text:
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}
A number of popular extensions of the Standard
Model (SM) of particle physics predict the existence of doubly charged scalar
particles $X^{\pm\pm}$. These include the Type-II seesaw \cite{Schechter:1980gr,
Magg:1980ut,Cheng:1980qt,Lazarides:1980nt,Mohapatra:1980yp,Lindner:2016bgg} and
the Zee-Babu \cite{Zee:1980ai,Babu:1988ki} models of neutrino masses, the
Left–Right model \cite{Pati:1974yy,Mohapatra:1974hk,Senjanovic:1975rk},
the Georgi–Machacek model \cite{Georgi:1985nv,Chanowitz:1985ug,Gunion:1989ci,
Gunion:1990dt,Ismail:2020zoz}, the 3-3-1 model \cite{CiezaMontalvo:2006zt,
Alves:2011kc} and the little Higgs model \cite{ArkaniHamed:2002qx}).
Doubly charged scalars appear also in simplified models, in which one merely
adds such scalars in a gauge invariant way in various representations of the
SM gauge group $SU(2)_L$ to the particle content of the SM.
The Lagrangian of the model is then complemented by
gauge-invariant interaction terms involving these new fields
\cite{Delgado:2011iz,Alloul:2013raa}.

Doubly charged scalars may be long-lived or even stable
\cite{Alloul:2013raa,Alimena:2019zri,Acharya:2020uwc,Hirsch:2021wge}.
As the simplest example, one can add to the SM an uncolored
$SU(2)_L$-singlet scalar field $X$ with hypercharge
$Y=2$ \cite{Alloul:2013raa}. The corresponding doubly charged particles will
couple to the neutral gauge bosons $\gamma$ and $Z^0$ and may also
interact with the SM Higgs boson $H$ through the  $(H^\dag H)(X^\dag X)$
term in the Higgs potential. Gauge invariance allows, in addition, the Yukawa
coupling of $X$ to right-handed charged leptons, $h_X l_R l_R X+h.c.$
This is the only coupling that makes the $X$-particles unstable
in this model;  they will be long-lived if the Yukawa coupling constants
$h_X$ are small. The Yukawa coupling of $X$  may be forbidden by e.g.\ $Z_2$
symmetry $X\to -X$, in which case the $X$-scalars will be stable.

Doubly charged scalar particles are being actively searched for
experimentally, but up to now have not been discovered.
For discussions of current experimental constraints on the doubly charged
particles and of the sensitivities to them of future experiments
see \cite{Alloul:2013raa,Alimena:2019zri,Fuks:2019clu,Padhan:2019jlc,
Acharya:2020uwc,Hirsch:2021wge,Dev:2021axj} and references therein.

In addition to interesting particle-physics phenomenology, doubly charged
scalars may have important implications for cosmology. In this paper we
will, however, consider another aspect of their possible existence.
As we shall demonstrate, doubly charged particles can catalyze fusion of
light nuclei, with potentially important applications for energy production.
The negatively charged $X^{--}$
(which we will hereafter simply refer to as
$X$) can form atomic bound systems with the nuclei of light elements, such as
deuterium, tritium or helium.
One example is the antihelium-like $(ddX)$ atom
with the $X$-particle as the ``nucleus'' and two deuterons in the 1$s$ atomic
state instead of two positrons. (Here and below we use the brackets to denote
states bound by the Coulomb force). As $X$ is expected to be very heavy, the
size of such an atomic system will in fact be determined by the deuteron
mass $m_d$ and will be of the order of the Bohr radius of the $(dX)$
ion, $a_d\simeq 7.2$ fm. Similar small-size atomic systems $(N\!N'X)$ can
exist for other light nuclei $N$ and $N'$ with charges $Z\le 2$.

Atomic binding of two nuclei to an $X$-particle brings them so close together
that this essentially eliminates the necessity for them to overcome the
Coulomb barrier in order to undergo fusion. The exothermic fusion reactions
can then occur unhindered and do not require high temperature or pressure.
The $X$-particle is not consumed in this process and can then facilitate
further nuclear fusion reactions, acting thus as a catalyst.

This $X$-catalyzed fusion mechanism is to some extent similar to muon
catalyzed fusion ($\mu$CF) (\cite{Frank,Sakharov,Zeldovich1,Alvarez:1957un,
Jackson:1957zza,Zeldovich2,Zeldovich3,bogd}, see \cite{Zeldovich4,GerPom,
bracci,Breunlich:1989vg,Ponomarev:1990pn,Zeldovich:1991pbl,bogd2} for
reviews), in which the role of the catalyst is played by singly negatively
charged muons. $\mu$CF of hydrogen isotopes was once considered a prospective
candidate for cold fusion. However, already rather early in its studies it
became clear that $\mu$CF suffers from a serious shortcoming that
may prevent it from being a viable mechanism of energy production. In the
fusion processes, isotopes of helium are produced,
and there is a chance that they will capture on their atomic orbits
the negative muons present in the final state of the fusion reactions.
Once this happens, muonic ions ($^3$He$\mu)$ or ($^4$He$\mu)$ are formed,
which, being positively charged, cannot catalyze further fusion reactions.
This effect is cumulative; the sticking to helium nuclei thus eventually
knocks the muons out from the catalytic process, i.e.\ the catalytic
poisoning occurs.

Out of all $\mu$CF reactions, the $d-t$ fusion has the smallest muon sticking
probability, $\omega_s\simeq 10^{-2}$. This means that a single muon will
catalyze $\sim$100 fusion reactions before it gets removed from the catalytic
process. The corresponding total produced energy is $\sim$1.7 GeV, which is
at least a factor of five smaller than the energy
needed to produce and handle one muon \cite{Jackson:1957zza}.
In addition, muon's short lifetime makes it impractical to try to dissolve
the produced ($^3$He$\mu)$ or ($^4$He$\mu)$ bound states by irradiating them
with particle beams in order to reuse the released muons.
These considerations have essentially killed the idea of using $\mu$CF
for energy production.

There were discussions in the literature of
the possibility of energy generation through the catalysis of
nuclear fusion by hypothetic heavy long-lived or stable singly
charged \cite{Zeldovich3,Rafelski:1989pz,
Ioffe:1979tv,Hamaguchi:2006vp} or fractionally charged
\cite{Zweig:1978sb} particles. However, it has been shown in
\cite{Zeldovich3,Ioffe:1979tv,Hamaguchi:2006vp} that these processes
suffer from the same problem of catalytic poisoning
as $\mu$CF, and therefore they cannot be useful sources of energy.
In particular, in ref.~\cite{Ioffe:1979tv} it was demonstrated that
reactivation of the catalyst particles by irradiating their atomic bound
states with helium nuclei by neutron beams, as suggested in
\cite{Zweig:1978sb}, would require beams that are about nine orders of
magnitude higher than those currently produced by most powerful nuclear
reactors.

In this paper we consider the fusion of light nuclei catalyzed by doubly
negatively charged $X$-particles and demonstrate that, unlike $\mu$CF, this
process may be a viable source of energy. We analyze $X$-catalyzed fusion
($X$CF) in deuterium environments and show that the  catalytic poisoning may
only occur in this case due to the sticking of $X$-particles
to $^6$Li nuclei, which are produced in the fusion reactions of the third
stage. The corresponding sticking probability is shown to be very low,
and, before getting bound to $^6$Li, each $X$-particle can catalyze
$\sim 3.5\cdot 10^{9}$ fusion cycles, producing $\sim 7\cdot 10^{4}$ TeV
of energy.
To the best of the present author's knowledge, nuclear fusion
catalyzed by doubly charged particles has never been considered before.

\section{\label{sec:xcg}$X$-catalyzed fusion
in deuterium}

We will be assuming that $X$-particles interact only electromagnetically,
which in any case should be a very good approximation at low energies relevant
to  nuclear fusion. Let $X$-particles be injected in pressurized D$_2$ gas or
liquid deuterium. Being very heavy and negatively charged,
the $X$-particles can easily penetrate D$_2$ molecules and D atoms,
dissociating the former and ionizing the latter and losing energy
on the way.  Once the velocity of an $X$-particle becomes comparable to
atomic velocities ($v\simeq 2e^2/\hbar\sim 10^{-2}c$), it captures a deuteron
on a highly excited atomic level of the ($dX$) system, which then very
quickly  de-excites to its ground state, mostly through electric dipole
radiation and inelastic scattering on the neighboring deuterium atoms.
As the ($dX$) ion is negatively charged, it swiftly picks up another
deuteron to form the ($ddX$) atom. The characteristic time of this
atomic phase of the $X$CF process is dominated by the $X$ moderation time
and is $\sim 10^{-10}$\,s at liquid hydrogen density
$N_0=4.25\times 10^{22}$ nuclei/cm$^3$ and $T\simeq 20$K and
about $10^{-7}$\,s in deuterium gas at $0^\circ$C and pressure of one bar
(see Appendix~\ref{sec:Xatom}).

After the $(ddX)$ atom has been formed, the deuterons
undergo nuclear fusion through several channels, see below.
Simple estimates show that the fusion rates are many orders of magnitudes
faster than the rates of the atomic formation processes.
That is, once ($ddX$) [or similar ($N\!N'X$)] atoms are formed, the
fusion occurs practically instantaneously. The time scale of $X$CF is
therefore determined by the atomic formation times.
The rates of the fusion reactions, however,  determine the branching ratios of
various fusion channels, which are important for the kinetics of the
catalytic cycle.

