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238: Lost in Translation
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Alex spoke Russian, lived in Russia for a year, worked with Russian refugees in Chicago for two years. And his Russian teacher thought that he only needed one thing to make his life complete.
She thought I needed a Russian girlfriend. She thought that only Russians would be able to stand up to me the way that I needed to be stood up to, or something. I don't know.
Our American women are just too soft.
I don't know what you-- I truly don't know. But anyway, that's the thought she had.
So she kept trying to fix him up with Russian women. And this one night, she had him come out with a whole bunch of people, including this woman Elena, who was going to be his date.
And so I meet them for dinner. And we're at the sushi restaurant, and we're all eating, and everybody's telling stories, funny stories. And I'm sitting across from my date. And my Russian teacher is turning to me and saying, you know, tell them this story! Tell them that story! And so then I tell them this story and that story, and everybody's laughing, except for my date.
And so we leave the sushi restaurant and we go to this club. And we're all dancing. Like, my Russian teacher's dancing, and all of her friends are dancing, and everybody's sort of like, you know, exchanging partners, and it's sort of this fun scene. And everybody's dancing except for my date, who's just sitting at the table and sort of nursing a drink.
And looking--?
And looking bored. Really bored.
And so, you know, I keep on coming back from the dance floor, and saying, are you sure you don't want to dance? You want to dance? And then she will sort of smile bitterly, and just shake her head, and-- and so then somebody else will drag me out.
So finally I come back and I sit down, and I'm sitting next to her, and I'm trying to strike up a conversation. And you know, something about like, I guess you don't like dancing, or something like that. And she sort of looks out at the floor, and there's people having a great time all around. And she sort of like nods her chin towards the floor and she's like, "This is an American dance number."
And I drove away thinking, well, that was a horrible date. Like, neither of us enjoyed each other. And that was a disaster, pretty much. Like, we were not going to be seeing each other again.
I get to Russian class the next week, and my Russian teacher says, "hey, so are you going to call Elena? She said she had a great time." And I was like, I was floored by that. I was trying to figure out what that could possibly have meant, right?
And so I was like sort of mulling it over in my head, because it was really fascinating to me. And I realized that I have a very sort of like clear and perhaps culturally informed idea of what a great date is. And it has to do with the idea of, like, what it means to fall in love. And I realized that in my head, what I think about as a great date is what sort of you see in the movies. Like sort of the "falling in love" montage of the movies.
You know, you go on a great date. It often involves a boardwalk. There's a great deal of sort of like, throwing your heads back in laughter. You might chase each other around a tree.
There's the splashing of water.
Splashing of water is almost always involved.
And I think for her, and this is something that I always noticed when I was in Russia, I think that for her, it's totally different thing. In Russia, and in Russian literature, there's a lot of talk about the soul and soulmates. And I think for her, like, falling in love means finding the one person on the planet who understands the misery of life as deeply and fully as you do. And they can talk to you about it.
And so when she acted all depressed on their date, she was not actually blowing Alex off like he thought at the time. She was flirting.
So Alex decides to ask his Russian teacher about this theory, that Americans and Russians have completely different views of what it means to fall in love. And I have to say, he's a little bit nervous to try this out on her, because he's worried that maybe it's insulting or stereotyping Russians. But he explains the theory to her.
And she totally agreed. She was like, that's absolutely right. You're right. And and then she just went on a rant about Americans. And she was like, Americans, they have no understanding of what it's like to fall in love. And like, Americans, I never understand, why do you say, "he makes me laugh?" Why is that so important? "He makes me laugh?" Every American I've ever met, all they say, when you ask them how the relationship is, and they say "he makes me laugh" as if that's the greatest thing in the world? What's so great about "he makes me laugh?"
She just, you know, went off on like, something that I have actually said many times. Like, I just want somebody who makes me laugh.
Some days seems like every story in the world is the story of cultural misunderstanding. Between people of different countries, Muslims and Christians, blacks and whites, Republicans and Democrats, men and women, Spanish speakers and Anglos, adults and children, rich people and poor people. And so today, in this era of misunderstandings abroad and at home, we bring you an hour of stories about what gets lost in translation.
From WBEZ Chicago, it's This American Life, distributed by Public Radio International. I'm Ira Glass. Our program today in three culture-bridging acts.
Act One, The Chasm Between Comedy and Music. In that act, two brave people step into that chasm. Drop into that chasm. However you put it.
Act Two, Star of Bethlehem. We bring you the story of the most important, most respected newsman on television in the town of Bethlehem, who does a program that is unlike any news show that you have ever seen.
Act Three. Translating For the Very, Very, Very, Very, Very Tall. In which we have, for a change, on our program a story that gets us close to someone so famous that you may have actually heard of him if you follow pro basketball in the tiniest way. Stay with us.
Act One: The Chasm Between Comedy And Music
Act One. The Chasm Between Comedy and Music.
Well, we start today's program about translation with a story about karaoke. In karaoke, after all, you are the interpreter. You are the translator. You stand there with the words of the song appearing on a little TV monitor and you try to render a life-size performance-- a translation of the original hit, if you will-- rendered in the musical language of you.
And in a way, it's surprising that the only karaoke we have is for music. Why not karaoke of the "I Have a Dream" speech, or the "You talking to me?" from Taxi Driver. Recently Jonathan Goldstein and Starlee Kine, you hear them both on our program from time to time, heard about a karaoke bar which not only had songs, but comedy routines that you could perform onstage. They decided to find out for themselves how stand up comedy translates to the karaoke stage.
Jonathan Goldstein
Starlee and I talk quite a bit about chops. Comedic chops. Pacing, placement of the zinger. When to employ whimsy and when to employ wit. Chops.
Back when we worked in adjoining cubicles, we'd kill time by arguing over what was funny and what wasn't. Blowing cigar smoke in a baby's face? Not funny. A baby smoking a cigar? Funny.
We were like Borscht Belt comedians without the borscht, the belt, or the audience. But the fact that we weren't knocking them dead at Grossinger's every night didn't keep us from coming up with titles for our showbiz bios. Starlee's book was going to be called The Woman Behind the Chops, while I intended to call mine Sir Chops-a-Lot.
Why, just the other day, I was giving young Starlee a quiz. What's the most important thing in comedy? I asked her.
I have to say--
Chops.
So finally, Starlee and I, after years of talking about comedy, actually decided to go out and create comedy. We were going to take it to the stage and tell jokes for an audience at this karaoke bar. We were going to exchange the tweed vestments of the armchair humorologist for the rainbow-striped suspenders of the practitioner. We wanted to see if we had what it took.
