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Weekly UK household consumption of cakes, buns and pastries 2018/19
Published by Nils-Gerrit Wunsch, Nov 29, 2021
The statistic shows the average weekly household purchase per person of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19. In 2018/19, an average of 151 grams of cakes, buns and pastries was consumed per person per week in UK households.
Average purchase per person per week of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in grams)
Average purchase in grams per person per week
2006 to 2018/19
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Nils-Gerrit Wunsch
Research expert covering food & agriculture in the UK & Europe
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Defra. (October 21, 2020). Average purchase per person per week of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in grams) [Graph]. In Statista. Retrieved January 17, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/284464/weekly-uk-household-consumption-of-cakes-buns-and-pastries/
Defra. "Average purchase per person per week of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in grams)." Chart. October 21, 2020. Statista. Accessed January 17, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/284464/weekly-uk-household-consumption-of-cakes-buns-and-pastries/
Defra. (2020). Average purchase per person per week of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in grams). Statista. Statista Inc.. Accessed: January 17, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/284464/weekly-uk-household-consumption-of-cakes-buns-and-pastries/
Defra. "Average Purchase per Person per Week of Cakes, Buns and Pastries in The United Kingdom (Uk) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in Grams)." Statista, Statista Inc., 21 Oct 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/284464/weekly-uk-household-consumption-of-cakes-buns-and-pastries/
Defra, Average purchase per person per week of cakes, buns and pastries in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2006 to 2018/19 (in grams) Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/284464/weekly-uk-household-consumption-of-cakes-buns-and-pastries/ (last visited January 17, 2022)