At the first stage of $X$CF in deuterium two deuterons fuse to produce
$^3$He, $^3$H or $^4$He. In each case there is at least one channel
in which the final-state $X$ forms an atomic bound state with one of the
produced nuclei. Stage I fusion reactions are
\begin{align}
&(ddX)\to {^3\rm He}+n+X &(Q=2.98~{\rm MeV},~29.1\%)
\tag{1a} \label{eq:r1a}\\
&(ddX)\to ({\rm ^3He}X)+n &(Q=3.89~{\rm MeV},
~19.4\%) \tag{1b} \label{eq:r1b}
\end{align}
\vglue-8mm
\begin{align}
&(ddX)\to {\rm ^3H}+p+X &&(Q=3.74~{\rm MeV},~34.4\%)
\tag{2a} \label{eq:r2a}\\
&(ddX)\to ({\rm ^3H}X)+p &&(Q=4.01~{\rm MeV}, ~6.2\%)
\tag{2b} \label{eq:r2b}\\
&(ddX)\to {\rm ^3H}+(pX) &&(Q=3.84~{\rm MeV},
~0.5\%)
\tag{2c} \label{eq:r2c}
\end{align}
\vglue-8mm
\begin{align}
&(ddX)\to {\rm ^4He}+\gamma+X &&(Q=23.6~{\rm MeV}, ~4\!\cdot\!10^{-9})
\tag{3a} \label{eq:r3a}\\
&(ddX)\to ({\rm ^4He}X)+\gamma &&(Q=24.7~{\rm MeV}, ~3\!\cdot\! 10^{-8})
\tag{3b} \label{eq:r3b}\\
&(ddX)\to {\rm ^4He}+X &&(Q=23.6~{\rm MeV}, ~10.4\%)
\tag{3c} \label{eq:r3c}
\end{align}
Here in the parentheses the $Q$-values and the branching ratios of the
reactions are shown. In evaluating the $Q$-values we have taken into account
that the atomic binding of the two deuterons to $X$ in the initial state
reduces $Q$, whereas the binding to $X$ of one of the
final-state nuclei increases it. As the Bohr radii of most of the $X$-atomic
states we consider are either comparable to or smaller than the nuclear
radii, in calculating the Coulomb binding energies one has to allow for the
finite nuclear sizes.  We do that by making use of a variational approach,
as described in Appendix~\ref{sec:Bind}.

The rates of reactions (\ref{eq:r1b}), (\ref{eq:r2b}), (\ref{eq:r2c}) and
(\ref{eq:r3b}) with bound $X$-particles in the final states
are proportional to the corresponding $X$-particle sticking probabilities,
$\omega_{s}$. The existence of such channels obviously affects the branching
ratios of the analogous reactions with free $X$ in the final states.

Radiative reactions (\ref{eq:r3a}) and (\ref{eq:r3b}) have tiny branching
ratios, which is related to their electromagnetic nature and to the fact that
for their $X$-less version, $d+d\to{\rm ^4He}+\gamma$, transitions
of E1 type are strictly forbidden. This comes about because the two fusing
nuclei are identical, which, in particular, means that they have the same
charge-to-mass ratio. This reaction therefore proceeds mainly
through E2 transitions \cite{bogd}. When the deuterons are bound to $X$,
the strict prohibition of E1 transitions is lifted due to possible
transitions through intermediate excited atomic states.%
\footnote{\label{fn:1}The author is grateful to M.~Pospelov for raising this
issue and suggesting an example of a route through which E1 transitions could
proceed in reaction (\ref{eq:r3b}).}
However, as shown in Appendix~\ref{sec:lift},
the resulting E1 transitions are in this case heavily hindered and their
rates actually fall below the rates of the E2 transitions.

Reaction (\ref{eq:r3c}) is an internal conversion process.
Note that, unlike for reactions (\ref{eq:r1a}) - (\ref{eq:r3b}),
the $X$-less version of (\ref{eq:r3c}) does not exist: the process
$d+d\to ^4$He is forbidden by kinematics. For the details of the calculation
of the rate of reaction (\ref{eq:r3c}) as well as of the rates of the other
discussed in this paper reactions, see Appendix~\ref{sec:Sfactor}.
The relevant $Q$-values of the reactions and sticking probabilities are
evaluated in Appendices~\ref{sec:Bind} and \ref{sec:sticking}, respectively.

The final states of reactions (\ref{eq:r1a}), (\ref{eq:r2a}), (\ref{eq:r3a})
and (\ref{eq:r3c}) contain free $X$-particles which are practically at rest
and can immediately capture deuterons of the medium, forming again the
($ddX$) atoms. Thus, they can again catalyze $d-d$ fusion through stage I
reactions (\ref{eq:r1a})-(\ref{eq:r3c}).
The same is also true for the $X$-particles in the final state of reaction
(\ref{eq:r2c}) which  emerge being bound to protons. Collisions of ($pX$)
with deuterons of the medium lead to fast replacement of the protons
by deuterons through the exothermic charge exchange reaction
$(pX)+d\to (dX)+p$ with the energy release $\sim$90~keV
(see Appendix~\ref{sec:charge}).
The produced $(dX)$ ion then picks up a deuteron to form the $(ddX)$ atom,
which can again participate in stage I reactions
(\ref{eq:r1a})-(\ref{eq:r3c}).

The situation is different for the $X$-particles
in the final states of reactions (\ref{eq:r1b}) and (\ref{eq:r2b})
forming the bound states with $^3$He and $^3$H, respectively.
They can no longer directly participate in stage I $d-d$ fusion reactions.
However, they are not lost for the fusion process: the produced
(${\rm ^3He}X$) and (${\rm ^3H}X$)  can still pick up deuterons of the medium
to form the atomic bound states (${\rm ^3He}dX$) and
(${\rm ^3H}dX$), which can give rise to stage II fusion reactions, which we
will consider next.

Before we proceed, a comment is in order. While (${\rm ^3H}X$) is a singly
negatively charged ion which can obviously pick up a positively charged
deuteron to form an (${\rm ^3H}dX$) atom, (${\rm ^3He}X$) is a neutral
$X$-atom. It is not immediately obvious whether it can form a stable bound
state with $d$, which, if exists, would be a positive ion. In the case of
the usual atomic systems, analogous (though negatively charged) states
do exist -- a well-known example is the negative ion of hydrogen H$^-$.
However, the stability of (${\rm ^3He}\,dX$) cannot be directly deduced
from the stability of H$^-$: in the latter case the two particles
orbiting the nucleus are identical electrons, whereas for
(${\rm ^3He}dX$) these are different entities -- nuclei with differing masses
and charges. Nevertheless, from the results of a general analysis of
three-body Coulomb systems carried out in \cite{Martin:1998zc,krikeb,armour}
it follows that the state (${\rm ^3He}dX$) (as well as the bound state
(${\rm ^4He}dX$) which we will discuss later on) should exist and be stable.
For additional information see Appendix~\ref{sec:posIons}.

Once (${\rm ^3He}X$) and (${\rm ^3H}X$), produced in reactions (\ref{eq:r1b})
and (\ref{eq:r2b}), have picked up deuterons from the medium and formed the
atomic bound states (${\rm ^3He}dX$) and (${\rm ^3H}dX$),
the following stage II fusion reactions occur:
\begin{align}
\!\!\!\!\!&(^3{\rm He}dX)\to {\rm ^4He}+p+X\!\!\!
&&(Q=17.4~{\rm MeV},\,94\%)
\!\!\!\tag{4a} \label{eq:r4a}\\
\!\!\!\!\!&({\rm ^3He}dX)\to ({\rm ^4He}X)+p\!\!\!
&&(Q=18.6~{\rm MeV},\,6\%) \nonumber
\!\!\!\tag{4b} \label{eq:r4b}\\
\!\!\!\!\!&({\rm ^3He}dX)\to {\rm ^4He}+(pX)\!\!\!
&&(Q=17.5~{\rm MeV},\,3\!\cdot\!10^{-4})
\!\!\!
\tag{4c} \label{eq:r4c}
\end{align}
\vglue-8.0mm
\begin{align}
\!\!\!\!\!\!&(^3{\rm H} d X)
\to {\rm ^4He}+n+X
\!\!\!&&(Q=17.3~{\rm MeV},~96\%)
\tag{5a} \label{eq:r5a}\\
\!\!\!\!\!\!&(^3{\rm H} d X)
\to ({\rm ^4He}X)+n \!\!\!
&&(Q=18.4~{\rm MeV}, ~4\%)
\tag{5b} \label{eq:r5b}
\end{align}
In these reactions vast majority of $X$ bound to $^3$He and $^3$H are
liberated; the freed $X$-particles can again form $(ddX)$ states and catalyze
stage I fusion reactions (\ref{eq:r1a})-(\ref{eq:r3c}). The same applies to
the final-state $X$-particles bound to protons, as was discussed above.
The remaining relatively small fraction of $X$-particles come out of
stage II reactions in the form of $({\rm ^4He}X)$ atoms.
Together with a very small amount of $({\rm ^4He}X)$ produced in
reaction (\ref{eq:r3b}), they pick up deuterons from the medium and form
$({\rm ^4He}dX)$ states, which undergo stage III $X$CF reactions:
\begin{align}
&(^4{\rm He} d X)\to {\rm ^6Li}+\gamma+X
\!\!\!
\!\!\!
&&(Q=0.32~{\rm MeV},
~10^{-13})
\tag{6a} \label{eq:r6a}\\
&({\rm ^4He} d X)\to ({\rm ^6Li}X)+\gamma
\!\!\!
\!\!\!
&&(Q=2.4~{\rm MeV}, ~\,2\!\cdot\! 10^{-8})
\tag{6b} \label{eq:r6b}\\
&({\rm ^4He} d X)\to {\rm ^6Li}+X \!\!\!
\!\!\!\!\!&&(Q=0.32~{\rm MeV},
\,\simeq100\%)
\tag{6c} \label{eq:r6c}
\end{align}
In these reactions, almost all previously bound $X$-particles are liberated
and are free to catalyze again nuclear fusion through $X$CF reactions of
stages I and II. The remaining tiny fraction of $X$-particles end up being
bound to the produced ${\rm ^6Li}$ nuclei through reaction (\ref{eq:r6b}).
However, as small as it is, this fraction is very important for the
kinetics of $X$CF. The bound states $({\rm ^6Li}X)$ are ions of
charge +1; they cannot form bound state with positively charged nuclei and
participate in further $X$CF reaction. That is, with their formation
catalytic poisoning occurs and the catalytic process stops.

