and to minimize the danger of official punishment because of acts in the far-distant past. Such a time limit may also have the salutary effect of encouraging law enforcement officials promptly to investigate suspected criminal activity."
There is thus no need to press the Sixth Amendment into service to guard against the mere possibility that pre-accusation delays will prejudice the defense in a criminal case since statutes of limitation already perform that function.
Since appellees rely only on potential prejudice and the passage of time between the alleged crime and the
indictment, see 404 U. S. infra, we perhaps need go no further to dispose of this case, for the indictment was the first official act designating appellees as accused individuals, and that event occurred within the statute of limitations. [Footnote 15] Nevertheless, since a criminal trial is the likely consequence of our judgment and since appellees may claim actual prejudice to their defense, it is appropriate to note here that the statute of limitations does not fully define the appellees' rights with respect to the events occurring prior to indictment. Thus, the Government concedes that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment would require dismissal of the indictment if it were shown at trial that the pre-indictment delay in this case caused substantial prejudice to appellees' rights to a fair trial and that the delay was an intentional device to gain tactical advantage over the accused. [Footnote 16] Cf. Brady v. Maryland, 373 U. S. 83 (1963); Napue v. Illinois, 360 U. S. 264 (1959). However, we need not, and could not now, determine when and in what circumstances actual prejudice resulting from pre-accusation delays requires the dismissal of the prosecution. [Footnote 17] Actual prejudice to the defense of a criminal case may result from the shortest and most necessary delay; and no one suggests that every delay caused detriment to a defendant's case should abort a criminal
prosecution. [Footnote 18] To accommodate the sound administration of justice to the rights of the defendant to a fair trial will necessarily involve a delicate judgment based on the circumstances of each case. It would be unwise at this juncture to attempt to forecast our decision in such cases.
In the case before us, neither appellee was arrested, charged, or otherwise subjected to formal restraint prior to indictment. It was this event, therefore, that transformed the appellees into "accused" defendants who are subject to the speedy trial protections of the Sixth Amendment.
The 38-month delay between the end of the scheme charged in the indictment and the date the defendants were indicted did not extend beyond the period of the applicable statute of limitations here. Appellees have not, of course, been able to claim undue delay pending trial, since the indictment was brought on April 21, 1970, and dismissed on June 8, 1970. Nor have appellees adequately demonstrated that the pre-indictment delay by the Government violated the Due Process Clause. No actual prejudice to the conduct of the defense is alleged or proved, and there is no showing that the Government intentionally delayed to gain some tactical advantage over appellees or to harass them. Appellees rely solely
on the real possibility of prejudice inherent in any extended delay: that memories will dim, witnesses become inaccessible, and evidence be lost. In light of the applicable statute of limitations, however, these possibilities are not in themselves enough to demonstrate that appellees cannot receive a fair trial and to therefore justify the dismissal of the indictment. Events of the trial may demonstrate actual prejudice, but at the present time appellees' due process claims are speculative and premature.
App. 39. The court's oral decision consisted of the following statement:
"It appears to the Court that the matters complained of occurred between March, 1965, and January, 1966. It further appears that these matters were known from early 1967 or a matter of common knowledge in late 1967. There appears no reason why a three-year delay from 1967 was justified by the necessity of research and examination delving into the various transactions, they could have been discovered and handled much, much sooner, certainly probably during the year 1967 or, at the latest, early 1968."
"The defendants have been indicted on 19 counts, each of which I believe carries a ten-year sentence, each of which is a separate, distinct transaction which would justify consecutive sentences, and by the very nature of this outrageous scheme if the allegations could be believed, the ability to remember, to build up in one's recollection, to produce the necessary defense, is bound to have been seriously prejudiced by the delay of at least some three years in bringing the prosecution that should have been brought in 1967, or, at the very latest, early 1968."
"The Court, therefore, views that there has been a lack of speedy prosecution in this case, and will grant the motion to dismiss."
The Criminal Appeals Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1964 ed., Supp. V), at the time of this appeal, provided in relevant part:
"An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the United States from the district courts direct to the Supreme Court of the United States in all criminal cases in the following instances: "
"From the decision or judgment sustaining a motion in bar, when the defendant has not been put in jeopardy."
The Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1970, § 14(a), 84 Stat. 1890, amended the Criminal Appeals Act to read in pertinent part as follows:
"In a criminal case, an appeal by the United States shall lie to a court of appeals from a decision, judgment, or order of a district court dismissing an indictment or information as to any one or more counts, except that no appeal shall lie where the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution prohibits further prosecution."
This amendment thus terminated the Court's appellate jurisdiction of Government appeals from district court judgments in federal criminal cases. Pending cases were not affected by the amendment, however, since subsection (b) of § 14 provides:
"The amendments made by this section shall not apply with respect to any criminal case begun in any district court before the effective date of this section."
The Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1970 took effect on January 2, 1971; the appellees in this case were indicted on April 21, 1970.
401 U.S. 934 (1971).
Rule 48(b) provides that:
"If there is unnecessary delay in presenting the charge to a grand jury or in filing an information against a defendant who has been held to answer to the district court, or if there is unnecessary delay in bringing a defendant to trial, the court may dismiss the indictment, information or complaint."
In any event, it is doubtful that Rule 48(b) applies in the circumstances of this case, where the indictment was the first formal act in the criminal prosecution of these appellees. See cases cited in n 11, infra.
The history of the speedy trial provision is sparse and unilluminating with respect to the issue before us. See F. Heller, The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States 31-32, 34 (1951); R. Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791, p. 202 (1955); I. Brant, The Bill of Rights 223 (1965); Dumbauld, State Precedents for the Bill of Rights, 7 J.Pub.L. 323, 335 n. 91 (1958); Note, The Right to a Speedy Trial, 20 Stan.L.Rev. 476, 484 (1968).
