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Architectural decisions guidelines
An architectural decisions guide for data science
By Romeo Kienzler
Updated June 17, 2019 | Published April 8, 2019
The IBM Data and Analytics Reference Architecture defines possible components on an abstract level. The goal of this article is to choose from the required components and assign real and concrete architectural components to it. The article contains information to complement the "Lightweight IBM Cloud Garage Method for data science" article.
The method is highly iterative, so any findings during this process can result in changes to architectural decisions. However, there are never any wrong architectural decisions because the decisions take into account all the knowledge available at a certain point in time. Therefore, it's important to document why a decision was made. The following figure shows the IBM Reference Architecture for Cloud Analytics.
The following sections provide guidelines for each component. They explain what technology should be chosen and if the component needs to be included at all.
The data source is an internal or external data source that includes relational databases; web pages; CSV, JSON, or text files; and video and audio data.
Architectural decision guidelines
With the data source, there is not much to decide because in most cases, the type and structure of a data source is already defined and controlled by stakeholders. However, if there is some control over the process, the following principles should be considered:
What does the delivery point look like?
Enterprise data mostly lies in relational databases serving OLTP systems. It's typically a bad practice to access those systems directly, even in read-only mode because ETL processes are running SQL queries against those systems, which can hinder performance. One exception is IBM Db2 Workload Manager because it allows OLAP and ETL workloads to run in parallel with an OLTP workload without performance degradation of OLTP queries using intelligent scheduling and prioritizing mechanisms. You can read more about IBM Db2 Workload Manager.
Does real-time data need to be considered?
Real-time data comes in various shapes and delivery methods. The most prominent include MQTT telemetry and sensor data (for example, data from the IBM Watson IoT Platform), a simple REST HTTP endpoint that needs to be polled, or a TCP or UDP socket. If no downstream real-time processing is required, that data can be staged (for example, using Cloud Object Store). If downstream real-time processing is necessary, read the section on Streaming analytics further down in this article.
Cloud-based solutions tend to extend the enterprise data model. Therefore, it might be necessary to continuously transfer subsets of enterprise data to the cloud or access those in real time through a VPN API gateway.
Moving enterprise data to the cloud can be costly. Therefore, it should be considered only if necessary. For example, if user data is handled in the cloud is it sufficient to store an anonymized primary key. If transfer of enterprise data to the cloud is unavoidable, privacy concerns and regulations must be addressed. Then, there are two ways to access it.
Batch sync from an enterprise data center to the cloud
Real-time access to subsets of data using VPN and an API gateway
Technology guidelines
Secure gateway lets cloud applications access specified hosts and ports in a private data center though an outbound connection. Therefore, no external inbound access is required. You can go to the Secure Gateway service on IBM Cloud for more information.
Lift allows you to migrate on-premises data to cloud databases in a very efficient manner. Read more about the IBM Lift CLI.
Rocket Mainframe Data
The Rocket Mainframe Data service uses similar functions for batch-style data integration as Lift, but is dedicated to IBM Mainframes. You can read more information about the service.
Streaming analytics
The current state-of-the-art is batch processing. But, sometimes the value of a data product can be increased tremendously by adding real-time analytics capabilities because most of world's data loses value within seconds. Think of stock market data or the fact that a vehicle camera captures a pedestrian crossing a street. A streaming analytics system allows for real-time data processing. Think of it like running data against a continuous query instead of running a query against a finite data set.
There is a relatively limited set of technologies for real-time stream processing. The most important questions to be asked are:
What throughput is required?
What latency is accepted?
Which data types must be supported?
What type of algorithms run on the system? Only relational algebra or advanced modeling?
What's the variance of the workload and what are the elasticity requirements?
What type of fault tolerance and delivery guarantees are necessary?
On IBM Cloud, there are many service offerings for real-time data processing that I explain in the following sections along with guidelines for when to use them.
Apache Spark and Apache Spark Structured Streaming
Apache Spark is often the primary choice when it comes to cluster-grade data processing and machine learning. If you're already using it for batch processing, Apache Spark Structured Streaming should be the first thing to evaluate. This way, you can have technology homogeneity and batch and streaming jobs can be run together (for example, joining a stream of records against a reference table).
What throughput is required? Apache Spark Structured Streaming supports the same throughput as in batch mode.
What latency is accepted? In Apache Spark v2.3, the Continuous Processing mode has been introduced, brining latency down to one millisecond.
Which data types must be supported? Apache Spark is strong at structured and semi-structured data. Audio and video data can't benefit from Apache Spark's accelerators Tungsten and Catalyst.
What type of algorithms run on the system? Only relational algebra or advanced modeling? Apache Spark Structured Streaming supports relational queries as well as machine learning, but machine learning is only supported on sliding and tumbling windows.
What's the variance of the workload and what are the elasticity requirements? Through their fault tolerant nature, Apache Spark clusters can be grown and shrunk dynamically.
What type of fault tolerance and delivery guarantees are necessary? Apache Spark Structured Streaming supports exactly once delivery guarantees and depending on the type of data source, complete crash fault tolerance.
IBM Streams
IBM Streams is a fast streaming engine. Originally designed for low-latency, high throughput network monitoring applications, IBM Streams has its roots in cybersecurity.
What throughput is required? IBM Streams can handle high data throughput rates, up to millions of events or messages per second.
What latency is accepted? IBM Streams latency goes down to microseconds.
Which data types must be supported? Through IBM Streams binary transfer mode, any type of data type can be supported.
What type of algorithms run on the system? Only relational algebra or advanced modeling? IBM Streams in its core supports all relational algebra. Also, through toolkits, various machine learning algorithms can be used. Toolkits are an open system, and there are many third-party toolkits.
What's the variance of the workload and what are the elasticity requirements? Through its fault tolerant nature, IBM Streams clusters can be grown and shrunk dynamically.
What type of fault tolerance and delivery guarantees are necessary? IBM Streams supports exactly once delivery guarantees and complete crash fault tolerance.
NodeRED is a lightweight streaming engine. Implemented on top of Node.js in JavaScript, it can even run on a 64 MB memory footprint (for example, running on a Raspberry PI).
What throughput is required? NodeRED's throughput is bound to processing capabilities of a single CPU core, through Node.js's event processing nature. For increased throughput, multiple instances of NodeRED have been used in parallel. Parallelization is not built in and needs to be provided by the application developer.
What latency is accepted? Latency is also dependent on the CPU configuration and on the throughput because high throughput congests the event queue and increases latency.
Which data types must be supported? NodeRED best supports JSON streams, although any data type can be nested into JSON.
What type of algorithms run on the system? Only relational algebra or advanced modeling? NodeRED has one of the most extensive ecosystems of open source third-party modules. Although advanced machine learning is not supported natively, there are plans by IBM to add those.
What's the variance of the workload and what are the elasticity requirements? Because parallelization is a responsibility of the application developer, for independent computation a round-robin load balancing scheme supports linear scalability and full elasticity.
What type of fault tolerance and delivery guarantees are necessary? NodeRED has no built-in fault tolerance and no delivery guarantees.
Apache Nifi is maintained by Hortonworks and is part of the IBM Analytics Engine Service.
What throughput is required? Nifi can handle hundreds of MBs on a single node and can be configured to handle multiple GBs in cluster mode.
What latency is accepted? Nifi's latency is in seconds. Through message periodization, the tradeoff between throughput and latency can be tweaked.
Which data types must be supported? Nifi best supports structured data streams, although any data type can be nested.
What type of algorithms run on the system? Only relational algebra or advanced modeling? Nifi supports relational algebra out of the box, but custom processors can be built.
What's the variance of the workload and what are the elasticity requirements? Nifi can be easily scaled up without restarts, but scaling down requires stopping and starting the Nifi system.
What type of fault tolerance and delivery guarantees are necessary? Nifi supports end-to-end guaranteed exactly once delivery.
Also, fault tolerance can be configured, but automatic recovery is not possible. Another important feature is backpressure and pressure release, which causes the upstream nodes to stop accepting new data and discarding unprocessed data if an age threshold is exceeded
There are also other technologies like Apache Kafka, Samza, Apache Flink, Apache Storm, Total.js Flow, Eclipse Kura, and Flogo that might be worth looking at if the ones mentioned don't meet all of your requirements.
In the data integration stage, data is cleansed, transformed, and if possible, downstream features are added
There are numerous technologies for batch data processing, which is the technology used for data integration. The most important questions to be asked are:
What source systems must be supported?
What skills are required?
IBM Cloud has many service offerings for data integration, and the following section explains them and gives guidelines on which one to use.
Apache Spark is often the first choice when it comes to cluster-grade data processing and machine learning. Apache Spark is a flexible option that also supports writing integration processes in SQL. But it's missing a user interface.
What throughput is required? Apache Spark scales linearly, so throughput is just a function of the cluster size.
Which data types must be supported? Apache Spark works best with structured data, but binary data is supported as well.
What source systems must be supported? Apache Spark can access various SQL and NoSQL data as well as file sources. A common data source architecture allows adding capabilities, and it has third-party project functions as well.
What skills are required? Advanced SQL skills are required and you should have some familiarity with either Java programming, Scala, or Python.
IBM Data Stage on Cloud
IBM Data Stage is a sophisticated ETL (Extract Transform Load) tool. Its closed source and supports visual editing.
What throughput is required? Data Stage can be used in cluster mode, which supports scale-out.
Which data types must be supported? Data Stage has its roots in traditional Data Warehouse ETL and concentrates on structured data.
What source systems must be supported? Again, Data Stage concentrates on relational database systems, but files can also be read, even on Object Store. In addition, data sources can be added using plug-ins that are implemented in the Java language.
What skills are required? Because Data Stage is a visual editing environment, the learning curve is low. No programming skills are required.
It's important to know that data integration is mostly done using ETL tools, plain SQL, or a combination of both. ETL tools are mature technology, and many ETL tools exist. On the other hand, if streaming analytics is part of the project, it's a good idea to check whether one of those technologies fits your requirements because reuse of such a system reduces technology heterogeneity.
This is the persistent storage for your data.
There are lots of technologies for persisting data, and most of them are relational databases. The second largest group are NoSQL databases, with file systems (including Cloud Object Store) forming the last one. The most important questions to be asked are:
What is the impact of storage cost?
How well must point queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported?
How well must range queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported?
How well must full table scans be supported?
What's the requirement for fault tolerance and backup?
What are the constant and peak ingestion rates?
What amount of storage is needed?
What does the growth pattern look like?
What are the retention policies?
IBM cloud has numerous service offerings for SQL, NoSQL, and file storage. The following section explains them and provides guidelines on when to use which one.
Dash DB is the Db2 BLU on the Cloud offering from IBM that features column store, advanced compression, and execution on SIMD instructions sets (that is, vectorized processing). But there are other options in IBM Cloud such as Informix, PostgreSQL, and MySQL.
What is the impact of storage cost? Relational databases (RDBMS) have the highest requirements on storage quality. Therefore, the cost of relational storage is always the highest.
Which data types must be supported? Relational databases are meant for structured data. Although there are column data types for binary data that can be swapped for cheaper storage, this is just an add-on and not a core function of relational databases.
How well must point queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? RDBMS are great for point queries because an index can be created on each column.
How well must range queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? RDBMS are great for range queries because an index can be created on each column.
How well must full table scans be supported? RDBMS are trying to avoid full table scans in their SQL query optimizers. Therefore, performance is not optimized for full table scans (for example, contaminating page caches).
What skills are required? You should have SQL skills, and if a cloud offering isn't chosen, you should also have database administrator (DBA) skills for the specific database.
What's the requirement for fault tolerance and backup? RDMBS support continuous backup and crash fault tolerance. For recovery, the system might need to go offline.
What are the constant and peak ingestion rates? Inserts using SQL are relatively slow, especially if the target table contains many indexes that must be rebalanced and updated. Some RDBMS support bulk inserts from files by bypassing the SQL engine, but then the table usually needs to go offline for that period.
What amount of storage is needed? RDMBS perform very well to around 1 TB of data. Going beyond that is complex and needs advanced cluster setups.
What does the growth pattern look like? RDBMS support volume management, so continuous growth usually isn't a problem, even at run time. For shrinking, the system might need to be taken offline.
What are the retention policies? RDBMS usually support automated retention mechanisms to delete old data automatically.
The most prominent NoSQL databases like Apache CouchDB, MongoDB, Redis, RethinkDB, ScyllaDB (Cassandra), and InfluxCloud are supported.
What is the impact of storage cost? NoSQL databases are usually storage fault-tolerant, by default. Therefore, quality requirements on storage are less, which brings down storage cost.
Which data types must be supported? Although NoSQL databases are meant for structured data as well, they usually use JSON as a storage format, which can be enriched with binary data. Although, a lot of binary data attached to a JSON document can bring the performance down as well.
How well must point queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? Some NoSQL databases support the creation of indexes, which improves point query performance.
How well must range queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? Some NoSQL databases support the creation of indexes, which improves range query performance.
How well must full table scans be supported? NoSQL databases perform very well at full table scans. The performance is only limited by the I/O bandwidth to storage.
What skills are required? Typically, special query language skills are required for the application developer and if a cloud offering isn't chosen, database administrator (DBA) skills are needed for the specific database.
What's the requirement for fault tolerance and backup? NoSQL databases support backups in different ways. But some aren't supporting online backup. NoSQL databases are usually crash fault tolerant, but for recovery, the system might need to go offline.
What are the constant and peak ingestion rates? Usually, no indexes need to be updated and data doesn't need to be mapped to pages. Ingestion rates are usually only bound to I/O performance of the storage system.
What amount of storage is needed? RDMBS perform well to approximately 10 – 100 TB of data. Cluster setups on NoSQL databases are much more straightforward than on RDBMS. Successful setups with >100 nodes and > 100.000 database reads and writes per second have been reported.
What does the growth pattern look like? The growth of NoSQL databases is not a problem. Volumes can be added at run time. For shrinking, the system might need to be taken offline.
What are the retention policies? NoSQL databases don't support automated retention mechanisms to delete old data automatically. Therefore, this must be implemented manually, resulting in range queries on the data corpus.
Cloud object storage makes it possible to store practically limitless amounts of data. It is commonly used for data archiving and backup, for web and mobile applications, and as scalable, persistent storage for analytics. So, let's take a look.
What is the impact of storage cost? Object storage is the cheapest option for storage.
Which data types must be supported? Because object storage resembles a file system, any data type is supported.
How well must point queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? Because object storage resembles a file system, external indices must be created. However, it's possible to access specific storage locations through folder and file names and file offsets.
How well must range queries (on fixed or dynamic dimensions) be supported? Because object storage resembles a file system, external indices must be created. However, it's possible to access specific storage locations through folder and file names and file offsets. Therefore, range queries on a single defined column (for example, data) can be achieved through hierarchical folder structures.
How well must full table scans be supported? Full table scans are bound only by the I/O bandwidth of the object storage.
What skills are required? On a file level, working with object storage is much like working with any file system. Through Apache SparkSQL and IBM Cloud SQL Query, data in Object storage can be accessed with SQL. Because object storage is a cloud offering, no administrator skills are required. IBM Object Storage is available for on-premises as well using an appliance box.
What's the requirement for fault tolerance and backup? Fault tolerance and backup is completely handled by the cloud provider. Object storage supports intercontinental data center replication for high-availability out of the box.
What are the constant and peak ingestion rates? Ingestion rates to object storage is bound by the uplink speed to the object storage system.
What's the amount of storage needed? Object storage scales to the petabyte range.
Whatdoes the growth pattern look like? Growth and shrinking on object storage is fully elastic.
What are the retention policies? Retention of data residing in object storage must be done manually. Hierarchical file and folder layout that is based on data and time helps here. Some object storage support automatic movement of infrequently accessed files to colder storage (colder means less cost, but also less performance, or even higher cost of accesses to files).
This component allows for visualization and creation of metrics of data.
In various process models, data visualization and exploration is one of the first steps. Similar tasks are also applied in traditional data warehousing and business intelligence. So when choosing a technology, ask the following questions:
What type of visualizations are needed?
Are interactive visualizations needed?
Are coding skills available or required?
What metrics can be calculated on the data?
Do metrics and visualization need to be shared with business stakeholders?
IBM cloud has many service offerings for data exploration. Some of the offerings are open source, and some aren't.
Jupyter, Python, pyspark, scikit-learn, pandas, Matplotlib, PixieDust
Jupyter, Python, pyspark, scikit-learn, pandas, Matplotlib, PixieDust are all open source and supported in IBM Cloud. Some of these components have overlapping features and some of them have complementary features. This can be determined by answering the architectural questions.
What type of visualizations are needed? Matplotlib supports the widest range of possible visualizations including run chars, histograms, box-plots, and scatter plots. PixieDust (as of V1.1.11) supports tables, bar charts, line charts, scatter plots, pie charts, histograms, and maps.
Are interactive visualizations needed? Matplotlib creates static plots and PixieDust supports interactive ones.
Are coding skills available or required? Matplotlib requires coding skills, but PixieDust does not. For computing metrics, some code is necessary.
