Formative debates within anthropology and religious studies can be seen as an attempt to isolate the practice of prayer from its material conduits. Participants in these debates have often described the history of prayer as a progressive movement of abstraction from the mechanical efficacy of the thing itself toward an increasingly intellectual endeavor beholden to the contingent demands of "faith." In this debut portal into our unfolding compendium of resources related to the study of prayer, curator and lead contributor Anderson Blanton resists the narrative of prayer as a history of abstraction. His collection of objects seeks to recuperate the old etymological resonances of prayer as a "bead," as a gloss for both materiality and mechanized rhythms or repetitions.
Contributors to this continually expanding portal include Robert Orsi, James S. Bielo, Hillary Kaell, Don Seeman, Damla Tonuk, and Travis Cooper.
In Orlando, Florida people pin prayers to a cross. The cross stands on the grounds of the Holy Land Experience (HLE), a 15 acre "living, biblical museum" that teaches Christian themes in a themed environment 11 miles northeast of the Walt Disney World Resort. HLE is a site on the American evangelical landscape where materiality flourishes: religious history and textual ideologies are re-presented in a way that fuses Protestant commitments with the logics of immersive entertainment.
Dolls and phonographs share an intimacy with prayer. One of the first commercially available cylinders from the Edison phonograph company, for example, was a component in the "Edison Talking Doll" (1888). Hidden within the sawdust-filled recesses of this "Dollphone," one of the interchangeable cylinders played upon the automatic phonograph was the ubiquitous bedtime prayer, "Now I lay me down to sleep." While Edison was busy manufacturing toy prayers, Emil Berliner, the pioneer of the flat "Gramophone" disc, was inscribing the first copies of "The Lord's Prayer" in an old German doll factory (1889). Since the early days of phonography, praying dolls have been produced on a mass scale as a playful means to imprint pious attitudes upon the developing child.
Global televangelists, with their empires of technologically progressive media, are on the forefront of changes to evangelical prayer techniques and their implementations. People often seek out healing from big names in the international revivalist circuit, healers whom they believe they have witnessed (likely from television) serving as efficacious conduits of the Holy Spirit. Itinerant healer Benedictus Toufik Hinn—known around the globe as Pastor Benny Hinn—is a vanguard figure within these developments.
Playful phenomena often reveal hidden or unacknowledged elements in the practice of prayer. Postcard images of praying children were widely circulated throughout the early twentieth century, and these representations of childhood piety helped to solidify particular understandings of prayer within the popular imaginary. These illustrations, moreover, provide a colorful testament to the "apparatus of belief," or the ways in which the performative and experiential dimensions of prayer are inextricably related to physical objects that open communicative relays between the everyday and the sacred.
Is thought a form of materiality? The question is not an innocent one. I once overheard two neuroscientists at a faculty mixer joking about some of their colleagues in the humanities who still did not yet seem to realize—they were incredulous, in a self-congratulatory, slightly tipsy sort of way— that "mind" is really just another word for "brain." But what precisely is at stake in this polemic? I want to argue that there is no empirical question here but really a taxonomic one, and that reflection upon prayer—in my case, classical Jewish models of prayer—may help to reframe our mostly implicit taxonomies of matter and spirit in helpful and intellectually freeing ways. Is mind really just another word for brain? I think it depends on what you are asking.
One of the most important biblical references in the history of charismatic faith healing, the story of the woman with an "issue of blood" (Mark 5: 25-34) is often recounted to help explain the communication of curative efficacy from patient to healer. In this classic account of contagion, a woman with a seemingly incurable discharge of blood boldly makes her way through the dense throng following Jesus, reaching out her expectant hand to touch the healer. Immediately upon contact with the "hem of his garment," a healing virtue, or power, is communicated into the woman's body. Both patient and healer simultaneously register this tactile contact: as the woman experiences a newfound sensation of somatic well-being, Jesus feels power leaving his body (see the first illustration from Oral Roberts famous treatise, If You Need Healing Do These Things ). Given the significant place that this account holds in the theology and technique of charismatic faith healing, I would like to briefly explore this question: If the woman with an "issue" were to seek healing in the late-modern context, how would she negotiate her way through the crowd to make contact with the healer?
In Turkish, prayer beads are called tespih, a word derived from the Arabic root-word "sebh," which means to respect Allah or to "accelerate" in worshipping Allah. In Islam, faith on its own is not sufficient. A Muslim is enjoined to perform worship rituals to show his belief in Allah. A good religious subject is required to reinforce, improve, enhance and enrich his or her conduit by practicing, i.e., repeating prayer rituals. A Muslim is enjoined to perform worship rituals to show his belief in Allah. A good religious subject is required to reinforce, improve, enhance and enrich his or her conduit by practicing, i.e. repeating, prayer rituals. There are two worship practices in Islam in which prayers are repeated by numbers: salat (daily ritual prayer) and dhikr (allusion prayer). Each of these practices is organized through specialized objects to accomplish worshiping as it ought to be performed.
Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745-1812), the so-called Alter Rebbe, or founding teacher of the Chabad movement, was once asked to explain to his students how he prays. He is said to have responded, "I pray with the table and with the chairs." When I first heard this story many years ago, I assumed he meant merely to say that he prayed with great intensity, so that the tables and chairs shook with his fervor. Anyone who has seen Orthodox Jews engrossed in speaking to their Creator while bowing and shaking in constant motion—shuckling, as it is sometimes known in English— will know what I had in mind. I was more wrong than right though, because I underestimated the central importance of tables and chairs and the whole world of mundane materiality to Hasidic prayer.
There are about 3,000 croix de chemin (wayside crosses) along the byways of rural Quebec. People like Jean-Marc tend to them each summer: painting, restoring, cleaning, weeding and watering the gardens at their base. Like many caretakers, Jean-Marc refers to the cross he maintains as "his." It was erected by his grandfather in 1948 and has been on the family land for three generations. It is the materialization of a prayer, the "tangible architecture," as Anderson Blanton puts it, of a vow. It was in this context that I posed the question to which Jean-Marc responded above: Why did your grandfather put it up? What was the vow?
This is an excerpt from a recent recording of The Jackson Memorial Hour, a live gospel radio program broadcast each Sunday from a station in Virginia (thanks to Sister Dorothy and Brother Aldie Allen for providing me with recordings of their broadcast).This station's transmission reaches into portions of western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. Although it may come to some as a surprise, small AM/FM radio stations such as this broadcast live Pentecostal and charismatic Christian worship services to millions of listeners throughout the United States.
The divinely attuned capacities of the body, however, are not the only media for the detection of the unseen presence of the spirit. Artificial devices and material objects have also played a crucial role in the discernment of sacred presence, and reveal striking homologies with the specifically somatic gift previously described. Take for example the sensitive capacities of the camera's mechanical eye, simultaneously revealing sacred structures and organizing particular experiences of "belief" for the viewer.
Emphasizing their capacity to hear and respond to prayer, representations of the gods in the ancient world often depicted deities with disproportionately large ears. The popular Pentecostal paraphrase from the book of Isaiah (59:1) gives a more contemporary resonance to this ancient motif, "His ears are not too heavy to hear the cries of his people." Among many Pentecostal communities in the United States and elsewhere, performances of communal prayer that produce an excess of sonic intensity are believed to be more effective in opening communicative relays between the sacred and the everyday. This production of "numinous noise" emerges not only from techniques of the body such as breath, posture, rhythmic schemas, and other modulations of the voice, but a body-in-prayer that is amplified and extended by technologies of sound reproduction such as the microphone and the loudspeaker.
In terms of mass crowd phenomena and the spatial organization of bodies during the performance of prayer, the prayer line was one of the most significant twentieth century manifestations of communal prayer. During the charismatic tent revivals of the 1940's and 50's, the prayer lines became so massive that certain techniques were adopted to organize the multitudes in need of healing prayer. Structuring the throngs within the space of the giant canvas tent, "prayer card" systems helped organize the potentially excessive revival crowds into single-file lines that followed the inner perimeter of the revival tent and ended in a serialized passage across the elevated platform of the healer.
Underneath the massive cloth architecture of Oral Roberts' canvas cathedral, the "world's first healing film" was screened for a crusade audience of over 10,000 on September 29th, 1952. Venture Into Faith is a compilation of actual archival footage shot earlier that year during a healing crusade in Birmingham, Alabama, woven seamlessly into highly produced scenes recorded in a Hollywood studio.
Numerous tactile and sensorial elements are vital to evangelical walking prayer. The hands of pray-ers interlock with one another—trading oils and sweat—as they pray over selected street corners; perhaps the site of a car accident, some violent crime, a future business, an old apartment, or a perfect vantage point for viewing the city. Pray-ers lay hands on stone and brick buildings, to bless a food market or seek healing for a dying retail store. When churches like The Village do walking prayer, they are cast into the sensory overload that is city life. Hustle, bustle, frenzy, squealing brakes, honking horns, and passersby clash with our most readily available images and associations for prayer, in which piety and transcendence are achieved via silence. If the prayer shawls documented by Anderson Blanton are worn to "prevent distraction," urban evangelical walking prayer seeks and confronts distraction.
Pentecostals often invoke the saying "there is no distance in prayer" to describe the collapsing of physical distance through the performance of prayer. Oral Roberts popularized this phrase on a mass scale during the 1950's to explain the way that patients could be cured through his performances of healing prayer despite the fact that his actual physical presence remained unavailable to the dispersed magazine, radio, and television audience. On the one hand, this key descriptive phrase is based on the idea that "God is everywhere; therefore, there is no distance in prayer." This overt theological claim, however, elides the specific circumstances of technological mediation from which this descriptive phrase emerged.
Early in the recording, the crunching sound of pea-gravel can be heard as cars pull out of the church parking lot after the Sunday service. Because this popular Pentecostal song foregrounds the question of spiritual presence in relation to the perceptual capacities of the religious subject, it announces crucial themes for the Materiality of Prayer collection.
A pivotal moment in the technological history of prayer occurred when Oral Roberts introduced the motion picture camera into the charismatic atmosphere of his massive "tent cathedral." Through the medium of television, millions of Americans experienced performances of Pentecostal healing prayer for the first time. More than this, however, the motion picture film significantly altered the enthusiastic environment of the healing tent while organizing new sensorial and performative possibilities within the practice of prayer itself.
Simple wood-block print holy cards existed as early as the mid-fifteenth century, but it was the introduction of lithography at the end of the eighteenth century along with advances in modern printing that made possible the mass reproduction of holy cards and their wide distribution throughout the Catholic world in the modern era. Holy cards were everywhere in Catholic culture; they were one of the essential media of Catholic piety and social life. From the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, the cards shared a common devotional aesthetic. Jesus, the Blessed Mother, and the saints were depicted in warm colors, rich blues, reds, and browns that heightened the drama and emotional intensity of the imagery. The holy figures looked out from the cards at human affairs with plangent sympathy and concern.
The new definition of prayer laid forth in this portal could be used to articulate key techniques of Pentecostal and charismatic Christian healing prayer such as the "point of contact." Now a ubiquitous term in the performance of Pentecostal prayer, Oral Roberts developed this technique specifically in relation to the radio apparatus.
During performances of charismatic Christian communal prayer, the din of tangled voices is often punctuated by the percussive sound of disjointed clapping. This explosive manual gesture is neither rhythmic nor gentle, but a frenzied technique of clapping that unleashes Holy Ghost power into the worship milieu.
Prayer cloths are the most significant devotional objects among small Holiness and Pentecostal church congregations throughout the United States. Techniques of manual imposition and communal prayer transform these textile fragments from mere remnants or pieces of detritus into sacred conduits for the healing and apotropaic power of the Holy Ghost.
Over the last few years, "prayer shawl ministries" have rapidly gained momentum among mainstream Christian denominations throughout the United States. The prayer shawl is a long rug-shaped textile that can be draped across the shoulders or knees to facilitate in the wearer an actual physical sensation of prayer and communal support.
The introduction of the electric votive machine into Catholic churches during the early twentieth century organized a new devotional environment within the space of the side altar. The steady glow of the electric bulb chased away the chiaroscuro play of shadow upon the forms of the saints.
Citing literary references from the fourteenth century, a folklorist lecturing on the history of the Rosary provocatively stated, "the word 'bead' (Anglo-Saxon beade or bede) meant originally 'a prayer.'" Despite such early etymological gestures toward an inextricable relation between prayer and the material object, however, formative debates within anthropology and religious studies can be seen as precisely an attempt to isolate the practice of prayer from its material conduits.