NewTek Discussions > LightWave 3D Support > LW - Mac > Calling all old hats! Remember any ancient and persistent LW bugs?
View Full Version : Calling all old hats! Remember any ancient and persistent LW bugs?
a co-worker and I were talking the other day, and we started reminiscing all of the really big gotchas in LW, and what version they were in. It was sort of like comparing battle scars.
this conversation developed from a my recent post about a graph editor bug, which was not fixed through several generations of LW. We LightWavers tend to work around bugs and develop habits that keep us safe from them, and so we never test for them, never report them, and they never get fixed.
I think there are more of these gotchas, but I have habits that keep me from identifying them.
So, I'd like to compile a list of these major gotchas, that made you Stop using a feature, find a workaround, or develop a work habit that otherwise you would not have done? let me know the gotcha and the version (versions) in which it was a problem.
IK Boost! I don't know if it was/is a bug, or just a poorly implemented feature. In version 8.0 IK boost is so slow to respond that when you move a goal, it takes LW several seconds to catch up, and by that time your model goes all out of whack. So I just stick with the old method of riggigng characters. It's not a huge deal, the old method works fine, but it's one of those things where we got a great sounding new feature, that would allow you to work faster and more efficiently, only to have to basically ignore that it even exists if you want to work at all.
Not really a bug, but there is one little LightWave thing that's been bugging me for years. In Modeler I often find it helpful to switch between Grid Snap Standard and Grid Snap None, and it's a hassle to have to go into the Display Options panel and switch modes through a lister. This really needs to be a feature that you can toggle with a single keystroke.
just found one thats been around since at least 7.5 and I had forgotten because I learned Not to use it! Texture guide. it crashes frequently! PC AND Mac!
I suggest you put them in the feature request forum.
The MULTI-SELECT bug! Select a few polygons in Modeler and delete them, five minutes later you notice holes on the other end of your model.
Also the modeler display setup and backdrops that revert back to default if you change the viewport layout.
Oh :( That's like losing an old friend. A smelly old friend, but an old friend nonetheless. Modelling will never be the same!
My favourite persistant bug at the moment is the surface editor defaulting to the first surface of the first object when you save an object out.
maybe not a bug, but the selective undo... man that kills me.
Please elaborate! I am confused and frightened by your post--any bug that causes the sudden death of the user should at least get an asterisk with a footer note in the documentation.
Don't Walk Into The Light Eblu!!!
layout and undo are not friends. this comes from a 3-d architecture that is older than undo is. so, as lightwave has matured over the years it has had to really work hard to get a remedial amount of undo support.
some things can be undone, while others cannot. almost all plugins deal with undo in whatever way they feel like (leading to inconsistency). the graph editor for instance, has its own undo.
Users don't ever get used to this, its counter intuitive to everything they ever learned. Everything should be undo-able. for instance, time scrubber changes, backdrop changes, not just the things that are on some arbitrary list at Newtek headquarters.
this speaks to a gigantic pet peeve I have w/ Lightwave. theres no modern plumbing for scripting or undo. every action in Layout can easily be undone, its just that the ground work was never laid, deep enough in the app for a modern undo system, or a modern scripting system... which are essentially the same thing if you set it up correctly.
I've been making requests for this sort of thing for just about 7 years now, once or so every few months, finally giving up on Newtek about a year or two ago.
and read what the master chef Bill Cheeseman (from the real story behind "a Civil Action") has to say about undo and scripting.
Image viewer extending off the bottom of the screen on big renders. Aaaaarghh!
Audio is LW most worthless "feature." As it works now I just don't see the point. It can't be scrubbed reliably, it isn't possible to nail ques. Even in preview the sync slips so that it's different every time it's played. Does this qualify as a bug or quirk.
I opened the same model I had lots of problems with ( a car interior, trying to select parts of the interior from inside, with polygons behind the view ) and couldn't make it happen even once. Sweet!
Great thread eblu! Good to keep these things fresh until they're killed.
But keep in mind that all apps have selective undo, and it's debatable what should go on the stack or not - in Max and Maya I run into things all the time that don't undo - but I do agree that LW is way behind, maybe this rewriting will make things possible. I am getting tired of having to reload a scene if I delete something accidentally. I've gone for a long time with my training from Photoshop 4 on how to work with one (or no) undo, it's getting old!
In 9.2 there is a error message popping up every time I open a scene on a different machine than originally created, saying something like: RGB output directory not found. I found it highly annoying as it is very dysfunctional. This should appear when you hit f10 and it can't find the output directory not when you open a scene. Therefore it's on my bug list.
Apart from the others mentioned - especially the one about the audio - the 'sticky' Kelvin color picker.
Didn't have much time to play with the lw 9 demos but at least up to then it defaults to 6000 K every time it's opened.
Makes it hard to do a minor tweak to color settings.
As an aside - some sort of handle showing current position would also help.
i got one. for all of history, Lightwave has failed miserably to follow simple window behavior guidelines. from using the wrong kinds of windows, to having their own, slightly less robust window management routines. Lightwave is known for losing utility windows behind the main window, for hiding and Not hiding palette windows at the wrong times, for having buttons (like minimize, and maximize) that don't work, for not responding properly to os level events... like messages from the os to become the frontmost app.
there are EASY ways to fix this. have been from day one. its terribly frustrating to live with.
Shifting alot of keyframes freeze LightWave and you can not tell if i has hanged or if its still working.
EDIT: I didn't notice this was Mac-specific forum.. *lol* But I guess this is true for the Mac-version as well... ?
That bloody selection-tab thing. You all know: click into the fifth field on a panel, enter figure, hit tab, enter figure... first field is now changed with no undo. Sonofabitch.
I think that one is fixed in the UB. Of course, we can't discuss that here. But if anyone here wants to discuss this in the UB forum, feel free!
This is going way back but in version 5.0 (the last version for the Amiga) if you switch between the modeler and the layout screen more than about 5 times you would need to restart LW as it would become very unstable.
so is this for pc and mac here?
That should be gone. Does it still happen?
Well (this is almost embarrassing) I'm still using version 5 on the Amiga along with the Video Toaster Flyer and due to the fact that that was the last version done for the Amiga there was no fix made that I know of.
The Mac version of LW fell behind the PC version in some past releases. We're trying to remedy that, and this thread is one tool we're using.
Additionally, there are some Mac specific things that make sense on the Mac platform, which won't make it into the PC version. By the same token, I'm sure there are some things in the PC version that won't make it into the Mac version.
We're trying to deliver a consistent cross-platform experience, while taking advantage of platform specific capabilities when possible.
I am doing a flag animation, and I'm using the ripple procedural to give the flag a natural displacement ala waving in the air.
but... just applying the ripple procedual in the displacement panel, displaces the Whole flag, I want to dampen it where its attached to the pole, so I go into modeler, put a weight map that falls off from the pole, and then in Layout make a gradient that uses the weightmap... and then I'm stumped.
I'm no dummy. I know that the displacement on the flag is the value of what is derived when the layers of textures are added together.
for instance... I'm displacing on the z axis, and I have two grey images, being used for the displacement. the one on top is 50% opaque, and so the value of the displacement will be an average of the two grey colors, scaled against thier respective 3d values.
so... I want to dampen my ripples by obscuring the value of the ripple with a gradient that falls off to transparent. the completely opaque portion of the gradient will completely obscure, and replace the value of the displacement, and fall off to the ripple value. This is what the math says will happen, it is Not what happens. the gradient completely breaks the displacement, completely replaces it.
in a move that is completely counter-intuitive, Newtek has hobbled the displacement sub system, they have rendered the xfer modes for layers worthless in this context, and damaged my muscle memory. been that way for years. my co-worker is looking at me like I'm an idiot because I expected it to work. Which I have every reason to expect.
Lightwave is a platform independent entity (since the loss of the amiga of course), I have a lot of respect for this, and the independent spirit that comes from being platform independent. But... I am extremely frustrated by the approach Newtek has chosen with regards to high level integration into the os.
the problem is one of Too much independence. Newtek has a defined set of window (and if truth be told, Text box as well) behaviors that are impossible to manage through any os except for the amiga of years gone by. Instead of accepting this fact and "bending in the wind" Newtek simply takes the bull, by the horns and tries to force each OS to do what the amiga used to do.
these behaviors open connections to legacy code in the mac, which is slowly melting away, each update of the os changing things or fixing bugs that Newtek relied upon for their hacks to work.
Newtek has to maintain and develop these window behaviors at a very high cost in man hours, without any reasonable increase in functionality. It is actually a few steps backwards. Newtek doesn't have as many engineers as Apple does. None of Newtek's engineers focus on Windowing technology, UI behavior (at THAT level) or the Mac workflow. So the routines they built are not as polished, are not as familiar, and are actually pretty buggy.
its a pet peeve of mine when any kind of sub-window takes focus (captures the typed output from the keyboard) by just being opened.
Its another pet peeve when a utility window has a title bar as big as the document window.
also when a utility window falls behind the document window.
these are all problems due to Newtek writing its own window handling protocols. Bug-ridden, protocols that are simply unnecessary.
Newtek could cut a gigantic list of Mac bugs Out of LW, simply by removing the window protocols and letting Apple's default window classes do the work.
But Not in carbon. You'd Have to use Cocoa. And I have heard all of the objections to this for easily 8 years, and none of them wash.
replace the windowing system with standard Windows. Let apple's robust windowing protocols become your windowing system.
And, throw your poorly designed and highly antiquated Text entry system into the woods, use apple's NSTextField (a class in cocoa, which can easily be programmatically generated) or a subClass thereof.
no more will we be stuck with a poor man's windowing system, or text boxes that display nothing, text boxes that forget that they are in focus, or simply redirect your text input to another box.
I may be taking this out of context, and if I am, I apologize. But this behavior (forefront window always gets focus) is the correct behavior for the MacOS, except when a new window is a utility window. And I know what you're thinking, so please keep reading.
I'm not sure if you were in the Open Beta when I changed this, but there was a small revolt, as a result of the change to make the utility windows appear to be utility windows. Revolt would actually be a fairly docile term compared to a number of angry emails I received. So I changed it back. If there's a line forming of people who wish it were another way, I'm in that line. But for now, the user comes first.
This should not be happening. If it is, it's a bug.
Weeeell, it's not that easy. The big issue here is that our existing users have certain expectations about how the product should work, and they've waited a long time for this UB. So for at least this first version, we're giving them what they asked for, even though it took more to do it now than it used to, because we've replaced all the old code this was hobbled together atop.
You're preaching to the choir. But for this first version of LW UB, we're releasing something that won't break our users' workflow, or change any of the major behaviors of critical things like windows.
It's quite easy to do in Carbon. In fact, I think this was the *first* thing I did on the UB. And it's not in the final version, due entirely to user demand. The way it works now is not by accident. There was a ton of code already in place to work around the default Carbon OS behaviors to deliver what you're seeing in the product. I'd like to change it, but it certainly won't be on this first release.
We already replaced the text system in the UB. It should work properly now.
The text redirection should not happen anymore. As for the windowing system, it is what it is because our users demanded it. IMHO, it is not optimal. But breaking our existing users' workflow to meet my demands for UI conformance is not on the table for this first UB release.
let me take a minute to let you know where I'm coming from.
But, I do have two points I want to send home with a big hammer.
1. Carbon will go the way of the dodo. Count on it. Apple will never say it outright, and it might not get scraped out of the os like classic was (sort of like used chewing gum off the bottom of your shoe), but it will change fundamentally someday when you are least expecting it (newtek is ALWAYS least expecting it), and every bit of LW that relies on ancient and venerable parts of carbon, needlessly, will break. there are numerous and explicit examples of this, and for most of them I was an "i told you so" kind of user.
there are 2 ways to avoid this problem, carbon or no. First: reuse apple's code, apple may not know best, but if Apple has solved a problem, you can be certain that if you use their solution, it will stay compatible... as in text fields. Second: stay current. if you opt to do something yourself, use the Most cutting edge libraries available. this ensures that your work will stay valid longer.
2. Lightwave's text field situation is not fixed. I'm sorry, having been in the trenches for a very long time, and also making huge mistakes in programming, myself (zero divides anyone?), I can recognise what the text subsystem in Lightwave for what it is. its an aged and loosely related system of half solutions for the same underlying problem. each fix you guys make, unearths more and more kludges, more bugs caused by old assumptions, and screwy logic that should not have worked at all in the first place. its not a unified system, if it ever once was, and to fix it... you guys would Have to re-engineer it. so why Not let apple do the heavy lifting there? You'd cut down on code, you'd be able to port the logic that allows users to type in simple evaluations (like : 30+45), and Apple would Keep your text field up to date automatically.