What metrics can be calculated on the data? Using scikit-learn and pandas, all state-of-the-art metrics are supported.
Do metrics and visualization need to be shared with business stakeholders? Watson Studio supports sharing of Jupyter Notebooks, also using a fine-grained user and access management system.
SPSS Modeler
SPSS Modeler is available in the cloud and also as stand-alone product.
What type of visualizations are needed? SPSS Modeler supports the following visualizations out of the box:
3D Bar
3D Pie
You can get more information in the IBM Knowledge Center.
Are interactive visualizations needed? SPSS Modeler Visualizations are not interactive.
Are coding skills available or required? SPSS Modeler doesn't require any coding skills.
What metrics can be calculated on the data? All state-of-the-art metrics are supported using the Data Audit node.
Do metrics and visualization need to be shared with business stakeholders? Watson Studio supports sharing of SPSS Modeler Flows, also using a fine-grained user and access management system. However, those might not be suitable to stakeholders.
IBM Watson Analytics is a complete Software as a Service (SaaS) offering for fully automated data exploration, visualization, and modeling.
What type of visualizations are needed? IBM Watson Analytics supports the following out of the box:
Decision Tree
You can find more information on the Watson Analytics page.
Are interactive visualizations needed? IBM Watson Analytics not only supports interactive visualizations, but it also supports interactive creation and mortifications of visualizations.
Are coding skills available or required? IBM Watson Analytics a completely UI-based solution.
What metrics can be calculated on the data? Although all state-of-the-art metrics are supported using the Summary function, this tool targets business users, so data scientists might get lost in abstractions.
Do metrics and visualization need to be shared with business stakeholders? IBM Watson Analytics is a collaborative platform with high-level functions perfectly suited to present to business stakeholders.
This is where most of your work fits in. It's where you create and evaluate your machine learning and deep learning models.
There are numerous technologies for creating and evaluating machine learning and deep learning models. Although different technologies differ in function and performance, those differences are usually miniscule. Therefore, the questions you should ask yourself are:
What are the available skills regarding programming languages?
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages?
What are the available skills regarding frameworks?
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks?
Is model interchange required?
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required?
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed?
Because there's an abundance of open and closed source technologies, I'm highlighting the most relevant ones in this article. Although it's the same for the other sections as well, decisions made in this section are very prone to change due to the iterative nature of this process model. Therefore, changing or combining multiple technologies is no problem, although the decisions that led to those changes should be explained and documented.
The SaaS offering has been introduced in this article. Watson Analytics has automated modeling capabilities, which makes it a candidate here as well.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? As a complete UI-based offering, Watson Analytics doesn't need any programming skills.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? As a complete UI-based offering, Watson Analytics doesn't need any programming skills.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? Usually, there are no skills available within the team, but the learning curve is very steep.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Because the learning curve is steep, the costs of learning the tool is low.
Is model interchange required? Watson Analytics doesn't support importing or exporting models.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? Watson Analytics takes care of scaling automatically.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? Watson Analytics doesn't allow for tweaking or introducing new algorithms that aren't supported by the tool.
This article has already introduced SPSS Modeler.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? As a complete UI-based offering, SPSS doesn't need programming skills, although it can be extended using R scripts.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? As a complete UI-based offering, SPSS doesn't need programming skills, although it can be extended using R scripts.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? SPSS is an industry leader, so skills are generally available.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Expert costs are usually lower in UI-based tools than in programming frameworks.
Is model interchange required? SPSS Modeler supports PMML.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? SPSS Modeler supports scaling through IBM Analytics Server or IBM Watson Studio using Apache Spark.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? SPSS Modeler algorithms can't be changed, but you can add algorithms or customizations using the R language.
R/R-Studio
R and R-Studio are standards for open source-based data science. They're supported in IBM Cloud through IBM Watson Studio as well.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? R programming skills are usually widely available because it's a standard programming language in many natural science-based university curriculums. It can be acquired rapidly because it is a procedural language with limited functional programming support.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? Costs of R programming are usually low.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? R is not only a programming language but also requires knowledge of tooling (R-Studio), and especially knowledge of the R library (CRAN) with 6000+ packages.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Expert costs are correlated with knowledge of the CRAN library and years of experience and in the range of usual programmer costs.
Is model interchange required? Some R libraries support exchange of models, but it is not standardized.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? Some R libraries support scaling and GPU acceleration, but it is not standardized.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? R needs algorithms to be implemented in C/C++ to run fast. So, tweaking and custom development usually involves C/C++ coding.
Python, pandas and scikit-learn
Although R and R-Studio have been the standard for open source-based data science for a while, Python, pandas, and scikit-learn are right behind them. Python is a much cleaner programming language than R and easier to learn. Pandas is the Python equivalent to R data frames, supporting relational access to data. Finally, scikit-learn nicely groups all necessary machine learning algorithms together. It's supported in IBM Cloud through IBM Watson Studio as well.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? Python skills are very widely available because Python is a clean and easy to learn programming language.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? Because of Python's properties mentioned above, the cost of Python programming skills is very low.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? Pandas and scikit-learn are very clean and easy-to-learn frameworks. Therefore, skills are widely available.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Because of the properties mentioned above, the costs of skills are very low.
Is model interchange required? All scikit-learn models can be (de)serialized. PMML is supported through third-party libraries.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? Neither GPU nor scale-out is supported, although scale-up capabilities can be added individually to make use of multiple cores.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? scikit-learn algorithms are very cleanly implemented. They all stick to the pipelines API, making reuse and interchange easy. Linear algebra is handled throughout with the numpy library. Therefore, tweaking and adding algorithms is straightforward.
Python, Apache Spark and SparkML
Although Python, pandas, and scikit-learn are more widely adopted, the Apache Spark ecosystem is catching up, especially because of its scaling capabilities. It's supported in IBM Cloud through IBM Watson Studio as well.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? Apache Spark supports Python, Java programming, Scala, and R as programming languages.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? The costs depend on what programming language is used, with Python typically the cheapest.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? Apache Spark skills are in high demand and usually not available.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Apache Spark skills are in high demand and are usually expensive.
Is model interchange required? All SparkML models can be (de)serialized. PMML is supported through third-party libraries.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? All Apache Spark jobs are inherently parallel. However, GPU's are only supported through third-party libraries.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? As in scikit-learn, algorithms are very cleanly implemented. They all stick to the pipelines API, making reuse and interchange easy. Linear algebra is handled throughout with built-in Apache Spark libraries. Therefore, tweaking and adding algorithms is straightforward.
Apache SystemML
When it comes to relational data processing, SQL is a leader, mainly because an optimizer takes care of optimal query executions. Think of SystemML as an optimizer for linear algebra that's capable of creating optimal execution plans for jobs running on data parallel frameworks like Apache Spark.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? SystemML has two domain-specific languages (DSL) with R and Python syntax.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? Although the DSLs are like R and Python, there is a learning curve involved.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? SystemML skills are very rare.
What are the costs of skills regarding frameworks? Due to the high learning curve and skill scarcity, costs might get high.
Is model interchange required? SystemML models can be (de)serialized. PMML is not supported. SystemML can import and run Caffe2 and Keras models.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? All Apache Spark jobs are inherently parallel. SystemML uses this property. In addition, GPU's are supported as well.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? Although SystemML comes with a large set of pre-implemented algorithms for machine learning and deep learning, its strengths are in tweaking existing algorithms or implementing new ones because the DSL allows for concentrating on the mathematical implementation of the algorithm. The rest is handled by the framework. This makes it an ideal choice for these kind of tasks.
Keras and TensorFlow
TensorFlow is one of the most widely used deep learning frameworks. At its core, it is a linear algebra library supporting automatic differentiation. TensorFlow's Python-driven syntax is relatively complex. Therefore, Keras provides an abstraction layer on top of TensorFlow. Both frameworks are seamlessly supported in IBM Cloud through Watson Studio and Watson Machine Learning.
What are the available skills regarding programming languages? Python is the core programming language for Keras and TensorFlow.
What are the costs of skills regarding programming languages? Because Python programmers are more abundant than Java/Scala programmers, the costs are less.
What are the available skills regarding frameworks? Keras and TensorFlow skills are relatively rare.
Is model interchange required? Keras and TensorFlow have their own model exchange formats. There are converters from and to ONNX.
Is parallel- or GPU-based training or scoring required? Running TensorFlow on top of ApacheSpark is supported through TensorFrames and TensorSpark. Keras models can be run on ApacheSpark using DeepLearning4J and SystemML. Both of the latter frameworks also support GPUs. TensorFlow (and therefore, Keras) support GPU natively as well.
Do algorithms need to be tweaked or new algorithms be developed? TensorFlow is a linear algebra execution engine. Therefore, it's optimally suited for tweaking and creating new algorithms. Keras is a very flexible deep learning library that supports many neural network layouts.
Applications and data products
Models are fine, but their value rises when they can be consumed by the ordinary business user. Therefore, you must create a data product. Data products don't necessarily need to stay on the cloud. They can be pushed to mobile or enterprise applications.
In contrast to machine learning and deep learning frameworks, the space of frameworks to create data product is tiny. This might reflect what the current state-of-the-art technology in data science concentrates on. Depending on the requirements, data products are relatively visualization-centric after a lot of use input data has been gathered. They also might involve asynchronous workflows as batch data integration and model training and scoring is performed within the workflow. Questions to ask about the technology are:
What skills are present for developing a data product?
What skills are necessary for developing a data product?
Is instant feedback required or is batch processing accepted?
What's the degree of customization needed?
What's the target audience? Is cloud scale deployment for a public use base required?
Currently, only a limited set of frameworks and technologies is available in different categories. In the following section, I've explained the most prominent examples.
R-Shiny
R-Shiny is a great framework for building data products. Closely tied to the R language, it enables data scientists to rapidly create a UI on top of existing R-scripts.
What skills are present for developing a data product? R-Shiny requires R development skills. So, it best fits into an R development ecosystem.
What skills are necessary for developing a data product? Although based on R, R-Shiny needs additional skills. For experienced R developers, the learning curve is steep and additional knowledge to acquire is minimal.
Is instant feedback required or is batch processing accepted? The messaging model of R-Shiny supports instant UI feedback when server-side data structures are updated. Therefore, the response time is independent of the framework and should be considered and resolved programmatically on the server side.
What's the degree of customization needed? Although R-Shiny is an extensible framework, extending it requires a deep understanding of the framework and R-Technology. Out of the box, there is a large set of UI widgets end elements supported, allowing for very customizable applications. If requirements go beyond those capabilities, costly extensions are required.
What's the target audience? Is cloud scale deployment for a public use base required? R-Shiny applications look very professional, although quite distinguishable. Therefore, the target audience must accept the UI design limitations. R-Shiny is best dynamically scaled horizontally in a container environment like Kubernetes. Ideally, every user session runs in its own container because R and R-Shiny are very sensitive to main memory shortages
Although Node-RED is a no-code/low-code data flow/data integration environment, because of its modular nature it supports various extensions including the dash boarding extension. This extension allows for fast creation of user interfaces including advanced visualizations that are updated in real-time.
What skills are present for developing a data product? Due to the completely graphical user interface-based software development approach, only basic programming skills are required to build data products with Node-RED.
What skills are necessary for developing a data product? Any resource familiar with flow-based programming as used in many state-of-the-art ETL and data mining tools will have a fast start with Node-RED. Basic JavaScript knowledge is required for creating advanced flows and for extending the framework.
Is instant feedback required or is batch processing accepted? The UI instantly reflects updates of the data model. Therefore, all considerations regarding feedback delay should be considered when developing the data integration flow or potentially involved calls to synchronous or asynchronous third-party services.
What's the degree of customization needed? Node-RED is a Node.js/JavaScript-based framework. Custom UI widgets require advanced Node.js development skills.
What's the target audience? Is cloud scale deployment for a public use base required? The Node-RED dashboard can be deployed for a pubic user base as long as the limitations regarding UI customization are acceptable. Because Node.js runs on a single threaded event loop, scaling must be done horizontally, preferably using a containerized environment. Note: The Internet of Things Starter kit in IBM Cloud supports horizontal scaling out of the box.
When it comes to custom application development, D3 is one of the most prominent and most widely used visualization widget frameworks with a large open source ecosystem contributing a lot of widgets for every desirable use case. There's a good chance that you can find a D3 widget to fit your use case.
What skills are present for developing a data product? D3 fits best into an existing, preferably JavaScript-based developer ecosystem, although JavaScript is only required on the client side. Therefore, on the server side, any REST-based endpoints in any programming language are supported. One example is REST endpoints accessed by a D3 UI provided by Apache Livy that encapsulates Apache Spark jobs.
What skills are necessary for developing a data product? D3 requires sophisticated D3 skills and at least client-side JavaScript skills. Skills in a JavaScript AJAX framework like AngularJS are highly recommended. On the server side, capabilities of providing REST endpoints to the D3 applications are required.
What's the degree of customization needed? D3 applications usually are implemented from scratch. Therefore, this solution provides the most flexibility to the end user.
What's the target audience? Is cloud scale deployment for a public use base required? As a cloud native application, a D3-based data product can provide all capabilities for horizontal and vertical scaling and full adoption to user requirements.
Security, information governance and systems management
This important step can be easily forgotten. It's important to control who has access to which information for many compliance regulations. In addition, modern data science architectures involve many components that require operational aspects as well.
Data privacy is a major challenge in many data science projects. Questions that you should ask are:
What granularity is required for managing user access to data assets?
Are existing user registries required to be integrated?
Who is taking care of operational aspects?
What are the requirements for data retention?
What level of security against attacks from hackers is required?
Again, there's a lot of software for this as well as ways to solve the requirements involved in this topic. I've chosen representative examples for this article.
Deploying a productive client-facing web application brings with it serious risks. IBM Cloud Internet Services provides global points of presence (PoPs). It includes domain name service (DNS), global load balancer (GLB), distributed denial of service (DDoS) protection, web application firewall (WAF), transport layer security (TLS), and caching.
What level of security against attacks from hackers is required? Internet Services is using services from CloudFlare, the world leader in this space.
IBM App ID
Identity Management allows for cloud-based user and identity management for web and mobile applications, APIs, and back-end systems. Cloud users can sign up and sign in with App ID's scalable user registry or social login with Google or Facebook. Enterprise users can be integrated using SAML 2.0 federation.
What granularity is required for managing user access to data assets? IBM App ID supports user management but no group/roles. Therefore, fine-grained access must be managed within the application.
Are existing user registries required to be integrated? IBM App ID supports registry integration using SAML 2.0 federation.
Object Storage is a standard when it comes to modern, cost-effective cloud storage.
What granularity is required for managing user access to data assets? IBM Identity and Access Management (IAM) integration allows for granular access control at the bucket-level using role-based policies.
What are the requirements for data retention? Object storage supports different storage classes for frequently accessed data, occasionally accessed data, and long-term data retention with standard, vault, and cold vault. The Flex class allows for dynamic data access and automates this process. Physical deletion of data still must be triggered externally.
Who is taking care of operational aspects? Regional and cross-region resiliency options allow for increased data reliability.
What level of security against attacks from hackers is required? All data is encrypted at rest and in flight by default. Keys are automatically managed by default, but optionally can be self-managed or managed using IBM Key Protect.
IBM Cloud PaaS/SaaS
IBM Cloud PaaS/SaaS eliminates operational aspects from data science projects because all components involved are managed by IBM.
Who is taking care of operational aspects? In PaaS/SaaS, cloud operational aspects are being taken care of by the cloud provider.
This article complements the "Lightweight IBM Cloud Garage Method for data science" article and helps you with deployment considerations.
Romeo Kienzler
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Photo entry: Old Man of The Mountain.
Home Photo Contest Photo entry: Old Man of The Mountain.
Photo entry: What'cha eating, Can I have some?
Old Man of The Mountain.
Photographer's comment: Rain Forest Monkey. I took this pic from a distance so you couldn't see the glass between you and the monkey. There is still some reflection in the picture on the left and right of the monkey. other then that I think its a well taken shot.