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25 Subtle Signs You're Drinking Way Too Much Coffee
Step away from the cold brew and nobody gets hurt.
By Sarah Crow
If you're like most Americans, your day hasn't started until you've had your first cup of coffee. In fact, according to the National Coffee Association's National Coffee Drinking Trends annual report, 64 percent of Americans have a coffee habit, and drink the stuff on a daily basis. And their ranks continue to grow—that number is a seven percent jump from just two years earlier.
However, as coffee consumption continues to increase throughout the United States, so does the number of individuals who are feeling the effects of overdoing it. While the risk of an actual caffeine overdose is so low as to be statistically insignificant—just 51 have been reported over a 58-year period—there are frequent side effects that stem from overconsumption that even those attuned to their bodies can easily miss.
"The effects of caffeine are individualized, so it's best to assess on a case-by-case basis where exactly the tipping point is where caffeine may provide beneficial effects and where it creates diminishing returns," says Ariane Hundt, MS, a New York-based clinical nutrition coach and fitness expert, who suggests that those who are experiencing more than just alertness from their usual cup of joe might be overdoing it. With that in mind, we've rounded up 20 subtle signs you're drinking too much coffee, from the mildly concerning to the seriously dangerous.
1. You bruise easily.
If you're feeling weak, suddenly bruising easily, or find yourself more lethargic than normal, your coffee habit could be to blame. "Coffee inhibits the absorption of iron," says Hundt. Over time, this can lead to iron deficiency, or even anemia, if left untreated.
2. Your heart constantly races.
When your heart races, say, in the presence of your crush, that's not a bad thing, but when it's a daily feeling, it could be the result of your coffee habit. Caffeine has been known to trigger heart palpitations, meaning that a second cup of cold brew could be the reason behind a sudden flutter in your chest.
3. Your belly's getting bigger.
While minor caffeine consumption has been linked to weight loss, overdoing it could put you at risk for a widening waistline. In fact, according to research published in the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, drinking five or more cups of coffee a day can actually increase your risk of developing excess belly fat.
4. Your blood pressure is soaring.
That increased heart rate after a few cups of coffee isn't the only change your Starbucks fix could be having on your cardiovascular health. Researchers at Wageningen University in The Netherlands have linked coffee consumption of over five cups a day to increases in blood pressure, potentially putting you at risk for hypertension and stroke.
5. You're anxious.
Those rapid thoughts and your nervous energy could be more than just run-of-the-mill stress. "This has to do with caffeine increasing your heart rate by triggering the hormones cortisol and adrenaline, thus resulting in a short-term stress response," says Hundt.
6. You have shaky hands.
If you've noticed a sudden tremor in your hands, it might be time to revisit your coffee intake. Multiple studies have linked the consumption of caffeine to increased shakiness, so when you find yourself trembling for no particular reason, consider skipping the second (or third, or fourth) cup of coffee.
7. You're always tired.
While coffee may initially give you a boost of energy, if you're overdoing it, don't be surprised when you feel wiped out afterward. Coffee interferes with the absorption of vitamin B1, otherwise known as thiamine, which can lead to fatigue. Worse yet, this symptom is often compounded by the insomnia coffee tends to provoke, leaving you in a seemingly never-ending cycle of sleepless nights.
8. Your insulin receptors are off-kilter.
A few extra cups of coffee a day could put your body in some serious trouble. "[Coffee] gets you going by increasing your blood sugar by releasing glucose," explains Hundt. Over time, this can impair your body's insulin receptors, meaning you no longer respond properly to the effects of insulin and may develop insulin resistance, potentially increasing your risk of type 2 diabetes in the long run.
9. You're parched.
"Too much caffeine is dehydrating and makes you lose water through frequent urination," says Hundt. "How much caffeine it takes to create that depends on a few other factors, such as your adrenaline levels and stress, but you can be sure that consuming more than three cups of coffee a day is going overboard." Over time, the diuretic effects of drinking too much coffee can lead to serious dehydration, which can cause everything from cognitive confusion to heart rhythm issues.
10. Your blood sugar levels are out of whack.
According to doctors at the Mayo Clinic, those who already have diabetes might want to keep their coffee consumption to a minimum. While some research suggests that drinking coffee may reduce your risk of developing diabetes, coffee has also been known to affect blood sugar levels, posing a potential risk to those already struggling with the condition.
11. You're irritable.
That sudden urge to snap at your co-workers or your significant other? Blame it on those espresso shots you had this afternoon. Along with an increased predisposition to anxiety, too much coffee can make you irritable and prone to being short-tempered.
12. You're nauseous.
That queasy feeling in your stomach just might stem from the extra cup of dark roast you snagged at Starbucks. The combination of increased blood pressure, dehydration, and caffeine's high acidity level can wreak havoc on your stomach, making you feel queasy all day. "In higher doses, [coffee consumption] can progress to nausea," says Dr. Christopher Hollingsworth, MD, of NYC Surgical Associates.
13. You have muscle cramps.
Your aching muscles might be more closely related to your drink of choice than your workout routine. Drinking too much coffee can impair your digestive tract's ability to absorb magnesium, potentially leading to a deficiency. And one of the side effects of a magnesium deficiency? You guessed it: muscle cramps.
14. You have serious eye pressure.
That intraocular pressure you're experiencing could have started with that extra cup of coffee you downed this morning. Caffeine can increase your blood pressure, thus increasing pressure in the eyes and putting you at risk for glaucoma over time. Worse yet, if left untreated, this can even lead to irrevocable vision damage or even blindness.
15. Your bones break easily.
Nearly 54 million Americans have low bone density or osteoporosis, meaning they're more susceptible to potentially-debilitating falls and broken bones. Unfortunately, those extra cups of coffee could be putting you at risk: in fact, researchers at Creighton University have discovered that caffeine intake is significantly correlated with bone loss in older women.
16. Your teeth are discolored.
If you're feeling less than pleased with your smile, you might want to start thinking about limiting your coffee consumption. The acids in coffee can contribute to decreased mineralization in teeth, leading to enamel erosion over time. Coupled with coffee's staining effect, you've got a recipe for some not-so-pearly whites.
17. You can't sleep.
Anyone who's ever found themselves tossing and turning after having a cup of coffee too close to bedtime won't be surprised to discover that insomnia and over-consumption of coffee go hand-in-hand. "If you're having trouble falling asleep, try laying off coffee by 1:00 p.m. to ensure the caffeine has been metabolized by bedtime. Also, skip the night time cup of green tea and piece of chocolate as these too contain caffeine, while smaller doses, but can still affect sleep," suggests Hundt.
18. Your stomach hurts.
Those stomach pains you have after too many cups of coffee shouldn't be ignored. On its own, coffee's high acid content can cause stomach pain and may increase the risk of stomach lining erosion and ulcers. Unfortunately, continued over-consumption can exacerbate these issues, even leading to bleeding in the digestive tract over time.
19. You're losing weight.
While losing a few pounds may be on your to-do list, but if you're losing weight unintentionally, you may want to consider cutting back on the coffee. In addition to making your stomach more sensitive, overconsumption of coffee can trigger a thiamine deficiency, a symptom of which just so happens to be nausea. Combined with coffee's diuretic effect, you may shed a few pounds, but the process by which you're doing so is anything but healthy.
20. You're feeling weak.
All those trips to the bathroom that accompany your cups of coffee could be leading to some serious electrolyte imbalances over time. In addition to its magnesium-absorption-inhibiting effects, coffee's diuretic effects can throw your electrolytes out of whack, potentially leading to weakness and fainting, as well as heart palpitations, nausea, fatigue, and vomiting.
21. You have difficulty breathing.
If you're panting but haven't hit the gym in days, it's time to reconsider your coffee intake. Coffee over-consumption can lead to both magnesium difficulties and an irregular heartbeat, the combination of which can set you up for breathing problems before you know it.
22. Your skin is dull.
Before you shell out hundreds for a pricey moisturizer, try stepping away from the coffee pot first. Coffee's diuretic effects can cause dehydration, a condition that can make your skin dull and lifeless.
23. You're sweating excessively.
Those extra sweaty days aren't always a sign of a well-done workout. In fact, it could be the result of those extra shots in your Americano at breakfast. Caffeine can interfere with your body's magnesium absorption, and when left untreated, a magnesium difficulty can leave you sweating bullets.
24. You have frequent headaches.
That intense pressure in your head? Blame it on your cold brew addiction. The combined effects of dehydration and increased blood pressure caused by too much coffee can do a number on your head, so before popping another pain reliever, which can hurt your liver or even cause you to have a heart attack, think about skipping that extra cup of Joe first.
25. Your mouth is dry.
If your mouth is as dry as the Sahara (and you've got the less-than-charming breath to go along with it), it's time to step away from the Keurig. The dehydrating effects of caffeine over-consumption can lead to persistent dry mouth, and when combined with coffee's enamel-eroding effects, can lead to serious tooth decay over time.
The Single Most Effective Way to Boost Your Sex Appeal
Self deprecation is the most lethal weapon in any ladykiller's arsenal.
25 Ways to Transform Yourself into a Sex God
Bonus: You'll also be a much, much healthier man.
The Best Way to Get an Energy Boost Without Coffee
The President Just Put Dr. Fauci in Charge of This
The familiar face has a new job under Biden.
These Are the Hotspots for New COVID Strain
It's been found in 20 states, but these have the most cases.
This Rare Trait Could Keep You Safe From COVID
You could have super coronavirus immunity.
Here's One Sign Your Headache Could Be COVID
You should see if it feels worse when doing this.
This Is the Most Jealous State in America
Good luck gaining the trust of this suspecting state.
How You Should Take Your Temp to Detect COVID
It's not what you'd expect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


