text:
1. WO2009076315 - CADRE DE CODAGE EXTERNE SERVANT A REDUIRE AU MINIMUM LE TAUX D'ERREURS DE PAQUETS D'APPLICATION
OUTER CODING FRAMEWORK FOR APPLICATION PACKET
ERROR RATE MINIMIZATION
[0001] The subject matter described herein relates to wireless
communications and, more particularly, error-correction coding.
[0002] Channel coding, such as forward error-correction coding or error-correction coding, introduces redundancy into a signal prior to transmission or storage of the signal. The redundancy enables a receiving system to detect and, perhaps, correct errors introduced into the signal by, for example, the channel, receiver, transmitter, storage medium, and the like. For example, in a
communication system that employs forward error-correction coding, a source provides data to an encoder (also referred to as a coder). The encoder inserts redundant (also sometimes referred to as parity) bits, thereby outputting a longer sequence of code bits, called a codeword. The codewords can then be transmitted to a receiver, which uses a suitable decoder to extract the original, unencoded data and correct errors caused by, for example, the channel and/or the receiver.
[0003] Channel coding can thus be used to detect and/or correct errors — reducing the need for the source transmitter to retransmit data received in error. By reducing the need to retransmit data that is in error, the throughput of the channel or link is improved. Moreover, the correction of errors also improves the quality of the data received at the receiver. In the case of a digital video broadcast,
error-correction coding enhances not only the quality of the digital video broadcast over the wireless channel but also improves the throughput of the wireless channel.
[0004] The subject matter disclosed herein provides methods and apparatus for an outer coding framework for minimizing the error rate of data, such as packets used to transmit a digital video broadcast as well as other forms of data.
[0005] In one aspect, there is provided a method. The method may include inserting a received packet into one or more rows of a frame. The one or more rows including the received packets may be encoded using an outer code. A block of data from a column of the frame may be read. The frame may include the one or more rows encoded using the outer code. The block that is read may be provided to enable an inner code to encode the block before transmission.
[0006] In another aspect, there is provided a method. The method may include decoding, using an inner code, one or more link-layer packets. One of the decoded link-layer packets may be inserted into one or more columns of a frame. The outer code may be used to decode one or more rows of the frame, when the columns of the frame have been filled. The one or more rows of the frame may be read, when the one or more rows are decoded using the outer code, the one or more rows of the frame forming an application data packet.
[0007] In another aspect there is provided a system. The system may include means for inserting a received packet into one or more rows of a frame. The system also includes means for encoding, using an outer code, the one or more rows including the received packet and means for reading a block of data from a column of the frame. The frame may include the one or more rows encoded using the outer code. Moreover, the system includes means for providing the block to enable an inner code to encode the block before transmission through a wireless network.
[0008] In another aspect there is provided a system. The system may include a framer configured to insert a received packet into one or more rows of a frame and an outer coder configured to encode, using an outer code, the one or more rows including the received packet. The framer is also configured to read a block of data from a column of the frame. The frame may include the one or more rows encoded using the outer code, and may provide the block to enable an inner code to encode the block before transmission through a wireless network.
[0009] In another aspect, there is provided a system. The system may include a deframer configured to insert one or more link-layers packet into one or more columns of a frame and an outer decoder configured to decode, using an outer code, one or more rows of the frame, when the columns of the frame have been filled. The framer is configured to read the one or more rows of the frame, when the one or more rows are decoded using the outer code. The one or more rows of the frame form an application data packet.
[0010] In another aspect there is provided a computer-readable medium containing instructions to configure at least one processor to perform a method. The method may include inserting a received packet into one or more rows of a frame. The method also includes encoding, using an outer code, the one or more rows including the received packet. The method also includes reading a block of data from a column of the frame. The frame may include the one or more rows encoded using the outer code. The method also includes providing the block to enable an inner code to encode the block before transmission.
[0011] In another aspect there is a computer-readable medium containing instructions to configure at least one processor to perform a method. The method may include decoding, using an inner code, one or more link-layer packets. The method also includes inserting one of the decoded link-layer packets into one or more columns of a frame and decoding; using an outer code, one or more rows of the frame, when the columns of the frame have been filled; and reading the one or more rows of the frame, when the one or more rows are decoded using the outer code. The one or more rows of the frame form an application data packet.
[0012] Variations of the above aspects may include one or more of the following features. A portion of the received packet may be inserted into a first row of the frame and, when the first row is filled, inserting a remaining portion of the received packet into a second row of the frame. The first row may be encoded using the outer code to form a first codeword and the second row may be encoded using the outer code to form a second codeword. The outer code may be implemented as a forward error-correction code to encode each of the rows, such that each encoded row forms a codeword. The outer code may be implemented as a Reed-Solomon (RS) forward error-correction code to encode each of the rows, such that each encoded codeword forms an RS codeword. When a block is read from the frame, a portion of the column may be read, when at least one of the rows of the frame has been encoded using the outer code. When a block is read from the frame, one or more blocks may be read, when at least one of the rows of the frame has been encoded using the outer code. The block may be packed into a link-layer packet, which may be further encoded using the inner code before being sent. The inner code may be implemented as at least one of a Convolution Code (CC) and a
Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC). The link-layer packet is encoded with the inner code before being sent through a channel to a client station configured to receive the encoded link-layer packet. Each of the one or more rows may be arranged as a horizontal portion of the frame, and the column may be arranged as a vertical portion of the frame. Each of the one or more rows may be arranged as a vertical portion of the frame, and the column may be arranged as a horizontal portion of the frame.
[0013] The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
[0014] In the drawings,
[0015] FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a network including client stations and base stations;
[0016] FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a base station using outer coding on application data packets;
[0017] FIG. 3 depicts a process for using outer coding on application data packets received at a base station;
[0018] FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5, and 6 depict examples of frames at various stages during the process of outer coding at the base station;
[0019] FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of a client station using outer coding on application data packets;
[0020] FIG. 8 depicts a process for using outer coding on application data packets received at a client station;
[0021] FIGs. 9-11 depict examples of frames at various stages during the process of outer coding at the client station; and
[0022] FIG. 12 depicts a block diagram of a controller implementing outer coding.
[0023] Like labels are used to refer to same or similar items in the drawings.
[0024] FIG. 1 is a simplified functional block diagram of an embodiment of a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 includes a plurality of base stations 11 OA and 110B, each supporting a corresponding service or coverage area 112A and 112B. The base stations are capable of communicating with wireless devices within their coverage areas. For example, the first base station 110A is capable of wirelessly communicating with a first client station 114A and a second client station 114B within the coverage area 112A. The first client station 114A is also within the coverage area 112B and is capable of communicating with the second base station 110B. In this description, the
communication path from the base station to the client station is referred to as a downlink 116A and the communication path from the client station to the base station is referred to as an uplink 116B.
[0025] Although for simplicity only two base stations are shown in FIG. 1 , a typical wireless communication system 100 includes a much larger number of base stations. The base stations 11 OA and 110B can be configured as cellular base station transceiver subsystems, gateways, access points, radio frequency (RF) repeaters, frame repeaters, nodes, or any wireless network entry point.
[0026] The base stations 110A and 110B can be configured to support an omni-directional coverage area or a sectored coverage area. For example, the second base station 110B is depicted as supporting the sectored coverage area 112B. The coverage area 112B is depicted as having three sectors, 118A, 118B, and 118C. In typical embodiments, the second base station 110B treats each sector 118 as effectively a distinct coverage area.
[0027] Although only two client stations 114A and 114B are shown in the wireless communication system 100, typical systems are configured to support a large number of client stations. The client stations 114A and 114B can be mobile, nomadic, or stationary units. The client stations 114A and 114B are often referred to as, for example, mobile stations, mobile units, subscriber stations, wireless terminals, or the like. A client station can be, for example, a wireless handheld device, a vehicle mounted device, a portable device, client premise equipment, a fixed location device, a wireless plug-in accessory or the like. In some cases, a client station can take the form of a handheld computer, notebook computer, wireless telephone, personal digital assistant, wireless email device, personal media player, meter reading equipment or the like and may include a display mechanism, microphone, speaker and memory.
[0028] In a typical system, the base stations 110A and 110B also
communicate with each other and a network control module 124 over backhaul links 122A and 122B. The backhaul links 122A and 122B may include wired and wireless communication links. The network control module 124 provides network
administration and coordination as well as other overhead, coupling, and supervisory functions for the wireless communication system 100.
[0029] In some embodiments, the wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support both bidirectional communication and unidirectional communication. In a bidirectional network, the client station is capable of both receiving information from and providing information to the wireless communications network. Applications operating over the bidirectional communications channel include traditional voice and data applications. In a unidirectional network, the client station is capable of receiving information from the wireless communications network but may have limited or no ability to provide information to the network. Applications operating over the unidirectional communications channel include broadcast and multicast applications. In one embodiment, the wireless system 100 supports both bidirectional and unidirectional communications. In such an embodiment, the network control module 124 is also coupled to external entities via, for example, content link 126 (e.g., a source of digital video and/or multimedia) and two-way traffic link 128.
[0030] The wireless communication system 100 can be configured to use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) communication
techniques. For example, the wireless communication system 100 can be
configured to substantially comply with a standard system specification, such as IEEE 802.16 and its progeny or some other wireless standard such as, for example, WiBro, WiFi, Long Term Evolution (LTE), or it may be a proprietary system. The subject matter described herein is not limited to application to OFDMA systems or to the noted standards and specifications. The description in the context of an OFDMA system is offered for the purposes of providing a particular example only.
[0031] As used herein, IEEE 802.16 refers to one or more Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, 1 October 2004, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems, 26 February 2006, and any subsequent additions or revisions to the IEEE 802.16 series of standards.
[0032] In some embodiments, downlink 116A and uplink 116B each represent a radio frequency (RF) signal. The RF signal may include data, such as voice, video, images, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, control information, and any other type of information. When IEEE-802.16 is used, the RF signal may use OFDMA. OFDMA is a multi-user version of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In OFDMA, multiple access is achieved by assigning to individual users groups of subcarriers (also referred to as subchannels or tones). The subcarriers are modulated using BPSK (binary phase shift keying), QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying), QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), and carry symbols (also referred to as OFDMA symbols) including data coded using a forward error-correction code.
[0033] FIG. 2 depicts an implementation of base station 110B. Base station 110B includes a framer 210 for arranging data into a frame 240, an outer coder 220 for providing an outer coding on the data in the frame 240, and an inner coder 225 for further encoding data that has been encoded by the outer coder 220. The frame 240 further includes an application data table 212 and a parity table 214. The "data" values in frame 240 may be data, such as application data packets (e.g., data packets 292 and 294), or may be references to memory locations where the data can be accessed in memory. In some embodiments, the components of base station 110B may be distributed in one or more locations. For example, the framer 210 and outer coder 220 are implemented at a control module, such as network control module 124, a base station controller, or the like, while inner coder 225 is implemented at each of base stations 11 OA and 110B. In this example, frame 240 may be sent to each of base stations 11 OA and 110B, and each of the base stations may encode blocks read from the columns of frame 240 before those encoded blocks are sent to a client station or other device, such as a storage device.
Moreover, in some implementations, inner coder 225 is disabled or not included, such that the outer coder 220 is the primary or sole error-correction mechanism. It should be noted that FIG. 2 also illustrates frame 240 including column 280 and rows 282 and 283, described further below with respect to FIG. 3.
[0034] FIG. 3 depicts a process 300 for using an outer code to encode data received at a base station, such as base station 110B. The description of FIG. 3 below will also refer to base station 110B depicted at FIGs. 1 and 2.
[0035] At 310, base station 110B may insert row-wise (i.e., along the rows of a frame, table, or data structure) one or more application data packets 205 into an application data table 212 of frame 240 (e.g., a table, data structure, and the like). The application data packets 205 may be received from content link 126, two-way traffic link 128, a base station, or any other component of network 100. The application data packets 205 may include broadcast data, such as a digital video broadcast, although any other data may be included in application data packets.
[0036] Furthermore, frame 240 may be stored in a storage medium such as, for example volatile or non-volatile storage mediums. Exemplary volatile storage mediums include random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), static RAM (RAM), and the like. Exemplary non-volatile storage mediums may include magnetic RAM (MRAM), battery backed RAM, and the like. Moreover, the memory provided by the storage medium is typically addressed by rows and columns, such that a memory location can be identified by its row and column. For example, framer 210 may write to and read from frame 240 using the row and column addresses of frame 240 and those read-write operations may result in an access to a corresponding location in memory (e.g., the location in memory being addressed as a row and column in memory using a virtual address or a physical address in memory). Moreover, although in FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5, 6, 10, 11 , and 12 the rows are depicted as horizontal portions of the frame and the columns are depicted as vertical portions of the frame, in some embodiments, the rows are arranged as a vertical portion of the frame and, as such, the columns would be arranged as a horizontal portion of the frame.
[0037] To insert the received application data packets 205 into application data table 212, framer 210 may insert each received packet row-wise by inserting the received packets sequentially into the rows of the frame 240 (e.g., filling the first row, then the second row, and so forth). In the example of FIG. 2, framer 210 inserts a first packet 292 into the first row and, when that first row is filled, a portion of the second row. Framer 210 also inserts a second packet 294 into the second row and a portion of the third row. Additional application data packets may also be inserted into the remaining rows of application data table 212 until the rows of application data table 212 have been filled and/or until there are no application data packets 205 to send to a client station, such as client station 114A. In some implementations, the insertion of application data packets 205 may also include fill data, which is also referred to as pad packets. Moreover, in the context of the frame 240, the term "fill" refers to putting as many packets as can be held or conveniently contained, but not necessarily filling, the frame to capacity (e.g., a frame can be considered filled when only Vz of the frame is occupied with packets).
[0038] At 320, outer coder 220 encodes each row of application data table 212 using an outer code. In some implementations, outer coder 220 encodes each row of frame 240 as that row is filled, while in other cases, outer coder 240 encodes each row of frame 240 when application data table 240 is filled. In some implementations, outer coder 220 is implemented as a forward error-correction coder, such as a Reed-Solomon forward error-correction coder or a low-density parity check (LDPC) coder, although other error-correction or forward error-correction coders may be used as well.
[0039] At 325, as each row is encoded using an outer code, outer coder 220 inserts into parity table 214 any parity symbols generated by the outer code. For example, when a Reed-Solomon (RS) (255,243) coder is used, as described further below, each row of frame 240 would include parity symbols having a length of 12, which would be inserted into parity table 214 by outer coder 220.
[0040] In some implementations, a Reed-Solomon forward error-correction coder is the outer coder 220. When that is the case, the frame 240 is referred to as an RS table and each row of frame 240 is an RS codeword. For example, the outer coder 220 may use an RS (255,243) code as the outer code. The RS (255,243) code corresponds to a code that takes as an input 243 bytes and outputs a resulting codeword of 255 bytes. Because a Reed-Solomon code is a systematic code, the first 243 positions of the row (which fall in the application data table 212) will be left unchanged and the next 12 columns of the row (which fall in parity table 214) will include the computed parity bytes. The RS (255,243) would thus result in application data table 212 having 243 bytes per row and parity table 214 having 12 parity bytes. For example, when outer coder 220 uses an RS (255,243) code, the outer coder 220 would encode 243 bytes in the first row of application data table 212 and generate the 12 bytes of parity, such that the RS codeword for the first row is 255 bytes, i.e., 243 + 12. In this example, outer coder 220 would continue to use the RS (255,243) to encode any remaining rows in frame 240. Although Reed-Solomon is described herein as the outer code, other codes (as well as codes of other sizes) may be used as well including codes that are not systematic, i.e., resulting in a codeword that does not necessarily include a portion that is identical to the original input.
Moreover, in some implementations, the Reed-Solomon code may be an RS (255, Y) code, where Y is an odd number between 191 and 253. Although the above example relates to a specific number of rows and columns, frame 240 may be implemented to have any number of rows and columns.