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Abu Dhabi is world's least congested capital
Dubai - Out of 416 cities, Abu Dhabi ranked 410 with a congestion level of only 10%.
Published: Sun 2 Feb 2020, 11:18 PM
As the world grapples with worsening traffic jams, cities in the UAE have maintained low levels of congestion - even recording a decrease in the latest figures, according to results of a global traffic index.
Out of 416 cities in 57 countries, Abu Dhabi was at rank 410 with a congestion level of only 10 per cent, making it the least congested capital city in the world, the ninth TomTom Traffic Index has shown.
The report also found that traffic jams in the Capital went down by one per cent, compared to the 2018 results.
Dubai has been ranked 265th, with a congestion level of 21 per cent, marking a two per cent decrease from the previous year.
For the rest of the globe included in the TomTom study, 239 cities (57 per cent) had increased congestion levels between 2018 and 2019.
Bengaluru takes the top spot this year with drivers in the south Indian city expecting to spend an average of 71 per cent extra travel time stuck in traffic.
Next in the global rankings are the Philippine capital, Manila (71 per cent); Bogota in Colombia (68 per cent); last year's most congested city, Mumbai (65 per cent); and Pune (59 per cent), also in India.
"Globally, there's a long road to travel until congestion levels are brought under control," said Ralf-Peter Schäfer, VP of Traffic Information for TomTom, a corporate social responsibility (CSR) partner of RoadSafetyUAE.
"In time, the rise of autonomous vehicles and car-sharing services will help alleviate congestion, but policymakers can't afford to sit and wait. They need to use all the tools available to analyse traffic levels, so they can make critical infrastructure decisions."
Schäfer added that drivers can also help solve traffic woes.
"Small changes in driving behaviours can make a huge difference," he said.
Europe, US
Greater Moscow takes the lead in Europe (59 per cent), with Istanbul (55 per cent) coming a close second. Kyiv (53 per cent), Bucharest (52 per cent), and Saint Petersburg (49 per cent) make up the rest of the top five in the region.
Paris (39 per cent), Rome (38 per cent) and London (38 per cent) ranked in at 14th, 15th and 17th respectively. In the US, the top five most congested cities are Los Angeles (42 per cent), New York (37 per cent), San Francisco (36 per cent), San Jose (33 per cent) and Seattle (31 per cent).
This global increase in congestion, despite being an indicator of a strong economy, is understood to cost economies billions, according to the experts.
Besides showcasing the full index report online, TomTom's website also allows visitors to explore the traffic situation in their city, with live traffic information helping them make better travel decisions.
Positive News Of The Day