A single case that antedates the Bill of Rights, Rex v. Robinson, 1 Black. W. 541, 96 Eng.Rep. 313 (K.B. 1765), and three 19th century British cases, Rex v. Marshall, 13 East 322, 104 Eng.Rep. 394 (K.B. 1811); Regina v. Hext, 4 Jurist 339 (Q.B. 1840); Regina v. Robin, 1 Cox's C. C. 114 (Somerset Winter Assizes 1844), are cited for the proposition that the framers intended to protect against pre-indictment delay by enacting the Sixth Amendment. These cases fail to establish a definite rule that the Founders sought to constitutionalize, however, and the Government's argument concerning the history of the Sixth Amendment, while not dispositive, is more persuasive. Brief for the United States 15-18. The Government points out that the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, 31 Car. 2, c. 2, provided for "more speedy Relief of all Persons imprisoned for any such criminal or supposed criminal Matters," and required that persons jailed for felonies or treason be brought to trial upon their own motion within two terms of court or be discharged on bail. The Act does not allude to delay before arrest. Most of the States that ratified the Bill of Rights had either adopted the British Act or passed a similar law, Petition of Provoo, 17 F.R.D. 183, 197 n. 6 (Md.), aff'd sub nom. United States v. Provoo, 350 U.S. 857 (1955), and many of them had speedy trial provisions in their own constitutions which were modeled on the British Act. Article 8 of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which may have been the model Madison used for the Sixth Amendment, Rutland, supra, n 5, at 202, secured the right to a speedy trial in "criminal prosecutions" where "a man hath a right to demand the cause and nature of his accusation." See generally Heller, supra, n 5, at 23. Insofar as this meager evidence is probative at all, it seems to imply that the Sixth Amendment was designed to assure that those accused of crimes would have their trial without undue delay.
This Court has interpreted the Sixth Amendment's speedy trial guarantee in only a small number of cases. See, e.g., Dickey v. Florida, 398 U. S. 30 (1970); Smith v. Hooey, 393 U. S. 374 (1969); Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U. S. 213 (1967); United States v. Ewell, 383 U. S. 116 (1966); Pollard v. United States, 352 U. S. 354 (1957); United States v. Provoo, supra, n 6; Beaver v. Haubert, 198 U. S. 77 (1905). See also Smith v. United States, 360 U. S. 1, 360 U. S. 10 (1959).
Most courts of appeals have recognized the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial only after a prosecution has been formally initiated or have held that the sole safeguard against pre-indictment delay is the relevant statute of limitations: United States v. Feinberg, 383 F.2d 60, 65 (CA2 1967); Carlo v. United States, 286 F.2d 841, 846 (CA2), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 944 (1961); Pitts v. North Carolina, 395 F.2d 182, 185 n. 3 (CA4 1968); United States v. Durham, 413 F.2d 10()3, 1004 (CA5 1969); Kroll v. United States, 433 F.2d 1282, 1286 (CA5 1970), cert. denied, 402 U.S. 944 (1971); United States v. Grayson, 416 F.2d 1073, 1076-1077 (CA5 1969); United States v. Wilson, 342 F.2d 782, 783 (CA5), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 860 (1965); Donnell v. United States, 229 F.2d 560, 567 (CA5 1956); Harlow v. United States, 301 F.2d 361, 366 (CA5), cert. denied, 371 U.S. 814 (1962); Bruce v. United States, 351 F.2d 318, 320 (CA5 1965), cert. denied, 384 U.S. 921 (1966); Hoopengarner v. United States, 270 F.2d 465, 469 (CA6 1959); United States v. Harris, 412 F.2d 471, 473 (CA6 1969); Lothridge v. United States, 441 F.2d 919, 922 (CA6 1971); Parker v. United States, 252 F.2d 680, 681 (CA6), cert. denied, 356 U.S. 964 (1958); Edmaiston v. Neil, 452 F.2d 494 (CA6 1971); United States v. Panczko, 367 F.2d 737, 738-739 (CA7 1966); Terlikowski v. United States, 379 F.2d 501, 504 (CA8), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 1008 (1967); Foley v. United States, 290 F.2d 562, 565 (CA8 1961); Benson v. United States, 402 F.2d 576, 579 (CA9 1968); Venus v. United States, 287 F.2d 304, 307 (CA9 1960), rev'd per curiam on other grounds, 368 U. S. 345 (1961); D'Aquino v. United States, 192 F.2d 338, 350 (CA9 1951), cert. denied, 343 U.S. 935 (1952); United States v. Reed, 413 F.2d 338, 340 (CA10 1969), cert. denied sub nom. Sartain v. United States, 397 U.S. 954 (1970); Nickens v. United States, 116 U.S.App.D.C. 338, 340, 323 F.2d 808, 810 (1963), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 905 (1964). Some courts of appeals have stated that pre-indictment delay may be cause for dismissal, but they have seemed to treat the question primarily as one of due process (although the Sixth Amendment is occasionally mentioned) and have required a showing of actual prejudice: Schlinsky v. United States, 379 F.2d 735, 737 (CA1 1967); Fleming v. United States, 378 F.2d 502, 504 (CA1 1967); United States v. Capaldo, 402 F.2d 821, 823 (CA2 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 989 (1969); United States v. Simmons, 338 F.2d 804, 806 (CA2 1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 983 (1965); United States v. Holiday, 319 F.2d 775, 776 (CA2 1963); United States v. Hammond, 360 F.2d 688, 689 (CA2 1966); United States v. Dickerson, 347 F.2d 783, 784 (CA2 1965); United States v. Rivera, 346 F.2d 942, 943 (CA2 1965); United States v. Sanchez, 361 F.2d 824, 825 (CA2 1966); United States v. Harbin, 377 F.2d 78, 79, 80 n. 1 (CA4 1967); United States v. Lee, 413 F.2d 910, 912-913 (CA7 1969), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 1022 (1970); United States v. Napue, 401 F.2d 107, 114-115 (CA7 1968), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 1024 (1969); Lucas v. United States, 363 F.2d 500, 502 (CA9 1966); Sanchez v. United States, 341 F.2d 225, 228 n. 3 (CA9), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 856 (1965); Acree v. United States, 418 F.2d 427, 430 (CA10 1969). Although Petition of Provoo, 17 F.R.D. 183 (Md.), aff'd sub nom. United States v. Provoo, 350 U.S. 857 (1955), is sometimes cited for the proposition that pre-indictment delay will justify dismissal, the District Court explicitly stated that it considered this delay to be relevant only on the issue of whether the defendant had been denied a fair trial. 17 F.R.D. at 202. In Taylor v. United States, 99 U.S.App.D.C. 183, 238 F.2d 259 (1956), a conviction was vacated where there had been a six-year delay between the crime (housebreaking) and trial, 3 1/2 years of which was a delay between crime and indictment; the defendant had been in prison on another charge during this time, and the defendant was substantially prejudiced in his ability to defend against the housebreaking charge. The Court of Appeals stated:
"We do not rely on the mere lapse of time between the commission of the offenses and the date of indictment, considered by itself, for that is governed by the statute of limitations. It is the combination of the factors set forth above [post-indictment delay, prejudice] which motivates our decision."
Id. at 186, 238 F.2d at 262. In three instances, district courts have held, however, that "delay" for Sixth Amendment purposes must be computed from the time of the crime or from the time when the Government considers the defendants' actions criminal, and have dismissed indictments for excessive delay. United States v. Parrott, 248 F.Supp. 196 (DC 1965); United States v. Wahrer, 319 F.Supp. 585 (Alaska 1970); United States v. Burke, 224 F.Supp. 41 (DC 1963). There is a unique line of cases in the District of Columbia Circuit concerning pre-indictment delay in narcotics cases where the Government relies on secret informers and (frequently) on single transactions. These cases take a more rigid stance against such delays, but they are based on the Court of Appeals' purported supervisory jurisdiction and not on the Sixth Amendment. See, e.g., Ross v. United States, 121 U.S.App.D.C. 233, 238, 349 F.2d 210, 215 (1965); Bey v. United States, 121 U.S.App.D.C. 337, 350 F.2d 467 (1965); Powell v. United States, 122 U.S.App.D.C. 229, 231, 352 F.2d 705, 707 (1965); Tynan v. United States, 126 U.S.App.D.C. 206, 208, 376 F.2d 761, 763 (1967) (explicitly limiting Ross).
The provision the Court dealt with in Cadarr was § 939 of the then District of Columbia Code adopted by Congress, 31 Stat. 1342. That section provided that, if any person "charged with a criminal offense shall have been committed or held to bail," the grand jury must act within a specified time or the accused would be set free. The provision remains in the present code as § 23-102, 84 Stat. 605, and then, as now, does not purport to reach behind the time of charge, commitment, or holding for bail.