[0041] At 335, framer 210 reads blocks of data (or simply "blocks"), wherein the reading is done column-wise, i.e., reading one or more values from the columns of frame 240. For example, framer 240 may read, column-wise, a first block from the first column by reading a first value at row one 282 of the first column 280, then reading another value at the second row 283 of the first column 280, and so forth sequentially down first column 280. In some cases, framer 240 may read an entire column, such as column 280, to form a block, while in other cases, the framer 240 may read a portion of one or more columns to form the block. The frame 240 thus provides an interleaving of the packets inserted at 310.
[0042] At 340, framer 340 inserts the blocks read at 335 into packets, such as link-layer packets, although other types of packets and structures of data may be used as well. For example, framer 240 may read a portion of first column 280 to form a link-layer packet having 1600 bytes, although other packet sizes may be used as well. The phrase "link-layer packets" refers to a type of packet that may be exchanged between a base station and a client station. For example, in some embodiments, the link layer packet may be a protocol data unit (PDU) that includes a header in the front and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) appended to the end of the data, such as a hybrid automatic retransmission request (HARQ) PDU in
conformance with the IEEE 802.16 standard, or the link layer packet may be a PDU that does not include a header and an appended CRC, but is instead simply the read data block.
[0043] In some implementations, an inner code is also used to further encode the block or link-layer packet read from frame 240 (yes at 342), while in other cases the inner code is not used (no at 342). When the inner code is used at 345, inner coder 225 uses an inner code to encode each of the link-layer packets. The inner coder 225 may encode the link-layer packets using one or more error-correction or forward error-correction coding schemes, such as a Convolution Code (CC), a Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC), and the like.
[0044] At 350, the base station 110B sends the link-layer packets to a client station, such as client station 114A. When the inner code is not applied to the link-layer packets, base station 110B sends those packets through the wireless network to client station 114A, relying on the outer code to provide forward error-correction. When the inner code is applied, base station 110B sends through the wireless network to client station 114Athe link-layer packets encoded with an outer code concatenated with an inner code. Base station 110B may include other components, such as a radio frequency (RF) front-end comprising an antenna to transmit an RF signal, such as a downlink to client station 114A. The RF front-end may also include other components, such as filters, converters (e.g., digital-to-analog converters and the like), an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) module, and symbol mappers. These and other components may be used to modulate data, such as the link-layer packets, onto the RF signal transmitted by base station 110B. In some implementations, the base station 110B is compatible with IEEE 802.16 and transmits an RF signal configured as an OFDMA signal, including subcarriers carrying the link-layer packets.
[0045] Although process 300 is described in connection with a base station sending packets to a client station, process 300 may be used in other applications. For example, process 300 may be used to provide an outer code on data sent to a storage device, such as a hard drive or optical storage device.
[0046] FIGs. 4A, 4B, 5, and 6 depict frame 240 at various stages of process 300. Referring to FIG. 4A, application data packets 407A-E are inserted row-wise into application data table 212. In the example of FIG. 4A, the first application data packet 407A fills three rows. The framer 210 inserts application data packet 407A row-wise across the rows as depicted at pattern 460A, which shows the pattern for how each bit of the packet is written into the rows, although other rowwise writing patterns may be used as well. Framer 210 inserts a second,
subsequent application data packet 407B into the remaining portion of the third row and filling the remainder of the third row as well as rows four through six and a portion of row seven. Framer 210 continues to insert application data packets 407C-E row-wise across application data table 212.
[0047] Although FIG. 4A depicts a row-by-row insertion of packets 407A-E, other patterns of packet insertion may be used as well. For example, FIG. 4B depicts a pattern 460C. Referring to FIG. 4B, the framer 210 inserts the first four bytes of first packet 407A into the first column, the next four bytes of first packet 407A into the second column, and so forth. This so-called "block" pattern 460C can be used with other, subsequent application data packets to fill frame 240. For example,
application data packet 407B may be inserted into frame 240 using the pattern 460C, as depicted at FIG. 4B. Although pattern 460C depicts a block of 12 columns and 4 rows, other block sizes may be used as well. Additional application data packets, such as application data packets 407B-E, are also inserted into the blocks of frame 240 (and, in particular, application data table 212).
[0048] FIG. 5 depicts the frame 240 after the outer coder 220 uses the outer code to encode the first ten rows of frame 240, as described above with respect to FIG. 3 at 320. The first ten rows are depicted as outer codewords 51 OA-J. The first row is encoded using an outer code, such as an RS code, to form an outer coder word 510A, which includes parity symbols corresponding to the columns of parity table 214. The second row is also encoded using an outer code, such as an RS code, to form an outer coder word 510B, which includes parity symbols corresponding to the columns of parity table 214.
[0049] FIG. 6 depicts frame 240 after outer coder 220 has encoded the rows of frame 240 to form outer codewords 51 OA-M, which includes the parity symbols inserted into parity table 214. FIG. 6 also depicts how blocks may be read column-wise from frame 240. For example, framer 210 reads block 605Afrom a portion of the first column. Next, framer 210 reads block 605B from the remaining portion of the first column and a portion of the second column, and then reads block 605C from the remaining portion of the second column and a portion of the third column and so forth until all the columns of frame 240 are read. The blocks that are read may then be packaged into link-layer packets and provided to, for example, inner coder 225, so that the block can be encoded using an inner code.
[0050] FIG. 7 depicts a client station 114A. Client station 114A includes an inner decoder 720 for decoding received packets using an inner code, a deframer 710 for arranging data into a frame 740, and an outer decoder 725 for decoding using an outer code. The frame 740 includes an application data table 712 and a parity table 714.
[0051] FIG. 8 depicts a process 800 for decoding packets, such as link- layer packets 295 received from a wireless network and base station 110B.
[0052] At 805, client station 114A receives one or more link-layer packets 295 from a wireless network and base station 110B. Client station 114A may include a radio frequency (RF) front-end comprising an antenna to receive an RF signal, such as a downlink from base station 110B. The RF front-end may also include other components, such as filters, analog-to-digital converters, a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module, and a symbol demapper. These and other components may be used to demodulate the RF signal into data and, in particular, the link-layer packets transmitted by base station 110B and carried by the RF signal. In some implementations, the client station 114A is compatible with IEEE 802.16 and receives an RF signal configured as an OFDMA signal, including subcarriers carrying the link-layer packets.
[0053] At 810, the inner decoder 720 decodes, using an inner code, the one or more link-layer packets 295. The inner-code may be implemented as any error-correction or forward error-correction code, such as a Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC), a Convolutional Code (CC), or any other code. For example, inner decoder 720 may be implemented as CTC decoder, the output of which may be provided to deframer 710 for insertion into frame 740 as described below at 815. Moreover, as noted above, in some implementations, the inner code is either disabled or not used, such that decoding by the inner decoder 720 is not necessary.
[0054] At 815, client station 114A and, in particular, deframer 710 inserts into frame 740 one or more link-layer packets 295 (or blocks of decode packets), decoded by inner decoder 720. When the data block that is read in 335 (FIG. 3) is augmented with a header (e.g., a generic MAC (media access control) header consistent with IEEE 802.16) before transmission, that header may be removed from the link-layer packets before those packets are inserted column-wise into frame 740. In some implementations, the inner code is not used; nonetheless, link-layer packets 295 are inserted into the frame 240 column-wise.
[0055] FIG. 9 depicts an example of frame 740. As link-layer packets 295 are received by deframer 710, the link-layer packets 295 are inserted column-wise. For example, deframer 710 inserts the first link-layer packet (LLP) 295A into the first column, then inserts the second link-layer packet (LLP) 295B after the first link-layer packet, and so forth until the frame has been filled with link-layer packets 295A-R or there are no more link-layer packets ready to be decoded using the outer code.
[0056] At 835, when the frame is filled (yes at 830), the outer decoder 725 decodes each of the rows of the frame using the outer code previously selected at base station 110B. For example, when outer decoder 220 at base station 110B uses an RS (255,243) forward error-correction code, outer decoder 725 at client station 114A uses the same RS (255,243) forward error-correction code selected at base station 110B to decode each row of frame 740. In some implementations using an inner code, outer decoder 725 decodes the rows even when the inner coder 720 indicates an error. This is possible because the outer coding scheme described herein distributes application data packets across a greater number of blocks and codewords, so that an error burst is distributed across several packets — making those errors more likely to be detected and/or corrected by the outer decoder 725. Moreover, the enhanced error-correction may be used to reduce the amount of parity symbols used in frame 240 rather than use the coding gain to correct errors — thus saving bandwidth and providing additional throughput. Moreover, if erasure correction is not used at client station 114A during the outer decoding process 800, additional savings in terms of throughput may be attained.
[0057] At 840, when the outer decoder 725 has decoded some of the rows of frame 740, deframer 710 reads, row-wise, each row of frame 740 by reading row-by-row the application data table 712. For example, deframer 710 reads the first row of application data table 712 and continues reading row-by-row to form application data packet(s). When a block pattern is used (as depicted at FIG. 4B), the deframer 710 instead reads one or more blocks of the application data table 712.
[0058] FIG. 10 depicts an example of a row 1010, which will be decoded by outer decoder 725. Although FIG. 10 depicts a single row 1010 selected for decoding, outer decoder 725 typically decodes each of the rows of frame 240.
[0059] FIG. 11 depicts frame 740 after each row has been decoded by outer decoder 725. The deframer 710 reads frame 740 row-wise. For example, to form the application data packet 407A, deframer 710 reads row-wise the values of the first row, the second row, and a portion of the third row of frame 740. Moreover, although FIG. 11 depicts a row-wise read pattern 1100, other row-wise read patterns may be used as well. Furthermore, frame 740 may include packet delimiter information to indicate the start and stop of each of the application data packets 407A-E. Although FIG. 11 depicts a row-by-row reading of frame 740, deframer 710 would read frame 740 consistent with how the application data packets were written into the frame 240 at the base station. For example, when application data packets are written into frame 240 in a block-by-block manner, as described above with respect to FIG. 4B, deframer 710 reads frame 740 in a block-by-block manner, as well.
[0060] At 850, deframer 710 provides the read packet, such as application data packets 407A-E, to another component, such as a higher-layer application at client station 114A. For example, application data packets 407A-E may be associated with an application, such as a digital video broadcast application at client station 114A. When that is the case, the use of outer coding as described above with respect to processes 300 and 800, enables the digital video broadcast to be provided to client station 114A with fewer errors and/or enhanced throughput.
[0061] The use of an outer code as described above with respect to processes 300 and 800 may improve the throughput of a channel as well as the quality of the data by correcting and/or detecting errors in the data. Specifically, the way the packets, such as the application data packets, are written row-wise into frame 240, encoded row-wise, and then read from frame 240 column-wise improves error correction and/or detection. The outer coding process, described above with respect to processes 300 and 800, has, in some implementations, one or more features that provide that enhanced performance.
[0062] One such feature is that the number of blocks (or FEC blocks) contributing to each outer codeword is maximized. For example, FIG. 6 depicts block 605A, which includes ten outer coder words 51 OA-J. This provides better averaging and better time diversity, which minimizes the codeword error rate by distributing the transmission of any single outer codeword over time as each block is transmitted — thus minimizing the affects of an error burst on any given codeword. Another feature is that the packet, such as the application data packet, inserted into the frame rowwise corresponds to a small number of codewords. Therefore, for a given codeword error rate, the error rate of the corresponding packets is minimized. For example, application data packet 407A inserted row-wise into the first three rows of frame 240 is encoded by three outer codewords 51 OA-C as depicted at FIGs. 4 and 5. As such, errors in the codewords affect fewer packets, when compared to an approach that writes packets column-wise and then reads those packets column-wise to encode them. Moreover, another feature is that an outer codeword coincides with a small number of packets. Therefore, each codeword error corresponds to a small number of packet errors, when compared to an approach that writes packets column-wise and then reads those packets column-wise to encode them.
[0063] Moreover, the outer coding approach described above with respect to processes 300 and 800 may result in the application packet error rate being significantly reduced while using the same amount of overhead, such as the parity symbols of parity table 214, when compared to an approach that inserts the application data packets column-wise and then reads the packets, after encoding, column-wise. Furthermore, the outer coding approach described above with respect to processes 300 and 800 may be used to reduce the amount of parity used in frame 240 to save bandwidth rather than correct additional errors. In addition, the outer coding approach described above with respect to processes 300 and 800 may avoid bursty packet error patterns while minimizing the packet error rate by distributing the transmission of any single outer codeword over time as each block is transmitted.
[0064] Although the description above describes the inner coder 225, framer 210, and outer coder 220 at a base station, the inner coder 225, framer 210, and outer coder 220 may be implemented at other locations, such as at a client station. Furthermore, although the description above describes the inner decoder 720, deframer 710, and outer decoder 725 at a client station, the inner decoder 720, deframer 710, and outer decoder 725 may be implemented at other locations, such as at a base station.
[0065] FIG. 12 depicts an implementation of framer 210, outer coder 220, and inner coder 225 in a macrodiversity controller 1200. The output of the inner coder 225 may be link-layer packets that are used as protocol data units (PDUs), such as HARQ PDUs in conformance with IEEE 802.16. The PDUs are inserted into a macrodiversity region, such as a multicast and broadcast region (MBS) consistent with IEEE 802.16. As used herein, the phrase "macrodiversity region" refers to any type of data region of a data frame usable for broadcast data. The macrodiversity controller 1200 distributes the MBS region 1210 to zero or more base stations 110A and 110B. The macrodiversity controller 1200 also schedules the transmissions of MBS regions 1210 at base stations 11 OA and 110B, such that the base stations synchronously transmit the MBS regions over the same frequency using the same waveform (e.g., same modulation and coding scheme), and using the same framing parameters (e.g., number of symbols in the OFDMA frame, length of symbol, cyclic prefix, and the like). In the present embodiment, the base stations 11 OA and 110B each insert the MBS region 1210 into an OFDMA frame 1250. The base stations then transmit the OFDMA frame 1250 to client stations, such as client station 114A. The MBS region 1210 is transmitted using macrodiversity, while other portions of the OFDMA frame 1250 may not use macrodiversity.
[0066] At the client station, such as client station 114A, macrodiversity provides a so-called "macrodiversity gain" by combining the synchronous broadcast by base stations 11 OA and 110B. For example, base station 11 OA and base station 110B would each transmit frame 1250 including the frame control header (FCH), downlink map (DL-MAP), and unicast downlink (DL) without using macrodiversity. Although the same MBS region is broadcast using macrodiversity from base stations 11 OA-B, the other data regions, such as the unicast downlink, may be unique to each base station. Base stations 11 OA and base station 110B each transmit MBS region 1210, at the same frequency and at the same time using the same waveform, framing parameters, and a common waveform — providing at the client station 114A macrodiversity gain with respect to the transmitted MBS region 1210.
[0067] Although the example of FIG. 12 refers to two base stations 110A and 11 B, there may be additional base stations operating using macrodiversity to transmit MBS regions. Moreover, in the example of FIG. 12, the outer coder 220 would use the same RS code in a particular zone, such as a geographic area, to allow macrodiversity. However, in some implementations, the same system 1222 includes another macrodiversity controller with a different outer code in its outer coder, in which case the system 1222 may provide another zone of macrodiversity using the other outer code. In some implementations, the macrodiversity controller 1200 may receive packets 205 corresponding to streams of multimedia content, such as digital broadcast television and the like, each stream associated with one or more zones. Moreover, although FIG. 12 depicts the macrodiversity controller 1200 as separate from base stations 110A, 110B1 and network controller 124, macrodiversity controller 1200 may be incorporated into at least one of a base station, a network controller, and the like.
[0068] The subject matter described herein may be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. In particular, various implementations of the subject matter described, such as the components of base station 110B described with respect to FIG. 2, the components of client station 114A as described with respect to FIG. 7, as well as the
macrodiversity controller 1200, may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations may include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. For example, the components of base station 110B, client station 114A, macrodiversity controller 1200 and aspects of processes 300 and 800 may be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integrated circuits), computer hardware, firmware, software (including computer programs), and/or combinations thereof.
[0069] These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications, applications, components, or code) include machine
instructions for a programmable processor, and may be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in
assembly/machine language. As used herein, the term "machine-readable medium" refers to any computer program product, computer-readable medium, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a
programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. Similarly, systems are also described herein that may include a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory may include one or more programs that cause the
processor to perform one or more of the operations described herein.
[0070] Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described above may be directed to various combinations and subcombinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and
subcombinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flow depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein does not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results.
Moreover, although the above describes writing to a frame row-wise and then reading from that frame column-wise, the rows and columns of the frame can be swapped (e.g., by rotating the frame by 90 degrees), in which case the above noted processes and systems continue to be operative. Other embodiments may be within the scope of the following claims.