The karaoke bar is called The Hidden Cove, and it had catalogs of different comedy routines, all from the late '80s, early '90s. Starlee had already looked through them. She decided she was going to do a man-bashing routine called "Men are Perfect-- Jerks." We talked about the proper delivery.
Men are perfect. Jerks. How was that?
Too deadpan. Like, imagine yourself walking away from the mike and then coming back to the mike, turning your head and saying into the microphone, "Jerks!"
OK. Men are perfect-- jerks!
That's not bad. I'd give it maybe a little bit more pause.
The difference in our comedic approach is vast, as is our approach to life. At the office where Starlee and I used to work together, people whose names she didn't even know would seek her out, bringing her homemade bread, presenting her with souvenirs from their vacations, and even setting aside her favorite caramel taffies from the communal office candy dish. I, on the other hand, had made the effort to learn the names of their children, grandchildren, and in one case, their pet hamster, Mr. Jinglepot. For all of this, I got nothing.
Starlee had concerns about the caliber of the jokes on the karaoke machine at the bar, how stale they might be. I explained to her that the material, no matter how cliched or boorish, did not matter. A true humorist, I said, could stand on stage and get laughs while reading an eviction notice. It was all in the delivery. It was all about chops.
When we showed up, we learned that The Hidden Cove is a very popular and beloved karaoke bar and it was filled with patrons who came there every week to sing. This was the first week of the Iraq war, and the regulars, just like everyone else, had wanted some diversion, a night away from the news. They took their karaoke very seriously, too. One man was hunched over a tattered notebook that he brought from home in which he had neatly penciled the code numbers of his favorite karaoke songs, row after row of them.
As people got on the stage to sing and dance, there was a general feeling of warmth and beery encouragement in the air. Everyone seemed to know everyone else. And when we asked them about the comedy routines on the karaoke machine, no one could recall ever having seen them done. Even the owners of the bar weren't quite sure what we were talking about.
We finally found a lone page of comedy karaoke material and we signed up to go on. I was after a woman singing a karaoke classic.
One of these days these boots are gonna walk all over you!
My routine was called "My Parents Hated Me." My strategy was to deadpan my way through, following each punchline with my patented hapless look.
I tell you. I had one hell of a childhood. I'm not saying my parents didn't love me, but my bath toys were a radio and a toaster.
Nothing. Complete joyless silence.
Some things just don't translate to the karaoke stage. A karaoke machine, for instance, has no instinct for comedic timing. It just keeps scrolling down at the same pace. This means that sometimes you have to wait for a punchline to a joke for several awkward moments after having delivered the setup. It was messing up my chops.
When I got lost, a cop helped me to look for my parents. "Do you think we'll ever find them?" I cried. The cop said, "I don't know. There are so many places they could hide."
As I walked off the stage, no one in the audience would meet my gaze. Still, given the circumstances, I didn't think I had done that bad. Next up was Starlee.
Hey, how about a little male-bashing?
[AUDIENCE ENCOURAGEMENT]
Starlee pulls out all these moves. She shrugs her shoulders as if to say, what can you do? She breaks free of the staccato rhythms of the karaoke screen and makes the material her own. She even does this thing where she points your toes inward to make herself look littler, and thus cuter. She was like a pigeon-toed puppy taking its very first steps.
Where's the best place to hide money from a man? Your forehead.
She was winning over the crowd and getting laughs. My laughs. They took to her in the same way people in the office did.
I decided to head back up on stage. I was warmed up and the audience was a little more familiar with my work. Plus, I chose a better routine this time. Earlier I had self-deprecated myself out of laughs. Now, armed with a new selection of material from the karaoke machine, celebrity-bashing jokes from 1992.
I hear Cher named her daughter Chastity in memory of her preschool years.
Not only were these jokes old and dated, but they were also tasteless and offensive.
Did you hear about Roseanne Arnold's new soap opera?
Still, I soldiered on, unaware that the grandest failure of timing in the history of comedy was about to unfold.
Before I play you this next bit of tape, I should say, in my own defense, that a karaoke screen holds a weird, hypnotic power. You can't help reading whatever rolls down the screen, and you only figure out the meaning of the words you speak as they are tumbling out of your mouth. And then it's too late.
I'm going to play you the tape now. Please remember, it's not my fault. Don't judge me.
What's the difference between Ted Kennedy and the Iraqi army? Ted Kennedy has at least one confirmed kill.
[BOOING]
I don't write this stuff!
[INCREASED BOOING]
Let me just reiterate. This was during the first week of the Iraq war, and things were not going as easily as America had hoped. American soldiers were dying, and there was no end in sight. A few days earlier or a few days later and my words would not have stung in the same way.
It was not even clear what the audience was booing. It was like they just didn't know what else to do. Perhaps they were booing the sheer extraordinary coincidence at all. Here was this leftover joke from the first Gulf War being told for the first time in over a decade, and being told the very week we had gone back to war with the same country. It was like I just delivered a punchline after a ten year pause.
Stupidly, I still somehow believed I could redeem myself. Instead, what rolled down the screen next was the second most tasteless joke from 1992.
What's Mike Tyson's definition of foreplay? Jesus, that's--
At this point, the owner actually turned off my mike.
I've always held the greatest gift an entertainer can receive to be laughter that turns into applause. You know, that moment where a wave of laughter climaxes and breaks apart into the kind of appreciative clapping that says to a performer, we can no longer laugh because our sides are hurting with the pain that is too great, so now we will switch to clapping. God bless you, funny wise man.
Now, instead of laughter turning into applause, I was experiencing boos turning into applause as I slunk off the stage.
There wasn't an aspect of that applause that was sort of-- that they were kind of with me, that they were sort of, hey, you're all right? Like we both just went through a bad situation--
A little. I mean, because a little, I have to admit that a little bit, I kind of felt like there was sort of sympathetic applause. A little bit.
Oh, you're crazy. You're so crazy. I can't believe it. You're in total denial.
No, I mean, I just wanted to run that by you. Because I thought maybe that was possible.
No. Trust me. They were against you.
So I think what this whole experience has taught us is that certain things just don't translate.
Yeah. I mean, karaoke is best served for music. I think that's the lesson that we've both learned from this experience. That it's better to stick to, you know, songs and music, like "These Boots are Made for Walking," and leave comedy off the karaoke stage.
I would have to say, I disagree.
Oh, do you?
Comedy translated just fine when I went up.
Since karaoke night, I was so pumped up from my success--
Yeah. That I thought up some new titles for my book. Do you want to hear them?
Uh, sure.
OK. My Chops, My Life. Chopzilla, The Chop That Was Heard Around the World, Queen Choptifa--
Is this your idea of a victory lap?
I'm funnier than Jonathan.
That's nice.
The Kid Stays In the Chop, A Chip Off the Old Chopping Block, Li'l Chop, It's Lonely Near the Chop, They Call Me Choppy--
Jonathan Goldstein with Starlee Kine. Or is that the other way around?
Act Two: Star Of Bethlehem