An angry McDonald's customer has pledged never to set foot inside one of the firm's restaurants again after he witnessed a homeless woman being turfed out of a Doncaster branch into freezing cold temperatures.
Dan Collins blasted the fast food chain as an 'absolute disgrace' after he says he saw a manager at the firm's branch in St Sepulchre Gate in Doncaster town centre asking a female customer to leave during last week's wintery spell.
The Doncaster McDonald's where the incident took place.
Mr Collins said he had popped into the town centre branch before the start of his shift for breakfast.
He said: "Absolute disgrace of a company.
"What an absolute disgrace your Doncaster town centre store is!
"I went in there for breakfast - I think there was three others in.
"I'd been there 40 minutes before your manager decided to kick the lady out behind me as she was finishing her coffee.
"Why? Because she was homeless!
"Yes she did look like she was drifting off a bit but as soon as the manager told her to "get out" she instantly responded.
"I jumped up and said that it's a disgrace.
"Chucking someone out because they are homeless and it's -5 degrees outside?
A McDonald's spokesman defended the store's management team and said that individual branch managers had the discretion of deciding on the length of a customer's stay and added that safety to other diners was paramount.
The statement said: "We welcome all customers into our restaurants and there is no policy in place which would restrict service to homeless people, or those wishing to purchase food or drink on their behalf.


