text:
Republic of China Navy
maritime service branch of the Republic of China's armed forces
Not to be confused with People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), the naval forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
中華民國海軍
Zhōnghuá Mínguó Hǎijūn (Mandarin)
Chûng-fà Mìn-koet Hói-kiûn (Hakka)
Emblem of the ROCN
Taiwan (Republic of China)
38,000 personnel
117 Ships
28 Aircraft
Republic of China Armed Forces
4 Destroyer
20 Frigate
31 Missile boat
2 Submarine
1 Corvette
12 Patrol ship
9 Minesweeper
10 Landing Ship, Tank
(10 Auxiliaries)
navy.mnd.gov.tw ‹See Tfd›(in English)
Commander of the Republic of China Navy
Admiral Huang Shu-kuang (黃曙光)[1]
Deputy Commander of the Republic of China Navy
Marine Lieutenant General Pan Chin-lung (潘進隆)
The Republic of China Navy (ROCN; Chinese: 中華民國海軍; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Hǎijūn) is the maritime branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces. The ROC Navy's primary mission is to defend ROC territories and the sea lanes that surround Taiwan against a blockade, attack, or possible invasion by the People's Liberation Army Navy of the People's Republic of China. Operations include maritime patrols in the Taiwan Strait and surrounding waters, as well as counter-strike and counter-invasion operations during wartime. The Republic of China Marine Corps functions as a branch of the Navy.
The ship prefix for ROCN combatants is ROCS (Republic of China Ship); an older usage is CNS (Chinese Navy Ship).
1 Organization
1.1 Republic of China Navy Command Headquarters
2.2 1949–present
3 Rank and rating insignia
4.1 First Indigenous 'Landing Platform Dock' / Amphibious Assault Ship
4.2 Fleet Air Defense Upgrade
4.3 Indigenous Defense Submarine (IDS) Program
4.4 Submarine fleet
4.5 Surface fleet
4.6 Auxiliary fleet
4.7 Aircraft
4.8 Armament
4.9 Marine Corps
4.10 Gallery
5 Bases
Organization[edit]
Republic of China Navy Command Headquarters[edit]
The Navy CHQs (中華民國國防部海軍司令部) is subordinate to the General Staff, the Minister of Defense, and the ROC President.
Internal units: Personnel, Combat Readiness & Training, Logistics, Planning, Combat Systems, General Affairs, Comptroller, Inspector General, Political Warfare.
Naval Fleets Command (艦隊指揮部)
124th Fleet: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
131st Fleet: Keelung City, Taiwan Province
146th Fleet: Magong City, Penghu County, Taiwan Province
Amphibious Fleet (151st Fleet), Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
168th Fleet: Suao, Yilan County, Taiwan Province
192nd Fleet (Navy Minesweeper Fleet): Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
256th Submarine Squadron: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City
Hai Chiao(Sea Dragon) PGMG Guided Missile Boat/Craft Group (海蛟大隊)
1st Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat at Suao naval base
2nd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat
3rd Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Hai Ou-class missile boat (Dvora class)
4th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 10 Hai Ou-class missile boat (Dvora class)
5th Hai Chiao Guided Missile Boat/Craft Squadron of 11 Kuang Hua VI-class missile boat[2][3]
Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Group (海鋒大隊), operates 6 batteries of fixed/mobile HF-2 anti-ship missiles.
7th Hai Feng Shore Based Anti-ship Missile Squadron (海鋒大隊第七中隊), Haulien, Eastern Taiwan.[4][5][6]
Aviation Command (operates from Pingtung, Tsoying, and Hualien AB)
Naval Aviation, at Pingtung, will receive 12 P-3C 2013/2014.
1st ASW Aviation Group
133rd Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
134th Squadron: S-2T, at Pingtung.
2nd ASW Aviation Group
701st Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-1, at Hualien.
702nd Helicopter Squadron (Light), S-70C(M)-2, at Tsoying.
501st Helicopter Squadron (Light), 500MD ASW, at Tsoying.
Maintenance Group
1st Maintenance Squadron (Pingtung)
2nd Maintenance Squadron (Tsoying)
3rd Maintenance Squadron (Hualien)
Marine Corps Command (陸戰隊指揮部)
Education, Training and Doctrine Command (教育訓練暨準則發展司令部)
Logistics Command (後勤司令部)
Naval Academy, Hydrographic & Oceanographic Bureau, Shipbuilding Development Center, Communication Systems, General Service.
Sources:[7][8][9]
ROC (Taiwan) Navy
Republic of China Marine Corps
Naval history of China
Orders, Decorations and Medals
List of orders, decorations and medals
Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
1914–1949[edit]
See also: Naval history of China
ROCN delegation in Washington D.C., 1930.
The precursor to the modern ROC Navy was established as the Ministry of the Navy in the Provisional Government of the Republic of China in 1911 following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. During the period of warlordism that scarred China in the 1920s and 1930s the ROCN remained loyal to the Kuomintang government of Sun Yat-sen instead of the warlord government in Beijing which fell to the nationalist government in the 1928 northern campaign and between the civil war with the Communist Party and 1937 Japanese invasion of Northeast China. During that time and throughout World War II, the ROCN concentrated mainly on riverine warfare as the poorly equipped ROCN was not a match to Imperial Japanese Navy over ocean or coast.[10]
Following World War II, a number of Japanese destroyers and decommissioned U.S. ships were transferred to the ROC Navy. During the Chinese Civil War, the ROCN was involved in the protection of supply convoys and the withdrawal of the ROC Government and over 1 million refugees to Taiwan in 1949. The subsequent reorganization and reestablishment of the Navy after evacuation to Taiwan is referenced in the lyrics of the post 1949 ROC Navy Song "The New Navy" (新海軍).
1949–present[edit]
Following the relocation of the ROC government to Taiwan, the ROCN was involved in a number of commando attack escorts, evacuation and transport of more displaced soldiers and later to provide patrols and resupply operations to Kinmen and Matsu in the Taiwan Strait and South China Sea offshore islands.
Since the 1990s the Navy has grown in importance as the emphasis of the ROC's military doctrine moves towards countering a possible People's Republic of China (PRC) blockade, as well as offshore engagement. The ROCN has been working hard to expand its capability in electronic and anti-submarine warfare, as well as the replacement of its current antiquated fleet.[8] However local shipbuilder CSBC still lacks the technology to build modern submarines.[11]
Rank and rating insignia[edit]
Equivalent
NATO code
OF-10
OF-9
OF(D) and student officer
No equivalent No equivalent
Full Admiral
一級上將 Admiral
二級上將 Vice admiral
中將 Rear admiral
少將[note 1] Captain
上校[note 1] Commander
中校 Lieutenant commander
少校 Lieutenant
上尉 Lieutenant (junior grade)
中尉 Ensign
少尉 Officer cadet
軍校生
Yījí Shàngjiàng Èrjí Shàngjiàng Zhōngjiàng Shaojiàng Shàngxiào Zhōngxiào Shàoxiào Shàngwèi Zhōngwèi Shàowèi Jūnxiào shēng
Non-commissioned
OR-9
Command master chief petty officer
一等士官長 Master chief petty officer
二等士官 Senior chief petty officer
三等士官長 Chief Petty Officer
上士 Petty Officer 1st Class
中士 Petty Officer 2nd Class
下士 Seaman
上等兵 Seaman apprentice
一等兵 Seaman recruit
二等兵
Yīděng Shìguān zhǎng Èrděng Shìguān zhǎng Sānděng Shìguān zhǎng Shàngshi Zhōngshi Xiàshi Shàngděng Bīng Yīděng Bīng Èrděng Bīng
For a more comprehensive list, see List of ships of the Republic of China Navy.
Traditionally, most ROCN equipment is purchased from the United States, though several ships have been built domestically under licence or through domestic development. The ROCN has also purchased La Fayette-class frigates from France and Zwaardvis-class submarines from the Netherlands as well as four U.S. Kidd-class (renamed Keelung) destroyers originally intended for Iran.
Despite the ROCN refurbishing and extending the service life of its vessels and equipment, it has suffered from procurement difficulties due to pressures exerted by the PRC. It has only two useful submarines. The U.S. has approved sales of eight new diesel-powered submarines but lacks the manufacturing capability to make the engines; at the same time, threats from the PRC prevent the necessary technology transfer from other countries. Furthermore, the Legislative Yuan did not approve the budget and thereby slowed the opportunity to procure the badly needed underwater defense capability.
On 12 September 2007, an arms notification was sent to the United States Congress concerning an order for 12 P-3C Orion patrol aircraft and 3 "spare aircraft", along with an order for 144 SM-2 Block IIIA surface-to-air missiles.[12] A contract was awarded to Lockheed Martin to refurbish the 12 P-3C Orion aircraft for the ROC on 13 March 2009, with deliveries to start in 2012.[13]
In 2008, the ROCN set out to acquire an improved anti-ship capability. On 26 August, an arms notification was sent to Congress for an order for 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II missiles for the 12 P-3Cs.[14] At least a portion of these missiles will be installed on the navy's Hai Lung-class submarines.
