text:
Method of displaying progress bar and television receiver using the same
A method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same, enables a plurality of stored broadcast programs to be identified according to broadcast channel or broadcast program. The method includes steps of pre-storing, in a memory of the television receiver, a plurality of display characterization indicators, the pre-stored indicators being arranged in a table of the memory to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal; storing, in a personal video recorder of the television receiver, a broadcast signal received by the television receiver in real time; periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal, each marker being indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics; and displaying the progress bar according to the extracted broadcast program markers, the displayed progress bar being superposed on a display of the broadcast signal. Each currently extracted broadcast program marker is compared with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers. If the compared broadcast program markers match, display of the progress bar proceeds using a first display characterization indicator, and if the compared broadcast program markers do not match, display of the progress bar proceeds using a second display characterization indicator.
Lim, Jong Ok (Gyeongsangnam-do, KR)
348/569, 348/E5.102, 386/E5.001, 725/37, 725/88, 725/134, 725/142
H04N5/445; H04N5/50
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FEATHERSTONE, MARK D
BIRCH, STEWART, KOLASCH & BIRCH, LLP (8110 GATEHOUSE ROAD SUITE 100 EAST, FALLS CHURCH, VA, 22042-1248, US)
1. A method of displaying a progress bar in a television receiver, the method comprising: pre-storing, in a memory of the television receiver, a plurality of display characterization indicators, the pre-stored indicators being arranged in a table of the memory to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal; storing, in a personal video recorder of the television receiver, a broadcast signal received by the television receiver in real time; periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal, each marker being indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics; and displaying the progress bar according to the extracted broadcast program markers, the displayed progress bar being superposed on a display of the broadcast signal.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the displayed progress bar includes a plurality of display areas arranged according to a sequence of the extraction of the broadcast program markers.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: comparing each currently extracted broadcast program marker with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: proceeding said progress bar displaying using a first display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators, if the compared broadcast program markers match; and proceeding said progress bar displaying using a second display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators, if the compared broadcast program markers do not match.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the displayed progress bar includes a plurality of display areas adjacently arranged in correspondence to the extracted broadcast program markers and wherein, if a change occurs between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, the corresponding display areas have contrasting images.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the contrasting images of the display areas are based on at least one of the plurality of display characterization indicators.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcast program markers are extracted from the received broadcast signal.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the progress bar represents a progress status of said broadcast signal storing.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the display of the broadcast signal is time-shifted.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the progress bar represents a progress status of the display of the broadcast signal.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcast program markers are extracted from the stored broadcast signal.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcast program markers are included in program and system information protocol (PSIP) information embedded in a transport stream of the received broadcast signal.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the broadcast program markers identify at least one of a broadcast channel and a broadcast program.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of display characterization indicators defines a different color of the progress bar.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of display characterization indicators defines a different pattern of the progress bar.
16. A television receiver, comprising: memory for pre-storing a plurality of display characterization indicators, the pre-stored indicators being arranged in a table of said memory to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal; a personal video recorder for storing a broadcast signal received by the television receiver in real time and enabling a time-shift function; a controller for periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal, each marker being indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics; and a display module for displaying a progress bar according to the extracted broadcast program markers.
17. The television receiver of claim 16, wherein said controller compares each currently extracted broadcast program marker with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, and wherein the display of the progress bar proceeds using a first display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators, if the compared broadcast program markers match, and proceeds using a second display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators, if the compared broadcast program markers do not match.
18. The television receiver of claim 16, wherein said controller compares each currently extracted broadcast program marker with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, wherein the displayed progress bar includes a plurality of display areas adjacently arranged in correspondence to the extracted broadcast program markers, and wherein, if a change occurs between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, the corresponding display areas have contrasting images.
19. The television receiver of claim 18, wherein the contrasting images of the display areas are based on at least one of the plurality of display characterization indicators.
20. The television receiver of claim 16, further comprising: an on-screen display (OSD) generator for generating OSD data representative of the progress bar and a time-shift function of said personal video recorder; and a transport stream output circuit for outputting to said display module a video signal superposing the OSD data on the broadcast signal.
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2005-0123891, filed on Dec. 15, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
The present invention relates to television receivers, and more particularly, to a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
A television receiver provided with a personal video recorder includes a storage medium such as a hard disc drive for recording (storing) and reproducing video signals including their associated audio components. The stored signals are digital video signals that are input to the television receiver and may be broadcast signals received from a broadcast station or other signals such as those supplied from a peripheral device connected to the television receiver. In any case, the input signals are encoded for storage in a transport stream format.
For instance, a television broadcast receiver provided with a personal video recorder (PVR) may employ a hard disc drive as a storage medium to enable a received broadcast signal or an external input signal from an external player to be stored in and reproduced from the hard disc according to a time-shift function in response to a user selection input. Such a time-shift function enables playback functions of pause, reverse play, fast or slow play, and the like for displaying a real-time broadcast signal or other, similarly received, video stream.
A contemporary television receiver provided with a PVR receives a broadcast signal in real time, stores the received broadcast signal in a time-shift storage area of the PVR's storage medium, and displays a time-shift guide using on screen display (OSD) data superposed on the displayed (viewed) video signal of the broadcast signal. The time-shift guide includes a progress bar for indicating a quantity of data storage, i.e., a storage status of the broadcast signal in the time-shift storage area, and for enabling a user control of a selective playback of the stored broadcast signal to be selected for playback. The storage status of a broadcast signal is typically displayed using a cache bar, and a movable indicator is provided for designating a specific point along the progress bar, the specific point corresponding to the currently viewed broadcast signal, which is then read out from the storage medium from the corresponding point.
In the contemporary television receiver as above, however, the progress bar only indicates the storage status (data storage quantity) of the broadcast signal, so that, if different broadcast programs are consecutively stored in the storage area, it is difficult to discriminate the stored broadcast programs, thereby encumbering use of the time-shift function. In other words, there is no means for discriminating among plurality of stored broadcast programs of a single stream. The discrimination is particularly difficult if broadcast channels are changed while storing a broadcast signal for executing the time-shift function or if playback of a specific program within a long-running data stream is desired, so that the user is forced to perform a tedious search of the content of stored streams.
Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same that substantially obviates one or more problems due to limitations and disadvantages of the related art.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same, by which a plurality of stored broadcast programs can be identified according to broadcast channel.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same, by which a plurality of stored broadcast programs can be identified according to broadcast program.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same, which facilitates a user's discrimination of the content of a stored stream of a broadcast signal received in real time.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of displaying a progress bar and to a television receiver using the same, which facilitates a use of a time-shift function for a stored stream of a broadcast signal.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by the structure particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