1. Carbon will go the way of the dodo.
The reason most cross-platform apps aren't using Cocoa is that their existing drawing and event processing models don't match those used in Cocoa. LightWave is no exception. Carbon is closer to how that other platform does things.
That's not to say LW will never be a Cocoa app. It's just not going to be this first release of the UB.
2. Lightwave's text field situation is not fixed.
*File a bug report* <-- it should be fixed.
..so why Not let apple do the heavy lifting there? You'd cut down on code, you'd be able to port the logic that allows users to type in simple evaluations (like : 30+45), and Apple would Keep your text field up to date automatically.
FWIW, the text issues were never really issues with text handling itself. They're issues with keyboard events, menu events, and window events, not being handled right. And they should all be fixed in the UB now.
... As for the windowing system, it is what it is because our users demanded it. IMHO, it is not optimal. But breaking our existing users' workflow to meet my demands for UI conformance is not on the table for this first UB release.
I appreciate both sides of the fence on the windowing issue. I was one of the howlers when they were changed to palettes and started disappearing on F9, F10 etc. and disappearing when other Apps were in the foreground etc.
I think putting them back the way they were was the correct call, for now anyway, IMHO. LightWave's GUI was never really designed to support such palette windows so just making them follow the Mac OS palette convention really broke the LightWave workflow. I am one of the most vocal Mac purists that I know of and I was one of those asking for the old LightWave behavior to be reinstated, for now anyway.
I'd also like to be able to assign real Mac command key shortcuts in the shortcut editor.
I'd also like to build my own real mac menubars like in modo. One thing that's nice in modo is that since we can build our own real Mac menubars we can override the shortcuts using the Mac OS X control panel to get real command key shortcuts.
That was awful, especially the Image Viewer disappearing. That, and the fact that you couldn't tell what window was in focus, or whether a hotkey was going to work or enter a characer in a field. Maybe there's a way to keep those things without hanging onto legacy code. Don't really see why it's worth it though, palettes just save a tiny sliver of window space and can't be minimized.
Did I miss it, or has no one here mentioned the OBOD?? from version 5?
Orange Bar of Death. That was before we even had opengl.
And I don't know what you call it, but scrolling any keyframed graph editor left a mess on your display. I don't think they ever got that fixed up and till I quit buying LW upgrades at version 7.5. They just always seemed like they were another generation or 2 away from fixing stuff on the mac. I gave up years ago.
Please keep in mind I started here a little over a year ago. However, I know this is something the guys that work on LightWave's core have been working on.
What is this Cocoa thing everyone keeps talking about?
The reason most cross-platform apps aren't using Cocoa is that their existing drawing and event processing models don't match those used in Cocoa.
great! cocoa is amenable to drawing and event processing model changes tho. from the perspective of someone who is putting in the time to learn the cocoa libs, it seems that all of the venerable and established app devs, are avoiding coca Not for any incompatibility, but simply because its new. check it out, it won't bite, and it might actually be fun!
Why do you assume I'm so new to Cocoa?
its not that I assume you (or anybody) is new to cocoa, its just that I seem to be the only person who knows some of the finer, and immediately applicable points of the tasty chocolate flavored treat. All of the venerable entrenched app dev teams seem to look at it, and say "it doesn't do (insert thing here), the way we do it, so we can't use it" My assumption, is that devs are loathe (rightly so in most cases) to arbitrarily change things.
The Dev's assumption is that moving to cocoa IS arbitrary. At some point, Carbon will cease to exist, before that for a very long time Carbon will be effectively end of life'd. Then there will be a point in which Carbon will disappear and several products simply won't work. if you make the conversion before this happens, Newtek won't be caught with its pants down again. I tell you, the pace is picking up, and Apple is showing all of the signs that Carbon is end of Lifed, in bugfixOnly mode, and they are looking to jettison it, in just a few years.
moving LW to Cocoa is Not an arbitrary change. Its probably not easy, its probably a lot of work. That work will be: timely, more enjoyable, and easier, if the change is gradual, and started way before it becomes necessary. Alot of the ground work that must be done, is simply whipping the code into shape, and making each bit of code more "objective"... which can only benefit Newtek in a very general way.
inaccurate on the details. Inaccurate in a way that makes all of the difference.
And hey, please don't feel singled out, I've taken Adobe to task for the very same issues. :) at the end of the day, I just want to see my money converted into R&D that is valuable to me... just like everybody else!
At some point, Carbon will cease to exist, before that for a very long time Carbon will be effectively end of life'd.
Well, if it's any comfort, I think I said something very close to that on this forum a year ago.
My first work for NewTek, before working on LW, was writing the Mac version of their iVGA. It's a Cocoa app.
I just have words that are written down in this forum to go by. and the words have been dismissive (from reps at newtek as a whole) of the value of moving more towards Cocoa.
cute chuck. cute. are YOU a member of the sales team?
One of my pet peeves is when I load layout, I have to reload all of my surface editor stuff. That's fine if I've only got a few objects but when I have to reload 50-100 little peaces, that becomes a pain. I think that loading your scene, obviously I want my objects to contain what I last had. Mabee having an option to "load all" from last save would be nice. The undos are a pain to. If I accendently delete an object, I have to reload and then load all of the layers again. I wish I could just undo and get the object back. One Undo button would be nice. Most people that use undo are undoing something withen a few steps from the present so having an undo button in different windows is a tad bit confusing.
... someone's not saving their objects before they close their scene! Anything you do to an objects' surface saves with the object, not the scene, so make sure you hit "save all objects" or "save object as".
Are you really a Film Orchestra Composer??
Hey Toby. Yeah, I compose for film & television. Many times, animations or commercials. Yeah, it's just a pain to load them back up again. I always save my objects but it's a job to reload them when you have allot of them.
Hey Toby. Yeah, I compose for film & television. Many times, animations or commercials.
I'm surprised more people don't try to get into movies, it's a blast. What films/tv have you composed for that we may have heard of?
I can't recall it ever crashing. I use it often.
here's a venerable, and persistent bug.
the way it works is that when the graph editor is left open, you run the risk of a crash.
Usually the crash occurs as you select a key, or try to scrub in the graph editor or the main window, while the graph editor is open.
Maybe I don't use it as much, but I've never had a chronic problem with the graph editor, even when trying to drag hundreds of keyframes which made it hang for several minutes.
Forgive me, I'm sure you've been through this before, but are you doing something else that reduces stability like using .jpg as textures or have the hub running, or is it that you work with big scenes? You seem to have less stability than I do overall, through all these os's and systems.
The Audio Channel Modifier in the Graph Editor on Mac.
Try to load any audio file and see what happens.
The oldest bug I can think of is Cast, Receive, and Self shadow options can not be disabled individually with shadow maps. For some odd reason you have to disable 2 or more at once for any to work.
I guess fog will never work right with transparent objects.
World coordinate displacement has not worked for a few versions, but it works in Textured Displace (there are several weird things in Displacement and so always use Textured Displacement).
Distance Between Particle gradients have not worked in dissolve, color, luminosity, opacity channels since inception.
Envelopes dont work in some of the wind channels I dont recall exactly offhand.
Cant have negative start frames for image sequences since I think v7.5.
Undo is still just silly.
I dont get why I cant make a preview and minimize LW or have it in the background without corrupting, when I could do this in LW 5, and in Viper, or Fusion.
Also in LW 5.6 you had 'none, add, replace' alpha options for HV that disappeared with 6... and you could 'ctrl+ left-click' in the hyper texture sample window to see an immediate little animation of how fast the 'effect' speed is moving in 5.6... and you could zoom/limited region in the HV preview... and there was a simple 'clear motion' button in the motion editor... and you could have both linear and TBC on a keyframe... and there was a Rotate Path tool... and you could throw a displacement on baked particles (PStorm).
Don't know if this fits in or not. But how about numeric inputs for Translate Plus?
me too "lets hope they fix the audio" in 9.5"
Please explain this one. We've changed the audio section a lot in 9.5, so make sure this is fogged if it's really not already fixed.
When moving a keyframe in the dope track, I'm never able to move it to the very first frame (usually 0) or the very last frame.
no hub, no system mods, no textures at all on this scene (don't use jpegs in any case, LW has a bug there.) we're talking about a very simple 2 keyframe camera move, that I'm trying to tweak the bezier handles on. And like I said, this is a persistent problem across the last 8 years or so.
the graph editor is set to track selection, but thats really the only change made to it. teh menus are stock, the configs are stock, no 3rd party plugins at all.
the hardware is stock with one exception, I have a fibre card for connecting to our san, but THAT shouldn't be a problem, its got nothing to do with display.
I did identify a bad graphics card in my system, but that was swapped out months ago, and both the ram and the current Card (ATI Radeon X1900) test just fine.
Thats why I started this thread. so that we had a forum to talk about things that are problems that have somehow escaped the notice of the dev team, because we have subconsciously edited them out of our workflow, lessening the value of LW. Then somebody at newtek made the thread sticky. I think your stability is partly due to having learned what not to do. I'm a stubborn sob. if there is a feature on the box, I want to have the availability to use it, without gotchas and restrictions. So I use it, and if I run into a problem, I try to speak up. I've had problems that are operator error, but crashes by definition cannot ever be operator error.
Please make sure you get a crash log in for that. I haven't seen that myself, and I keep the graph editor open quite often. A crash report in this case might lead us directly to the culprit.
1. Create a null and open the Graph Editor.
2. Go to Modifiers and Add Modifier - Audio Channel.
3. Add any Audio File.
4. Close the Audio Channel Panel.
5. Now try to Zoom around in the Graph Editor. Or try to do anything at all.
Now try this in Windows and you will see how it should work.
Yes, I know you've been through a lot and you know what you're doing. I tried to avoid inferring otherwise, sorry if that didn't come across. ( I did forget you started this thread however ). But let me assure you I'm well aware of the concept of knowing what not to do for stability's sake, and am judging my stability accordingly. I do avoid the things I asked about, but those have little to do with graph editor crashes, which have been very rare for me. Just puzzled, forget I asked.
Here's one I've never understood and that no one else seems to notice. Why are incidence angle gradients backwards in LW?
According to logic and the LW manual, a parameter value of "0" is "the angle (in degrees) of the surface relative to the Camera," or more simply put, '0 is the surface facing camera.' '90' degrees should be the visible surface facing furthest from camera. But an incidence angle grad in any channel operates just the opposite where instead, '0' values apply to the surface facing away, '90' values apply to the surface facing toward.
A sphere and plane with the same color gradient in a side and top view- pink=0 should face camera, and green=90 should face away from camera.
I've noticed it as well, but never got to actually ask anyone why things are the way they are.
Shortcuts including the combinaison beetwin a num key and shift or(and) alt don't work on azerty keyboards (i'm on a mac).
I just wonder how things like this slip so far under the radar. Then I guess its too late to change.
Shortcuts including the combination between a num key and shift or (and) alt don't work on AZERTY keyboards (I'm on a Mac).
That is most odd. I'll take a look.
Thank you, that would be perfect to solve this bug, you'll make happy french, german and other strange language users !
Another thread reminded me that for as long as I can recall, Object Vertice emitters emit from normals the same as Object Normal emitters.
Why are incidence angle gradients backwards in LW?
I think those incidence angle parameters are not "angles" at all.
Instead it's something like dot(v, n) where v - vector from surface point to the camera, and n - normal vector.
Which is equal to cos(angle). cos(0) = 1, cos(90) = 0, hence the reversed order.
Parameter values entered in the gradient interface are scaled to be in 0..90 range, so I think actual value is cos(angle)*90.
For example, actual angle value for parameter 80 is not 10 (i.e. 90-80) degrees, but apparently something around 26 degrees.
They are wrong - I noticed this when using Fprime which bizarrely seems to interpret them correctly. I flagged this up somewhere or other, Denis read and commented on my post, explained something about maths but confirmed it was reversed in LW, fogged it, and on one of the 9.5 OB releases I think you will find a comment from Chuck that incidence gradients now work correctly.
For a lot of my scenes, especially those with modestly complex IK setups, after a certain point, every time I open the file and then open the graph editor, more and more copies of the graph editor pop open. On one file I am up to 6. I know of no way to stop this.
its a general plugin thing. the graph editor is a plugin, sometimes LW gets confused and adds the plugin more than once, when you open the graph editor it invokes the plugin as many times as it is added to the scene... hence getting 6 windows.
I'm not in front of LW right now, but you need to find the general plugin window ( i may have my terminology a little off) , its usually in the utility area of layout, and you'll be able to see and remove this plugin. that "SHOULD" fix the problem.
it IS a bug tho, so I'd fill out a bug report.
the place you find these plugins is the Master Plugin List, found under the utility tab.
There seems to be a bug with the Object Sequencer, in the object properties panel.