"As the first closing agent in our market to implement such a product, we think BuyerDocs will ultimately help MST secure additional referrals from lenders and REALTORS that appreciate our progressive stance on deploying new technologies that improve the client experience.
For domestic wire transfers, the beneficiary will generally receive the funds by the same or next business day. For international wire transfers, the beneficiary will generally receive the funds within 2 – 5 business days.
We understand the importance of expediting wire transfers and streamlining the process. Our goal is to process a wire within one hour of receiving the request.
Wire transfers. Whether you need to send funds quickly for a business purchase, have large dollar payments and/or high volumes of wires or other wire types, we'll get it there.
We understand that obtaining a real estate loan can be complex. Whether you need expedited turnaround on a loan for the purchase of a multi-family residential property or need an experienced lending partner for a ground-up commercial development project, East West Bank can help you.
E-mail is not a secure form of communication. Please do not include any personal information such as account numbers or Social Security numbers on this form.
Wire Transfer TD Bank makes it easy for our small business customers to send secure wire transfers online - to virtually any bank account in the U.S. Wire transfers are among the fastest and most reliable ways to move money. For a low fee per transaction, you can securely send a one-time payment for large ticket items - with peace of mind.


From the celebrated author of The Secret Life of Bees, a New York Times bestselling novel about two unforgettable American women.
Hetty "Handful" Grimke, an urban slave in early nineteenth century Charleston, yearns for life beyond the suffocating walls that enclose her within the wealthy Grimke household. The Grimke's daughter, Sarah, has known from an early age she is meant to do something large in the world, but she is hemmed in by the limits imposed on women.