{}From the branching ratios of stage I, II, and III $X$CF reactions one
finds that the fraction of the initially injected $X$-particles which
end up in the $({\rm ^6Li}X)$ bound state is $\sim 2.8\times 10^{-10}$.
This means that each initial $X$-particle, before getting stuck to a $^6$Li
nucleus, can catalyze $\sim 3.5\times 10^{9}$ fusion cycles.

Direct inspection shows that, independently of which sub-channels were
involved, the net effect of stage I, II and III
$X$CF reactions is  the conversion of four deuterons to
a $^6$Li nucleus, a proton and a neutron:
\begin{equation}
4d\to {\rm ^6Li}+p+n+23.1\,{\rm MeV}\,.
\tag{7} \label{eq:7}
\end{equation}
Therefore, each initial $X$-particle will produce about $7\times 10^4$ TeV of
energy before it gets knocked out of the catalytic process.  It should be
stressed that this assumes that the $X$-particles are sufficiently
long-lived to survive during $3.5\times 10^9$ fusion cycles. From our
analysis it follows that the slowest processes in the $X$CF cycle are the
formation of positive ions $({\rm ^3He}dX)$ and $({\rm ^4He}dX)$.
The corresponding formation times are estimated to be of the order
of $10^{-8}$\,s.
(see sec.~\ref{sec:posIons} of the Supplemental material).
Therefore, for the $X$-particles to survive during $3.5\times 10^9$ fusion
cycles and produce $\sim 7\times 10^4$ TeV of energy, their lifetime $\tau_X$
should exceed $\sim 10^2$\,s. For shorter lifetimes the energy produced by a
single $X$-particle before it gets stuck to a $^6$Li nucleus
is reduced accordingly.

\section{\label{sec:acquis} Acquisition and reactivation of $X$-particles}

The amount of energy produced by a single $X$-particle  has to be compared
with energy expenditures related to its production.
$X$-particles can be produced in pairs in accelerator experiments, either in
$l^+l^-$ annihilation at lepton colliders or through the Drell-Yan processes
at hadronic machines. Although the energy $E\sim 7\times 10^4$ TeV
produced by one $X$-particle before it gets knocked out of the catalytic
process is quite large on microscopic scale, it is only about
10\,mJ. This means that
$\gtrsim 10^{8}$ $X$-particles are needed to generate 1\,MJ of energy.
While colliders are better suited for discovery of new particles,
for production of large numbers of $X$-particles fixed-target accelerator
experiments are more appropriate. For such experiments the beam energy must
exceed the mass of the $X$-particle significantly. Currently, plans
for building such machines are being discussed \cite{Benedikt:2020ejr}.

The problem is, however, that the $X$-particle production cross section is
very small. This comes about because of their expected large mass
($m_X\gtrsim 1$\,TeV/$c^2$) and the fact
that for their efficient moderation needed to make the formation of $(dX)$
atoms possible, $X$-particles should be produced with relatively low velocities.
The cross section $\sigma_p$ of production of $X$-particles
with mass $m_X\simeq 1$\,TeV/$c^2$ and
$\beta=v/c\simeq 0.3$ is only $\sim 1$ fb (note that for scalar $X$-particles
$\sigma_p\propto \beta^3$). As a result, the energy spent on production of an
$X^{++}X^{--}$ pair will be  by far larger than the energy that can be
generated by one $X^{--}$ before it gets bound to a $^6$Li nucleus. This
means that reactivating and reusing the bound $X$-particles multiple times
would be mandatory in this case. This, in turn, implies that only very
long lived $X$-particles with $\tau_X\gtrsim 3\times 10^{4}$\,yr
will be suitable for energy production.

Reactivation of $X$-particles bound to $^6$Li requires dissociation
of $({\rm ^6Li}X)$ ions. This could be achieved by irradiating them
with particle beams, similarly to what was suggested for reactivation of
lower-charge catalyst particles in ref.~\cite{Zweig:1978sb}.
However, it would be much more efficient to use instead $({\rm ^6Li}X)$ ions
as projectiles and irradiate a target with their beam.%
\footnote{We thank M.~Pospelov for this suggestion.}
The Coulomb binding energy of $X$ to ${\rm ^6Li}$ is about 2 MeV; to strip
them off by scattering on target nuclei with the average atomic number
$A\simeq 40$ one would have to accelerate $({\rm ^6Li}X)$ ions to velocities
$\beta\simeq 0.01$ which, for $m_X\simeq 1$\,TeV/$c^2$,
corresponds to beam energy $\sim 0.05$ GeV. At these
energies the cross section of the stripping reaction is $\gtrsim 0.1$\,b,
and $X$-particles can be liberated with high efficiency in relatively small
targets. The energy spent on the reactivation of one $X$-particle will then
only be about $10^{-9}$ of the energy it can produce before sticking to a
$^6$Li nucleus.

If $X$-particles are stable or practically stable, i.e.\ their lifetime
$\tau_X$ is comparable to the age of the Universe, there may exist a
terrestrial population of relic $X$-particles bound to nuclei or (in the
case of $X^{++}$) to electrons and thus forming exotic nuclei or atoms. The
possibility of the existence of exotic bound states containing charged
massive particles was suggested in ref.~\cite{Cahn:1980ss} (see also
\cite{DeRujula:1989fe}) and has been studied by many authors.
The concentration of such exotic atoms on the Earth may be very low if
reheating after inflation occurs at sufficiently low temperatures.
Note that reheating temperatures as low as a few MeV are consistent
with observations \cite{Hannestad:2004px}.
A number of searches for such superheavy exotic isotopes has been
carried out using a variety of experimental techniques,
and upper limits on their concentrations were established, see
\cite{Burdin:2014xma} for a review.

Exotic helium atoms $(X^{++}ee)$ were searched for in the Earth's
atmosphere using laser spectroscopy technique, and the limit of their
concentration $10^{-12}-10^{-17}$ per atom over the mass range 20 $-$
$10^4$\,GeV/$c^2$ was established~\cite{Mueller:2003ji}.
In the case of doubly negatively charged $X$, their Coulomb binding to nuclei
of charge $Z$ would produce superheavy exotic isotopes with nuclear
properties of the original nuclei but chemical properties of atoms with
nuclear charge $Z-2$. Such isotopes could have accumulated in
continental crust and marine sediments.
Singly positively charged ions
($^6$Li$X$) and ($^7$Li$X$) chemically behave as superheavy protons; they can
capture electrons and form anomalously heavy hydrogen atoms.
Experimental searches for anomalous hydrogen in normal water have put upper
limits on its concentration at the level of $\sim 10^{-28} - 10^{-29}$ for the
mass range 12 to 1200 GeV/$c^2$ \cite{smith1} and $\sim 6\times 10^{-15}$ for
the masses between 10 and $10^5$ TeV/$c^2$ \cite{verkerk}.

If superheavy isotopes containing relic $X$-particles of cosmological origin
exist, they can be extracted
from minerals  e.g.\ by making use of mass spectrometry techniques, and
their $X$-particles can then be stripped off. To estimate the required
energy, we conservatively assume that it is twice the energy needed to
vaporize the matter sample. As an example, it takes about 10 kJ to vaporize
1\,g of granite \cite{Woskov}; denoting the concentration of $X$-particles in
granite (number of $X$ per molecule) by $c_X$, we find that the energy
necessary to extract one $X$-particle is
$\sim 2.3\times 10^{-18}\,{\rm J}/c_X$.
Requiring that it does not exceed the energy one $X$-particle can produce
before getting stuck to a $^6$Li nucleus
leads to the constraint $c_X\gtrsim 2.3\times 10^{-16}$.
If it is satisfied, extracting
$X$-particles from granite would allow $X$CF to produce more energy than it
consumes, even without reactivation and recycling of the $X$-particles.
Another advantage of the extraction of relic $X$-particles from minerals
compared with their production at accelerators is that it could work even for
$X$-particles with mass $m_X\gg 1$\,TeV/$c^2$.

In assessing the viability of $X$CF as a mechanism of energy generation,
in addition to pure energy considerations one should
obviously address  many technical issues
related to its practical implementation,
such as collection and moderation of the produced
$X$-particles and prevention of their binding to the surrounding nuclei
(or their liberation if such binding occurs), etc. However, the corresponding
technical difficulties seem to be surmountable~\cite{Goity:1993ih}.

\section{\label{sec:disc} Discussion}

There are several obvious ways in which our analysis of $X$CF can be
generalized. Although we only considered nuclear fusion catalyzed by
scalar $X$-particles, doubly charged particles of non-zero spin can do
the job as well. While we studied $X$CF in deuterium, fusion processes
with participation of other hydrogen isotopes can also be catalyzed by
$X$-particles.

We considered $X$CF taking place in $X$-atomic states.
The catalyzed fusion can also proceed through in-flight reactions occurring
e.g.\ in $d+(dX)$ collisions. However, because even at the highest attainable
densities the average distance $\bar{r}$ between deuterons is
much larger than it is in $(ddX)$ atoms, the rates of in-flight reactions
are suppressed by a factor of the order of $(\bar{r}/a_d)^3\gtrsim 10^{9}$
compared with those of reactions  occurring in $X$-atoms.

Our results depend sensitively on the properties of positive ions
$({\rm ^3He} d X)$ and $({\rm ^4He} d X)$, for which we obtained only crude
estimates. More accurate calculations of these properties and of the formation
times of these positive ions would be highly desirable.

