text:
1Definition
2Function
3Negative impacts
3.1In the kidney
3.2Graft-vs-host disease
3.3In cystic fibrosis
3.4In cardiovascular disease
3.5In adipose tissue metabolism and obesity
3.6In osteoarthritis
4Clinical implications
Inflammatory cytokine
An inflammatory cytokine or proinflammatory cytokine is a type of signaling molecule (a cytokine) that is secreted from immune cells like helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, and certain other cell types that promote inflammation. They include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and play an important role in mediating the innate immune response. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions.
Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases, that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Dysregulation has also been linked to depression and other neurological diseases. A balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary to maintain health. Aging and exercise also play a role in the amount of inflammation from the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
Therapies to treat inflammatory diseases include monoclonal antibodies that either neutralize inflammatory cytokines or their receptors.
Definition[edit]
An inflammatory cytokine is a type of cytokine (a signaling molecule) that is secreted from immune cells and certain other cell types that promotes inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced by T helper cells (Th) and macrophages and involved in the upregulation of inflammatory reactions.[1] Therapies to treat inflammatory diseases include monoclonal antibodies that either neutralize inflammatory cytokines or their receptors.[2]
Inflammatory cytokines include interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-12, and IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).[3]
Function[edit]
Inflammatory cytokines play a role in initiating the inflammatory response and to regulate the host defence against pathogens mediating the innate immune response.[4] Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors.[5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain.[1] While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury. TNF-α is a well known proinflammatory cytokine present in neurons and the glia. TNF-α is often involved in different signaling pathways to regulate apoptosis in the cells.[citation needed] Excessive chronic production of inflammatory cytokines contribute to inflammatory diseases.[2] that have been linked to different diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines have also been linked to depression and other neurological diseases. A balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary to maintain health. Aging and exercise also play a role in the amount of inflammation from the release of proinflammatory cytokines.[6]
Negative impacts[edit]
Due to its proinflammatory action, a proinflammatory cytokine tends to make the disease itself or the symptoms correlated to a disease worse by causing fever, inflammation, tissue destruction, and in some cases, even shock and death.[7] Excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to cause detrimental effects[2]
In the kidney[edit]
A proinflammatory cytokine affects functions of transporters and ion channels from the nephron. As a result, there is a change in the activity of the potassium ion (K+) channels that changes the transepithelial transport of solutes and water in the kidney.[8] The kidney proximal tubule cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide. Proinflammatory cytokines affect the renal K+ channels. IFNγ causes delayed suppression and acute stimulation of the 40 pS K+ channel. Also, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) activates the calcium-activated potassium channel (KCa3.1) which could be involved the detrimental effects of renal fibrosis.[citation needed]
Graft-vs-host disease[edit]
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) targets JAK 1 and 2, the human tyrosine kinase protein required for signaling in multiple cytokines. When these kinases are activated, signal proteins of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein family - which include transcription factors for target genes that serve proinflammatory roles - are phosphorylated.[9] The severity of GvHD is highly variable and is influenced by the amount of native cells present in the environment along with other regulatory T cells, TH1, TH2, or TH17 phenotypes.[10] Both CD4+ and CD8 IL-17 producing T cells have been shown to cause aTH1, causing tissue inflammation and resulting in severe GVHD.[11]
In cystic fibrosis[edit]
A proinflammatory cytokine causes hyperinflammation, the leading cause of lung tissue destruction in cystic fibrosis.[12] With such a strong inflammatory response and an elevated number of immune cells, lungs of cystic fibrosis patients cannot clear the bacteria and become more susceptible to infections. A high prevalence (40-70%) of patients with cystic fibrosis show signs of asthma, possibly due to the primary deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).[13] CFTR-deficient T-helper cells create an inflammatory environment that has high concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-13, which contributes to increased contractility of airway smooth muscle.[citation needed]
In cardiovascular disease[edit]
Atherosclerosis induces a dysfunctional endothelium, which recruits immune cells that form lesions. Proinflammatory mediators cause inflammation after ligands in the heart vasculature activate immune cells.[14] Recent studies have shown the ability of exercise to control oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease.[citation needed]
In adipose tissue metabolism and obesity[edit]
A proinflammatory cytokine may be present in adipose tissues. Adipocytes generate TNF-α and other interleukins. Cytokines derived from adipose tissue serve as remote regulators such as hormones. Studies have shown that TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations are elevated in obesity.[15][16][17] Obesity leaves an excess of nutrients for the body, thereby causing adipocytes to release more proinflammatory cytokines. Classically activated macrophages in the visceral fat accumulate in the fat tissues and continuously release proinflammatory cytokines, causing chronic inflammation in obese individuals.[citation needed]
In osteoarthritis[edit]
TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have been found to play a pivotal role in cartilage matrix degradation and bone resorption in osteoarthritis.[18] Animal studies indicate that inflammatory cytokines may stimulate chondrocytes to release cartilage-degrading protease in osteoarthritis. This finding does not, however, necessarily translate to Homo sapiens, as osteoarthritis in humans is considered to be more complex than any animal model.[19]
Clinical implications[edit]
Reducing the biological activity of proinflammatory cytokine can reduce the brunt of attack from diseases.[7]
Blocking IL-1 or TNF-α has been highly successful in helping patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,[20] or graft-vs-host disease (GvHD).[7] However, the strategy has not yet been successful in humans with sepsis.[7] Therapeutic effects of acupuncture may be related to the body's ability to suppress a range of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-10.[21]
Estrogen has been shown to promote healing by decrease the production of various proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6,[22] TNF-α,[23] and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Increased MIF levels are often found at the site of chronic non-healing ulcers, with those levels dropping significantly with successful healing. A 2005 review of current experimental data shows that "estrogen regulates healing almost exclusively via MIF down-regulation and identifies novel MIF-regulated gene targets and clusters associated with aberrant healing." By down-regulating MIF, estrogen can promote healing, as correlated by clinical studies on aging skin and skin wounds. Unfortunately, estrogen-therapy has known carcinogenic effects[24] as mentioned by the American Cancer Society (increased incidences of breast cancer in women who undergo HRT). However, scientists could make important discoveries in the future by studying "downstream effects on genes/factors that mediate the effects of estrogen on healing."[25]
Histone deacetylate inhibitors (HDACi) can suppress proinflammatory cytokine production and reduce GvHD.[citation needed]
Some research also suggest an immunoregulatory effect of vitamin D, which has been shown to reduce the secretion of specific inflammatory cytokines.[26][27]
^ a b Zhang JM, An J (2007). "Cytokines, inflammation, and pain". International Anesthesiology Clinics. 45 (2): 27–37. doi:10.1097/aia.0b013e318034194e. PMC 2785020. PMID 17426506.
^ a b c Scarpioni R, Ricardi M, Albertazzi V (Jan 2016). "Secondary amyloidosis in autoinflammatory diseases and the role of inflammation in renal damage". World Journal of Nephrology. 5 (1): 66–75. doi:10.5527/wjn.v5.i1.66. PMC 4707170. PMID 26788465.