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text:
Un compressore alternativo è un tipo di compressore volumetrico, e sfrutta il lavoro svolto da un motore (sia esso di tipo elettrico o termico) per aumentare la pressione di flusso gassoso, è utilizzato soprattutto nella compressione dell'aria (e in vari processi legati all'estrazione/trasporto/utilizzo di gas derivati dall'estrazione del petrolio oppure gas tecnici come azoto e ossigeno, e il fluido refrigerante all'interno degli impianti di aria condizionata.

Descrizione e Funzionamento del compressore d'aria
L'aria da comprimere è aspirata nel cilindro dall'insieme condotto di aspirazione/valvola di aspirazione, mentre quella compressa è espulsa dal cilindro verso l'insieme valvola di mandata/condotto di mandata, e solitamente a valle di quest'ultimo, è presente un serbatoio (detto "polmone") che serve a smorzare gli sbalzi di pressione/portata (pulsazioni) legati al moto alternativo del pistone, inoltre, se di grandi dimensioni permette d'avere una riserva/accumulo d'aria compressa in modo da non dover avere la necessità di mantenere sempre il compressore in moto.
Comunemente, i compressori alternativi sono azionati da motori elettrici, o in rari casi con motori a combustione interna (termici).

Componenti del compressore alternativo (generico)

Il compressore alternativo è costituito dalle seguenti parti principali.
Pistone: è l'organo deputato a comprimere il gas. Si muove di moto alternativo grazie ad un motore, al quale è collegato mediante un meccanismo biella-manovella. La superficie attiva del pistone, (quella a contatto con il gas) si muove tra il Punto Morto Superiore (PMS) ed il Punto Morto Inferiore (PMI), la distanza tra i due punti morti è detta corsa del pistone, inoltre sono muniti sia di fascia elastica sia dell'anello raschiaolio che servono a garantire la separazione tra la camera di compressione e la parte del manovellismo.
Cilindro: è la sede entro cui scorre il pistone.
Testata: è la parte superiore del cilindro, nella quale generalmente sono alloggiate le valvole.
Valvola di aspirazione: è una valvola che mette in comunicazione il condotto di aspirazione ed il cilindro, questa valvola è di tipo lamellare, quindi non è comandata ma automatica, ovvero si apre quando la pressione nel condotto di aspirazione è superiore a quella del cilindro, mentre si chiude nel caso contrario.
Valvola di mandata, è una valvola che mette in comunicazione il cilindro ed il condotto di mandata, questa valvola è del tipo lamellare, quindi non è comandata ma automatica, ovvero si apre automaticamente quando la pressione nel cilindro è superiore a quella nel condotto di mandata, mentre si chiude nel caso contrario.

Principio di funzionamento

Quando il pistone si trova al punto morto inferiore, la valvola di aspirazione commuta la sua posizione da aperta a chiusa, con la successiva corsa del pistone verso il punto morto superiore si ha un aumento della pressione del cilindro del compressore, fin quando la pressione presente in tale cilindro non supera quella presente nella bombola, la valvola di mandata rimane chiusa, tanto prima avviene e tanto maggiore è la quantità d'aria che verrà pompata nel serbatoio (durante questa fase la pressione rimane quasi costante), arrivati al PMS si ha la chiusura della valvola di mandata, con la successiva corsa del pistone verso il PMI si ha una riduzione della pressione all'interno del compressore e fino a quando la pressione diventa minore rispetto a quella esterna non si apre la valvola d'aspirazione.

Il ciclo descritto sopra è un ciclo ideale, mentre quello reale presenta delle differenze.
Quando il flusso attraversa le valvole, esse causano una perdita di carico nel gas. Per questo motivo in realtà la pressione del gas nel cilindro quando si apre la valvola di aspirazione è più alta di quella di mandata. Analogamente, la pressione che si ha quando si apre la valvola di aspirazione è in realtà inferiore a quella di aspirazione.
Inoltre occorre tenere presente l'inerzia delle valvole. Il ritardo nell'apertura della valvola di aspirazione provoca un picco di depressione in prossimità dell'apertura della stessa apertura, mentre il ritardo nell'apertura della valvola di mandata provoca un picco di sovrapressione in prossimità della stessa apertura.
Per queste ragioni principali il ciclo reale richiede un lavoro del motore superiore rispetto al caso ideale a parità di massa d'aria aspirata.

Campi di applicazione

Il compressore alternativo, è una macchina semplice e di tecnologia ormai matura.
Esso è preferito agli altri tipi di compressore per utilizzi domestici, o comunque per potenze installate molto limitate proprio grazie alla sua semplicità. Di uso quasi universale nella compressione dell'aria o di fluido refrigerante (salvo che per alte e altissime portate, dove si tende ad usare rispettivamente i compressori centrifughi e assiali multi-stadio) consente dei rapporti di compressione di 7:1 - 9:1 per stadio; si possono quindi raggiungere pressioni di mandata particolarmente alte, come nella ricarica dell'autorespiratore, in cui con 3 o 4 stadi si raggiungono pressioni di 250 bar e oltre.

Un esempio di applicazione in impianti industriali, è quello della produzione del polietilene a bassa densità (LDPE), dove vengono utilizzati particolari versioni di compressori alternativi, che partendo da una pressione di aspirazione del primo stadio di circa 150/200 bar, raggiungono una pressione in mandata del secondo stadio di circa 2900 bar (con speciali intercooler per il raffreddamento del gas compresso, in questo caso Etilene).

Anche in usi di processo, e quindi gas-lift, reinjection, pipeline o trattamento gas, si utilizza principalmente per portate limitate e alti rapporti di compressione, che possono essere raggiunti anche in configurazioni a più di uno stadio. (In tal caso il gas è compresso in sequenza da più pistoni in serie)

I modelli che necessitano di lubrificazione con olio, come nel caso dei compressori alternativi aperti (ossia caratterizzati da un albero terminante in una puleggia per l'azionamento da parte del motore termico) a piatto oscillante oppure a pistoni disposti a V usati negli impianti di climatizzazione per autoveicoli, non sono in genere adatti alla compressione di aria pulita, quale quella per uso medico o strumentale, a causa delle tracce di olio lubrificante in soluzione col fluido pompato richiesto per la lubrificazione dei cilindri e degli altri organi meccanici del compressore, anche con l'ausilio del separatore di rugiada. Esistono tuttavia modelli detti a secco che non usano olio (ma hanno forti limitazioni sui rapporti di compressione e delicata manutenzione).