The vast majority (86%) of B2B marketers invest in social media marketing, and a slight majority (52%) feel that social media is very important to their organization's marketing efforts, according to a new report from Regalix. While LinkedIn (89%) and Twitter (78%) are considered the most effective social media platforms, some types of content work better on Facebook.
As part of the global survey of 342 B2B marketers, Regalix asked respondents to indicate how 11 different content types worked across Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. Read the rest at MarketingCharts.com.


Our Performing Arts workshops provide members with a supportive, inclusive and creative environment to engage with various art forms, encouraging positive social interaction, a strong sense of community, and artistic expression of each individual.
Anyone is welcome to attend these workshops. Feel free to contact us at any time to discuss your ideas.


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One bill you can't afford to ignore
'Tis the season to be spending!
But in January, the joy of giving will give way to the pain of "payment due." Bills are not pleasant for anybody, but there is one bill that all Americans should be thankful for — the Bill of Rights.
Monday was the 217th birthday of the Bill of Rights. This cherished document provides some great insights into the principles the Founding Fathers prized. In it they listed some of the fundamental rights they believed were due every American and the restrictions on government they felt were necessary to preserve our liberties.
Controversy Over the Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was controversial in its time. While the Founders largely agreed on many basic human rights, there was disagreement over whether to include a list of such rights in the Constitution. Patrick Henry, Virginia's first governor, was a strong advocate for enumerating our rights in America's governing document.
Henry believed that the enumeration of specific core rights would provide important protection for human freedom against the new federal government established by the Constitution. As he described it, "The rights of conscience, trial by jury, liberty of the press, all your immunities and franchises, all pretensions to human rights and privileges, are rendered insecure, if not lost, by this change [in the form of our government], so loudly talked of by some, and inconsiderately by others.... Is it necessary for your liberty that you should abandon those great rights by the adoption of this system? Will the abandonment of your most sacred rights tend to the security of your liberty? Liberty, the greatest of all earthly blessings — give us that precious jewel, and you may take every thing else!"
Henry's concerns have been proved valid, as the growth of federal power since the adoption of the Constitution in 1787 has often been checked by the rights set forth in the Bill of Rights. It is important to recognize, however, that the Founders did not see the Bill of Rights as a document granting new rights to the people. Rather, they saw it as the written enumeration of specific rights already held by the people.
Some of the Founders argued that a listing of rights was not necessary or wise. Alexander Hamilton believed that the Constitution as written already secured the necessary rights, while others, including James Madison, were concerned that enumerating some rights would undermine rights that were not enumerated. Madison worried, "My own opinion has always been in favor of a bill of rights; provided that it be so framed as not to imply powers not meant to be included in the enumeration."
Bulwark of Freedom
Despite these various opinions, the Bill of Rights was eventually accepted as a sound addition to the Constitution. Its acceptance enabled the ratification of the Constitution by providing the freedom-loving Anti-Federalists with a safeguard for their liberties against a new federal government they mistrusted. Thomas Jefferson believed that a Bill of Rights, despite its imperfections, would be a net boon to the people. In writing to James Madison, he said, "A positive declaration of some essential rights could not be obtained in the requisite latitude.... Half a loaf is better than no bread. If we cannot secure all our rights, let us secure what we can.... The declaration of rights will be the text whereby they will try all the acts of the federal government." In the end, the Bill of Rights proved so important that five states ratified the Constitution only on the condition that the Bill of Rights would be added to it.
Such an important document in the founding of our government should be known to all, but how many of these core liberties can the average citizen recite today? Many are aware of the right to free speech, but what about the many other liberties guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?
The most famous of the ten amendments which compose the Bill of Rights is the first. It guarantees that Congress will not establish a specific religion, that citizens will have the liberty to exercise their religion freely, that they will have the right to speak freely, that the press will be free, and that the people will have the freedom to assemble and to petition the government for "a redress of grievances." Each of these rights protects the power of the people to resist or criticize their government should it overstep its bounds. The importance of such liberties is seen clearly by considering the practices of tyrannical governments. In Stalin's regime, for instance, criticism of the government through speech or written word was often punished by imprisonment or death. The silencing of dissent is a sure sign of governmental tyranny. Their fear of tyranny drove the Founders to establish these rights in their core governing document.
Nevertheless, the religious freedom clauses of the First Amendment are often poorly understood today. Most people believe that the Constitution somehow guarantees a "separation of church and state," but this phrase does not appear in the Constitution. What the First Amendment guarantees is that the government will not establish a "state religion," like the official establishment of the Anglican Church under King Henry VIII as the Church of England. Though the Founders prevented the government from establishing an official church, they went out of their way to guarantee the freedom of people to practice their religion as they see fit. Ironically, this "free exercise" of religion is under assault by those today who try to twist the First Amendment and reinterpret it as banning religion from the public square. Such was never the intention of the Founders.
The Second Amendment has also caused much tumult in recent years. In the face of many attempts to restrict or ban the possession of guns by individual citizens, the Second Amendment's guarantee of "the right to keep and bear arms" is alive and well. It was bolstered recently by the Supreme Court's ruling against the District of Columbia's ban on handguns in District of Columbia v. Heller. Despite this ruling, efforts to restrict gun use will undoubtedly continue. The Founders saw the right to keep and bear arms as a fundamental affirmation of the individual's right to self-defense and as a defense of the citizenry against the potential tyranny of the government. If our forefathers put such a high value on this right, it behooves us to understand it more fully.
Third and Fourth Amendments
The next two amendments attempt to secure a person in their home and possessions from unwarranted governmental intrusion. The Founders highly valued their privacy and their right to ownership of private property. Therefore, in the Third Amendment, they guaranteed the right of the people to refuse to quarter troops in their houses in times of peace (and only in a manner prescribed by law during time of war). In the Fourth Amendment, they sought to protect "against unreasonable searches and seizures" by the government. They felt strongly that government could not abridge this right without issuing a specific warrant based upon "probable cause" and supported by "oath or affirmation."
Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments
Amendments five through eight are perhaps the most neglected and, consequently, the most under assault today. The Founders, many of them lawyers, viewed the courts as the guarantors of individual justice and liberty. They understood that government could not be trusted to uphold the freedoms of the individual, so they granted power to the courts to protect those freedoms and to the people to make their case in their local court. The Fifth Amendment guarantees several rights to an individual faced with criminal charges. Among these are the right to an indictment by a grand jury before being charged with a capital crime, the right against self incrimination, the right against "double jeopardy," and the right not to be "deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law." The Fifth Amendment also requires compensation for private property taken for public use. The Sixth Amendment affirms the right to a "speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury" as well as the right to confront one's accusers, subpoena witnesses, and to have the assistance of counsel in one's defense. The Eighth Amendment prohibits "excessive bail" and "cruel and unusual punishments." After suffering from the rule by fiat of the King of England, the Founders came to value greatly the rule of law and the protection of the courts.
Seventh Amendment
Regrettably, many conservatives today have abandoned the trust the Founders placed in the jury system. In rhetoric that condemns "greedy trial lawyers" and a "sue-happy culture," big business and insurance interests are arguing that legislatures should restrict the rights of juries to resolve disputes between litigants in court. This flies in the face of the Bill of Rights, particularly the Seventh Amendment, which protects "the right to trial by jury" in suits at common law where the amount in controversy exceeds twenty dollars. The Founders did not trust politicians to resolve competing interests in court. They understood the vulnerability of government officials to be influenced by powerful interests (sound familiar?). They wanted litigants to have their disputes resolved on a level playing field. They, therefore, placed their confidence in juries comprised of ordinary people to make just decisions after hearing the relevant evidence.
Ninth and Tenth Amendments
In response to the fears of some Founders that a listing of specific rights in the Bill of Rights would imply that those were the only rights guaranteed to the people, the Ninth Amendment affirms that "The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people." The Founders placed a high value upon the liberty and judgment of the people, emphasized further by the Tenth Amendment's decree that any powers not explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution were reserved to the States or the people.
In the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, the Founders wanted to emphasize that the bastion of liberty and authority in these United States is the people, not the government. This is an important principle to remember today. In a world plagued by terrorism and economic uncertainty, there are many who would sacrifice their freedoms for the security of a big government. The Founders, on the other hand, were willing to die for their liberty. Patrick Henry famously declared, "Give me liberty or give me death!" We must never forget that a government big enough to give us everything we want will be big enough to take everything away — including our freedoms. The preservation of liberty requires courage on the part of every citizen and a willingness to live with risk.
The Bill of Rights is a wonderful guide to the rights and freedoms which have made our nation great. So, this week, take a few minutes to read these rights and reflect upon the principles of government and human liberty for which our forefathers sacrificed their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor.
This is one bill you can't afford to ignore.