^ Cavaillon JM (2001). "Pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines: myth or reality". Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France). 47 (4): 695–702. PMID 11502077.
^ Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2017;9(6):7204-7218. Published 2017 Dec 14. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23208
^ Fitzgerald KA, O'Neill LA, Gearing AJ, Callard RE (2001). The Cytokine Factsbook (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-155142-1.
^ Sallam N, Laher I (2015-12-28). "Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016: 7239639. doi:10.1155/2016/7239639. PMC 4707375. PMID 26823952.
^ a b c d Dinarello CA (August 2000). "Proinflammatory cytokines". Chest. 118 (2): 503–8. doi:10.1378/chest.118.2.503. PMID 10936147.
^ Nakamura K, Hayashi H, Kubokawa M (2015-10-05). "Proinflammatory Cytokines and Potassium Channels in the Kidney". Mediators of Inflammation. 2015: 362768. doi:10.1155/2015/362768. PMC 4609835. PMID 26508816.
^ Teshima T, Reddy P, Zeiser R (Jan 2016). "Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease: Novel Biological Insights". Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 22 (1): 11–6. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.10.001. PMID 26453971.
^ Henden AS, Hill GR (May 2015). "Cytokines in Graft-versus-Host Disease". Journal of Immunology. 194 (10): 4604–12. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500117. PMID 25934923.
^ van der Waart AB, van der Velden WJ, Blijlevens NM, Dolstra H (Jun 2014). "Targeting the IL17 pathway for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease". Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 20 (6): 752–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.02.007. PMID 24565991.
^ Bruscia EM, Bonfield TL (Mar 2016). "Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Cystic Fibrosis". Clinics in Chest Medicine. 37 (1): 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.11.010. PMID 26857765.
^ McCuaig S, Martin JG (Apr 2013). "How the airway smooth muscle in cystic fibrosis reacts in proinflammatory conditions: implications for airway hyper-responsiveness and asthma in cystic fibrosis". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 1 (2): 137–47. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(12)70058-9. PMID 24429094.
^ Slocum C, Kramer C, Genco CA (Jan 2016). "Immune dysregulation mediated by the oral microbiome: potential link to chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis". Journal of Internal Medicine. 280 (1): 114–28. doi:10.1111/joim.12476. PMID 26791914.
^ Coppack SW (August 2001). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 60 (3): 349–56. doi:10.1079/PNS2001110. PMID 11681809.
^ Kern L, Mittenbühler MJ, Vesting AJ, Wunderlich FT (2018). "Obesity-Induced TNFα and IL-6 Signaling: The Missing Link between Obesity and Inflammation-Driven Liver and Colorectal Cancers". cancers. 11 (1): 24. doi:10.3390/cancers11010024. PMC 6356226. PMID 30591653.
^ Virdis A, Colucci R, Bernardini N, Masi S (2019). "Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Human Obesity: Role of TNF-α". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 104 (2): 341–348. doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00512. PMID 30165404.
^ Wang, Tiantian; He, Chengqi (December 2018). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines: The link between obesity and osteoarthritis". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews. 44: 38–50. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.10.002. PMID 30340925. S2CID 53009998.
^ Goldring, Mary B. (January 1999). "The Role of Cytokines as Inflammatory Mediators in Osteoarthritis: Lessons from Animal Models". Connective Tissue Research. 40 (1): 1–11. doi:10.3109/03008209909005273. PMID 10770646.
^ Strober, Warren; Fuss, Ivan J. (May 2011). "Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases". Gastroenterology. 140 (6): 1756–1767.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.016. PMC 3773507. PMID 21530742.
^ Wang, Xiao-Min; Walitt, Brian; Saligan, Leorey; Tiwari, Agnes FY; Cheung, Chi Wai; Zhang, Zhang-Jin (March 2015). "Chemobrain: A critical review and causal hypothesis of link between cytokines and epigenetic reprogramming associated with chemotherapy". Cytokine. 72 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.006. PMC 4750385. PMID 25573802.
^ Canellada, Andrea; Alvarez, Irene; Berod, Luciana; Gentile, Teresa (September 2008). "Estrogen and progesterone regulate the IL-6 signal transduction pathway in antibody secreting cells". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 111 (3–5): 255–261. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.009. PMID 18619543. S2CID 24957064.
^ Fortini, Francesca; Vieceli Dalla Sega, Francesco; Caliceti, Cristiana; Lambertini, Elisabetta; Pannuti, Antonio; Peiffer, Daniel S.; Balla, Cristina; Rizzo, Paola (May 2019). "Estrogen-mediated protection against coronary heart disease: The role of the Notch pathway". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 189: 87–100. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.008. hdl:11392/2405957. PMID 30817989. S2CID 72334147.
^ "Hormone Therapy for Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
^ "Hormonal Influences on Wound Healing: A Review of Current Experimental Data". Wounds Research. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
^ Sharifi, Amrollah; Vahedi, Homayoon; Nedjat, Saharnaz; Rafiei, Hossein; Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, Mohammad Javad (October 2019). "Effect of single‐dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial". APMIS. 127 (10): 681–687. doi:10.1111/apm.12982. PMID 31274211. S2CID 195806132.
^ Ohaegbulam, Kim C.; Swalih, Mohamed; Patel, Pranavkumar; Smith, Miriam A.; Perrin, Richard (September 2020). "Vitamin D Supplementation in COVID-19 Patients: A Clinical Case Series". American Journal of Therapeutics. 27 (5): e485–e490. doi:10.1097/MJT.0000000000001222. PMC 7473790. PMID 32804682.
Cell signaling: cytokines
Chemokine
CCL2/MCP1
CCL3/MIP1α
CCL4/MIP1β
CCL5/RANTES
CCL18/PARC/DCCK1/AMAC1/MIP4
CXCL
CXCL1/KC
CXCL8/IL8
CX3CL
CX3CL1
XCL1
TNFA
Lymphotoxin
TNFB/LTA
TNFC/LTB
TNFSF4
TNFSF5/CD40LG
TNFSF10
TNFSF13B
(grouped by
subunit)
γ chain
IL2/IL15
β chain
GMCSF
IL6 like/gp130
+non IL OSM
CNTF
CTF1
IL12 family/IL12RB1
IL10 family
IL10/IL22
Interferon type III
IL28/IFNL2+3
IL29/IFNL1
IFNA1
IFNA10
IFNB1
IFNK
IFNW1
IFNG
Ig superfamily
IL1 family: IL1A/IL1F1
IL1B/IL1F2
1Ra/IL1F3
IL1F5
IL1F10
33/IL1F11
18/IL1G
IL17/IL25 (IL17A)
KITLG
Colony-stimulating factor
SPP1
By function/
proinflammatory cytokine
Monokine
Lymphokine
IFNγ
TNFβ
Cytokine receptor modulators
See here instead.
Agonists: ARA-290
Asialo erythropoietin
Carbamylated erythropoietin
CNTO-530
Darbepoetin alfa
Epoetin beta
Epoetin delta
Epoetin epsilon
Epoetin gamma
Epoetin kappa
Epoetin omega
Epoetin theta
Epoetin zeta
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Erythropoietin-Fc
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera)
Peginesatide
Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)
G-CSF (CSF3)
Agonists: Filgrastim
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Lenograstim
Leridistim
Lipegfilgrastim
Nartograstim
Pegfilgrastim
Pegnartograstim
GM-CSF (CSF2)
Agonists: Ecogramostim
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Milodistim
Molgramostim
Regramostim
Sargramostim
Antibodies: Mavrilimumab
Namilumab
Otilimab
M-CSF (CSF1)
Agonists: Cilmostim
Interleukin-34
Lanimostim
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Mirimostim
Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)
Agonists: Eltrombopag
Pegacaristim
Promegapoietin
Thrombopoietin (THPO, MGDF)
IFNAR (α/β, I)
Agonists: Albinterferon
Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α)
Interferon alfa (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21)
Interferon alfa 2a
Interferon alfa 2b
Interferon alfa n1
Interferon alfacon-1
Interferon alpha-n3
Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1, IFNB3)
Interferon beta 1a
Interferon beta 1b
Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK)
Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1)
Peginterferon alfa-2a
Peginterferon alfa-2b
Antibodies: Anifrolumab
Faralimomab
MEDI-545
Rontalizumab
Sifalimumab
Decoy receptors: Bifarcept
IFNGR (γ, II)
Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)
Interferon gamma 1b
Antibodies: Emapalumab
Fontolizumab
IFNLR (λ, III)
See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead.
TGFβ
(inhibitors)
Filgotinib
Momelotinib
Oclacitinib
Peficitinib
Tofacitinib (tasocitinib)
Atiprimod
Cucurbitacin I (elatericin B, JSI-124)
CYT387
Lestaurtinib
NSC-7908
NSC-33994
Pacritinib
SD-1008
Cercosporamide
Decernotinib (VX-509)
TCS-21311
WHI-P 154
ZM-39923
TYK2
Deucravacitinib
Additional cytokines: Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L)
Leukemia/leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF)
Oncostatin M (OSM)
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)
Additional cytokine receptor modulators: Emfilermin
Quizartinib
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inflammatory_cytokine&oldid=1114180068"
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017


