text:
Remote versus on-site proctored exam: Comparing student results in a cross-sectional study
Tagged: Education
Authors: Vasiliki Andreou1, Sanne Peters1,2,3, Jan Eggermont4, Johan Wens5 and Birgitte Schoenmakers1
1 Department of Public Health and Primacy Care, KU Leuven, Academic Center for General Practice, Kapucijnenvoer 7 -Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected assessment practices in medical education necessitating distancing from the traditional classroom. However, safeguarding academic integrity is of particular importance for high-stakes medical exams. We utilised remote proctoring to administer safely and reliably a proficiency-test for admission to the Advanced Master of General Practice (AMGP). We compared exam results of the remote proctored exam group to those of the on-site proctored exam group.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was adopted with candidates applying for admission to the AMGP. We developed and applied a proctoring software operating on three levels to register suspicious events: recording actions, analysing behaviour, and live supervision. We performed a Mann-Whitney U test to compare exam results from the remote proctored to the on-site proctored group. To get more insight into candidates' perceptions about proctoring, a posttest questionnaire was administered. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to explore quantitative data, while qualitative data were thematically analysed.
Results: In total, 472 (79%) candidates took the proficiency-test using the proctoring software, while 121 (20%) were on-site with live supervision. The results indicated that the proctoring type does not influence exam results. Out of 472 candidates, 304 filled in the post-test questionnaire. Two factors were extracted from the analysis and identified as candidates' appreciation of proctoring and as emotional distress because of proctoring. Four themes were identified in the thematic analysis providing more insight on candidates' emotional well-being.
Conclusions: A comparison of exam results revealed that remote proctoring could be a viable solution for administering high-stakes medical exams. With regards to candidates' educational experience, remote proctoring was met with mixed feelings. Potential privacy issues and increased test anxiety should be taken into consideration when choosing a proctoring protocol. Future research should explore generalizability of these results utilising other proctoring systems in medical education and in other educational settings.
Keywords: General practice, Medical education, Summative evaluation, Online assessment, Remote proctoring
Maintaining academic integrity in exam settings has been a long-standing challenge for medical educators [1]. In high-stakes medical exams, academic integrity and security is of paramount importance. This type of assessment is suitable for traditional face-to-face education, considering all students are simultaneously assessed, and that discourages cheating. Increased levels of cheating are expected outside the traditional assessment setting. This expectation has deterred offering alternatives for highstakes medical exams outside the classroom and requiring an on-site proctor.
However, the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected assessment in medical education programs [2]. The COVID-19 countermeasures require sufficient physical distance before and during exams accommodating smaller student groups per exam session. In an online assessment environment, proctoring could be challenging and logistically burdensome. The necessity of guaranteeing safe but academically integral online exams has become imperative more than ever.
Remote proctoring could potentially offer a viable solution for administering high-stakes medical exams. Although it is a common practice in the realm of online courses and formative assessment, it has been underutilised in high-stakes assessments [3]. Literature about remote proctoring in high-stakes exams is relatively diverse. The big body of work focuses on discussing the potential advantages of utilizing remote proctoring for safeguarding academic integrity, test-taker behaviour, and how to combat inappropriate behaviour [2, 4–6]. To a lesser degree, research explores usability and user reactions about remote proctoring and it mostly discusses potential implementation issues, obstacles, and technical difficulties that might arise [7–10].
When it comes to evaluation research and exploring the impact of remote proctoring on student outcomes, the available literature mainly compares proctored to unproctored exams [11–14]. This research suggests that unproctored exams are prone to higher levels of cheating in comparison to proctored environments. In medical education, erroneous decisions in high-stakes exams may have harmful consequences to patients and high-quality care. To date, there is little evidence about comparability of exam outcomes between remote and on-site proctored high-stakes exams [15, 16]. Therefore, this study aims at contributing to evaluation research by comparing exam results of an on-site proctored high-stakes medical exam to those of a remote proctored high-stakes medical exam using our proctoring software. Additionally, we report on candidates' educational experience to further comprehend test-taker behaviour [17–19].
This study took place within the Flemish Advanced Master's in General Practice (AMGP), in Belgium. The AMGP is formally organized and offered by four Flemish universities (KU Leuven, University of Antwerp, University of Ghent, VUB). This collaboration comprises common administration, curriculum, examinations, and residencies, but separate residents' registration to the university of their choice. Given we have over 900 residents in the AMGP training, exam planning is a complex logistical and administrative process. Therefore, we built more than a decade ago an intelligent, comprehensive, and interactive digital assessment platform. Our platform offers the interface for summative and formative knowledge testing (in six questions formats), Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE)-performance, and proficiency-testing.
Proficiency-testing takes place outside the regular exam regulations and is organised by the four universities together. The test comprises three stages starting with an administrative stage, followed by an actual exam, and finalized by a jury exam for candidates who failed the exam in stage two. The actual exam is an online machineassisted test that runs on the digital assessment platform and consists of three components: knowledge testing, critical reasoning testing and situational judgment testing. The whole procedure has been running since 2016 and has proven its reliability, validity, acceptability, and feasibility in this format [18, 19].
The necessity of respecting COVID-19 countermeasures but adhering to the original exam format forced us to implement a remote proctored exam to prevent fraud. Therefore, we developed a proctoring software which was tracking and tracing candidates' behaviour during the exam. The technology we built and applied goes beyond the traditional proctored systems where focus lies on recording sound and image [20].
Materials and software
In collaboration with the developers of the assessment platform and in discussion with the coordinators of the AMGP, we determined the criteria and conditions to design the proctoring software based on our assessment platform. That implies that the software is not immediately available for third parties because of potential compatibility issues. Specifically, we integrated an Application Programming Interface software (Vonage APIs) within our assessment platform. The Vonage APIs software enabled to record and interact with the candidates live. Along with this software, we implemented several metrics to detect events implicating suspicious behaviour (Fig. 1). Suspicious events were defined as: switch to another browser, return to page, close page, disconnection from internet and sound/noise.
During the proficiency-test exam, the system recorded three channels: the computer screen, the camera, and the microphone. The proctoring software operated on three levels: recording of actions, analysis of behaviour and live proctoring. These recordings were immediately encrypted and saved on a secured server. Additionally, the software used an algorithm of pattern recognition in responses, clicking behaviour and timestamp analysis. It also analysed both individual and group behaviour with correlations across candidates. Every suspicious event was given a score equal to .1. A candidate scoring .5 or higher was considered suspicious. The tracking was stored in the users' browser and sent to the server after every 20 non-suspicious events or when a suspicious event occurred. When the suspicious rating was above .5, the exam submission was flagged and a report on the suspicious behaviour was downloaded for assessment.
Remote proctoring allowed for optional human oversight during the examination. The human proctor could immediately join the live feed of each candidate to obtain more information or to send a warning via a private message. In case of a software crash, affected candidates were switched to Safe Exam Browser (SEB), which was integrated in our assessment platform. SEB allowed only the exam interface to remain accessible on the machine. To avoid unnecessary pressure on the IT-capacity, we decided not to run the proctoring software along with SEB. In addition to the technical solution, we expected the software to have an impact on candidates' behaviour regarding fraud prevention. Candidates were comprehensively briefed in advance on how to install the software, on how to test it, and on the specific features of the proctoring software by an animation movie.
A voluntary panel tested the software in two sessions. During the first session, the participants were ordered to behave in a suspicious manner: talking, making noise, turning away from the screen, using the internet, etc.
Afterwards, we made the following adjustments to the software and the procedure: we isolated the sound-suspicious level from the other suspicious testing events, because of sensitivity of sound detection. We also increased the overall suspicious level from .5 to 1 to take sound sensitivity into account.
The intervention took place during the regular exam period of the proficiency-test for admission to the AMGP. All participants were candidates applying for admission. To take the exam, candidates were free to register for either remote or on-site participation. On campus, a human proctor was present, and candidates used the campus gear. Candidates that chose a remote option could simultaneously take the exam. For remote proctoring, we engaged an experienced proctoring team of six staff members. The human proctors were able to send online notifications or warnings to candidates who were behaving suspiciously, and they intervened in case of technical issues. The developers of the software were also fully available during the exam to provide technical assistance, if necessary.
The actual exam and the associated procedures were set up as in previous years: all candidates completed the same exam and candidates who failed the machineassisted exam (the actual exam) were invited to a jury exam one week later. Candidates for whom suspicious behaviour was flagged during the exam or in post-exam analyses were also invited to the jury exam.
To get an insight into candidates' perceptions about proctoring, we administered a post- test survey in the form of an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was sent only to candidates having participated in the remote proctored exam. Filling the questionnaire was on anonymous and voluntary basis. Candidates were asked whether they were taking the proficiency-test for the first time to avoid any effects due to retakes (e.g., test anxiety). Respondents had to specify their level of agreement or disagreement in a 6-point Likert scale for six items regarding proctoring. In addition, candidates could explain how they perceived the influence of proctoring on their exam experience and exam outcome. Figure 2 displays a list of the survey questions. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was granted by the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of the KU Leuven with the following approval number: G-2020-2262-R2(MAR).
We compared exam results based on the proctoring type by using the Mann-Whitney U test, since our data were not normally distributed. The effect size was calculated based on the z-score from the test-statistic, as follows: =√zN [21]. To analyse the post-test questionnaire, we performed an exploratory factor analysis to understand patterns related to candidates' perceptions about proctoring [22]. We used an oblique rotation, since we expected some correlation among factors [23]. The reliability of the scale was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha [24]. We analysed quantitative data with SPSS 27 (IBM SPSS Statistics 27). Qualitative data were thematically analysed by two researchers separately (VA and BS) [25]. Discrepancies in coding were discussed until consensus was reached. Data from open-ended questions were analysed in the software program QSR International's NVIVO (Release 1.0).
Table 1 Participation and exam results of remote versus on-site proctored group
Remote n (%)
On-site n (%)
TT-test pooled
Total number of candidates (n = 593)
Number of candidates per university
29 (35, 8%)
- Gent
13 (6%°
Average exam result
72,8/100
P > 0,15
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the exam results based on the type of proctoring
x (%)
Md (%)
Remote proctored exam
On-site proctored exam
k = number of exam items; x = mean of exam percentage scores; s = standard deviation; Md = median of exam percentage scores
A total of 593 candidates subscribed to the exam in the four Flemish universities. Four hundred seventy-two (79%) candidates used the proctoring software for a remote exam, while 121 (20%) were present on campus (Table 1). Most candidates registered at the KU Leuven (227) and at the University of Ghent (203) chose to take the exam remotely. The results of both (remote and onsite) groups were comparable (Table 2). Exam results of the remote proctored group (Md = 77.74%) did not significantly differ from those of the on-site proctored group (Md = 78.06%), U = 29,407, z = 0.506, p = 0.613, r = 0.02.
Overall, we registered and solved 15 technical issues in the remote context (Table 3). Eight of these issues concerned software problems (in particular loading a reading text in a new tab). Two candidates experienced a negative impact on the exam performance due to technical issues. The developers team switched one candidate to SEB mode to complete the exam. Based upon the post exam analyses and after deliberation, the exam coordinator exempted the other candidate of the jury exam.
In total, the software detected 22 (4%) candidates with a suspicious level > 1. All cases concerned one or more noise-event (background noise). All other noncritical suspicious events consisted of leaving the webpage, closing a page or typing text. Live proctoring and a post exam review of records revealed that all these events occurred hazardously but without fraud purpose. The human proctors flagged two candidates who were typing more than expected (in a multiple-choice exam). After revision of the records, these candidates were using 'control find' to search for words in the reading text. During the exam, the proctors intervened eight times for a technical issue, they warned two candidates to stop talking to themselves and they sent a group message to ask to turn down background noise.
Out of the 472 candidates that used the proctoring software, 304 filled in the post-test questionnaire, 213 women and 91 men. All of them were taking the proficiency test for the first time. An explanatory factor analysis was initially conducted on the 6 items of the questionnaire with eigenvalues over Kaiser's criterion of 1 explaining 82.46% of the variance. The scree plot also justified retaining two factors (Fig. 3). Table 5 shows the factor loadings after rotation. The items that cluster on the same factors suggest that factor 1 represents candidates' appreciation of the proctoring software, while factor 2 represents emotional distress because of the proctoring software. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha as .72. oblique rotation.
Table 3 Comparison of exam procedure and outcome remote versus on-site
Remote On-site
Technical issues 15 1
- with impact on exam 2 0
Type of issue
- Internet failure
- Hardware issue
- Camera crash
- Software issue
Average suspicious score
Median suspicious score
Number of suspicious candidates
- Detected by the software
- Flagged by human proctors
- With non-critical events < 1
- Without events
- With noise event
Interventions during exam
- Technical intervention
- Warning to candidate
2 individuals 1 group (background noise)
Table 4 KMO and Barlett's test
KMO and Barlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy
Barlett's Test of sphericity
Approx. chi-square
Table 5 Summary of exploratory factor analysis results from the proctoring software questionnaire (n = 304)
Rotated Factor Loadings
Item Appreciation of the supervisor app Emotional distress because of the supervisor app
Q2: I was more nervous than usual before the exam because of the proctoring software. -.017 .851
Q3: I was more nervous than usual during the exam because of the proctoring software. -.116 .963
Q4: The proctoring software had an impact on my results. .121 .692
Q5: I found the proctoring software reassuring. .973 .035
Q6: I would use the proctoring software again in the future for other exams. .738 -.023
Eigenvalue 2.450 1.673
% of Total Variance 49% 33.46%
Note: Factor loadings over 0.40 appear in bold
However, one item "I was well informed about the proctoring software" had to be omitted because of a communality lower than .40 [23]. The other five items (communality> .40) were included in a secondary analysis. This analysis yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) of .63 verifying sampling adequacy (Table 4) [22]. Sampling adequacy was also guaranteed by applying the 10:1 rule of thumb subject to item ratio [23]. After analysing the data to obtain eigenvalues for each factor, two factors had