To achieve these objects and other advantages in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, there is provided a method of displaying a progress bar in a television receiver. The method comprises pre-storing, in a memory of the television receiver, a plurality of display characterization indicators, the pre-stored indicators being arranged in a table of the memory to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal; storing, in a personal video recorder of the television receiver, a broadcast signal received by the television receiver in real time; periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal, each marker being indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics; comparing each currently extracted broadcast program marker with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers; and displaying the progress bar according to the extracted broadcast program markers, the displayed progress bar being superposed on a display of the broadcast signal.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a television receiver comprising memory for pre-storing a plurality of display characterization indicators, the pre-stored indicators being arranged in a table of the memory to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal; a personal video recorder for storing a broadcast signal received by the television receiver in real time and enabling a time-shift function; a controller for periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal, each marker being indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics; a display module for displaying a progress bar according to the extracted broadcast program markers; an on-screen display (OSD) generator for generating OSD data representative of the progress bar and a time-shift function of the personal video recorder; and a transport stream output circuit for outputting to the display module a video signal superposing the OSD data on the broadcast signal.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description of the present invention are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TILE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiment(s) of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principle of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1A is a block diagram of a television receiver having a PVR according to the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of the TS output circuit of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2A is flowchart of a process for displaying a progress bar representing a storage progress status according to the present invention;
FIG. 2B is flowchart of a process for displaying a progress bar representing a display progress status according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3A-3C are diagrams of exemplary tables pre-stored in memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary configuration of a progress bar according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary progress bar including contrasting display areas for discriminating the channel of a received broadcast signal being stored according to the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a diagram of an exemplary progress bar including contrasting display areas for discriminating the program of a stored broadcast signal being reproduced according to the present invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, like reference designations will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or similar parts.
The present invention is applicable to video apparatuses capable of storing a video signal received from various input sources such as a tuner or a peripheral device. For example, a tuner 101 may be provided to receive a user-specified broadcast signal by tuning among available terrestrial or cable broadcast signals to thereby provide a digital input signal or an analog input signal, and a peripheral device such as a digital camcorder or DVD player may be connected to a television receiver via an external signal input port 102 for supplying a video signal to be stored. The video signal input to a video apparatus adopting the present invention is encoded to provide a data stream configured in a transport packet format, i.e., a plurality of serially arranged transport packets each comprising a header and a payload. While a digital broadcast signal as provided from a broadcast station is already configured in a transport stream format, an analog broadcast signal may be encoded locally. The video signal from a peripheral device may require similar encoding prior to storage as a transport stream (TS), and for the sake of convenience, a broadcast signal as described herein may also refer to an input to the television receiver as received from the peripheral device via an external signal input port. The present invention is exemplified herein by describing a television receiver having a personal video recorder or PVR.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a television receiver according to the present invention may be configured to include a controller 103 for receiving a user selection signal via a user interface 104, e.g., a remote controller or local keypad, to control the system and to perform a time control function using a system memory 105 and for outputting on-screen display (OSD) data to an OSD generator 106 according to an operation of the time control function; a digital broadcast signal processor 110 for processing a digital input signal from the tuner 101, using a TS decoder 111 and a first switch 112; an analog broadcast signal processor 120 for processing an analog input signal from the tuner, using a second switch 121 and an NTSC (NT) decoder 122; a PVR unit 130, including a PVR controller 131 and a storage medium 132, for storing and reproducing the digital input signal or analog input signal (herein referred to as a broadcast signal), which may be a tuned signal input supplied from the tuner and encoded by an encoder 107 or a video signal input from the external signal input port 102 and similarly encoded; a third switch 108; and a TS output circuit 140 for outputting (displaying) a transport stream, e.g., broadcast signal, provided by the digital or analog broadcast signal processors or the PVR unit. Accordingly, as the present invention relates to a time-shift function enabled by storing a broadcast signal on one channel in real time, the following description considers for the sake of convenience that a broadcast signal is stored in the storage medium 132, though as it will be described, other input signals similarly received by the television receiver may be similarly stored.
The controller 103 communicates with each of the above elements via a bus (not shown) for providing control signals according to a user selection made via the user interface 104 and a program stored in the system memory 105, e.g., a general memory device different from the storage medium 132, which as a rule requires a significantly greater capacity than the system memory. Accordingly, the controller 103 performs an overall control of the television broadcast receiver, and the system memory 105 stores various system information including a system program of the controller.
In particular, the controller 103 determines whether a previous viewing channel is the same as a current viewing channel, i.e., whether a viewing channel is switched. If the viewing channel is switched, the controller 103 generates a control signal output the OSD generator 106 to change a progress bar display type, such as its color, pattern, or other display characterization enabling a visible contrast in the displayed image, so that the progress bar proceeds using the new display characterization. Accordingly, the OSD generator 106 outputs OSD data for forming a time-shift progress bar according to the control signal from the controller 103.
The system memory 105 pre-stores a plurality of display characterization indicators for controlling the display and formation of the progress bar, and each display characterization indicator is stored in correspondence to a plurality of broadcast program markers for identifying a specific program as well as its broadcast channel. The display characterization indicators may be based on a plurality of colors and/or patterns and are stored according to the storage of received broadcast programs. The system memory 105 stores address information designating a position at which each of the broadcast programs is stored within the PVR unit 130 under the control of the controller 103. Hence, the system memory 105 stores the address information of each broadcast program and information corresponding to the progress bar display type and the program marker or markers of each broadcast signal.
The third switch 108 selects a signal to be processed by the TS output circuit 140. The selected signal may be the output of the digital signal processor 110, i.e., a received digital broadcast signal; the output of the encoder 107, i.e., a received signal such as an analog broadcast signal or peripheral device input that has been encoded into a transport stream format; or the output of the PVR unit 130, i.e., the stored transport stream that is being reproduced. That is, the third switch 108 has three inputs and one selectable output.
An example of the TS output circuit 140 may be seen in FIG. 1B. Here, the TS output circuit 140 includes a demultiplexer 141 for outputting separated data streams, i.e., a video stream and an audio stream, an audio decoder 142, a video decoder 143, an audio processor 144, a video display processor 145, an amplifier 146, a display module 147, and a speaker 148. The audio decoder 142 and the video decoder 142 decode the data streams separately output from the demultiplexer 141 and respectively provide the decoded streams to the audio processor 144 and the video display processor 145. The audio processor 144, amplifier 146, and speaker 148 convert the decoded audio signal into an audible audio signal. The video display processor 145 processes the decoded video signal to be displayed by the display module 147, which may be a PDP module, an LCD module, or a flat CRT module, while overlaying (superposing) OSD data from the OSD generator 106, such that the OSD data is displayed together with the processed video signal.
The digital broadcast signal processor 110 receives a digital broadcast signal from the tuner 101. The TS decoder 111 of the digital broadcast signal processor 110 decodes the received signal, to output separated data streams to the first switch 112, and extracts program and system information protocol (PSIP) information from the broadcast signal. The extracted PSIP information is provided to the controller 103. The output data streams include a video stream, one or more audio streams, and a stream of additional information associated with the video and audio streams. According to a control of the controller 103, the first switch 112 selectively outputs the data streams to the PVR unit 130, to the TS output circuit 140, or to both.