"I'm so impressed with the consistent, excellent level of service I received from CM Heating. From the quote for a new Heat Pump/Furnace, to decision making and all the way through the installation process, I felt valued as a customer. Five out of five stars."


Amid an agenda brimming with debate over what might be called "heavy issues," such as the location of a homeless shelter and purchasing new voting machines, the Sarasota County commissioners last week enjoyed what observers might call an unusual level of levity.
On Nov. 17, county Planning Division Manager Allen Parsons came to the podium to address Item No. 17: "To adopt a resolution amending the Board of County Commissioners Rules of Procedure … to incorporate the procedures for Public Hearings — Presentations Upon Request," and repealing the current relevant resolution.
Parsons pointed out that the pilot program was a team effort involving the Office of the County Attorney, the Commission Services and Clerk of Court offices, and the Planning and Development Services Department.
During the pilot period, he added, the only matters addressed through the new method were those relating to Planning and Development Services.
At that point, peals of laughter began ringing through the Commission Chambers inside the County Administration Center on Ringling Boulevard in downtown Sarasota.
"I think you should," Vice Chair Al Maio replied.
"I take that as full success," Parsons responded.
Amid more ripples of laughter, Parsons then recommended that the pilot program be made a permanent part of the board meetings, with the necessary change to the county's Administrative Code.
A May 6 memo to the board proposed that such items as Zoning Ordinance amendments and Special Exception petitions "with limited or no public interest"; temporary use permits; and extensions of time for a sidewalk to be completed in a development (with a surety or performance bond in place) be among the agenda items to be considered for the alternate public hearing process.
That May 6 memo noted that the process "has been successfully utilized in Manatee County" for the past 10 years.
During the pilot program, the Nov. 17 memo said, a total of 18 Planning and Development Services public hearing matters were scheduled as Presentations Upon Request. Among them were six rezoning petitions and four items pertaining to sidewalk extensions or variances.
Further, staff and the applicants will continue to offer full presentations on matters scheduled for public hearings before the county's advisory boards, "as applicable," the Nov. 17 memo pointed out.
At the conclusion of Parson's remarks last week, Commissioner Paul Caragiulo made the motion to make the program a permanent facet of board procedure. Hines seconded the motion.
"It's a good balance," Hines added. If a board member has a question, he pointed out, staff can make a presentation. "It's kind of a no-brainer situation when you're waiving a 2-foot easement on the back of a house for a pool," he said.
The motion then passed unanimously.


text:
DOMAIN MILLET FRANÇOIS
At 2h00 from Paris via the A77 motorway, on the banks of the Loire and in the heart of Berry, Bué is a charming little village of medieval origin that has kept its beauty intact
View the domain
Our vineyard
Our wines AOC
Welcome on our website « Domaine Monique and François Millet ». (SCEV) wine maker in Bué en Sancerre.
Located two hours drive from Paris via the motorway A77, between Bourges and Nevers, by the river Loire, right in the middle of the Berry area, Bué is a charming small village; its beauty remained intact.
In ancient times, Bué was a den for sorcerers and ghosts who used to organize witching hours in « Marloup », in dark nights.
Nowadays, the witching hours gave birth to a crazy fair in the village, every first Saturday night of August.
Not far from Sancerre, you'll discover its 2800 hectares of vineyards, spread on unique soils, well known for a long time.
These soils produce white, red and rosé Sancerre wines which are famous all over the world.
But the history of the domaine François Millet is even more particular.
For further information, please contact us with our form online.
Our company, with many years of experience, offers you its services:
Visit us at the winery Monday to Friday 8:00 - 12:00 / 13:30 to 18:00. Saturday on RV.
Lastname, firstname
By checking this box, I agree that the data entered in the form above will be used to contact me as part of my application, in accordance with our privacy policy.
Millet François
Millet François Chemin de la Côté 18300 Bue
This site uses cookies to improve your browsing experience
By continuing your navigation, you agree to the use of cookies and other tracers for purposes of audience measurement, sharing with social networks, profiling.	I want to set cookies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How to watch Arrow: Season 1: The Odyssey on Netflix Denmark!
Yes, Arrow: Season 1: The Odyssey is now available on Danish Netflix. It arrived for online streaming on October 4, 2017.
We'll keep checking Netflix Denmark for Arrow: Season 1: The Odyssey, and this page will be updated with any changes.
When Oliver is shot, he turns to Felicity for help. While hovering between life and death, he flashes back to a daring escape attempt on the island.