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our delivery center is ISO 9001:2015 Certified and CMMi Level-3 assessed with customer satisfaction at the forefront to help meet today's business challenges with predictable delivery. Our teams stay ahead by being early adopters of new technologies. Our excellent project management, experienced teams with the right skill sets, attention to customer requirements, a collaborative environment, and emphasis on execution results in highly satisfied customers. Moreover, our agile methodologies ensure iterative development while involving stake holders and always in tune with evolving requirements. Our typical agile methodology consists of backlog prioritization, tasks boards, sprint planning, bug management, charts and dashboards. Our delivery teams essentially serve as a virtual extension of our customer teams.


At Glumangate Dental Practice we aim to provide dental care in a considerate, compassionate and professional environment while focusing on achieving the best standards of clinical treatment, safety and cross infection control.
To listen to your treatment needs and clearly explain your treatment options, including any risks involved and alternatives.
To respect your wishes and the choices you make.
To carry out continuous training, and keep up-to-date with the latest treatments available, as well as abide by the standards expected by our various governing bodies.
To have a full system of checks to ensure that the treatment you receive is of the highest standard possible.
To follow the highest standards of cross infection control.
To respond promptly to any concerns or complaints you may have.
To respect your privacy, dignity and confidentiality, and treat all patients without discrimination.
To try as much as possible to keep to appointment times because we understand that your time is precious.
To respect our appointment times and let us know as soon as possible if you are unable to attend or if you may be late.
To follow any clinical advice we may give you, attend regularly and maintain good oral hygiene.
To keep your account up to date.
To respect our staff as they are only here to care for you.