Act Two. Star of Bethlehem.
OK, now these possibly helpful geopolitical facts. Most Palestinians don't speak Hebrew. Most Israelis don't speak Arabic. Where Palestinians live, in a place like Bethlehem on the West Bank, Israeli newspapers aren't even for sale. Checkpoints block the passage of civilians from one side to another. All of this to say, each side has very little daily knowledge what the other side is thinking and talking about.
But for the last three and a half years, since the beginning of the current intifada, a Palestinian journalist in Bethlehem had a nightly news program on Bethlehem TV where he translates the Israeli nightly news broadcasts into Arabic, live, in real time. He also translates and summarizes articles from the Israeli newspapers and internet sites. The show is popular in Bethlehem, but it is very complicated speaking your enemy's language. Nancy Updike tells the story.
Because he's translating, Nasser Laham is reporting things that have never been reported in the territories before. Things that in the normal course of events are not even talked about in public.
When Yasser Arafat slapped the former head of security for the West Bank, stuck a gun in his face, and said, "I'm going to kill you," Nasser's translation of an Israeli TV report was the only Arabic language broadcast to mention the incident. When an Israeli newspaper published an expose about corruption in the top leadership in Bethlehem, Nasser was the only one who picked the story up, and he broadcast his translation in spite of a flurry of increasingly threatening phone calls from the leaders involved. Soon after, they were all ousted.
And even though the story came from a newspaper in Jerusalem, which is only 15 minutes away from Bethlehem, most likely, no one would have heard about it if Nasser hadn't told the story.
Nasser Laham
There is no comparing between the Palestinian newspapers and the Israeli newspapers. Because our newspapers are, I mean, very bad. It's hard. It's hard to take the truth from your enemies, on the Israeli side. Not from the Palestinian leadership.
All Palestinian media-- newspapers, radio, television, except for private television stations like Bethlehem TV-- are tightly controlled by the Palestinian Authority. Take the way the Palestinian papers covered the recent power struggle between Arafat and the new prime minister, known as Abu Mazen, whose appointment was supposed to be the first step toward a new peace process.
In the period of Abu Mazen government, they didn't include anything about Abu Mazen. They start to search for Saddam Hussein and the SARS.
So they were writing about the SARS virus rather than Abu Mazen?
Of course, yeah.
Why weren't they writing about Abu Mazen?
You know. You know, Nancy. I keep the newspapers in my house for the history. To say it in 20, 21, 22 [UNINTELLIGIBLE] when all the newspapers in the world, they talk about Abu Mazen, the Palestinian newspaper, they didn't do that.
[SPEAKING ARABIC]
Whenever there's a suicide bombing of any size in Israel, Israeli TV goes into nonstop crisis coverage, and Bethlehem TV carries this live, with Nasser translating for hours. You see emergency workers running stretchers with burned and bloody people to ambulances. I watched with a translator of my own. You'll hear Nasser's voice in Arabic, then my translator in English.
You been at the cafeteria, yes?
We were sitting.
I heard explosion.
And she's talking while she's shivering.
Nasser interjects these kind of details when he's translating-- she's shivering as she's talking-- because he wants his viewers to know exactly what's happening. They can't hear her voice shaking, so he tells them.
If the Israeli knows what's happening in the Palestinian lands with details, and the Palestinian knows what's happening in the Israeli cities with details, trust me. The decisions would be different.
Do you think that watching the coverage of a suicide bombing, do you think it makes Palestinians watching it more sympathetic to Israelis?
No. I think that the question is wrong. Your question is wrong. Why? Because they saw before. Big chance they saw. Anyone can open the Israeli television and saw the pictures. But they didn't understand what they are talking in the television with the Hebrew. This is my work. To translate emotions, facts, numbers.
In fact, plenty of the details Nasser translates have got to stir outrage rather than sympathy. Nasser's producer told me that one of the reasons Bethlehem TV decided it was important to follow Israel's continuous coverage after a suicide attack is that Israelis speak then without filters. Politicians openly called for what's known as "transfer"-- the removal of all Palestinians from the territories. Ordinary Israelis call for revenge, say the peace process is hopeless because Palestinians are all terrorists.
Nasser translates it all without hedging. Palestinians never use the words "terrorist" or "suicide bomber." They say "shahid"-- "martyr." But when Israel TV says terrorist, Nasser does too.
I'd wanted to meet Nasser ever since I saw this book he published about Arafat, which is so strange and provocative that it's not in any Palestinian political category so much as orbiting all of them. The cover of the book is red with a picture of Arafat smiling, and the title is The Truth, the Whole Truth About Yasir Arafat, The Man Who's Led Fatah and the PLO for 37 Years. On the back it says, "In this book, I put between the hands of the reader what has never been said before about the man who led one of the greatest and longest liberation movements in the world. With all modesty, I present the reader with information in opposition to what Palestinian, Arabic, Islamic, Western, and Israeli research and study have determined about this man.
When you open the book, it's empty. All the pages are blank, except the very first page, where Nasser invites the readers to fill the book with their own opinions. "I'm confident that you'll have something to write," he says "because every person views President Arafat as he wishes."
Half the Palestinians I show the book to get really angry. The other half burst out laughing, at least in part due to shock. You just don't see this kind of joke-- an absurdist prank-- in the Territories, where the situation is so dire, where everyone feels like the entire world is against them and their leader.
In general, Nasser's sense of humor is pretty dark. One time, he was telling me how much the Arab world hates Israel's Prime Minister, Ariel Sharon He offered this prescription for fighting al-Qaeda and achieving world peace.
If Sharon supported al-Qaeda or Osama bin Laden, maybe all the Middle East will be against al-Qaeda. It's a good idea. Try that.
Nasser drives to work in the morning in his beat up '84 Opel hatchback, a car so crappy it's like a giant neon sign saying, I am not on the take. He turns on the TV and Israeli army radio and starts looking at the breaking news in Israel over the internet.
He lights a cigarette. He smokes all the time and in this way that makes you feel like everyone else who smokes is just messing around. With every drag, he takes all the smoke in in a big gulp. He smokes each one down into the filter is about to melt. I've never seen him eat.
Nasser taught himself Hebrew in prison from an Arabic Hebrew dictionary he asked his parents to send him. I should mention that so many Palestinian men have been to prison that it's almost a given, especially men around Nasser's age, 36, who were young activists at university during the first intifada.
As soon as he learned Hebrew, he started teaching other prisoners. He's taught it ever since-- to friends, relatives, students, businessmen. It's sort of a compulsion.
His crusade to teach and translate Hebrew raises a question. What good is it, in a violent conflict that's been going on for decades, to speak your enemy's language? What can it change?
Nasser reads and enjoys Israeli novels. He listens to Israeli pop, has Israeli friends, mostly journalists. He's an idealist. He believes that learning the language of the other side can be the first step toward understanding them, toward peace.