See, e.g., Ill.Rev.Stat., c. 38, § 103-5(a) (1969); Pa.Stat.Ann., Tit.19, § 781 (1964); Cal.Pen.Code § 1382 (1970); Va.Code Ann. § 19.1-191 (1960); Nev.Rev.Stat. § 178.556 (1967). A more comprehensive list of such state statutes appears in American Bar Association Project on Standards for Criminal Justice, Speedy Trial 14-15 (Approved Draft 1968). The Administrative Board of the Judicial Conference of the State of New York recently promulgated rules on trial delay and detention which cover defendants who are "held in custody" and which begin computation of delay periods from the date of arrest. Rule 29.1, New York Law Journal, April 30, 1971, p. 1, col. 6. See generally Note, The Right to a Speedy Trial, 20 Stan.L.Rev. 476 (1968); Note, Pre-Arrest Delay: Evolving Due Process Standards, 43 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 722 (1968); Note, Constitutional Limits on Pre-Arrest Delay, 51 Iowa L.Rev. 670 (1966); Note, The Lagging Right to a Speedy Trial, 51 Va.L.Rev. 1587 (1965); Note, Justice Overdue -- Speedy Trial for the Potential Defendant, 5 Stan.L.Rev. 95 (1952).
The rules that the Second Circuit en banc recently adopted in United States ex rel. Frizer v. McMann, 437 F.2d 1312 (CA2 1971), which appear in Appendix, 28 U.S.C.A. (May 1971 Supp.), require trial within a specified period but apply to "all persons held in jail prior to trial" and "defendants" in "all other criminal cases." Rule 2. Rule 4 provides that:
"In all cases the government must be ready for trial within six months from the date of the arrest, service of summons, detention, or the filing of a complaint or of a formal charge upon which the defendant is to be tried (other than a sealed indictment), whichever is earliest."
See generally Comment, Speedy Trials and the Second Circuit Rules Regarding Prompt Disposition of Criminal Cases, 71 Col.L.Rev. 1059 (1971).
Cf. also S. 895, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., a bill intended "[t]o give effect to the sixth amendment right to a speedy trial for persons charged with offenses against the United States." The protections of the bill are engaged
"within sixty days from the date the defendant is arrested or a summons is issued, except that, if an information or indictment is filed, then within sixty days from the date of such filing."
§ 3161(b)(1).
Nickens v. United States, supra, at 339, 323 F.2d at 809; Harlow v. United States, supra; Hoopengarner v. United States, supra; United States v. Hoffa, 205 F.Supp. 710, 720-721 (SD Fla.1962).
In its Standards Relating to Speedy Trial, n 10, supra, at 6, the ABA defined the time at which the beginning of the delay period should be computed as
"the date the charge is filed, except that, if the defendant has been continuously held in custody or on bail or recognizance until that date to answer for the same crime or a crime based on the same conduct or arising from the same criminal episode, then the time for trial should commence running from the date he was held to answer."
Rule 2.2(a).
Under the ABA Standards, after a defendant is charged, it is contemplated that his right to a speedy trial would be measured by a statutory time period excluding necessary and other justifiable delays; there is no necessity to allege or show prejudice to the defense. Rule 2.1, ibid.
Extending a Sixth Amendment right to a period prior to indictment or holding to answer would also create procedural problems:
"[W]hile other rights may be violated by delay in arrest or charge, it does not follow that the time for trial should be counted from any date of inaction preceding filing of the charge or holding the defendant to answer. To recognize a general speedy trial right commencing as of the time arrest or charging was possible would have unfortunate consequences for the operation of the criminal justice system. Allowing inquiry into when the police could have arrested or when the prosecutor could have charged would raise difficult problems of proof. As one court said, 'the Court would be engaged in lengthy hearings in every case to determine whether or not the prosecuting authorities had proceeded diligently or otherwise.' [United States v. Port, Crim. No. 33162, (ND Cal., June 2, 1952). Quoted in Note, Justice Overdue -- Speedy Trial for the Potential Defendant, 5 Stan.L.Rev. 95, 101-102, n. 34.]"
Commentary to Rule 2.2(a), Speedy Trial, n 10, supra, at 23.
The Court has indicated that criminal statutes of limitation are to be liberally interpreted in favor of repose. United States v. Habig, 390 U. S. 222, 390 U. S. 227 (1968). The policies behind civil statutes of limitation are in many ways similar. They "represent a public policy about the privilege to litigate," Chase Securities Corp. v. Donaldson, 325 U. S. 304, 325 U. S. 314 (1945), and their underlying rationale is
"to encourage promptness in the bringing of actions, that the parties shall not suffer by loss of evidence from death or disappearance of witnesses, destruction of documents or failure of memory."
Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. Co. v. Harriman, 227 U. S. 657, 227 U. S. 672 (1913). Such statutes "are founded upon the general experience of mankind that claims, which are valid, are not usually allowed to remain neglected," Riddlesbarger v. Hartford Insurance Co., 7 Wall. 386, 74 U. S. 390 (1869), they
"promote justice by preventing surprises through the revival of claims that have been allowed to slumber until evidence has been lost, memories have faded, and witnesses have disappeared,"
Order of Railroad Telegraphers v. Railway Express Agency, 321 U. S. 342, 321 U. S. 348-349 (1944), and they
"are primarily designed to assure fairness to defendants. . . . [C]ourts ought to be relieved of the burden of trying stale claims when a plaintiff has slept on his rights."
Burnett v. New York Central R. Co., 380 U. S. 424, 380 U. S. 428 (1965). As in the criminal law area, such statutes represent a legislative judgment about the balance of equities in a situation involving the tardy assertion of otherwise valid rights:
"The theory is that, even if one has a just claim, it is unjust not to put the adversary on notice to defend within the period of limitation and that the right to be free of stale claims in time comes to prevail over the right to prosecute them."
Order of Railroad Telegrapher v. Railway Express Agency, supra, at 321 U. S. 349.
"Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, no person shall be prosecuted, tried, or punished for any offense, not capital, unless the indictment is found or the information is instituted within five years next after such offense shall have been committed."
18 U.S.C. § 3282.
Brief for the United States 227.
A number of courts of appeals have considered the question. See, e.g., Benson v. United States, 402 F.2d at 580; Schlinsky v. United States, supra; United States v. Capaldo, supra; United States v. Lee, 413 F.2d at 913; United States v. Wilson, supra; United States v. Harbin, 377 F.2d at 80; Acree v. United States, supra; Nickens v. United States, supra, at 340 n. 2, 323 F.2d at 810 n. 2.
Cf. Hoffa v. United States, 385 U. S. 293, 385 U. S. 310 (1966):
"There is no constitutional right to be arrested. The police are not required to guess at their peril the precise moment at which they have probable cause to arrest a suspect, risking a violation of the Fourth Amendment if they act too soon, and a violation of the Sixth Amendment if they wait too long. Law enforcement officers are under no constitutional duty to call a halt to a criminal investigation the moment they have the minimum evidence to establish probable cause, a quantum of evidence which may fall far short of the amount necessary to support a criminal conviction."
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, with whom MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN and MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL join, concurring in the result.
I assume that, if the three-year delay in this case had occurred after the indictment had been returned, the right to a speedy trial would have been impaired and the indictment would have to be dismissed. I disagree with the Court that the guarantee does not apply if the delay was at the pre-indictment stage of a case.