Compressore a doppio effetto
il compressore, chiamato a doppio effetto, è in grado di sfruttare anche la corsa verso il PMI (punto morto inferiore) del pistone. Questa soluzione permette di incrementarne notevolmente l'efficienza e la portata, ma implica un diverso tipo di trasmissione, difatti è necessaria una TAC (testa a croce) tra il sistema biella/manovella e l'asta del pistone, in quanto l'asta dovrà essere sempre allineata all'insieme pistone/cilindro per consentire alla tenuta meccanica di poter separare correttamente la parte in pressione da quella di trasmissione.

Note

Voci correlate
Compressore
Pistone
Tenuta meccanica
Cilindro
Meccanismo biella-manovella
compressore assiale

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Compressori

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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O26. 2016 2017 2018 BillableSpecific Code Maternity Dx (12-55 years) Female Dx 3rd Trimester (28 weeks). Encounter for pregnancy test, result positive.


text:
Killer Burger announces Moda Center expansion
Updated: Jan. 10, 2019, 6:18 a.m. | Published: Sep. 09, 2013, 6:05 p.m.
By Michael Russell | The Oregonian/OregonLive
killer.JPG
The classic burger and fries at Killer Burger, which plans to open a location in the Moda Center in October.
(Beth Nakamura, The Oregonian)
Killer Burger plans to open a new location in the
Moda Center.
first spotted by
Eater PDX
, Killer Burger announced that their new location in the Trail Blazers arena would open in October, just in time for the start of the 2013-14 NBA season.
The over-the-top burger spot, known for its peanut-butter topped burgers and bottomless French fries,
currently has five locations
, one each in Hollywood, Sellwood, downtown Portland, Vancouver and Bingen, Wash.
-- Michael Russell

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
'The Hispanic Promise': A Hiring Pledge - 6:58
with Claudia Romo Edelman of the We Are All Human Foundation
https://comcastnewsmakers.com/Videos/2019/8/29/The-Hispanic-Promise-A-Hiring-Pledge
In 2018, the unemployment rate for Hispanics in the U.S. labor force reached a record low.
Claudia Romo Edelman, Founder of We Are All Human Foundation, discusses "The Hispanic Promise," an initiative to advance and empower Hispanic employees, customers and citizens.
Hosted by: Nathalia Ortiz Produced by: National Newsmakers Team
Ortiz: Hispanic and Latino-Americans are the largest ethnic minority in the U.S., comprising an estimated 17.8% of the population. Hello and welcome to "Comcast Newsmakers." I'm Nathalia Ortiz. There's a new collaborative effort underway to bring attention to the potential of the Hispanic community as a growth engine and an essential business opportunity. Claudia Romo Edelman, founder of We Are All Human Foundation, joins me to discuss this collaboration. Welcome.
Edelman: Thank you so much for having me here.
Ortiz: We are excited to have you, [and to have you talk about what this new initiative is about and what it's called and who does this affect.
Edelman: We absolutely want to empower Hispanics and unify them because Hispanics are powerful, but they don't know it. As a fact, 77% of Hispanics have no idea of their own contributions to the country. And therefore, instead of feeling big, they act small or think weak. And the other thing is that we're very fragmented. We're not a community. We're 26 different groups of origins. Mexicans don't talk to Colombians don't talk to Venezuelans. And what we're trying to do is unify their voices, their dreams so that we can have a shared agenda. And with that shared agenda, we're taking Hispanics everywhere where they have not been, like the United Nations, Davos, or Cannes. Ortiz: Claudia, we know that you're speaking specifically of Hispanics in the United States. And so this initiative that you talk about is called the Hispanic Promise. It's a relatively young initiative you launched just about six months ago, correct?
Edelman: That's right. We launched it at the World Economic Forum, realizing that there was no tool for corporate America to demonstrate that they care for the Hispanic community. And so we launched it in collaboration with more than 50 Hispanic organizations, launch it to say, "Corporate America, this is your opportunity to promise Hispanics that you will hire, promote, retain, and celebrate Hispanics in the workplace," because 74% of Hispanics have to pretend they're someone they're not in the workplace. And we have more than 60 companies that within six months have signed of the size of Unilever, Microsoft, SAP, Bank of America, and they keep coming. And we have an activation coming for Hispanic Heritage Month. Ortiz: So, what is the purpose exactly? In other words, why is this needed? Why do you think this is not already happening? Why are Hispanics not giving themselves the work that they deserve?
Edelman: Well, Hispanics are massive, but we feel underestimated, misrepresented, underrepresented, and undervalued, and that is because we have not been able to exercise our joint voice And in corporate America, when you have unemployment that is so low and Hispanics being so young, they want more talent, and the way to attract talent is going to be very, very important. And to my surprise, there were 50 pledges for women, 30 for African-American, but none for Hispanics. So having a tool to be able to express that you want to be Hispanic-friendly, that you want to create an inclusive environment where Hispanics don't have to pretend to be judged. They can be Jorge and be okay with that. And demonstrate all the Latino, bring themselves, their best selves to work, is very important. And the reaction has been incredible. We want to take the opportunity of a month like Hispanic Heritage Month to use it for something more substantive than a couple of hours of mariachi and tequila.
Ortiz: Right.
Edelman: I mean, we care. We love that everybody enjoys our tacos. It's great. But we want actually companies to demonstrate that they are there for our growth, for our investment, for our journey to our future. And a way to do it is to sign the Hispanic Promise. So, for people that are watching this program, check out if your company has signed it, and invite actually your leadership to consider doing something more during this month. We launch it at the beginning of Hispanic Heritage Month. We hope that we're gonna get a couple of dozen companies joining to demonstrate that they care.
Ortiz: Claudia, tell us a few of the companies that have already signed this, the Hispanic Promise, and what has been the outcome that you've seen, If you've seen any, if you've had the time already, if it's been --
Edelman: It's been incredible. So, we launched at the World Economic Forum with Microsoft hosting an event -- the first ever event in Davos, which was surprising with the amount of growth and the fact that there's no potential growth that companies that go to Davos can have without the Hispanic community. So it was surprising not to have an event for Hispanics there. And then to have that tool, you know, like, for corporate America to sign and say, like, "You know what? I want to actually engage in this. I want to retain more of my Hispanics. I want to be able to get the mechanisms in corporate America to have mentorships, sponsorships, and be very intentional about being there." So companies like Unilever, Microsoft, Bank of America, SAP, KIND, Nielsen, Edelman, Denstu are joining. We went to the Cannes Advertisement Festival to talk to marketers and look to the creative industry and saying, like, "Guys, there's no way] you can sell without our community, but don't go after our wallet only."
Edelman: "Go to our growth. Invest in us. Invest in our communities. Employ our people." Portrayal's better, and so we're getting a massive reaction.
Ortiz: Claudia, you know, I guess my question is, why wasn't it not done before? In other words, did they -- do you think that these companies or these executives that lead these companies didn't even know where to begin, didn't know where to go to find these people? Or do you think that they just were kind of asleep at the wheel?
Edelman: I think that the time for Hispanics is now. There's never been a time for us where we're so strong, where we're so young, where we are have so much potential, and it is just that we're waking up. Imagine that 77% of Hispanics have no idea of their own power. But imagine if that number went down, what would happen? So it is a unique time in which we've never been stronger, and that you know, corporate America is in absolute desperate need to hire us and be able to sell to us as well. So we have to be conscious about the power that we have, and we have to actually -- in order for companies and for the rest of the country to be accessing this promised land that we are Hispanics, they have to make a promise to us, and I think that it never happened because we never asked for it before.
Ortiz: Claudia Romo Edelman, thank you so much for joining us from the We Are All Human Foundation.
Edelman: Thank you so much for having me.
Ortiz: All right, and thank you for joining us as well. For more great conversations with leaders in your community and across the nation, visit comcastnewsmakers.com. I'm Nathalia Ortiz.
#National #Economy and Business #Community
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Getting our kids ready for the real world can take a lot of work, but one local organization is providing a unique avenue to a better future. Angela Fisher, President and CEO of Junior Achievement of Southwest Florida, discusses their program.
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Hace varias décadas, una organización se ha centrado en educar a los niños en nuestra comunidad. Pero su enfoque no es solo en la ciudad, pero en las zonas rurales de la zona. Para hablar sobre esa mision, Juana Brown, Directora de Escuelas Charter para la Asociación de Migrantes Cristianos de Redlands, habla sobre su organizacion.
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La promesa hispana: Un compromiso con el desarrollo - 6:58
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Examining Equality: LGBTQ Pride Month Highlights
Examining Equality: LGBTQ Pride Month Highlights - 1:00
Fifty years following the historic Stonewall Riots, Comcast Newsmakers spotlights America's diverse LGBTQ community with an in-depth exploration into the state of equality. Watch now at Comcast Newsmakers' Pride Month 2019 destination.
https://comcastnewsmakers.com/Videos/2019/6/12/Pride-Month-Sizzle-Reel-2019