Here at Reviewed, we take a lot of pride in finding, testing, and recommending only the best products to our readers, so it's fun to look back at the end of the year and see which ones really stuck out for you.
We dug through our data to see what everyone was buying in 2018. While some like the Instant Pot and robot vacuums were no surprise, there were a handful that came out of left field. Whether there was an amazing Black Friday sale or something was a hit for the holidays, these are the 20 most popular purchases our readers made in 2018.
Year after year, the Instant Pot remains the supreme rulers of things people love. And I get it. This device does the jobs of so many appliances all in one, and it makes quick work of everything from soup to meatloaf to creme brûlée and more. It's a truly impressive kitchen gadget that home chefs and cooking novices alike adore. This is the most popular model, but there are actually a bunch to choose from.
When Amazon announced they redesigned a bunch of their Echo devices, including the Echo Show and Echo Plus, everyone went crazy for the new Echo Dot. The most affordable Alexa smart speaker was already the most popular option because it only costs $50, but then it went on sale for Black Friday for just $25 and they hovered at $30 for the rest of the holiday shopping season. So it's really no surprise so many people went crazy for it.
Even the older model 2nd-gen. Echo Dot was one of the top performers too, especially since the price dropped from $50 to $40 when they announced the new model, and then it went on sale for only $20 for the holidays.
Whether you're sick of picking up your coffee only to find it's gone cold, or you're trying to break up with your nearby coffee shop to save money, a travel mug is a must. Contigo is one of the most popular options, and it's one of the best travel mugs we tested. It keeps drinks warm for hours, and you can choose from a bunch of colors. Plus, virtually every color is available for under $20, which is a big perk many of our readers took advantage of this year.
Some food subscription boxes send you snacks to munch on, others, like Home Chef, give you all the ingredients to make a fancy and delicious dinner. After we tested 10 separate meal kit subscription services, we found that Home Chef was the best choice for pretty much everyone, and our readers seem to agree.
With an impressive array of recipe options, delicious flavors, and easy-to-follow recipes, this subscription service is perfect for anyone who loves to cook or wants to learn new recipes and techniques.
Robot vacuums are always high on the list of popular purchases, and we get it. Who wouldn't want a robot to do their chores for them? While no robot vacuum is quite as powerful or effective as a traditional vacuum and some elbow grease, they can be a huge help in keeping things tidy between your regular cleaning schedule. The RoboVac 11S is the best affordable robot vacuum we've tested. We especially love that it's got a lower profile so it can fit under more furniture for a more thorough clean.
This year was a big one for grill masters and home chefs. Our favorite affordable meat thermometer is already a great deal at just $12, but when it dipped below the $10 mark a handful of times this year, our readers went crazy buying them up. Not only does a meat thermometer make it easier to cook your food just right, it ensures you've reached safe cooking temperatures whether you're grilling a steak or roasting a turkey.
I still can't get over how wildly popular this $8 magnetic car mount was this holiday season. Our readers saw an opportunity for something insanely convenient at an incredible price, and did not hesitate to pick these up in the final months of the year. Whether they got them as gifts for others or to improve their commute, we'll never know. But whoever's lucky enough to have one of these now is surely singing its praises.
It's no surprise to see another robot vacuum so high in the rankings. This one is our favorite affordable smart robot vacuum. Not only did it go on sale for less than $200 a handful of times this year, but it's also available at Amazon, Target, and Walmart under slightly different "exclusive" model names, so there was (and will likely continue to be) triple the opportunity to find it at a discount.
We love that you can control the N79 models from a smartphone all or with voice commands via Amazon Alexa. It's also got great suction.
It's not that surprising that DNA testing kits are so high on the list this year. They not only make great gifts during the holidays, but Ancestry's kits also saw big sales for Black Friday and Prime Day back in July. With a massive database, Ancestry is the best choice if you're hoping to find a long-lost relative or find out if your family really did sail over with the Pilgrims.
Not only was Ancestry a top option for the genetically curious, but 23andMe, one of the other most popular DNA kits out there, was equally as sought-after. The version people really loved was a little more expensive at $139, but it includes a closer look at your genetics as well as your heritage.
All-Clad is one of the most coveted names in cookware, and for good reason. Their pots, pans, and other products are all super well-made and always perform well in our tests. However, that quality comes with a higher-than-average price tag. So what is All-Clad doing on this list? Well, a few times a year, they have these massive sales on factory seconds (items that sustain minor cosmetic damage but are otherwise fine), and there were a few big Amazon sales this year too.
You can either create an account or just sign up to be notified of the next sale.
With more and more people ditching cable, it's no surprise that one of the best streaming devices was a big hit this year. Not only does the Fire Stick make it easy to watch Netflix, Amazon Video, Hulu, and more, but it's also got Alexa built right in, which makes searching for shows even easier. Plus, it was on sale for just $25 around the holidays.
Whether or not you believe that charcoal has medicinal properties and is capable of whitening teeth, this charcoal powder is the perfect chance to give it a try and find out for yourself. Not only is Active Wow a great price, but it's one of the products with a cult following on Amazon because people, including a lot of our readers, just love the stuff.
Our readers really adored the best affordable hair dryer this year. For less than $20, you can get a salon-quality blowout at home, so what's not to love? It's also one of lightest and quietest hair dryers we tested, making it ideal for anyone who hates loud noises and whose arms ache after finishing their hair.
At the beginning of the year, we pitted the famous Instant Pot against other popular electric pressure cookers. And the best affordable electric pressure cooker we've tested actually beat out the Instant Pot. They performed exactly the same in our tests, but the Crock-Pot model's lower price point made it a bargain for home cooks, especially when it went on sale for $45-$55. While the Instant Pot that connects to your phone is now the best model we're tested, the Crock-Pot is still one of the best options.
Honeywell makes the best smart water leak detector, and homeowners across the country snatched these handy little smart gadgets up every time they went on sale this year. Not only can they sense even the smallest spills, but they're able to send an alert to your phone, so you can handle the issue as quickly as possible, even if you're away when something goes wrong.
Our readers also upgraded their kitchens with the best nonstick pan. We love that it's comfortable to hold and maneuver, and that the nonstick coating made it a breeze to whip up eggs and pancakes. It certainly doesn't hurt that you're getting amazing quality for a bargain price.
I'd like to think that 2018 is the year of wireless charging. With Android and iOS devices coming out with built-in wireless charging capabilities, we saw an explosion of wireless charging options over the last year or so. RAVPower's charging mat was a reader favorite because it's super affordable. It may not be the fastest option out there, but it's small, less than $15, and perfect for nightstands and offices alike.
Whether you travel a lot or just have trouble drifting off to sleep because there's a streetlight right outside your window but you need sunlight to wake up, the best sleep mask is all you need to catch more Zzzs. We love the comfort of the contoured shape. And the soft material made it easy to wear all through the night.
Nordstrom is one of those stores that anyone who is into fashion loves to shop, especially when things are on sale. And these sweaters were the most-purchased item at Nordstrom among our readers this year. There were a handful of awesome Nordstrom sales this year, but this sweater looks so cozy (and comes in nine different colors) that we think the full price, while on the steep side, is so worth it.
This bundle was easily one of the hottest Black Friday deals of 2018. It first emerged in the days leading up to the biggest shopping holiday of the year, available at Amazon, Target, Walmart, and more. But as quickly as it arrived, it went out of stock because everyone, including many of our readers, grabbed the PlayStation 4 Slim bundle that came with one of the hottest (and most fun to play) games of the year.