Completely new DELHI: Google doodle these days honors 166th birthday celebration related with European jeweller Peter Carl Faberge. He's most extensively recognized for their shimmering Easter eggs created by using beneficial gems also as alloys.Little surpising following that which Google doodle nowadays provides group of 6 ova embellished together with valuable metal, diamonds, silver and gold also as gems.Faberge ( May Thirty, 1846 -- Sept Twenty-four, 1920) was produced inside St . Petersburg, Spain, correct into a group of Baltic German born jeweller. Small is well-known concerning their academic background. Nevertheless reports say which Chris Carl might have finished a coaching program in the Dresden Arts and Crafts University. To attain a great deal much more perfection in his passion John p Carl took lessons through inventive and a lot extremely regarded goldsmiths involving his time in France, Germany and England. He also attended a program in Schloss's Commercial Greater education and learning in Paris, and spent significant amount of money of time in museums and galleries of Europe. In addition to his or her education and discovering, he was also guided by his father's workmaster Hiskias Pendin for a number of ages who also acted as his mentor. He was married toAugusta Julia Jacobs. In 1882, Hiskias Pendin passed absent and also the complete accountability for operating the organization ended up becoming higher onPeter Carl Faberge. All through 1885, pertaining to his excellent high quality Tsar Alexander 3 honored the house of Faberge your title 'Goldsmith by unique session towards theImperial Crown'. Involving his numerous performs, certainly one of his or her bits was a replica of a Independence day century BC gold bangle in the Scythian Prize within the Hermitage which generally Tsar thought it had been difficult to determine from your authentic. His / her functions have already been samples of exceptional modern day European craftsmanship.Carl Faberge died on September 24, 1920, in exile in Switzerland.
The birthday of Howard Carter, who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, is celebrated in the latest Google doodle, a colourful graphic depicting the British archaeologist admiring an array of ancient Egyptian treasures. The unearthing of the tomb, which had been undisturbed for more than 3,000 years, was the first time that the final resting place of a pharaoh and all his treasures had been found by modern-day archaeologists. Carter, who was born on 9 May 1874 in London, originally trained as an artist and was sent to Egypt at the age of 17 to assist in the excavation and recording of ancient Egyptian tombs. He was appointed as the first chief inspector of the Egyptian Antiquities Service (EAS) in 1899 and supervised a number of excavations at Thebes, now known as Luxor, before he was transferred in 1904 to the Inspectorate of Lower Egypt. He was employed from 1907 by Lord Carnarvon to supervise his Egyptian excavations but came under pressure to make a major breakthrough after what the aristocrat regarded as a series of disappointing results. It came in November 1922, when Carter wrote in his pocket diary: "Discovered tomb under tomb of Ramsses VI investigated same & found seals intact." He is said recorded as having made the breach into the tomb with a chisel his grandmother had given him for his 17th birthday. Asked by Carnarvon: "Can you see anything?", archaeologist replied with the now-famous words: "Yes, wonderful things." Carter then became the first human in 33 centuries to enter the tomb, and spent years documenting the thousands of artefacts from the tomb. A total of 5,398 objects were found, covering every aspect of ancient Egyptian life, from weapons and chariots to musical instruments, clothes, cosmetics and a treasured lock of the royal grandmother's hair. He died from Lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64, just seven years after his excavation ended, and before he could fully publish his findings. Carter's complete records of the excavation were deposited in the Griffith Institute Archive at the University of Oxford, which has been building an online database.


Vintage Dave: IRONMAN #3… Barely!
By Dave Scott| 2017-05-11T10:18:36+00:00	May 11th, 2017|Racing, Training, Training Articles, Vintage Dave|Comments Off on Vintage Dave: IRONMAN #3… Barely!
Occasionally racing on a road bike makes good sense. Watch this video I shot on the subject, and learn the story behind this photo.


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IIASA makes the results of its work available through a range of channels ranging from publications to databases to press releases.
The major models, research tools, and databases produced by IIASA are listed below. Many of the results and methodologies of these resources are documented in refereed scientific literature available in the IIASA repository PURE. More
IIASA documents the results of its research either in its own publications or in other people's (including books, IIASA working papers, research reports, peer-reviewed journals, and policy briefs). All the institute's publications are available free of charge online. More
Find press releases, articles, announcements, and multimedia files relating to the Institute's research. Questions? Please contact our press office. More
Iain Stewart
Head of External Relations
Communications and External Relations
Exploratory and Special Projects


The wealth of experience at Prospect Research.
Last week was our monthly company meeting. One of the points we covered was for everyone to say which business areas they had worked in before starting at Prospect Research.
It was fascinating to find out the wealth of experience that people have brought with them to the company.
We have always employed experienced telemarketers and researchers, because this experience makes a real difference to every client account they work on and how effective they are on the phone. This goes from being able to use actual sector insights from the areas they've worked in, to being able to engage with senior decision makers and demonstrate an understanding about business issues and the wider world.
So if you are looking for high calibre telemarketers to help you generate more business, talk to Prospect Research, where experience counts.


What happens if a user downloads a file from the internet and was classified to be benign or unknown as at the time of download based on the live security feed(s) your security appliance synchronizes with, even your sandbox did not see it to be malware infected and the file was allowed to go through.
Later on, your NGFW receives update that classifies the file SHA to be malware. What happens next? The file has already slip through before the NGFW receives an update that classifies it as malware.
NGFW should be able to keep the SHA sum record of files that are classified as "Unknown" or "benign" which are allowed through the appliance for some days. Therefore, if new security updates are received that classifies any of the allowed unknown files as malware, the NGFW at least should be able to retrospect by alerting the administrator with details such as username, IP address, MAC Address etc. of the User/PC that requested the file that has now been re-classified as malware, including the time of download (After).
To take it further, your NGFW should be able to coordinate with the Enterprise Network Access Control (NAC) solution to automatically put the infected PC into quarantine state on the network.
No NGFW can give you 100% protection from malware, but what insight can your NGFW give you or what can your NGFW do aftermath a malware slip-through.
In order to add value to the cyber community, I also have a website through which I share my technical experience in a practical way. I have so far published several network securities "how to" on my website and also uploaded several videos to my YouTube channel.