A 28 year old named Mohammed with a big, sad face, a guy Nasser taught Hebrew to, tells me this story about being in an Israeli hospital, in a room full of Israeli kids, when he was 16. Mohammed asked the kid in the bed next to him, in Hebrew, "So what are you in for?" "Car accident," the kid said. "And you?" Mohammed said, "I was shot in the leg by an Israeli soldier."
They asked me, why they shot you? Are you one of the terrorists? Are you Hamas? Are you jihad? And I said, no. I'm not Hamas. I'm not jihad. I'm a student. I go to my school. It wasn't a war. It was nothing. I mean, six in the morning. There was no clashing. No throwing stone. Nothing, nothing.
And he was, yeah, I feel, like, sorry. We are sorry. I'm sorry. They said. I told him that you don't have to say sorry because you are not the one who shot me. And he was just, [INAUDIBLE]. [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
His mother, because she can every day to come to the hospital. My mother, she can't, because there's a checkpoint. But his a mother, she can come every day. And she was bringing food to me, also. [UNINTELLIGIBLE], food, shaving machine.
She brought you a razor?
Yeah. She give me her phone number. If you need anything, just call. We are here. They asked me a lot of times to come to visit. And I hope, when I can.
Not everyone Nasser taught Hebrew to is so hopeful about it.
Nasser taught this guy in prison. He says speaking Hebrew helps if you want to have a personal conversation with an Israeli, gets to know their life. But when it comes to politics, knowing the language doesn't make any difference at all. The same walls are there, just more clearly.
Still, if your only two choices or violence or talking, Nasser chooses talking. He and Mohammed are part of a group of people who do training for community leaders in nonviolence and what they call "compassionate listening--" how to listen to someone you really, really disagree with. Nasser is against suicide bombings, feels that the Palestinian people have a right to resist, but that the armed resistance is not working at all.
Given all this, given his politics, I was surprised by some of the things I saw on Bethlehem TV. One day there were hours of song celebrating martyrs to the Palestinian cause, including suicide bombers. Another time, I saw an unforgettably baroque video celebrating Saddam Hussein.
[SINGING IN ARABIC]
Picture a plump man in a long, blue tunic smiling, singing, and pumping a machine gun up and down in time to the music. Behind him, a crowd of men in uniform is moving their guns and dancing in time, also. They're holding a large picture of Saddam Hussein in front of them. Then Saddam himself appears onscreen in a fedora, firing a pistol in the air and smiling. Then the Iraqi army is jogging, followed by anti-aircraft guns shooting, and soldiers marching, and tanks moving against the sunset, and mosques, and more of Saddam in the fedora.
This was April. The war in Iraq was long over.
When I ask Nasser about it, he tells me not everything on the program reflects his own political views. People call and request these videos all the time, so he plays them. But then he also broadcasts stuff they don't request.
Look, Nancy. Yesterday I translated all the speech about the Holocaust. And the people asking, why? They are our enemy. I said, we have to know also they are suffering. We have know a lot about the Holocaust. They're surprised, but I know that they trust me, because I was in the Israeli prison six years, because I am living in the [SPEAKING ARABIC] camp, refugee camp, because I am a Muslim, because I am poor, not rich-- they trust me. They said, OK. If you say that, we will know a lot about the Holocaust.
By the time he was done, Nasser translated several days of Israel's annual commemoration of the Holocaust. Rest assured this doesn't happen on any other Arabic language station.
I spent a day interviewing people around Bethlehem about what they think of the show.
It's excellent. He's a good journalist. It's fantastic.
It's very good, because they give us the opinion of the people who are in Israel.
Almost everyone I talk to watches the program and loves it. People say they do get information there that they can't get anywhere else. One man told me that when the second intifada started, the only way you could find out which Palestinians were wanted by the Israelis and why was by watching Nasser's translation of Israeli TV.
Did you ever learn something new about Israelis that you never knew before?
That there are some writers or journalists that are on our side of the Palestinian problem--
--against their government.
It's good to know that there are Israelis who are with us.
I saw a very poor Israeli family in the program of Nasser. You know, they are very bad economically. More than us. They have maybe bread to eat. This was a new thing for us.
Bethlehem, where the TV station is, is a dusty, broken down, depressing place. Most businesses are dead or on the ropes. No parks, no pools. In the summer, people often have running water only once a week, or even every two weeks. Israeli army vehicles roll through practically every day, sometimes to demolish a house, and the neighbors pull chairs onto their roofs and sit watching the destruction, since most don't have jobs. There are 12 Israeli settlements within 10 miles of Bethlehem, and they're growing.
Nasser told me that when he was at work one day, he looked up at the television and saw his own kids, his 11 year old twins, on TV, throwing stones at Israeli tanks and soldiers. He was alarmed. Kids have been shot and killed throwing stones.
He talked to them about it that night. "Why are you throwing stones?" he said. "Because they're the enemy," they told him. "Who told you that?" he asked. "The kids at school," they said.
I asked him if he told them to stop throwing stones, and he said of course. Three, four, five times he told them. And then they started lying and saying they hadn't thrown stones when he knew they had. He doesn't know what to do. When he talks to friends, Israeli journalists, on the phone at home, his 11 year old daughter Beirut says, "I heard you talking Hebrew. Don't talk to those people."
Nasser has been trying to teach his kids Hebrew, so I interviewed the four of them. None of the kids see learning Hebrew as a bridge to peace the way their dad does. For them it's way more utilitarian. It helps you talk to soldiers, they say. Maybe it can get you out of a bad situation.
What words and phrases do you know in Hebrew?
Nasser's Child
[SPEAKING ARABIC AND HEBREW]
[SPEAKING HEBREW] in Hebrew, which is in Arabic [SPEAKING ARABIC], which is soldier. [SPEAKING HEBREW]. Good morning. Please, which is [SPEAKING HEBREW]. [SPEAKING HEBREW], OK. [SPEAKING HEBREW], come here. [SPEAKING HEBREW], dumb. And the baby, [SPEAKING HEBREW].
Why do they know the word for dumb?
Beirut's twin brother Marcel, a tiny boy with a large retainer in his mouth, jumps in.
The soldiers are saying this to the kids, and the kids are saying this to the soldiers.
When I talked to your kids yesterday, they definitely said that the reason that they wanted to know Hebrew was to know the language of the enemy, and--
Yeah, that's right.
Does it worry you that your kids aren't getting to meet Israelis at all, and that for them, it is the language of enemy?
Of course I am worried. I'm very worried. I'm worried also because they are throwing stones against the Israeli tanks. I'm worried I don't want them to do that. You can imagine. You are sitting in your office writing and worry about them. What if the soldiers shooted them? What can I say? What can I do? How can I live? What can I say to the others if one of them has been killed?
They're not just the tanks, the soldiers who are shooting. Why they are not in the same schools? Why? Why they are not in the same pool to swim? My kids don't know the Israeli people. They don't know the kids in Israel. Someone stop that.
He takes a drag of his cigarette and smiles.
Maybe you can. Try.
Nasser speaks Hebrew and he's teaching his kids, but actual Israelis are a world away, and he can't convince his own children, a genuine captive audience, not to hate them.
Nancy Updike in Jerusalem.