text:
Supply Path Optimization
August 20, 2017 by Eric Berry
Publishers love header bidding, and DSPs hate it. Where once there was a single SSP bidding into their inventory, now there are many - concurrently. That said, SSPs generally don't represent unique demand (for commoditized (banner) inventory - some SSPs do, though - notably Google, AOL and AppNexus, which have their own DSPs that bias towards their own inventory). The demand lies with the DSPs that are generally plugged into every SSP. DSPs use some element of randomness in their bidding algorithms, either for pacing or to learn the prices at which publisher inventory tends to clear or perform for a given campaign. DSPs now see the same impression from multiple sources and effectively are forced to choose a random number a dozen times instead of a single time. When you choose a random number, say from 1-10, the expected value is 5.5. The expected value of choosing the maximum of two random numbers, each independently selected from 1-10, is 7. The more trials, the higher the expected outcome gets. This correlates indirectly to DSPs having a higher expected maximum bid across multiple inventory sources for the same impression than if they only bid on that impression a single time.
Further, imagine a DSP that has significant scale in the market. On every single impression, the DSP analyzes every single campaign to determine whether its targeting permits it to bid on that impression, and if so, how much to bid (plus storing the data for the impressions, processing it, etc). If there are tens of thousands of campaigns, this becomes a significant cost for the DSP. If it's the same impression over and over, the DSP is incurring a material increase to its hardware costs to process all these bids, and also, as discussed above, yielding maximum bids that are likely higher than if it only saw that impression once. This undermines the DSP in two different ways - it has to pay more to see the same amount of inventory and its performance is worse for its customers.
DSPs are now presented with the option to reach publisher inventory through a number of different channels. For years, the DSPs have been complaining about all sorts of SSP activities that deviate from a pure 2nd price auction - every exchange does all sorts of things. The most egregious are things like cascading floors (differential floors based on the price you bid - meaning a poor man's first price auction masquerading as a second price auction), DSP floor groups (different DSPs have different floors based on their groups, so it's more expensive for some buyers through certain sources), etc. All this has yielded a world where DSPs have the incentive to perform supply path optimization. This means DSPs will start to look at, for any given publisher, what is the least expensive means to reach that publisher. An SSP that has a higher fee will be more expensive than an SSP that has a lower fee, all things considered. An SSP that purports to be a second price auction and approximates a first price auction (meaning the DSP uses second price optimization but doesn't benefit from it) will also be more expensive. Thus DSPs can review the cost of acquiring inventory and the performance of the inventory acquired from each source and determine which is the best route to take. It will then shut off or materially bias against the other sources. This means that a DSP will stop bidding against itself and will stop processing duplicate inventory.
It is likely not the case that every DSP will optimize the supply path to the same SSP. This means that for publisher A, DSP 1 may choose SSP X, whereas DSP 2 may choose SSP Y, based on their internal optimization strategies. On publisher B, DSP 1 may choose SSP Y and DSP 2 may choose SSP X. Alternatively, DSP 1 may (but probably won't) choose SSP X for all inventory, and only SSP X. If this plays out as described above, publishers will continue to work with multiple SSPs, but will see less or no uplift from adding more than a few partners. It also means that competition over margins may exist for some period of time, but then as optimization paths are selected, reach some sort of steady state - and may actually increase again if the SSPs determine that they have been selected for a publisher and there is nominal change in the demand based on the margin they take. This outcome assumes a relatively fixed optimization structure, where the DSP chooses an SSP for a publisher and basically only listens to that source. It may also be the case that the DSPs limit themselves to a single source, but sample impressions from other channels on an ongoing basis, continuing to conduct supply path optimization to publisher inventory based on continuous A/B testing. This would required continued analysis but would also ensure that competition continues for margins and auction dynamics.
The point is that supply path optimization may have an interesting effect of reducing the upside for publishers from header bidding, and reducing the competitive pressure that SSPs are exerting on each other - once they reach a certain detente. This is an interesting and somewhat counterintuitive outcome, and it's potentially not correct. Nonetheless, it's interesting to keep thinking about what will happen as DSPs take power back in the header bidding context.
August 20, 2017 /Eric Berry
Header Bidding, Supply Chain


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Overview

        The replication feature of Apache HBase (TM) provides a way to copy data between HBase deployments. It
        can serve as a disaster recovery solution and can contribute to provide
        higher availability at the HBase layer. It can also serve more practically;
        for example, as a way to easily copy edits from a web-facing cluster to a "MapReduce"
        cluster which will process old and new data and ship back the results
        automatically.

        The basic architecture pattern used for Apache HBase replication is (HBase cluster) master-push;
        it is much easier to keep track of what’s currently being replicated since
        each region server has its own write-ahead-log (aka WAL or HLog), just like
        other well known solutions like MySQL master/slave replication where
        there’s only one bin log to keep track of. One master cluster can
        replicate to any number of slave clusters, and each region server will
        participate to replicate their own stream of edits. For more information
        on the different properties of master/slave replication and other types
        of replication, please consult
        How Google Serves Data From Multiple Datacenters.

        The replication is done asynchronously, meaning that the clusters can
        be geographically distant, the links between them can be offline for
        some time, and rows inserted on the master cluster won’t be
        available at the same time on the slave clusters (eventual consistency).

        The replication format used in this design is conceptually the same as

        MySQL’s statement-based replication . Instead of SQL statements, whole
        WALEdits (consisting of multiple cell inserts coming from the clients'
        Put and Delete) are replicated in order to maintain atomicity.

        The HLogs from each region server are the basis of HBase replication,
        and must be kept in HDFS as long as they are needed to replicate data
        to any slave cluster. Each RS reads from the oldest log it needs to
        replicate and keeps the current position inside ZooKeeper to simplify
        failure recovery. That position can be different for every slave
        cluster, same for the queue of HLogs to process.

        The clusters participating in replication can be of asymmetric sizes
        and the master cluster will do its “best effort” to balance the stream
        of replication on the slave clusters by relying on randomization.

        As of version 0.92, Apache HBase supports master/master and cyclic
        replication as well as replication to multiple slaves.

Enabling replication

        The guide on enabling and using cluster replication is contained
        in the API documentation shipped with your Apache HBase distribution.

        The most up-to-date documentation is

        available at this address.

Life of a log edit

        The following sections describe the life of a single edit going from a
        client that communicates with a master cluster all the way to a single
        slave cluster.

Normal processing

          The client uses an API that sends a Put, Delete or ICV to a region
          server. The key values are transformed into a WALEdit by the region
          server and is inspected by the replication code that, for each family
          that is scoped for replication, adds the scope to the edit. The edit
          is appended to the current WAL and is then applied to its MemStore.

          In a separate thread, the edit is read from the log (as part of a batch)
          and only the KVs that are replicable are kept (that is, that they are part
          of a family scoped GLOBAL in the family's schema, non-catalog so not
          .META. or -ROOT-, and did not originate in the target slave cluster - in
          case of cyclic replication).

          The edit is then tagged with the master's cluster UUID.
          When the buffer is filled, or the reader hits the end of the file,
          the buffer is sent to a random region server on the slave cluster.

          Synchronously, the region server that receives the edits reads them
          sequentially and separates each of them into buffers, one per table.
          Once all edits are read, each buffer is flushed using the normal HBase
          client (HTables managed by a HTablePool). This is done in order to
          leverage parallel insertion (MultiPut).
          The master's cluster UUID is retained in the edits applied at the
          slave cluster in order to allow cyclic replication.

          Back in the master cluster's region server, the offset for the current
          WAL that's being replicated is registered in ZooKeeper.

Non-responding slave clusters

          The edit is inserted in the same way.