The analog broadcast signal processor 120 receives an analog broadcast signal from the tuner 101 or a video signal input from the external signal input port 102. The second switch 121 of the analog broadcast signal processor 120 selects one of the two signals according to a control of the controller 103, to output the selected signal to the NT decoder 120, which decodes the received signal and outputs separated audio data and video data. This data is then encoded by the encoder 107 into a transport stream format, such as an MPEG signal, for storage the PVR unit 130 or processing by the TS output circuit 140. The encoder 107 may be incorporated into the PVR controller 131, to be alternatively embodied as a combination controller & encoder for the PVR unit 130. In the event of the received broadcast signal being an analog broadcast signal, which contains no PSIP information, the program marker consists essentially of channel information. As known in the art, channel information can be obtained (extracted) via a channel manager.
The PVR unit 130 receives a digital broadcast signal from the digital broadcast signal processor 110 or a video signal input from the analog broadcast signal processor 120 and encoded by the encoder 107. Accordingly, the PVR controller 131 of the PVR unit 130 receives a transport stream and stores the received transport stream in the storage medium 132 under the control of the controller 103. A time-shift storage area allocated for executing the time-shift function is provided within the hard disc, i.e., the storage medium 132, so that a transport stream comprised of a video stream, audio stream, and additional data streams corresponding to a broadcast signal may be sequentially stored in the time-shift storage area in its order of reception. Addresses of the time-shift storage area, where corresponding transport streams are stored, are provided to the controller 103 by the PVR controller 131.
Referring to FIG. 2A, in response to a user selection of a time-shift function via the user interface 104 (S201), the controller 103 begins to store a currently viewed broadcast signal in the PVR unit 130. In doing so, a progress bar representing a storage progress status of the broadcast signal is simultaneously displayed on the screen according to type, which corresponds to a display characteristic indicator (S202).
The stored broadcast signal is comprised of a series of transport packets containing PSIP information identifying specific programs being broadcast on specific channels. Meanwhile, a plurality of display characterization indicators is pre-stored in the system memory 105 and arranged in table form to correspond to a plurality of broadcast program characteristics of at least one broadcast signal. Thus, the received broadcast signal contains a series of broadcast program markers directly relating to the received broadcast signal, such that each marker is indicative of at least one of the plurality of broadcast program characteristics. That is, the broadcast program markers are included in the PSIP information embedded in a transport stream of the received broadcast signal and may be used to identify the broadcast program by channel number or by individual program. If the received broadcast signal is an analog signal, only channel information is available, but if the received broadcast signal is a digital signal, the broadcast program marker may be used to identify a large amount of very specific programming information, including program genre, program title, and the time and date of a broadcast in addition to its channel. Accordingly, by periodically extracting broadcast program markers from the received broadcast signal (S203), the progress bar is displayed according to the corresponding display characterization indicator. Here, the PSIP information including the program markers may be extracted using the TS decoder 111 or a channel manager (not shown) or may be extracted from the stored broadcast signal itself, which has undergone PSIP information decoding during reception.
The controller 103 compares each currently extracted broadcast program marker with the broadcast program marker immediately preceding the currently extracted broadcast program marker, to determine whether there is a match between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers (S204). If the compared broadcast program markers match, the display of the progress bar proceeds using a first display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators (S205). If the compared broadcast program markers do not match, the display of the progress bar proceeds using a second display characterization indicator of the plurality of display characterization indicators (S206). Here, the first and second display characterization indicators define contrasting images, which may include different colors and patterns. Thus, the displayed progress bar of the step S202 includes a plurality of display areas adjacently arranged in correspondence to the extracted broadcast program markers, so that, if a change occurs between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, the corresponding display areas have contrasting images. The displayed progress bar is superposed on a current display of the broadcast signal, i.e., in correspondence to the indicator, and the progress bar display continues as above until the user terminates the time-shift function selected in the step S201 (S207).
Accordingly, when the viewing channel is changed or when a broadcast channel proceeds to its next program, the controller 103 obtains from the system memory 105 address information corresponding to the new channel or program by referring to the program marker in the PSIP information and thereby identifies a corresponding display characterization indicator. Thus, under the control of the controller 103, the broadcast signal corresponding to the new program marker is stored in the time-shift storage area according to the obtained address information, and the progress bar is displayed to represent a storage progress status of the received broadcast signal.
FIG. 3A shows an example of a storage format, e.g., a lookup table, of the address information correlating to the display characterization indicators, which represent storage or display progress statuses of the broadcast signals according to the program marker. The lookup table may be pre-stored in the system memory 105 by a television receiver manufacturer.
FIG. 3B shows a specific relationship, that may be set by the manufacturer, between a set of program markers (e.g., channels) and a set of display characterization indicators (e.g., colors). Here, the controller 103 references the channel number of the table to determine a progress bar display type (color, pattern, etc.). It is unnecessary, however, to provide a specific relation between display characterization indicator and program marker, since, if a change occurs between any adjacent two of the extracted broadcast program markers, the corresponding display areas may be imparted with contrasting images according to a sequence of at least two display types, as demonstrated in FIG. 3C. As an alternative, the display characterization indicator to program marker relation may be established using an algorithm. For example, the controller 103 may reference the table to see whether a color has been assigned to a corresponding channel and may assign an arbitrary color when there has been no previous assignment for the corresponding channel.
Meanwhile, FIG. 2B illustrates the case of a user selecting the reproduction of a time-shifted broadcast signal, which has been stored according to FIG. 2A, and the user may select the desired content using the user interface 104 to manipulate the indicator of the displayed progress bar and thereby reproduce the stored broadcast signal from a point specified by the user (S211). Then, rather than a progress bar representing a storage progress status of the received broadcast signal as in FIG. 2A, the displayed progress bar represents a display progress status of the stored broadcast signal, which is simultaneously displayed with the progress bar. Thus, the progress bar is displayed according to the display characterization indicators stored in the table of the system memory 105, to indicate the arrangement of program markers corresponding to the quantity of a data stream stored in the time-shift storage area (S212). Here, the program markers may be extracted from the stored broadcast signal. Progress bar display continues until time-shift reproduction is terminated (S213).
FIG. 4 shows an example of a basic configuration of a progress bar according to the present invention. Here, the progress bar includes an indicator and a cache bar progressing within a display area corresponding to a time-shift storage area capacity. The indicator indicates a position at which a broadcast signal is being stored in the time-shift storage area or a current display (viewing) position of the stored broadcast signal. The cache bar represents a storage or display progress status of the broadcast signal.
FIG. 5 shows an exemplary progress bar including contrasting images in adjacent display areas for discriminating a received broadcast signal being stored, and FIG. 6 shows an exemplary progress bar including contrasting images in adjacent display areas for discriminating a stored broadcast signal being reproduced, i.e., being displayed to be viewed using a time-shift function. Here, the storage progress status of FIG. 5 discriminates according to channel, and the display progress status of FIG. 6 discriminates according to genre (or broadcast time and date, program title, etc.). Here, it should be appreciated that the "unrecorded" area of FIG. 5 may be occupied by previously stored content, in which case the progress bar display would correspond to type accordingly, while FIG. 6 assumes that the stored broadcast signal occupies the entire time-shift storage area. Each display area of the progress bar corresponds to an address of the time-shift storage area.
Embodiments of the present invention include a computer-readable medium storing a set of program commands for executing operations implemented by a computer. The computer-readable medium may include the program commands, a data file, a data structure, and other computer-program-related data. The medium and the stored program commands are configured in accordance with the present invention and may be specifically designed for the above-described embodiment or may comprise a device and program combination known to those skilled in the field of computer software.
Accordingly, storage and display progress statuses of a corresponding broadcast signal can be displayed with contrasting images or display types according to broadcast program information, i.e., a marker included in the PSIP information that identifies a broadcast channel, a program genre, or the like. Thus, a plurality of stored broadcast programs can be identified according to broadcast channel or according to broadcast program, to facilitate a user's discrimination of the content of a stored stream of a broadcast signal received in real time and to facilitate a use of a time-shift function for a stored stream of a broadcast signal.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers such modifications provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
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text:
Q: Is necessary to use to both eval and run? I understood the difference between the two from this answer.
But in most talks/code online I find people using both as below:
import tensorflow as tf
a=tf.constant(5.0)
b=tf.constant(6.0)
c=a*b
with tf.Session() as sess:
    print(sess.run(c))
    print(c.eval())