From March 15, 1965, to February 6, 1967, appellees, acting through Allied Enterprises, Inc., sold and installed home intercom, fire control, and burglar detection devices in the District of Columbia metropolitan area. Their business endeavors were soon met with a spate of lawsuits seeking recovery for consumer fraud and, on February 6, 1967, their brief career was ended by a cease and desist order entered by the Federal Trade Commission. Public notoriety continued to surround appellees' activities and, in a series of articles appearing in the Washington Post in September and October of 1967, their business was mentioned as being under investigation by the United States Attorney. The special grand jury that was impaneled on October 9, 1967, to investigate consumer fraud did not, however, return an indictment against
appellees. Sometime between the summer of 1968 and January, 1969, appellees delivered their business records to the United States Attorney, but an indictment was not returned against them until April 21, 1970. The indictment charged some 19 counts of mail fraud, wire fraud, and transportation of falsely made securities in interstate commerce, all between September 3, 1965, and January 19, 1966.
Appellees moved
"to dismiss the indictment for failure to commence prosecution . . . within such time as to [satisfy the] . . . rights to due process of law and to a speedy trial. . . ."
The United States Attorney sought to excuse the delay, alleging that his office had been understaffed at the time and that it had given priority to other types of crimes. The District Court granted appellees' motion, [Footnote 2/1] and the United States appealed. 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1964 ed., Supp. V).
The majority says
"that it is either a formal indictment or information or else the actual restraints imposed by
arrest and holding to answer a criminal charge that engage the particular protections of the speedy trial provision. . . ."
Ante at 404 U. S. 320.
The Sixth Amendment, to be sure, states that "the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial." But the words "the accused," as I understand them in their Sixth Amendment setting, mean only the person who has standing to complain of prosecutorial delay in seeking an indictment or filing an information. The right to a speedy trial is the right to be brought to trial speedily which would seem to be as relevant to pre-indictment delays as it is to post-indictment delays. Much is made of the history of the Sixth Amendment as indicating that the speedy trial guarantee had no application to pre-prosecution delays.
There are two answers to that proposition. First, British courts historically did consider delay as a condition to issuance of an information.
Lord Mansfield held in Rex v. Robinson, 1 Black.W. 541, 542, 96 Eng.Rep. 313 (K.B. 1765), that the issuance of an information was subject to time limitations: "If delayed, the delay must be reasonably accounted for." In Regina v. Hext, 4 Jurist 339 (Q.B. 1840), an information was refused where a whole term of court had passed since the alleged assault took place. Accord: Rex v. Marshall, 13 East 322, 104 Eng.Rep. 394 (K.B. 1811).
Baron Alderson said in Regina v. Robins, 1 Cox's C.C. 114 (Somerset Winter Assizes 1844), where there was a two-year delay in making a charge of bestiality:
"It is monstrous to put a man on his trial after such a lapse of time. How can he account for his conduct so far back? If you accuse a man of a crime the next day, he may be enabled to bring forward his servants and family to say where he was and what he was about at the time; but if the
charge be not preferred for a year or more, how can he clear himself? No man's life would be safe if such a prosecution were permitted. It would be very unjust to put him on his trial."
Second, and more basically, the 18th century criminal prosecution at the common law was, in general, commenced in a completely different way from that with which we are familiar today. By the common law of England which was brought to the American colonies, the ordinary criminal prosecution was conducted by a private prosecutor, in the name of the King. In case the victim of the crime or someone interested came forward to prosecute, he retained his own counsel and had charge of the case as in the usual civil proceeding. See G. Dession, Criminal Law, Administration and Public Order 356 (1948). Procedurally, the criminal prosecution was commenced by the filing of a lawsuit, and thereafter the filing of an application for criminal prosecution or rule nisi or similar procedure calling for the defendant to show cause why he should not be imprisoned. The English common law, with which the Framers were familiar, conceived of a criminal prosecution as being commenced prior to indictment. Thus, in that setting, the individual charged as the defendant in a criminal proceeding could and would be an "accused" prior to formal indictment. [Footnote 2/2]
The right to a speedy trial, which we have characterized "as fundamental as any of the rights secured by the Sixth Amendment," Klopfer v. North Carolina, 386 U. S. 213, 386 U. S. 223, protects several demands of criminal justice: the prevention of undue delay and oppressive incarceration prior to trial; the reduction of anxiety and concern accompanying public accusation; and limiting the possibilities that long delay will impair the ability of an accused to defend himself. Smith v. Hooey, 393 U. S. 374, 393 U. S. 377-378 (1969). See also People v. Prosser, 309 N.Y. 353, 356, 130 N.E.2d 891, 894 (1955). The right also serves broader interests:
"The Speedy Trial Clause protects societal interests, as well as those of the accused. The public is concerned with the effective prosecution of criminal cases, both to restrain those guilty of crime and to deter those contemplating it. Just as delay may impair the ability of the accused to defend himself, so it may reduce the capacity of the government to prove its case. See Ponzi v. Fessenden, 258 U. S. 254, 258 U. S. 264 (1922). Moreover, while awaiting trial, an accused who is at large may become a fugitive from justice or commit other criminal acts. And the greater the lapse of time between commission of an offense and the conviction of the offender, the less the deterrent value of his conviction."
Dickey v. Florida, 398 U. S. 30, 398 U. S. 42 (1970) (BRENNAN, J., concurring).
At least some of these values served by the right to a speedy trial are not unique to any particular stage of the criminal proceeding. See Note, 43 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 722, 725-726 (1968); Note, 77 Yale L.J. 767, 780-783 (1968); Comment, 11 Ariz.L.Rev. 770, 774-776 (1969). Undue delay may be as offensive to the right to a speedy trial before as after an indictment or information. The anxiety
and concern attendant on public accusation may weigh more heavily upon an individual who has not yet been formally indicted or arrested for, to him, exoneration by a jury of his peers may be only a vague possibility lurking in the distant future. Indeed, the protection underlying the right to a speedy trial may be denied when a citizen is damned by clandestine innuendo and never given the chance promptly to defend himself in a court of law. Those who are accused of crime but never tried may lose their jobs or their positions of responsibility, or become outcasts in their communities.
The impairment of the ability to defend oneself may become acute because of delays in the pre-indictment stage. Those delays may result in the loss of alibi witnesses, the destruction of material evidence, and the blurring of memories. At least when a person has been accused of a specific crime, he can devote his powers of recall to the events surrounding the alleged occurrences. When there is no formal accusation, however, the State may proceed methodically to build its case while the prospective defendant proceeds to lose his. [Footnote 2/3]
The duty which the Sixth Amendment places on Government officials to proceed expeditiously with criminal
prosecutions would have little meaning if those officials could determine when that duty was to commence. To be sure, "[t]he right of a speedy trial is necessarily relative. It is consistent with delays and depends upon circumstances." Beavers v. Haubert, 198 U. S. 77, 198 U. S. 87 (1905). But it is precisely because this right is relative that we should draw the line so as not to condone illegitimate delays whether at the pre- or the post-indictment stage. [Footnote 2/4]