Coming up. Start a show in a karaoke bar, end a show in a karaoke bar. No matter how little it has to do with the last story and the last act, can we do it? Dare we do it? Answer is in a minute from Chicago Public Radio and Public International when our program continues.
Act Three: Translating For The Very, Very, Very, Very Tall
It's This American Life. I'm Ira Glass. Each week on our program, of course, we choose some theme, bring you a variety of different kinds of stories on that theme. Today's program, Lost in Translation. We've arrived at Act Three of our show.
Act Three. Translating For the Very, Very, Very, Very, Very, Very Tall.
Well friends, we've heard about the struggles between Palestinians and Israelis, between Russians and Americans. In this act, we ask the age old question, can there ever be peace between the tall and the short? Can people of different heights ever hope to get along? Jesse Hardman tackled the issue.
Jesse Hardman
My earliest memory of my cousin Colin is fighting with him over a Fernando Valenzuela baseball card. We were both seven years old, both way into sports and pretty competitive. Mainly we'd play basketball. If you ask me, I'm a little bit better than he is. Don't ask him.
After graduating from college, Colin headed straight to Taiwan and stayed there for almost three years, just knocking around, trying to figure out what he wanted to do with this life. He took classes, worked a few jobs. He also played a lot of basketball with locals at nearby gyms. This left him with a very specialized, but seemingly a marketable vocabulary.
Slam dunk?
Colin Pine
[SPEAKING CHINESE]
[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
Weak side defense?
In Chinese, I just say the side without the ball.
When I caught up with Colin two summers ago, he was working for the US government in a dead end job, translating Chinese documents. He was determined to start being practical. The words "law school" forced their way out of his mouth. You could tell he was hitting the career default button. Then an old friend stepped in.
And she had this piece of paper with a job description. "NBA player seeks full-time interpreter. Looking for a native English speaker, fluent in mandarin Chinese, interested in basketball." It was like, yeah, right.
Two weeks later, my cousin had made the jump from owning baseball cards to working for one. Sort of.
Now, FOX 26 Sports with Keith [? Guggans. ?]
Hi again. Yao Ming in Houston for what, 24 hours or so? The hoopla includes plenty of wide eyes and lots of curiosity seekers, as if they'd never seen a 7'6" Chinese millionaire before.
It turns out that Colin's new job wasn't with some benchwarming experiment. Yao Ming is the starting center for the Houston Rockets. And if you haven't heard of him, congratulations. You officially know nothing about sports in America. He's the biggest story out of the NBA this year. The first foreigner ever to go number one in the NBA draft. His style of play is supposed to revolutionize the game the same way that Michael Jordan's did. Add to this, he has the hopes and dreams of a billion emerging NBA fans in Asia riding on his shoulders. And Colin met him for the first time the same day the rest of America did.
Announcer 2
Yao Ming.
[CHEERING]
You know, at the airport at first, there weren't that many people, and all of a sudden, you get this whole lobby. It's just crowded. And the people are surrounding him, and you know, I had to get up and translate right away. He had to give a few brief statements to the crowd. And we had never met.
Speaking through interpreter Colin Pine, Ming says he's anxious to get on the court and work on his game with his new teammates.
After waiting such a long time, it's like opening a door and having a breath of fresh air.
I think my heart was about to burst through my chest. And I'm up there with the lights on me, with Yao Ming sitting next to me, and then-- I've heard of instances of people who had to do translation in situations like that just choking. Just not being able to say anything. I'm floating above the ceiling, looking back at myself doing this. Just for me to get through the first time, I was pretty happy.
Fans, it's time to stand up, make some noise, and get ready to meet your Minnesota Timberwolves.
Early in the season, I catch up with Colin at a game in Minnesota. My first chance to see his new life from the inside.
Yeah, you're right here.
We stand in a nondescript concrete hallway near the visiting locker room. Players are walking by, ribbing Colin and smacking him on the ass. Superstars like Glen Rice and Steve Francis, Colin's idol since college. Guys I'm used to seeing on TV.
Colin disappears into the Rockets' locker room. A few minutes later, he reappears with his new boss, Yao Ming.
Yao is 7'5". Colin's my height, 5'9" in shoes. Yao slouches up against the locker room wall. Colin leans in next to him. A crush of TV cameras, microphones, and notepads descend on the pair. Lots of the reporters are from Asia.
Wait! Excuse me. Hey, wait, wait, wait! Excuse me. Let me translate, please. Thank you.
It's a month into the season, and media fascination with Yao's story is bigger than anyone imagined. Yao is the only player who reporters want to talk to before and after every game, regardless of how he plays.
The questions tend to be the same in every city. Questions about adapting to the NBA and life in America. What do you do in your spare time? Have you sampled the local cuisine? And of course--
Does he see himself as a role model to other Asians in America?
For the most part, Yao feeds them straight sports cliche. One day at a time. I'm still learning the game. But every once in a while, he'll give them an answer that leaves reporters scratching their heads. Like this question, when the reporter asks, what's it like to play against Minnesota star Kevin Garnett?
He seems like a spider, [INAUDIBLE]
Spider?
He's got strong arms and strong legs. Spider. [SPEAKING CHINESE] Yeah, like a spider.
The bulk of Colin's translating work is just getting Yao through these daily press conferences. Yao speaks enough English to communicate with coaches and players during games and practices, but Colin sits with the team courtside, just in case.
You sit right there, behind the bench and the red seats like that?
They don't need me that much.
So what do you do most of the game?
Watch and cheer and try not to say too much. I've got to be careful. I'm a very enthusiastic fan. But I need to maintain a professional demeanor, I suppose.
Fast forward two hours. Fourth quarter. Rockets down by six with a few minutes to go.
Oh, come on!
So much for professional demeanor.
Colin's up out of his seat, looking like he wants a piece of the ref. But if anything, this actually helps him fit in with the team. Here's backup center Kelvin Cato and backup point guard Richie Norris.
He gets mad when calls go bad like we do. He's just-- he's a basketball player that can't play. He's sitting on the bench.
He's one of the boys, he's one of the guys now. You know, he works here, he's with us, he's part of the team now. So we love him to death. We go, I'm just happy you're here.
And it's not just the players who glow about Colin. A Rockets executive tells me that most NBA translators are just linguists with no feeling for the game, but Colin's made it way easier for Yao.
Even the press loves him. Sam Smith is a veteran basketball beat writer for the Chicago Sun-Times.
I've been around a lot of international events with the Olympics, with translators, and he's been absolutely the best and most efficient and effective interpreter I've ever been around. You know, more than most guys in that situation. You could tell Colin not only is close to Yao, but they like each other. They're comfortable with each other and they trust each other. And that's a situation you never see.
Yeah. We're going to go to Burger King right now. Right.
Where's his dad?
I don't know. Here, talk to Yao Ming. I'm going crazy here.
Here's what most of my cousin's glamorous job looks like up close. Usually he and Yao are nowhere near a basketball court. Usually he's not even translating. Right here, Colin is trying to get Yao to the DMV so he can take his driver's test. It's part of Colin's job to be Yao's driving instructor.