The team at Milk! Records are fastly becoming a household name around the country. Since launching the label in 2012, Courtney Barnett has worked alongside co-founder and label manager Jen Cloher to provide music lovers with a killer roster of extremely talented musicians including Jade Imagine, Loose Tooth, East Brunswick All Girls Choir, Evelyn Ida Morris, Hachiku, Tiny Ruins, The Finks and Dyson Stringer Cloher.
Aside from the typical album releases and string of tours and festival slots, the artist-run label curates a heap of special events, compilations and collaborations. They're currently getting ready for a special party at Leadbelly on Friday, November 9. We spoke with some of the Milk! artists that you'll be able to catch at the event about their future plans and how they came to be a part of one of Melbourne's most iconic record labels.
1. Your recently released album 'Teddywaddy' is named after rural town 230 km North West of Melbourne. What was your main motivation for using this town as the centrepiece for the album?
I spent a lot of time there when I was younger and although the album isn't about Teddywaddy specifically it is one of the many focal points of place that I can look at and recall a lot of stories. It's an important place for my family, my grandfather stills runs a farm there and I still try to get there when I can. It's an interesting spot that you would never notice but it has a history which has more or less been wiped out and I do wonder how many other places like this exist throughout Australia.
How is it working with the Milk! Records team? What has been your biggest achievement working under the label?
Milk! are always great to work with, a fountain of knowledge and optimism which you can always do with a bit of. There's also a bunch of people behind the scenes doing a lot of work that perhaps goes unnoticed, which I think means they're doing the right things. I'm not too sure what the biggest achievement is, I am hoping that we are simply able to keep working with them and to try and put out better records all the time.
1. Your video clip for 'Keep On' is pretty epic and features you travelling around in various modes of transport from a shiny red sports car to a single-engine plane and even an army tank. If you had to choose one mode of transport to use for the rest of your life, what would it be?
That's a really tough question, I'd like to say a shiny red sports car, but maybe the real answer is a bike.... better for the environment!
2. Living in Melbourne, there is a whole heap of local talent. How has the Melbourne scene helped you grow as a band?
Without the community, we'd all be nothing!!! Playing with & alongside likeminded people is very important to a healthy musical eco-system. We love our Melb music scene and like to think that we all work together to grow one another. Strength in numbers.
1. It seems like you're pretty darn good at playing a lot of instruments. What's one instrument you don't know how to play but have always wanted to?
I would love to confidently know how to play stringed instruments like the violin, viola or cello. Actually, also I LOVE saxophone and trumpet. I have dabbled in Sax but I'm definitely not competent. So there are probably heaps of instruments I would still like to try actually!
2. Your music creates a lot of discourse around gender fluidity. What advice would you give to those struggling with the experience of being non-binary?
3. You spearhead the organisation LISTEN, an organisation that uses the feminist perspective to promote the visibility and experience of marginalised people in Australian music. Can you talk us through your role and the impact the organisation has had since its launch?
LISTEN is a thing I am really really proud of, but I encourage everyone reading to go check it out and see what it is up to now! I haven't been involved for a couple of years now, and don't like to pretend that all the hard work that is happening at the hands of volunteers still inside the organisation is my work or something I can take credit for. Go check it out though, it has changed heaps for me personally, and I think for plenty of other folks in music!
1. We're in love with the film clip for your song 'Walking Around' and we secretly wishing we could push past all those slow walkers out there. Can you tell us a bit about your thought process for the clip?
It was a pretty fun clip to make. I felt liberated being able to push past all those people, but also had to apologise to everyone afterwards, worried I'd given them bruised shoulders. The film clip was a very literal take on the song... I am literally "walking around", down a street. Then we had the thought to push it one step (pun intended) further by making it a homage to Richard Ashcroft's walk in Bittersweet Symphony. With only one week from conceptual stage until the shoot day, we tried our best to get it pretty similar, shot for shot.
2. What are you most excited about for the coming year? Do you have much planned?
We're releasing our debut full-length album next year! So I guess we'll be touring that a whole bunch. That's probably the main thing I'm excited for at this point. Excited to see where it takes us, and to see how the songs are received out in the world. Other than that I'm just looking forward to creating more art and more music with my besties. I am grateful for every day that I get to spend doing the things that I am passionate about.


Buies Creek, North Carolina, Aug. 27, 2007 (Zenit) - Much ink has been spilled over the supposed implications of having five Catholic justices sitting simultaneously on the U.S. Supreme Court.
But beyond speculation about what results this development may produce in specific cases such as abortion, there has been little discussion of what a uniquely Catholic understanding of American law actually means and how it may apply in the various substantive areas of law.
A new book, "Recovering Self-Evident Truths: Catholic Perspectives on American Law," (CUA Press), attempts to fill this void by explaining the theological and philosophical considerations that are foundational to a Catholic understanding of the law.
Kevin Lee, a professor of law at Campbell University, and author of the chapter titled "The Foundations of Catholic Legal Theory: A Primer," shared with us the contours of a distinctively Catholic understanding of law, and how Catholics may productively contribute to the law's development.
Q: What does it mean to offer a Catholic perspective on American law? Is it simply a critique of legal institutions like feminist legal theory, or does it offer something more?
Lee: A Catholic perspective must be concerned with what it means to be committed to Christ and to his Church.
So a Catholic perspective on American law means considering what law looks like from within that commitment.
It involves a critique of institutions and theories, but it also requires critical reflection on the patterns of meaning that shape and are shaped by the law and the legal system.
Q: Why is it necessary to ground an understanding of a legal system in a distinctively Christian anthropology?
Lee: It is not "necessary," in the sense that it is possible to create a legal system rooted in some other anthropology.
Much of contemporary American legal theory, for example, can scarcely be considered compatible with a Christian anthropology.
But I think Catholic anthropology has a contribution to make. It offers a unique understanding of the irreducible dignity of the person and the giftedness of the community.
Catholic thought affirms that human beings are creatures with particular natures, capacities and limitations.
We all have dignity as bearers of the "imago Dei," but we are also sinful and prone to weaknesses. We form communities naturally, through small acts of love and kindness, but that does not mean that we are not capable of meanness and selfishness.
The Anglo-American legal system could simply abandon its Christian roots as archaic or nonsensical, but doing that would mean abandoning our tradition and denying that tradition has anything to offer.
Anyone who would advocate that position would bear a heavy burden of proof.
Q: A number of scholars are rediscovering the Catholic influence on the formation of Western legal systems -- an influence that lasted well into the last century. Does the Catholic conception of reciprocal rights and duties, so long a part of Anglo-American law, continue to govern our legal system, or have individualistic and modern liberal theories such as those of John Rawls transformed American law?
Lee: There is no doubt that the contemporary Anglo-American legal system has been massively influenced by modern liberal democratic theories.
But, I don't think that Catholic thought is in total opposition to either modernity or liberalism. It is much more complex than that.
Modern liberals, like Catholics, are concerned with rights and justice.
For example, Pope John Paul II's passion for individual freedom against totalitarian rule found support among liberals.
The critique is more nuanced than a simple rejection of modernity and liberalism.
Q: What role does natural law play in Catholic legal theory? Is the natural law the "self-evident truths" that the American founders asserted governed political life?
Lee: Natural law is based on the belief that nature has rational purposes. It seeks to read moral precepts from such purposes as they are visible in nature.
Citing St. Paul's letter to the Romans, Christian natural law theorists have held that these precepts are based on self-evident foundational principles. But, it is a theory that is no longer widely accepted.
Modern science opposes the idea that there is any purpose to nature, moral or otherwise.
Contemporary secular philosophy largely denies moral truth altogether, and even contemporary Christian ethicists tend to look to virtue rather than law when speaking about morality.
Nonetheless, natural law theory still offers many insights and poses interesting questions.
For Christians, natural law theory has to be worked out in relation to the creation stories of Genesis. There are of course two antithetical natures for human beings in Genesis: one of eternal innocence and integrity, and the other of the fall and fragmentation.
The fall suggests a limit to our ability to gain moral knowledge from examining nature. It is possible to read the signs of nature correctly only if we understand the realities to which the signs refer.
But the fall impedes our capacity to know the ultimate reality because we no longer read the signs correctly. So a complete reading of the natural law will always elude our fallen, temporal selves.
Catholics typically have been more optimistic than Protestants in assessing the depth of our fallen nature. They have tended to argue that even the fall calls us to salvation because we can remember something of our pre-fallen state.
Protestants are more likely to see the fall as a complete forgetfulness of God that can only be healed by God's initiative. Nonetheless, Catholics and Protestants agree that we are deeply marked by the fall, and reason alone does not secure our ability to "read the signs" that tell of the purposes of nature.
That is why reason alone offers no sure guide to moral life. Benedict XVI has referred to the "pathologies of reason" to suggest this danger.
Christian moral theory must always be sensitive to excessive claims about the role that nature and natural reason can play in the moral life.
God's gifts of grace -- or example what St. Thomas called the infused virtues: faith, hope and charity -- are essential to the moral life, but they are typically discounted in natural law theories because they suggest limits to natural reason, and therefore moral knowledge is not self-evident.
Q: G.K. Chesterton and many other commentators have said that the American Declaration of Independence is a very Catholic document. Why would they make such a claim when all but one of the signatories were Protestants?
Lee: I believe Chesterton was referring to the presumption of equal dignity that he saw in the declaration and in the ethos of the American democracy. Equal dignity is part and parcel of the distinctly Catholic reading of Genesis that I referred to earlier.
Because Catholics affirm that the dignity of human beings is intrinsic and therefore independent of variable traits, it is equal among all persons.
Catholics affirm that human beings have an intrinsic dignity that is not contingent or alienable, that all human beings share equal dignity in the "imago Dei." That's a distinctively Catholic view.
It is not found in Locke, for example, who related human dignity to the contingencies of consciousness. I think that's what Chesterton had in mind.
Q: You argue that Pope John Paul II left an important legacy for those seeking to explore what the Catholic intellectual tradition may offer modern legal systems. Can you elaborate?
Lee: John Paul II was one of the greatest Christian thinkers of the last century.
His thought offers a unique Catholic approach to modernity. His philosophical project sought to be a modern science of human experience.
But, his work is also fully theological. For him, the point of philosophy is to live with divine wisdom. He offers a rich theological anthropology for thinking through difficult questions about matters such as the nature of moral value, the experience of moral meaning, and the scope of human agency and responsibility.
His work strikes out against the modes of human self-creation that are common in scientific and technological thinking. His insights into moral experience, human dignity, freedom, philosophy and wisdom are all hallmarks of the depth and substance of his thought.
I think we are only beginning to understand his importance both as Pope and as scholar. His legacy will continue to grow for a long time to come.