Today's first pickup is Bocha's hand-drawing work. It's so amusing as usual. Enjoy it and a following comparison one.
We pick up Otayama's video for the first time. Miki duplicates a famous action of Michael Jackson and falls right back to sleep.
This is also our first pickup of HaoP's work. It looks like an opening sequence for THE IDOLM@STER Cinderella Girls animation. Have fun!


At this time, FUE (follicular unit extraction) is one of the advanced hair transplants methods. It can assure you best results and FUE is a better technique in comparison to other traditional methods.
Hair transplantation is a surgical procedure that is undergone to treat baldness by inserting hair follicles of healthy grafts in the bald area by removing the specimen from one part of the body, called the 'donor site and the recipient site gets the hair injected.
How to Choose a Hair Transplant Clinic?
What Do You Need to Know about Hair Transplant?
The clinic where surgery will take place.
Can Mesotherapy and PRP Stimulate Hair Growth?
Know the Hair Transplant Surgery, Clear your doubts!
Is mesotherapy effective for hair loss? Does it promote new hair growth?
Dr. Mayank Singh is a board certified plastic surgeon and a leading authority in hair transplant and other cosmetic surgery procedures.
Copyright © 2018 Radiance Cosmedic Centre. All rights reserved.


You've found your first home or a new home and you need a mortgage. Maybe you want to build a home or make home improvements. What mortgage product is right for you and your family? It's an exciting adventure, but there are so many questions! American Bank & Trust's trusted mortgage lenders can help make the process seamless and stress-free.
We offer many home financing options, such as: conventional mortgage loans, VA mortgage loans, FHA mortgage loans, Rural Housing Development Loans, Construction loans and Home Equity Lines of Credit. To get started and apply online, visit our mortgage loans site.


(0.2200 ac) WEST VIEW EAST, LOT 23, ACRES 0.22, AF#200501030074, (DK12) BEING A PORTION OF THE SW1/4 OF SE1/4. SURVEY RECORDED AF#200601270091. AF#200501030074, (DK12) BEING A PORTION OF THE SW1/4 OF SE1/4. SURVEY RECORDED AF#200601270091.


text:
Who's in First – August 1, 2010
August 1, 2010 by Edward Kasputis
Professor Bukiet and Baseball Bob are tied with 4.5 points each
We are four months into the season with Professor Bruce Bukiet from the New Jersey Institute of Technology holding steady. This month Baseball Bob (the smartest man we know) has surged to tie the professor. Both brainiacs have 4.5 points. Both men predicted that the New York Yankees, Texas Rangers and St. Louis Cardinals would make the playoffs. Currently the Cardinals are tied for first in the NL Central with the Cincinnati Reds. This is how each man got one half point.
Bukiet also predicted that the Tampa Bay Rays and Atlanta Braves would make the playoffs. Baseball Bob has predicted that the Chicago White Sox and San Francisco Giants would make the playoffs. If the season were to end today, all of these teams would make the playoffs.
Tied for third are Baseball PhD's Who and playballexperience.com's Rodney Johnson (Johnson is also the official scorer for the Arizona Diamondbacks). Both man and boy predicted that the New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox and St. Louis Cardinals would also make the playoffs. Who also predicted that the Texas Rangers would make the post season while Johnson predicted that the San Francisco Giants will also still be playing in October.
Can anyone catch Professor Bukiet? The key teams to watch are Tampa Bay and Texas. If both of these teams continue to play well, the Professor's legacy will continue to grow.
Tags: Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, Baseball Bob, Baseball PhD, Chicago White Sox, Cincinnati Reds, New Jersey Institute of Technology, New York Yankees, Professor Bruce Bukiet, Rodney Johnson, San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Texas Rangers, Who, Who's in First
Who's in First – June 1, 2010
Professor Bukiet takes the lead!
What a difference a month makes! On April 2nd, our PhD committee along with Professor Bruce Bukiet and Rodney Johnson made their 2010 Major League predictions. Thirty days ago, Rodney Johnson from playballexperience.com had the most accurate predictions.
After two months of baseball, Professor Bukiet is in the lead with 4.5 points. Ed Kasputis and Mark Rantala are tied for second with with 3.5 points. Bukiet predicted that the Twins, Yankees, Rays, Cardinals and Braves would make the playoffs. Bukiet earned .5 points since the Cardinals are tied for first with the Reds. Ed predicted that the Twins, Yankees, Cardinals and Braves would make the playoffs. Mark predicted the Rays, Twins, Yankees and Cardinals would make the playoffs.
Our 2010 Major League predictions will be measured again on July 1, 2010.
Tags: Atlanta Braves, Baseball PhD, baseball predictions, Ed Kasputis, Farley Dillinger, I Don't Know, Mark Rantala, Minnesota Twins, New York Yankess, playballexperience.com, Professor Bruce Bukiet, Rodney Johnson, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Who's in First – May 1, 2010
Rodney Johnson
Rodney Johnson from playballexperience.com takes the lead!
April is complete and it's time to review our 2010 Major League predictions that we made on April 2nd. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays are in first place in the AL East with a record of 17 – 6. No one from our podcast crew has predicted the Rays to win the AL East.
In the AL Central, the Twins are in first with a record of 15 – 8. Professor Bukiet, Ed, Farley and Mark have predicted that the Twins will win the AL Central.
In the AL West, the Angels and Athletics are tied with a 12 – 12 record. Mark, Rodney Johnson, What and I'don't know have predicted the Angels will win the AL West.
Currently, the New York Yankees would qualify as the American League wild card team. Professor Bukiet, Rodney Johnson, Ed, Farley, Mark, Baseball Bob, Who and I don't know have predicted that the Yankees will make the playoffs.
In the NL East, the New York Mets are in first place with a 14 – 9 record. Only Farley and Who were wise enough to have this vision.
In the NL Central, the St. Louis Cardinals are in first with a 15 – 8 record. Professor Bukiet, Ed, Baseball Bob, Who and I don't know predicted that the Cardinals would rule their division in 2010.
In the NL West, the San Diego Padres are currently in first with a 15 – 8 record. No staff member has predicted that the Padres will rule the West.
Lastly, in the NL wild card, the San Francisco Giants would qualify as the wild card with a 13 – 9 record. Only Rodney Johnson predicted the Giants to make the playoffs. It was this bold prediction that allowed Rodney Johnson to capture the lead in our predictions race. After one month, Rodney Johnson is in the lead with a long season of baseball yet to be played.
Rodney Johnson 3.5
Farley 3
Baseball Bob 3
Professor Bukiet 3
I don't know 2.5
Mark 2.5
What .5
Tags: 2010, 2010 MLB Predictions, AL Central, AL East, AL West, Angels, Athletics, Baseball Bob, Baseball PhD, Bruce Bukiet, Ed Kasputis, Farley Dillinger, May 1, Minnesota Twins, New York Mets, New York Yankees, NL Central, NL Esat, NL West, Professor Bruce Bukiet, Rodney Johnson, San Diego Padres, San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Who


Here you'll find the location details for the Addition Elle store in Spruce Avenue - scroll down for store address, map and hours.
Please note that stores may sometimes update or change their opening hours or contact details before we update our information listed here. We always recommend contacting the Addition Elle in Spruce Avenue before visiting. If you are aware of any information for the Addition Elle store in Spruce Avenue that requires updating, please kindly let us know so we can keep our store records as accurate as possible.


Come sail away with Jester Sailing Adventures and experience the Virgin Islands at its best!
Sail Jester and experience the crystal blue Caribbean waters and beautiful white sand beaches of the Virgin Islands. Come sail the tropical breezes and snorkel and explore the colorful coral reefs.
Daysail charters are offered to the Virgin Islands National Park in St. John and surrounding cays or you can pick your favorite Virgin Island destination! All sailing trips include great gourmet grub, Captain Rich's luscious specialty libations and always some super tunes to set the mood! Jester is fully equipped with a private head, fresh water shower, easy access swim ladder, float mats, and top quality snorkeling gear and instruction.
Come join Captain Rich and the Jester crew for a great day of sailing and fun! Make the best of your Virgin Islands vacation with a sailing charter from Jester Sailing Adventures!
Had a great experience dealing with Jester Sailing Adventures Virgin Islands? Share how great it was.
Owner of Jester Sailing Adventures Virgin Islands? Click here to edit or enhance this listing.