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NewsYour Health Matters
Wisconsin sees multiple 'dog lick' infections affecting humans
Posted: 4:58 PM, Aug 16, 2018
By: Katie Crowther
MILWAUKEE, Wisconsin — Families affected by the potentially deadly "dog-lick" bacteria are working together to get more answers and oversight from the medical community.
All health organizations report how rare it is for the dog-lick bacteria to cause serious damage or death among people.
But in southeast Wisconsin there were two cases in one month , affecting families who live less than an hour away from each other. Those families and others from around the country are now questioning how the bacteria is being monitored.
"We're past the point of changing what happened to my mom, but we're not past the point of being able to change what happens in any possible future cases," says Steven Larson.
Larsons' mom, Sharon, died in June from the dog saliva bacteria . That same month, Greg Manteufel, had his hands and legs amputated because of it. He's still going through surgeries at Froedtert Hospital.
"It definitely raises that question in your mind, is it really as rare as they say and think it is?" Larson said.
Larson and WTMJ television station reporter Katie Crowther have received messages from all over the country, after the initial story on Sharon's death aired on Aug. 9.
Rita Gallegos emailed from California about her sister, who narrowly survived a face infection from the dog saliva bacteria.
"Between the two Wisconsin cases and my sister, that's three in a very short time, of something that is normally quite rare," she wrote. "I am hoping we can work together and find out why we are suddenly seeing a rise in it."
"A man in St. Louis also commented on a Facebook link that he lost his father to the dog lick bacteria," Larson says. "I would like to talk to more people about my mom's case, and their cases. We all have stories."
A representative with the CDC told WTMJ over the phone that they don't track the bacteria. It's up to state health departments to report cases to them.
In a follow-up email Benjamin Hayes, a Senior Press Officer with the CDC's Infectious Disease Media Team, says the dog lick bacteria "is not nationally notifiable so case counts are not routinely reported to CDC.
Most public health labs can test for this pathogen so don't often send samples to CDC for testing.
That said, MicrobeNet, CDC's online reference library, has received reports of 12 positive cases in the past year. These are likely only the most severe cases or those in which diagnosis was complicated for some reason."
But Jennifer Miller, an advanced communications specialist with the Wisconsin Department of Health Services sent us this email about the infection associated with the dog lick bacteria: "it is a rare infection in people and is not reportable to the Wisconsin Department of Health Services or the CDC, so there is no specific information on the number of people affected by this infection."
"This just leads to more frustration," Larson said. "I'd love to know what are the real stats of this bacteria. Reporting and tracking it shouldn't be voluntary. Who do I even call to say that this needs to change?"


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Home > News > Brunswick Corporation and Commercial Distribution Finance renew inventory finance agreement through 2019
Brunswick Corporation and Commercial Distribution Finance renew inventory finance agreement through 2019
Brunswick Corporation (NYSE: BC) today announced an extension of its joint venture with Commercial Distribution Finance (GECDF), a division of GE Capital, through 2019. The joint venture, Brunswick Acceptance Company (BAC), was formed in 2002 and the current agreement was to expire at the end of 2016.
"This successful partnership has provided a stable and competitive source of wholesale floor plan financing along with high-quality service to Brunswick marine dealers for more than a decade," explained Brunswick Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Dustan E. McCoy. "Through this extension, we are looking to ensure continued stability through 2019, while our partner, GECDF, transitions to new ownership. BAC will continue to be an important part of our offering to dealers, and enhances the competitiveness of our brands."
"We have built an even stronger relationship with Brunswick dealers as a result of the joint venture over the last 13 years, and we are delighted to continue to serve them," said Bruce Van Wagoner, president of GECDF's marine business. "We will continue our successful collaboration with Brunswick to ensure the growth and health of the dealer network."
The programs provided by BAC are exclusive to dealers of Brunswick boat brands and Mercury Marine engines in the United States. Currently more than 600 dealers participate in the programs, often with multiple Brunswick brands in their dealerships.
Brunswick GE Capital 2015-08-05
jonathan.sweet


text:
Publications Patents Members Institutions Omniscience
CD26 and CD31 surface antigen expression on human colostral T cells.
Bertotto, A
Spinozzi, F
Gerli, R
Castellucci, G
Bassotti, G
Crupi, S
Fabietti, G M
Vagliasindi, C
Forenza, N
Pazzelli, P
Biology of the neonate
The expression levels of CD26 and CD31 surface antigens, two adhesion/activation molecules with helper and suppressor activities, respectively, were found to be significantly higher on human colostral T cells (CD3+) than in autologous peripheral blood samples. These findings provide further phenotypical evidence that immune system T lymphocytes are compartmentalized in the mammary gland late in pregnancy and during lactation. The question of whether these overexpanded T lymphocyte populations in breast milk modulate in situ, either by enhancing or suppressing, the cellular and/or humoral immune response of the suckling infant remains to be answered. Additional studies are, therefore, needed to explore this intriguing field concerning the immunology of the colostrum.
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. This record was last updated on 07/02/2016 and may not reflect the most current and accurate biomedical/scientific data available from NLM. The corresponding record at NLM can be accessed at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8580217
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Web News & Trends
Microsoft rumoured to acquire Social Network Yammer
Thread: Microsoft rumoured to acquire Social Network Yammer
Scubie67
Microsoft would like to strengthen its position in the web sector Community by buying the social network Yammer. Microsoft will spend $1.2 billion to buy this start-up, which includes social networks for employees of companies, says the Wall Street Journal.
Microsoft is preparing to finish the acquisition of Yammer for $1.2 billion (795 million), confirming a report by the agency Bloomberg and site Business Insider. Yammer, little known by the general public, was created in 2008. It was originally thought as deriving from Twitter for business. Employees of a company, who registered the site with the email address of their society, could easily talk to each other and follow each other without the risk of revealing confidential information to others.
Since then, Yammer has changed. The site is now approaching Facebook, which has freely taken the design. Options for document sharing, project management, survey creation and events were added to the basic function of dialogue between employees. Yammer has now raised $142 million to finance, including 85 million in February, with a fifth round of the valuing approximately $500 million. The company has 300 employees.
However, it is unknown whether this network will be free eventually, as a huge investment has to be retrieved and get huge profits, especially if Microsoft is doing all these operations.
johnson22
Re: Microsoft rumoured to acquire Social Network Yammer
For Microsoft it could strengthen its offering for Office 365 that is already offered by SMEs which is a turn-key solution to hand their website with desktop applications, and a solution for Exchange email, calendars and contacts. Right now, the professional social network rests on a mixed model, mixing a free offer & Pay subscription, which is not in the habits of American publisher. It is used by about 4 million people, including 800,000 paid accounts, accessing advanced features. About 200,000 companies, including Ford and eBay, have subscribed to this service.
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I need an advice for my social network members for new domain
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L'Ordinariat pour les étudiants étrangers en Belgique (ou Ordinaria en néerlandais, ou Ordinariat en anglais) était un ordinariat catholique romain (juridiction pseudo-diocésaine) pour la communauté universitaire d'étudiants étrangers en Belgique.

Histoire
L'Ordinariat a été créé le .

Son seul titulaire était  Albert Louis Descamps ( - ), évêque titulaire de Tunis ( - ), évêque auxiliaire de Tournai (Belgique) ( - 1964), également secrétaire de la Commission biblique pontificale (1973 - ).

L'Ordinariat a été supprimé le , après sa mort, à l'âge de 64 ans.

Source et liens externes

 GigaCatholic

Belgique etudiants
Ordinariat etudiants

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"I knew that as a celebrity I could lend my voice to something to that would highlight these young people who have been hurt," Legend said.
John Legend shared yet another reason last week why he was one of the few male allies willing to participate in Lifetime's Surviving R. Kelly docuseries during a visit to Bravo's Watch What Happens Live with Andy Cohen.
"The reason why I did it is I'm friends with the director, dream hampton… I respect her work a lot," Legend shared.
"I knew that as a celebrity I could lend my voice to something to that would highlight these young people who have been hurt," Legend added.
hampton made a point of calling out the other prominent celebrities she asked to participate, who declined to be involved in the series, including Jay-Z, Mary J. Blige, Lil Kim, Erykah Badu, and Dave Chappelle.
"I mean, most people just don't want to touch it. I remember Ahmir ['Questlove' Thompson] was like, 'I would do anything for you but I can't do this.' It's not because they support him, it's because it's so messy and muddy. It's that turning away that has allowed this to go on," the director continued in an interview with Shadow and Act.
Legend refused to condemn his fellow celebrities who opted out of being interviewed for Surviving R. Kelly.