From the qualitative analysis, four different themes were discerned. All themes were related to candidates' emotional well-being. The first two themes referred to stress and anxiety before and during the exam. Some candidates felt more anxious because they feared potential technical problems or running out of time. The third theme was anxiety and stress because of the proctoring software. Candidates mentioned that they felt stress because the software might detect something as fraud, without the intention of fraud. Candidates also admitted that they felt awkward, observed, and distracted knowing that human proctors were monitoring the exam procedure.
Instead of just thinking about a question and the possible answers, I had to constantly remind myself about my behaviour (not to look upwards or left and right). The feeling of constantly being watched was not helpful (Anonymous candidate).
The fourth theme was connected to positive emotions about the proctoring software. Candidates thought that the software was reassuring and that, in case of need, someone could intervene and help.
The software worked pretty well for me, it was rather reassuring that it would be taken into account, if technical problems arose (Anonymous candidate).
Finally, candidates identified some technical issues before and during taking the exam. Before the exam, the main problem was slow internet connection. During the exam, candidates experienced problems, when opening multiple tabs at the same time.
This pilot study aims at comparing two proctoring types, namely remote versus on-site proctoring, for high-stakes medical exams, as to examine potential differences in exam results depending on the exam administration conditions. Overall, the study demonstrates that the proctoring type does not influence exam results.
The results indicate that exam results are equivalent and comparable between the remote and on-site proctored groups. Of great importance in the realm of highstakes assessment is the fact that the proctoring type did not influence exam outcomes when compared to the onsite proctored group. Remote proctoring could allow for diverse and more flexible ways of administering exams without sacrificing academic integrity and exam quality. Other authors compared scores from proctored exams to scores from traditional exams and have also found no difference in exam outcomes [15, 16].
From an institution's perspective, there are several logistic benefits for using remote proctoring as suggested by our results. Besides continuation of curricular assessment activities during potential lockdowns, remote proctoring allows assessing many students simultaneously for high-stakes exams, while maintaining academic integrity. This could likely result in reducing costs and decreasing bureaucratic administration. Nevertheless, potential technical issues that might arise demand a welltrained supporting team. It should be recognised that this supportive evidence relates to a sophisticated and complex proctoring software and to real-time human proctors. Therefore, different proctoring scenarios might yield different results.
Regarding candidates' educational experience, the findings from the exploratory factor analysis indicate that remote proctoring was met with mixed reactions. Considering that candidates took the exam during the pandemic, using a proctoring software seems to have provided reassurance that communication with the university was established, in case of technical difficulties. However, candidates also experienced emotional distress because of proctoring. Similar results have been indicated in previous research about students' perceptions on remote proctoring [26].
The thematic analysis of the qualitative data provided a more in-depth insight of candidates' perceptions, especially on emotional wellbeing and test anxiety. A potential explanation for this is that candidates were not sure about what the software could detect as fraud and suspicious behaviour. Hence, more clear instructions could be beneficial for reducing stress when administering remote proctored exams. Consistent with other studies on educational experience of remote proctoring, candidates' responses also raise issues of privacy, as the feeling of being observed and recorded was debilitating [26–28]. Nevertheless, some candidates experienced proctoring positively stating that they would consider using the software for future exams as well. The direct connection with the university through the software seemed to reassure and comfort candidates that assistance was available, in case of technical issues.
Lastly, the first and second theme relate more to exam anxiety, and specifically to the format of the exam rather than taking the exam remotely. Therefore, they fall outside the scope of this paper, and are not extensively discussed. Regarding technical issues, candidates' comments showed that software issues were the most frequent, confirming what human proctors observed during the exam.
A limitation of this study is that we cannot rule out the risk of bias stemming from a non- randomized intervention. However, to be in accordance with exam regulations, participants had to choose whether they wanted to take their exams remotely or not. Also, we may assume that this risk is low, since exam results were comparable between the two groups. From other authors we also know that candidates' preference for computerized or paper-based exams does not influence exam outcomes [29]. Another limitation of our study is the low number of questions included in the questionnaire. Although the questionnaire could be considered reliable based on the Cronbach's alpha calculation, repeated measurements are necessary to confirm reliability of the scale.
The COVID-19 pandemic rendered the necessity of utilizing remote proctoring for administering medical exams as an imperative. A comparison of exam results between remote and on-site proctoring indicates that remote proctoring could be a viable solution for administering high-stakes medical exams. A sophisticated proctoring software registering behaviour and recording sound and image to prevent fraud has proven to be efficient without affecting exam outcomes. Admittedly, potential privacy issues and increased test anxiety influencing educational experience should be considered when determining and choosing remote types of proctoring. Future research should explore generalizability of these findings by applying and examining different proctoring systems in medical education and in different educational settings.
We would like to thank and acknowledge An Stockmans, Guy Gielis, Bert
Aertgeerts, Roy Remmen, Dirk Devroey, Aram Hovsepyan, Chavdar Gushterov, Peter Decat, Madieke Maseman for their intellectual and logistic support in the developing and unrolling of this plug in.
VA designed the questionnaire, collected, and analyzed the data, wrote, and revised the manuscript. BS set up the test setting, collected and analyzed the data, and wrote and revised the manuscript. SP and JE critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. JW set up the test setting, reviewed and approved the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
According to the ruling policy and regulations at the involved universities (KU Leuven, University of Ghent, University of Antwerp, VUB), no participants' informed consent was needed in order to report the outcome measures of the proctoring software, because we used anonymized secondary data. Nevertheless, participants (students) were asked to consent with the ongoing procedure of the exam and to contribute to the rollout of it by the Interuniversity Centre for GP Training that initially collected the data for evaluation purposes.
For the post-test survey, ethical approval was granted by the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of the KU Leuven with the following approval number: G-2020-2262-R2(MAR).
All participants have been informed and given consent for publication.
1 Department of Public Health and Primacy Care, KU Leuven, Academic Center for General Practice, Kapucijnenvoer 7 -Box 7001, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
2 Evidence Based Practice, EBMPracticeNet, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
3 School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
4 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
5 Center for General Practice/Family Medicine, Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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In January 2015, a New South Wales fisher hauled in a specimen of the rarely seen and endearingly monstrous Goblin Shark (Mitsukurina owstoni). In the same month in Victoria, a trawler landed a prehistoric-looking Frill Shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus). Both events generated significant international attention.
Fisher Lochlainn Kelly, 22, who pulled up the Goblin Shark off Green Cape on the NSW southern coast, told the Sydney Morning Herald he was excited by the find, which he had previously only seen in photographs. That excitement has resonated with the public: a YouTube clip of the Australian Museum's fish collection manager, Mark McGrouther, processing the specimen has garnered more than one million views.
The Goblin Shark, billed as an "alien of the deep", normally lives at depths of 300 to 900 metres. In these dark waters it targets prey through electroreceptors on its long snout that sense electrical energy from other marine wildlife.
The Victorian catch of a Frill Shark also generated "phenomenal international interest", according to the CEO of the South East Trawl Fishing Industry Association (SETFIA), Simon Boag.
He published a quickly compiled 'odd spot' piece in SETFIA's e-newsletter about the catch by David Guillot, skipper of the trawler Western Alliance.
Within a few days he had received 500 emails from media around the world wanting more information about the "prehistoric monster". Supposedly linked to legends of sea serpents, the Frill Shark featured as a global news item in the following weeks.
The Frill Shark was caught in water 700 metres deep near Lakes Entrance in Gippsland, although it usually lives at depths of more than 1200 metres.
With the face of an eel, the body of shark and a mouth full of 300 needle-like teeth in more than 25 rows designed to snag soft-bodied prey (including squid and octopus), it had little trouble gathering attention.
While both of these rarely encountered species had previously been identified, about 50 new species are discovered in Australia's marine and freshwater ecosystems every year – and that is just the fish.
Archival illustration of a Frill Shark, circa 1930.
The painstaking work of searching for and detailing the distinguishing features of a new species and its habitat is led largely by researchers, but is supported by fishers across all sectors. Fishers provide catch samples and also host scientific observers on their fishing vessels, both of which supplement dedicated scientific sampling expeditions.
CSIRO hosts the Australian National Fish Collection and director Daniel Gledhill says it has taken many decades to build a collection that reflects an accurate picture of Australia's marine life – and the collection is still growing.
Part of the reason for this is the sheer complexity of the marine environments involved. Australia manages the world's third largest exclusive economic zone and it ranges from tropical northern waters to a temperate south and on to chilly sub-Antarctic waters, reaching depths of 5000 metres.
Some of these regions have provided niche habitats for evolution to follow its own unique trajectory. Fish may share one gigantic global pool of water, but many do not opt to swim particularly far. Rather, they appear to have congregated in ways that have allowed them to adapt and specialise.
While both the Goblin Shark and Frill Shark are found in international waters, Australia's abundance of isolated ecological niches has nurtured about 5000 known fish species, nearly 30 per cent of which are found only in Australia.
Larval fish collected from an ocean eddy by researchers on RV Investigator.
Australia's newest research vessel, RV Investigator, is helping researchers to identify more marine species and to document the dispersal patterns of known species.
In June this year researchers onboard RV Investigator studied the species caught in an ocean eddy off the coast of Sydney. They discovered it was a hotspot for rock lobster larvae at a time of the year when they were not expecting to find larvae.
The chief scientist for the voyage was University of NSW marine biologist Iain Suthers, who was astounded to find juvenile commercial fish species such as bream and Tailor 150 kilometres offshore.
Researchers had thought that once larvae were swept out to sea that was the end of them. However, the ocean eddies have now been identified as nursery grounds along the east coast of Australia.
The team of researchers also discovered a cluster of extinct volcanoes likely to be 50 million years old, which are about 250 kilometres off the coast of Sydney in 4900 metres of water.
The four extinct volcanoes in the cluster are calderas – a volcanic crater that forms after a volcano erupts and the land around it collapses.
The largest caldera is 1.5 kilometres across the rim and rises 700 metres from the sea floor.
Another RV Investigator voyage is currently underway.
Tim O'Hara from Museum Victoria is leading a 32-day voyage onboard RV Investigator to sample marine life along the base of Australia's eastern continental margin. The voyage departed from Brisbane in November 2015.
The project aims to discover the fauna of Australia's abyssal sea floor, down to 4000 metres below the sea's surface.
Never before has an Australian expedition focused on the biodiversity of our vast abyssal environment.
An international team of researchers will survey from Fraser Island, Queensland, to Tasmania to investigate the changes in species and genetic composition that occur with latitude and depth. The researchers expect to collect images and measurements of many species for the first time.
Eastern swamp crayfish (Gramastacus lacus) from the Lake Macquarie catchment.
Rob McCormack is a man on a mission: to identify and map the habitat of all Australian freshwater crayfish species. He leads a group of up to 25 volunteers, all committed to the Australian Crayfish Project, which has identified almost a dozen new species since it began in 2005.
Four species have been officially confirmed and another six to eight are in the final phases of description and identification. Among the new species is one of the world's smallest crayfish, the eastern swamp crayfish (Gramastacus lacus). Rob McCormack says it is possible it could have been mistaken in the past as a juvenile of a larger species, but about five centimetres is its fully grown adult size.
The eastern swamp crayfish, for example, is found in coastal New South Wales, where there is extensive urban development on reclaimed swamplands and large areas of its habitat have already been lost.
Although not a trained taxonomist (he is an engineer by training), Rob McCormack has built his expertise as an enthusiastic amateur through field experience and by working closely with fisheries collection staff at various state and national museums.
There has been little direct funding for the project, which is generally carried out during weekend forays into swamplands. "But support and interest from local communities, councils, catchment management agencies, and forestry and national park authorities has been outstanding," he says.
Many Australian crayfish species are already identified as endangered as a result of habitat loss and invasive species. They are also considered keystone species, helping to preserve the wellbeing of other species in their ecosystems, from fish and turtles, to snakes, mammals and birds.
Fishers are often at the frontline of the discovery process, playing an important role to help understand marine biodiversity. For those who have a close encounter with a never-before or rarely seen creature, it is recommended photographs be taken of the whole animal, including close-up shots of markings and individual features, such a fins. If possible, the animal should be preserved frozen in a plastic bag.
Some rare specimens will be of interest to researchers, such as a 7.2-metre, 2.6-tonne Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus) that was landed by a trawler fishing in deep water off the Victorian coast near Portland in June.The shark was donated to Museum Victoria.
CEO of the South East Trawl Fishing Industry Association Simon Boag says the association has since established an SMS service that allows its members to alert the research community of any rare catches that might be of interest as soon as possible.
Fishers can also contact their nearest state museum or CSIRO's Australian National Fish Collection. It may take years of meticulous analysis, but the possibility exists that the specimen could be a new species.
CSIRO's national collection serves as a reference that is used to classify new specimens by a process of comparisons. It holds 151,000 registered specimens, with many more in freezers, preservative and tissue banks awaiting examination and registration.
The Photographic Index of Australian Fishes, managed by CSIRO, is also used for identification. It contains 40,000 colour transparencies and digital images of more than 2500 fish species, and is the largest taxonomic photographic collection in the Southern Hemisphere.
These images can be accessed through the collection's website, Fishes of Australia, which is spearheaded and hosted by Museum Victoria and funded by the Australian Biological Resources Study. It is supported by a group of specialists from state museums and CSIRO called OzFishNet.
The original Australian Seafood Handbook, funded by the FRDC, and the free online tool FishMap also provide a searchable atlas of more than 4500 marine fishes catalogued according to their geographical and depth distribution (see FISH, June 2013 issue, 'Find your fish online'). It encompasses all of Australia's commercial seafood species and contains the only photographs in existence of many bycatch species. It also contains images of species from rivers and estuaries and from near-shore. Its coverage spans the tropics to the sub-Antarctic.