Who is Being Happy Mom?
Since childhood, I was not used to reading novels or inspirational books. The only books I read were academic literature But today, I have realized that reading books is the best hobby that one can have.
"Books are the real friends of man."
I am trying hard to fit the book reading habit into my daily routine. This is also the one trait which I want my child to develop during his childhood. He should not need to put an extra effort to read books. Thankfully, my 4 year old son has a habit of listening to bedtime stories. He loves listening to stories from his Dad. Sometimes he uses his own unique language to read out a story to us. We thoroughly enjoy the storytime sessions with him.
For us, books are another way to keep our kid away from digital life. I literally hate to give the phone, iPad/tablet to my son to engage him. Fortunately, we are successful in maintaining a gadget-free culture for our son.
In his first year of birth, we did not read books to him. But as he starts exploring the world, we also started to find good books for him. My son absolutely loves to read books in which illustrations are more than words. He is not able to read by himself, so for him, 'story' is defined by the pictures in the books. Hence, graphics are the top criteria for us, when we have to make a choice on the book to purchase.
I always look for books which are age-specific and creative in illustrations. It is often said that stories are defined by pictures, not by too much text.
A few days back, I received a storybook called "Oh My Name" written by Nikhil Mittal. The most distinctive aspect of this book is that it is a personalized story book. I had never heard of this concept before. When it reached our home, I was more curious to experience the 'personalized' book than my son.
As the name suggests, this book unfolds the story around your kid's name. For example, my son name is Ayaan. This book has the story around the letters A, Y, A, A, N… It's a unique style of letting the child know his own name's letters. This book has made a beautiful story around the child's name's alphabets and the gender of your child.
Oh My Name is a personalized children's picture book, where a child goes on a journey to find his own name along with his friend "Dabi". Dabi is a puppet character which your child will get as a complimentary gift. During his journey to collect the alphabets of his name, the child comes across different animals, places and people. By the end of the book, your child will be well versed with the letters of his own name and also the name of his new puppet friend "Dabi".
Therefore, the theme of the book is to get your child acquainted with his/her name and the letters of his/her name.
Story behind the "Oh My Name" Idea?
A father was reading a storybook to his daughter but she was losing interest in between. She closed the book in a hurry. When her father asked her the reason, she replied that she would only read the book which contains her name.
That's where the "Oh My Name" book idea sparked. The father believed that if his own daughter loves a personalized name book then every other child will love it too.
Toddler / Pre-Schoolers of age group 2 – 8 Years.
The exact price of the book on the website is Rs. 1,299/- but the author has created a special promo code for Being Happy Mom users. Use promo code BHM999 while placing your order to get the 23% discount.
I am in love with the illustrations of this book.
The language of this book is extremely simple and easy for your child to understand the story.
It's a colorful book for toddlers. Kids are attracted to stuff which is full of bright and beautiful colors.
My son was completely hooked to the book till the last page.
You can add a personalized message for your child.
Paper & print quality is superb.
The book comes with a complimentary hand puppet named "DABI", your child's companion during storytime and bedtime.
The story and graphics in the book will be related to the gender of your baby.
Last but not the least, one thing which I personally liked about this book is that 5% of the total profits will go towards making underprivileged children's lives better.
I missed that this personalized storybook should have the photo of a child to make it more personalized.
When I shared my feedback with the author then he updated me that they have recently added this feature. So, you can add your child's photograph along with the personalized message on the first page of the book.
Yes, I would personally like to gift this book to children between 2 to 8 years of age.
This book is the best way to give a personalized gift to a child. Everybody likes to keep stuff in which they feel recognized and personalized… same with this book.
I am sure that my child is going to keep this book in his collection for long, long time.
All opinions are based on my personal experience with this book and are not influenced by the company, author or any brand.


Google and a group of game cetologists have undertaken an AI-based investigation of years of undersea recordings, hoping to create a machine learning model that can spot humpback whale calls. It's part of the company's new "AI for social good" program that's rather obviously positioned to counter the narrative that AI is mostly used for facial recognition and ad targeting.
Whales travel quite a bit as they search for better feeding grounds, warmer waters and social gatherings. But naturally these movements can be rather difficult to track. Fortunately, whales call to each other and sing in individually identifiable ways, and these songs can travel great distances underwater.
So with a worldwide network of listening devices planted on the ocean floor, you can track whale movements — if you want to listen to years of background noise and pick out the calls manually, that is. And that's how we've done it for quite a while, though computers have helped lighten the load. Google's team, in partnership with NOAA, decided this was a good match for the talents of machine learning systems.
These AI (we employ the term loosely here) models are great at skimming through tons of noisy data for particular patterns, which is why they're applied to voluminous data like that from radio telescopes and CCTV cameras.
In this case the data was years of recordings from a dozen hydrophones stationed all over the Pacific. This data set has already largely been investigated, but Google's researchers wanted to see if an AI agent could do the painstaking and time-consuming work of doing a first pass on it and marking periods of interesting sound with a species name — in this case humpbacks, but it could just as easily be a different whale or something else altogether.
Spectrograms of whale song, left, an unknown "narrow-band" noise, center, and the recorder's own hard disk drive, right.
Interestingly, but not surprisingly in retrospect, the audio wasn't analyzed as such — instead, the audio was turned into images it could look for patterns in. These spectrograms are a record of the strength of sound in a range of frequencies over time, and can be used for all kinds of interesting things. It so happens that they're also well studied by machine learning and computer vision researchers, who have developed various means of analyzing them efficiently.
The machine learning model was provided with examples of humpback whale calls and learned how to identify them with reasonable accuracy in a set of sample data. Various experiments were conducted to suss out what settings were optimal — for instance, what length of clip was easy to process and not overlong, or what frequencies could be safely ignored.
The final effort divided the years of data into 75-second clips, and the model was able to determine, with 90 percent accuracy, whether a clip contained a "humpback unit," or relevant whale sound. That's not a small amount of error, of course, but if you trust the machine a bit you stand to save quite a bit of time — or your lab assistant's time, anyway.
A second effort relied on what's called unsupervised learning, where the system sort of set its own rules about what constituted similarity between whale sounds and non-whale sounds, creating a plot that researchers could sort through and find relevant groups.
Visualization of how the unsupervised model classified various sounds. The blue ones represent humpback calls.
It makes for more interesting visualizations but it is rather harder to explain, and at any rate doesn't seem to have resulted in as useful a set of classifications as the more traditional method.
As with similar applications of machine learning in various scholarly fields, this isn't going to replace careful observation and documentation but rather augment them. Taking some of the grunt work out of science lets researchers focus on their specialties rather than get bogged down in repetitive stats and hours-long data analysis sessions.


text:
An agricultural road or farm track is a service road that serves predominantly agricultural or forestry purposes and has only local significance. Agricultural roads are typically unpaved dirt roads or covered with gravel, but in some cases asphalt roads are agricultural roads.

In the United States, a "farm-to-market road" or "ranch-to-market road" (sometimes "farm road" or "ranch road" for short) is a state road or county road that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns.

See also
Forest road

References

Types of roads
Agriculture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
DOEN Foundation
Naar Nederlands
Accelerate transitions by investing
DOEN uses loans and equity investments because there are an increasing number of people who set up companies to achieve social goals. Examples include the heat pump panels that allow households to do without gas, or a brewery that helps large numbers of people with a history of mental illness to get back to work.
DOEN Participaties funds pioneers with innovative ideas to make the world a better place. As a result, it indirectly contributes to the impact that these entrepreneurs have on our society.
De Prael
In 2004, the DOEN Foundation made the first subsidy available to De Prael. In 2013, DOEN Participaties entered De Prael with a convertible loan. With DOEN's help, De Prael has been able to hire 130 people with a disadvantage on the labour market and turnover has grown by 33% since 2014. De Prael has been a catalyst in the market by inspiring other participants to engage in social entrepreneurship.
It takes about 8,000 litres of water to produce jeans. By making jeans out of 40% recycled denim, four times less water is needed. MUD Jeans was also the first jeans manufacturer to introduce a leasing model: you pay a monthly fee and when your jeans are worn out you hand them in again, and new jeans can be made from them.
Fairphone is the first telephone manufacturer to come up with a modular phone: all parts can be replaced separately, making the phone last longer. But Fairphone has had an impact on the electronics sector in another way: by making parts of their production transparent, other telephone producers are also being forced to provide more insight into their production processes!
At the end of 2017, an external consulting firm analysed the role of DOEN Participaties and its social impact. Among the things that this evaluation showed was that investing is a fundamental tool for DOEN to achieve its mission. Read the summary of the report here.
From the evaluation report. "The graph above provides an overview of some of the key impacts generated by companies that received an equity investment from DOEN."
The companies in which DOEN Participaties invests have the potential to achieve financial results in addition to major social impact. The financial results are in the form of profits distributed to shareholders or an acquisition of shares by another company. In these cases, as a shareholder, DOEN Participaties will also recoup financial resources previously provided to achieve the social goals. And if a company is doing very well, this can be considerably more than was ever invested.
All these revenues remain within DOEN Participaties and are redeployed to achieve DOEN's green or social objectives. This way the funds received can be used many times. This greatly increases the impact that DOEN can achieve. In addition to the green and social impact that DOEN has achieved with investments, DOEN's investments have also resulted in significant returns on average. The many tens of millions of euros that DOEN has generated in this way have in turn given many new green and social initiatives a chance. And also, the funds received back can be bigger than the initial investment, providing DOEN with fresh financial resources to do its work.
DOEN Participaties puts social benefits first, and takes great risks for these. Yet in spite of this, DOEN achieves very positive returns on its investments. In some cases, this high risk leads to a loss on the investment, but the successful companies more than make up for it. All proceeds are reinvested, so the portfolio grows organically. For example, in the period 2007-2017, DOEN received a total of more than €77 Million income from its investments (see below).
For example, in the period 2007-2017, DOEN received a total of more than €77 Million income from its investments
During the same period, the portfolio of equity investments and convertible loans grew from €54.3 Million to €141 Million. In addition, an amount of €30 Million freed up from equity investments and loans was available for new investments at the end of 2017.
DOEN Participaties is fully owned and managed by the DOEN Foundation
Privacy & Cookiestatement