On 29 January 2010, the U.S. government announced five notifications to the U.S. Congress for arms sales to the ROC. In the contracts total 6.392 billion USD, ROC Navy would get 2 Osprey-class minehunters for 105 million USD, 25 Link 16 terminals on ships for 340 million USD, 10 ship- and 2 air-launched Harpoon L/II for 37 million USD.[15][16]
The ROC Navy already has 95 older Harpoon missiles in its inventory for the 8 Knox-class frigates, 22 newer RGM-84L for the 4 Kidd-class destroyers, 32 sub-launched Harpoon II on order for the 2 Hai Lung-class submarines, and with 60 air-launched Harpoon Block II anti-ship missile on order for the 12 P-3Cs, plus the newly announced 10 ship-launched and 2 air-launched Harpoon II/L sales.[17]
On 31 August 2010, it was announced for the next year's defense budget, ROCN planned to lease one or two more Newport-class tank landing ships (LST) from the United States, but the 900-ton stealth corvette plan was put on hold, due to lack of funds.[18] That same year, On 29 September, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, authorizing the U.S. Government for the sale of one more Osprey-class minehunter to the ROC.[19]
Other ongoing local upgrade programs include locally designed and built Ching Chiang class of 12 patrol ships that were designed back in the 1990s to carry four HF-1 anti-ship missiles on board but only the lead ship of the class had them. Since 2006, seven ships of this class were upgraded to carry four HF-2/3 with W-160 fire control radar from Wu Chin III program (as well as Honeywell H-930 MCS CDS stripped from seven retired Yang-class Wu Chin 3 anti-air warfare destroyers). In 2010 more ships of this class were undergoing this same upgrade program but using CSIST produced fire control radars instead. Currently four different variants exist within this class, the original Ching Chiang patrol ship constructed with four HF-1 (one existing in this configuration).
On 29 December 2010, two LSTs (中肇、中治戰車登陸艦) and four remaining of Adjutant-class coastal minehunters were retired.[20]
In 2011, the navy retired several vessels. On 31 October, all eight PCL in the 124th Fleet were retired.[21] On 28 December, the two Lung Jiang-class (PSMM Mk5) guided missile patrol boats (PGG 601 and PPG 602) of the 131st Fleet were retired from ROC Navy service, after entering service in 1978 and 1981 respectively.[22]
USS Taylor in 2014
In June 2018, two Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the US Navy, ex-USS Taylor and ex-USS Gary, were handed over to the Government of Taiwan for the Republic of China Navy. The transfer cost was an estimated US$177 million. The transfer of the ships includes the advanced AN/SQR-19 Multi-Function Towed array sonar. Taiwan had previously been blocked from acquiring the AN/SQR-19, and the transfer of the system points to an anti-submarine focus in line with the Knox-class frigates they will likely replace.[23]
First Indigenous 'Landing Platform Dock' / Amphibious Assault Ship[edit]
In September 2018, Taiwan confirms contract for first amphibious assault ship. It will be built by CSBC Corporation, a local shipyard. Four are planned with the first to be entering service around 2021. The vessel will be utilized to provide reinforcements and garrison logistics for its smaller islands plus disaster relief operations. It is roughly similar to US Navy's San Antonio class. The vessel design will be armed with a 76 mm naval gun in the primary position, a close-in weapon system (CIWS) turret, two 12.7 mm machine gun positions in the forward section, and launchers that can deploy the Hsiung Feng II and III family of anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles.[24][25][26]
Fleet Air Defense Upgrade[edit]
The ROC Navy currently lacks a modern fleet defense system. Its current destroyers currently use obsolete Mark 26 missile launchers designed from the 1970s and does not currently have a modern centralized air defense combat system like the AEGIS.[27][28] On January 2019, the US government delivered two sets of Mk 41 VLS to Taiwan. The ROC government plans to integrate the MK41 VLS and locally developed Tien-Kung III (Sky Bow III) with its indigenously developed Hsun Lien naval combat system to upgrade its ship air defense capabilities.[29][30] Taiwan has acquired the license and technology to produce additional MK 41 VLS launchers. The ROC Navy currently as of 2019 possesses at least 14 warships compatible with the Mk41.[31]
Indigenous Defense Submarine (IDS) Program[edit]
In 2003 the US Government suggested buying four Nazario Sauro-class refurbished submarines from Italy, that reportedly agreed to sell them plus an additional four other submarines, following their decommissioning by the Italian Navy. However, Taipei rejected the offer, saying it wanted new submarines.
On 15 April 2014, the Defence Minister Yen Ming announced that the United States will help Taiwan to build its own diesel-electric attack submarines (SSKs). Taiwan is looking to build eight submarines indigenously whilst also actively seeking to purchase diesel-electric submarines from other nations. The submarines would greatly improve the Navy's defensive capabilities.[32] It has been reported that in November 2014 Taiwan will announce a 20-year modernisation plan to replace the entire fleet. The plan is for four destroyers of 10,000 tons, 10–15 frigates of 3,000 tons, new amphibious ships and 4–8 submarines of 1,200–3,000 tons. The submarines may be built with a foreign partner but the surface ships would all be domestic designs.[33][34]
In April 2018, President of the United States Donald Trump approved the license necessary for American firms to sell Taiwan the technology needed to build its own submarines.[35]
In July 2018, it was reported[36] that company from India and defense contractor from Japan have submitted design proposals for Indigenous Defense Submarine program[37] alongside two companies from America and another two from Europe.[38]
In May 2019, Taiwan revealed a model of its indigenously-designed diesel-electric attack submarine. It appears to be similar to Japan's Soryu– and Oyashio-class SSKs. The boats will be assembled using Japanese construction techniques in Taiwan. A Japanese team consisting of 'retired' engineers from Mitsubishi and Kawasaki Heavy Industries will provide technical support. Reportingly, the AN/BYG-1 submarine combat management system, used in US Navy nuclear submarines, is offered to Taiwan (as no other foreign manufacturer is available).[39] [40]
Submarine fleet[edit]
Displacement[a]
Submarines (2 in service)
Chien Lung class Netherlands /
diesel-electric submarine Hai Lung (Sea Dragon) (SS-793)
Hai Hu (Sea Tiger) (SS-794) 2,660 tonnes Based on Zwaardvis-class submarine. These are also known by the lead ship's name as the Hai Lung class.
Hai Shih class United States /
diesel-electric submarine Hai Shih (Sea Lion) (SS-791)
Hai Bao (Sea Leopard) (SS-792) 2,420 tonnes Training
Surface fleet[edit]
Destroyers (4 in service)
Kee Lung class United States / destroyer ROCS Tso Ying (DDG-1803)
ROCS Su Ao (DDG-1802)
ROCS Kee Lung (DDG-1801)
ROCS Ma Kong (DDG-1805) 9,783 tonnes
Frigates (22 in service)
Cheng Kung class Republic of China / frigate ROCS Cheng Kung (PFG2-1101)
ROCS Cheng Ho (PFG2-1103)
ROCS Chi Kuang (PFG2-1105)
ROCS Yueh Fei (PFG2-1106)
ROCS Tzu I (PFG2-1107)
ROCS Pan Chao (PFG2-1108)
ROCS Chang Chien (PFG2-1109)
ROCS Tian Dan (PFG2-1110)
ROCS Ming Chuan (PFG-1112)
ROCS Feng Jia (PFG-1115) 4,105 tonnes Eight licensed ships based on US Oliver Hazard Perry class built. Two Additional ex US Navy ships purchased[41][42][43]
Chi Yang class United States / frigate ROCS Fong Yang (FFG-933)
ROCS Fen Yang (FFG-934)
ROCS Lan Yang (FFG-935)
ROCS Hwai Yang (FFG-937)
ROCS Ning Yang (FFG-938)
ROCS Yi Yang (FFG-939) 4,260 tonnes Ex-Knox class
Kang Ding class France / frigate ROCS Kang Ding (FFG-1202)
ROCS Si Ning (FFG-1203)
ROCS Wu Chang (FFG-1205)
ROCS Di Hua (FFG-1206)
ROCS Kun Ming (FFG-1207)
ROCS Chen De (FFG-1208) 3,600 tonnes French-built La Fayette class
Fast attack missile crafts (31 in service)
Kuang Hua VI class Republic of China / missile boat FACG-60~66, 68~75, 77~84, 86~93 186.5 tonnes Delivery began 2003
Patrol ships (12 in service) & corvette (1 in service)
Ching Chiang class Republic of China / patrol ship ROCS Ching Chiang (PG-603)
ROCS Dan Chiang (PG-605)
ROCS Sing Chiang (PG-606)
ROCS Feng Chiang (PG-607)
ROCS Tzeng Chiang (PG-608)
ROCS Kao Chiang (PG-609)
ROCS Jin Chiang (PG-610)
ROCS Hsiang Chiang (PG-611)
ROCS Tze Chiang (PG-612)
ROCS Po Chiang (PG-614)
ROCS Chang Chiang (PG-615)
ROCS Chu Chiang (PG-617) 500 tonnes Delivery began 2003
Tuo Chiang class Republic of China / corvette Tuo Chiang (PGG-618) 600 tonnes on 14 March 2014.[44]
Minesweepers (9 in service)
Yung Feng class Germany / minesweeper ROCS Yung Feng (MHC-1301)
ROCS Yung Chia (MHC-1302)
ROCS Yung Nien (MHC-1303)
ROCS Yung Shun (MHC-1305) 558.3 tonnes MWW-50 class, built anew in Germany
Yung Yang class United States / minesweeper ROCS Yung Yang (MSO-1306)
ROCS Yung Tzu (MSO-1307)
ROCS Yung Ku (MSO-1308)
ROCS Yung Teh (MSO-1309) 735 tonnes ex-Aggressive class
Yung Ching class United States / minesweeper ROCS Yung Jin (MHC-1310)
ROCS Yung An (MHC-1311) 893 tonnes ex-Osprey class
Amphibious ships (9 in service)
Newport class United States / tank landing ship ROCS Chung Ho (LST-232)
ROCS Chung Ping (LST-233) 8,450 tonnes ex-USN USS Manitowoc and USS Sumter
Chung Hai class United States / tank landing ship ROCS Chung Chiang (LST-205)
ROCS Chung Shing (LST-208)
ROCS Chung Chih (LST-218)
ROCS Chung Ming (LST-227)
ROCS Chung Ye (LST-231) 4,080 tonnes Landing Ship, Tank (LST-1)
Kaohsiung class United States /
amphibious command ship ROCS Kao Hsiung (LCC-1) 3,698 tonnes ex-USS Dukes County, an LST-542-class tank landing ship
Hsu Hai class United States / dock landing ship ROCS Hsu Hai (LSD-193) 13,700 tonnes ex-USS Pensacola, an Anchorage-class dock landing ship
Auxiliary fleet[edit]
Auxiliary Ships (10 in service)
Pan Shi class Republic of China /
fast combat support ship ROCS Pan Shi (AOE-532) 20,895 tonnes AOE-532
Wu Yi class Republic of China /
fast combat support ship ROCS Wu Yi (AOE-530) 17,000 tonnes AOE-530
Ta Kuan class Italy / research ship ROCS Ta Kuan (AGS-1601) 3,200 tonnes oceanographic measurement
Ta Hu class United States /
rescue and salvage ship ROCS Ta Hu (ARS-552)
ROCS Ta Twen (ARS-556) 1,975 tonnes ARS-552 (ex-USS Grapple)
Ta Tung class United States / fleet tug ROCS ATF-551
ROCS ATF-553
ROCS ATF-563 1,680 tonnes ATF-548 (ex-USS Chickasaw)
In service[45]
Fixed-wing
Lockheed P-3C Orion United States Maritime patrol aircraft 12 Re-built ex-US Navy aircraft and replaced ROCN Grumman S-2 Trackers
Lockheed EP-3E Orion United States signals reconnaissance 3 Spare P-3C airframes acquired for future conversion to EP-3E Aries I of II platform
Sikorsky S-70C(M)-1/2 Thunderhawk United States SAR ASW Naval utility helicopter 19 Out of 10+11 ordered
Hughes 500MD/ASW Defender United States ASW Naval utility helicopter 9 Out of original 13 ordered
Armament[edit]
Surface-to-air missile
Sky Sword I Republic of China short-range IR guided Shipboard deployment with Sea Oryx system.