I don't understand the need and utility for doing so.

A: Calling sess.run(c) and c.eval(), in the same session, provide exactly the same results.
You can mix calls to sess.run and <tensor>.eval() in the code, but it makes your code less consistent.
In my opinion, it's better to use always sess.run, beacuse within a single call you can evaluate more then one tensor.
Instead, if you use <tensor>.eval() you can evaluate only the specified <tensor>.
You can see the performance differences running this script:
import time
import tensorflow as tf

a=tf.constant(5.0)
b=tf.constant(6.0)
c=a*b

start = time.time()
with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run([c]*100)
end_run = time.time() - start

start = time.time()
with tf.Session() as sess:
    for _ in range(100):
        c.eval()
end_eval = time.time() - start

print('Run: {}\nEval: {}'.format(end_run, end_eval))

Running it with Tensorflow r0.11, on CPU (Intel i3) it gives this result:
Run: 0.009401798248291016
Eval: 0.021142005920410156

As you can see, the execution of a sess.run call with a list of 100 elements is much fast then the execution of 100 c.eval() calls.
In fact, Tensorflow evaluates only once the c tensor in the sess.run call, and reuse the result to do other computation if needed.

A: The quick answer to your question is NO.
You just need either Session.run() or Tensor.eval() to evaluate the value of a tensor object. People usually use Tensor.eval() to experiment the programming model, namely print out the value of tensors to track the flow! For example,
import tensorflow as tf

a = tf.constant([1, 2], name='a')
b = tf.constant([3, 4], name='b')
c = tf.constant([1, 3], name='c')

d = tf.add_n([a, b])
e = tf.pow(d, c)

printout_d = tf.Print(d, [a, b, d], 'Input for d and the result: ')
printout_e = tf.Print(e, [d, c, e], 'Input for e and the result: ')

with tf.Session() as sess:
    sess.run([d, e])
    printout_d.eval()
    printout_e.eval()

In the above code, you can simply need sess.run([d, e]) to execute the graph. But, in some cases, for example debugging, you can benefit from printout_d.eval() and printout_e.eval().

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Q: My code will print error message twice and still run I am having an issue where my code should look for a duplicate value and throw an error if true otherwise set a bool value to "true". But for some reason it is printing the error message twice and still executing the rest of the code. I even tried another option but both gave the same result (the commented out if statement)Please help me out here:
bool key_check(string argv[])
{

int string_c = strlen(argv[1]);
bool key_c;
int dup[string_c];

if (string_c == 26)
{

    for (int i = 0; i < string_c; i++)
    {
        if(isalpha(argv[1][i]))
        {
                if(strcmp(argv[1], argv[1]) != 0)
                {
                    key_c= true;
                }
                else
                {   //this line is being printed twice and instead of terminating code it allows it to run
                    printf("Key must not contain duplicates.\n");
                    return 1;

                }

                /*if(dup[argv[1][i] - 65] == false && dup[argv[1][i] - 97] == false )
                {
                    key_c= true;
                }
                else
                {
                  printf("Key must not contain duplicates. %c \n", argv[1][i]);
                  key_c = false;
                  return 1;
                }*/
            //}
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Key must only contain characters. \n");
            key_c= false;
            return 1;

        }
    }
}
else
{
   printf("Key must contain 26 characters. \n");
    key_c= false;
}

return key_c;
}

A: Hy, I guess you mean returning false when you talk about throwing an error.
In C everything except 0 evaluates to true so if you say:
return 1; // true

in the context of your function then you announce success to the calling function.
Therefore this makes little sence:
 printf("Key must only contain characters. \n");
 key_c= false;
 return 1;

Here you set key_c to false but then return true.
Sample Solution
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

int
key_check(char *argv)
{
    const int EXPECTED_LEN = 26;
    char buffer[26] = {0};

    if(strlen(argv) != EXPECTED_LEN) {
        printf("Key must contain 26 characters. \n");
        return FALSE;
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < EXPECTED_LEN; i++) {
        for(int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
            if(argv[i] == buffer[j]) {
                printf("Key must not contain duplicates.\n");
                return FALSE;
            }
        }

        buffer[i] = argv[i];
    }

    return TRUE;
}

int main() {
    char *s1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
    char *s2 = "abcdefghijklmnopqistuvwxyz";
    char *s3 = "abcdefghijklmnopqistuvwxy";

    printf("%s has only unique characters.. %s\n", s1, key_check(s1) ? "Yes" : "Nope");
    printf("%s has only unique characters.. %s\n", s2, key_check(s2) ? "Yes" : "Nope");
    printf("%s has the right length.. %s\n", s3, key_check(s3) ? "Yes" : "Nope");
}

I use a char buffer like you to store all letters that have already occurred. Then I check if the string length matches the expected length of the key and return false if not. Otherwise, the function continues and iterates over the input string. I use a nested for loop to check if a character has already occurred and continue the search if not, adding the current character to the buffer. If the string only consists of unique letters then we reach the end of the function and return 1 to indicate success.
Note:
This nested for loop is inefficient for larger strings.


Detached house with garden and terrace set at the edge of a village and with lovely views. The property is very well presented and offers bright and comfortable accommodation.
downstairs, with independent entrance, is a living room, bathroom, bedroom and room plumbed for kitchen.
This portion opens onto a further 2 rooms that require restoration.
The property has car access.
The land is sloped below the house.
There is a small town with shops and restaurant just 2 km down the hill.
The property is set between the town of Fivizzano and Aulla.
The house is situated in a village within the municipality of Fivizzano (8 km), Aulla 8 km (motorway, train station (trains to Cinque Terre in 30 mins), beaches 25 km, Pisa (airport) 85 km.


text:
RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL - MARCH 18, 2016 - New Rio de Janeiro tram in test in Maua square (praca Maua)
- Image ID: 2C25TG0
https://www.alamy.com/licenses-and-pricing/?v=1https://www.alamy.com/rio-de-janeiro-brazil-march-18-2016-new-rio-de-janeiro-tram-in-test-in-maua-square-praca-maua-image362776064.html
Tacio Philip Sansonovski / Alamy Stock Photo
Image ID: 2C25TG0
bondebrazileditorialeditorial use onlymaua squarepraca mauario de janeirostreetcartestingtourismtramtram-cartramway cartransporttrolley carvlt
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Arsenal face Crystal Palace on Sunday, looking to bounce back from their opening-day defeat at home to West Ham last weekend.
Arsene Wenger conceded that his side made two mistakes in the game, and the Gunners were punished for both by the Hammers, with summer signing Petr Cech at fault.
However, the French tactician is adamant that he will get a reaction from his players at Selhurst Park and is confident that they will be able to get back on track.
Wenger revealed that Alexis Sanchez is available for selection and will likely start after his extended break following his participation in the Copa America with Chile.
While Jack Wilshere is ahead of schedule in his recovery from a leg injury, he is joined by Danny Welbeck and Tomas Rosicky on the sidelines.
It remains to be seen whether or not Wenger delves back into the transfer market before the end of the month, but Palace will certainly test their steel as Alan Pardew looks for maximum points after two games of the new season.
Yohan Cabaye immediately provided him with a boost after his arrival this summer with a goal against Norwich to secure all three points, and the French international will have to play a pivotal role again on Sunday – against the club that tried to sign him last year.
Sanchez will bring energy, directness and pace to the squad while giving everyone around him a lift, but whether or not that will be enough for Arsenal to avoid another disastrous result remains to be seen.