The problem today is, a National Geographic film crew wants to tag along. Colin can't find Yao's dad, who's also taking the test, and Yao is hungry. Colin literally can't go 10 minutes without having his cell phone ring, and it's never for him. Yao's agents, people from the Rockets, from the press, from the companies Yao endorses, even Yao's parents-- they all get to him through Colin.
Hey Angie, it's Colin. I just wanted to find, when is a good time? When am I going to be able to give you this stuff? After the game, or? Like, the tea, and I have something I need to give you, and I think I have a check from Yao Ming or his mother--
Here's something else. Colin lives with Yao in a huge house, in a gated community, in a Houston suburb, together with Yao's mother and father, who keep a tight leash on their 22 year old son. Originally, Colin was supposed have his own place, but the Yaos invited him into the house early in the season. He thought about it and decided it made sense, since he'd be spending almost every minute with Yao anyway.
It also felt like, you know, they were being very nice in offering, and I thought I didn't want to offend them by turning them down. But it made sense. It just made a lot of sense.
But I mean, I'm 29, and I'm not accustomed to living with a family. Sometimes I think that his mom looks at me as a little kid. I know she worries if I don't eat enough, or you know. And it's really sweet. It's nice. But it's a little strange.
It'd be strange to move back in with your own family at 29, let alone a Chinese family you just met, which doesn't speak English, and whose shortest member, Yao's mom, is a half foot taller than you.
Colin doesn't like talking about his home life with the Yaos. That's private. So private that he never has anyone over to visit, friends or family. He can't even invite me in for a beer.
No, no, no, no, no, no no, no, no, no.
Two days after Yao passes his driving test, I tag along with him and Colin as they head home from practice. They sing along to the radio together. They finish each other's sentences and tease each other in a mixture of English and Chinese.
You know, before I met him, I think Colin is maybe 40 years old people. When I saw them, I think, oh, my God. It's a young boy. Maybe younger than me. But I ask him, he say 28. I said, 28? He looks very young!
Does Colin have any annoying traits? Does he not clean up his room anything? Does he hog the Nintendo?
He can't beat me, so I'm the one who's always hogging it.
Their bond has been formed through an intense mutual experience. The world of the NBA is foreign to both of them.
There were lots of times, especially on the road, you know, we'd have dinner in a hotel room, and we'd talk. And we'd say-- I would get stressed out over a press conference or something, and I'd tell him, you know, this is why I'm stressed. And he'd do his best to help me after that.
And it was harder for me to help him, because you know, the pressure on him was so much greater. I mean, for instance, was it the second Laker game in LA? We lost in overtime, and he fouled out. And he was really upset. And I did my-- I said, if you hadn't-- he had a great game, though. And I said, if you hadn't played well, we probably wouldn't have gotten here. Gone into overtime.
The only thing I can do is just be an ear. Be somebody, you know, who says, I understand. And then mean it. Because I got to see it firsthand.
Three fourths of the way through the basketball season, I catch a Rockets game at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It's a packed house, despite the fact the New York team, the Knicks, suck.
Almost a third of the crowd is Chinese, many of them attending their first NBA game. They're here because of Yao, who's now a full-fledged phenomenon. He's only been in the US for four months, but he's already the new face of Apple Computer, Gatorade, and Visa.
To the surprise of the normal Knicks crowd, Yao's army comes ready to scream, and many have made homemade signs proclaiming their love of Yao.
What's your sign say here?
Yao Ming, The Next Big Thing.
What's so exciting about him?
Honestly, I feel very proud. I plan on opening a basketball camp in Pakistan in the future because of this. And I want to, like, open the doors for Pakistanis to get into the game of basketball.
That's right. Pakistan. This is the power of Yao Ming. He's united the Asian mainland with the Indian subcontinent.
Just to see how far his celebrity extends, I ask this 22 year old fan about my cousin.
He's got a translator. What do you think of that job?
Fan 2
Well, I actually have a sign for him right there.
What does it say?
Right here. "Move over Batman and Robin. We have some new heroes in town, Yao Ming and Colin Pine. Citizens of Houston have no fear. Ming and Pine are here."
I'm just a huge fan. Colin Pine-- he's Yao's right hand man right now. I mean, he's the one that's doing all the talking for Yao in English. So we get Yao's word through him.
Is he a celebrity?
Oh, definitely. When you're anyone around Yao, it's a celebrity. I'll tell you that much.
I'm floored by this. And my question of the night becomes, who's Colin Pine?
You guys know who Colin Pine is?
The interpreter.
Yao Ming's translator.
We actually ran into Colin Pine in Chinatown in Houston at a tiny karaoke bar. Colin Pine was singing perfect Mandarin.
One woman knows so much about him, that she could have written this story.
Well, he worked in the State Department, and he applied online and didn't think he would get the job, and was shocked when they called, and basically he was told he had to be here like yesterday. And he was excited because he was a huge Steve Francis fan.
Before I think he was translating documents with the US government. He must be the luckiest man in the world right now.
That guy's got the best job in the world.
I'd like to have his job.
In my very informal survey, 50% of the crowd knows my cousin my name. One Chinese-American coed who carries a sign saying, "I'm single and bilingual-- hey Yao, you and me, let's mingle" tells me my cousin's hot. Colin's heard it before.
I've had girls pass me cards. Not often. It's not like-- the players get it all the time, I'm sure. But consciously and subconsciously, there's part of me that is really wary of the whole thing. You know, I want somebody to like me for the witty, intelligent, charming person that I am.
My friends are like, this job is so wasted on you.
You're up.
Oh, it's me again.
[SINGING IN CHINESE]
On a warm spring night, Yao, Colin, and I are out at a Chinese karaoke bar. Yao just passed his driving exam and he wants to celebrate. He never goes out. This is a really big deal. He's out of the house and his parents aren't around.
The club sits in a stucco Chinese mini mall in a cookie cutter Houston suburb between a nail salon and a takeout place called The Fancy Noodle. Everyone has a couple of beers, but this is definitely the G-rated version of an NBA night out.
Colin loves karaoke. He sings a Chinese love ballad with an English chorus-- "I Only Want To Be Your Friend." Yao, appropriately enough, responds with the Backstreet Boys hit, "Larger Than Life."
[SINGING]
Yao later tells me this night was the most fun he's had in America.
Five years from now you're going to be veteran in the league. You'll be superstar. And you'll speak English, and you won't need an interpreter. So who will Colin Pine be to you then, in five years?
Still friends.
Still friends. Do you think you'll hang out still?
If you don't mind, and you don't mind me stealing your girlfriend, then it's OK.
Jesse Hartman.
You know you can download audio of our program at audible.com/thisamericanlife, where they have public radio programs, bestselling books, even the New York Times, all at audible.com.
This American Life is distributed by Public Radio International. Nancy Updike's story was part of the Hearing Voices project, which gets funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and is online at hearingvoices.com.
[FUNDING CREDITS]
WBEZ management oversight for our show by Torey Malatia, who calls me up drunk at least once a week and says,
I'm Ira Glass. Back next week with more stories of This American Life.
PRI. Public Radio International.