← Squirrel in the Hole!
A group of game scholars I know has been playing a lot with this fun little tool. It seemed to me to be too fun to restrict to in-jokes about World of Warcraft.
So without further ado, the Bollywood version of this blog.
Kind of an in-joke reference to the fact that I've used that phrase several times when I meant procedural liberalism.
Ooh. Now I want to figure out how to automatically link that with the Lounsbury insult generator. Except I think the L-texts would be a bit too long.
Look, Tim is cool and all, but he is no Eddie Izzard. BTW, The Riches premiere was excellent, although the show is very, very dark. I knew Izzard was funny, but I had no idea he could act. His accent is flawless.
With Berube blogging at Pandagon and Crooked Timber, and the WAAGNFNP with a blog of its own, expect a flood of in-jokes. Processual liberalism was great–it sounded like a translation of a translation of a translation!


The pair's company relinquished the leasehold to Grosvenor in 2016 after struggling with financial difficulties, but continued to manage the site.
Now the five-star hotel is being sold by Grosvenor, with a reported asking price of £110m - £120m.
Corbin and King runs a number of London restaurants including The Wolseley, Brasserie Zedel and Bellanger.


A graphical representation of the physical or logical arrangement of storage resources in the network. The Topology Map depicts both the objects on the network and the connections between them. In CommandCentral Storage, the Topology Map displays on the Console's Topology tab.


text:
Clarissa Explains It All... Very Poorly
Melissa Joan Hart recently made headlines, and received a lot of criticism, following her comments on a faith-focused podcast.
The former "Clarissa Explains It All" star made an appearance on "Journeys of Faith with Paula Faris" where she spoke about raising her son with good ol' Christian values.
Here's the specific episode. You can find her incredibly stupid remarks beginning around 23:00.
Faris is talking to her about low points in the past where she questioned her faith and what may have brought her back. After briefly talking about getting cast in God's Not Dead 2, and admitting she turns off commenting on posts to avoid harsh comments, she suddenly goes off on a tangent.
Hart tries to talk about her friend's habit of reciting the Armor of God verse from the New Testament, but she totally flubs it (she actually incorrectly calls it the Armor of Jesus in the clip).
Helpful information, Melissa: Ephesians 6:10-18 is the relevant passage, but as usual you are a Christian who apparently has not done a very good job of reading her Bible.
After the embarrassing attempt to display her faith, Hart relates a troubling story about her son when he was six-years-old and about to start at a new school.
No longer attending a Christian preschool, Hart was apparently scared for her son. She told him, "You are on your own to decide who is good and bad. We don't know if these people are good people, we don't know if they believe in Jesus." Talking about her son's reaction she said, "He uh... took the Jesus part to heart."
Yeah, you think? He was six years old and his mother was telling him that only people who believe in Jesus are good, you lunatic. Of course he was listening to what you said.
Hart's son made immediate friends with a Jewish boy, and quickly became afraid for the boy because he didn't believe in Jesus. So Hart and the other boy's mother had some conversations.
Hart first plays it off as benign, but then rambles on that the conversations continued all the way until the boys were in sixth grade. Apparently by then the conversations became heated, although Hart does not elaborate much.
Faris and Hart then joke about how "all wars are started over religion."
Haha! So funny! Great joke! *screams internally*
Hart then ponders whether she made a mistake telling her son that if someone does not believe in Jesus they are not a good person. Ultimately, she does not commit one way or the other to whether it was mistake.
It was a mistake, Melissa. It was absolutely a mistake. You unbelievable dolt.
As the conversation continues, Hart considers whether her friend who committed suicide is in heaven. "Is he there waiting for me?" she asks.
Then she talks about her grandmother who died despite the whole family praying the rosary for a week straight. Hart was 12-years-old, and took her death very hard.
Thinking about all this, Hart falls back on the tired old line that theists love to default to, "I don't blame God, I guess. It's for a purpose, it's His will be done."
Right. Convenient. He loves us, but also wants to inflict an immeasurable amount of suffering on his creations. Sounds like love to me!
This is like a case study in religious dogmatic thinking. But Hart has faced some harsh criticism since the episode aired. Many have found her remarks anti-Semitic.
Among the complaints levied at Hart have been the following:
Hart has tried to defend herself since the podcast went live. On Instagram she posted the following:
While I am willing to give Hart the benefit of the doubt and accept that maybe she did not intend to imply that Christians are superior, that is the whole problem. Her faith, and just about every other faith, inherently reinforces in-group/out-group thinking. It is inherently divisive.
And importantly, being based on ridiculous superstition, it is also completely needless! I am not so deluded to think that getting rid of religion would eliminate conflict in the world. Conflict is inherent to the human condition. But religion provides a bottomless reservoir of absolutely unnecessary conflict, misery, and suffering.
That is why I find Hart's behavior and comments so troubling. Her children are among those being brainwashed into pointless dogmatic thinking.
Also, I cannot help but find it funny that someone who claims to be such a devout Christian made so much money playing a witch. Exodus 22:18 says, "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live."
Does Hart just avoid reading that passage? Or is a huge paycheck enough to justify not thinking too hard about one's faith?
Or maybe she, like many others, is just another Christian hypocrite? Big surprise.
#Christianity #Christian #religion #Jewish

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Great Kiwi Home & Living Show will be back in 2018 on Saturday 3rd November and Sunday 4th November at Forsyth Barr Stadium.
This year we have added even more zones for you to explore and enjoy in a relaxed atmosphere all under one roof!
With an entertaining line up of celebrity chefs and exceptionally talented local chefs competing in the 'Farm to Fork' challenge, the all new Whitestone Cheese Fresh Food Show is sure to inspire you. Activities for children in our Placemakers Family Fun Zone will keep the young ones entertained. Leading motoring brands will be all ready to showcase their latest cars, and with jet ski's and boats on display there will be something to for everyone.
keep you busy all day.


Now a days, Linux Mint is one of the most popular Linux based operating system among the desktop users, specifically who used to be a windows 7(or may be Vista or XP) users. Linux Mint 10(Julia) /9/(Linux Mint Debian Edition) has a lot of flavors based on the default desktop — Gnome,KDE,LXDE etc. GNOME is the default desktop for Linux Mint (just like most of the Linux Distributions). GNOME(based on GTK+) is flexible and so you can have any look as you want -either Windows or Mac (and of course Linux desktop Look).
Now lets come to our main objective of this post, which is – " to provide you the windows 7 theme for Linux Mint 10/9 which have GNOME as their desktop". The structure of the Linux based os is very modular so the theme components can be manipulated without any problem at all.
Get the compress format of the above theme from its official website – download windows 7 theme for Linux Mint.
#1 : Download the .tar.gz file.
#2 : Right click on the desktop; then move to change theme -> Themes.
#3 : Now drag the theme_file_name.tar.gz and drop it to the windows.
#4 : That's All ..then a message will be displayed – like New Theme has installed. Sleect the theme you want to use.
NOTE : You can also install themes manually, by copying and extracting the files(.tar.gz) content to the themes(usr/shares/themes) directory, but it is not recommended for beginners; you should use this(manual) method only when 'drag and drop' method doesn't work.


text:
Patients who undergo surgery after contracting Covid-19 are at a greater risk of postoperative death, occurring within 30 days after surgery in or out of the hospital. REUTERS/Giorgos Moutafis
Covid-19 patients who undergo surgery at greater risk of dying
By Staff Reporter / May 30, 2020
CAPE TOWN – Patients who undergo surgery after contracting Covid-19 are at a greater risk of postoperative death, occurring within 30 days after surgery in or out of the hospital, a global study published in The Lancet revealed.
Researchers found that amongst Covid-19 positive patients who underwent surgery, mortality rates approach those of the sickest patients admitted to intensive care after becoming infected with the Coronavirus in the community.
The study was based on data from 1 128 patients from 235 hospitals across 24 countries, predominantly in Europe but included continents such as Africa, Asia, and North America.
Professor Bruce Biccard, Second Chair in the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine at the University of Cape Town (UCT), said: "This new study suggests that patients who are infected with Covid-19 around the time of surgery have a high mortality and pneumonia rate. This is going to make the re-introduction of elective surgery difficult, due to the high prevalence of Covid-19 infected patients in the community who are going to need surgery."
Biccard warned that the study should not halt all surgical procedures, whether elective, urgent or emergency.
"What it does highlight is the need for particular attention to be focused on these patients in the post-operative period," he said.
Professor Martin Smith, Academic Head of Surgery at the University of the Witwatersrand said: " In general these are unavoidable operations and therefore the important lesson is that we need to be more vigilant with these patients especially after the operation and after the first week after the operation. They are at risk for lung complications."
According to the study, patients undergoing surgery are a particularly vulnerable group if exposed to Covid-19 in hospital. Due to inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses to surgery and mechanical ventilation, they may be particularly susceptible to subsequent pulmonary complications.
In the 30 days following surgery, 51 percent of patients enrolled in the study developed pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or required unexpected ventilation. This may explain the high mortality, about 87 percent of the patients who died had experienced pulmonary complications.
Overall 30-day mortality in the study was 23.8 percent. Mortality was disproportionately high across all subgroups, including elective surgery at 18.9 percent and emergency surgery, at 25.6 percent.
The study found that the mortality rates were higher in men, at 28.4 percent versus the 18.2 percent in women. The rate for patients aged 70 years or over was at 33.7 percent while the rate for those aged under 70 years was at 13.9 percent.
For LIVE updates on the Coronavirus pandemic, follow us on Twitter: @sacoronamonitor
Tags: Coronavirus, Covid-19, health, surgery
SA has begun to flatten the curve- Karim
Cape Town's Covid-19 spike occurred in malls


The hunt is on! Come to the Delafield Public Library for some fun egg adventures! Follow a path of bunny foot prints to locate a hidden egg, then return it to the desk to choose an adventure to complete for a prize. Search any time the library is open 9:30 am to 5:00 pm from April 15 through April 19. Find more Easter Related Fun and Easter Egg Hunts HERE.