The existence of long-lived doubly charged particles may have important
cosmological consequences. In particular, they may form exotic
atoms, which have been discussed in connection with the dark matter
problem \cite{Fargion:2005ep,Belotsky:2006pp,Cudell:2015xiw}. They may also
affect primordial nucleosynthesis in an important way.
In ref.~\cite{Pospelov:2006sc} it was suggested
that singly negatively charged heavy metastable particles may catalyze
nuclear fusion reactions at the nucleosynthesis era, possibly solving the
cosmological lithium problem. The issue has been subsequently studied by many
authors, see refs.~\cite{Pospelov:2010hj,Kusakabe:2017brd} for reviews.
Doubly charged scalars $X$ may also catalyze nuclear fusion reactions in the
early Universe and thus may have significant impact on primordial
nucleosynthesis. On the other hand, cosmology may provide important
constraints on the $X$CF mechanism discussed here. Therefore,
a comprehensive study of cosmological implications of the existence of
$X^{\pm\pm}$ particles would be of great interest.

To conclude, we have demonstrated that long-lived or stable doubly
negatively charged scalar particles $X$, if exist, can catalyze nuclear fusion
and provide a viable source of energy. Our study gives a strong  additional
motivation for continuing and extending the experimental searches for such
particles.

{\it Note added.} Recently, the ATLAS Collaboration has reported a
3.6$\sigma$ (3.3$\sigma$) local (global) excess of events with large
specific ionization energy loss $|dE/dx|$ in their search for long-lived
charged particles at LHC \cite{ATLAS:2022pib}. In the complete LHC Run 2
dataset, seven events were found for which the values of $|dE/dx|$ were
in tension with the time-of-flight velocity measurements, assuming that
the corresponding particles were of unit charge. It has been shown in
\cite{Giudice:2022bpq} that this excess could be explained as being due
to relatively long-lived doubly charged particles. It would be very
interesting to see if the reported excess will survive with increasing
statistics of the forthcoming LHC Run 3.

\section{Acknowledgments}
The author is grateful to Manfred Lindner, Alexei Smirnov and Andreas Trautner
for useful discussions. Special thanks are due to Maxim Pospelov for numerous
helpful discussions of various aspects of $X$-catalyzed fusion and
constructive criticism.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Skalnasdal (på tysk Skalnastal) var en klitdal med en gravhøj, omkringliggende stensætninger og en række gravfelter fra jernalderen og vikingetiden på Amrum, som siden 1960erne/1970erne er fuldstændig tilsandet. Dalen var beliggende lidt sydvest for Amrum Fuglekøje imellem de i mellemtiden tilsandede landsbyer Kulpum og Mærum på øens gestryg. Gravhøjen med de omkringliggende cirkelrunde, rektangulære og triangulære stensætninger blev opdaget i 1848. Stenkredse i Skalnasdalen udviste påfaldende overensstemmelser med dem på Lindholm Høje .

Litteratur
 Hanswilhelm Haefs: Ortsnamen und Ortsgeschichten in Schleswig-Holstein: Zunebst dem reichhaltigen slawischen Ortsnamenmaterial und den dänischen Einflüssen auf Fehmarn und Lauenburg, Helgoland und Nordfriesland, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 2004, side 174.

Eksterne links
 Billede fra 1954

Referencer

Amrum
Jernalder
Vikingetid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Primary Eye Care of Arlington in Arlington offers many options for contact lenses.
Dr. Artee Nanji can recommend the best contact lenses for you based on a complete eye examination and a review of your visual needs both at work and play. Since most people can wear more than one type of lens, it's important to know what the choices are and the advantages and disadvantages to each.
Regardless of the type of contact lenses you wear, an annual eye exam is recommended to ensure the continued good health of your eyes. Schedule an appointment for an assessment and advice at Primary Eye Care of Arlington in Arlington, and we will be in touch with you shortly.


Twin flame push & pull or unhealthy co-dependence? Beware of the twin flame label! – Intuit. Empower. Awaken.
Twin flame push & pull or unhealthy co-dependence? Beware of the twin flame label!
One of the most enlightened posts I have ever read on this subject, so clear it's crystal in terms of accurately describing the difference between a twin flame and other types of connections.
Many are nowadays desperately seeking their twin flame and so they studiously assess each person they meet against their own twin flame criteria. These people believe that meeting the twin flame is not so much a matter of divine intervention as it is an inevitability since they are convinced it is only a matter of time. Sure enough, as soon as they fall head over heels madly in love with someone they claim this person as their twin flame. The danger here is that when problems later appear and they find themselves in a dysfunctional relationship or unhealthy, prolonged on-off pattern with this person, rather than re-evaluating the relationship for what it's worth they cling onto this person and justify their mutual behaviours under the twin flame label.
< Real Talk: Practical Self Love Webinar!


A digital system is multi-functional and it may cause a risk concentration if it is installed without any redundancy. In order to reduce this risk of a concentration, multiple redundancies are applied for the safety-critical systems. Simplified common cause failure (CCF) modeling technique is commonly used for a practical reason when the target system consists of many redundant components. This technique enables us to avoid an impractically large number of CCF events for a system fault tree. One of its demerits is that it may hide important information regarding a system's status. Condition-based human reliability assessment (CBHRA) method which is a practical method to develop a more realistic fault-tree model with a consideration of the various conditions endured by a human operator uses the system status information for post-processing of minimum cut sets. Since the CBHRA post-processing should be performed based on the status information of the sensors and the signal-processing equipment and noting that the simplified CCF modeling technique may cause the loss of some information, in order to perform a more realistic analysis, we have to overcome this possible information loss. In this study, we also present a case study of a fault tree modeling which adopted both the CBHRA method and the simplified alpha factor method.


1. Maintenance advertising - used to keep a product top of mind.
3. Reactive advertising - used to make information about a product easily available when sought out (think Yellowpages).
4. Call to action advertising - Used to induce a sense of urgency and response.
5. Need-creation advertising - Used to create a need where one did not exist before.
Inherently, there is nothing particularly unethical about informational advertising (1 through 3). There has been signage since the beginning of time, and the passing of information is a necessary service, like transportation, or packaging. They are features of an economy. The issue of the resultant pollution is a matter that will improve as the world becomes increasingly sustainability-minded, ideally with communication strategies embracing constructive means such as art shows, concerts, events, displays, fairs, and sponsorship. People often forget that it is because of advertising we have free entertainment and funding for the arts and sciences. This is what advertising should be about - exchanging information about a service or product for useful information, entertainment or assistance.
Advertising can bring awareness of danger, and can be used to inform and instruct.
Procter & Gamble has used advertising campaigns to raise awareness of health issues, such as dental health education in Zimbabwe and women's health issues in China. Indeed, advertising can be switched from intensifying consumption to promoting consumption solutions. It can help sustainability-driven companies create awareness amongst people who want to be sure that their purchases create an enhanced quality of life.
But then there is bad advertising.
Advertising is merely doing its job to announce the presence of products that are unethical by their very design, such as cigarettes or weapons. Illustrating the availability and presence of anything is the job of the media - and to make something known is a neutral process.
However, advertising has the power to affect people's thinking, and play upon emotion. Done well, it is artful, effective and deadly.
This is where the waters become muddy. Call to action advertising and need-creation are dark arts. This kind of advertising will toy with people's minds by inducing a poison based upon insecurity, fear, or worry and then provide an antidote to alleviate the uncomfortable sensation. That antidote is the product.
Take the latest campaign by Bell.
7. Cognitive dissonance creates a mental discomfort (poison) that can only be alleviated by satisfying the discrepancy.
9. By buying a cell phone for your daughter you are satisfying the actions required by a belief system to manifest that system.
This poision/antidote model of need creation is very prevalent in advertising. Essentially it creates discomfort based upon fears and insecurities. It creates a scenario that people can relate to based on their own self-doubt and insecurity. It has to challenge your belief system. By creating and perpetuating insecurities, advertising has the capacity to create dis-ease. For this reason, a truly ethical agency must avoid need-creation advertising.
How do you get people to clean up the shorelines?


What is 'greenhouse gas' (GHG)?
Greenhouse gas are gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides and our ozone. They are so-called because this type of gases can emit infrared radiation. They hold in the sun's heat instead of allowing it to escape, like a greenhouse. As more of these gases escape into our air, the more heat will be stored in our atmosphere.
Where are these gases produced?
We can see that our power stations produce 21.3 % of the GHG emissions. This is because we are still mainly using coal plants, which produce the highest amount of carbon dioxide (Co2) per kWh. Natural gas is an outlet that can be explored to substitute coal and generate power because it is the lowest emitter of Co2. Power stations and transportation are the major areas that need to be looked at to reduce GHG emissions.
Why are people more concerned to reduce Co2 production and not the others?
That's because Co2 is the major contributor and the highest polluter of the air, about 72%.
How can we do it? Changing our light bulbs.
By doing this we can switch one 740 MW coal power plant off. And, the best part is we will be producing 4,400,000 tons of Co2 less.
Another greenhouse gas is methane. We could easily rid of it by separating our waste at home and having a proper waste collection and waste processing process. This will help reduce the number of dump sites that are a source of methane. Malaysia has more the 240 dump sites, and each one is releasing methane into the atmosphere.
If a couple of million households and factories conserve energy, say 100 W per day, we will see an impact and change.
The most effective and fastest way is to reduce the use of electricity. When we find ways to cut costs, we save more than just money.
i. Family size and living habits.
ii. or etched on the appliance) and its efficiency.
iv. Number of hours you use the appliance.
Longer duration of usage of appliances.
During festival periods when additional decorative lightings and other appliances are used.
Replacement of older, smaller appliances with larger units for a growing family.
Faulty appliances e.g. a refrigerator with a faulty thermostat, shortage of refrigerant or defective door gasket will result in having the refrigerator working continuously for longer period thereby wasting electricity.
PETER HOFFMAN, CEO of MGT Green Energy Solutions Sdn Bhd elaborates on the greenhouse effect, how to be green, saving energy and cutting costs while at it.