Our decisions do not support the limitations of the right to a speedy trial adopted in the majority's conclusion that "the [Sixth] amendment [does not extend] to
the period prior to arrest." Ante at 404 U. S. 321. In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 384 U. S. 444 (1966), we held that it was necessary for the police to advise of the right to counsel in the pre-indictment situation where "a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way." That case, like the present one, dealt with one of the rights enumerated in the Sixth Amendment to which an "accused" was entitled. We were not then concerned with whether an "arrest" or an "indictment" was necessary for a person to be an "accused," and thus entitled to Sixth Amendment protections. We looked instead to the nature of the event and its effect the rights involved. We applied the Miranda rule even though there was no "arrest," but only an examination of the suspect while he was in his bed at his boarding house, the presence of the officers making him "in custody." Orozco v. Texas, 394 U. S. 324, 394 U. S. 327. We should follow the same approach here and hold that the right to a speedy trial is denied if there were years of unexplained and inexcusable pre-indictment delay.
Dickey v. Florida, supra, similarly demonstrates the wisdom of avoiding today's mechanical approach to the application of basic constitutional guarantees. While he was in custody on an unrelated federal charge, the petitioner was identified by a witness to the robbery. Petitioner remained in federal custody, but the State did not seek to prosecute him until September 1, 1967, when he moved to dismiss the detainer warrant which had been lodged against him. An information was then filed on December 15, 1967, and petitioner was tried on February 13, 1968. Although the trial took place less than two months after the filing of the information, we held that there had been a denial of the right to a speedy trial because of the delay of more than seven years between the crime and the information.
In a concurring opinion, MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN discussed the broader questions raised by that case:
"When is governmental delay reasonable? Clearly, a deliberate attempt by the government to use delay to harm the accused, or governmental delay that is 'purposeful or oppressive,' is unjustifiable. . . . The same may be true of any governmental delay that is unnecessary, whether intentional or negligent in origin. A negligent failure by the government to ensure speedy trial is virtually as damaging to the interests protected by the right a an intentional failure; when negligence is the cause, the only interest necessarily unaffected is our common concern to prevent deliberate misuse of the criminal process by public officials. Thus, the crucial question in determining the legitimacy of governmental delay may be whether it might reasonably have been avoided -- whether it was unnecessary. To determine the necessity for governmental delay, it would seem important to consider, on the one hand, the intrinsic importance of the reason for the delay, and, on the other, the length of the delay and its potential for prejudice to interests protected by the speedy trial safeguard. For a trivial objective, almost any delay could be reasonably avoided. Similarly, lengthy delay, even in the interest of realizing an important objective, would be suspect."
398 U.S. at 398 U. S. 51-52. In the present case, two to three years elapsed between the time the District Court found that the charges could and should have been brought and the actual return of the indictment. The justifications offered were that the United States Attorney's office was "not sufficiently staffed to proceed as expeditiously" as desirable, [Footnote 2/5] and
that priority had been given to other cases. Appellees say that the present indictment embraces counts such as an allegedly fraudulent telephone conversation made on December 16, 1965. They argue that there is a great likelihood that the recollection of such events will be blurred or erased by the frailties of the human memory. If this were a simpler crime, I think the British precedent which I have cited would warrant dismissal of the indictment because of the speedy trial guarantee of the Sixth Amendment. But we know from experience that the nature of the crime charged here often has vast interstate aspects, the victims are often widely scattered and hard to locate, and the reconstruction of the total scheme of the fraudulent plan takes time. If we applied the simpler rule that was applied in simpler days, we would be giving extraordinary advantages to organized crime as well as others who use a far-flung complicated network to perform their illegal activities. I think a three-year delay even in that kind of case goes to the edge of a permissible delay. But on the bare bones of this record I hesitate to say that the guarantee of a speedy trial has been violated. Unless appellees on remand demonstrate actual prejudice, I would agree that the prosecution might go forward. Hence, I concur in the result.
In dismissing the indictment, the District Court said:
See 1 J. Stephen, History of the Criminal Law of England 493496 (1883):
"In England, and, so far as I know, in England and some English colonies alone, the prosecution of offences is left entirely to private persons, or to public officers who act in their capacity of private persons and who have hardly any legal powers beyond those which belong to private persons."
Id. at 493.
For an annotated version of the inception and evolution of the British system, see M. Schwartz, Cases and Materials on Professional Responsibility and the Administration of Criminal Justice 2-3 (Nat. Council on Legal Clinics 1961).
Judge Wright recognized this in his concurring opinion in Nickens v. United States, 116 U.S.App.D.C. 338, 343, 323 F.2d 808, 813 (1963):
"Indeed, a suspect may be at a special disadvantage when complaint or indictment, or arrest, is purposefully delayed. With no knowledge that criminal charges are to be brought against him, an innocent man has no reason to fix in his memory the happenings on the day of the alleged crime. Memory grows dim with the passage of time. Witnesses disappear. With each day, the accused becomes less able to make out his defense. If, during the delay, the Government's case is already in its hands, the balance of advantage shifts more in favor of the Government the more the Government lags. Under our constitutional system such a tactic is not available to police and prosecutors."
"[A] pre-prosecution delay can result in the loss of physical evidence, the unavailability of potential witnesses, and the impairment of the ability of the prospective defendant and his witnesses to remember the events in question. Indeed, the possibility of such prejudice may be greater in pre-prosecution delay cases than in post indictment delay cases. The typical prospective defendant is probably unaware of the fact that criminal charges will eventually be brought against him. Thus, he will have no reason to take measures to preserve his memory or the memories of his witnesses."
"The importance of these considerations becomes clear when measured against the state's ability to collect and document evidence as it carries out its criminal investigation, thereby preserving its probative firepower until the time of eventual arrest."
"The causal factor also can be present in a pre-prosecution delay. Many pre-prosecution delays are caused by the reluctance of the government to terminate an undercover investigation. If the knowledge obtained by an undercover agent is used as the basis for an arrest or for the issuance of a complaint, the identity of the agent may be exposed and his effectiveness destroyed. Consequently, the government will often delay arresting an individual against whom its case is complete if the agent is still obtaining evidence against other individuals. In such a situation, the government has made a deliberate choice for a supposed advantage. While this advantage is arguably not sought vis-a-vis the defendant asserting the speedy trial claim, the fact remains that the advantage arises out of a deliberate and avoidable choice on the part of law enforcement authorities."