Sky Sword II Republic of China beyond-visual-range missile Unknown number of TC-2N, to be fielded on Tuo Jiang Block II corvettes.
RIM-66 Standard United States of America medium range surface to air missile. 97 RIM-66B Standard-1MR delivered in 1993, 207 RIM-66B Standard-1MR delivered in 1994, 204 RIM-66B Standard-1MR delivered in 2001[46]
RIM-67 Standard United States of America medium-long range surface to air missile. 148 Standard Missile-2MR delivered in 2005, 144 Standard Missile-2MR delivered in 2008, 16 Standard Missile-2MR ordered in 2017[46]
Anti-ship missile
AGM-84 Harpoon United States anti-ship missile (183) AGM-84s – (60) 84Ls[46]
Hsiung Feng II Republic of China anti-ship missile with secondary ground attack capability Unknown, in mass production[47]
Hsiung Feng III Republic of China Supersonic anti-ship missile with secondary ground attack capability Unknown, in mass production
CIWS
Phalanx CIWS United States 20mm gun based close in weapons system 7 Mk-15 delivered in 1989, 6 Mk-15 delivered in 1996, 1 Mk15 delivered in 2014, 13 Mk15 delivered in 2016, 11 Mk15 delivered in 2018[46]
Mark 46 torpedo United States lightweight anti-submarine warfare torpedo 100 delivered in 1992, 150 Mk-46 Mod-5 NEARTIP delivered in 1994, 110 Mk-46 Mod-5 NEARTIP delivered in 1998, 90 Mk-46 Mod-5 NEARTIP delivered in 2000, 41 Mk-46 Mod-5 NEARTIP delivered in 2001[46]
Mark 48 torpedo United States Heavyweight submarine launched torpedo 46 ordered in 2018[46]
SUT torpedo Germany Heavyweight multirole torpedo 200 delivered in 1998 from Indonesian production line[46]
Marine Corps[edit]
Republic of China Marine Corps:
Hsiung Feng II and Hsiung Feng III launchers of ROCN PFG2-1110
Sea Oryx Missile Lanucher Display at MND Hall
Covered ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers Truck Display at Zuoying Naval Base
ROCN Hughes 500 6910 Carried on Lan Yang (FFG-935) Helicopter Deck Rear Right View 20141123
ROCN S-70C(M) 2307 Flying over Zuoying Naval Base in Morning 20141123a
Mark 32 Torpedo Tubes Mounted on ROCN Tzu I (PFG-1107)
No.1 Wan Xiang CAPTOR Mine Display aboard ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484)
No.2 Wan Xiang Bottom Mine Display aboard ROCN Ho Zhong (LCU-484)
Sea Chaparral Launcher Mounted on ROCN Si Ning (PFG-1203)
T-75S 20mm Cannon Mounted on FACG-77
Phalanx CIWS and Bofors 40mm L70 Gun aboard on ROCN Di Hua (PFG-1206)
M96 Motorboat
The President of Taiwan aboard the Pan Shi
OTO Melara 76mm Gun aboard the Frigate ROCN Si Ning (PFG-1203)
ROCN Hsiung Feng II & Hsiung Feng III Anti-Ship Missile Launchers Truck
ROCN S-70C(M) 2312
Visitors in Front of ROCN Kao Hsiung (LCC-1)
Bases[edit]
SuAo Bay Panorama
ROCN Xinbin Camp with 205
Anchor in Entrance Road of Zhongzheng Naval Base
Tsoying Naval Base – 1st Naval District HQ, largest naval base in Taiwan and naval airfield near Kaohsiung
Tsoying Naval Airfield and Naval Yard – Tsoying District
Makung Naval Base (Makung, Pescadores) – 2nd Naval District HQ – home to attack squadrons, training centre and naval yard
Keelung Naval Base, Keelung – 3rd Naval District HQ, home to northern patrol and transport squadrons and small naval yard
Suao Naval Base, Su-ao, Yilan – East Coast Command and supports Keelung Naval Base
All remaining bases are small naval stations supporting PCL class small patrol boats and Fast Attack Boat:
Anping Naval Base, Anping
Hsinchu Naval Base, Hsinchu
Hualien Naval Base, Hualien
Kenting Naval Base, Hengchun
Tamshui Naval Base, Tamshui
Wu Chi Naval Base, Wuqi District
List of Republic of China Navy ships
Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)
Republic of China Naval Academy
Coast Guard Administration (Taiwan)
People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) - The naval forces of the China.
Republic of China Navy rank and rating insignia for the rank and rating system of the ROCN (Marine Corps included)
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^ Taiwan receives two US Navy frigates, Mike Yeo, DefenseNews, 2018-06-14
^ https://www.janes.com/article/83383/kaohsiung-maritime-2018-taiwan-confirms-contract-for-first-amphibious-assault-ship
^ https://www.janes.com/article/83450/kaohsiung-maritime-2018-csbc-reveals-further-details-of-lpd-on-order-for-taiwan
^ http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/113655/20170420/taiwan-will-build-first-indigenous-landing-platform-dock-warship.htm
^ https://taiwan-in-perspective.com/2016/06/06/taiwanese-navy-plans-to-enhance-fleet-air-defense/
^ https://taiwaninsight.org/2018/02/28/taiwan-and-missile-defence-current-situation-and-future-prospects/
^ https://alert5.com/2019/01/24/two-sets-of-mk-41-vls-delivered-to-taiwan-will-be-integrated-with-indigenous-anti-air-missiles/
^ https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=56445
^ https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/new-missile-launchers-wont-save-taiwans-navy-42657
^ "US to Help Taiwan Build Attack Submarines". The Diplomat. 2014-04-15. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2014-10-30.
^ Minnick, Wendell (20 September 2014). "Taiwan Previews Major Naval Acquisition Plan". Defense News.
^ "Taiwan to build eight submarines under indigenous shipbuilding project". 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017 – via www.reuters.com.
^ Price, Greg (8 April 2018). "Trump Testing China? President Gives Taiwan License to Buy American Submarines". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ "6廠商爭取潛艦國造細部設計 傳日本、印度團隊赫然在列 - 政治 - 自由時報電子報". news.ltn.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
^ Diplomat, Franz-Stefan Gady, The. "India, Japan to Submit Design Proposals for Taiwan's New Indigenous Submarine". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2018-07-12.
^ https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/taiwan-unveils-model-of-indigenously-designed-diesel-electric-attack-submarine/
^ https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/taiwan/hai-lung-2-indigenous.htm
^ "US plans to sell warships to Taiwan". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 2015-12-19. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
^ Pike, John. "Taiwan to buy Perry-class frigates from U.S." globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ "Taiwan's Force Modernization: The American Side". Defense Industry Daily. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ Rahmat, Ridzwan (13 March 2014). "Taiwan launches first 'carrier killer' stealth missile corvette". IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2019-07-16.
^ "Naval Aviation Command". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
^ a b c d e f g "TRADE REGISTERS". sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
^ "Hsiung Feng II". csis.org. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
ROC Navy website
Globalsecurity.org report on the ROC Navy
National Security Bureau
National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology
Sky Horse
Sky Bow I / II / III
Sky Sword I / II
Wan Chien
Hsiung Feng I / II / IIE / III
Yun Feng
IDF Ching-kuo
Type 64 tank
T65 assault rifle
T74 Machine Gun
T75 Light machine gun
T75 Pistol
T77 Sub Machine Gun
T93 sniper rifle
XT-97 Assault Rifle
Kestrel (rocket launcher)
XTR-101/102
Taiwan Strait crises (1955/1958/1996)
Han Kuang Exercise
Heng Shan Military Command Center
Navies of Asia
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Articles with dead external links from September 2010
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Private Guided Tours in Pompeii and surroundings
Pompeii – Herculaneum – Naples
Herculanuem twin of Pompeii.
Compared to the ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum is a small, but well kept little town. You can visit 4 Ha. The story of Herculaneum is as magnificent as it is shocking. You wil learn her story and many more facts and fables during my tour.