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The Kerasilk Keratin in-salon smoothing treatment has been develped with innovative Kerashape Technology to give long-lasting, transforming results for up to 5 months.
Renaissance Amor is a boutique hair and makeup salon in Auchenflower where style, passion and personal service combine to achieve exceptional results. Enjoy a warm welcome and accommodating service from the moment you enter Renaissance Amor.


Anyone who's ever worked in customer service knows that it can be incredibly difficult at times, especially when you're dealing with a particularly angry customer. In my experience, in-person customer complaints never quite reached the level of intensity of some of those made over the phone, for obvious reasons. While many companies provide special training, scripts, and tactics for handling these situations, sometimes you'll experience cases you weren't quite prepared to handle. As they say, desperate times call for desperate measures, so here are some evasive maneuvers that you wish you could actually use in real life when tensions run high in the customer service department.
Carefully evaluate your management staff. Draw upon past experiences and determine who is typically responsible for injustices such as, but not limited to, scheduling you on holidays, keeping you at work longer than you planned, or forgetting your birthday.
Transfer the call to the determined culprit and happily carry on about your day.
Let the customer express their anger, however long that may take. Be patient. It'll all be over soon.
Once it's your turn to talk, hang up the line while mid-sentence. This creates the illusion that the call was dropped.
If and when the customer calls back, conveniently run to the restroom, leaving someone else with responsibility of dealing with it.
This is a great tip that I developed when I was a server in a restaurant. I tended to avoid answering the phone at all costs. It wasn't so much that I was too busy or because I didn't like talking on the phone. My issue with answering the phone during busy rushes was that the people on the other end of the line were often incredibly impatient, incredibly rude, and incredibly "hangry." For those of you unfamiliar with the term "hangry," it can be best defined as, "bad-tempered or irritable as a result of hunger," and it is a real buzzkill to food service workers. When I would answer the phone with my overly chipper, corporate-mandated telephone greeting, only to be rudely interrupted by customers barking their to-go orders, it would instantly put a damper on my entire day. Then I realized that I had the power in the situation, and, unbeknownst to my managers (until now), I began to use it to my advantage. While this tactic may not make your customers any less rude next time, it'll help you feel better and keep your cool.
Place them on hold for approximately 2-5 minutes.
Return to the call and politely apologize for the wait. Reassess the customer's attitude. If there is considerable improvement, proceed with the call without incident. If the attitude has not improved, or has worsened, proceed with next steps.
Once they being to order, politely interject once again with, "I need to check with the kitchen to make sure that dish is still available. One moment, please." Place the customer on hold again, this time for 5-10 minutes.
Return to the call, apologize once again, and let the customer know that this dish is, in fact, avaliable. Repeat steps 4-6, varying the reason for the hold slightly each time until the customer has either given up, gotten their attitude in check, or wasted thirty minutes of their life to order a simple cheeseburger and fries.
**While this example specifically applies to a restaurant setting, it can be catered (pardon the pun) for use in any industry.
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Inspectors from Cecil County's Department of Permits and Inspections will determine on Thursday if the doors of West Cecil Health Center's new building will open as planned on Friday.
Jeff Thorpe, Plans Reviewer for the Cecil County Department of Permits and Inspections, said that major alterations were made to the plans after they were reviewed.
"It was reviewed and applied for as having sprinklers," said Thorpe. "In mid-April, we were told that was not installed."
Thorpe explained that the lack of a sprinkler system in the two-story, 23,000 square foot building, changes everything. "It is a big deal. Now we have to review the plans again," he said. If a building has a sprinkler system, the design plan changes. Buildings without sprinklers are required to include elements that sprinklered buildings don't need. "It's a whole other ball game," he said.
Buildings without sprinklers have to meet stricter criteria particularly when it comes to corridor lengths, exit controls, and more.
On June 27, the building permit was suspended. Inspections from the department were halted. West Cecil has to move forward in order to comply with grant stipulations. It is a federally-funded project.
When permits are issued, they are stamped that the permit office must be notified if changes are made.
"No inspections will get done. And we've stopped the temporary occupancy," he said. "I'm not putting my name on something I'm not comfortable with."
But on July 11, inspectors will be back on site, to walk through the building and determine whether criteria has been met for buildings without a sprinkler.
"We'll know Thursday for sure if everything complies. If it does, we'll lift the suspension and they can apply for temporary occupancy," Thorpe added.


text:
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International Commercial Arbitration: A Few Notes
Over recent years, Mozambique has been involved in international commercial arbitration cases and some of its institutions have administered these cases. Therefore, it is important to learn more about these institutions, their rules and the way which they work. Besides this, the growth in foreign investment in the country makes it important to revisit this topic, which is currently so important.
Arbitration is a dispute resolution mechanism in which one or more people (the arbitrators) decide on a dispute between two or more parties. It is an alternative to the state courts and, therefore, it is the responsibility of the parties to choose form of dispute resolution. Learn more about it.
PLMJ International Legal Network
PLMJ International Legal Network brings together leading independent law firms in each country and preserves the total legal and financial independence of each of those member firms. This independence is maintained with a deep respect for the specific local conditions and ethical rules governing the practice of law. The network also ensures a culture of service to the client and a standard of quality that is shared by all our partner lawyers.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
McGill ramps up Haitian relief initiatives
Two Haitians use crowbars, shovels and their hands to clear rubble in an attempt to reach survivors at the Montana hotel that collapsed after an earthquake measuring 7 plus on the Richter scale rocked Port-au-Prince, Haiti on Jan. 12. / Photo: United Nations Development Programme
By McGill Reporter Staff
Haitian relief efforts are in full swing at McGill, with new initiatives cropping up each day.
For example, the Education Undergraduate Society has combined forces with the Education Graduate Student Society to spearhead a winter clothing drive for Haitian refugees expected to arrive in Montreal in the coming days, weeks and months. People are encouraged to drop-off used winter clothes in the lobby of the Education building at 3700 McTavish.
Overall, the McGill community has responded to fundraising efforts for the victims of the January 12 earthquake by opening their hearts and their wallets. The Arts Undergraduate Society (AUS), for instance, has already exceeded its goal of raising $6000 for Oxfam Quebec. As of this morning AUS had gotten more than $8000 in donations. Until Jan. 25, they will canvas classrooms for donations, and there will be jugs in the AUS Lounge (Leacock, B-12) for collecting funds. They are also collecting donations at the Roddick Gates tomorrow, from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and will host a Bar des Arts in the Lounge on Jan. 21 from 4 to 9 p.m. Finally, on Jan. 25, the Society will hold a Bake Sale in the Leacock lobby and a clothing drive for Haitian refugees from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.
"The effort put forth by both students and staff in the McGill Arts community has been overwhelming," said AUS President Karina Gould. "Although Arts is spearheading the efforts, we have received tremendous support from other faculty associations such as Science, Law and Education as well as student groups on campus like the Caribbean Student Society, Oxfam McGill, and the Spanish and Latin American Student Association."
Starting Monday, McGill Security Services agents will criss-cross both the downtown and Mac campuses with red buckets collecting for the Red Cross. They are coordinating their canvassing with the student groups, and students will join the Security staff from time to time next week in a gesture of solidarity.
"Members of the McGill community are renowned for their generosity and with the sheer numbers, we feel we will be able to raise great sums for the Red Cross in support of Haiti relief. Please look out for our Security personnel and give generously," said Pierre Barbarie, Associate Director of Security Services, noting that the high visibility provided by their uniforms should make it easy for people to find them.
Furthermore, Marion Butler, eCommunications Associate Editor at Development and Alumni Relations, is helping organize a pair of benefit concerts in conjunction with Health Partners International Canada (HPIC) and the Salvation Army to raise money to help HPIC deliver medicines to hospitals and clinics in Haiti and for use by Canadian doctors going to Haiti. The concerts will include classical, brass band and jazz music, as well as traditional Haiti folk music arrangement.
The first concert will be held on Jan. 30 at 7:30 p.m. at Westview Bible Church, 16789 Pierrefonds, Blvd., in Pierrefonds. The Jan. 31 concert will take place at 7:00 p.m. at the Snowdon Baptist Church, 5275 Earnscliffe Ave., in Montreal. People will be asked to make donations at the door.
The concerts are being held to raise money to help HPIC in the delivery of medicines to hospitals and clinics in Haiti and for use by Canadian doctors going to Haiti. For more information contact Marilynn St-Onge at 514-288-2848 ext. 2272 or Marion Butler at marion.butler@mcgill.ca.
For their part, the Law Students Associations and the Law Faculty's Human Rights Working Group are collecting donations at the end of classes, and have set up a "toonie trail" in the Atrium of Chancellor Day Hall – a long line of adhesive tape they hope to fill with $2 coins. The fundraiser will run all week. Monies collected will go to Oxfam and Médecins sans frontières, with the goal of raising at least $2500.
Finally, the student club Humanity First will hold a fundraising dinner on Jan. 30, with all proceeds going to Haiti relief. All are encouraged to meet club members, sign up for the dinner and/or donate in person on Jan. 21, from 1-5 p.m., on the first floor of the student centre on McTavish St. For more information, to donate, or to get tickets, please contact Nabiel Mir at nabiel.mir@mail.mcgill.ca
Individuals looking to make a donation can also contact the Canadian Red Cross. For more information go to www.redcross.ca.


> FF interface for ThinkC?
Up> translator for a while.
Up> from them and make things easier for everyone.
file - in fact, it even has the same type signature ('OBJ ').
library using THINK C, then look at it using MPW's DumpObj tool.