Note, 20 Stan.L.Rev. 476, 489.
The District Judge pointed out that the then Assistant Attorney General had indicated "that he didn't need any more help," and that the United States Attorney retreated from this factual assertion.
Powered by Justia US Supreme Court Center: UNITED STATES V. MARION, 404 U. S. 307 (1971)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Mobile is the dominant computing platform of this generation, but plenty of people still discover and download apps from traditional websites.
Since the launch of the app store, we've seen countless posts on the topic of landing page inspiration and optimization that commonly tout the obvious: showcase a benefit; establish a clear call to action; place a download button above the fold, etc.
In 2015, these patterns have solidified and continued to evolve. See some of the best designed app landing pages of the year below.
Operator is the best example of 2015's big shift to non-scrolling landing pages.
It's extremely difficult to introduce an app, articulate its value, and offer it for download on a single page while maintaining visual clarity. Operator does an incredible job of all three, with room to spare for header and footer links. A friendly emoji even welcomes visitors to the app's waiting list.
Previewing an app's capabilities is an important feature of today's landing pages, many of which integrate demonstration videos. Mylo has done the best job this year, implementing an auto-play feature along with a narrator (defaulted to mute), which clearly details the app's value.
Following the splash, Mylo introduces visitors to its app, brand, and values with fashionable fullscreen photography, highlighting the company's philosophy of simple living.
Swifty takes in-app demonstrations to another level this year with a live demo that encourages users to test the app on their landing page.
If you interact with the demo, you receive your first one minute lesson, followed by another trend that has emerged this year: the replacement of "Download on the App Store" with "Get the App", mirroring the App Store's recent shift in language.
Explainer videos are nothing new on landing pages, but the production value of the Moments video, and its completely seamless integration into the browser, certainly is.
The player is completely embedded into the browser, and the video's first screen matches the landing page, which enables the Moments site to transition seamlessly from browser to video. The video is clear, well animated, and unique, explaining the value of the app while barely showcasing it.
Increasingly, mobile apps are becoming more than just mobile apps: they're becoming single pieces of a cross-platform strategy that encourages users to connect on any device with transferable data and a consistent experience.
In addition to showcasing their ubiquity across phones, Messenger includes a laptop view of the app in the background, making it clear that Messenger is a cross-platform app that can be used anywhere. Add an integration that retains your Facebook login and greets you by name rather than asking you to Sign In (not pictured above) and you've got a messaging app that feels like it will follow you anywhere.
With their compelling single page narrative following a users app experience, Trippeo is 2015's best landing page for interactive design, rich media integration, and digital advertising.
The site is well realized with a smooth, animated flow, a subtle (but effective) use of video, and a clear value proposition told through a simple story. It's questionable, however, if sites like this convert. Either way, it's a pleasure to browse through.
Kong's page ignores conventional landing page wisdom (especially for apps), but still manages to create a compelling, albeit mysterious splash that encourages visitors to explore the app in depth.
Periscope's user experience focuses almost exclusively on its live-view screen, and this is demonstrated perfectly on their landing page. From the video of the hot air balloons to the tagline: "Explore the World Through Someone Else's Eyes", the value of the app is easy to understand and definitely encourages a download.
Stripe does an excellent job of building trust with potential customers through a few subtle touches: a cleanly animated walk-through; the use of tablets and phones to demonstrate app capabilities; and a trustworthy blue palette that suggests your finances and personal information will be handled carefully.
What else would you expect from a film emulator app? Giant, striking photography, black and white imagery, and contemporary web design position Black as the artsy alternative to Instagram and a throng of other photo filter apps on the market.
NeuBible has all of the bases covered: a striking hero shot, clear messaging, and a prominent download button. Combined with a gorgeously realized app, these three features may help NeuBible convert the masses.
A large, eye-catching icon gets prime real estate on Filters' landing page, a clear indicator that the visitor is perusing an application page. The splash also features a subtle mosaic of Filters' capabilities. Everything one needs to know about the app is communicated in a single page and a single sentence.
Todoist is a cross-platform application, which means things can get complicated. Fortunately, this well-constructed landing page frames Todoist with a clear value proposition and some clever button copy. Visitors can take a dive deep if they like – the features of each platform are neatly organized with a series of buttons along the footer of the splash.
Faces makes use of some simple but effective scrolling techniques to compliment its clear and concise copy. Users scroll through a three step application demo while sampling a few of Faces' caricature options. As effortless as an demo gets!
GameIt is a fun landing page with a splashy aesthetic and smooth flash animation. Visitors scroll through a series of app screen demos that might feel like an information overload in lesser hands. However, GameIt's smooth animation and sharp copy are easily digested.
Qapital is notable in that it takes a visual approach to a market that is usually appealed to with practical messaging and conservative imagery. Large images dominate the splash page to reflect the app's interface. Qapital does an excellent job making finance feel exciting: a very tall task.
In tandem with a full page splash video, a prominent preview button does the heavy lifting on Docady's landing page. A wonderfully animated app preview is also put to good use. Simplicity may not be their forte, but Docady has a host of bells and whistles at their disposal.
Rizon is an exercise in clean design and clear messaging. In a nice touch, Rizon's logo mirrors the app's main screen, which lets the user know what hour the best photos are taken ("The Golden Hour"). Visitors are prompted to sign up through a centrally located button and a straightforward preview of the application.
Prefer not to read? Peeq's landing page is for you. A 6 second visit is all you need to understand Peeq's 6 second approach to social media. Enough said?
Urban Walks is billed as "A Better Way to Explore NYC." If that's not true, it's a pity, because their landing page is a master class in rich media. Visitors are encouraged to scroll through a host of Urban Walk's functions, and I encourage you to do so, whether you're planning to visit NYC or not.
QuizUp, the successful trivia game turned social media app, has a single page experience that makes use of 3D imagery, concise messaging and clearly labelled buttons. QuizUp is a confidently designed page that places their app demo and CTA front and center.
Did I miss any great landing pages? Feel free to share in the post comments below.
Author Bio: Daniel Eckler is the founder of Mylo, the simplest way for men to dress well. You can find him on Twitter @mylo_daniel or read more about him on his personal website.
Nice list here Daniel. Please check out http://www.brigge.co and let us know what you think. You can contact us from link in the site.
Great list Daniel. I personally love QuizUp. Landing page works as gateway. If it looks great. It will get visitors converted into users. Thanks for the article.
Daniel great list! Any updated list for this year?