text:
Jean Taylor
before 1793 - Yes - date unknown Submit Photo / Document
about 1761 - Yes - date unknown
Birth about 1761 of, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Family/Spouse Elspet Thomson, b. about 1765, of, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
+ 1. Jean Taylor, b. before 13 August 1793, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Elspet Thomson
Family/Spouse James Taylor, b. about 1761, of, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Andrew Milne
Birth before 23 July 1767 Banchory-Ternan, Kincardineshire, Scotland
Family/Spouse 1 Isobel Ley, b. about 1771, of, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Married 6 January 1795 Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
+ 1. Jean Milne, b. before 26 July 1795, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
2. John Milne, b. before 13 August 1800, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
+ 3. Andrew Milne, b. before 26 July 1805, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
4. James Milne, b. before 19 March 1809, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
5. Margret Milne, b. before 22 April 1812, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
6. David Milne, b. before 4 November 1814, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Family/Spouse 2 Jean Taylor, b. before 13 August 1793, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
1. Margret Milne, b. before 20 November 1813, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Margret Milne
Birth before 20 November 1813 Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Father Andrew Milne, b. before 23 July 1767, Banchory-Ternan, Kincardineshire, Scotland
Mother Jean Taylor, b. before 13 August 1793, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Born before 13 August 1793 Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland [1]
Birth date and place added by Roger based on entry in Baptism field.
Baptism 13 August 1793 Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland [1]
Person ID I10399 Roger
Father James Taylor, b. about 1761, of, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland , d. Yes - date unknown
Mother Elspet Thomson, b. about 1765, of, Logie Coldstone, Aberdeenshire, Scotland , d. Yes - date unknown
Family/Spouse Andrew Milne, b. before 23 July 1767, Banchory-Ternan, Kincardineshire, Scotland , d. Yes - date unknown
1. Margret Milne, b. before 20 November 1813, Coull, Aberdeenshire, Scotland , d. Yes - date unknown


text:
American Terrorism Corpwatch Death Squads
Chiquita Seeks Dismissal in Colombian Death Squad Case
Also see: "Eric Holder – Death Squad/Torture Lawyer"
MIAMI — Faced with potentially billions of dollars in legal liability, Chiquita Brands International is asking a federal appeals court to block lawsuits filed against it in the U.S. by thousands of Colombians whose relatives were killed in that country's bloody, decades-long civil war.
The produce giant, which long had huge banana plantations in Colombia, has admitted paying a right-wing Colombian paramilitary group $1.7 million over a seven-year period. The Charlotte, N.C.-based company insists it was blackmailed into paying or risking violence against its own operations and employees, although in 2007 Chiquita pleaded guilty to U.S. criminal charges that it had supported terrorists. It paid a $25 million fine.
The Colombian lawsuits, consolidated for pretrial action before a federal judge in West Palm Beach, want Chiquita held liable for thousands of deaths at the hands of the AUC, the Spanish acronym for the right-wing United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia. The Colombian relatives have won several key pretrial rulings, but now Chiquita is taking its fight for dismissal to a new level.
In essence, Chiquita wants the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals to dismiss the lawsuits because, the company claims, each murder cannot be tied specifically to the company. It's not enough, Chiquita's lawyers say in court papers, to assume the company's payments to the AUC meant Chiquita knew about and supported those individual killings.
Chiquita also says the Colombian cases should be tossed because of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling last April in a case called Kiobel vs. Royal Dutch Petroleum, which imposed new limits on the ability of foreigners to use American courts to seek accountability and monetary damages for human rights abuses.
Any decision by the 11th Circuit is likely months away, adding to years Colombian family members have already been waiting for the lawsuits to be resolved. The cases were consolidated in Florida in 2008.
Three women who lost relatives to the AUC and are among the plaintiffs in lawsuits against Chiquita agreed to speak by phone recently with The Associated Press from the town of Apartado, Colombia. They spoke on condition that their names not be used because they fear retribution from former paramilitary members, many of whom still live in the area and have powerful political connections.
Human rights groups say many former paramilitary members have reorganized into what are called "emerging criminal bands" involved in extortion and racketeering.
One of the women, a 48-year-old who makes a small income sitting for a neighbor's baby, said paramilitary troops descended on her home in 2000 while her husband and a friend were working in their garden. The troops requested identification papers and demanded to know whether there were weapons for the leftist guerrillas hidden in the home. She said they ransacked the home and found none, and she fled with the couple's infant child.
"When he let me go, I ran with my girl and jumped over the (garden) wall. I don't even know how I did that. I'd never done it before," the woman said between sobs.
When she returned to her home with neighbors, she found her husband shot dead on their kitchen floor. Now, she said, the Chiquita lawsuit gives her some hope for justice and a better life for herself and her two children.
"I am fighting for my children, so that they can have some help after all this time," the woman said.
Another woman, a 45-year-old single mother of three, makes a living selling lunches from house to house. She said right-wing paramilitary soldiers initially forced her family off their land in 1997, accusing them of being sympathetic to the leftists. Not long after, she said, her 17-year-old brother was brutally beaten and fatally shot.
"It is still horrible for us. My mother died the next year of sadness," she said. "The bitterness is never erased."
Despite these horrific stories and hundreds more, Chiquita's lawyers say the Colombians "do not allege a single fact that links Chiquita to any of the acts of violence at issue, much less that suggest Chiquita wanted the violence to happen."
"High levels of generality are all that plaintiffs have offered," Chiquita says in the filing.
Lawyers for the Colombians say that argument conflicts with U.S. criminal law, which generally makes the high-level decision maker in a conspiracy more liable than someone who was simply following those orders. That should apply in this civil case as well, they say. Chiquita, they argue, knew the AUC was killing civilians even if it didn't know the specifics.
"It does not make a lot of sense because then the people who gave the orders, but did not know the victims' names, are not responsible, and only the actual trigger-pullers have done something wrong," said Paul Wolf, who represents several thousand Colombian plaintiffs.
Still, Chiquita points to a recent 11th Circuit ruling that a former Bolivian defense minister couldn't be held liable for extrajudicial killings even though he was in a helicopter directing military personnel where to fire weapons. The court ruled there wasn't a sufficient connection between the minister's orders and the deaths that resulted.
The payments to the AUC were not the first made by Chiquita against the backdrop of Colombia's long civil conflict. Previously, the leftist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia — known by its Spanish FARC acronym — demanded hundreds of thousands of dollars in payments from Chiquita and other companies or their employees and operations would be attacked.
The AUC was formed in 1997 to unite several right-wing militias to battle FARC and its supporters. The resulting campaign, supported by top Colombian political leaders, eventually resulted in 50,000 mostly civilian deaths and several infamous massacres, Colombian prosecutors say.
Chiquita, the largest U.S. banana seller, first had banana operations in Colombia in 1899. The company sold its Colombian subsidiary Banadex in 2004.
Chiquita's second argument involves the Supreme Court's recent decision involving the Alien Tort Statute, a law dating to 1789 used by lawyers representing victims of torture, extrajudicial killings and war crimes to seek damages in U.S. courts. That law allows claims for violations of the "laws of nations," U.S. treaties and the Torture Victims Protection Act.
Chiquita contends that charges in the Colombian lawsuits have no connection to the U.S. under the new Supreme Court decision.
"Instead, they involve allegations that Colombian guerrilla and paramilitary groups tortured and killed Colombians in Colombia," the company's court filing says, meaning a U.S. federal judge has no jurisdiction.
The Colombians' lawyers, however, argue that Chiquita differs from the Dutch oil company in the Kiobel case because it is based in the U.S., decisions about making the AUC payments were made in this country and Chiquita does a robust U.S. business. Wolf said the 11th Circuit could issue a ruling that would bolster human rights cases that suffered a blow in the Supreme Court.
"It is an opportunity to establish and important precedent and preserve this area of human rights law," Wolf said.
Associated Press writer Laura Wides-Munoz contributed to this story.
Colombian death squads
Operation Condor, Pablo Neruda & Blood in the Streets of Santiago
Chemistry In Nazi Germany
Chiquita Lobbies to Kill Legislation that would Ease Litigation Against Terror Financiers
SEC to Address Death Squads Paid by Chiquita


text:
Melissa Elias (12 de marzo de 1978) es una actriz canadiense. Apareció en la serie de televisión Falcon Beach en la Global Television Network y ABC Family. Apareció en la película de 2005 Tamara. También apareció en Gen RX distribuida por Tricoast Worldwide, ganando la Competición de Cine de California de 2014 en los Premios de Cine de California. Nació en Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Referencias