What is the problem with performance in time ? Sluttering fest in instance.
Thread: What is the problem with performance in time ? Sluttering fest in instance.
It's been near a decade I'm playing Lotro and raiding with my kinship (since Moria with some breaks), and It's been years I have issues with Lotro performance in time (since Throne of Terror raid), I'm really bored about this, this is killing my gameplay.
I know it's a 32 bits single thread game on a very old game engine using 1% of GPU and optimized with trowel, but it does not explains why I encounter those issues and some friends not.
I have some solid knowledge in computer and this game makes me crazy.
- Performance are decreasing in time when doing instance and game become unplayable, especially for fast skills spamming class and raid group (skills input speed seems related with performance in time).
- What I've noted is : bigger is the group and faster is your spam skills, more the game will slutter in a few minutes. It's a real pain in the *** in raid group when playing Hunter class or healing Rune Keeper for example.
- I think the numbers of enemies you're fighting impact on this issue too.
- When sluttering, fps counter show good numbers but it's unplayable. This slutterring make fps delay between skills and reduce a lot the playability and the heal / dps efficiency, the only solution I've found is restarting the game each 15min... very convenient when raiding.
- There is no difference in computer charge when game is sluttering or not : CPU is in low charge except one core as usual on this game, lot of free RAM, I/O are very low, GPU is laughing because doing nothing and system is not swapping.
- I can do a full Thikil-Gundu T3 without restarting the game when playing fire Rune Keeper, smooth class, low skills spamming because induction time (I can even play with combat social options ticked off, it's smooth).
- I can't do a full Thikil-Gundu T3 without restarting the game every 15 min when playing Heal Rune Keeper or Hunter, very speed classes, lot of skills spamming because no / few induction.
- Worst place ever is Mumak's trone of terror raid with all the mobs on screen and my 11 fellows, it's a real joke after 5 min of combat (totally unplayable).
- Low / High details does not change anything.
- Dx9 / Dx11 does not change anything.
- Different settings on showing buff / debuff (Social panel, combat) does not change anything.
- Already tried to clear all plugins / preferences.ini and starting from clean game, no changes.
- Tried on Linux, game load faster but sluttering issue is still present, tested on multiple wine branches.
- Asking friends who have not this issue what are their hardware, most of their cpu aren't no more clocked than mine (< 3.8 Ghz).
I can play to lots of different games with my hardware, even latest triple A games, only Lotro is not running fine and it's really frustrating for a such old game.
I'm sure some people are having this issue, please post here and share your experience, or solution if you have one.
Last edited by MolagBal; Nov 28 2018 at 09:55 AM.
I was laughing too much at the title to read the rest.
Are you really complaining about immodestly dressed/behaving characters???
Last edited by Yarbro; Nov 28 2018 at 11:24 AM.
Fairly certain that should be a "t".
Still amazed it passed the swear filter.
@OP I have had a similar issue for a while now, but thankfully playing a Guardian so it's not the worst of things. However, it is still very annoying.
But people have already done their research on this, and it's the client itself, as it has a major memory leak issue.
Nothing really to do other than hope they put a fix in a lootbox.
You're right game has memory leaks, but I don't think it's the problem, because everyone else would have the same issue.
Some friends of mine don't have it, and I really want to know why.
There are a million and one different hardware/software set ups, so diagnosing why some people suffer more than others is impossible. Physical path from the players location to the servers, and the quality of the ISP used is also something that can make a huge difference.
There are various in game settings that can reduce stutter, but again their effects vary; and as mentioned, the BIGGEST issue is the terrible server performance.
In general, set the gfx to the lowest settings you are happy playing with, use the best ISP you can justify, avoid wireless KB&M, keep your cpu cool, and use a decent router.
Low / High settings does not change anything to this, I'm on ethernet cable with optical fiber, keyboard / kouse wired, my ping is 100/120 ms (Europe).
I admit there are server lags, but the sluttering issue in time is caused by the client not the server.
For me the biggest issue are those sluttering who make my game unplayable after 10min of play.... seriously, server lags are secondary when you have this problem.
Last edited by MolagBal; Nov 28 2018 at 12:47 PM.
OK, the word is STUTTERING.
Something that started after a set period of time, as opposed to in certain situations can be either a memory leak at your end, or possible cpu throttling. memory leak is unlikely in that time period, usually even a system with only a couple of GB will run longer than that, so that leaves hardware as the most likely.
Download and run the CPUID Hardware monitor prior to starting the game and make a note of the cpu core temps. Since LOTRO hits ONE core really hard, the overall cpu package temperature is NOT what you need to look at; it may show temps well within tolerance, whilst the core running LOTRO is throttling, either from reaching 100% load, or from overheating.
I experience the game getting worse in FPS, stuttering like mad, and then randomly closing. I got a program that checks for memory issues and fixes them if certain criteria is met. So far it works fine, but every now and then I need to restart my client. The memory leak is real.
!0 minutes play before stuttering is not caused by any memory leak in the game - unless you are running some plugins that are causing it. I have played for over 5 hours straight with no issues on a much lower spec system; even around MT I have played with gfx near to max for hours at a time and not crashed to the desktop.
Issues with slow downs in RAIDs are well known, there are even settings in the options panel to help alleviate the worse of the issues, these issues are ENTIRELY SERVER SIDE, the current cheap-### servers cannot cope with keeping track of that many people in an enclosed space/small area.
If you have a fps counter, just go stand close (within ~10m) to another persons character out in the landscape and watch your fps drop.
Turning off skill sfx is probably the biggest way of reducing the issue for raids.
CPU Throlling is working nicely, core are @3.8 Ghz when I'm asking for some power.
I've checked my temp, all is going fine, not over 60° on max charge.
I had same issues with my old Cpu and Lotro and I can run a lot of other games flawlessly with my current hardware, I really think the problem comes from Lotro client, maybe a settings I don't know.
Anything peripheral-wise carried over from your old system? And is that 60C the max core temp or the general package temp??
There have been issues with XBox controller drivers causing huge memory leaks in the game, even though you dont use them during the game, ditto Logitech webcams/AMD ReLive, but even with a system limited to 4GB (my daughters), the memory leak took over 1/2 hr to cause any issues.
My peripherals are wired mouse, wired keyboard, and wired logitech headset, all usb.
Already checked my DPC Latency it seems normal, I've even tried with a low latency kernel.
Ok, next it to look at any other programs running that might steal "focus" from the game, if you have ever run windowed you might notice the game does not run smoothly if you select another open window, however small or empty. Since you say it happened on your old system, start with favourites you have carried over like messaging, monitoring programs etc.
If possible record yourself playing and post a link so we can have a look at exactly how the stutter is occurring.
Thanks for trying to help me, the idea is good but I don't think it's the problem because you need to have the game window selected to use your spells ingame, so I guess the game is always on foreground when playing in instance.
Problem was already there on my old system (Windows 7 x64), my new system (Windows 10 x64 and Linux x64), 2 different hardware and 3 different OS.... Seriously it's very frustrating for a such old game.
I'll try to record a video if I can, and I need to try it in full screen mode too.
OK, NVidia and AMD both have the software embedded these days, just needs activating and then read the instructions in how to use it.


Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene of the ursane type. As a common chemical constituent among species of the family Lamiaceae, UA possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. This overview focuses on the anticancer properties of UA against breast cancer (BC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) that are most common among women and men, respectively. In vitro studies have shown that UA inhibited the growth of BC and CRC cell lines through various molecular targets and signaling pathways. There are several in vivo studies on the cytotoxic activity of UA against BC and CRC. UA also inhibits the growth of other types of cancer. Studies on structural modifications of UA have shown that the –OH groups at C3 and at C28 are critical factors influencing the cytotoxic activity of UA and its derivatives. Some needs for future research are suggested. Sources of information were from ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and PubMed.
Welcome to JIM! You are the number 132 reader of this article!
Chan EWC, Soon CY, Lee Tan JB, Wong SK, Hui YW. Ursolic acid: an overview on its cytotoxic activities against breast and colorectal cancer cells. J Inter Med. 2019; Epub ahead of print.