After the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius, Herculaneum was covered airtight by at least 25 meters thick layer of mud. This disaster however, preserved this ancient town perfectly. Even the carbonized beams of the top floor are still visible. The wooden door still hangs in the hinges, gripped tightly in the mud.
Herculaneum was a wealthy town, even more so than Pompeii. Once upon a time there were many fine houses with stunning bright decorations and luxery, with heating from floor to wall, offcourse with the help of slaves. You can still admire these bright colors in some houses and baths.
Ancient life in Herculaneum
In many respects the Hercolaneum ruins are a smaller version of Pompeii, both are buried Roman cities that have been remarkably preserved when excavated. A lot of people prefer Ercolano to Pompeii because she is a much more compact site and has significantly less visitors. It is easy to visit both sites in one day by using a combined ticket. The local train connects both cities.
Herculaneum Tour by English speaking Guide
During my 2 hour guided tour you will re-live the tragedy of 2000 years ago. We will walk across the mosaic floors and see the painted walls, we will visit the very well preserved bathhouse just as it used to be so many centuries ago. Like Pompeii, Herculaneum was rediscovered 1700 years later, after the enormous eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. As the ancient town was situated right in the centre of modern Ercolano, excavation was a big problem. It is, therefore, very suggestive to stand in the excavated part of ancient Herculaneum, which you can see as a huge hole in the centre of a modern town.
Interested? Click here to contact me. Let me help you to make your holiday in Naples and surroundings an unforgettable one.
Home: 00390818073497
Mobile: 00393335005920
Email: pompeitours@gmail.com
Sophie / May 4, 2021
Thank you so much!! We enjoyed the tour in quiet Pompeii
Sven / March 1, 2017
Hello Jeannette, I want to thank you for the tour last Saturday. We have enjoyed it! We will definitely come back (so maybe then a tour in Herculaneum?) Thank you for the beautiful memory! Best regards, Sven
Paul Price / March 11, 2016
Hello Jeannette, It has been a while since we had a tour through Pompeii with you. I just want to let you know that we enjoyed it: ancient history came to life with your explanation. Thank you very much! Paul, Jane, Robert and Juliette Price
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Trending National News
Need Amid Plenty: Richest US Counties Are Overwhelmed by Surge in Child Hunger
tampafp.com March 18, 2021 No Comments
By: Laura Ungar
Alexandra Sierra carried boxes of food to her kitchen counter, where her 7-year-old daughter, Rachell, stirred a pitcher of lemonade.
"Oh, my God, it smells so good!" Sierra, 39, said of the bounty she'd just picked up at a food pantry, pulling out a ready-made salad and a container of soup.
Sierra unpacked the donated food and planned lunch for Rachell and her siblings, ages 9 and 2, as a reporter watched through FaceTime. She said she doesn't know what they'd do without the help.
The family lives in Bergen County, New Jersey, a dense grouping of 70 municipalities opposite Manhattan with about 950,000 people whose median household income ranks in the top 1% nationally. But Sierra and her husband, Aramon Morales, never earned a lot of money and are now out of work because of the pandemic.
The financial fallout of covid-19 has pushed child hunger to record levels. The need has been dire since the pandemic began and highlights the gaps in the nation's safety net.
While every U.S. county has seen hunger rates rise, the steepest jumps have been in some of the wealthiest counties, where overall affluence obscures the tenuous finances of low-wage workers. Such sudden and unprecedented surges in hunger have overwhelmed many rich communities, which weren't nearly as ready to cope as places that have long dealt with poverty and were already equipped with robust, organized charitable food networks.
Data from the anti-hunger advocacy group Feeding America and the U.S. Census Bureau shows that counties seeing the largest estimated increases in child food insecurity in 2020 compared with 2018 generally have much higher median household incomes than counties with the smallest increases. In Bergen, where the median household income is $101,144, child hunger is estimated to have risen by 136%, compared with 47% nationally.
That doesn't mean affluent counties have the greatest portion of hungry kids. An estimated 17% of children in Bergen face hunger, compared with a national average of around 25%.
But help is often harder to find in wealthier places. Missouri's affluent St. Charles County, north of St. Louis, population 402,000, has seen child hunger rise by 69% and has 20 sites distributing food from the St. Louis Area Foodbank. The city of St. Louis, pop. 311,000, has seen child hunger rise by 36% and has 100 sites.
"There's a huge variation in how different places are prepared or not prepared to deal with this and how they've struggled to address it," said Erica Kenney, assistant professor of public health nutrition at Harvard University. "The charitable food system has been very strained by this."
Eleni Towns, associate director of the No Kid Hungry campaign, said the pandemic "undid a decade's worth of progress" on reducing food insecurity, which last year threatened at least 15 million kids.
And while President Joe Biden's covid relief plan, which he signed into law March 11, promises to help with anti-poverty measures such as monthly payments to families of up to $300 per child this year, it's unclear how far the recently passed legislation will go toward addressing hunger.
"It's definitely a step in the right direction," said Marlene Schwartz, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at the University of Connecticut. "But it's hard to know what the impact is going to be."
Need Grows in Places of Plenty
After the pandemic struck, the federal government boosted benefits from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and offered Pandemic Electronic Benefit Transfer cards to compensate for free or reduced-price school meals while children were schooled from home.
Sierra's family saw their SNAP benefits of about $800 a month rise slightly and got two of those P-EBT payments, worth $434 each. But at the same time, they lost their main sources of income. Sierra had to leave her Amazon warehouse job when the kids' school went remote, and Morales stopped driving for Uber when trips became scarce and he feared getting covid on top of his asthma.
Federal relief wasn't enough for them and many others. So they flocked to food pantries.
In theory, pantries and the food banks that supply them are part of an emergency system designed for short-term crises, Schwartz said. "The problem is, they've actually become a standard source of food for a lot of people."
In Bergen County, the Center for Food Action helped 40,500 households last year, up from 23,000 the year before. In Eagle County, Colorado, where the tony ski resort Vail is located, the Community Market food bank saw its client load nearly quadruple to 4,000. And outside Boston, in the affluent Massachusetts county of Norfolk — where Feeding America data shows child hunger jumped from an estimated 6% of kids to 16% — Dedham Food Pantry's clients tripled to 1,800.
As covid's financial fallout has pushed child hunger to record levels, Alexandra Sierra of Bergen County, New Jersey, says she doesn't know what her family would do without the food they get from a local pantry.(CAROLINE GUTMAN / FOR KHN)
"This is just out of control compared to other times," said Lynn Rogal, vice president of the Dedham pantry, which opened in 1990.
Pantry managers said a disproportionate number of clients are from minority groups. Many lost jobs in the eviscerated service sector that undergirds the wealthier parts of their counties. Julie Yurko, CEO of the Northern Illinois Food Bank, said up to half of her current clients have never sought help before.
"In early January, we had a white minivan pull up with three kids, 5 and younger. It ran out of gas sitting there," Yurko said. "The mom was sobbing, and her beautiful children were sitting there watching her."
Kelly Sirimoglu, spokesperson for New Jersey's Center for Food Action, said the stigma around seeking help can be worse in wealthy areas. She said some people tell her, "I never thought I would be in line for food."
Advocates said the reluctance to seek help means the need is likely even larger than it appears.
Katie Wilson of St. Charles, Missouri, said she heard about a food pantry run by the Sts. Joachim & Ann Care Service from a friend of a friend. She almost didn't go. The single mom of two children, 11 and 9, lost her job as a hotel auditor in June and tried to squeak by without her income for two months.
"We found ourselves in a situation where it was a 'heat or eat' kind of thing," said Wilson, 42, describing having to choose between heating her home or buying food. "It took me looking around and saying, 'There is nothing to eat.'"
Struggling to Meet the Need
As hunger has become more visible, donations to food charities have risen. But they don't address the core problem of an infrastructure that doesn't match the new need. Some pantries are open just a few hours a week in church basements, a far cry from those that operate regularly and look like supermarkets. Many small pantries struggled to shift to outdoor food distribution during the pandemic or find new helpers when the few, often senior, volunteers felt unsafe doing the work.
"It definitely is harder in these places," said Yurko, whose food bank distributes to Kendall County, Illinois, which has just three pantries for its population of 129,000. "The safety nets are not as robust."
A strong safety net also requires pantries to cooperate with one another and the broader array of local social services. That's been happening for years in Flint, Michigan, said Denise Diller, executive director of Crossover Downtown Outreach Ministry, which runs a pantry. Agencies and community leaders banded together in 2014 when lead poisoned the drinking water.
"When covid occurred, we were already kind of ready," Diller said.
So was Atlanta. As in Flint, hunger was never hidden there; 15% of children in Fulton County, which includes Atlanta, faced hunger before the pandemic. After covid suspended volunteer shifts, the Atlanta Community Food Bank asked the Georgia National Guard to help sort, pack, warehouse and deliver food to help meet the needs of the estimated 22% of kids experiencing hunger. The food bank also partnered with seven school districts on more than 30 mobile pantries.
Such coordination and connections were lacking in Bergen County, where 80 pantries worked mostly in isolation when the pandemic hit, County Commissioner Tracy Zur said. "They weren't collaborating. They were going along the same path they had for decades," she said. "There was this need to break out of the old way of doing things and work together to be more impactful."
Zur spearheaded the creation of a food security task force in July, reaching out to municipal and faith leaders. Goals include feeding people, connecting them to other services and turning some emergency food programs into full-fledged pantries. "Building an infrastructure is painstaking and ongoing," she said.
Now, Zur said, pantries are starting to share with one another when one gets a large donation of perishable items such as eggs or milk.
With the need so widespread, residents do much the same.
During a recent pantry trip, Sierra, the New Jersey mom, opened the trunk of her 1999 Toyota and rummaged through the two big boxes volunteers had just placed there. She pointed to eggs, chicken, bread, butter, cheese and apples, observing, "I have more than I need."