          In the separate thread, the region server reads, filters and buffers
          the log edits the same way as during normal processing. The slave
          region server that's contacted doesn't answer to the RPC, so the master
          region server will sleep and retry up to a configured number of times.
          If the slave RS still isn't available, the master cluster RS will select a
          new subset of RS to replicate to and will retry sending the buffer of
          edits.

          In the mean time, the WALs will be rolled and stored in a queue in
          ZooKeeper. Logs that are archived by their region server (archiving is
          basically moving a log from the region server's logs directory to a
          central logs archive directory) will update their paths in the in-memory
          queue of the replicating thread.

          When the slave cluster is finally available, the buffer will be applied
          the same way as during normal processing. The master cluster RS will then
          replicate the backlog of logs.

Internals

        This section describes in depth how each of replication's internal
        features operate.

Replication Zookeeper State

            HBase replication maintains all of its state in Zookeeper. By default, this state is
            contained in the base znode:

                /hbase/replication

            There are three major child znodes in the base replication znode:

State znode: /hbase/replication/state

Peers znode: /hbase/replication/peers

RS znode: /hbase/replication/rs

The State znode

                The state znode indicates whether or not replication is enabled on the cluster
                corresponding to this zookeeper quorum. It does not have any child znodes and simply
                contains a boolean value. This value is initialized on startup based on the
                hbase.replication config parameter in the hbase-site.xml file. The status
                value is read/maintained by the ReplicationZookeeper.ReplicationStatusTracker
                class. It is also cached locally using an AtomicBoolean in the ReplicationZookeeper
                class. This value can be changed on a live cluster using the stop_replication
                command available through the hbase shell.

                /hbase/replication/state [VALUE: true]

The Peers znode

                The peers znode contains a list of all peer replication clusters and the
                current replication state of those clusters. It has one child peer znode
                for each peer cluster. The peer znode is named with the cluster id provided
                by the user in the HBase shell. The value of the peer znode contains
                the peers cluster key provided by the user in the HBase Shell. The cluster key
                contains a list of zookeeper nodes in the clusters quorum, the client port for the
                zookeeper quorum, and the base znode for HBase
                (i.e. “zk1.host.com,zk2.host.com,zk3.host.com:2181:/hbase”).

                /hbase/replication/peers
                    /1 [Value: zk1.host.com,zk2.host.com,zk3.host.com:2181:/hbase]
                    /2 [Value: zk5.host.com,zk6.host.com,zk7.host.com:2181:/hbase]

                Each of these peer znodes has a child znode that indicates whether or not
                replication is enabled on that peer cluster. These peer-state znodes do not
                have child znodes and simply contain a boolean value (i.e. ENABLED or DISABLED).
                This value is read/maintained by the ReplicationPeer.PeerStateTracker class.
                It is also cached locally using an AtomicBoolean in the ReplicationPeer class.

                /hbase/replication/peers
                    /1/peer-state [Value: ENABLED]
                    /2/peer-state [Value: DISABLED]

The RS znode

                The rs znode contains a list of all outstanding HLog files in the cluster
                that need to be replicated. The list is divided into a set of queues organized by
                region server and the peer cluster the region server is shipping the HLogs to. The
                rs znode has one child znode for each region server in the cluster. The child
                znode name is simply the regionserver name (a concatenation of the region server’s
                hostname, client port and start code). These region servers could either be dead or alive.

                /hbase/replication/rs
                    /hostname.example.org,6020,1234
                    /hostname2.example.org,6020,2856

                Within each region server znode, the region server maintains a set of HLog replication
                queues. Each region server has one queue for every peer cluster it replicates to.
                These queues are represented by child znodes named using the cluster id of the peer
                cluster they represent (see the peer znode section).

                /hbase/replication/rs
                    /hostname.example.org,6020,1234
                        /1
                        /2

                Each queue has one child znode for every HLog that still needs to be replicated.
                The value of these HLog child znodes is the latest position that has been replicated.
                This position is updated every time a HLog entry is replicated.

                /hbase/replication/rs
                    /hostname.example.org,6020,1234
                        /1
                            23522342.23422 [VALUE: 254]
                            12340993.22342 [VALUE: 0]

Configuration Parameters

Zookeeper znode paths

                All of the base znode names are configurable through parameters:

                    Parameter
                    Default Value

                    zookeeper.znode.parent
                    /hbase

                    zookeeper.znode.replication
                    replication

                    zookeeper.znode.replication.peers
                    peers

                    zookeeper.znode.replication.peers.state
                    peer-state

                    zookeeper.znode.replication.rs
                    rs

                The default replication znode structure looks like the following:

                /hbase/replication/state
                /hbase/replication/peers/{peerId}/peer-state
                /hbase/replication/rs

Other parameters

hbase.replication (Default: false) - Controls whether replication is enabled
                or disabled for the cluster.

replication.sleep.before.failover (Default: 2000) - The amount of time a failover
                worker waits before attempting to replicate a dead region server’s HLog queues.

replication.executor.workers (Default: 1) - The number of dead region servers
                one region server should attempt to failover simultaneously.

Choosing region servers to replicate to

          When a master cluster RS initiates a replication source to a slave cluster,
          it first connects to the slave's ZooKeeper ensemble using the provided
          cluster key (that key is composed of the value of hbase.zookeeper.quorum,
          zookeeper.znode.parent and hbase.zookeeper.property.clientPort). It
          then scans the "rs" directory to discover all the available sinks
          (region servers that are accepting incoming streams of edits to replicate)
          and will randomly choose a subset of them using a configured
          ratio (which has a default value of 10%). For example, if a slave
          cluster has 150 machines, 15 will be chosen as potential recipient for
          edits that this master cluster RS will be sending. Since this is done by all
          master cluster RSs, the probability that all slave RSs are used is very high,
          and this method works for clusters of any size. For example, a master cluster
          of 10 machines replicating to a slave cluster of 5 machines with a ratio
          of 10% means that the master cluster RSs will choose one machine each
          at random, thus the chance of overlapping and full usage of the slave
          cluster is higher.

Keeping track of logs

          Every master cluster RS has its own znode in the replication znodes hierarchy.
          It contains one znode per peer cluster (if 5 slave clusters, 5 znodes
          are created), and each of these contain a queue
          of HLogs to process. Each of these queues will track the HLogs created
          by that RS, but they can differ in size. For example, if one slave
          cluster becomes unavailable for some time then the HLogs should not be deleted,
          thus they need to stay in the queue (while the others are processed).
          See the section named "Region server failover" for an example.

          When a source is instantiated, it contains the current HLog that the
          region server is writing to. During log rolling, the new file is added
          to the queue of each slave cluster's znode just before it's made available.
          This ensures that all the sources are aware that a new log exists
          before HLog is able to append edits into it, but this operations is
          now more expensive.
          The queue items are discarded when the replication thread cannot read
          more entries from a file (because it reached the end of the last block)
          and that there are other files in the queue.
          This means that if a source is up-to-date and replicates from the log
          that the region server writes to, reading up to the "end" of the
          current file won't delete the item in the queue.

          When a log is archived (because it's not used anymore or because there's
          too many of them per hbase.regionserver.maxlogs typically because insertion
          rate is faster than region flushing), it will notify the source threads that the path
          for that log changed. If the a particular source was already done with
          it, it will just ignore the message. If it's in the queue, the path
          will be updated in memory. If the log is currently being replicated,
          the change will be done atomically so that the reader doesn't try to
          open the file when it's already moved. Also, moving a file is a NameNode
          operation so, if the reader is currently reading the log, it won't
          generate any exception.

Reading, filtering and sending edits

          By default, a source will try to read from a log file and ship log
          entries as fast as possible to a sink. This is first limited by the
          filtering of log entries; only KeyValues that are scoped GLOBAL and
          that don't belong to catalog tables will be retained. A second limit
          is imposed on the total size of the list of edits to replicate per slave,
          which by default is 64MB. This means that a master cluster RS with 3 slaves
          will use at most 192MB to store data to replicate. This doesn't account
          the data filtered that wasn't garbage collected.

          Once the maximum size of edits was buffered or the reader hits the end
          of the log file, the source thread will stop reading and will choose
          at random a sink to replicate to (from the list that was generated by
          keeping only a subset of slave RSs). It will directly issue a RPC to
          the chosen machine and will wait for the method to return. If it's
          successful, the source will determine if the current file is emptied
          or if it should continue to read from it. If the former, it will delete
          the znode in the queue. If the latter, it will register the new offset
          in the log's znode. If the RPC threw an exception, the source will retry
          10 times until trying to find a different sink.