text:
Q: QGIS CRS changes don't affect visual map correctly I'm trying to change a world map CRS to create a nicer looking map.  No matter what CRS I choose it always looks similar.  I've tried changing the project CRS as well as the layer CRS. This is all with a shapefile downloaded from here
I had it working for a bit then I got the qgis exception error 'fallback transform failed'.
I'm using QGIS 3.16.16
This is with both project and layers as World_Robinson ESRI:54030.  Definitely not how it's supposed to look.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Atemelia compressella is een vlinder uit de familie Praydidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd gepubliceerd in 1855 door Herrich-Schäffer.

Praydidae


A long-term view of the market pushes eMeter toward water.
When Burbank Water and Power (BWP) was shopping for a meter data management platform about three years ago, it was crucial that the system could serve all of the utility, which meant both water and electricity. The water smart metering project was also moving along faster than the electric side, so the utility couldn't wait for companies to invent water offerings.
The municipal utility chose eMeter, which was one of the very few MDM providers that was moving into the water space at the time. "Most [vendors] hadn't even gone toward water and weren't really interested in water," said Teri Kaczmarek, manager of customer service operations for BWP.
By integrating water into its EnergyIP platform, eMeter is well positioned to be attractive to the muni and cooperative utility market, which everyone seems to be pursuing in 2012 as the large investor-owned utilities' smart grid plans slow down. The company is positioning its platform as one-stop shopping for munis because it can work with gas, electricity and water and across different meter vendors.
Even before an international push, the need for water management in California, the Southwest and even the Southeast is hitting a tipping point. BWP brought the EnergyIP platform online in August 2010, during a time of strict conservation measures in California.
Although it's hard to quantify how much savings can be attributed to the MDM, Kaczmarek said the platform has been a great tool. The utility can monitor data and see when usage spikes because of anything from a faulty pressure valve to a leaky sprinkler.
The MDM allows BWP to catch problems much sooner and alert customers, most of whom are grateful for the notification that something needs fixing. Later this year, BWP will start launching its web portal so customers can view and track their own water data.
Other areas of the country aren't far behind. DeYonker noted the droughts in Georgia, not to mention the overall issues inherent in the dated U.S. water system. Smart water meters can help confirm how much water is actually getting to end points, and for areas with conservation measures, they can also help enforce compliance.
For the utilities, smart water meters also can serve a more basic function. Unlike electricity meters, water meters wear out due to buildup. The new meters can help a utility pinpoint when a meter has reached the end of its lifecycle, rather than depending on averages to know when a meter is spent.
Utilities can also use the AMI system and data from the MDM to get a baseline of the distribution infrastructure and then make the case for specific improvements, which is something BWP will be using the system to achieve.
There are also incredible synergies that could come from the system, according to DeYonker. Pumping water takes a tremendous amount of electricity, and having one seamless MDM platform that could ensure water is being pumped to optimally match electric supply and demand could drive further efficiencies for municipalities.
DeYonker said that none of the company's early water customers, which also include Kansas City Board of Public Utilities (that's Kansas City in KS, not MO), are using the system for that yet, but it could be a future application.


Learn about how to start mindfulness in your daily life and the benefits of mindfulness to physical and mental health. This workshop will include a 30 minute interactive introduction to a mindfulness exercise. Presented by Yasmin Asvat, PhD, University of Chicago Medicine Assistant Professor.


text:
Q: Firebase Cloud Functions - Synchronous Functions I´m new to firebase cloud functions. I want to create my index.js as following:
exports.countFruits = functions.database.ref("fruits/{FruitID}").onWrite(event =>{

(...)

    var sauces = [];

    let ref = admin.database().ref("sauces");
    ref.on("child_added", function(snapshot, prevChildKey){

    let sauce = snapshot.val();
    sauces.push(sauce.id);
    });

// -> USE THE COMPLETED ARRAY FOR NEXT ANOTHER PURPOSE

});

So my Problem is, that I want to use the COMPLETED array while it is actually being filled. As a consequence I want to structure my code synchronously so the next function is only executed when all sauce.id are in the array.
How can I code that?
Thank you!

A: When you listen to child_added events, your handler will be called for each existing child and any time a child is added later. So there is no clear moment when all children have been processed.
If you want to handle all current children, you should use a once("value" handler, like this:
exports.countFruits = functions.database.ref("fruits/{FruitID}").onWrite(event =>{

(...)

    var sauces = [];

    let ref = admin.database().ref("sauces");
    ref.once("value", function(snapshot){
      snapshot.forEach(function(sauceSnapshot) {
        let sauce = snapshot.val();
        sauces.push(sauce.id);
      });
      // -> USE THE COMPLETED ARRAY FOR NEXT ANOTHER PURPOSE
    });
});


The Bailey Hanson Shantung LiteStraw Fedora Hat is not your typical stiff straw hat. Crafted in the USA using their exclusive LiteStraw® finish, the Hanson has a soft and supple feel that rivals much-celebrated Panama straw hats with the added benefits of water repellency and shape retention. Unlike most straw hats, the Hanson will not crack easily and can stand up to a bit of moisture without losing its shape. Its classic good looks include the traditional accoutrements: center dent crown, grosgrain ribbon trim, side feather and Bailey side pin. Never be caught without your hat on again; the handsome Hanson Shantung LiteStraw Fedora Hat has the style you want with the functionality you need.


What's happening this month at the Martial Arts History Museum?
Hiroshi Katagiri is one of the most recognized and sought-after Special Effects master in the business. An Emmy-Award winner, Katagiri has done effects for such films as The Hunger Games, Pacific Rim, Pirates of the Caribbean, X-Men and many more. He will have some of his work on display at the Museum TODAY and he will also discuss the making of his own HORROR FILM in which he is in pre-production. THIS EVENT IS FREE TO THE PUBLIC.
Don't miss the ribbon cutting event as Anime artists bring their wares to the Museum to celebrate the opening of our new section in the Museum. Meet top artists and even get their autographs or buy some of their cool items.
Don't miss out on one of the most prestigious and honored events of the year, the Museum Honor Awards. This is a great event as we honor those who have excelled in the arts. Sign up at www.MuseumHonorAwards.com.
Meet some of the greatest martial artists of all time as they present their latest book at and all-day book signing. From Douglas Wong, Leo Fong and so many more!!!!


ProTeethGuard.com is operated by a dental lab located in San Diego County, California. Our lab has been servicing dentists for over 10 years and we've delivered thousands of perfectly fitted custom night guards, dentures, crowns, bridges, and other dental appliances to dentists.
We believe that quality and service are the two most important things for our customers, and it shows. Many of the dentists we serve have referred our dental lab to their business associates and contacts. With ProTeethGuard.com we want to make custom night guards accessible and affordable for many more customers.
Questions? Contact us via our online form. Alternatively if you would like to write us or give us a call, please use our contact information.
Pro Teeth Guard is operated by a family owned dental lab. We, as a small business, understand the pain of expensive medical bills. Especially when you have to pay for everything out of pocket. Unfortunately for those who suffer from teeth grinding, a custom night guard is expensive and often not covered by insurance. Depending on your dentist, you may need to pay $400 or more (we've heard prices from $300 up to $800!).
We believe you shouldn't have to break the bank to treat teeth grinding. Even worse, you shouldn't have to risk pain and long-term damage to your teeth just because a night guard is too expensive.
professionally made custom night guard directly from the source?
So why should you buy from Pro Teeth Guard?
Our dental lab is owned and managed by a dental technician with over 20 years of experience in the industry. Each custom night guard is carefully inspected for quality and fit by the lab owner before we send it to you. Quality and attention to detail are on the top of our minds when we make each custom night guard. Why does all this matter to you? The fit of your night guard is extremely important.
Since the human jaw can generate over 200lbs of bite force, a slight mismatch in the custom night guard could lead to discomfort when wearing the night guard. Our care and attention ensures that your custom night guard fits perfectly and you're 100% comfortable with it.
We're 110% committed to the satisfaction of our customers. If for any reason you're not completely happy and comfortable with the custom night guard you purchased at ProTeethGuard.com, contact us and we'll do everything we can to make things right. And of course, our 110% Money Back Guarantee is always there for your protection.