But she said it would never go to waste. Any extra would go to neighbors and their hungry children.
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News tagged with: actor
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Hollywood Actor Luke Evans Talks About Beauties of Budapest in 'The Alienist' Promo Video
The TNT series The Alienist, with leading actors Daniel Brühl, Dakota Fanning,...
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Legendary Actor István Szilágyi Killed by His Own Son
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actor ambulance author
'Son of Saul' Star Hungarian Actor Géza Röhrig Volunteers as Ambulance Assistant in New York
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A Touch of the Sun is a 1956 British comedy film directed by Gordon Parry and starring Frankie Howerd, Ruby Murray and Dennis Price. Made by the independent producer Raymond Stross it was shot at Walton Studios. The film's sets were designed by the art director John Stoll.

Premise
A hall porter is left a large inheritance by one of the residents. After taking a luxury holiday he takes over the hotel and begins running it himself.

Cast
 Frankie Howerd as William Darling
 Ruby Murray as Ruby
 Dennis Price as Digby Hatchard
 Dorothy Bromiley as Rose Blake
 Katherine Kath as Lucienne
 Gordon Harker as Sid
 Reginald Beckwith as Herbert Hardcastle
 Pierre Dudan as Louis
 Colin Gordon as Cecil Flick
 Richard Wattis as Purchase
 Alfie Bass as May
 Naomi Chance as Miss Caroline Lovejoy
 Miriam Karlin as Alice Cann
 Willoughby Goddard as Golightly
 Aïché Nana as Belly Dancer
 George Margo as Howard Cann
 Esma Cannon as Miss Tickle
 Lucy Griffiths as Aggie

Production
The film was made at Nettlefold Studios, in Walton-on-Thames, in Surrey.

References

External links

1956 films
1956 comedy films
British comedy films
Films directed by Gordon Parry
Films scored by Eric Spear
Films shot at Nettlefold Studios
1950s English-language films
1950s British films
British black-and-white films

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Q: Zend 2 - Display Global Form Errormessages Zend 2 latest
As i know i can set different errormessages to each zend-form element.
$oForm->get('myElement')->setMessages(array('My defined errormessage - for THIS one element'));
Is there a way to define a global error message into the form, which would be (for eg.) displayed at the top of the form, or do i have to insert this function by myself?

A: You can use the flashMessenger helper of zf2.
The full documentation on how to use it can be found here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Watch Liam Hemsworth Pull an Epic Prank on Miley Cyrus
Katrina Nattress Published: April 23, 2018
Getty Images for Disney
Miley Cyrus posted a video to her Instagram Stories over the weekend that began innocently enough. She and fiancé Liam Hemsworth are riding in the car. He's driving, and she's singing and dancing along to a rap song. The 28-year-old actor dances along as well, until he exclaims, "Oh s**t!" and pretends to lose control of the vehicle, causing Cyrus to drop her phone.
"I f**king hate when he does this s**t," the 25-year-old musician/actress wrote about the video on Instagram. But, come on, that's pretty hilarious.
This is not the first time Hemsworth has pulled this epic prank on Cyrus. In 2016, she posted another video that was totally ruined by her beau. "Babe, stop, seriously!" she exclaims in the Instagram clip.
The couple has been together on and off for nearly a decade now, and though they're being very hush hush about their wedding plans, an ET source reports they're learning from their mistakes when they were originally engaged in 2012.
"They felt such pressure to make it the most spectacular wedding in the world," the source explained. "But that was the downfall of their relationship and led to their breakup. This has been such a long, drawn-out process. They joke about the idea that when they finally get married, people won't believe it's real!"
20 Things You Didn't Know About Miley Cyrus:
Source: Watch Liam Hemsworth Pull an Epic Prank on Miley Cyrus
Filed Under: liam hemsworth, Miley Cyrus
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Numeracy Practice Tests Years 7 and 9 are workbooks that provide students with a series of practice tests as well as comprehensive information and worked examples on all sections of the Years 7 and 9 NAPLAN Numeracy test.^ The tests are divided into calculator-allowed and calculator-free booklets, and cover the topics of number, algebra, function and pattern, measurement, space and chance and data.
Numeracy Practice Tests Years 7 and 9 are designed to give students an overview of the assessment criteria in each section, and provide detailed test advice on how to correctly identify test question types and how to complete the test under time pressure.
^ This book is not an officially endorsed publication of the NAPLAN project and is produced by Cengage Learning independently of Australian Governments.
Sue Ferguson is an experienced Maths teacher who has edited and written several maths books. She has also worked at the Mathematical Association of Victoria, the Curriculum Department in the Victorian Education Department, the Curriculum Corporation ACARA and currently works at the University of Victoria.
Wendy is an Education and Assessment Consultant who draws on diverse experience gained working at Curriculum Corporation, the Australian Council for Educational Research and as a teacher. Wendy has authored a variety of assessment materials and resources and has played key roles in national and jurisdiction assessment programs. Wendy worked with all Australian test administration authorities, as Assistant Project Director for the National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN), to ensure the successful implementation of the inaugural NAPLAN tests across Australia.
Sarah Hamper teaches at Abbotsleigh School in Wahroonga and has taught at Meriden and Tara Anglican schools. Her expertise is in using modelling, problem solving and ICT for the effective learning of mathematics, and she has presented workshops for MANSW and nationally. Sarah is a co-author of new editions of New Century Maths 9-10 for the Australian Curriculum in NSW.


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Free Parking for Patients and Guests
Published: February 7th, 2012
Category: Featured Content
Overview of Free Parking
UF Health provides complimentary parking for patients and their visitors.
Parking for patients or patient visitors is complimentary with a voucher. Patients and visitors must ask for a parking voucher at the check-out area, nurses' station or other designated area when leaving their location of service and present it to the attendant upon exiting the garage. Please be advised that parking is cash only.
Free valet parking is available for patients at the UF Health Shands Critical Care Center — which includes the UF Health Shands E.R., Level I Trauma Center and the UF Health Shands Chest Pain E.R. — as well as the UF Health Shands Pediatric E.R.
Valet parking is also available in the front circle of our hospitals for $3 with a patient or patient visitor parking voucher.
Patients and their visitors can still choose to self-park in the north campus East Parking Garage 10 (patient and visitor parking) on Newell Drive. This is also free with a voucher or $10 without a voucher.
Free disabled parking is available at the west entrance of the hospital.
Parking is not allowed in hospital front circle drop-off areas.
Complimentary Parking: Available Parking Lots and Garages
East Parking Garage (Gated Garage 10)
Located on the northeast corner of Archer Road and Newell Drive, across from the Pediatric E.R.
Ideal parking for Radiology and Surgery, and for visiting patients in UF Health Shands Hospital.
West Parking (Garage 3)
Northwest corner of Archer Road and Center Drive, across from the Dental Tower (accessed from Mowry Road).
Levels 3 and 4 of Garage 2 (West)
Adjacent to Wilmot Gardens on the northwest corner of Archer Road and Center Drive across from UF Health Shands Medical Plaza (accessed from both Mowry Road and Gale Lemerand Drive).
Ideal parking for UF Dental and UF Physicians Outpatient Clinics.
UF Health Shands Hospital south campus visitor lot
Adjacent to UF Health Shands Cancer Hospital.
Park here for Bone Marrow Transplant Clinic, Emergency and Trauma Services, Visiting patients in UF Health Shands Cancer Hospital and Surgery.
UF Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Institute visitor lot
Hull Road near NW 34th Street.
Other Parking Options
Vehicles with state-issued disabled parking permits have access to parking located in the parking areas next to the West Entrance, UF Health Shands Medical Plaza, and in visitor and patient parking garages.
A daily parking fee of $4 will be collected on weekdays from 8:30 a.m. – 9:30 p.m.
If your care requires you to stay several days, please visit one of the information centers and ask for a long-term parking permit. This permit gives you free parking in the commuter lot during your extended stay. Oversized or recreational vehicles may be parked in the metered lot north of the West parking garages.
Oversized vehicles or recreational vehicles may be parked in the metered lot north of the West Parking Garage.
The Failed Kidney Transplant: Factors Affecting Clinical Outcomes
ASN Kidney Week 2018
AKI The Other Side of the Rainbow
News Archive Select Month October 2018 August 2018 March 2018 February 2018 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 April 2016 March 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 June 2015 May 2015 November 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 February 2014 January 2014 October 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 April 2013 December 2012 October 2012 August 2012 May 2012 February 2012 January 2012


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Fred Page
I am very sad to have to report the passing of one of our members.
Fred Page.
Fred Page, who died on Monday 16th July, was a loveable Cockney with a wealth of stories about his time in the army in Palestine and about his days as an entertainer. Who he hadn't met and sometimes worked with is an easier listing than those he had – from Max Bygraves to Morecombe and Wise to Warren Mitchell. He was a cleaner on the squadron between 1988 to 1993 at Wattisham. Quickly endearing himself to everyone, he was adopted by the Tigers and after their disbandment on Phantoms in 1992 he kept those (mainly groundcrew) left in the Wattisham area up to date with news of promotions and postings of their former colleagues. Squadron CO Graham Clarke – always known to Fred as `The Boss` – was best man at his wedding to Edna (both were in their 80s at the time!)
Fred and Edna`s little bungalow in Needham Market in Suffolk was a shrine to the Tigers with the walls of the lounge adorned with pictures and prints of 74`s aircraft, tiger's heads, scarves and stickers and all those serving on the squadron who Fred knew. He kept in contact with air and ground crew alike after his retirement and he always looked forward to his birthday and Christmas when he knew that he and Edna would receive a sackful of cards from ex-Tigers the world over wishing them well.