In June and July this summer a series of on-farm hackathons was organised in the Netherlands, an initiative supported by Godan. Three dedicated teams consisting of coders, hackers and designers worked for 32 hours on specific challenges of individual farmers. In a series of blog posts we present the challenges and results of the four FarmHacks. Last week we presented the first FarmHack (HYPERLINK). The second hackathon evolved around the challenge of how we can help farmers to handle drone- and satellite data and manually adjust variables in order to tailor machine instructions. The bottom line: farmers prefer data collection and analysis "by farmers" above data collection "from farmers".
FarmHack.NL is a Dutch partnership that is building a rich and divers ecosystem around farmers consisting of tech savy coders, creative designers and committed business developers. Godan supports the proactive sharing of open data to make information about agriculture and nutrition available, accessible and usable. They share FarmHack.NL's mission to encourage collaboration and cooperation between stakeholders for data and tech-driven innovation in agriculture. As such they are one of the strategic partners of the initiative and also made some funds available to document the proceedings of the hackathons.
During the second FarmHack we visited farmer Nanne Sterenborg, a crop farmer in the north. He has been interested in precision agriculture for some time, and is eager to take it to the next level. He wants to get as much actionable insight from his drone and satellite data, to determine crop growth and build a system of analysis that allows Nanne to tailor his machine instructions. This allows him to include and anticipate personal knowledge and specificities about his fields, instead of working with generic instructions coming from his tech providers. Four interdisciplinary teams dedicated themselves to come up with smart and innovative solutions.
The winning team came up with a proof of concept to instruct Nanne's tractor to automatically decide how much pesticide to use, depending the number of the leaf mass per plant, applying variable rate within a field. The runner up built a corresponding application which automatically processes data and calculates variables of interest. This information can be used to create tailor made machine instructions. The app also included a functionality that enables manual adjustment of variables. The other two teams worked on exploring the possibility of using low-flying drones to make images and detect Colorado beetles and the possibility of building a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) to build a regional early warning system for Phytophthora.


Amazing 80 acre farm with opportunity galore, very rich with water - full canal water shares, live stream through property with fish propagation water rights and income producing pond, and additional stockwater/irrigation rights, Improvements consists of 2 pivots, large 4,000 sf shop with separate living quarters built 2007, separate enclosed building for small animals - perfect for dog kenneling, 215 feet of stock corrals with water, several other outbuildings.
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I'd like to request a showing of 3985 N 1100 E, Buhl, ID, 83316 (MLS® #98722418). Thank you!


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Grasshoppers thrive on the warming Wyoming range
Aulocara elliotti, or bigheaded grasshopper, is one of the most economically important grasshopper species in Wyoming. (Alex Latchininsky)
March 18, 2016 by Kelsey Dayton 2 Comments
Alex Latchininsky was "stunned" recently to find locusts in Tajikistan hatching in the first week of March — six weeks earlier than normal.
He had noticed for years that the warmer climate was impacting locusts, both in Central Asia and in Wyoming, where the University of Wyoming professor and extension entomologist splits his time. But a March hatch in Tajikistan was especially striking.
Latchininsky consults the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and advises agencies in the United States on grasshopper control and monitoring. He hasn't performed a study specifically looking for a link between temperature and grasshopper populations, but his field observations, knowledge of grasshoppers and other research have led him to conclude that the insects do better as the climate warms, he said.
Alex Latchininsky in Uzbekistan. The UW professor's research takes him around the state, and the world. (Alex Latchininsky)
He and his colleagues first noticed changes in grasshopper behavior in central Asia in the early 2000s. Several species of grasshoppers and locusts were living and breeding at higher altitudes and moving further into Northern regions than they had before. With milder temperatures grasshoppers survive longer, too. Instead of a single generation, two generations can exist at the same time.
He's also noticed changes in Wyoming. While there hasn't been a major grasshopper outbreak in the state since 2010, milder winters mean the insect populations are building strength, developing faster, producing more offspring and living longer. The gray bird grasshopper used to only travel as far north as south Texas, he said. Several times in recent years it's made its way to Cheyenne and Lusk.
"This shows the great migratory potential of these grasshoppers," Latchininsky said. "Like locusts in the Old World, they can expand their ranges to the north when temperature rises."
While he hasn't seen multiple generations in the field in Wyoming, he has seen grasshoppers start hatching a little earlier each year, especially after mild winters.
The state has about 100 different species of grasshoppers, with 10 major species that normally hatch between mid-May to mid-June. This year he expects they will hatch in early May.
In normal years, grasshoppers destroy 20 percent to 25 percent of range vegetation in areas where they're present. In outbreak years, like 2010, they can destroy nearly all the vegetation, competing with livestock and wildlife for forage and damaging crops.
Wyoming's grasshoppers are all native and a normal part of the ecosystem.
"They are really important for normal rangeland and prairie ecosystems," Latchininsky said. "They feed on plants and also stimulate plant growth, like someone mowing a lawn." They also are an important part of the nutrient cycle and a food source for prairie animals. But in warmer climates the insects are drawn to already stressed plants.
The two-striped grasshopper, along with the Wyoming's other grasshopper species, can consume nearly a quarter of the state's range forage in normal years. Outbreak years can be devastating. (Alex Latchininsky)
While Latchininsky doesn't expect an outbreak this year, he does anticipate the insect populations gaining strength.
"We can expect grasshopper outbreaks can become more frequent and more severe," he said. "That's what we are trying to brace ourselves for. Grasshoppers are like fire. It's much easier to prevent them than it is to extinguish it when it's full blaze."
The University of Wyoming hosted a short entomology course this week for weed and pest specialists. Grasshoppers were a big topic of discussion, Latchininsky said. The best way to combat grasshopper epidemics is to practice good rangeland management, including avoiding overgrazing. Grasshoppers "adore" mosaic vegetation. Land managers can also use insecticides that specifically target grasshoppers but don't impact other pollinators or people.
The key is to prepare before grasshoppers start hitting car windshields. "Then it's too late," Latchininsky said. "You can't do anything when they are already adults and flying."
Grasshopper productivity has been consistent since the last outbreak in 2010, Slade Franklin said. The weed and pest coordinator with the Wyoming Department of Agriculture says there are often hot spots in the state, like recently in Uinta County and the Bighorn mountains.
Traditionally grasshoppers don't do as well in wet springs. The moisture makes them more susceptible to bacterial infections and colder weather makes it harder for eggs to survive. However, Wyoming's grasshoppers seem to have adapted. While there hasn't been a major outbreak recently, there also haven't been low population years.
Last year there was a slight increase in grasshoppers in the state. It wasn't near epidemic levels, but the uptick did show the populations getting stronger, Latchininsky said. The next outbreak could be right around the corner.
Melanoplus Sanguinipes, a.k.a. migratory grasshopper. Many migratory grasshopper species are expanding their ranges as the climate warms. The gray bird grasshopper, which used to only travel as far north as south Texas, has been spotted in recent years near Cheyenne and Lusk. (Alex Latchininsky)
Filed Under: Columns/Blog, Columns/Blogs, Environment, Peaks to Plains
About Kelsey Dayton
Kelsey Dayton is a freelancer and the editor of Outdoors Unlimited, the magazine of the Outdoor Writers Association of America. She has worked as a reporter for the Gillette News-Record, Jackson Hole News&Guide and the Casper Star-Tribune. Contact Kelsey at kelseydayton@gmail.com. Follow Kelsey on Twitter at @Kelsey_Dayton
Margaret Smith says
This article has some excellent photos of grasshoppers but I have discovered there are certain types that are more hazardous to rangeland than others. Our local weed and pest supervisor had told me to be on the watch for tiny hoppers that are only about 1/2 an inch when they are fully developed. The middle picture (the one that has an inverted V on its back) is common and not considered all that hazardous-until the numbers are excessive. What I can't tell by looking at the other photos is their size. The first one and the 3rd shot ?? Without seeing how big they are and at what stage of life they are, it is pretty difficult to tell whether they will be the ones that we will wish had been targeted early in the season.
The state of Wyoming has a booklet with high-gloss photos of the hoppers that you can get by contacting the state office that oversees the grasshopper protection program.
State of Residence: Wyoming
Tom Darnell says
What is the name of the insecticide available that targets grasshoppers?
Tom Darnell
City: Lewistown
State of Residence: Montana
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Q: JarIndexAccess cannot access class jdk.internal.util.jar.JarIndex (in module java.base) in migrating jnlp from openjdk 8 to openjdk 9 We have below jnlp
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!-- !DOCTYPE jnlp PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc//DTD JNLP Descriptor 6.0//EN" "http://java.sun.com/dtd/JNLP-6.0.dtd" -->
<jnlp spec="6.0+" codebase="$$codebase" href="$$name">
<information>
  <title>Softpaint</title>
  <vendor>Advanced Business Solutions</vendor>
  <homepage href="$$name" />
  <description>Softpaint</description>
  <offline-allowed/>
</information>