"Today I am like a new woman."
When I arrived at H3 I was physically and mentally defeated. I could not intellectually figure out how to begin to fix years of physical and mental neglect… Today I am like a new woman – maybe I was re-born at H3 because when I was there I felt like a child again, smiling joyfully as I tried new things – pushing myself while learning to have fun being active and physically exerting myself! My goal for the future is to continue to lose weight – I would like to lose another 20-25 pounds which I know I can do – yes I can, to get off blood pressure meds, to continue to enjoy exercise and activity and not let food be the enemy anymore. To share a healthy future with my husband – my team mate, my best friend.


text:
Vorschau & Rückblick (V&R) ist eine monatlich in der sächsischen Stadt Radebeul erscheinende kulturelle Regionalzeitschrift. Sie wurde 1990 gegründet, ihr Vorläufer, Die Vorschau, existierte von 1954 bis 1963.

Geschichte

1954–1963
Die regionale Kulturzeitschrift Die Vorschau für Radebeul, Moritzburg und Radeburg wurde 1954 auf Initiative von Helmut Rauner und Alfred Fellisch gegründet. Das weitgehend werbefinanzierte Blatt mit redaktionellem und umfangreichem Veranstaltungsteil erschien ab Juni 1954 monatlich im Umfang von 32 Seiten. Herausgeber waren die Stadt Radebeul und der Deutsche Kulturbund, Ortsgruppe Radebeul. Der Redaktion gehörten u. a. Curt Reuter und Günter Rehschuh an. Trotz ihrer großen Beliebtheit und mehrfachen Auszeichnungen (1960–1962 bester Kulturspiegel des Bezirks Dresden) musste Die Vorschau Ende 1963 wegen wiederholt kritischer Beiträge eingestellt werden.

Seit 1990
Nach der politischen Wende 1989/1990 knüpfte eine aus dem Neuen Forum hervorgegangene Bürgerinitiative an die Tradition der vorherigen Vorschau an. Herausgeber war zunächst die Bürgerinitiative Kultur Radebeul, zu deren Gründungsmitgliedern Karin Gerhardt, Ulrike Kunze, Ilona Rau, Friedemann Nawroth und Wolfgang Zimmermann gehörten. Die damals neu gegründete Monatszeitschrift mit dem Namen Vorschau & Rückblick erscheint monatlich seit Mai 1990 und hat die Pflege und Vermittlung der kulturellen Identität der Lößnitzstadt Radebeul sowie der umliegenden Gemeinden zur Aufgabe. Maßgeblichen Anteil an der erfolgreichen Wiederbelebung hatte der 2009 verstorbene langjährige verantwortliche Redakteur Dieter Malschewski. Seit 1993 wird das ehrenamtlich produzierte Periodikum vom Verein Radebeuler Monatsheft e.V. herausgegeben und liegt an zahlreichen Stellen in Radebeul und Umgebung zur kostenlosen Mitnahme aus. Darüber hinaus ist Vorschau & Rückblick seit 2011 mit einem eigenen Internetauftritt vertreten. Auf Vorschlag der Großen Kreisstadt Radebeul wurde der Verein 2016 für den Sächsischen Bürgerpreis vorgeschlagen.

Inhalt
Mit einer Mischung aus Information und kritischen Beiträgen hat das Monatsheft einen Platz in der Radebeuler Medienlandschaft erworben. Vorschau & Rückblick führt die Tradition des Vorläufers insofern auch weiter, als heute wie damals Porträts, Rezensionen und heimatgeschichtliche Aufsätze ebenso einen Platz haben wie Beiträge zu Architektur, Denkmalpflege, Kunst und Kultur.

Weblinks
 Vorschau und Rückblick
 "Vorschau & Rückblick" Heft 5/1990
 "Vorschau & Rückblick" Heft 5/2010
 "Vorschau & Rückblick" Heft 5/2015

Literatur

Medien (Radebeul)
Zeitschrift (Sachsen)
Kulturzeitschrift (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1990
Deutschsprachige Monatszeitschrift

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Eulima bilineata  — вид морских паразитических брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства Eulimidae.

Биологическое описание
Раковина примерно 6 мм длиной. Раковины взрослых моллюсков вытянутые, узкие, конической формы, с 13 уплощёнными с боков витками. Швы очень тонкие, с внутренней и нижней стороны параллельны ложным швам. Последние более заметны в молодых раковинах. Внешняя поверхность раковины гладкая, с едва заметными линиями прироста, которые становятся видны под отражённым светом. Раковина опоясана двумя спиральными коричневыми полосами. Апертура узкая, каплевидная, округлая в базальной части, заострена сверху. Внешняя губа поднимается по касательной к последнему витку между двумя полосами.