When applying for an Entrepreneur visa from within the UK, applicants must now be able to demonstrate that the necessary funds are held within the UK.
An FSWP applicant must score at least 6.0 on the IELTS General Training test in each of the four skills to meet the minimum language threshold of CLB 7.
January 1, 2015 - Ottawa - Canada\'s Citizenship and Immigration Minister Chris Alexander celebrated the successful launch of Express Entry - a highly anticipated new application management system.
Express Entry will be your first step to immigrate to Canada permanently as a skilled worker.
Theresa May has revealed plans to overhaul the visa system for visitors to the UK. Mrs May wants to make it easier for business people and performing artists and certain others to access Britain.
Temporary workers in Australia can in some circumstances now apply for a Subclass 400 visa for an increased period of six months. Previously the maximum period of stay was three months.
Health care workers are HIGHLY in demand across British Columbia. If you are a physician, nurse, psychiatric nurse or allied health professional, you may be eligible to apply to the BC Provincial Nominee Program (PNP) in the Skills Immigration.
Offering Jobs For Professionals, Skilled & Unskilled Workers.
If you are submitting a language test (IELTS) with your application, the results are now valid for 2 years from the time you took the test, instead of 1 year.
Educational Credential Assessment (ECA) is required for candidates in the Express Entry pool who wish to be considered for draws related to the Federal Skilled Worker Program.