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Jonathan Lacourt (Avignon, 17 augustus 1986) is een Franse voetballer (middenvelder) die sinds 2008 voor de Franse eersteklasser Valenciennes FC uitkomt. Eerder speelde hij voor RC Lens en Troyes AC.

Zie ook
Lijst van spelers van RC Lens
Lijst van spelers van Valenciennes FC

Lacourt Jonathan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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My cousin referred me to you guys. Of course I checked out your pictures, and then booked. After booking, I found out that a few of my friends had had boudoir photos done, however, for way less. It wasn't until then that I started doing research. They sent me their pictures and gave me information on who they used. After doing research on Southern Belles and the others, I knew I made the right choice. It's all about quality.
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DO IT! I promise you won't regret it. It's almost like the feeling of when you achieve a goal...you have more confidence, get a self esteem boost and just have that successful feeling.


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Idaho House rejects remote participation amid coronavirus concerns: 'This is an absurd risk'
Idaho legislation aimed at limiting emergency declaration executive power introduced in committee
The authors of the legislation say it is aimed at balancing emergency powers between the executive and legislative branches.
Author: Joe Parris
Published: 5:37 PM MST January 12, 2021
Updated: 5:37 PM MST January 12, 2021
BOISE, Idaho — Early on Tuesday, legislation was proposed in the House State Affairs Committee that would limit some of the Governor's executive powers. The legislation will soon be printed as an official bill after clearing an initial vote Tuesday.
The bill's aim is to amend the State Disaster Preparedness Act and tailor some actions Idaho's governor can take under it with emergency disaster declarations.
Assistant Majority Leader, Republican Rep. Jason Monks (R-Meridian) presented the legislation.
"Every year we tweak our laws to improve them based on new information, new circumstances, and that's what we did. We got new information and circumstances and we are adjusting based on what we learned," Rep. Monks said.
Headded that emergency power legislation drafted years ago was essentially beta-tested during 2020. After seeing the results, he said lawmakers came together over the summer to draft some revisions. One change in the legislation is what he says is balancing emergency powers between the executive and legislative branches.
"Right now we are kind of blocked from that process of being involved in any emergency declaration and this makes us part of that process," Rep. Monks said.
The legislation adds language to the State Disaster Preparedness Act that limits the time frame of executive orders made by the governor under the act.
"We limited the executive orders to a 30-day time limit and after 30 days they can only be renewed by the legislative branch, again, so we can be involved in those discussions," Rep. Monks said.
The legislature would also decide if the emergency order would be extended and if so, what specific parts under this legislation. It would not have to be an all-or-nothing decision.
"That's I think a good thing. Because, sometimes some of those emergency orders I think need to go forward because there is Federal funding associated with addressing a fire or a flood and we want those to continue to come forward and so it grants that ability through this legislation for the legislature to make that determination," Rep. Monks said.
The legislation also spells out that the Governor wouldn't be able to circumvent the process by just declaring a new emergency order.
Monks' bill also includes portions that take on a major controversy through 2020, who are considered essential personnel during a state of emergency?
"We also define that anybody who works out there, you are essential. That was one of the most offensive things I thought during this process was that some people were determined to be essential and others were not and I think if you have a job and you are providing for your family I think that job was essential," he said.
READ ALSO: 'The state of the state is strong': Gov. Little gives 2021 State of the State Address as Idaho legislative session begins
The legislation would also prevent the governor from suspending or changing laws during an emergency and also limit the executive spending power.
If passed, it also accomplishes another item Monks said he has heard Idahoans call for it for months.
"I think the most important thing that it does is it goes forward and says any emergency order that has existed for more than 30 days, it terminates them," he explained.
If passed by lawmakers, the legislation would end up on Governor Brad Little's desk to be signed into law or vetoed. It's too early to tell, but Rep. Monks told KTVB that they know a veto could be very likely.
"We've anticipated that, we are not oblivious to the fact that he does have that authority and ability and we would expect him to do that. But, we also have the ability to override that and that's what I would expect us to do," he said.
On Tuesday, the House State Affairs Committee also voted in favor of printing legislation that would pave the way for lawmakers to call themselves into a session.
Additionally, a measure that would end the current state of emergency declaration through a concurrent resolution between the House and Senate was also approved for printing.
Idaho roads, transportation may receive more funding under governor's proposed budget
208 feet high: A brief history of the Idaho Statehouse
Gov. Little unveils state budget, calls for more spending on education, transportation and health care
Join 'The 208' conversation:
E-mail us at the208@ktvb.com
Join our The 208 Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/the208KTVB/
Follow us on Twitter: @the208KTVB or tweet #the208 and #SoIdaho
Follow us on Instagram: @the208KTVB
Bookmark our landing page: /the-208
And we also turn each episode into a podcast or Podbeam
Still reading this list? We're on YouTube, too:


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Q: Wait until glutPostRedisplay() refreshes Is there some kind of synchronization primitive that allows us to block a thread until an OpenGL display has refreshed, i.e. after a call to glutPostRedisplay()?
static GLubyte *pixels = NULL;
glutSetWindow(mainWindow);
glutPostRedisplay();
pixels = (GLubyte *)realloc(pixels, format_nchannels * sizeof(GLubyte) * width * height);
glReadPixels(0, 0, width, height, FORMAT, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);

I'm trying to copy over the pixels from the GPU to memory after refreshing the drawing. However, I'm finding that after glReadPixels executes, pixels does not necessarily contain the updated image.

A: glutPostRedisplay does not refresh anything. It just sets a flag and that's it. The flag set by glutPostRedisplay is tested for in the main loop, and if there are not further events to be processed and the flag is set, the main loop calls the display function. If you were waiting for the display to finish after calling glutPostRedisplay but before returning to the main loop your program will wait indefinitely, never returning to the main loop and thus giving it a chance to redisplay.
If you want to take a screenshot, just introduce another flag yourself and process it in the display function.
For robustness reasons you should not glReadPixels from the main framebuffer (its contents may be undefined, by being obscured by a window), but when a screenshot is requested render to a FBO, from which you can save the screenshot and blit it to the main framebuffer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


LIVERPOOL'S CHANCES OF WINNING the Premier League this season have never looked better, according to Ladbrokes.
Jurgen Klopp's men are sitting at the top of the table after a 4-0 demolition of West Ham, and the bookies have already cut odds of the Reds going all the way this year to just 7/2 (from 4/1), with Man City's odds being trimmed from 8/11 to 8/13.
Meanwhile, after his brace against the Hammer, Sadio Mane's odds of winning the Golden Boot have taken been slashed substantially (from 50/1) to just 20/1.
Ladbrokes are one of the world's top bookmakers and we've put a review of them here. With the premier league well underway there is ample betting options available to new and existing customers and many operators have some very exciting offers to tempt you that include free bet offers and bonus offers. As well as the straightforward fixed win odds why not make it more exciting and bet on the correct scores, anytime goalscorer, half-time / full-time, number of corners and goal… the options are vast. A new feature is building a multiple bet within the same match that offers really good value. Give it a Go !