Purpose – The article provides a discussion of the relevance of motives for companies' internationalization. Design/methodology/approach – Conceptual discussion building on established classifications of motives of internationalization, which distinguish between market-seeking, efficiency-seeking, resource-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives. Findings – The analysis demonstrates that important issues in companies' internationalization differ systematically across different types of motives, which implicates that motives remain relevant when analyzing various aspects of the internationalization of the firm. Motives are also useful elements for theory building in international business. Research limitations/implications – The analysis is purely conceptual and is not further substantiated by empirical evidence. Practical implications – The classification of motives is a useful tool for companies to analyze their strategic alternatives and actions, especially with regard to performance measurement. Social implications – A clear classification of the various motives for companies' foreign activities is essential for formulation of sound policies about attraction/stimulation and regulation of companies' inbound and outbound internationalization. Originality/value – The article demonstrates the importance of retaining a clear classification of motives as a basis for further development of a theory of firms' internationalization behavior.


Exchange Pro is the most powerful Microsoft Exchange solution designed for businesses that need reliable, accountable and truly supported collaboration platform. Service implementation is key and Exchange Pro will make your business more secure, more productive and more prepared to deal with outages and regulatory compliance. People are key part of this solution and we've got you covered from Outlook problems all the way to preparing Compliance Archiving audit reports.
Exchange 2016 means more security and reliability for business email. It is now easier than ever to provide users with the right email they need to stay productive.
The malware protection scans all the sent and received emails within your organization.
The default maximum size of a message in both the send and receive connector have been increased from 10 MB to 25 MB.
There is also the new Compliance Search for e-Discovery, which allows you to search up to 10,000 mailboxes in a one search.
Outlook on the Web has new UI for better support on mobile devices and tablets. Look for an improved calendar, improved searching, and in-line video player.
We love teamwork and collaboration – we hire, train, and build our team to give you the most secure, most reliable, most scalable email solution. So when you have a problem with your email, it's our problem: we can help you with everything from Outlook and mobile devices all the way up to preparing regulatory compliance audit reports. At ExchangeDefender, support is not treated or managed as a loss center or a starting position, it's the most critical part of the company. Technology will always fail, some outages are unavoidable – our product and service is how we help you to continue business as usual even when technology fails.
Ability to communicate with clients and vendors is probably the top concern for every business. When we surveyed our clients, they identified "Access to Management" as our most important value. When it comes to running, scaling and growing your business, you know that "one size fits all" solutions rarely work – and we're happy to work with our clients to extend our solutions to solve unique challenges. This is more than a saying for us, we owe our entire business to it, everything we offer was once just a "it would be cool if" suggestion from our client. Ability to visit us, work with us, develop a custom feature or solve a problem is what separates us from the rest.
ExchangeDefender is the state of the art security, redundancy, encryption, compliance, and email management platform: and since 2001 we've built virtually all of it from scratch. Having Exchange expertise and security expertise under one roof gives your business a tremendous advantage because your email problem is our problem – there is no finger pointing, no appliances or third parties to manage, no maintenance to schedule or test. We simply take care of everything and with Exchange Pro you get the most popular ExchangeDefender features deeply integrated into the solution.


The Update Auto Scaling Group action can be used to modify the values of an auto scaling group. Values that can be modified include launch configuration name, minimum size, maximum size, and desired capacity.
Indicates the name of the auto scaling group to be modified. This group must reside in the region specified.


text:
Exploreum Hall
Intrepid Souvenir Photos
Home > The Intrepid Experience > Exhibits > British Airways Concorde
British Airways Concorde
Join the Ranks of the Rich and Famous
The fastest Atlantic crossing by any Concorde occurred on February 7, 1996 and took only 2 hours, 52 minutes, and 59 seconds. This record-breaking plane — the Concorde Alpha Delta G-BOAD — is yours to explore at Intrepid Museum complex on Pier 86.
NEW Concorde Experience
A new 20-minute experience takes guests inside Concorde's first class cabin to learn about this technological marvel. Guests will also get an up-close look inside its sophisticated flight deck.
Visitor Safety: This experience requires navigating stairs leading to and from Concorde.
General: $7 adults (13+) | seniors (65+ w/valid ID) | children (5–12)
Museum Members: $4
This new 20-minute Concorde experience is offered every 30 minutes beginning at 11:00am. This experience is not included with general admission and has limited availability. Tickets can be purchased online or onsite at the Museum box office or Information Desk. PURCHASE TICKETS
A Supersonic Story, a 1 hour Concorde tour is also available and offered at 10:00am daily. Learn More.
Imagine the Power
The Concorde is a product of Anglo-French cooperation. When the Concorde entered Air France and British Airways transatlantic service in 1976, it was the only operational supersonic passenger transport in the world. With a crew of nine, the Concorde could fly at 1,350 mph (2,150 kph) at an altitude of 60,000 ft (18,181 m), high enough for its 100 passengers to see the curvature of the earth.
Relive History
This aircraft, serial no. 100-010 (G-BOAD), first flew on August 25, 1976. Concordes crossed the Atlantic Ocean in under three hours, or less than half the time of any other jetliner flying that route even today. Protests from environmentalists prevented its supersonic use over the United States and limited airport operation. A crash upon takeoff in July 2000 grounded the fleet until 2001. The Concorde flew VIP passengers until 2003, when both airlines retired their fleets from service. This airplane is on loan from British Airways.


Dayco Australia Pty Ltd - A designer & manufacturer of engineered systems and componentry for power transmission, power train and fluid management systems.
ElectraNet Pty Ltd - ElectraNet is South Australia's electricity transmission specialist.
Insulet - A manufacturer & supplier of both power transmission and power distribution equipment to local and international power industries.


text:
How to reduce the frequency of the video card
Each discrete graphics card has its own frequency of operation of the processor and memory. Largely from these frequencies and depends on the performance of the Board. But sometimes they need to be reduced, for example, if the video card a certain period will not work in 3D mode. Also at lower frequencies charge will consume less electricity, decrease its temperature, respectively, the rotational speed of the cooler will be less, and it will be quieter to work.
How to reduce the load on the graphics card
How to overclock a graphics card in the BIOS
How to remove the overclocking
program CATALYST Control Center 12.1 for owners ATI Radeon graphics cards;
program RivaTuner for owners of nVidia graphics cards.
Owners of ATI Radeon graphics cards to reduce frequency by using the brand tool settings graphics card CATALYST Control Center. Tool CATALYST Control Center included with the video card drivers. Usually, the driver installation process and installed this program. If the application on your computer is not already installed, you need to install. If you have no driver disc, this software can be easily found on the Internet.
Next will be considered the process of reducing frequency on the example CATALYST Control Center 12.1. Although earlier versions of the procedure reduce the frequency but not the names of some of the terms may be slightly different.
Click on an empty area of the desktop, right-click and from the menu select AMD VISION Engine Control Center. Then click on the Performance tab, and then on AMD Overdrive. In the opened window you will see two sliders, which allow you to adjust the frequency of the graphics card.
The upper slider is the frequency of the processor. Moving it to the left, you reduce this figure. The second section is the frequency of the video memory, which reduces the movement of the slider to the left. Select the desired frequency, then click "Apply".
Owners of nVidia cards can use the program RivaTuner. Install the program. Start it. In the application window will be the name of your graphics card. Next is the arrow. Click on it. Then click on the first left icon. This opens a window in which will be two sliders. The top slider adjusts the CPU frequency, lower memory frequency. Moving the sliders to the left, you reduce the frequency of the graphics card. After choosing your desired frequency, click Apply.
How to reduce VGA card temperature
How to change the frame rate
How to lower the frequency of the bus
As the graphics card be set to the maximum
How to change the settings of the graphics card
How to improve graphics card
How to lower memory frequency
How to overclock a graphics card on a laptop


text:
Q: approx() without duplicates? I am using approx() to interpolate values.
x <- 1:20
y <- c(3,8,2,6,8,2,4,7,9,9,1,3,1,9,6,2,8,7,6,2)
df <- cbind.data.frame(x,y)

> df
    x y
1   1 3
2   2 8
3   3 2
4   4 6
5   5 8
6   6 2
7   7 4
8   8 7
9   9 9
10 10 9
11 11 1
12 12 3
13 13 1
14 14 9
15 15 6
16 16 2
17 17 8
18 18 7
19 19 6
20 20 2

interpolated <- approx(x=df$x, y=df$y, method="linear", n=5)

gets me this:
interpolated
$x
[1]  1.00  5.75 10.50 15.25 20.00

$y
[1] 3.0 3.5 5.0 5.0 2.0

Now, the first and last value are duplicates of my real data, is there any way to prevent this or is it something I don't understand properly about approx()?

A: You may want to specify xout to avoid this. For instance, if you want to always exclude the first and the last points, here's how you can do that:
specify_xout <- function(x, n) {
  seq(from=min(x), to=max(x), length.out=n+2)[-c(1, n+2)]
}

plot(df$x, df$y)
points(approx(df$x, df$y, xout=specify_xout(df$x, 5)), pch = "*", col = "red")

It does not prevent from interpolating the existing point somewhere in the middle (exactly what happens on the picture below).

A: approx will fit through all your original datapoints if you give it a chance (change n=5 to xout=df$x to see this).  Interpolation is the process of generating values for y given unobserved values of x, but should agree if the values of x have been previously observed.
The method="linear" setup is going to 'draw' linear segments joining up your original coordinates exactly (and so will give the y values you input to it for integer x). You only observe 'new' y values because your n=5 means that for points other than the beginning and end the x is not an integer (and therefore not one of your input values), and so gets interpolated.
If you want observed values not to be exactly reproduced, then maybe add some noise via rnorm ?