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Two men have been injured in a collision near Wragby.
The incident happened on the A158 between Langton By Wragby and Wragby shortly after 6am on Bank Holiday Monday (May 4) and involved a red Subaru Legacy that left the road.
The passenger in the vehicle, a 22 year-old local man, suffered spinal injuries which later required surgery. The driver, aged 34, and also a local man, is being treated for less serious back injuries.
Anyone who witnessed the collision or saw the Subaru prior to the incident, is asked to call Lincolnshire Police on 101, quoting the incident number.
Earlier reports that the incident took place on Tuesday morning were incorrect and down to a police error.


There are some practices within one's day-to-day, natural living that you must put in place in order to stay celibate. Here are 4 reasons why Christian women need to dance kizomba.
Unseasonable words have a debilitating effect on our well-being. Here is why Trumpisms hurt and should be replaced.
An open letter to the biological or self-appointed parents, uncles, aunties, friends, and pastors who pressure singles about marriage.
Gospel stageplay, I Got a Man, touches down in Miami at the Little Haiti Cultural Center on Nov. 11, promising audiences laughs and inspiration.
The online dating industry rakes in about $2 billion a year in the U.S. alone. It is growing in revenue but also growing in questions about it. But, is it safe? Here's what makes it good, bad and ugly.
I've always loved the "Star-Spangled Banner." My mind's eye takes me back to the American Olympian who takes the podium, towering above the silver and bronze also-rans. Yet, due to the racist history of the song, standing is not in order.
Hurricane Irma ripped through South Florida on Sunday, Sept. 10 and many homes are affected by trees down, coastal flooding loss of power and home damage.


Would you like to save space on the bridge? Avoid wasteful photocopying and printing out of pages from paper books? Save time on doing updates to publications?
e-Pilot by David Store Navigational Management is a new website designed specifically for superyacht crew, alowing you to create personalised cruising guides using pilotage information traditionally available via a downloaded PDF or as a book, with users making notes on the printed versions.
The e-Pilot website revolutionises this process with an easy to use digital version of Imray style cruising guides, still allowing you to make notes but in electronic form.
Accessible via a secure login, you can view your cruising guides, annotate, make notes and highlight aspects of secific interest to your vessel using the online edit tools, making it easy to find the information you need without the need for bulky books on the bridge.
Flexible packages with instant access and no need for licence codes to be issued.