Our sympathies and condolences go to Edna who, over the time she knew Fred in the latter years of both their lives, soon realised she had found a very special companion. She will miss him greatly, as will we all.
The funeral took place at Needham Market, Suffolk, on July 25th at 11.15am.


Filamentive, a UK-based 3D printing filament manufacturer, proudly unveiled ONE PET, a 100% Recycled 3D printing filament made from PET plastic bottles. It was made from post-consumer PET plastic bottle waste, in close collaboration with Tridea, a manufacturer of 3D printing filament from recycled waste.
Filamentive has always focused on sustainability and is committed to reducing the environmental impact of plastic in 3D printing. The manufacturer already holds a list of product portfolio made from recycled materials – declared in accordance with ISO 14021. With the launch of ONE PET, the company now signifies a concrete effort to reduce the post-consumer plastic waste accumulating all over the globe.
ONE PET 3D printing filament is not only defined by the environmental benefits, in fact, it is much more than that. Filamentive has rigorously tested ONE PET for numerous 3D printing applications. The results show that the new 3D printing filament is stiff and tough with excellent interlayer adhesion. In comparison with strong materials like PETG, ONE PET exhibits superior technical properties such as tensile strength.
Currently, the filament is available in seven colours, in both 1.75mm and 2.85mm diameter variants. The filament is priced at £24.98 but is sold at a sale price of £19.99 on the Filamentive website.
ONE PET was a joint effort of Filamentive and Tridea. Tridea is a Belgian recycling business who believes that 'there is no such thing a waste'. Their mission is to create value from Belgium's plastic waste, by transforming it into 3D filament to print products that can be recycled and sold again.
For fulfilling this mission they partnered with Filamentive who are like-minded in their approach towards plastic waste. This joint effort is sure to benefit in negating the impact of plastic waste.
Proudly to launch ONE PET, Ravi Toor, Founder & Managing Director of Filamentive explained, "In a world where less than 10% of plastic is recycled and in an industry where plastic is the material feedstock, we feel it is our duty to prioritise the use of recycled materials, and by working with Tridea, we are now making progress towards reducing post-consumer waste which has a considerable lower recycling rate than post-industrial waste streams".
About Filamentive: Filamentive is a market leader in sustainable 3D printing filaments. The company has experienced rapid growth and continues to address the questions surrounding 3D printing recycled materials.
About Tridea: Tridea believes that there is no such thing as waste! They have developed a 360° platform to transform your waste into useful objects. They have developed a new process of creating filament made out of recycled plastics. By working together they aim to raise awareness around plastic waste, reduce your waste tonnage and transform your waste into cool and useful products that you can recycle and reuse.


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text:
In: Markets
Tagged: Bidens, Loan, proposal, Repayment, student
The Education Department on Tuesday released long-awaited details on a piece of President Biden's student loan debt plan that would enable millions of borrowers to cut their monthly federal payments by more than half — perhaps the most consequential component of the president's broader initiative to make the loan system more manageable.
The Education Department's proposed rules would revise one of its existing income-driven repayment plans — known as REPAYE — in which borrowers' monthly payments are tied to their income and family size, and after a set number of years, any remaining debt is forgiven.
Unlike Mr. Biden's one-time initiative to cancel up to $20,000 in federal debt, which has been stymied by legal challenges, the new repayment plan would become a permanent fixture of the student loan infrastructure and apply to current and future borrowers.
The latest iteration of REPAYE will be the most affordable of the five existing plans, the first of which became available in 1995. Like the others, it doesn't do anything to slow the rising cost of higher education, instead providing a new way to cope.
A significant and rising share of borrowers is already enrolled in income-driven repayment plans, which are intended to ease the pressure when debtors can't afford their monthly bill. Roughly 8.5 million federal student loan borrowers are enrolled in existing plans, representing about a third of all borrowers in repayment, up from 1.6 million, or 10 percent, in 2013.
It's still unclear when the new plan will be up and running: The proposal will be subject to public comment for 30 days, and the administration will take that feedback into account before the rule becomes final later this year.
Here's how it's expected to work, with updates to follow as we learn more.
Who is eligible for the new repayment plan?
Borrowers with federal undergraduate loans or graduate loans.
But undergraduate borrowers are eligible for lower payments than graduate borrowers.
Who is excluded?
Parents who borrowed to pay for their children's schooling using Parent PLUS loans cannot enroll in the new plan.
That means if parent borrowers cannot afford to make their payments, they generally have access only to the most expensive income-driven repayment plan — known as income-contingent repayment — which requires borrowers to pay 20 percent of their discretionary income for 25 years; anything remaining is forgiven.
Does this updated plan mean others will shut down?
In the past, new repayment plans didn't lead to the shuttering of older ones, which is why there's a confusing assortment of options on the books. (The amended REPAYE plan is generally more affordable than the four other (!) existing plans, including Pay as You Earn, Income-Contingent Repayment and Income-Based Repayment, which comes in two versions.)
But the Biden administration said it wanted to simplify the choices so that borrowers weren't overwhelmed: It proposed phasing out new enrollments into the PAYE and I.C.R. plans, while limiting the circumstances where a borrower can later switch into the I.B.R. plan.
Borrowers with Parent PLUS loans, however, will not lose access to the I.C.R. plan, according to senior administration officials. They can continue to enroll in that plan after they consolidate into a so-called direct consolidation loan.
How does the new repayment plan work?
First, some quick background: All income-driven plans generally operate in the same fashion. Payments are calculated based on your earnings and household size, and are readjusted each year. After monthly payments are made for a set number of years — usually 20 — any remaining balance is forgiven. (The balance is taxable as income, though a temporary tax rule exempts balances forgiven through 2025 from federal income taxes.)
The revised REPAYE plan would become more generous in several ways.
To start, it would reduce payments on undergraduate loans to 5 percent of discretionary income, down from 10 percent in the existing REPAYE plan (and 15 percent in other plans).
Graduate debt is also eligible, but borrowers would pay 10 percent of discretionary income on that portion. If you hold both undergraduate and graduate debt, your payment will be weighted accordingly.
But the new rules also tweak the payment formula so that more income is protected for a borrower's basic needs, which in turn reduces payments overall. That change will also allow more low-income workers to qualify for zero-dollar payments.
What is discretionary income?
Once you pay for basic needs like food and rent, any leftover income is considered discretionary income. In the land of federal student loans, income-driven repayment plans require borrowers to pay a percentage of their discretionary income.
The proposed plan tweaks the payment formula so that more income is protected, generating less discretionary income and a lower payment.
In the current REPAYE program, discretionary income is defined as income in excess of a protected amount set at 150 percent of the federal poverty guideline. It's not much. That means single borrowers start making payments on income above roughly $20,400 (or just above $41,600 for a family of four).
The revised REPAYE plan would increase the amount of income protected from repayment to 225 percent of the federal poverty guidelines. That means no worker earning under 225 percent of the poverty level — or what a $15 minimum wage worker earns annually — will have to make a payment, the administration said.
Put another way, a single borrower who makes less than $30,500 would make $0 monthly payments. The same goes for a borrower in a household of four with income below $62,400.
Are there any changes for borrowers with small loan balances?
Yes. People who took out smaller loans — or those with original balances of $12,000 or less in total — would make monthly payments for 10 years before cancellation, instead of the more typical 20-year repayment period. Every additional $1,000 borrowed above the $12,000 amount would add one year of monthly payments before the balance is forgiven.
Will the way interest is treated change?
Yes. Unlike other existing income-driven plans, borrowers' loan balances will not grow as long as they make their monthly payments, even when they are not required to make any payments because their income is too low.
In the proposed plan, if a borrower's payment isn't high enough to cover the interest due that month, the remaining interest will not be charged or tacked onto the balance.
That will be a huge relief to borrowers who diligently make payments yet still see their balances balloon over the decades because they're not paying enough to cover the interest owed.
How much will my payment decrease under the new plan?
Undergraduate borrowers will receive the most significant savings, though graduate borrowers will benefit, too.
Borrowers who rank among the bottom 30 percent of earners (or families with earnings less than $29,000 on average) would qualify for payments that are 83 percent lower per dollar borrowed over their lifetimes, on average, according to the Education Department, while those in the top 30 percent of earners (families with earnings exceeding $90,000) would see only a 5 percent reduction.
A single borrower with an income below $30,500 per year would not be required to make any monthly payments — nor would a borrower in a household of four with income below $62,400.
Will my spouse's income be included in my payment calculation?
It depends on how you file your federal income tax return.
Married borrowers who file their federal income tax return separately would be permitted to exclude their spouse from both their household income and family size. But joint filers must include any income earned by their spouse.
The Education Department has proposed applying this rule to all income-driven repayment plans, not just the revised REPAYE program, to lessen confusion and simplify the application process.
Can delinquent borrowers enroll?
The proposed rule change would automatically enroll borrowers who are at least 75 days behind on their payments into a plan that will provide the lowest payment.
This proposed change would apply to borrowers for whom the Education Department has approval to get their income information from the Internal Revenue Service.
What if my loans were in default?
For the first time, borrowers in default would be permitted to enroll in an income-driven repayment plan.
But there's a catch: The proposed rule would only permit defaulted borrowers to enroll in the Income-Based Repayment plan, which has higher payments than the new REPAYE program.
Can I enroll in the new plan before loan payments are set to resume?
That's hard to predict with any certainty, but probably not. It's not yet clear when the new program will be ready for borrowers or when payments will resume. And even after the revised plan's rules are finalized, loan servicers and the Education Department will still have to update their systems.
"But the Department has perhaps made it easier for itself and for borrowers by amending the terms of an existing plan — the REPAYE plan — rather than creating a totally new plan as it previously proposed," said Abby Shafroth, a lawyer at the National Consumer Law Center who focuses on student loan issues. "As a result, it can work from the existing REPAYE architecture, and borrowers who are already enrolled in REPAYE won't have to change plans."