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Intel deal helps sports fans make the call
Intel and CSI are teaming up to give sports fans a new way to watch instant replays and gather information while at a game.
Tom Dunlap
Intel and a small company called CSI are teaming up to give sports fans a new way to watch instant replays and gather information while at a game.
Under the agreement, the two will develop PC-based services that will enhance the delivery of instant replays, real time statistics and other data to the average fan at the game.
The service will come via 10-inch, touch-screen monitors, built into the backs of stadium seats--as if standing and screaming insults at players isn't enough to bother the fan in front of you.
The companies also said they plan to extend the service to broadband-connected fans in their homes and elsewhere. New York-based CSI, which got its name from its "ChoiceSeat" technology, develops entertainment networks that converge television with the Internet to improve the value of live sporting events.
With the technology, fans can select from multiple camera angles, replays, statistics or purchase merchandise and concessions. A version of the service was recently unveiled at Madison Square Garden in New York.
In addition to the development agreement, Intel has made an equity investment in CSI. Financial details were not disclosed. Williams Communications holds a majority stake in CSI.
The move is further evidence of the chip giant's determination to move into areas beyond its bread-and-butter processor markets.


MIDNIGHT SUN. All the information, images, videos and links.
Trish is the author of six YA novels: Outward Blonde, So Lyrical, Overnight Sensation, Notes from the Blender, and A Really Awesome Mess, and the upcoming Midnight Sun.
The latest Tweets from Midnight Sun Movie (@MidnightSun_Mov). Viewing Tweets won't unblock @MidnightSun_Mov.
The latest Tweets from Midnight Sun (@midnightsunblog). @baltimoresun's music, alcohol and nightlife coverage by Wesley Case and contributors.
The latest Tweets from Midnight Sun (@Midnight_Sun_ak). We are an Alaska based blog covering the news, politics, and media that affect our state.
MIDNIGHT SUN @midnightsun_ID last perform will be on next month! One last perform with old formation.Please join us!Stay tune for next info~.
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text:
Zabava > Film in kino >
Knjige iz kategorije Film in kino
Film Guides & Reviews
Film Production: Technical & Background Skills
Film Scripts & Screenplays
Film Theory & Criticism
Film: Styles & Genres
Individual Film Directors, Film-makers
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: The Original Screenplay
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald - The Original Screenplay
Darth Vader and Son
Harry Potter: Collectible Quidditch Set
Fleabag: The Scriptures: The Sunday Times Bestseller
Harry Potter: A Pop-Up Book: Based on the Film Phenomenon
Save the Cat!: The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need
Humans of New York: Stories
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them: Illustrated Edition
The Wes Anderson Collection
The Celestine Prophecy: how to refresh your approach to tomorrow with a new understanding, energy and optimism
Robert Frank: The Americans
Vader's Little Princess
The Animator's Survival Kit: A Manual of Methods, Principles and Formulas for Classical, Computer, Games, Stop Motion and Internet Animators
The Art of Spirited Away
Greenlights: Raucous stories and outlaw wisdom from the Academy Award-winning actor
Avatar: The Last Airbender# The Promise Part 1
Film in kino


Whether you're starting out in print or an online publication, or considering a position in radio or TV, here are some pointers to help launch your career.
Is all press good? Perhaps not, but you can turn negative press around to your advantage with a clear head and a few simple tips.
Trying to make it as an Australian creative in New York is a test of endurance, sanity and patience. Artist Jemila MacEwan talks funding, ideas, residencies and visas.
Three dance professionals, from Bangarra, Australian Dance Theatre and Sydney Dance Company, offer advice for aspiring dancers and shed light on the challenges and quirks of their careers.
Three composers reflect on the influences and events that shaped their careers and offer advice for those following in their footsteps.
Want to make a living by making people laugh? Get some advice from the professionals.


text:
Озеро Абрагам або озеро Авраама () — штучне озеро у Канаді в провінції Альберта біля підніжжя Скелястих гір. Озеро з'явилося після будівництва греблі (1972 р.) на річці Норт-Саскачеван.

Опис
Дане водосховище площею в 53,7 км², розташоване на висоті 1 340 метрів і має максимальну довжину 32 км, а ширину до 3,3 км.

Історія
Утворено в верхній течії річки Норт-Саскачеван, в передгір'ях Канадських Скелястих гір, після спорудження в 1972 році греблі Бігхорн. Уряд Альберти спонсорував конкурс про назву озера в лютому 1972 року, під час завершальної стадії будівництва греблі Бігхорн. Було запропоновано придумати назву, обумовлену «історичною значимістю, популярністю людини, географією та топографією, а також вартістю озера». Водосховище було названо на честь Сайласа Абрагама, жителя долини Саскачеван в дев'ятнадцятому столітті.

Хоча це озеро і є штучним, його води славляться насиченим блакитним кольором, настільки характерним для всіх льодовикових озер Скелястих гір, що обумовлено хімічним складом води.

Замерзлі бульбашки метану
Зимова прикраса озера — замерзлі бульбашки повітря, що покривають всю льодову озерну поверхню. Сплітаються в неймовірні візерунки, які малюють фантастичні «повітряні» картини. Причина цього природного феномену пояснюється досить просто. З дна водойми до поверхні повільно піднімаються блакитно-білі бульбашки метану, виділені донними рослинними і тваринними відкладеннями.

Застиглий на різній глибині метан створює химерний зоровий ефект об'ємних картин. Стовпчики, ланцюжки, пухирчасті колонади різного розміру і форм, що піднімаються з глибинної безодні. Озеро Авраам приваблює всіх фотографів і туристів світу, прагнучих відобразити зимову повітряну красу.

Посилання
 Frozen Bubbles Suspended Below Abraham Lake
 Abraham Lake

Озера Альберти
Водосховища Канади


and getting it in your own home!
Deep ruby color with slight shades of purple and orange. Slightly spicy, to the touch it is full-bodied, tannic and tending to the softness. Wine suitable for dishes rich in flavors, roasted red meats, game and aged cheeses. It should be opened at least one hour before serving.
Golden yellow color. A complex wine that expresses all its freshness with hints of summer fruits and citrus. Intense on the palate with an elegant balance between saltiness and freshness. It goes well with appetizers, light and seafood dishes.
Light pink colour. It represents efficiently one of the most expressive grape varieties of the Mediterranean with its intense and elegant typical aromas of ripe fruit and berries. Soft, warm and full to the palate, it is a well balanced wine with great character for any occasion. Ideal with pasta with slightly spicy sauces, spit roast meat and cheeses.