1. Ask Yourself – Is My Website Search Friendly?
If you want your business website to meet every goal you've set, it's necessary to ensure it appears in the appropriate search results. However, making your personal site search engine friendly is a lot harder than it sounds.
You need to take care of various factors, including descriptive page titles, headings, image alt text, and meta descriptions. Never forget to include suitable keywords so the search engine can find out what content is present in your business site.
Remember, your goal is to make sure your website turns up in the results whenever someone performs an associated search.
2. Why Your Business Needs a Mobile Website?
Not only do you have to optimize your business website for the search engines, but also you must optimize them for smartphones and tablets. It's no longer an option, considering how mobile has overtaken desktop as the primary source of online traffic.
Having a small business mobile website is also a good way to rank higher in the search engine results. This is possible because better the user experience your site offers, the longer a mobile visitor will remain on-site.
And the longer they stay, the more valuable and relevant your content is considered by the search engines. This makes your website eligible for a rankings boost.
3. Why are Sitemaps Important to Your Website Business?
Sitemaps are an important addition to your business website since they make every page easily discoverable by the search engines. Not only does this improve indexing results but it also presents information to your site visitors in a logical fashion.
Customer purchase journey is made easier as a result of making informed decisions. To view the best results, your site should include a page per location and a page per profit center.
When you draw attention to your contact details, it prompts visitors to reach out by emailing or calling. If that's not all, consistent contact details also help optimize the local search engine.
When people in your location search for a similar business, your site is more likely to pop up as the search engines link you to that area, thereby impacting your business' bottom line directly.
Most small businesses do not keep track of their daily, monthly, and weekly numbers and financial trends occurring in the organization. However, it is vital that you spend some time staying up-to-date on the cash flow.
If you do not possess the requisite financial skills yourself, employ an accountant to do the job on your behalf. But make sure you stay in the loop at all times.
Optimizing content for your business website involves numerous things, like taking your search engines and audience into consideration. To keep your audience hooked, make sure your content is informative and relevant, even when you're describing your services and products.
Periodically update your content since the info contained within or the target market may change over time. Moreover, create different web pages for different services, locations and products for boosted conversions and improved user experience.
Keyword-rich, informative content also improves indexing results and optimizes your site. Keep the current crop of optimized content updated at all times and add fresh content to your site so you can impact the rankings in a positive way. For example, including separate web pages for separate locations improves local business awareness.
Depending on the loading speed of your business website, people will take a call on whether to explore your site further or move to a different page. Keep in mind that exceeding the expected load time by even a few seconds can dramatically increase your site's bounce rate and cost you tons of online traffic. Try avoiding such a situation by compressing your image files, limiting music and animation used in your pages, and curbing flash use.
When you grow a small business with limited resources, it's kind of an uphill battle. But that is a challenge that most startups must endure.
That is why you should focus your efforts on getting buyers to pay early and probably up front. Not only does this method give you money in the bank but it also supports the growth of your company.
If your users are unable to navigate parts of your website they're interested in, there is no reason why they would want to stay. It's that simple!
Make sure your navigation menu contains clear titles so site visitors understand which page they'll land on and what content they'll find there.
Ensure menu links are clickable and the main navigation is above-the-fold. A search feature is also highly recommended, especially on smaller smartphone screens.
Companies are as small as they project themselves to be. If an organization develops strategic relations and outsources its non-core competencies to other partners within the same industry, small businesses can maximize their efficiency and develop value.
Offer unique services and play off your partner's expertise. Clients don't have to be savvy about the state of your operations as long as they get the proper goods on time.
There are many technicalities involved with making your small business website appear more professional to users. But first and foremost is the look and feel of your website.
Your site should always be on brand and have a consistent brand tone, look, and personality. Make branding your first order of business, and select the correct colors for maximum visual appeal. On top of that, it's imperative you balance the amount of content on every with the amount of graphics.
Also create your own illustrations and designs as much as you can. Keep the appearance of the text as simple as possible so nothing distracts people from reading your business page.
Make sure the calls to action on your business web pages are eye-catching and direct. Only then will you convert visitors into leads, prospects, and eventually, customers. The right call to action plays a big role in generating buzz and bringing business for your small company.
Planning to increase site revenue? Your existing customers are the best bet! It's a lot easier to upsell clients who already know your work, your service and product quality, and have already incorporated parts of your services into their business.
Building a rapport with clients and being considered a trustworthy partner is possible only if you plan to listen to them. This will help you analyze the challenges easily through alternative or new products.
Don't make the mistake of including lead capture forms only on the contact page! Test the placement in various spots on your web pages, by asking questions or guessing where the customer might want to offer feedback.
It's a time-consuming process to improve and maintain your small business website, but it is all worth the time and effort spent. Not only does it provide more online visibility and exposure, but it keeps your site visitors hooked and converts potential customers easily.


text:
Amphiuma tridactylum est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Amphiumidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans  l'Est du Texas, dans le Sud-Est de l'Oklahoma, en Louisiane, en Arkansas, au Mississippi, en Alabama, dans l'Ouest du Tennessee, dans l'Ouest du Kentucky et dans le Sud du Missouri.

Description
Amphiuma tridactylum mesure de  à  de longueur totale.

Publication originale
 Cuvier, 1827 : Sur le genre de reptiles batraciens, Nomme Amphiuma, et sur une nouvelle espèce de ce genre (Amphiuma tridactylum). Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Amphiumidae
Urodèle (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique des États-Unis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.cloudera.knittingboar.metrics;

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.sgd.L1;
import org.apache.mahout.classifier.sgd.ModelDissector;
import org.apache.mahout.math.DenseVector;
import org.apache.mahout.math.RandomAccessSparseVector;
import org.apache.mahout.math.Vector;

import com.cloudera.knittingboar.io.InputRecordsSplit;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.records.CSVBasedDatasetRecordFactory;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.records.RCV1RecordFactory;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.records.RecordFactory;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.records.TwentyNewsgroupsRecordFactory;
//import com.cloudera.knittingboar.sgd.POLRBaseDriver;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.sgd.POLRModelParameters;
import com.cloudera.knittingboar.sgd.ParallelOnlineLogisticRegression;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.io.Closeables;

public class POLRModelTester {

  boolean bConfLoaded = false;
  boolean bSetup = false;
  boolean bRunning = false;

  private Configuration conf = null;

  public ParallelOnlineLogisticRegression polr = null; // lmp.createRegression();

  public POLRModelParameters polr_modelparams;

  // private static int passes;
  private static boolean scores = false;
  public String internalID = "TEST";

  private RecordFactory VectorFactory = null;

  InputRecordsSplit input_split = null;

  // TODO: dissect, use this
  ModelDissector md = new ModelDissector();

  // basic stats tracking
  POLRMetrics metrics = new POLRMetrics();

  // double averageLL = 0.0;
  // double averageCorrect = 0.0;
  double averageLineCount = 0.0;
  int k = 0;
  double step = 0.0;
  int[] bumps = new int[] {1, 2, 5};
  double lineCount = 0;

  protected int num_categories = 2;
  protected int FeatureVectorSize = -1;
//  protected int BatchSize = 200;
  protected double Lambda = 1.0e-4;
  protected double LearningRate = 10;

  String LocalInputSplitPath = "";
  String PredictorLabelNames = "";
  String PredictorVariableTypes = "";
  protected String TargetVariableName = "";
  protected String ColumnHeaderNames = "";
  protected int NumberPasses = 1;

//  protected int LocalPassCount = 0;
//  protected int GlobalPassCount = 0;

  protected String RecordFactoryClassname = "";

  /**
   * used with unit tests to pre-set a Configuration
   *
   *
   * @param c
   */
  public void setConf(Configuration c) {

    this.conf = c;

  }

  public Configuration getConf() {

    return this.conf;

  }

  /**
   * Loads the config from [HDFS / JobConf]
   *
   *
   * NOTES - the mechanics of Configuration may be different in this context -
   * where does Configuration typically get its info from onload?
   *
   * @throws Exception
   *
   */
  public void LoadConfigVarsLocally() throws Exception {

    // figure out how many features we need

    this.bConfLoaded = false;

    // this is hard set with LR to 2 classes
    this.num_categories = this.conf.getInt(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.numCategories", 2);

    // feature vector size
    this.FeatureVectorSize = LoadIntConfVarOrException(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.FeatureVectorSize",
        "Error loading config: could not load feature vector size");

    // feature vector size
//    this.BatchSize = this.conf.getInt(
//        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.BatchSize", 200);

    this.NumberPasses = this.conf.getInt(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.NumberPasses", 1);

    // protected double Lambda = 1.0e-4;
    this.Lambda = Double.parseDouble(this.conf.get(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.Lambda", "1.0e-4"));

    // protected double LearningRate = 50;
    this.LearningRate = Double.parseDouble(this.conf.get(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.LearningRate", "10"));

    // local input split path
//    this.LocalInputSplitPath = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
//        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.LocalInputSplitPath",
//        "Error loading config: could not load local input split path");

    // System.out.println("LoadConfig()");

    // maps to either CSV, 20newsgroups, or RCV1
    this.RecordFactoryClassname = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
        "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.RecordFactoryClassname",
        "Error loading config: could not load RecordFactory classname");

    if (this.RecordFactoryClassname.equals(RecordFactory.CSV_RECORDFACTORY)) {

      // so load the CSV specific stuff ----------

      // predictor label names
      this.PredictorLabelNames = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
          "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.PredictorLabelNames",
          "Error loading config: could not load predictor label names");

      // predictor var types
      this.PredictorVariableTypes = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
          "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.PredictorVariableTypes",
          "Error loading config: could not load predictor variable types");

      // target variables
      this.TargetVariableName = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
          "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.TargetVariableName",
          "Error loading config: Target Variable Name");

      // column header names
      this.ColumnHeaderNames = LoadStringConfVarOrException(
          "com.cloudera.knittingboar.setup.ColumnHeaderNames",
          "Error loading config: Column Header Names");

      // System.out.println("LoadConfig(): " + this.ColumnHeaderNames);

    }

    this.bConfLoaded = true;