The limo you choose for your next special occasion can be as individual as you are, with a range of sizes, styles and models of limos available and operating in the UK.
One of the newer models of limo available, is called the stretch Hummer H2. Arriving in a Hummer will definitely grab the attention of everyone nearby. With its tough heavy duty looking exterior, you may be wondering why anyone would want to spend their night out on the town in a Hummer. Well inside, the stretch Hummer limos are as luxurious as the next limo. Features can include strobe lights, karaoke machine, CD player, DVD player, 23" flat panel screen, laser lights, mirrored ceiling and of course ice bins and glassware.
BMW has long embodied class and sophistication. The recent release of the BMW X5 stretch limo has lifted the bar on comfort style and class, demonstrated in its immediate popularity.
Lincolns have been used as the base for limos for many years. The old model of the Lincoln limo is now a classic, as you now have the option of a newer looking, more rounded model, the Lincoln Town Car. With all of the inclusions you would expect in a limo such as a TV, DVD player and full stereo sound system. The Lincoln allows you to travel in comfort and style with its spacious interior and stylish body.
VW Beetle fans are a special kind of person. It's an obsession, a passion and a need. Well in the UK you will find just one stretch limo VW Beetle. The beetle was imported from New Jersey in 2003, has a 1.6 litre engine and can seat up to six people.
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Q: What is the population of our town?
A: The population of Our Town, AL was 641 in 2010 (from the Wifipedia page it pulled up.) Ummm, we're NOT in Alabama.
Q: What town are we in?
A: It gives the exact street address, along with a map of the spot.
Q: What is the population here?
A: It gives links to five websites about population.
Tip #4 tells me how to download the User Guide for iPOD Touch for iOS 12. I follow the directions and it is now open in Books to the Table of Contents. Now that is useful! If it wasn't 1,792 miles away to that Apple Store (Siri told me), I might go back there and show the nice young lady the manual, open on my iPod. To be fair, she probably knows a lot more about an iPhone than an iPod.


text:
K-pop Fanfiction: The Disturbing Truth
News Media Commentary
Title: K-pop Fanfiction: The Disturbing Truth
Commentator: Eileen
Date(s): February 11, 2013
Venue: Beyond Hallyu
Fandom: K-Pop
External Links: http://beyondhallyu.com/k-pop/kpop-fanfiction-the-disturbing-truth/
1 Excerpts
K-pop Fanfiction: The Disturbing Truth is an article posted on "Beyond Hallyu", a UK website about South Korean culture.
Naturally, fanfiction has become more popular and widespread since the discovery of the Internet and according to one estimate, it is said that fanfiction comprises a shocking one third of all content about books on the Web.
I am aware that this is an extremely sensitive topic, something I found out the hard way after merely making a subjective comment on a popular online English speaking K-pop supporters community. In this article, I will try my best to go into the problems I find that society faces and a trend that I have noticed and find disturbing. This is my personal opinion and my personal reasons as to why I feel negatively towards K-pop fanfiction.
Let me begin by saying that I completely reject the supposed "normalcy" of sexual fanfictions (particularly those created by minors) as an expression of feelings. My main issue, and the most worrying for me is the demographic that engage in the production of these fanfictions, mostly teenagers/adolescents. We need to ask ourselves what are the moral repercussions of it all. Is it not all just glorified gay porn? Is it right that children (whether they like it or not, if you are under 16 or under 18 you are a minor i.e a child) engage in this explicit behavior? In K-pop fanfiction, slash seems to be the most prevalent. Isn't this troubling once you look at the ages of the authors?
I cannot however put the blame on the creators of these stories. As has been said to me "oh, but so-and-so oppas like it". It is not a surprising conclusion given the forced sexuality of many male idols groups in the music industry, with "chocolate abs" (abs so defined that they look like chocolate bars) on show being the norm. Regular fan service is how they gain their popularity and also how they in turn gain more income. This is a major problem with the K-pop industry and Korea as a whole. There is a strong movement against homosexuality, yet homoerotic fanservice is acceptable? Isn't that the reason for the vast selection of Tumblrs dedicated to male on male "One True Pairings"? The companies are really the ones that enforce these ideas but in an underhanded way that denies what's truly going on. It is what it is, a corruption of youth. Then in return, naïve fangirls go around pretending that they know the workings of the K-pop world when in fact they don't. Annoyingly this entire situation seems a bit "what came first, the chicken or the egg".
I am not slamming fanfiction writing as a pastime, but I have to admit that to me sexual fanfictions written by underage fans who really know nothing about sex (and shouldn't at their age), is disturbing. Even more disturbing is that sometimes these stories are being written about underage boys. Another scenario to consider, underage fans writing stories concerning idols twice their age? That just isn't right. It creates unrealistic fantasies in their heads and given the chance these fans might actually act on it. The people they are writing about are real. Look at the situation in Korea with sasaeng (stalker) fans. Can you imagine if an idol got caught in an awkward situation with a lovestruck minor?
The article has 40 comments, some agreeing, some critical.
[Oloinen]
I don't quite agree. I actually take the opposite stance at least what comes to this "they shouldn't know about sex". Oh yes, they should. Teens should definitely know about sex and we adults should tell them about it. And I don't mean it's mere existance but more, what it's like, what it's fore (not only reprocustional aspect) etc.
Because, let's face it: teens are horny. They WILL find out about sex. So the question really isn't should or shouldn't they but what are the sources of they knowledge.
Basically I think that this sort of fanfiction is simply sexual fantasies written down and passed to others. So if one finds them disturbing, is one suggesting that teens having sexual fantasies is disturbing? Or teens having some spesific sexual fantasies, like m&m fantasies, is disturbing? If so - why? Why is it disturbing to imagine people having sex together, to think what it's like etc? As said, teens are horny. There's nothing we can really do about that fact.
The thing I personally don't like in this Kpop-fanfiction is that it uses real people (if I've understood correctly). I'm not against people having fantasies about real people but those fantasies should be kept private. Writing publicly about some existing people boingking each other is basically the same as if I went to a bar and started telling to some person how I imagine him and some other dude having sex.
[Silver]
You make it sound like gay/slash fanfiction is worse than hetero smut fanfiction. Shouldn't your argument be with whether the stories are too mature, too sexual in nature, not with whether the members are being shipped in a gay relationship? If you were concerned just about the sex in the fics you would have written "Is it not all just glorified porn?" But you didn't, you wrote "Is it not all just glorified gay porn?" I have actually found that fanfiction on Asianfanfics.net has just as much hetero porn on it as it has gay porn, so why did you feel a need to focus so heavily on the gay part?
The feeling I got when I read your article is that you think there is too much gay fanfiction being written, which you say is bad for teenagers. That is an issue of whether you believe people being gay is alright or not, and should be seperate from whether you think smut fanfiction should be written or not.
[Thoughts from a teenager]
This topic's a few months old but I'd like to put in my thoughts too. I respect people's opinions whether or not I agree and disagree with them. Personally, I do enjoy reading fanfiction here and there. There are times when you'd wish that whatever you were reading or watching ended differently or a scene turned out differently and so on. For some people, it's easy to write fanfiction since you already have a base and characters and events to work off of.
I do feel like you were a bit too... I can't find the right word. Mean? I think you were too fierce in naming the bad points. Fanfiction isn't simply to let out sexual frustration, it's a different medium to express thoughts and ideas. It's like how people write narratives and poems, both usually have an underlying message but are different in style.
I agree that it is somewhat disturbing that there are fanfictions of actual people, especially if it contains sexual content. There's a difference of writing about a character you've made up and a real human being. For me, I understand about fantasizing about meeting your favorite idol/singer/actor/etc, but I draw my line at a sexual relationship. I'm sure that many little girls have dreamed that they will be so-and-so's wife, so I can accept things in that category. But once it goes farther than that, I find many issues with it. It's awkward for the other person. I mean, it's someone you don't know writing about having sex with you. I myself would love to be able to meet and hang out with my favorite idols but essentially, they're still people you don't actually know. I'll stop my rant here.
[hölönä]
I agree and disagree... kind of? Most of the things I wanted to say have already been said, but I'd like to give my opinion on the "fiction about real people" topic.
While I basically agree on it being, well, weird for anyone to write fan fiction about real people, I wouldn't say it's really as bad as people make it seem.
First of all, real people have been used in these kinds of writings (and photos and songs etc) for hundreds of years. So it's not really anything new. Nowadays, of course, there is internet where we can share all these things and find out about all these "characters". And, obviously, nowadays everyone can actually write rather well.
Another thing is internet itself. Most of the young people who write these things have probably never actually seen their object of writing. They only know these people through internet; they only get a slice of their personalities, public image. So basically, it's easy to sculpt these people into what you want them to be, and so on. There's the distance (especially in kpop fanfics, probably), that makes it feel kind of safe. While one knows their idol, they don't 'actually' know them. And the physical distance can also help. Difficult to explain...
Finally, in my opinion, it's just a consequence of stardom. It probably sounds rude, but I think it's just something one has to take. When you get popular you get fans, your fans are just people and people can be very weird. Especially on internet.
And while fan fiction is written about real people, I don't think it really insults anyone's person. The real people used in fanfiction only act as the basis on which actual characters are created. It's not realistic.
The contents of fanfiction is another thing, and I agree with most of you on that.
Retrieved from "https://fanlore.org/w/index.php?title=K-pop_Fanfiction:_The_Disturbing_Truth&oldid=2398041"
2013 News Media
K-Pop Fandom
Fanfiction News Media


text:
Schnorrenbach, Schnörrenbach und Schnörrenheke sind geographische Namen:

 Schnorrenbach (Nahe), rechter Zufluss der Nahe (zum Rhein) in Weierbach, Stadt Idar-Oberstein, Landkreis Birkenfeld. Rheinland-Pfalz
 Schnorrenbach, früher auch Schnorrbach, Weiler im Ortsbezirk Löhrbach der Gemeinde Birkenau, Kreis Bergstraße, Hessen
 Schnörrenbach, Siedlungsplatz der Stadt Kierspe, Märkischer Kreis, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Schnörrenbeke, linker Zufluss der Wehe (zur Volme) bei Schnörrenbach, Stadt Kierspe, Märkischer Kreis, Nordrhein-Westfalen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