Cleaning logs

          If replication isn't enabled, the master's logs cleaning thread will
          delete old logs using a configured TTL. This doesn't work well with
          replication since archived logs passed their TTL may still be in a
          queue. Thus, the default behavior is augmented so that if a log is
          passed its TTL, the cleaning thread will lookup every queue until it
          finds the log (while caching the ones it finds). If it's not found,
          the log will be deleted. The next time it has to look for a log,
          it will first use its cache.

Region server failover

          As long as region servers don't fail, keeping track of the logs in ZK
          doesn't add any value. Unfortunately, they do fail, so since ZooKeeper
          is highly available we can count on it and its semantics to help us
          managing the transfer of the queues.

          All the master cluster RSs keep a watcher on every other one of them to be
          notified when one dies (just like the master does). When it happens,
          they all race to create a znode called "lock" inside the dead RS' znode
          that contains its queues. The one that creates it successfully will
          proceed by transferring all the queues to its own znode (one by one
          since ZK doesn't support the rename operation) and will delete all the
          old ones when it's done. The recovered queues' znodes will be named
          with the id of the slave cluster appended with the name of the dead
          server.

          Once that is done, the master cluster RS will create one new source thread per
          copied queue, and each of them will follow the read/filter/ship pattern.
          The main difference is that those queues will never have new data since
          they don't belong to their new region server, which means that when
          the reader hits the end of the last log, the queue's znode will be
          deleted and the master cluster RS will close that replication source.

          For example, consider a master cluster with 3 region servers that's
          replicating to a single slave with id '2'. The following hierarchy
          represents what the znodes layout could be at some point in time. We
          can see the RSs' znodes all contain a "peers" znode that contains a
          single queue. The znode names in the queues represent the actual file
          names on HDFS in the form "address,port.timestamp".

/hbase/replication/rs/
                      1.1.1.1,60020,123456780/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.1,60020.1234  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.1,60020.1265
                      1.1.1.2,60020,123456790/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1214  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1248
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1312
                      1.1.1.3,60020,    123456630/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1280  (Contains a position)

          Now let's say that 1.1.1.2 loses its ZK session. The survivors will race
          to create a lock, and for some reasons 1.1.1.3 wins. It will then start
          transferring all the queues to its local peers znode by appending the
          name of the dead server. Right before 1.1.1.3 is able to clean up the
          old znodes, the layout will look like the following:

/hbase/replication/rs/
                      1.1.1.1,60020,123456780/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.1,60020.1234  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.1,60020.1265
                      1.1.1.2,60020,123456790/
                          lock
                          2/
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1214  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1248
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1312
                      1.1.1.3,60020,123456630/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1280  (Contains a position)

                          2-1.1.1.2,60020,123456790/
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1214  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1248
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1312

          Some time later, but before 1.1.1.3 is able to finish replicating the
          last HLog from 1.1.1.2, let's say that it dies too (also some new logs
          were created in the normal queues). The last RS will then try to lock
          1.1.1.3's znode and will begin transferring all the queues. The new
          layout will be:

/hbase/replication/rs/
                      1.1.1.1,60020,123456780/
                          2/
                              1.1.1.1,60020.1378  (Contains a position)

                          2-1.1.1.3,60020,123456630/
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1325  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1401

                          2-1.1.1.2,60020,123456790-1.1.1.3,60020,123456630/
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1312  (Contains a position)
                      1.1.1.3,60020,123456630/
                          lock
                          2/
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1325  (Contains a position)
                              1.1.1.3,60020.1401

                          2-1.1.1.2,60020,123456790/
                              1.1.1.2,60020.1312  (Contains a position)

FAQ

GLOBAL means replicate? Any provision to replicate only to cluster X and not to cluster Y? or is that for later?

          Yes, this is for much later.

You need a bulk edit shipper? Something that allows you transfer 64MB of edits in one go?

          You can use the HBase-provided utility called CopyTable from the package
          org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce in order to have a discp-like tool to
          bulk copy data.

Is it a mistake that WALEdit doesn't carry Put and Delete objects, that we have to reinstantiate not only when replicating but when replaying edits also?

          Yes, this behavior would help a lot but it's not currently available
          in HBase (BatchUpdate had that, but it was lost in the new API).

Known bugs/missing features

        Here's a list of all the jiras that relate to major issues or missing
        features in the replication implementation.

            HBASE-2611, basically if a region server dies while recovering the
            queues of another dead RS, we will miss the data from the queues
            that weren't copied.

                 Last Published: 2014-01-10
               | Version: 0.94.16

Copyright ©                    2014
                        The Apache Software Foundation.
            All Rights Reserved.  Apache Hadoop, Hadoop, HDFS, HBase and the HBase project logo are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
O'SULLIVAN'S FANS DON'T HATE SELBY FOR NOTHING. MARK DIVERSITY SNOOKER AND MOTIVATES RONNIE
"I thought he was a little disrespectful to the sport," a sad and tired Mark Selby murmured after the lost decider. "Not many people get out of snooker at 100 miles per hour. Usually, the players try to figure out what kind of kick to take to get you in trouble, but he did exactly what I said throughout the match." For fans of Ronnie O'Sullivan after the victory in the decisive frame of the semifinals of the World Cup, this monologue was another reason to walk on the principled opponent.
"Not sure what Ronnie's disrespect is when Selby spends eight minutes on a kick and forever to get a cue," one viewer tweeted. "Selby is so boring. Ronnie is always a pleasure to keep an eye on," added another. Here are a few more posts perfectly illustrating the attitude of Rocket fans to Mark: "When Ronnie finishes his career, snooker will be on his knees. No one would want to look at players like Selby, "Isn't it just as disrespectful to go to the table when you need three or four snookers?", "Nobody wanted to see you in the final," "Only people from Leicester or boring snooker fans wanted Selby to win."
Fair Play is one of the unique snooker differences from any other sport. Players admit to being fouled and upset by the flukes in their favor. Regardless of the rivalry, snooker players almost always respect each other, rarely engage in a trickle and usually apologize after unpleasant words on emotions. The same goes for fans, but O'Sullivan's match against Selby is an exception. On them, Ronnie's fans are not shy about showing hatred for Mark and call his tactics anti-Snooker.
The main reason for this attitude is Mark's style. Rocket and The Joker from Leicester are snooker antipodes with no contact. One acts at the table brightly and even hooligans, is among the five fastest players of the tour and masterfully the series, the other has won a huge number of trophies and broke to the top of the rankings at the expense of intelligence.
One is gifted so that even the most brilliant victories seem mediocre, the other learned to torture opponents and contrasted the mentality of genius. One does not have to think – the idea of the right impact and the ability to execute it are taken from him as if by themselves from the same source, which prompted the right words to Shakespeare. The other achieved greatness solely through the ability to think and turned the game into the same art as attacking strikes.
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Либетенит — редкий вторичный минерал из класса фосфатов, относится к группе оливенита. Открыт в 1823 году в шахтёрском городе Любетова (Словакия), в честь немецкого названия которого  (Libethen) и получил своё имя. Растворим в кислотах и аммиаке.

Кристаллография

Оптические свойства

Формы выделения

Либетенит выделяется в виде короткопризматических кристаллов. На гранях кристаллов характерна вертикальная штриховка или бороздчатость. Встречаются радиально-лучистые, почкоподобные и шаровидные агрегаты, сферолиты, мелкие щётки и друзы кристаллов.

Образование
Либетенит относится к вторичным минералам. Встречается в зонах окисления медных месторождений, где ассоциирует с малахитом, азуритом, пироморфитом, псевдомалахитом, лимонитом, атакамитом.

Химический состав

Месторождения
Либетенит встречается в Словакии (Любетова), Португалии (Эвора) и Бельгии (Люксембург).

Примечания

Литература
 Werner (1789) Bergmaennusches Journal, Freiberg (Neues Bergmannische Journal): 382, 385 (as Olivenerz).
 Hausmann, J.F.L. (1813) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen: 1036 (as Blättricher Olivenmalachite).
 Debray (1861) Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences de Paris: 52: 44.
 Goldschmidt, V. (1918) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 5: 149.
 Guillemin, G. (1956): Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. II. Phosphates et vanadates. Bull. Soc. franç. Minéral. Cristallogr., 79: 219—275.

Кристаллы ромбической сингонии
Фосфаты (минералы)
Минералы меди