  }
/*
  public int GetCurrentLocalPassCount() {
    return this.LocalPassCount;
  }

  public void IncGlobalPassCount() {
    this.GlobalPassCount++;
  }
*/
  private String LoadStringConfVarOrException(String ConfVarName,
      String ExcepMsg) throws Exception {

    if (null == this.conf.get(ConfVarName)) {
      throw new Exception(ExcepMsg);
    } else {
      return this.conf.get(ConfVarName);
    }

  }

  private int LoadIntConfVarOrException(String ConfVarName, String ExcepMsg)
      throws Exception {

    if (null == this.conf.get(ConfVarName)) {
      throw new Exception(ExcepMsg);
    } else {
      return this.conf.getInt(ConfVarName, 0);
    }

  }

  public void SetCore(ParallelOnlineLogisticRegression plr,
      POLRModelParameters params, RecordFactory fac) {

    this.polr = plr;
    this.polr_modelparams = params;

    this.VectorFactory = fac;

    this.num_categories = this.polr_modelparams.getMaxTargetCategories();
    this.FeatureVectorSize = this.polr_modelparams.getNumFeatures();

    //this.BatchSize = 10000;
  }

  public void Setup() {

    // do splitting strings into arrays here...

    this.num_categories = -1; // polr_modelparams.getMaxTargetCategories();
    this.FeatureVectorSize = -1; // polr_modelparams.getNumFeatures();

//    this.BatchSize = 10000;

    // setup record factory stuff here ---------

    if (RecordFactory.TWENTYNEWSGROUPS_RECORDFACTORY
        .equals(this.RecordFactoryClassname)) {

      this.VectorFactory = new TwentyNewsgroupsRecordFactory("\t");
      // this.VectorFactory.setClassSplitString("\t");

      // System.out.println(
      // "POLRModelTester: TwentyNewsgroupsRecordFactory\n\n" );

    } else if (RecordFactory.RCV1_RECORDFACTORY
        .equals(this.RecordFactoryClassname)) {

      this.VectorFactory = new RCV1RecordFactory();

    } else {

      System.out.println("POLRModelTester: CSV is broken!!\n\n\n");
      this.VectorFactory = new CSVBasedDatasetRecordFactory(
          this.TargetVariableName, polr_modelparams.getTypeMap());

      ((CSVBasedDatasetRecordFactory) this.VectorFactory)
          .firstLine(this.ColumnHeaderNames);

    }

    // this.bSetup = true;
  }

  /**
   * Runs the next training batch to prep the gamma buffer to send to the
   * mstr_node
   *
   * TODO: need to provide stats, group measurements into struct
   *
   * @throws Exception
   * @throws IOException
   */
  public void RunThroughTestRecords() throws IOException, Exception {

    Text value = new Text();
    long batch_vec_factory_time = 0;
    k = 0;
    int num_correct = 0;

//    for (int x = 0; x < this.BatchSize; x++) {
    while (true) {

      if (this.input_split.next(value)) {

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        Vector v = new RandomAccessSparseVector(this.FeatureVectorSize);
        int actual = this.VectorFactory.processLine(value.toString(), v);

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        // System.out.println("That took " + (endTime - startTime) +
        // " milliseconds");
        batch_vec_factory_time += (endTime - startTime);

        String ng = this.VectorFactory.GetClassnameByID(actual); // .GetNewsgroupNameByID(
                                                                 // actual );

        // calc stats ---------

        double mu = Math.min(k + 1, 200);
        double ll = this.polr.logLikelihood(actual, v);

        if (Double.isNaN(ll)) {

          /*
           * System.out.println(" --------- NaN -----------");
           *
           * System.out.println( "k: " + k ); System.out.println( "ll: " + ll );
           * System.out.println( "mu: " + mu );
           */
          // return;
        } else {

          metrics.AvgLogLikelihood = metrics.AvgLogLikelihood
              + (ll - metrics.AvgLogLikelihood) / mu;

        }

        Vector p = new DenseVector(20);
        this.polr.classifyFull(p, v);
        int estimated = p.maxValueIndex();

        int correct = (estimated == actual ? 1 : 0);
        if (estimated == actual) {
          num_correct++;
        }
        // averageCorrect = averageCorrect + (correct - averageCorrect) / mu;
        metrics.AvgCorrect = metrics.AvgCorrect
            + (correct - metrics.AvgCorrect) / mu;

        // this.polr.train(actual, v);

        k++;
        // if (x == this.BatchSize - 1) {
        int bump = bumps[(int) Math.floor(step) % bumps.length];
        int scale = (int) Math.pow(10, Math.floor(step / bumps.length));

        if (k % (bump * scale) == 0) {
          step += 0.25;

          System.out
              .printf(
                  "Worker %s:\t Trained Recs: %10d, numCorrect: %d, AvgLL: %10.3f, Percent Correct: %10.2f, VF: %d\n",
                  this.internalID, k, num_correct, metrics.AvgLogLikelihood,
                  metrics.AvgCorrect * 100, batch_vec_factory_time);

        }

        this.polr.close();

      } else {

        // nothing else to process in split!
        break;

      } // if

    } // for the number of passes in the run

  }

  /**
   * NOTE: This should only be used for durability purposes in checkpointing the
   * workers
   *
   * @param path
   * @throws IOException
   */
  public void Load(String path) throws IOException {

    InputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);
    try {
      polr_modelparams = POLRModelParameters.loadFrom(in);
      System.out.println("> tester: model loaded");
    } finally {
      Closeables.closeQuietly(in);
    }

    // System.out.println( "POLRModelTester > num categories is hardcoded to 2"
    // );
    this.num_categories = polr_modelparams.getMaxTargetCategories();
    this.FeatureVectorSize = polr_modelparams.getNumFeatures();

    /*
     * this.polr = new ParallelOnlineLogisticRegression(this.num_categories,
     * this.FeatureVectorSize, new L1()) .alpha(1).stepOffset(1000)
     * .decayExponent(0.9) .lambda(3.0e-5) .learningRate(20);
     */
    this.polr = polr_modelparams.getPOLR();

    // System.out.println(")))))))))) Learning rate: " + this.Lambda);

  }

  public void setupInputSplit(InputRecordsSplit split) {

    this.input_split = split;

  }

  public void Debug() throws IOException {

    System.out.println("POLRModelTester --------------------------- ");

    System.out.println("> Num Categories: " + this.num_categories);
    System.out.println("> FeatureVecSize: " + this.FeatureVectorSize);

    this.polr_modelparams.Debug();

  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A 1,2,3 activity can be used in any classroom for almost any subject. This activity helps kids make their own personal connections to what they are learning. It also gives them an opportunity to distinguish main ideas from details. Students can partner up and ask each other the 3 questions they came up with.
- A volcano is an opening in the earth's crust where magma and gas can escape.
- There are over 500 active volcanoes.
– Magma that has already erupted is called lava.
– How are volcanoes formed?
– How do volcanoes affect us?
- Circumference is the measurement of the distance around a circle.
- Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is 36cm.
– Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 36cm.
– Find the circumference of a coke can.


text:
Q: How to speed up an iTunes Connect build that is stuck processing? I'm trying to upload a very important new version to the App Store.
Unfortunately, my builds are stuck processing for 24 hours now and the support tells me to wait. The build size is just 15 MB.
What can I do? Are you experiencing problems like that as well?

A: I'm not yet but if i dump into this problem then probably there's no way except going Resources & Help in ITunes connect.We have to always touch with apple Contact Us it's only solution as i thought.

A: Normally when this happens to me it´s because of the internet connections firewall. Try to change network (I changed to my shared internet through my phone) and see if it helps you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Warren Anthony Rayner (born 24 April 1957) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right winger. He later became a coach.

Playing career
Born in Bradford, Rayner joined Bradford City from local amateur football in May 1972, joining the first team in April 1975. He made 17 league appearances for the club, before moving to Guiseley in 1977. He later played for Gainsborough Trinity.

Coaching career
In July 2016 he was working as Head of Development Phase at the Bradford City Academy. In November 2017 he was manager of non-league Eccleshill United.