As conceptual interior designers we understand the importance of lighting and the mood it sets in our ambience. Hence we design and manufacture these exclusive pieces ourselves so that not only they complement our style but also match the world's best in their technical specifications. We design bespoke architectural as well as interior lighting; the process of which starts with concept creation and design development and constantly evolves during project and consumer descriptions.
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text:
Was Jared Kushner Testing the Waters for Cancelling Elections in November?
White House senior adviser and Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner looks on as President Trump holds a news conference on the novel coronavirus in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, D.C., on May 11, 2020.
Brendan Smialowski / AFP via Getty Images
Chris Walker,
Jared Kushner created a stir on Tuesday evening when an interview with him was published online in which he expressed how the Trump administration was possibly considering delaying the 2020 presidential election date due to the coronavirus pandemic.
In an interview with TIME magazine, when questioned whether the general election would still be held on November 3, Kushner gave an ambiguous answer.
"I'm not sure I can commit one way or the other, but right now that's the plan," Kushner said, implying (though not promising) that the election would likely still be held on the date it is mandated to occur on.
On Wednesday, following an uproar in the media, Kushner tried to walk back those comments, stating that he was not aware of any "discussions" happening in the White House at this time on the subject of delaying the election. However, his words did not ease many people's minds, as he did not guarantee that such conversations weren't happening at all.
President Donald Trump's son-in-law, who also serves as one of his top advisers in the White House, does not have any powers delegated to him that would allow a delay in election dates from his order alone. Nor does Trump, for that matter: according to constitutional experts, the president cannot delay an election on his own without Congress consenting to change the date, even though others have privately expressed worries that he may still try to do so, using the COVID-19 crisis as a means to stay in office longer.
Former Vice President Joe Biden, who is the Democratic Party's presumptive presidential nominee, stated last month that he believed Trump was going to do something iniquitous when it came to this year's elections.
"Mark my words, I think he is going to try to kick back the election somehow, come up with some rationale why it can't be held," Biden said.
Biden also brought up an interesting possibility, that Trump may try to interfere in the elections in other ways — including by refusing to fund the United States Postal Service (USPS), thereby making it more difficult for people to vote by mail if COVID-19 still posed a public health threat by this fall.
"Imagine threatening not to fund the post office. Now, what in God's name is that about? Other than trying to let the word out that he's going to do all he can to make it very hard for people to vote," Biden said at the time.
Trump has indeed expressed disdain for voting by mail as an option to allow elections to happen unimpeded from the continued spread of COVID-19. "No, mail ballots, they cheat," Trump said in early April, in spite of no evidence that fraud occurs through the use of mail-in ballots (indeed, Trump himself has voted by mail).
While Trump has expressed misgivings about voting by mail, he has taken actions that appear to be immobilizing the ability of the USPS from being able to function properly later this year.
This week, Deputy Postmaster General Ronald Stroman, a strong proponent of mail-in voting, was reportedly forced to resign from his position. Stroman's departure came about just one week after Louis DeJoy, a prominent donor to the Republican Party and a supporter of Trump's, was named the agency's new Postmaster General.
There are other reasons to be concerned. The USPS is facing a significant budget shortfall due to the coronavirus crisis, with the possibility that it could run out of funding by September without action from Congress and by the president. But Trump has said in recent weeks he will not agree to any funding increases unless changes to his liking are made at the USPS.
We know that everyone in Truthout's reader community will be touched by this pandemic in one way or another. That's why we're devoting ourselves to covering it as thoughtfully, accurately and creatively as possible.
Truthout relies on donations from readers to keep publishing, and right now the news is moving more quickly than ever. If you can, please chip in to support trustworthy, fearless journalism at this time when it's needed most.
Copyright © Truthout. May not be reprinted without permission.
Chris Walker is Truthout's News Writer, and is based out of Madison, Wisconsin. Focusing on both national and local topics since the early 2000s, he has produced thousands of articles analyzing the issues of the day and their impact on the American people.
Jared Kushner Calls US COVID Death Toll of 60,000 a "Great Success Story"
Like Trump, his son-in-law is apparently not beyond putting a rosy spin on a national tragedy for political gain.
Not Everyone Can Vote by Mail. Here's How to Conduct a Safe Election.
Voters with disabilities or needing language help can't reliably complete a ballot anywhere besides a polling place.
Joia Mukherjee,
Ron Fein &
Susan Greenhalgh,
Trump Reportedly Lashed Out at His Campaign Manager Over Grim Reelection Polls
Aggregate polling numbers from five swing states show Trump currently behind Biden in every one of them.


text:
Dannii Minogue Bra Size, Weight, Height and Measurements
Danielle Jane "Dannii" Minogue (born 20 October 1971)[1] is an Australian singer-songwriter, talent competition judge, actress, television and radio personality and fashion designer. She rose to prominence in the early 1980s for her roles in the Australian television talent show Young Talent Timewith another known fellow Australian Tina Arena and the soap opera Home and Away, before beginning her career as a pop singer in the early 1990s.[2]Minogue achieved early success with hits such as "Love and Kisses", "This is It", "Jump to the Beat" and Baby Love, though by the release of her second album, her popularity as a singer had declined, leading her to make a name for herself with award-winning performances in musicals withGrease and also in Notre Dame De Paris, as well as other acting credits in The Vagina Monologues and as Lady Macbeth. The late 1990s saw a brief return to music after Minogue reinvented herself as a dance artist with "All I Wanna Do", her first number one UK Club hit.[3]
Age in 2013: 42 (20 October 1971)
Posted in 34C, Female Singers
Jessie James Bra Size, Weight, Height and Measurements
Jewel Bra Size, Weight, Height and Measurements


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This downloadable teaching material is intended for elementary school students at Elementary (A1) level. It is useful for improving your groups' Spelling and Writing skills. It centers around the vocabulary topic of Animals. It includes the answers, too.


text:
Q: Image overlapping in widget I am trying to create a widget in android in which when I click over image the image gets changed with a new one -- kind of toggle image.
But when I click over it, the image overwrites over the old one rather then replacing the new one.  I don't know whether this is the way the widget works or am I doing something wrong.
My images are semi-transparent so in case one overrides another one can see the image which is being overlapped.
This is the code that I have written in OnReceive by overriding it:
 @Override
      public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent){

               if (intent.getAction().equals(iAlertConstant.ACTION_WIDGET_UPDATE_FROM_WIDGET)) {

                   RemoteViews remoteViews = new RemoteViews(context.getPackageName(),R.layout.mywidget);
                   remoteViews.setImageViewResource(R.id.btnOnOff,R.drawable.offbtn);
                   ComponentName thisWidget = new ComponentName(context, EmergencyWidget.class);
                   AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context).updateAppWidget(thisWidget, remoteViews);

               }
               else
                    super.onReceive(context, intent);

      }

Layout
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
  xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  android:background="@drawable/widget_background"
   android:paddingLeft="10.0dip"
   android:paddingTop="8.0dip"
   android:paddingRight="10.0dip"
   android:paddingBottom="8.0dip"
   android:layout_width="fill_parent"
   android:layout_height="72dp"
   android:layout_marginLeft="10.0dip"
   android:layout_marginTop="10.0dip"
   android:layout_marginRight="10.0dip"
   android:id="@+id/emergencyWidget"

   android:orientation="horizontal">

        <ImageView
            android:background="@drawable/offbtn"
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:layout_marginTop="7dp"
            android:layout_marginLeft="4dp"
            android:layout_marginRight="4dp"
            android:layout_gravity="right"
            android:id="@+id/btnOnOff"

     />

</LinearLayout>

A: As I suspected, you used the background attribute on your ImageView. background and setImageViewResource are different. Instead, stick with the same code, but change your layout to use src instead of background.

A: Well, i have created to ImageViews in widget layout and made one invisible and whenever one gets click i will make the first one invisible and second one visible
remoteViews.setViewVisibility(R.id.emergencyOnOff,ImageView.GONE);
remoteViews.setViewVisibility(R.id.emergencyOnOff2,ImageView.VISIBLE);

if anyone has any other solution then feel free to post as this question is still alive , more over this wont be feasible if there will be plenty of ImageViews

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Compliance & Regulation, Investments
Royal commission has not affected sector view
An international fund manager has revealed the recommendations from the banking royal commission have had no effect on its investment views about the banking and finance sector.
JP Morgan global market strategist Kerry Craig said the manager's views on the sector stem from the fact it feels the process has not come to an end with the release of the commission's final report.
"It really hasn't changed our view in terms of what we think about the banking sector and financials in Australia [because there could be] more pain to come," Craig said.
"[This means] more remediation to come through and it will still take a while for a lot of these potential changes to come to fruition given the outcome of the election in May."
According to Craig, JP Morgan assessed the royal commission impact on the sector in conjunction with other influencing factors when it formed its sector view.
"You still have that backdrop in the Australian economy of not a credit crunch, but constrained credit growth, which would weigh on bank profits," he said.
"So our view of the market hasn't changed on the back of that."
He noted the manager's attitude toward the domestic banking and finance sector was one of the reasons it was currently pursuing investment opportunities in global markets.
"Leading on from that it's one of the reasons we prefer global assets rather than local ones because we do see growth momentum here which is below trend, inflation which is low, and an RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) which is somewhat constrained in terms of what it can do given the problems in the housing market with raising and lowering rates," he said.
The generation of income from Australian shares could still provide a good outcome for some investors, but JP Morgan feels the associated downside risk is too great, he added.