Student loan payments have been postponed for most federal borrowers since March 2020 as part of a pandemic relief measure. The Biden administration has said that the payment pause would continue until the Education Department is allowed to move ahead with its debt cancellation plan or the litigation is resolved. But if those matters have not been settled by June 30, payments will resume 60 days after that. Borrowers will be notified in advance.
Will anyone be automatically enrolled in the revised plan?
Yes. Borrowers who are already enrolled in the existing REPAYE plan won't have to change plans.
Can I switch from another repayment plan to the revised one?
Eventually, yes.
Will my repayment clock restart if I switch plans?
No, borrowers generally receive credit when they switch from one income-driven plan to another.
What should I do in the meantime?
If you can't afford the standard payment plan, you should probably consider one of the existing income-driven repayment plans, including REPAYE: Borrowers in this plan would benefit from lower payments after the revised program replaces the existing one.
Other repayment options may better suit your circumstances, and they can sometimes yield lower payment amounts. Those include the standard (with fixed payments), graduated (your payments rise) and extended (you pay over a longer time) repayment plans.
Options that pause payments should generally be used as a last resort: Requesting a deferment or forbearance will temporarily postpone payments, but there can be significant added costs in the long run.
I'm still confused. Where can I get more help?
There are tools and services that can help. The loan simulator tool at StudentAid.gov will guide you through the existing options and help you decide which plan best fits your goals — finding the lowest-payment plan, for example, versus paying loans off as soon as possible.
The tool is easy to use. When you sign into your Student Aid account, it should automatically use your loans in its calculations. (You can manually add other federal loans if any are missing.) You can also look at plans side by side to compare how much they'll each cost over time, both monthly and in total, and if any debt would be forgiven.
Besides your loan servicer, groups like The Institute of Student Loan Advisors, known as TISLA, can provide free guidance on what options may work best for you. For New York State residents, EDCAP, a nonprofit organization focused on student loans, also offers help. And some employers and other organizations have hired companies like Summer, which helps borrowers sort through the options.
Stacy Cowley contributed reporting.
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text:
VIETNAM WAR: President Lyndon B. Johnson's Address to the Nation--Vietnam Renunciation Speech (March 31, 1968)
Good evening, my fellow Americans: Tonight I want to speak to you of peace in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.
No other question so preoccupies our people. No other dream so absorbs the 250 million human beings who live in that part of the world. No other goal motivates American policy in Southeast Asia.
For years, representatives of our Government and others have traveled the world--seeking to find a basis for peace talks.
Since last September, they have carried the offer that I made public at San Antonio.
That offer was this:
That the United States would stop its bombardment of North Vietnam when that would lead promptly to productive discussions--and that we would assume that North Vietnam would not take military advantage of our restraint.
Hanoi denounced this offer, both privately and publicly. Even while the search for peace was going on, North Vietnam rushed their preparations for a savage assault on the people, the government, and the allies of South Vietnam.
Their attack--during the Tet holidays--failed to achieve its principal objectives. It did not collapse the elected government of South Vietnam or shatter its army--as the Communists had hoped.
It did not produce a "general uprising" among the people of the cities as they had predicted.
The Communists were unable to maintain control of any of the more than 30 cities that they attacked. And they took very heavy casualties.
But they did compel the South Vietnamese and their allies to move certain forces from the countryside into the cities.
They caused widespread disruption and suffering. Their attacks, and the battles that followed, made refugees of half a million human beings.
The Communists may renew their attack any day.
They are, it appears, trying to make 1968 the year of decision in South Vietnam--the year that brings, if not final victory or defeat, at least a turning point in the struggle.
This much is clear:
If they do mount another round of heavy attacks, they will not succeed in destroying the fighting power of South Vietnam and its allies.
But tragically, this is also clear: Many men--on both sides of the struggle--will be lost. A nation that has already suffered 20 years of warfare will suffer once again.
Armies on both sides will take new casualties. And the war will go on.
There is no need for this to be so.
There is no need to delay the talks that could bring an end to this long and this bloody war.
Tonight, I renew the offer I made last August to stop the bombardment of North Vietnam. We ask that talks begin promptly, that they be serious talks on the substance of peace. We assume that during those talks Hanoi will not take advantage of our restraint.
We are prepared to move immediately toward peace through negotiations.
So, tonight, in the hope that this action will lead to early talks, I am taking the first step to de-escalate the conflict. We are reducing - substantially reducing the present level of hostilities.
And we are doing so unilaterally, and at once.
Tonight, I have ordered our aircraft and our naval vessels to make no attacks on North Vietnam, except in the area north of the demilitarized zone where the continuing enemy buildup directly threatens allied forward positions and where the movements of their troops and supplies are clearly related to that threat.
The area in which we are stopping our attacks includes almost 90 percent of North Vietnam's population, and most of its territory. Thus there will be no attacks around the principal populated areas, or in the food-producing areas of North Vietnam.
Even this very limited bombing of the North could come to an early end--if our restraint is matched by restraint in Hanoi. But I cannot in good conscience stop all bombing so long as to do so would immediately and directly endanger the lives of our men and our allies. Whether a complete bombing halt becomes possible in the future will be determined by events.
Our purpose in this action is to bring about a reduction in the level of violence that now exists.
It is to save the lives of brave men--and to save the lives of innocent women and children. It is to permit the contending forces to move closer to a political settlement.
And tonight, I call upon the United Kingdom and I call upon the Soviet Union--as co-chairmen of the Geneva Conferences, and as permanent members of the United Nations Security Council - to do all they can to move from the unilateral act of de-escalation that I have just announced toward genuine peace in Southeast Asia.
Now, as in the past, the United States is ready to send its representatives to any forum, at any time, to discuss the means of bringing this ugly war to an end.
I am designating one of our most distinguished Americans, Ambassador Averell Harriman, as my personal representative for such talks. In addition, I have asked Ambassador Llewellyn Thompson, who returned from Moscow for consultation, to be available to join Ambassador Harriman at Geneva or any other suitable place-just as soon as Hanoi agrees to a conference.
I call upon President Ho Chi Minh to respond positively, and favorably, to this new step toward peace.
But if peace does not come now through negotiations, it will come when Hanoi understands that our common resolve is unshakable, and our common strength is invincible.
Tonight, we and the other allied nations are contributing 600,000 fighting men to assist 700,000 South Vietnamese troops in defending their little country.
Our presence there has always rested on this basic belief: The main burden of preserving their freedom must be carried out by them--by the South Vietnamese themselves.
We and our allies can only help to provide a shield behind which the people of South Vietnam can survive and can grow and develop. On their efforts--on their determination and resourcefulness the outcome will ultimately depend.
That small, beleaguered nation has suffered terrible punishment for more than 20 years.
I pay tribute once again tonight to the great courage and endurance of its people.
South Vietnam supports armed forces tonight of almost 700,000 men--and I call your attention to the fact that this is the equivalent of more than 10 million in our own population. Its people maintain their firm determination to be free of domination by the North.
There has been substantial progress, I think, in building a durable government during these last 3 years. The South Vietnam of 1965 could not have survived the enemy's Tet offensive of 1968. The elected government of South Vietnam survived that attack and is rapidly repairing the devastation that it wrought.
The South Vietnamese know that further efforts are going to be required:
--to expand their own armed forces,
--to move back into the countryside as quickly as possible, to increase their taxes,
--to select the very best men that they have for civil and military responsibility,
--to achieve a new unity within their constitutional government, and
--to include in the national effort all those groups who wish to preserve South Vietnam's control over its own destiny. Last week President Thieu ordered the mobilization of 135,000 additional South Vietnamese. He plans to reach--as soon as possible - a total military strength of more than 800,000 men.
To achieve this, the Government of South Vietnam started the drafting of 19-year-olds on March 1st. On May 1st, the Government will begin the drafting of 18-year-olds.
Last month, 10,000 men volunteered for military service--that was two and a half times the number of volunteers during the same month last year. Since the middle of January, more than 48,000 South Vietnamese have joined the armed forces--and nearly half of them volunteered to do so.
All men in the South Vietnamese armed forces have had their tours of duty extended for the duration of the war, and reserves are now being called up for immediate active duty.
President Thieu told his people last week:
"We must make greater efforts and accept more sacrifices because, as I have said many times, this is our country. The existence of our nation is at stake, and this is mainly a Vietnamese responsibility."
He warned his people that a major national effort is required to root out corruption and incompetence at all levels of government.
We applaud this evidence of determination on the part of South Vietnam. Our first priority will be to support their effort.
We shall accelerate the re-equipment of South Vietnam's armed forces--in order to meet the enemy's increased firepower. This will enable them progressively to undertake a larger share of combat operations against the Communist invaders. On many occasions I have told the American people that we would send to Vietnam those forces that are required to accomplish our mission there. So, with that as our guide, we have previously authorized a force level of approximately 525,000.
Some weeks ago--to help meet the enemy's new offensive--we sent to Vietnam about 11,000 additional Marine and airborne troops. They were deployed by air in 48 hours, on an emergency basis. But the artillery, tank, aircraft, medical, and other units that were needed to work with and to support these infantry troops in combat could not then accompany them by air on that short notice.
In order that these forces may reach maximum combat effectiveness, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have recommended to me that we should prepare to send--during the next 5 months--support troops totaling approximately 13,500 men.
A portion of these men will be made available from our active forces. The balance will come from reserve component units which will be called up for service.
The actions that we have taken since the beginning of the year
--to reequip the South Vietnamese forces,
--to meet our responsibilities in Korea, as well as our responsibilities in Vietnam,
--to meet price increases and the cost of activating and deploying reserve forces,
--to replace helicopters and provide the other military supplies we need, all of these actions are going to require additional expenditures.