text:
The new banana republic
NEXT BLOG ❯
By Latha Jishnu
Published: Monday 30 November -0001
If India is a growing economic power why is it so eager to put the interests of foreign businesses first?
All governments need to be watched. You never know when one of them will slip in a nasty tax on the quiet or pass a seemingly simple notification that can be the undoing of entire communities or of the environment. That is the nature of the beast. But how vigilant can people be with a government that will try to alter the entire complexion of a critical law-in-the-making by sneakily replacing a clear-cut 'or' with a lethal 'and'—under the very noses of the MPs opposed to legislation?
That small alteration would have been a huge gift to the handful of foreign companies that are poised to supply nuclear reactors and equipment to India—the Arevas, the Westinghouses, the Toshibas, the GEs and the Atomstroyexports who control the global business. These companies would have been neatly let off the liability hook in the event of a nuclear accident had it not been for two Left MPs who spotted the subterfuge. Few governments have been as brazen in the defence of foreign commercial interests as the UPA government of Manmohan Singh. That it should go to such lengths to protect suppliers in the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 is all of a piece with its readiness to put the interests of foreign businesses before that of its own people and, at times, of domestic enterprises, too.
Yet, it shocks even the most cynical of cynics. Has India well and truly turned into a banana republic? The chicanery in Parliament was exposed just as Planning Commission deputy chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia was being hauled over coals by the media for emails he exchanged with US deputy national security adviser Froman Michael about enhancing India's borrowing limits from the World Bank. In response, Froman had written that "we are hearing a lot of noise about the Dow Chemical issues… I think we want to avoid development which put a chilling effect on our investment relationship."
The issue here is not whether India did anything about the 'noise' but that Ahluwalia thought fit to raise the issue of a quid pro quo in his correspondence with India's representative at the World Bank. What is most embarrassing in all this is the far from flattering regard in which the US holds its new ally.
Terms like banana republic tend to be used loosely and far too readily by the anti-corporate brigade which suffers from a variation of the Reds-underthe- bed syndrome of American society. Indeed, a vast number of Indian civil society organisations and grassroots activists suffer from a pathological dislike of multinational corporations that tends to cloud their thinking. But it is also an aversion that has been deepened by the perception that this government is cosy in bed with the MNCs—a view that took root when Manmohan Singh and George Bush announced the US-India Knowledge Initiative in 2005. That agreement was ostensibly aimed at ushering in a second Green Revolution in India, but what it brought into the frame was the overwhelming presence of American corporations: giant traders, seed companies and retailers. The ultimate goal, critics of the initiative have warned us, is to spread farm biotechnology and tighten the grip of intellectual property rights over Indian agriculture.
Several other factors have deepened this perception. Apart from the notorious corporate ghosts of the Bhopal gas leak that are still haunting the Congress party, there is a growing conviction that critical laws—on seeds, biotechnology, nuclear power, pharmaceuticals, among others—are being formulated in such a way as to allow a handful of foreign companies to have free run in these sectors. The main source of concern are the Seeds Bill, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill coupled with the fears that domestic laws covering pharmaceuticals, agrochemical and biotech sectors will be watered down to benefit MNCs in the free trade agreements under negotiation with India's major trading partners. So let's come back to the central question: is India a banana republic? The original definition referred to small countries in Central America whose economies were dependent on a single export commodity—bana nas, of course, and sugar—and were governed by dictatorships servile to exploitative foreign companies.
Over time the term has come to be used for any country that is under the economic control of foreign-owned companies or industries. The Encyclopedia of Business says, "Its usage has also expanded over the decades to even refer to the control of part of a country's bureaucracy by an opposing bureaucracy of the same country."
Can a country that has an impressive export portfolio (from software services to automobiles) and is a potential economic superpower be referred to so derogatively? Welcome to the new banana republic where so much has changed and yet much remains the same.
World Bank Westinghouse UPA government United States Of … Union Carbide Union Carbide Nuclear Safety nuclear reactors Nuclear Power Plants Multicorporations Montek Singh Ahluwalia Michael Froman Manmohan Singh Industry Industry India Economic Development Dow Chemicals Bhopal Gas Disaster Areva DTE Science and … DTE Science and … Kala Azar Weeds Weeds Vector Control Bio Vector Control Vector Borne Diseases DDT DDT Research Bihar Science & Technology


The special relationship between humans and dogs may go back 27,000 to 40,000 years, according to genomic analysis of an ancient Taimyr wolf bone reported in the Cell Press journal Current Biology on May 21. Earlier genome-based estimates have suggested that the ancestors of modern-day dogs diverged from wolves no more than 16,000 years ago, after the last Ice Age.
Dogs are man's best friend and partner. The origins of this dog-human relationship were subject of a study, published recently in the journal Frontiers in Psychology, by behavioural scientists from the Messerli Research Institute at the Vetmeduni Vienna and the Wolf Science Center.
They showed that the ancestors of dogs, the wolves, are at least as attentive to members of their species and to humans as dogs are. This social skill did not emerge during domestication, as has been suggested previously, but was already present in wolves.
Various behavioural tests showed that wolves and dogs have quite similar social skills. Among other things, the researchers tested how well wolves and dogs can find food that has been hidden. Both wolves and dogs used information provided by a human to find the hidden food.
Another experiment gave dogs and wolves the chance to observe conspecifics as they opened a box. When it was the observer's turn to do the same, the wolves proved to be the better imitators, successfully opening the box more often than dogs. "Overall, the tests showed that wolves are very attentive to humans and to each other. Hypotheses which claim that wolves have limited social skills in this respect in comparison to dogs are therefore incorrect," Range points out.
At the Wolf Science Center in Ernstbrunn in Lower Austria, Range and Virányi investigated the social behaviour of dogs and wolves that grew up with members of their species and with humans. "The animals are socialized both with conspecifics and with humans. To be able to compare the behaviour of dogs and wolves and to investigate the effects of domestication, it is important that the animals live in the same conditions," Virányi explains.
The process of learning often involves mimicry or imitation. In research published in the journal PLoS One, scientists from the Messerli Research Institute at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna report on their behaviour experiments involving wolves and dogs.
The results show that wolves observe one another more closely than dogs and so are better at learning from one another.
The scientists found that wolves are considerably better than dogs at opening a container, providing they have previously watched another animal do so. Their study involved 14 wolves and 15 mongrel dogs, all about six months old, hand-reared and kept in packs.
Each animal was allowed to observe one of two situations in which a trained dog opened a wooden box, either with its mouth or with its paw, to gain access to a food reward. Surprisingly, all of the wolves managed to open the box after watching a dog solve the puzzle, while only four of the dogs managed to do so. Wolves more frequently opened the box using the method they had observed, whereas the dogs appeared to choose randomly whether to use their mouth or their paw.


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Cory Schneider and Devils shut out Columbus Blue Jackets, 2-0 | Rapid reaction
Updated: Mar. 29, 2019, 10:00 a.m. | Published: Feb. 28, 2015, 11:29 p.m.
By Rich Chere | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
Andy Greene, Stephen Gionta, Patrik Elias
Devils defenseman Andy Greene (center) celebrates his first period goal, set up by Patrik Elias (26) Saturday in Columbus. (Jay LaPrete/AP)
COLUMBUS, Ohio — Cory Schneider and the Devils kept the goal celebration cannon silent in Nationwide Arena.
Schneider (33 saves) posted his second shutout in four games as the Devils shackled the Columbus Blue Jackets, 2-0, Saturday. It was the goalie's fourth shutout of the season.
Travis Zajac scored an empty net goal with 30 seconds to go.
Andy Greene scored in the opening period and has two goals in his last five games after going 70 games without one.
Schneider was solid as the Devils once again played a low-scoring, defensive game. He shut out the Coyotes five days earlier.
LOWLIGHTS
Schneider was knocked down and the goal pushed towards the left corner when Jon Merrill collided with him as Artem Anisimov drove to the net with 8:55 left in the third period. Schneider was not hurt. It could have been bad.
The power play (0-for-4) was ineffective.
Mark Fraser appeared to be hurt when Jared Boll landed a punch to his head during a fight at 8:03 of the first period. It was Fraser's first fight since Jan. 14 in Los Angeles when he took on Jordan Nolan of the Kings.
HEALTHY SCRATCHES
Devils: RW Martin Havlat, D Peter Harrold.
Blue Jackets: D Jordan Leopold, D Kevin Connauton, C Brandon Dubinsky.
Injured winger Ryane Clowe is again traveling with the Devils. He will not play again this season but hasn't publicly discussed his future.
With his assist, Patrik Elias has 1,008 career points. He's three behind Steve Larmer (79th all-time) and four behind Pat LaFontaine (78th).
Blackhawks and Red Wings among those with scouts in Nationwide Arena press box. Also Sharks, Ducks and Penguins (2).
THE WEEK AHEAD
Tuesday: Devils vs. Nashville Predators at Prudential Center, MSG, WFAN-AM 66, WFAN-FM 101.9, 7 p.m.
Friday: Devils vs. Columbus Blue Jackets at Prudential Center, MSG Plus, WFAN-AM 66, WFAN-FM 101.9, 7 p.m.
Rich Chere may be reached at rchere@njadvancemedia.com. Follow him on Twitter @Ledger_NJDevils. Find NJ.com on Facebook.
New Jersey Devils blank Columbus Blue Jackets, 2-0 - Feb. 28, 2015
Gallery: New Jersey Devils blank Columbus Blue Jackets, 2-0 - Feb. 28, 2015


Please join us for a screening of the documentary film Crying Earth Rise Up with filmmaker and Columbia alumna Suree Towafighnia (MFA '06).
Crying Earth Rise Up is a documentary film by Suree Towfighnia (MFA '06) of Prairie Dust Films. The name of the film comes from an old belief of the Lakota that Mother Earth needs to be cared for through good stewardship of the land and its natural resources. The film is an intimate portrait of the human cost of uranium mining and its impact on sacred water. It tells a timely story of protecting land, water, and a way of life.
Towafighnia is an independent filmmaker and co-founder of Prairie Dust Films with Courtney Hermann. As an educator, Suree teaches master classes and workshops on documentary directing, fundraising and shooting at Columbia College Chicago, EICTV in Cuba, Cinema Chicago and for non-profit groups. Since 2005, she has worked with the Center for Community Arts.
Admission to the screening is free - register today!
Co-sponsored by Cinema Art + Science and the Office of Development and Alumni Relations and co-produced by Viva Doc.