Nacidos en 1978

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Was just reminded of that time when a drugged bear fell out of a tree at our university, and I spent 45 minutes procrastinating grading by writing a poem about the incident and this iconic photo of it, after my adviser Carole McGranahan dared me to. Carole and I had both been marvelling at how mesmerizing this photo taken by a student at the scene was (the photo has since become internet-famous), and Carole said that someone ought to write a poem about it, and then proceeded to nominate me.
Here's the poem. It's untitled, and was written on the 27th of April 2012.
Dad is watching always, even the cheapest, little bird.
bears were raised as people.
with Good Tidings – how I was adored!
* Incidentally, some readers will see the influence of J.Z. Smith and Joseph Campbell and their respective takes on the 'bear ritual' of the Ainu. When I first wrote the poem I initially mis-remembered this kind of bear sacrifice as taking place in Siberia, for some reason.
Here's an article from the Boulder Daily Camera describing the original incident. Incidentally, again, it seems like Boulder conducted its own bear sacrifice later down the line, when the animal was subsequently killed. By this poem and image may he be immortalized in the stars!
This entry was posted in Reflection and tagged academia, ainu, anthropology, bear, bear sacrifice, being a TA, boulder, carole mcgranahan, colorado, drugs, graduate school, japan, ketamine, poem, the bible, trampoline, USA by yesnooraspider. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Allocosa kulagini är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Sergei Aleksandrovich Spassky 1941.  Allocosa kulagini ingår i släktet Allocosa och familjen vargspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Vargspindlar
kulagini


text:
Headshots & Social Shots
Theatrical Gallery
Rough and Tumble
Overview & Pricing
Portraits vs. Headshots
Protrait Process & Pricing
Headshot Process & Pricing
Special non-profit and youth organizations pricing
The Marsh Theater
The Wave - A Musical
World Premier - Marsh Youth Theater San Francisco
The Marsh is a unique San Francisco theater situated on Valencia Street in the center of the Mission District. Only new, original works are presented at The Marsh. Marsh Youth Theater (MYT) brings young people from throughout the North Bay Area to The Marsh and steeps them in theater. Many are incredibly talented. All are passionate. Each is pleasure to know.
The Wave is a true story about fascism. It was an experiment… "one of the most frightening events … ever experienced in the classroom." It happened at a Palo Alto, California high school in 1967. Books, films and a documentary have been made about The Wave. The teacher, Ron Jones, then wrote a musical about The Wave which debuted as a The Marsh Youth Theater production. Here are some of the photographs taken over the five month period Light at 11B spent documenting the production. In addition to its photography, Light at 11B, in partnership with Live Oak Publishing, produced a book about the making of The Wave - A Musical.


DIY Network is the go-to destination for wall-breaking, roof-ripping, house-hauling, yard-crashing series.
Illustrating the world in all its wonder, Discovery creates the highest quality, authentic content that transports fans into new world through awe inspiring stories and immersive experiences.
Destination America is the only network to celebrate the people, places, and stories of the United States. Emblazoning television screens with the grit and tenacity, honesty and work ethic, humor and adventurousness that characterize our nation. Destination America features travel, food, adventure, home, and natural history.
The leading television destination for families in the United States, Discovery Family is programmed with an inspirational mix of family-friendly series and movies and Hasbro Studios' popular animation franchises.


The special collections team and conservators of the Boston Athenæum have hand-selected treasures from the collection, including rare books, maps, paintings, and prints, that are in need of special care. Join us for a rare opportunity to view these materials, then bid on your favorite object in a silent auction to sponsor its conservation treatment. Your support will ensure that these one-of-a-kind works of art and literature are preserved for generations to come.
Conservation and the special collections staff will present the diverse selection of items, explain their significance, and outline the treatments each will need.
View the complete list of items in need of sponsorship.
You can still support Conservation Evening and the work of the Athenæum's conservation lab even if you are unable to attend the event. Make a gift today and specify "Conservation Lab" in the comments section.
For question about these items or about the conservation lab, please contact Chief Conservator Dawn Walus at 617-720-7632 or walus@bostonathenaeum.org.


Gautam John, 32, is well prepared. On the professional front, he has done well. He dabbled in professions like law and even tried his hand at business, but stumbled onto Pratham Books and Akshara Foundation, where he works for the new projects division. On the personal front, he is all set to get married in January next year. And five years ago, he prepared himself for something else: Death.
John is right in thinking it may be the only way to take care of all things digital because today by Indian law, there is no room for a digital will. "There is no provision in the IT Act to write a will in a digital form," says N. Vijayashankar, a techno-legal information security consultant based in Bangalore.
The valuation of your digital assets then comes into play and for Gaurav Mashruwala, a financial planner, it becomes very important. He says, "Access to your bank account is controlled digitally, but the content of that account is not digital." Today, as more and more people conduct their financial transactions online, it is important to leave those user names and passwords with a trusted person.
A few law firms that Forbes India contacted say they have not had any enquiries for digital wills and the ones that had received requests say it came from Indian couples returning from the US. Mashruwala, says, "I have had two clients out of the 90 clients under families [section] ask for a digital will." To him, it means to include a line in a will giving one person the authority over online user names and passwords.
Online companies have a similar way of releasing a person's account. For example, Gmail has a stringent policy to access a deceased person's account. It says, "Any decision to provide the contents of a deceased user's e-mail will be made only after a careful review, and the application to obtain e-mail content is a lengthy process." Twitter , on the other hand, requires you to state your relationship with the deceased as well as a link to the username and public records of the obituary. Facebook has a page where it can be notified regarding a deceased person's account.
While Facebook, Twitter and Gmail, are online services for your personal accounts, there are numerous Web sites that now provide services to give your loved ones access to all your online accounts. Passmywill.com , legacylocker.com and aftersteps.com are a few.
So, while you log in to live your life, you can also choose the way you log out.
Digital will...interesting concept! Though I wonder when will we, at India, actually be comfortable going with it. But if this gets legal, am sure that there will be many takers for it.


text:
package com.primus.firstPrimus.PhantomJS;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.phantomjs.PhantomJSDriver;
import cucumber.api.java.Before;
import cucumber.api.java.After;

import com.primus.firstPrimus.PrimusConfig.TestFixtures.PhantomJS;

public class PrimusPhantomJS
{
    public static WebDriver driver;

    @Before
    public void beforeTest()
    {
    }

    public void openTheHomePage()
    {
        driver = new PhantomJSDriver();
        driver.get(PhantomJS.HOST);
    }

    public boolean verifyTheHomePageTitle()
    {
        boolean _title = driver.getTitle().startsWith(PhantomJS.STARTS_WITH);
        driver.close();
        driver.quit();
        return _title;
    }