text:
Marilyn A. Meyer
April 17, 1923 - January 28, 2010
SPRINGFIELD – Marilyn A. Meyer, age 86, of Springfield died at 9:36 a.m. Thursday, January 28, 2010, at St. John's Hospital.
She was born April 17, 1923, in Springfield, IL to William A. and Christine Reisch Meyer. Marilyn lived in Springfield most of her life and worked as a secretary at Illiopolis War Plant during WWII and was employed at A.J. Dirksen Furniture store and later at Hugh Garvey Enterprises. From 1956 to 1966, she worked in Madrid, Spain in a civilian capacity for the U.S. Navy, then returned to Springfield and resumed her employment at Hugh Garvey Enterprises. She was a member of Blessed Sacrament Church. Graduated from Ursuline Academy and Springfield College in Illinois and completed her third year of college in Fribourg, Switzerland. She loved to travel, play cards, read and spend time with family and friends.
She is survived by 1 sister, Christine Meyer of Springfield; 3 nieces, Mary T. Terri O'Brien, Jackie O'Brien (companion, Thomas Apke) and Karin O'Brien (companion, Bill Crenshaw); 2 nephews, James (wife, Angela Tin) O'Brien and William (wife, Barbara Ayers) O'Brien; and 3 great-nephews, Brendan, Robert and Eric O'Brien.
She was preceded in death by her parents; 1 brother, William Tony Meyer; 1 sister, Gretchen Meyer O'Brien; and brother-in-law, Robert J. O'Brien.
Visitation will be from 4-7 p.m. Monday, February 1, 2010, at Staab Funeral Home, with a prayer service at 4 p.m. Funeral Mass will be at 10 a.m. Tuesday, February 2, 2010, at Blessed Sacrament Church, with Reverend David Hoefler officiating. Burial will be in Calvary Cemetery.
Memorial contributions may be made to Blessed Sacrament Church, 1725 South Walnut Street, Springfield, IL 62704 or to a charity of the donor's choice.
Be the first to share a memory of Marilyn.


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When Stickam launched in 2005 we were the very first website devoted to live streaming, user generated video and chat.
the current federal parliamentary inquiry into IT pricing had helped to raise awareness of just how expensive many goods are in Australia, Dr Denniss said. It emerged on Monday that tech giants such as Apple, Microsoft and Adobe had each received a summons to appear from a committee of politicians probing the prices we pay for software, games, devices and downloads.
Dr Denniss said the Free Trade Agreement between Australian and the US had the capacity to force American companies to offer their wares on more reasonable terms.
"Australia doesn't need to change the terms of the Free Trade Agreement, its terms need to be implemented," Dr Denniss said.
While Aussies do pay more than most around the world for what we need and want, we also earn more than most.
OECD data show average earnings in US dollar terms are 37 per cent higher here than America- and nearly 50 per cent better than in the UK. We earn a third more than Canadians, according to the OECD. It doesn't track New Zealand, but our wages are reportedly 50 per ce nt higher than Kiwis'.
ADOBE has buckled under the pressure of the Federal Government's IT Pricing inquiry.
A quick price comparison between Adobe's US and Australian online stores shows a deplorable price disparity of $1735. Almost $2000 difference on a piece of software distributed through an online store. It's still cheaper to fly from here in Sydney to Los Angeles, buy it there, and come home. By doing that I'd save $601, and I'd get Virgin Australia frequent flyer points, too.
The CEO of Adobe today defended his company's pricing structure for Australia while refusing to explain why Australian customers pay more for its software.
Head of one of the world's biggest software companies, Shantanu Narayen was in Sydney to cut the ribbon on Adobe's new Sydney office, accompanied by federal Communications Minister Stephen Conroy and NSW Premier Barry O'Farrell.
When asked during a media briefing today to explain Adobe's higher pices in Australia, Narayen repeatedly dodged questions on the matter, saying only that the company was focusing on its new as-a-service offering, Creative Cloud.
The move follows repeated unsuccessful calls by the committee – formed in May last year – for the vendors to attend public hearings.
The three companies are required to attend a public hearing in Canberra on the 22nd of next month.
Microsoft and Adobe have both provided submissions to the inquiry but declined to front a public hearing. Apple requested a private, closed-door hearing with the committee and has not provided a public submission.
In what's probably the first time anywhere in the world, these IT firms are now being summonsed by the Australian Parliament to explain why they price their products so much higher in Australia compared to the US.
The 6.1.1 iOS update is 23MB in size and has been tested by carriers, according to the report.
Vodafone's British arm warned its customers over the weekend via an SMS alert and support forum post that the 6.1 update may cause problems on iPhone 4S handsets, and asked people to hold off installing it.
Users who have installed the 6.1 update have complained of overheating devices and reduced battery life, while enterprise users with iPhones connecting to Microsoft Exchange servers with the ActiveSync protocolreported that doing so causes a loop that makes log files grow to an enormous size.
Of the 20 videos uploaded this year to Mr Rudd's YouTube channel – a key publicity plank of his 2007 campaign – 15 have come since the January 30 election announcement, racking up more than 11,200 views.
move that could potentially net the former chief executive a $US2.5 billion ($A2.4 billion) windfall.
Shares of Google were down $US4.11 at $US781.26 in after-hours trading on Friday.
Microsoft this week delivered a whopper of a security update, complete with 12 patches that address 57 vulnerabilities.
Catching the eyes of security researchers were two of the critical patches that address vulnerabilities in Internet Explorer, a common vector through which criminals serve malware.
We will be able to visit the Tardis in 3D in a special 50th anniversary episode of Doctor Who later this year.
Doctor Who celebrates its 50th birthday in November, but it is not the first time viewers have had the chance to see the Time Lord in 3D.
Doctor Who's 30th anniversary was marked in 1993 with a 3D story, Dimensions in Time, broadcast as part of Children In Need.


Gates left open on raised work areas such as mezzanines present a serious hazard. With an open-gate alarm system you can reduce those hazard risks. Bright LED flashing lights and an audible alert triggers any time the gate is left open, warning workers there is a serious fall hazard open. When gate is closed, alarm deactivates but continues to monitor the gate status.