text:
Cultivating a positive partnership: Engaging parents and caregivers in the classroom
By Jennifer Pustejovsky
It is often said that it takes more than one person to help an individual achieve success. This rings particularly true in schools where students rely on an extensive and encouraging support system to reach their full potential. While that support system may include many groups of people, none play a more important role than parents, caregivers, and teachers working together to facilitate the student's education. Including families as partners amplifies the teacher's efforts and allows the parents to become collaborators in their child's education.
Benefits of Partnering with Parents and Caregivers in the Classroom Community
The opportunities for parents and caregivers to partner with teachers to create an enriching learning environment have evolved. In the past, many schools kept their doors closed, contacting families only when a problem arose. Now the doors are often open and welcoming, providing access to the classroom community like never before. As Figure 1 demonstrates, when schools, teachers, parents, and caregivers collaborate by considering purposeful instances of parental inclusion, the advantages are numerous for everyone involved.
Benefits of Partnering with Families
Feel encouraged knowing they have advocates collaborating
Receive extra support and increased accountability expectations
Feel more comfortable with the teacher
Feel confident to serve as a partner with the teacher
Increase their involvement and become equal thought partners
Gain an understanding of curriculum and can make more informed decisions
Acquire a strong advocate in the student's education
Gain more time for classroom instruction by having the help of families
Glean valuable insight from parents
Receive specific information about the student
Considerations for Implementation
Employing strategies that establish effective lines of communication lays the groundwork for you to create a positive working relationship with families, and sets the stage for future positive experiences. When you inform parents and caregivers about curriculum, expectations, and student strengths, families are better equipped and more likely to become active partners.
Classroom and Instructional Involvement
Determining each family's strengths and creating opportunities specific to those strengths generates opportunities for them to partner in their child's education. For example, it is possible to create opportunities for parents and caregivers for whom being physically present at school is a challenge that allow them to interact and be involved outside of the classroom.
Engagement opportunities inside the classroom:
Volunteering to read
Assisting in the classroom
Being a tutor or homework helper
Speaking as a guest to share a specific talent, hobby, expertise, and/or profession
Creating multimedia to support classroom instruction or school initiatives (e.g., graphic design, photography, video design, editing or production, web design)
Supporting instruction related to computer skills, including programming and HTML coding
Leading meditation or facilitating a discussion about mindfulness
Volunteering time to facilitate or assist art and movement (e.g., dance, yoga, music, visual arts, theater)
Engagement opportunities outside the classroom:
Acting as a field trip chaperone
Serving as a lunch buddy
Thought-partnering with teachers on ways to integrate real-world problems into the classroom
Inviting the class to tour and explore the professional workspace
Organizing and leading academic enrichment in after-school clubs and groups
Participating in homework activities that encourage parent and caregiver involvement
Supporting community relations and outreach
Parents and caregivers have wide-ranging experiences and expertise. Think creatively about opportunities to engage and leverage their diverse skillsets, which might include proposal/grant writing, fundraising, event planning, public relations, writing, research, curriculum development, gardening, sustainability, nutrition and cooking, construction and carpentry, IT support, and strategic planning.
Voice in Decisions
Schools can create positive relationships with families and include them as partners in the classroom community by giving them a voice in educational decisions. Encouraging parents and caregivers to share their knowledge and opinions conveys to them the message that they are valued and their contributions are regarded as central to the school's success.
Opportunities to give parents and caregivers a voice in decisions include:
Considering their input in instructional decisions for their child.
Requesting parents' and caregivers' ideas and solutions to solve school problems.
Involving parents and caregivers on advisory committees to contribute toward school decisions and goals.
Requesting parent and caregiver participation on school-improvement committees.
Families and teachers are the two most critical factors in a student's education outside of themselves. Separately, the teacher and parent each provide the student opportunities to acquire adequate skills to achieve academic growth and knowledge. When parents, caregivers, and teachers join forces to build a meaningful, effective, and trustworthy relationship, the student is doubly supported and the academic and social gains grow exponentially.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import React from 'react';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import BaseView from '../../utils/rnw-compat/BaseView';