Sources

References

1957 births
Living people
Footballers from Bradford
English footballers
Association football wingers
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Eccleshill United F.C. managers
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches


text:
Q: Powers of infinite cardinals in the generic extension Let $\kappa, \lambda,\theta$ be infinite cardinals of $M$ where $M$ is a transitive model of ZFC. Let $\mathcal{P}=Fn(\kappa\times \omega,2)$ (finite functions from $\kappa\times \omega$ to 2) and G is a (M,P)-generic set. I want to show $(\lambda^\theta)^{M[G]}=(max(\kappa,\lambda)^\theta)^M$. One direction is easy $(\lambda^\theta)^M \leq (\lambda^\theta)^{M[G]}$ and $(\kappa^\theta)^M\leq (\kappa^\theta)^{M[G]}\leq ((2^\omega)^\theta)^{M[G]}=(2^\theta)^{M[G]}\leq (\lambda^\theta)^{M[G]}$ where $(\kappa \leq 2^\omega)^{M[G]}$ is by the forcing construction. But now I am not quite sure how to get the other direction. Any thoughts?

A: This is exercise (G1) in K.Kunen "Set Theory".

*

*If $\lambda \le \theta$ then $\lambda^\theta = 2^\theta$ and using lemma VII 5.13 we get the result.

*If $\lambda \gt \theta$ then using lemma 5.5 we can approximate this power in V ("up to $\omega$"), hence $(\lambda^\theta)^{M[g]} \le ( (\lambda^\omega))^\theta )^M = (\lambda^\theta)^M$


Matt Barnes Headed Back To War..
How a USF student Brought a Re..
"Rising Stars," the 26th annual Marin county high school art show, opens Sunday, March 5, at the Youth in Arts (YIA) Gallery at 917 C Street in downtown San Rafael.
The juried exhibit will feature over 150 two- and three-dimensional works by students from 17 Marin public, private and alternative high schools. The exhibit will be on display through March 31.
The opening reception for artist, teachers and families will be Sunday, March 5 from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m.
Art teachers from each school curate the show, selecting entries to represent their programs.
Prizes are awarded by a panel of local art experts: Kay Carlson, Jay Daniels, Melissa Woodburn and Stacey Kamp.
Youth in Arts has hosted the popular local event for three years. YIA Gallery is one of just a few galleries in the U.S. dedicated to showing work by youth artists.
"Rising Stars is a great fit for our gallery's mission of amplifying and sharing young people's creative voices," said Youth in Arts Executive Director Miko Lee.
The art show was established in 1992 by Marin artist Susan Doglione, who passed away in 2000. YIA Board Member Sheila Tuffanelli has been a leader in keeping the show alive for 26 years.
The exhibit will be open at Youth in Arts through March 31, with regular hours Monday-Friday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. The gallery will also be open for a free public reception on Friday, March 10, from 5 p.m. -8 p.m. as part of second Fridays Art Walk Downtown.
Most of the work in the show will then travel to Bartolini Gallery at the Marin Center, where it will be on view through April and May. The gallery is located at 10 Avenue of the Flags, San Rafael.
Visit Marin Center for more information.
"Rising Stars" is supported by Star Sponsor Bank of Marin, as well as Perry's Art Supplies & Framing in San Anselmo, the San Anselmo Arts Commission, RileyStreet Art Supply, Marin Open Studios and Il Davide Restaurant in San Rafael.
Founded in 1970, Youth in Arts provides students with experiences and instruction in the visual and performing arts and enriches the community with cultural events. Our vision is to help youth of every background and ability develop the creative skills, compassion, confidence and resilience they need to share their voices and achieve their goals. More information here.


Commercial Truck Tires in Vero Beach FL | Mid Coast Tire Service, Inc.
Your fleet keeps commerce moving. When one of your trucks stops running, it affects your business and the business of others. Keep your semi-trucks moving with commercial truck tires from Mid Coast Tire Service, Inc.
Mid Coast Tire Service, Inc. is calling all fleet managers and truck operators in Vero Beach, FL, Sebastian, FL, Fort Pierce, FL and surrounding areas to outfit their vehicles with the best commercial tires on the market.
Commercial tires are manufactured for light and medium truck and industrial uses. Our commercial tires feature various tread patterns and depths, as well as tires designed for specific load weights and weather conditions. We can outfit most any semi-truck.
Whether you travel 10,000 or 100,000 miles annually, Mid Coast Tire Service, Inc. has the right commercial tires for your needs and budget, from a variety of top manufacturers, no matter the size of your fleet.
If one of your commercial trucks needs tires at any time, call us. We can get your vehicle in for an appointment and get it outfitted with the toughest tires for the job. Our commercial tires are from the best brands in the industry, so you'll never have to compromise quality.


Okay, I imported the file with the cache and cacheevent tables emptied and truncated. When I go to my forum it is just a blank page.
No one has run into this before?
Great. Thanks. I will try to implement this. Good luck with your site William. Blessings to you.
I'm using v5 Connect and everything is installed and running. Have a few issues I am working through and was hoping for some help.
All times are GMT-8. This page was generated at 2:17am.


SH88F2051 / SH88F4051 is a high-speed high-efficiency 8051 compatible single-chip. At the same oscillation frequency, compared with the traditional 8051 chip it has run faster and superior characteristics.
The SH88F2051 / SH88F4051 retains most of the features of the standard 2051 chip. These features include built-in 256-byte RAM and two 16-bit timer / counters, one UART and external interrupts INT0, INT1, INT2. In addition, SH88F2051 / SH88F4051 also integrates 256 bytes of external RAM, compatible with 8052 chip 16-bit timer / counter(Timer2). The microcontroller also includes a 4K / 8K byte Flash block for program and data.
SH88F2051 / SH88F4051 not only integrates the EUART standard communication module, but also integrates with built-in comparison function ADC, PWM timer and other modules.
This entry was posted in Datasheet and tagged SH88F4051 Datasheet. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Sun in Libra
Ed Sullivan
Manhattan, New York, United States
Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host, best known as the presenter of the television variety program The Toast of the Town, now usually remembered under its second name, The Ed Sullivan Show. Broadcast for 23 years from 1948 to 1971, it set a record for longest-running variety show in US broadcast history.In 1996, Ed Sullivan was ranked No. 50 on TV Guide's "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sports Briefs
Rowers Hunter Leeming '15 and Finn Meeks '17 won silver medals in July in the heavyweight eight as part of the U.S. national team at the Under 23 World Championships in Bulgaria. . . . Guard Sean McGonagill '14 signed a contract with the Cheshire Phoenix of the British Basketball League. . . . Team president Mark Donovan '88 signed a contract extension with the NFL's Kansas City Chiefs. . . . Ten Bears were named to the 2015 Spring Academic All-Ivy list. . . . Fifteen men on the crew team were named to the 2015 Intercollegiate Rowing Association All-Academic Team, tying Dartmouth for the highest number in the Ivy League.…For the tenth consecutive season, the women's tennis program was named an Intercollegiate Tennis Association All-Academic Team with a team GPA of 3.20 or higher; the men's tennis team earned the same honor for the fifth consecutive season. . . . Stephanie Hsieh '15, Cassandra Carothers '15, Rosanna Lederhausen '17, and Lauren Flynn '16 were named to the Women's Golf Coaches Association All-American Scholar Team. . . . The women's water polo team posted the nation's sixth-highest team GPA.
Fresh Ink for January–March 2023
Books by Brian Jones '95, Diane Thiel '88, '90 MFA, and Rachel M. Harper '94
Build Your Own MD
At 50, the Warren Alpert Medical School has become a national leader. We talk to founding alums who took a leap of faith.
From Rugs to Writing
Reader Responses to Sports Briefs


text:
Q: Best Practice for ROS-Service-like Communication in Drake Imagine the bin picking scenario:

*

*Simulation is setup with ManipulationStation.

*RGBA & pointcloud can be accessed through lcm channel through pub/sub.

*Perform a grasp detection using RGBA & pointcloud.

I would like to implement the grasp detection procedure, which will be invoked once from time to time. This meant that the procedure will just stay idle, doing nothing, while waiting for the call. In ROS, I would probably use ROS-Service to achieve this. I would like to ask for a suggestion of best practice to do this in Drake framework.
I have also considered a few designs, but they didn't answer my requirement yet.

*

*A stright forward choice would be to use pub/sub through lcm. However, a naive implementation would end up in the grasp detection that would always run/update in the background regardless whether the grasp is necessary.

*Implemented it as a subclass of LeafSystem, similar to what had been done in RobotLocomotion/6-881-examples. However, if I understand correctly, it would end up in the detection that always run/update in the background also.

P.S. This might not be directly related to the topic. But to achieve the deterministic behaviors for testing in above setup, am I correct that

*

*The communication through the network, lcm in this case, should be avoid as suggested in this lecture.