    @After
    public void afterTest()
    {

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Borneo was properly recognised as a mission when the Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith (Propaganda Fide) set up the Prefecture Apostolic of Labuan and Borneo on 4 September 1855. The first Prefect Apostolic was Msgr Don Carlos Cuarteron, a member of the Third Order of the Trinitarians. Born on 19 March 1816 in Cardiz, Spain, he was a sea captain before being ordained a priest on 9 Apr 1854. His vision of mission was to announce the Gospel in Borneo and in the neighbouring islands, to build groups of redeemed slaves into self-supporting Christian communities and to make mission work and commerce go hand in hand. He tried to do this with the help of the Milan Foreign Missionaries (PIME). The mission did not bear much fruit as Cuarteron tried to cast his net too wide and too quickly. However, he did manage to redeem around 50 individuals from slavery. In December 1879 he returned to Rome and resigned as Prefect Apostolic. He went home to Cardiz and died there on 12 March 1880.
After Cuarteron, the Borneo Mission was allocated to the St Joseph's Society of Foreign Missions or Mill Hill Missionaries on 19 March 1880. On 30 March 1881 Fr Thomas Jackson was appointed as the second Prefect Apostolic. Born in Preston in 1843, he was ordained a priest in 1879. He arrived in Kuching from Singapore on 24 Aug 1881. He reached Labuan on 29 July 1881 and joined his confreres Fr Edmund Dunn, Fr Aloysius Gossens and Fr Daniel Kilty. The early moves were again merely exploratory. There was little attempt to put down firm roots in any one place due to thin distribution of population and the long distances to make contact with people. However, he was the one who brought in the Franciscan Missionaries of St Joseph (White Sisters) on 5 July 1885 in Kuching and in Sandakan on 5 Nov 1892. He resigned on 20 October 1895, returned to England and died at Manchester on 1 April 1916.
Following Jackson's resignation, Fr Haidegger was appointed administrator for almost two years before Fr Edmund Dunn was appointed third Prefect Apostolic on 4 May 1897. Born on 22 Nov 1857 in Dublin, Ireland, Dunn was ordained on 18 Dec 1880. One of Dunn's credit was to implement a policy which gradually widened the influence of the mission throughout the state. With additional priests from Mill Hill, mission stations established during his tenure were in Labuan, Papar, Kinuta, Jesselton, Inobong, :Putatan, Penampang, Sandakan, Bundu Kuala Penyu, Kudat and Tawau. Schools were built and taught by the missionaries.
In the June 1921 Sixth Provincial Chapter, the missionaries resolved that Rome raised the prefecture to the status of a vicariate with a bishop in charge. The resolution was not followed through but on 7 Feb 1927 Rome divided the prefecture into the Prefecture of Kuching and the Prefecture of North Borneo. The division was done more on political ground than for pastoral concern. The Prefecture of North Borneo covered North Borneo, Labuan and Brunei. Dunn was appointed to head the Prefecture of Kuching on 5 Feb 1927. He died on 30 Dec 1933.
Born on 8 Dec 1878 in Blundez Tyrol, August Wachter was ordained on 6 Dec 1903. On 26 July 1927, he was appointed fourth Prefect Apostolic of North Borneo. During his tenure Wachter followed the policy of expansion in depth. More stations were set up. Though close to the Kadazandusuns with his headquarters in Penampang, he tried to reach out to the Chinese. A minor seminary was set up in Jesselton on 8 Dec 1930. Though it was opened in haste by Fr Valentine Weber, it was here that the first three future local priests, John Yong Li Chong, Thomas Sham Yu Kee and Joseph Hiu, and one future Carmelite priest, Henry Chin, had their initial formation. Chin went to the Carmelite novitiate in Trivandrum India in 1933 and was ordained priest there in 1943. Wachter sent the other three to the Regional Seminary at Aberdeen in Hong Kong for their formal theological studies: Yong in 1936, Sham in 1939 and Hiu in 1940. Yong was ordained priest in Hong Kong on 11 May 1946 while Sham and Hiu were ordained priests in Canton, China on 16 July 1946. Henceforth, the missionaries moved toward the establishment of a viable local diocesan clergy.
Wachter worked toward the establishment of religious institutes. He invited the Discalced Carmelites Nuns (OCD) from Madrid Spain who arrived on 17 December 1930. He founded the local Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (FSIC) on 16 June 1936 with the help of the White Sisters. The first four novices made their first profession in 1941. Wachter became a victim of the Japanese regime. He and seven priests, one religious brother and three lay workers perished between July and August 1945 at Sapong, Tenom.
The first lay association was the Chinese Catholic Young Men Society (CCYMS) formed in 1928 by Catechist Thomas Lee with Fr Valentine Weber. This society founded the Kung Ming Primary School in 1938. It was renamed Shan Tao Primary School in 1963. The CCYMS was later replaced by the Catholic Youth Association (CYA) in 1959 formed by Fr Patrick Cahill.
After the Second World War in 1945, Fr Arnold Verheoven assumed charge of the prefecture until a new prefect was appointed. On 18 Jan 1947 Fr James Buis was appointed Prefect Apostolic. Born on 19 June 1903 in Holland, he was ordained priest on 17 July 1927. Under his guidance, the next 17 years underwent an extraordinary expansion of the mission's commitments in North Borneo. First, he rebuilt all the pre-war mission stations. Then he set up new mission stations along the Jesselton-Tenom railway line, Jesselton-Ranau road, Tuaran-Kudat road, east coast and interior regions. Another focus was the commitment toward education. The Legion of Mary was established in Penampang by Fr Desmond McLindon in 1950 and it soon spread to other missions.
On 14 Feb 1952, the Prefecture of North Borneo was raised to the status of a vicariate. By the decree Docet Usus, the Vicariate of Jesselton was erected and Buis was appointed its first Vicar Apostolic. With this appointment he was ordained bishop on 1 May 1952 in Holland. During his term from 1952 to 1969, the number of clergy and schools reached an all time high. The vicariate had 27 parishes with resident priests, 38 primary schools and 19 secondary schools. Various ways were initiated to induce the laity to take a more active part in mission. Catholic Sabah started life as a weekly church bulletin under Fr Verhoeven in Penampang in Dec 1957 and in 1971 it became a statewide Catholic paper under the direction of Fr Florian Jud.
When the Immaculate Conception Seminary was reopened in the first half on the 1950s, many boys from all over the vicariate rushed into it. These postwar seminarians attended school at Sacred Heart and later La Salle. In the seminary attention was given to prayer, community life and character formation. After secondary education in Jesselton, the seminarians would proceed to the minor seminary in Singapore before going on to College General in Penang for philosophy and theology. Today, the seminary, completely rebuilt on the same site, blessed and opened on 28 May 1971, houses the Initiation Year students (since 2001) of St Peter's College Kuching (where the seminarians go for philosophy and theology since 1980), while the "aspirants" receive formation (intensive English course, prayer and community living) at the Catholic Diocesan Centre in Penampang (since 1988).
In the 1950s Buis accepted a number of priests from China threatened by the rise of communism there to serve in the vicariate. Among them were Frs Joseph Wang, John Tsung (1918-1993), Tobias Chi (1924-2010), Aloysius Tung and Peter Ma . On 17 April 1955, Peter Ma was ordained priest at the Sacred Heart Church, the first priestly ordination in North Borneo.
In the 1960s, the first batch of post-war local priests were ordained. Among them were Frs Simon Fung (29 Dec1963), John Lee (27 Dec1964), Francis Tsen (9 Jan 1966), Augustine Amandus (13 Dec 1966), Michael Mewo (17 Dec 1966), Peter Chong and Felix Chung (14 Dec 1969).
PUSKAT, a catechist training centre, was set up in Keningau in Oct 1966 under Fr George Bauer. The first parish council was set up in Penampang in Jan 1967 under Fr Willibrord Smit and it soon spread to the other parishes. The Catholic Women's League was first mooted by Fr J Vivian De Souza in Tanjung Aru in 1967 and formally established there on 26 June 1968.
Bishop Buis was successful in dealing with the British Colonial Administration but when Sabah4 joined the Federation of Malaysia on 16 Sept 1963, he was less than successful in his dealings with the Malaysian officials5, especially in immigration matters. The formation of Malaysia had forced the Church to seek an identity separate from the state. Buis opted to retire in 1969 and left the state in 1972. He died on 24 April 1980 in Holland.
Fr Peter Chung Hoan Ting of Miri was appointed coadjutor bishop to Buis in September 1970. Born on 10 Sept 1928 in China, Chung was ordained priest on 26 Sept 1954 in Sarawak. His episcopal ordination took place at Sacred Heart Church Jesselton on 15 Nov 1970. This was seen as the beginning of "localising" the Church. During his short tenure (1970-1975) the Church went through tremendous trials. Missionaries (including the Daughters of St Paul) were expelled and Catholics were harassed. The Church lost control and influence over the mission schools. It was as if all of a sudden the local people had to take over the responsibility of nurturing the orchard which had been laboriously cultivated by the missionaries. Though Chung is a Malaysian, the government refused to grant a residence permit to him.
To have a strong local Church, it must have good local vocations. Chung encouraged more priestly and religious vocations and greater lay participation in the liturgy as altar servers, sacristans, choir members and readers, Proper administrative procedures were introduced. In view of the prevailing circumstances, a federation of parish councils came into being with the formation of PAX on 12 April 1971. Chung became the first head of this federation and with it, he was able to handle the political-pastoral situation of the vicariate well. In 1975 Chung was transferred to the Vicariate of Kuching and became its first archbishop on 31 May 1976. He retired from active ministry in 2003, having reached the age limit.
Lay associations began to blossom in the 1970s and thereafter. The Catholic Nurses Guild was formed in 1972, the Association of Catechists (PEKA) in 1973, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) in April 1974, the Neo-Catechumenal Way Community on 7 Sept 1980, the 4th Kota Kinabalu Company Boys Brigade on 22 Feb 1982, the Secular Franciscan Order on 15 Dec 1983, the Association of Pauline Cooperators (APC) on 29 May 1992, the Catholic Teachers Ministry in 2000 and the Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites (OCDS) on 31 July 2004.
good to hear from you. God bless you.
The above article is very interesting. I have also read about the St. Joseph, Papar parish history and i am particularly interested to know whereabout exactly is the first mission station that Fr. Daniel Kilty built by the papar river bank?…it was said that near the present district mosque. Also where was the original old church situated?
I would also be please if anyone has a photo of Fr. Kilty??..since he was the first priest to set foot on North Borneo, in particular papar. He is equally important in these aspect of the early mission history. I have in fact tried to search in almost all search engine in the website but could not find anything about him…except he died in madras, India.