In the constant, day to day struggle between capital and labour, the capitalist class tries to increase the degree of exploitation of workers and thus increase the surplus value extracted from the labour of workers, by depressing the wages of workers and by increasing the length of the working day. The struggle of the working class for a limit on length of the working day and for an increase in wages is aimed at reducing the degree of its exploitation.
The struggle of the working class to force the government to establish the criteria for determining the minimum wage in accordance with the actual needs of a dignified human existence at any particular time, as well as for a continuous revision of the minimum wage according to the consumer price index, is a political struggle that is of significance to the entire working class.
Taking the capitalist economy as a whole, surplus value is extracted from the working class as a whole and transferred into the pockets of the capitalist class. Inflation, particularly the rise in price of essential commodities of mass consumption, leads to a further transfer of wealth from the working class and toiling masses to the capitalist class. The fact that the fruits of this transfer of wealth are unequally divided amongst capitalists of different branches of industry and services is a secondary issue. The primary issue is that as a consequence of inflation, the standard of living of workers and of the vast masses of working people of town and country goes down.
The capitalist class uses a variety of ways to depress the wages of workers. In our country, crores of workers are working in what is called Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME). According to the Labour Ministry, this Sector employs 59.7 million workers in 26.1 million enterprises covering both industry and services. The categorization of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is according to capital invested, and not according to the number of workers employed. It can be estimated that a large section of these workers work in enterprises in which the number of workers is less than the threshold limit specified for coverage under the ID Act or the Factories Act. In practical terms, this means that even while they are formally covered by the minimum wages act, they have no legal way to ensure that they actually get it. The workers in this sector, as also contract and casual workers in large scale enterprises are thus completely at the mercy of the capitalists. They work for long hours, at the lowest possible wages, with no social security. They are not in a position to organize themselves into unions to fight for their wages and working conditions.
The existence of a huge army of unemployed helps the capitalist monopolies, Indian and foreign, to put pressure on the wages and working conditions of workers in all sectors including those in large-scale industries and services, who have formally got some measure of rights from the existing labour laws.
Thus the question of definition of minimum wages is of greatest importance to the entire working class of our country and all working people. It sets a standard for the whole of society, below which no worker or working person should be forced to live in.
The bourgeoisie uses Article 3 (b) as the guiding principle to justify that the minimum wage should be defined so low that the capitalist class can make maximum profits, arguing that if workers are paid a living wage, along with social security benefits, then it will hurt "economic development" and reduce employment.
This is the biggest lie. In the drive for maximum profits, the capitalist class continuously pushes down the living standards of the working class and people. One of the reasons why the capitalist system has been hurtling from one crisis to another is that it keeps getting caught in the crisis of overproduction. While there are too many goods in the market, the mass of workers and other toiling people are so exploited and impoverished that they do not have the money to buy even the bare necessities of life.
The third and fourth meetings of the Standing Labour Committee held in 1943 and 1944 respectively and successive sessions of the Tripartite Labour Conference in 1943, 1944 and 1945 discussed need for Minimum Wages legislation. On April 11, 1946, a Minimum Wages Bill was introduced in Parliament. It was made an Act in March, 1948.
In November, 1948, the government appointed a Tripartite Committee on Fair Wages. The Committee consisted of representatives of employers, employees and Government. Their task was to enquire into and report on the subject of fair wages to labour.
The Committee on Fair Wages defined three different levels of wages viz; (i) Living wage (ii) Fair wage (iii) Minimum Wage.
The statutory Minimum Wage is the wage determined according to the procedure prescribed by the relevant provisions of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 and is applicable to those employments which are listed in the Schedules of the Act.
Both Central and State governments have created their own schedules. By creating these Schedules, the capitalist class and its governments have kept out large sections of workers from the purview of the act. The working class is therefore demanding that the Minimum Wages Act must be applicable to all workers without exception.
The next landmark in Minimum wages legislation was the 15th Session of the Indian Labour Conference held at New Delhi in July 1957. An important resolution was passed, which laid down that the minimum wage should be need-based and should ensure the minimum human needs of the industrial worker.
The 15th Session of the Indian Labour Conference was held at a time when bourgeoisie and the Congress Party was promoting the "socialistic pattern of society" while the Communist Party of India was enjoying the support of the militant sections of the working class and peasantry. This was the time when the Communist Party fell prey to the illusion that socialism could be achieved peacefully by parliamentary means without a social revolution and began propagating the line of "non-capitalist" path of development.
The Resolution of the 15th Session of the ILC on Minimum wages have remained unimplemented till now, even after 56 years. Capitalism has developed by leaps and bounds in our country in this period. The requirements of a worker and his or her family have changed in accordance with the development of society. The Minimum Wage, as defined by 15th ILC 56 years ago, will not enable a modern worker to ensure his or her human needs. In fact, the Minimum Wage today is far below even what the calculations on the basis of the 15th ILC resolution would lead to.
The attitude of the bourgeoisie and its governments to workers when they demand a Minimum Wage according to the recommendations of the 15th ILC is best revealed by the comments of Delhi Chief Minister Shiela Dikshit to a delegation of trade unions representing the Delhi Mazdoor Ekta Committee. When the trade union leaders put forth a demand of Rs 15,000 as minimum wages based on 15th ILC recommendations, Mrs Dikshit said that "workers don't eat meat or eggs, and workers live in jhuggis, so they cannot demand housing costs calculated as per the governments' low cost housing schemes"!
In 1991, the Supreme Court in its judgment expressed the view that children's education, medical requirement, minimum recreation, including festivals and ceremonies, provision for old age and marriage should further constitute 25 per cent and be used as a guide for fixing the minimum wage. This judgement too is openly violated by the governments in fixing the minimum wage.
With the launch of the liberalisation and privatisation program, the bourgeoisie and its governments have ruthlessly intensified the attacks on the livelihood and rights of the working class and people. They have talked about tendency to fix "minimum wages at unrealistically high levels" (30th ILC, 1992). The definition of the minimum wage has not been revised, taking into account the development and changes in society and the workforce. Systematically, the standard of living of workers has been under attack.
In this period, the government has floated the concept of "National Floor Level Minimum Wages", which is defined as the absolute minimum wage acceptable in any enterprise in any part of the country. This is a concept to further lower the standard of living of the working class. It has been advanced in the name of having a minimum standard in all states. The "National Floor Level Minimum Wage" as of today is what is paid to MNREGA workers. In the 45th ILC in June 2013, the Prime Minister talked of amending the Minimum Wages Act to put in place "National Floor Level Minimum Wage". The aim of this is to divert the attention of the working class from the demand for a fresh definition of what should be the minimum wage.
The struggle between the working class and working people on the one hand, and the bourgeoisie and its government on the other, over the definition of the minimum wage and what its value should be, is an extremely important political struggle of the working class.
The working class needs to establish what constitutes a human existence in today's conditions. It must include nutritious food, including milk, meat, eggs, cooking oil, sugar, pulses and vegetables. This cannot be reduced to 2700 calories worth of wheat or rice. The working class cannot accept that it has to live in unhygienic overcrowded slums, without toilets or drinking water, while the capitalists of our country move on to join the ranks of the richest of the world. We cannot accept being deprived of quality education and health care or social security against accidents, ill health and old age. As the producers of the wealth of this country, it is we, alongside of the peasantry, who must have the first claim on the national wealth. We cannot accept that our rights are sacrificed at the altar of guaranteeing maximum profits for the monopoly capitalists and the financial oligarchy.
The living wage, according to the Committee, represented the highest level of the wage which should enable the worker to provide for himself and his family not merely the basic essentials of food, clothing and shelter but a measure of frugal comfort including education for children, protection against ill health, requirements of essential social needs and a measure of insurance against more important misfortunes including old age. But the Committee felt that when such a wage is to be determined, the considerations of national income and the capacity to pay of the industry concerned has to be taken into account and the Committee was of the opinion that living wage had to be the ultimate goal or the target.
That is, ensuring state guarantee of such a wage was relegated to a policy objective, something the working class and people should hope that the government would ensure, with no practical measures or timeline to ensure the same. That this has remained a policy objective is revealed by the fact that 66 years after independence, the vast majority of our people in town and countryside live a life of abysmal poverty. Vast sections of our working class are deprived of even the basic essentials of food and shelter, let alone education and health care of their families.
The Fair Wages Committee in this connection observed:"the objective is not merely to determine wages which are fair in the abstract, but to see that employment at existing levels is not only maintained, but if possible, increased. From this point of view, it will be clear that the levels of the wages should enable the industry to maintain production with efficiency. The capacity of industry to pay should, therefore, be assessed by the Wage Boards in the light of this very important consideration." Thus the Committee put primacy on the "capacity of industry to pay", i.e. the interest of the capitalist class of ensuring maximum profits was not hurt in defining Fair Wages.
The Fair Wages Committee recommended that the fair wage should be related with the productivity of labour. With regard to the machinery to be adopted for the fixation of fair wages, the Committee favoured the setting up of Wage Boards. It recommended that there should be a State Board for each State, composed of independent members and representatives of employers and employees in equal numbers. In addition to the State Board, there should be a Regional Board for each industry taken up for wage regulation.
The Fair Wage Committee drew a distinction between a minimum and a living wage. With regard to the fair wage, the Committee recommended that it should be above the minimum wage and below the living wage.
The "Fair Wages" are what are worked out through the tripartite wage boards consisting of representatives of the government, capitalists, and the unions in the organised large scale sector of the economy, wherever such tripartite Wage Boards have been constituted.
The Committee was of the view that a minimum wage must provide not "merely for the bare sustenance of life, but for the preservation of the efficiency of the worker". For this purpose the minimum wage must also provide for some measure of education, medical requirements and amenities.
Minimum food requirements should be calculated on the basis of a net intake of 2700 calories per day, as recommended by Dr. Akroyd for an average Indian adult of moderate activity.
Clothing requirements should be estimated on the basis of a per capita consumption of 18 yards per annum, which would give for the average worker's family of four a total of 72 yards.
Fuel, lighting and other miscellaneous items of expenditure should constitute 20 per cent of the total minimum wage.
The Resolution further laid down that wherever the minimum wage fixed was below the norms recommended above, it would be incumbent on the authorities concerned to justify the circumstances which prevented them from adherence to the aforesaid norms. This has allowed the government to fix the minimum wage below even the above stated norm using various excuses.