*And the diagram which connected various systems should be used instead?

A: Ok. Thank you for clarifying. The timing semantics are simplest and most crisp in a single process. I prefer to get those right, first, and then introduce LCM/ROS only as a means to split up the computation across multiple processes (for performance, or to use a different compilation unit for a device driver, etc).
You can write your controller to be continuous time or discrete time (as seen in the tutorials). In the vast amount of cases, these will be the right semantics. I believe you are imagining a case where you have an occasional event (e.g. "a new object was detected" or "I need to replan") which would often appear as an RPC service call in ROS.  We do have provisions for these in Drake (see e.g. "declare forced events" in LeafSystem), but it's often much cleaner to simply implement these as, e.g. a simple discrete time system that checks its import port and only does work if the input port value has changed in a way to trigger that activity.  The overhead of this approach is very small, and the advantage of the easier semantics is that you can use more tools for log analysis, planning, control, verification, etc.
I hope that addresses the question.  If you have a specific case that doesn't fit, let us know.


In The Weeds Podcast Post | Episode 176: Google is CLUELESS about messaging!
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text:
Home/ People/ Mia K. Della Cava
Mia K. Della Cava
Denver P: 303.292.7718 F: 303.292.7799
mia.dellacava@kutakrock.com
J.D., University of Iowa College of Law
B.A., University of California, Berkeley
Memberships and Affiliations
Arizona Bar Association
Boulder County Bar Association
Public Finance Litigation
Financial Institutions Litigation
Agricultural Disputes and Litigation
More About Mia +
Mia focuses her practice on complex commercial litigation, having represented plaintiffs and defendants in hundreds of litigation disputes. She has counseled a wide range of regional, national and international clients, including Fortune 100 companies, as well as political subdivisions and municipalities.
Mia specializes in public finance litigation, having represented municipalities, special districts, bondholders, banks, trustees and others in virtually every type of dispute arising from public finance transactions and related tax laws. She has significant experience in the litigation of, among other things, validation actions, TABOR and other bond-related constitutional provisions, Title 32 and the Election Code, as well as related contractual issues. Additionally, Mia has significant experience in, among other things, appeals, contract disputes, business torts, financial services litigation, employment litigation, premises liability and other tort-related disputes in Colorado and Arizona state and federal courts.
Mia is strongly committed to civic and community service and has been active with the Denver Chamber of Commerce, having completed its civic leadership program, "Impact Denver," for Denver's next generation of community leaders. Her past civic experience includes serving as a Reporter at the 90th Arizona Town Hall, where she co-authored a report published statewide in Arizona, "Health Care in Arizona: Accessibility, Affordability, and Accountability."
With her experience, responsiveness and pragmatic approach, Mia has the expertise to obtain successful resolutions on behalf of her clients. She speaks Croatian fluently.
"Landmark Case Addresses Special District Financing," Multifamily Properties Quarterly, May 2018
The Colorado Humane Society, an affiliate of the Denver Dumb Friends League
Experience +
Prevailed in Landmark Towers Association, Inc. v. Colorado Bondshares, et al., 408 P.3d 836 (Colo. 2017), where the Colorado Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals and held that homeowners association's challenge to a TABOR Election was barred under the Election Code; in the same case, successfully represented the bondholder and trustee at the TABOR refund trial, where the Court dismissed the plaintiff's claims against them for fraudulent transfer and unjust enrichment in connection with a $30 million bond financing for a residential development.
In a related case, served on team of attorneys which prevailed in Marin Metropolitan District v. Landmark Towers Association, Inc., 2014 COA 40, where the Court of Appeals rejected the homeowners association's challenge to the creation of a special district.
Successfully represented a California municipality in a validation action, including at trial and on appeal, thereby permitting the municipality to proceed with a planned financing for the development of public streets and highways valued at nearly $1 billion.
Currently represents a California municipality in defending a class action based on its negotiation of franchise agreements with local gas and electric utilities.
Successfully represented a financial institution and trustee involved in a contract dispute with developers related to the issuance of tax increment revenue bonds, which dispute gave rise to two Missouri state court actions and two Missouri federal court actions over several years.
Successfully represented special districts in amicus briefing in SDI Inc. v. Pivotal Parker Commercial, LLC, 339 P.3d 672 (Colo. 2014), where the Colorado Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals and held that Title 32 permits special districts to assign the right to receive development fees.
Recovered substantial sums for national financial services institutions in actions on loans and lease agreements in default; secured on summary judgment a $1.8 million ruling in favor of a Fortune 100 client.
Routinely represents a major international retailer in various matters, including appeals, city permitting issues, negligence, premises liability and other disputes.
Represented two international meat processors in food liability and other disputes.
Prevailed in numerous Title VII, ADA, ADEA, ERISA, and FMLA cases; settled a matter involving Title VII, ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and breach of contract claims against Kutak Rock's client with full indemnification of the settlement amount and our client's attorneys' fees and costs.
Extensive experience in advising lawyers in connection with Arizona State Bar proceedings.


As convenient as USB charging is, traveling a lot gives me the problem of available outlets for all my devices. I've had some success with some dual port ones that can handle my Xperia Tablet Z and my Xperia Z1 Compact... but nowadays, even phones need 2.1A of power. So those just won't do anymore.
A quick Google search led me to Anker and their 5-port USB desktop charger. It's quite simple. 5 intelligent USB ports. 2.1A on ALL ports... ALL THE TIME! Sweet! The intelligent chip inside the charger regulates the amount of power. Handles tablets, phones, phones in use, etc. Charges all devices at full speed.
It's about the size of the Apple Macbook power adapter so it's easy enough to carry around and won't add any significant weight or bulk to your bag.
So far, so good. Most of the time, I use up about 4 ports. Leaving one free for a friend or any new gadget I may buy in the future. I'm quite happy with it and their customer support was quite quick to send an email asking if I was happy with my purchase.
If you have more than 3 USB devices that are taking up outlet space, this is a definite must-have in your kit!


Brookhill is on Logainm.ie: Brookhill.
It is located at 53° 42' 9" N, 9° 0' 53" W.
We don't know about any subtownlands in Brookhill.
Curious to see who lived in Brookhill in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Brookhill was added to OpenStreetMap on 25 Jan 2016 by Vincent de Phily.


Just here really quick to post my entry for this week's Color Inspiration and Weekend Sketch Challenge. My card turned out rather simple; but I hope you like it. I tweaked the sketch just a bit. Busy day and lots to do! So I'm afraid I'm going to skip the details. Check the supply list for product info. Also, be sure to come back a bit later for Friday GH chatter.
Nice card. I like how you used this stamp set.
Great card, you used the colours well.
nice card.... great use of the challenge colours!


Do numbers even exist in Nature? I don't think so. They are human concepts, to which humans have attached meaning. In Nature, things simply are as they are. For example, there's a tall flowering plant growing in the woodlands and by the freeways, blooming with pink to purple flowers in profusion right now. Is it Wild Phlox or is it Dame's Rocket? The two look very much alike. Wild Phlox, however, has 5 petals on each flower. It is a native wildflower. Dame's Rocket has 4 petals to a flower, and it is an invasive species. One is celebrated, the other ripped out at the roots in great handfuls and left to wither in the sun.
We make a lot of judgments based on numbers. What's your SAT score? Your credit score? Your cholesterol level?
Does it matter? We live; we make choices; we die. I think numbers are immaterial. I think character is everything. A growing thing, no matter the number of its parts, is alive. It deserves respect.
This entry was posted in Philosophy, Photography and tagged nature, numbers, respect, WordPress Weekly Photo Challenge. Bookmark the permalink.
← Weekly Photo Challenge: Spare Me!
Yeah…numbers schnumbers. I agree. Although…fractals in nature are all about perfect numbers. They are pretty cool. Have a wonderful weekend!
Fractals probably don't call themselves fractals and don't know that what they do is based on numbers…you know the point. But they are indeed cool!
I absolutely agree. When I first graduated, I got a job with Northwest Airlines as a reservation agent. On the third day they showed us into a huge room where there was a giant wall covered with lights. I was one of them. They could track how many seconds I was on each call, how long I had each customer on hold, and how many seconds between calls. That day I took the bus home and never went back, but I am always very kind and patient with my reservation agents to remind them that they are more than numbers and blinking lights.
What an interesting example! Wow.