"How many 1925 one cent pennies were minted in Canada? 1,000,622 "
"How many 1923 one cent pennies were minted in Canada? 1,019,002 "
If I found a year that was needed in my collection, I gave them my word that I would replace it with a common penny which I did as I found them.
Grandma told me she had some coins that I could go through. When we were to go home after our visit, she would give them to me under the condition that I would re-roll them using paper rollers from the bank. She had them rolled in used tinfoil and the bank would not take them, (frugal grandparents.) I agreed and off to play I went. When it was time to go home, Grandma came good on her word. On the table sat an old large coffee like tin full of pennies rolled in tinfoil. There was $40 worth of pennies in that tin! Off to home with the tin we went.
At home I had no shortage of help sorting through the horde of 4,000 pennies as my 2 brothers joined up as volunteers. I told them anything old, I would need to look at. Before too long the gems started to appear and not just Canadian but US wheat pennies too. A 1909 wheat penny is about a dollar a piece, that's 100 times it's face value. I was not into the wheat pennies so I gave them to my youngest brother who was begging for them. I had no shortage of good finds for myself. I was able to fill in all the years except for two years, 1923 and 1925. These are low mint years and would not come easily or cheaply.
The dimes and quarters fared much better. There was about thirty or forty, 80% silver quarters in the tins from Grandma. At the time the spot price of silver was at 5 dollars an ounce. That made the 10 dollars I had found in quarters, (3 times their face value) to 30 dollars in good old silver coins. The next time I went back, my grandpa was in. And Grandma did not mention if there were anymore tins. But I told my grandpa about the two pennies that I was needing and he asked how much they were worth. I told him my coin book had said that the 1923 penny was worth 25 dollars and the 1925 penny was worth 15 dollars.
With that, there was not much said of my two missing coins. I figured there was not much hope of getting them except to buy them by mail order, which I did. I was pleased to have the canyon filled and the collection complete. Some months later Grandpa told me he had two 1923 pennies and one 1925 penny. I called his bluff. He then brought out the three pennies. One of the 1923 pennies was really nice, being close to mint condition. I asked where he got them from, he answered with scoff ,"You will never know." I asked if I could have one of them, "No!" came the reply. And that was the last I ever heard of those little gems. As a kid that was a lot of fun to hunt for those old pennies, and silver coins. It was a big boost to my coin collection to add those little treasures.
The penny horde and treasure hunt began when I inquired of my grandma if she had some change that I could use to fill in my penny collection.
My goal at the time was to get all the small Canadian pennies in the years from 1920 to the current date which was in the early 1990's. My collection was short about dozen years.
I was willing to thumb through anyone's piggy bank that would give me permission to do so.
The next time we went to our grandparents, we bought the tin of pennies re-rolled in paper for Grandma. The next big surprise came when she ask if we would like to re-roll a couple more full tins of pennies. With no hesitation I said of course. I still needed those two pennies that eluded me so much.
A moment later three tins came out. Two tins were full of pennies and the other one was full of dimes and quarters. And all needed to be re-rolled! My brother found about a cup full of wheat pennies. But finding a 1923 or 1925 penny to fill in the holes in my collection looked about as impossible as crossing the Grand Canyon to my young eyes.


Hpzr3207.dll is a dll file that belongs to HP all-in-one printer drivers. You may get errors associated with this file during the printer driver installation due to mismatches in the regional settings of your operating system with that of the driver. You may also encounter errors when the printer is malfunctioning due to problems with the spooler service, corruption of file due to virus infections, or due to problems in the registry.
"Could Not Find the File Hpzr3207.dll on the HP CD".
This problem usually occurs if the language of your printer driver is not same as the language of your operating system. For instance, you may receive the error if you are trying to install an English printer driver on a computer with a French or German Windows XP operating system.
If this is the case, you may resolve the problem by performing one of the two steps discussed below.
Method 1: Change the Regional Settings of your PC.
Open the Control Panel of your Windows 98, Me, XP or 2000 computer.
On Windows 98, Me, and 2000 computers, select the Regional Settings icon from Control Panel, or on the Windows XP computer select the Regional and Language Options option.
Select OK to implement the changes.
Now, try to install the printer driver again.
If changing the regional settings does not fix the error, then visit the HP website of your region/country and open the driver download page of your HP all-in-one printer.
On this page, download the driver in your language and install it on your computer to ensure that there are no language mismatches between your printer driver and operating system.
Open the Control Panel and select the Administrative Tools icon.
Select Services to open the Services management console window.
Here, search for the Print Spooler service, right-click on it, and select Stop.
Open Windows Explorer and navigate to the C:\Windows\System32\Spool\Printers folder.
Here, get rid of any unwanted files, especially the .SHD and SPL files, which are used to save the spool information of your printer.
Now, open the "temp" folder in Windows Explorer and delete all unwanted information from this folder.
Restart the Print Spooler service from the Services management console window.
If you are printing on a printer attached to a remote computer, then ensure that the printer is appropriately installed both on your system and the remote PC. Ensure that the printer is shared for other users on the network, and there are no conflicts in the printer settings.
Printer problems, as well as many other general device driver and dll problems, may arise due to virus or spyware infections. These malware programs may not only corrupt your existing files, but may also cause copy files with names similar to legitimate processes that may run on your system and perform malicious tasks on your PC. These programs may slow down the PC by eating up loads of system resources, corrupt other files on your computer, and spread to other computers through e-mails and open network connections. To counter these problems, you must install a reliable and efficient antivirus and antispyware program on your PC. To ensure that your PC is protected against the latest malware, keep these programs updated with the latest definitions. Finally, run regular scans to ensure that your PC is free from any malware infections.
Registry problems may also cause dll errors on your PC. Therefore, to ensure that your registry is healthy and your PC is problem-free, you must install a reliable registry cleaner tool and perform regular registry scan and repair. Remember, if the registry is healthy, compact, and free from unwanted information then 90% of your PC problems disappear.


Looking for a young lady that to become a truck driver or just ride with me to see the country side.
Home when I want as long as I want. Easy going, put my woman on a pedestal and take care of her, looking for a good caring woman, that's not afraid to be a woman!
Hello, looking for love and fun????????????????
54yo from Geelong, contact me to get to know more about me.


"I am a man of great visions. I decided to provide wheelchair users with freedom of mobility. After years of hard work, the project is ready for being pushed to the next phase."
The Elbee vehicle was created thanks to well functioning background of ZLKL (www.zlkl-cz.com), affiliated engineering company. With more than 25 years in engineering, we have become experts in the field, and Elbee became our first own product.
Now, after more than 10 years of work, we succeeded in bringing the project to the market with paying customers. But we also know that for a massive expansion and creation a new global standard in transport of wheelchair users, a strong global player is needed.
Therefore we decided to offer the Elbee project for sale.


text:
Real Madrid to unveil Vallejo on Friday
4yDermot Corrigan
Messi handed two-game ban for red card
17mSam Marsden, Moises Llorens
4mESPN
Real Madrid to unveil Jesus Vallejo on Friday following successful loan
Dermot CorriganMadrid correspondent
Real Madrid will formally present Jesus Vallejo at the Bernabeu on Friday, with the Spain under-21 international having done enough on loan at Eintracht Frankfurt last season to secure a place in Zinedine Zidane's squad as a replacement for Pepe.
Vallejo joined Madrid from Real Zaragoza in a €5 million deal in 2015, but has not yet made an appearance for the club. He did however impress at Frankfurt, who were reportedly keen to get him back in the Bundesliga for another 12 months.
However, after starring as the Spain U21 team reached the final of this summer's European Championship, Madrid have confirmed that the youngster is to get an official unveiling, a sign that he will be involved in the upcoming campaign.
Meanwhile, Borja Mayoral, returning to Madrid after an unsuccessful year on loan at Wolfsburg, says he will work hard in preseason to convince Zidane to count on him for the 2017-18 campaign.
Mayoral impressed Zidane so much during their time together at the club's Castilla youth side that he was promoted to the first team at just 18-years-old when the Frenchman took over in January 2016.
The Spain U21 international's plan to gain experience in the Bundesliga last season did not go as hoped, and there has been speculation in Spain that he could go out on loan again, with Leganes and Getafe reportedly interested.
But with a possible first team squad place open following Mariano Diaz's move to Lyon, and uncertainty over the future of Alvaro Morata and Cristiano Ronaldo, he told AS that his aim now was to show he was capable of contributing to Zidane's squad and fulfilling his ultimate dream of being a success at Madrid.
"My loan at Wolfsburg is over and I am coming home to Madrid where I developed for nine seasons," Mayoral said. "I hope to work hard to improve alongside the players at Madrid who help you to improve more.
"I am joining up for preseason with them [on July 21 in California] and then I just go to work day-to-day. That is all that is in my mind -- working hard, which has brought me where I am today. To wear the Madrid jersey is a dream. That is my dream to be a success here at Madrid. I will work hard to achieve that."
Borja Mayoral is hoping to make a breakthrough at Real Madrid this season. Pedro Castillo/Getty Images
Madrid have an impressive batch of Spanish youngsters coming through, including holding midfielder Marcos Llorente who is also returning following a loan spell at Alaves.
"Madrid have always had the best players, and that they have the best young players from this country is something very big for the team too," Mayoral said. "Marcos Llorente has played a magnificent Euros, and had a great season with Alaves. I hope he can stay, he is ready. Vallejo also had a great Euros, and his season in Germany was spectacular."
Mayoral said that Real Betis playmaker Dani Ceballos, linked with Madrid and Barcelona following his player of the tournament showing at this summer's European Under-21 Championship was an "incredible talent."
"Ceballos also has a lot of quality," he said. "The truth is he has shown he has incredible talent. I wish him the best as he is a great teammate and friend."
Although he faded completely out of the first team picture at Wolfsburg as 2016-17 progressed, and ended up with two goals from a total of just 374 Bundesliga minutes all season, Mayoral said he had learned a lot from his year in Germany.
"I would have liked to play more, but the experience was good, it is a nice place," he said. "I was at a big club like Wolfsburg. I am thankful to them for the chance to play in a league like the Bundesliga. Thankfully we stayed up, after suffering a bit over the season, but I am happy that I have developed quite a lot, played with great players and matured a lot."


Since this week is going slower than I'm used to, I'm going to use this post to #reflect on how this #videogamestreamer #pilotidea is going. I can get some serious tunnel vision with #goals, but I've already made some pretty incredible headway.
So, while it's not unheard of to get these milestones in one month, it's simultaneously totally freaking #awesome. Being new to Twitch (and, really, to gaming, still) these are tremendous accomplishments already!
Now that I'm part of the 'middle class' of Twitch, this is where it is supposed to get hard. I'm transitioning my #channel from new kid on the block -> to -> hey, I'm staying for the long haul. If that part was super easy, everybody would be a #twitchillionaire.
This is the time to work harder and try newer, more different things. Let's do this!
tl;dr It's been 30 days since I started streaming, and holy cow, I've made some amazing progress!