When we're not busy making books, we love teaching other people how to make them. The pictures below are from a class we taught at Portland Homestead Supply Co. We've also taught kids' groups, for corporate team building events, and to curious individuals. Contact us if you're interested in private instruction, a class for your group, or to find out if we're teaching somewhere near you!
Pictures of a kids class, and a class for a team of Weiden + Kennedy employees.
We had the pleasure of hosting a class for a wonderful group of eight-year-old girls and their moms last weekend at HSS. The girls started by folding pages for their books, then picked out papers to decorate the covers. Once the decoration was done, they punched holes then sewed signatures (groups of folded pages) into the covers. With their finished journals, the moms and daughters will be able to write notes, thoughts, ideas, and secrets back and forth. We're so proud of how well the girls did, and loved watching them connect with their moms as they learned something new.
Thanks for joining us, ladies!
Holes are poked with an awl into each signature where the thread will be sewn through.
Class members sew signatures with waxed linen thread.
Ribbons are then pulled through the book spine, and tied into knots or bows to hold the book together.
The class, with Michelle and assistant Kortni show off their finished books!
Have ideas for bookbinding classes you'd like us to teach? Let us know on our Facebook page or send us a message on Twitter.


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Staff at The Apple Tree Learning Centers help your child learn and smile!
The Apple Tree Learning Centers is proud of our staff's deep commitment to your child's education.
Founder Carmina Mariscal's dedication to her own children, and her desire to be present for her children's upbringing during the early years, helping their development and socialization skills, is the strong foundation upon which she based her business.
"They learn from other kids," states Carmina. "They have grown up together. It's like a big family."
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Strong family ties have also been part of her influence in the community. As a role-model and mentor for other preschool providers in the Green Valley-Sahuarita area, Carmina was nominated as the child-care provider of the week because of her outstanding participation with the United Way's Early Childhood Partnership of Southern Pima County in the Green Valley-Sahuarita area.
Carmina and other honorees previously selected "Caregivers of the Week" by local public broadcasting stations were then profiled in the award-winning series "A Place of Our Own" and its Spanish-language edition "Los Ninos en Su Casa".
In 2010 Carmina was among 17 daycare providers recognized at the third National Child Care Providers Awards Ceremony in Washington, D.C. Los Angeles-based public television station KCET, and Washington's WETA, presented the ceremony, which was attended by PBS officials and congressional members. The ceremony took place on Capitol Hill and Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords presented the award to Carmina, who was proudly representing the state of Arizona.
Carmina was awarded her Child Development Associate (CDA) Certificate on September 1, 2008, having demonstrated competence in working with young children through an assessment by the CDA National Credentialing Program. The credential was awarded by the Council for Professional Recognition in Washington, D.C. A CDA is the only national effort to improve daycare by evaluating and recognizing the skills of individuals providing care.
Parents who used child care are especially concerned about their children's welfare. With this in mind, as part of the CDA assessment process, every candidate for the CDA credential is observed working with young children or families by an early childhood professional. In addition, the candidate must demonstrate the ability to work with families to develop children's physical and intellectual capabilities in a safe and healthy learning environment.
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When you think of dangers you may run into when driving, you may not think of the possibility of a sinkhole causing an accident, damaging your vehicle, and possibly causing injuries. Drivers typically take it for granted that roads will be safe to drive on, but when a road isn't properly maintained, it can cause major damage to a vehicle as well as injury to both drivers and passengers.
If you have been in an accident caused by a sinkhole, you may feel like some force of nature was against you and that it was just a freak accident and nobody's' fault. While this is true much of the time, there are also situations in which a sinkhole accident happened because of someone's negligence.
What is a Sinkhole and What Causes it?
A sinkhole is a depression or hole that forms under the ground because of natural water drainage. It's caused by erosion and the drainage of water, and it can be created gradually or suddenly. In most cases, sinkholes start to form long before they actually appear.
While many sinkholes are caused by natural circumstances, some sinkholes are caused by man-made influences. Water pipes that break can intensify the creation of underground flows, which can speed the process of erosion and the formation of sinkholes. Mining, drilling, and construction can also erode or destabilize the ground and lead to sinkholes.
Who is Liable for a Sinkhole Accident?
In some circumstances, someone's failure to behave responsibly may lead to the creation of a sinkhole and ultimately to an accident. When a sinkhole is very large or very deep, there is the possibility that the accident may cause serious injury.
Carelessness can lead to the creation of a sinkhole, and the person responsible for it could be an individual or a business such as a construction company. For example, if a corporation does extensive drilling or water drainage, the land in the surrounding area may be compromised, which could make the business liable for an accident that happens because of their actions.
Homeowners and owners of commercial property are expected to maintain a safe environment for anyone that happens to be on their property. There shouldn't be hazards or debris that may cause someone to slip and fall or to sustain injuries if they can be prevented. There are times when a homeowner may be found liable for the upkeep of their property.
Had the sinkhole already formed before you encountered it? Could the sinkhole have been covered or clearly marked to make the situation safer?
It's possible that someone's negligence led to the creation of a sinkhole or a failure to fix it. Before you think about filing a lawsuit, consider your own actions and whether you may have been distracted while driving and whether you disregarded posted signs.
If your actions had nothing to do with the accident, you may want to consult an expert in the field of personal injury law to make sure you understand your rights and for guidance in determining who was liable for the accident.
Get in touch with Taos Injury Lawyers by completing the form on this page and we'll get back to you soon to talk about your sinkhole accident and what your options are.