const propTypes = {
  children: PropTypes.node.isRequired,
};

const ToastHeader = React.forwardRef((props, ref) => (
  <BaseView {...props} ref={ref} essentials={{ className: 'toast-header' }} />
));

ToastHeader.displayName = 'ToastHeader';
ToastHeader.propTypes = propTypes;

export default ToastHeader;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: mmap behaviour changed after OS upgrade? After a major OS upgrade this C code behaviour has changed:
...
if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR | O_SYNC)) == -1)
    FATAL;
printf("character device %s opened.\n", argv[1]);
fflush(stdout);

/* map one page */
map_base = mmap(0xe0000000, MAP_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (map_base == (void *)-1)
    FATAL;
printf("Memory mapped at address %p.\n", map_base);
...

With a binary inherited from an old OS, "old mmap" returns a virtual address 0x7fb20d725000. If I rebuild the same C file on a new OS, it returns 0xe0000000 which seems to be a physical, and subsequent code - which uses this returned address - now fails with a segmentation fault.
How to force mmap to work as before without downgrading the OS or using old binary? Any modern flags for gcc or mmap itself?
Run a code example below with sudo ./test /dev/zero 0x01000000 : (/dev/zero instead of a real device gives the same results)
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <byteswap.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <termios.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
/* ltoh: little to host */
/* htol: little to host */
#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
#define ltohl(x)       (x)
#define ltohs(x)       (x)
#define htoll(x)       (x)
#define htols(x)       (x)
#elif __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
#define ltohl(x)     __bswap_32(x)
#define ltohs(x)     __bswap_16(x)
#define htoll(x)     __bswap_32(x)
#define htols(x)     __bswap_16(x)
#endif

#define FATAL do { fprintf(stderr, "Error at line %d, file %s (%d) [%s]\n", __LINE__, __FILE__, errno, strerror(errno)); exit(1); } while(0)

#define MAP_SIZE (16*1024*1024UL)
#define MAP_MASK (MAP_SIZE - 1)

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int fd;
    void *map_base, *virt_addr;
    uint32_t read_result, writeval;
    off_t target;
    char *device;
    if (argc != 3) {
        fprintf(stderr,
            "\nUsage:\t%s <device> <address> [[type] data]\n"
            "\tdevice  : character device to access\n"
            "\taddress : memory address to access\n\n",
            argv[0]);
        exit(1);
    }

    device = strdup(argv[1]);
    target = strtoul(argv[2], 0, 0);
    fprintf("argc = %d, device: %s, address: 0x%08x\n", argc, device, (unsigned int)target);

    if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR | O_SYNC)) == -1)
        FATAL;
    fprintf(stdout, "character device %s opened.\n", argv[1]);
      fflush(stdout);

    /* map one page */
    map_base = mmap(0xe0000000, MAP_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
    if (map_base == (void *)-1)
        FATAL;
    fprintf(stdout, "Memory mapped at address %p.\n", map_base);
      fflush(stdout);

    /* calculate the virtual address to be accessed */
    virt_addr = map_base + target;
    /* read only */
    read_result = *((uint32_t *) virt_addr);
    /* swap 32-bit endianess if host is not little-endian */
    read_result = ltohl(read_result);
    printf("Read 32-bit value at address 0x%08x (%p): 0x%08x\n",
                (unsigned int)target, virt_addr, (unsigned int)read_result);

    if (munmap(map_base, MAP_SIZE) == -1)
        FATAL;
    close(fd);
    return 0;
}

A: You seem to be confusing virtual and physical addresses. User programs usually only work with virtual addresses. The mmap syscall accepts an hint as first argument: a desired virtual address for the requested mapped area. See man 2 mmap for more information.
What was most likely happening with your previous program was that the call to mmap was probably something like:
map_area = mmap(NULL, /* same arguments here */);

This way, the operating system will choose an appropriate address and return it.
What you are doing in the new program instead, is letting the OS know that you would prefer a specific address (0xe...), and the OS will map memory at that address if possible (very likely). You really shouldn't need this, the program works regardless of the position of the mapped area, but in any case you can keep it.
The reason why you are getting a segmentation fault is because you are mapping an area of 16 * 1024 * 1024 bytes (0x01000000), but then you are accessing memory at an higher offset than the specified size (target >= 0x01000000).
The correct way to do what you are trying to do is to use the offset argument of mmap to request a map that starts at an appropriate offset in the file. Requesting a mapping of two pages starting at that offset will ensure that what you want to read or write will be correctly mapped (assuming the file is big enough, otherwise MAP_FAILED will be returned).
Here's how it should be done:
offset = target & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFF000; // align target to page size

// Map two pages starting at 0xe... and corresponding to the calculated offset in the file.
map_base = mmap((void *)0xe0000000, 0x1000 * 2, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, offset);

// ...

virt_addr = map_base + (target & 0xfff); // cut target to get offset within the mapped pages
read_result = *((uint32_t *) virt_addr);
read_result = ltohl(read_result);

printf("Read 32-bit value at address 0x%08x (%p): 0x%08x\n",
            (unsigned int)target, virt_addr, (unsigned int)read_result);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This guilt-free dessert or a sweet breakfast treat is rich in vitamin C from Stokes Purple® sweet potatoes and omega-3 fatty acids from chia seeds. Power up!
Optional toppings: toasted almond slivers, toasted coconut flakes, fresh fruits.
In blender container, blend together milk, mashed Stokes Purple sweet potatoes, maple syrup, vanilla, and salt until smooth. Pour into bowl, then stir in chia seeds. Refrigerate 30 minutes or overnight. Spoon into 2 bowls (for breakfast) or 4 bowls (for dessert) and top with toppings of choice. Serve chilled.


Do course participants have student status?
Does this course involve taking the university entrance examination or does the course specifically prepare students for this examination?
Do applicants require a higher education entrance qualification recognised in Germany?
Do applicants have to have already been admitted to a degree course at your university?


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