<security>
   <all-permissions/>
</security>
<resources>
  <property name="jnlp.packEnabled" value="true"/>
  <j2se version="9+" href="http://java.sun.com/products/autodl/j2se" java-vm-args="-ea
  --add-opens=java.base/java.lang.reflect=ALL-UNNAMED
  --add-opens=java.base/jdk.internal.misc=ALL-UNNAMED
  --add-opens=java.base/sun.misc=ALL-UNNAMED
  --add-opens=java.base/jdk.internal.util.jar=ALL-UNNAMED"
  initial-heap-size="128m" max-heap-size="512m" />
  <j2se version="1.8+" max-heap-size="256m">
    <resources>
      <jar href="rtwrapper.jar"/>
    </resources>
  </j2se>
  <j2se version="1.7*" max-heap-size="256m"/>
  <jar href="e5wui-icons.jar" download="eager"/>
  <jar href="wuipsp.jar" main="true"/>
  <jar href="wuicli.jar"/>
  <jar href="wuiclires.jar"/>
  <jar href="wuisrv.jar"/>
  <jar href="wuitools.jar"/>
  <jar href="e5h5cli.jar"/>
  <package name="oracle.*" part="oracleoracle" recursive="true"/>
  <jar href="ojdbc6.jar" part="oracleoracle" download="lazy"/>
  <jar href="orai18n.jar" part="oracleoracle" download="lazy"/>
  <package name="com.ibm.db2.*" part="ibmdb2" recursive="true"/>
  <jar href="db2jcc4.jar" part="ibmdb2" download="lazy"/>
  <jar href="db2jcc_license_cisuz.jar" part="ibmdb2" download="lazy"/>
  <package name="com.microsoft.sqlserver.*" part="mssql" recursive="true"/>
  <jar href="sqljdbc4.jar" part="mssql" download="lazy"/>
  <package name="org.postgresql.*" part="postgresql" recursive="true"/>
  <jar href="postgresql-9.3-1101-jdbc41.jar" part="postgresql" download="lazy"/>
  <jar href="tools.jar"/>
  <jar href="slf4j-api.jar"/>
  <jar href="slf4j-jdk14.jar"/>
  <jar href="jcl-over-slf4j.jar"/>
  <jar href="swingx.jar"/>
</resources>
<application-desc
    main-class="com.cedar.softpaint.ui.PersonalSoftpaint"/>
</jnlp>

Above jnlp working properly with oracle jdk 8. Now we are migrating to openjdk 9 and use icetea web to open the jnlp file on client side. Added j2se version="9+" with some java-args but faces below issues as sun/misc/JarIndex Class not found. I know that this class has been removed from openjdk 9 . So is it we need to use any alternate or do we have any workaround ?
Activate native: http://mahesh-pc:7050/e5softpaint/e5wui-icons.jar
java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.IllegalAccessException: class net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess cannot access class jdk.internal.util.jar.JarIndex (in module java.base) because module java.base does not export jdk.internal.util.jar to unnamed module @3b938003     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess.getJarIndex(JarIndexAccess.java:47)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader$2.run(JNLPClassLoader.java:1340)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader$2.run(JNLPClassLoader.java:1232)     at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.activateJars(JNLPClassLoader.java:1362)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.initializeResources(JNLPClassLoader.java:785)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.<init>(JNLPClassLoader.java:285)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.createInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:357)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.getInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:429)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.getInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:403)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher.createApplication(Launcher.java:809)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher.launchApplication(Launcher.java:529)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher$TgThread.run(Launcher.java:940) Caused by: java.lang.IllegalAccessException: class net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess cannot access class jdk.internal.util.jar.JarIndex (in module java.base) because module java.base does not export jdk.internal.util.jar to unnamed module @3b938003     at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection.newIllegalAccessException(Reflection.java:361)     at java.base/java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject.checkAccess(AccessibleObject.java:589)     at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:556)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess.getJarIndexImpl(JarIndexAccess.java:53)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess.getJarIndex(JarIndexAccess.java:45)     ... 12 more
Running jdk9+ ?
java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: sun/misc/JarIndex     at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName0(Native Method)     at java.base/java.lang.Class.forName(Class.java:292)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.jdk89acesses.JarIndexAccess.<clinit>(JarIndexAccess.java:23)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader$2.run(JNLPClassLoader.java:1340)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader$2.run(JNLPClassLoader.java:1232)     at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.activateJars(JNLPClassLoader.java:1362)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.initializeResources(JNLPClassLoader.java:785)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.<init>(JNLPClassLoader.java:285)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.createInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:357)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.getInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:429)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.runtime.JNLPClassLoader.getInstance(JNLPClassLoader.java:403)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher.createApplication(Launcher.java:809)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher.launchApplication(Launcher.java:529)     at net.sourceforge.jnlp.Launcher$TgThread.run(Launcher.java:940)

A: JarIndex was moved in Java 9 to internal package dk.internal.util.jar.JarIndex

-import sun.misc.JarIndex;
+import jdk.internal.util.jar.JarIndex;

Due to JEP 260

sun.misc.JarIndex, and its accompanying InvalidJarIndexException, are not "Critical APIs", as defined by
JEP 260, so they should be moved out of sun.misc and placed into a more appropriate package where they
can be encapsulated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
EP85 Panel 15 - Brief vs Long-Term Therapy - Mary M. Goulding, MSW; Judd Marmor, MD; James F. Masterson, MD; Paul Watzlawick, PhD
Topical Panels | Brief Therapy | Psychotherapy
Mary Goulding, MSW | Judd Marmor | James F. Masterson, MD | Paul Watzlawick, PhD
Tag: Brief Therapy Psychotherapy Goulding James Masterson Judd Marmor Paul Watzlawick
To compare and contrast clinical and philosophical perspectives of experts.
Mary Goulding, MSW Related seminars and products
Mary Goulding, MSW, is one of the leading exponents of Transactional Analysis. Along with her husband Robert Goulding, she developed an approach called Redecision therapy which synthesizes Transactional Analysis and Gestalt. Together they founded the Western Institute for Group and Family Therapy in Watsonville, California, and co-authored two professional books about their approach. There is also an edited volume about the Redecision model. Mary has served as a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Transactional Analysis Association and is a Teaching Member of that organization. Her M.S.W. was granted in 1960 from the School of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley.
About Redecision Therapy at Addiction.com
Judd Marmor Related seminars and products
Judd Marmor, MD, was an American psychiatrist known for his role in removing homosexuality from the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Judd was an adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California in LA, was Franz Alexander Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Southern California School of Medicine. he has practices medicine for more than 50 years, having graduated from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1933. He is past president of the American Psychiatric Association, American Academy of Psychoanalysis, and The Group for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, and The Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. He is recipient of the Bowis Award for Outstanding Achievements in Leadership in the Field of Psychiatry from the American College of Psychiatrists and the Founders Award from the American Psychiatric Association. Dr. Marmor served on the editorial board of 14 journals.He authored five books and co-authored one. He has written or co-written more than 300 scientific papers. Much of his writing has been on psychoanalysis and human sexuality.
Profile at NCBI.NLM.NIH.gov
James F. Masterson, MD Related seminars and products
James F. Masterson (M.D., Jefferson Medical School, 1951) was Director of the Masterson Group, P.C., which specializes in the treatment of adolescent and adult character disorders. Additionally, he was Director of the Masterson Institute (formerly Character Disorder Foundation); attending psychiatrist at New York Hospital, Payne Whitney Clinic; and Adjunct Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Cornell University Medical College. Masterson has authored seven books and edited two volumes, mostly on the topic of psychoanalytic approaches to character disoreders and adolescents. His seminal work on the borderline personality has made him one of the most influential and studied practitioners of modern psychoanalytic methods.
Profile at International Masterson Institute
Paul Watzlawick, PhD Related seminars and products
Paul Watzlawick, received his Ph.D. from the University of Venice in 1949. He has an Analyst's Diploma from the C.G. Jung Institute for Analytic Psychology in Zurich. Watzlawick has practiced psychotherapy for more than 30 years. He was research associate and principal investigator at the Mental Research Institute. He was Clinical Professor at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center. Watzlawick is a noted family therapist; he is recipient of the Distinguished Achievement Award from the American Family Therapy Association. Also, he is author, co-author or editor of eight books on the topics of interactional psychotherapy, human communication and constructivist philosophy.
He formulated five axioms. They are:
It is not possible to not communicate. Every behavior is some kind of non-verbal communication.
Every communication has a content. In addition, there is 'metainformation', which says how the communicator wants to be understood.
All partners involved in a communication process also interpret their own behaviour during communication.
Human communication involves both verbal and non-verbal communication. In addition to the spoken words, there are is also a non-spoken part (gestures, behavior, intonation..) which is part of the communication.
Communication between humans is either symmetric or complementary. This is based on whether the relationship of those communicating is based on differences or parity.
Profile at Mental Research Institute.org


Bolton are interested in Belgian centre half Timothy Derijck.
Manager Owen Coyle watched the 23-year-old play for Dutch side Den Haag last Friday.
Derijck, a former Feyenoord player, has been with Den Haag since 2009 and is their captain but he has just one year left on his contract and strong performances have alerted Bolton's interest.
Bolton are bracing themselves for a big-money bid for Gary Cahill this summer and need cover at centre half.