The tentative estimate of those additional expenditures is $2.5 billion in this fiscal year, and $2.6 billion in the next fiscal year.
These projected increases in expenditures for our national security will bring into sharper focus the Nation's need for immediate action: action to protect the prosperity of the American people and to protect the strength and the stability of our American dollar.
On many occasions I have pointed out that, without a tax bill or decreased expenditures, next year's deficit would again be around $20 billion. l have emphasized the need to set strict priorities in our spending. l have stressed that failure to act and to act promptly and decisively would raise very strong doubts throughout the world about America's willingness to keep its financial house in order.
Yet Congress has not acted. And tonight we face the sharpest financial threat in the postwar era - a threat to the dollar's role as the keystone of international trade and finance in the world.
Last week, at the monetary conference in Stockholm, the major industrial countries decided to take a big step toward creating a new international monetary asset that will strengthen the international monetary system. l am very proud of the very able work done by Secretary Fowler and Chairman Martin of the Federal Reserve Board.
But to make this system work the United States just must bring its balance of payments to--or very close to--equilibrium. We must have a responsible fiscal policy in this country. The passage of a tax bill now, together with expenditure control that the Congress may desire and dictate, is absolutely necessary to protect this Nation's security, to continue our prosperity, and to meet the needs of our people.
What is at stake is 7 years of unparalleled prosperity. In those 7 years, the real income of the average American, after taxes, rose by almost 30 percent--a gain as large as that of the entire preceding 19 years.
So the steps that we must take to convince the world are exactly the steps we must take to sustain our own economic strength here at home. In the past 8 months, prices and interest rates have risen because of our inaction.
We must, therefore, now do everything we can to move from debate to action--from talking to voting. There is, I believe-I hope there is-in both Houses of the Congress--a growing sense of urgency that this situation just must be acted upon and must be corrected.
My budget in January was, we thought, a tight one. It fully reflected our evaluation of most of the demanding needs of this Nation.
But in these budgetary matters, the President does not decide alone. The Congress has the power and the duty to determine appropriations and taxes. The Congress is now considering our proposals and they are considering reductions in the budget that we submitted.
As part of a program of fiscal restraint that includes the tax surcharge, I shall approve appropriate reductions in the January budget when and if Congress so decides that that should be done.
One thing is unmistakably clear, however: Our deficit just must be reduced. Failure to act could bring on conditions that would strike hardest at those people that all of us are trying so hard to help.
These times call for prudence in this land of plenty. l believe that we have the character to provide it, and tonight I plead with the Congress and with the people to act promptly to serve the national interest, and thereby serve all of our people. Now let me give you my estimate of the chances for peace:
--the peace that will one day stop the bloodshed in South Vietnam,
--that will permit all the Vietnamese people to rebuild and develop their land,
--that will permit us to turn more fully to our own tasks here at home.
I cannot promise that the initiative that I have announced tonight will be completely successful in achieving peace any more than the 30 others that we have undertaken and agreed to in recent years.
But it is our fervent hope that North Vietnam, after years of fighting that have left the issue unresolved, will now cease its efforts to achieve a military victory and will join with us in moving toward the peace table.
And there may come a time when South Vietnamese--on both sides--are able to work out a way to settle their own differences by free political choice rather than by war.
As Hanoi considers its course, it should be in no doubt of our intentions. It must not miscalculate the pressures within our democracy in this election year.
We have no intention of widening this war.
But the United States will never accept a fake solution to this long and arduous struggle and call it peace.
No one can foretell the precise terms of an eventual settlement.
Our objective in South Vietnam has never been the annihilation of the enemy.
It has been to bring about a recognition in Hanoi that its objective--taking over the South by force--could not be achieved.
We think that peace can be based on the Geneva Accords of 1954--under political conditions that permit the South Vietnamese--all the South Vietnamese--to chart their course free of any outside domination or interference, from us or from anyone else.
So tonight I reaffirm the pledge that we made at Manila--that we are prepared to withdraw our forces from South Vietnam as the other side withdraws its forces to the north, stops the infiltration, and the level of violence thus subsides.
Our goal of peace and self-determination in Vietnam is directly related to the future of all of Southeast Asia--where much has happened to inspire confidence during the past 10 years. We have done all that we knew how to do to contribute and to help build that confidence.
A number of its nations have shown what can be accomplished under conditions of security. Since 1966, Indonesia, the fifth largest nation in all the world, with a population of more than 100 million people, has had a government that is dedicated to peace with its neighbors and improved conditions for its own people. Political and economic cooperation between nations has grown rapidly.
I think every American can take a great deal of pride in the role that we have played in bringing this about in Southeast Asia. We can rightly judge as responsible Southeast Asians themselves do--that the progress of the past 3 years would have been far less likely--if not completely impossible--if America's sons and others had not made their stand in Vietnam.
At Johns Hopkins University, about 3 years ago, l announced that the United States would take part in the great work of developing Southeast Asia, including the Mekong Valley, for all the people of that region. Our determination to help build a better land--a better land for men on both sides of the present conflict--has not diminished in the least. Indeed, the ravages of war, I think, have made it more urgent than ever.
So, I repeat on behalf of the United States again tonight what I said at Johns Hopkins--that North Vietnam could take its place in this common effort just as soon as peace comes.
Over time, a wider framework of peace and security in Southeast Asia may become possible. The new cooperation of the nations of the area could be a foundation-stone. Certainly friendship with the nations of such a Southeast Asia is what the United States seeks and that is all that the United States seeks.
One day, my fellow citizens, there will be peace in Southeast Asia.
It will come because the people of Southeast Asia want it--those whose armies are at war tonight, and those who, though threatened, have thus far been spared. Peace will come because Asians were willing to work for it--and to sacrifice for it--and to die by the thousands for it.
But let it never be forgotten: Peace will come also because America sent her sons to help secure it.
It has not been easy--far from it. During the past 4 1/2 years, it has been my fate and my responsibility to be Commander in Chief. I have lived--daily and nightly--with the cost of this war. l know the pain that it has inflicted. I know, perhaps better than anyone, the misgivings that it has aroused.
Throughout this entire, long period, I have been sustained by a single principle: that what we are doing now, in Vietnam, is vital not only to the security of Southeast Asia, but it is vital to the security of every American.
Surely we have treaties which we must respect. Surely we have commitments that we are going to keep. Resolutions of the Congress testify to the need to resist aggression in the world and in Southeast Asia.
But the heart of our involvement in South Vietnam--under three different Presidents, three separate administrations--has always been America's own security.
And the larger purpose of our involvement has always been to help the nations of Southeast Asia become independent and stand alone, self-sustaining, as members of a great world community--at peace with themselves, and at peace with all others.
With such an Asia, our country--and the world--will be far more secure than it is tonight.
I believe that a peaceful Asia is far nearer to reality because of what America has done in Vietnam. l believe that the men who endure the dangers of battle fighting there for us tonight-- are helping the entire world avoid far greater conflicts, far wider wars, far more destruction, than this one.
The peace that will bring them home someday will come. Tonight I have offered the first in what I hope will be a series of mutual moves toward peace.
I pray that it will not be rejected by the leaders of North Vietnam. I pray that they will accept it as a means by which the sacrifices of their own people may be ended. And I ask your help and your support, my fellow citizens, for this effort to reach across the battlefield toward an early peace.
Finally, my fellow Americans, let me say this:
Of those to whom much is given, much is asked. l cannot say and no man could say that no more will be asked of us.
Yet, l believe that now, no less than when the decade began, this generation of Americans is willing to "pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty."
Since those words were spoken by John F. Kennedy, the people of America have kept that compact with mankind's noblest cause.
And we shall continue to keep it.
Yet, I believe that we must always be mindful of this one thing, whatever the trials and the tests ahead. The ultimate strength of our country and our cause will lie not in powerful weapons or infinite resources or boundless wealth, but will lie in the unity of our people.
This I believe very deeply.
Throughout my entire public career I have followed the personal philosophy that I am a free man, an American, a public servant, and a member of my party, in that order always and only.
For 37 years in the service of our Nation, first as a Congressman, as a Senator, and as Vice President, and now as your President, l have put the unity of the people first. l have put it ahead of any divisive partisanship.
And in these times as in times before, it is true that a house divided against itself by the spirit of faction, of party, of region, of religion, of race, is a house that cannot stand.
There is division in the American house now.
There is divisiveness among us all tonight. And holding the trust that is mine, as President of all the people, l cannot disregard the peril to the progress of the American people and the hope and the prospect of peace for all peoples.
So, I would ask all Americans, whatever their personal interests or concern, to guard against divisiveness and all its ugly consequences.
Fifty-two months and 10 days ago, in a moment of tragedy and trauma, the duties of this office fell upon me. I asked then for your help and God's, that we might continue America on its course, binding up our wounds, healing our history, moving forward in new unity, to clear the American agenda and to keep the American commitment for all of our people.
United we have kept that commitment. United we have enlarged that commitment.
Through all time to come, l think America will be a stronger nation, a more just society, and a land of greater opportunity and fulfillment because of what we have all done together in these years of unparalleled achievement.
Our reward will come in the life of freedom, peace, and hope that our children will enjoy through ages ahead.
What we won when all of our people united just must not now be lost in suspicion, distrust, selfishness, and politics among any of our people.
Believing this as I do, I have concluded that I should not permit the Presidency to become involved in the partisan divisions that are developing in this political year.
With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in the balance every day, l do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office--the Presidency of your country.
Accordingly, l shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President.
But let men everywhere know, however, that a strong, a confident, and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an honorable peace--and stands ready tonight to defend an honored cause whatever the price, whatever the burden, whatever the sacrifice that duty may require.
Good night and God bless all of you.
Source: The Official Site of the U.S. Constitution
Labels: Address, LBJ, Speech, Vietnam War
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