Announcing the Marg Database which includes abstracts and indexes of all articles published in Marg's magazines and books since Vol. 1 No. 1 published in October 1946. The project was completed in a year (1999-2000) and will be annually updated.
Evidence of the antiquity of Ekamra-kshetra is provided by the Ashokan rock edict, the elephant emerging from a rock at Dhauli, sculptures, epigraphs, and literature. The writer discusses the Hatigumpha inscription and sculptured reliefs of Khandagiri and Udayagiri hills, the literary evidence of the tantric texts and the Mahabharata, and sculptures and architectural motifs on the Shatrughneshvara, Kalika Devi, Bhavani-Shankara, Parashurameshvara, Vaital Deul, Gauri, Mukteshvara, Rajarani, Brahmeshvara, Lingaraja, and Megheshvara temples built during the Shailodbhava, Bhauma-kara, and Somavamshi-kesari periods.
The working of the female principle in the form of a Divine Mother appears very early in Orissa. This is attested by Ashoka's Rock Edict XIII, and a 3rd century BCE inscription at Bhadrak. By the Gupta period, the primitive forms of the divine mother became gradually "Hinduized". The Bhauma-kara, Ganga, and Gajapati rulers were also devoted to Shaktism. Viraja (Jajpur) was and is the primary centre for the worship of Devi, as evident from literary and epigraphic references, and the images of Chamunda, Dantura, Durga, Mahishamardini, Ambalika, the Saptamatrikas, Mahalakshmi, Varahi, Yoginis, and Mahabhairavi in the temple shrines of the region.
The essay provides a brief account of the recent efforts at conservation of the temple by the Archaeological Survey of India. The deplastering of the surface of the temple has revealed an array of sculptures and other decorative details. All conservation work was monitored by the technical expert committee.
Members of a unique sect of Ardhaphalaka Jain monks, identifiable by the cloth carried over their left forearms, are depicted in six rare sculptures from Pre-Kushan Mathura. The Ardhaphalaka monks seem to have been largely responsible for vigorous and influential productions of Jain art and architecture, including the popularization of the Jina icon. An examination of their sculpted representations reveals otherwise unknown aspects about their practices and relationships with other religious groups.
The article provides a description of the building, its decorative details, inscriptions, and architectural style, a note on the origins of the traditional names for the tombs of Mir Miran and Bibi Haj, and a justification for the selection of the site of Sirhind (instead of Delhi) for the tomb.
Kavita Singh writes on the German Festival in India, which has its first stop in New Delhi, and the reopened Indus Valley Gallery at National Museum; Monisha Ahmed attends a seminar on embroidery at NIFT, Hyderabad; Shehbaz H Safrani explores Purani Haveli, which now houses H.E.H. The Nizam's museum; John Siudmak visits the reopened Museum fur lndische Kunst in Berlin and the the recently opened Great Court of the British Museum; Sonya Rhie Quintanilla attends two symposiums on the history of northern India and its connections to Central Asia in the US.
India, An Archaeological History - Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations by Dilip K. Chakrabarti, reviewed by Zarine Cooper; The Decline and Fall of the Indus Civilization edited by Nayanjot Lahiri, reviewed by Biswajeet Rath; Archaeology of Orissa, 2 volumes edited by K.K. Basa and Pradeep Mohanty, reviewed by Ajay Pratap.


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Chanteur Country US né Dustin Charles Lynch, le 14 Mai 1985 à Nashville (Tennessee).
Country music singer and songwriter Dustin Lynch was born and raised in Tullahoma, Tennessee, and grew up influenced by what he calls "the class of '89," Alan Jackson, Garth Brooks, and Clint Black, all of whom had their first national success in 1989. Lynch moved to Nashville to attend college and to be closer to country music's epicenter in 2003, renting an apartment behind Nashville's Bluebird Café, famous as a testing and proving ground for young songwriters. Eventually Lynch earned a performance spot at the Bluebird, and he honed his skills, branching out to gig at other venues on the Southeast club circuit. His big break came in 2011 when he was discovered by Justin Moore's manager through Lynch's MySpace page, and it led to a management contract with L3 Entertainment, a publishing deal with Super 98/The Song Factory, and a record deal with Broken Bow Records. Broken Bow released Lynch's debut single, "Cowboys and Angels," in 2012 and it went to number two on the Billboard country chart. Its accompanying album, Dustin Lynch, debuted at number one on the Billboard charts and generated another hit in "She Cranks My Tractor." Lynch released his second album, Where It's At, in September 2014 and it produced three Top Ten hits: "Where It's At (Yep, Yep)," "Hell of a Night," and "Mind Reader." "Seein' Red," the first single from his third album, showed up in the summer of 2016. A second single, "Small Town Boy," followed in 2017 and peaked at number seven on Billboard's U.S. Hot Country Songs chart. Lynch's third album, Current Mood, arrived in September of that year, reaching number seven on Billboard's Top 200. After his next single, "Good Girl," topped the Counry Airplay chart, Lynch was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry in September 2018. A three-song EP, Ridin' Roads, appeared in the early part of 2019. Along with the single "Good Girl," the title track of Ridin' Roads found its way onto Tullahoma, the full-length follow-up to Current Mood which was released in January 2020.
https://www.dustinlynchmusic.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Lynch
Talents : Vocals, Guitar, Songwriter
Style musical : Traditional Country, Contemporary Country
https://youtu.be/GWVBRuGVlHI
08/2012 CD Broken Bow BB-72772 (US)
Dustin Lynch - She Cranks My Tractor / Waiting / Cowboys And Angels / Wild In Your Smile / Last Lap / Sittin' Pretty / Yeah Yeah Yeah / Rock You Sweet / Unwind It / Hurricane / Dancing In The Headlights / Name On It / [Untitled] / Your Plan
Where It's At - Hell Of A Night / To The Sky / Halo / After Party / Where It's At / Mind Reader / Right Where We Want It / She Wants A Cowboy / World To Me / Sing It To Me / All Night / Middle Of Nowhere / What You Wanna Hear / Your Daddy's Boots / American Prayer
09/2017 CD Broken Bow 79344 (US)
Current Mood - I'd Be Jealous Too / Seein' Red / Small Town Boy / Why We Call Each Other / Here We Come / Love Me Or Leave Me Alone / Back On It / I Wish You Were Beer / State Lines / Party Song / New Girl / Why Not Tonight / Sun Don't Go Down On That
Tullahoma - Momma's House / Dirt Road / Thinking 'bout You (feat. Lauren Alaina) / Ridin' Roads / Old Country Song / The World Ain't Yours And Mine / Country Star / Workin' On You / Little Town Livin' / Red Dirt, Blue Eyes / Good Girl


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US: Fastow: "I was being a hero for Enron."
John C. Roper
Andrew Fastow considered himself "a hero for Enron'' for hiding losses and bolstering earnings for the company through partnership deals he created.
Fastow, in his first public comments about Enron since being ousted from the company in late 2001, testified that the partnerships, known as LJM 1 and LJM 2, were designed in part to buy deals Enron wanted to wipe off its books so its financial statments would be stronger.
"I was being a hero for Enron,'' he said several times during testimony.
Fastow, whose hair has gone completely gray since the company's 2001 collapse, appeared calm and with purpose as he described the controversial partnerships.
"We were using this to inflate our earnings," Fastow said.
Fastow appeared eager to tell his story and only showed emotion when asked about why he decided to plead guilty to fraud.
"I thought it was in the best interest of my family not to go to trial, to take responsibility for my actions and go forward with my life," Fastow said, grimmacing as if holding back tears.
In January 2004, Fastow pleaded guilty to two counts of fraud and agreed to a prison term of up to 10 years and to forfeit $24 million.
Fastow said 10 civil suits are pending against him.
Asked by prosecutor John Hueston whether he pleaded guilty because he couldn't afford a defense, Fastow paused, poured a glass of water, took a small sip and a deep breath before answering.
"I pleaded guilty because I am guilty and I thought that decision would be in the best interest of my family," he said.
Hueston wasted little time getting to LJM, which Fastow said he created in 1999 with the blessing of former Enron executives Jeff Skilling, Ken Lay and the board of directors.
Most of Fastow's testimony has either focused on himself or Skilling.
Skilling, he said, told the board that Fastow "has skin in the game" or risk. He said Skilling told board members that the biggest risk, "was the Wall Street Journal risk."
LJM 1 was initially funded with $15 million, $1 million of which came out of Fastow's own pocket.
Asked by Hueston whether he was concerned there was a risk he would lose his personal investment, Fastow said: "Not in my mind, I thought it was pure upside."
Fastow told jurors he stood to "benefit greatly from the partnerships," which he indeed profited from to the amount of some $45 million.
He testified that after the early success of LJM 1, which was initially used to hide an investment loss for Enron's Internet unit, he went to Skilling to tell him more money would be needed for future deals and the creation of LJM 2.
Skilling, he said, told him, "Get me as much of that juice as you can."
Fastow raised some $386 million for LJM 2 and did six deals in eight days in December 1999 that he said were done to help Enron meet end-of-year financial goals.
Hueston quickly ticked through each of those deals, with Fastow telling jurors each was done with minimal or no risk to help the company "mask potential losses of hundreds of millions of dollars."
Prosecutors maintain the partnerships, called LJM 1 and LJM 2, made Enron look strong when in fact it was not. Essentially, the partnerships were used to hide losses or create income.
Defense attorneys say that the partnerships were legal. They say they were used to help make sales more quickly and to protect assets during market swings and because they were approved by the board.
Lay and Skilling have long maintained that Fastow is the real crook in the Enron scandal, who stole "a small amount," around $19 million, through LJM.
LJM operated under the public radar for two years until late 2001 when it was scrutinized by the Wall Street Journal. Shortly thereafter, an SEC inquiry was underway and Fastow was ousted from the company.
Fastow, 44, was charged in 2002 with fraud and money laundering in a 78-count indictment.
In January 2004, Fastow pleaded guilty to two counts of fraud and agreed to a prison term of up to 10 years, to forfeit $24 million, including homes in Galveston and Vermont, and to drop claims to another $6 million.
Prosecutors plan to keep him on the stand for little more than a day to reduce the likelihood that he will say something that could hurt their case.
Defense attorneys are expected to keep him on into next week to try to tear his testimony apart but run the risk of Fastow further tying Lay and Skilling to his misdeeds.
john.roper@chron.com
AMP Section Name:Corruption
106 Money & Politics
186 Financial Services, Insurance and Banking
208 Regulation