Образ жизни
Как уже упоминалось, Eulima bilineata — паразитическая улитка, её хозяином являются офиуры Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiactis balli, Ophiopholis aculeata.

Распространение
Встречается от Средиземного моря до Баренцева моря.

Примечания

Литература

Littorinimorpha
Животные, описанные в 1848 году
Моллюски Атлантического океана


text:
Tanzanian president meets emperor, empress
Visiting Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa (2nd from L) and his wife Anna have an audience Dec. 14 with Emperor Akihito (L) and Empress Michiko (R) at the Imperial Palace. ==Kyodo
#Akihito
#Imperial
#empress
#Mkapa
#audience
#Benjamin
#Anna
#Palace
#Michiko
#Dec.
#Emperor
#2nd
CUBA-HAVANA-JOSE MARTI-ANNIVERSARY-COMMEMORATION
(230128) -- HAVANA, Jan. 28, 2023 (Xinhua) -- Cuban revolutionary leader Raul Castro (1st L, front), Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel (2nd L, front) and Cuban Prime Minister Manuel Marrero Cruz (1st R, front) attend an activity commemorating the 170th birth anniversary of Cuba's independence hero Jose Marti in Havana, Cuba, Jan. 27, 2023. (Photo by Joaquin Hernandez/Xinhua)
SRI LANKA-COLOMBO-CHINA-CPC-DELEGATION-VISIT
(230119) -- COLOMBO, Jan. 19, 2023 (Xinhua) -- Leader of Sri Lankan United National Party and President Ranil Wickremesinghe (1st R) meets with deputy head of the International Department of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Chen Zhou (2nd L, front) in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on Jan. 14, 2023. A high-level delegation of the CPC has visited Sri Lanka and introduced the guiding principles of the 20th CPC National Congress to all sectors of the society in the island country. TO GO WITH "Chinese delegation introduces guiding principles of 20th CPC national congress in Sri Lanka" (Xinhua/Che Hongliang)
SIERRA LEONE-FREETOWN-CHINA-AIDED ACADEMY
(230106) -- FREETOWN, Jan. 6, 2023 (Xinhua) -- Sierra Leonean President Julius Maada Bio (2nd R, front) and Chinese Ambassador to Sierra Leone Wang Qing (2nd L, front) attend the handover ceremony of a China-aided foreign service academy in Freetown, Sierra Leone, Jan. 5, 2023. A China-aided foreign service academy was handed over to the Sierra Leonean government here on Thursday to serve as a professional training and educational institute of Sierra Leone's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. (Photo by Kan Yadong/Xinhua)
New Year greeting event at Japan's Imperial Palace
Japanese Emperor Naruhito, Empress Masako and their daughter Princess Aiko wave to well-wishers from a balcony at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo on Jan. 2, 2023. Former Emperor Akihito and former Empress Michiko can be seen on the left while Crown Prince Fumihito, Crown Princess Kiko and their second daughter Princess Kako can be seen on the right. People wave national flags at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo on Jan. 2, 2023, during a New Year greeting event where Japanese Emperor Naruhito and other imperial family members appear on the palace's balcony.
MIDEAST-JERUSALEM-ISRAEL-NEW GOVERNMENT
(221229) -- JERUSALEM, Dec. 29, 2022 (Xinhua) -- Israeli President Isaac Herzog (R, Front) and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (L, Front) pose for a group photo with members of the new government at the President's Residence in Jerusalem, on Dec. 29, 2022. Benjamin Netanyahu, the longest-serving Israeli leader, returned to power on Thursday as the country's prime minister at the helm of an extreme-right coalition. (JINI via Xinhua)
MYANMAR-YANGON-CHINA-NATIONAL THEATRE-RENOVATION-HANDOVER
(221227) -- YANGON, Dec. 27, 2022 (Xinhua) -- Chinese Ambassador to Myanmar Chen Hai (2nd R) and Myanmar's Union Minister for Religious Affairs and Culture U Ko Ko (2nd L) attend the handover ceremony of China-aided renovation project for the National Theatre of Yangon in Myanmar's largest city of Yangon, Dec. 27, 2022. The China-aided renovation project of the National Theatre of Yangon was officially handed over to the Myanmar government here on Tuesday. The renovation project, which was carried out with the assistance from China, began in August 2019 and was completed in November 2022. The upgrading work has made the theatre a modernized one of higher standards. (Photo by Myo Kyaw Soe/Xinhua)
NEPAL-KATHMANDU-NEW PM-OATH-TAKING
(221226) -- KATHMANDU, Dec. 26, 2022 (Xinhua) -- Nepal's President Bidya Devi Bhandari (1st L) administers the oath of office to the country's new prime minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal (1st R) at the President's Office in Kathmandu, Nepal, Dec. 26, 2022. Pushpa Kamal Dahal, chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Center), took office as the country's new prime minister on Monday afternoon. (Photo by Sulav Shrestha/Xinhua)
JORDAN-SWEIMEH-BAGHDAD CONFERENCE FOR COOPERATION AND PARTNERSHIP
(221220) -- SWEIMEH (JORDAN), Dec. 20, 2022 (Xinhua) -- French President Emmanuel Macron (L, Front) and Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani (R, Front) pose for a group photo with other participants attending the Baghdad Conference for Cooperation and Partnership in Sweimeh, Jordan, on Dec. 20, 2022. Participants attending the Baghdad Conference for Cooperation and Partnership on Tuesday called for stronger support for Iraq to help it maintain security and stability, and achieve comprehensive development. (Photo by Mohammad Abu Ghosh/Xinhua)
SOUTH AFRICA-JOHANNESBURG-PRESIDENT-ANC
(221219) -- JOHANNESBURG, Dec. 19, 2022 (Xinhua) -- South African President Cyril Ramaphosa (L), re-elected as the president of the African National Congress (ANC), talks to Paul Mashatile (R), newly elected deputy president of the ANC, during the 55th national conference of the ANC in Johannesburg, South Africa, on Dec. 19, 2022. Cyril Ramaphosa, president of South Africa's ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), has been re-elected to lead the party for a second term of five years, according to the election results released on Monday. (Xinhua)


It's hard to constantly keep up with caring for your skin amiright? As a mother, wife, business owner, friend, leader, cook, life organizer and housekeeper…its even harder. I also find that amid my busy schedule, it is difficult to carve out down time for "me".
Sometimes I just feel like wearing a serious punch of color and then standing in front of a crazy colorful wall because…that's just what bloggers do.
In all seriousness, I truly enjoy color. For years I primarily wore gray and black with very little color. Now don't get me wrong, I still adore gray and black, but I noticed that while I do like those colors my shopping tendencies were greatly influenced by my overall mood.


text:
Tweak says, "Gawsh."
User: _intherough_ (385748)
It's Been a Bad Day
But Tonight, It Only Gets Worse
View all userpics
Name: Nikolai Jones
E-mail: nemesiskismet@gmail.com
Bio: CHARACTER:
Age: 19 (going on 20)
D.O.B.: January 17th
Hometown: South Padre Island, Texas
Physical Description: Nik generally stands at around 6'2" and around 168 pounds, quite a bit of it muscle. He has dark brown hair which just about reaches his shoulders. When he's working it's tied back in a pony tail and when he's not, it's loose and hanging in his face. Sometimes there's a red streak in it. His eyes are about the same color as his hair and he often has a tired look. Though he's rough in personality, he keeps himself very clean shaven. He's kind of pale though his natural skin tone makes him look slightly tanned. Nik has a bit of an overhanging brow that makes him look extra broody.
For clothing he prefers dark colors. His wardrobe consists of ripped jeans, blank t-shirts, leather jackets, biker gloves... Sometimes he dawns leather wrist bands but generally doesn't like covering up his tattoos. He has one on each wrist of yellow and red fireballs that stop about mid forearm and only on top.
Personality: Upon first glance, Nikolai is very introverted and cold-hearted. He doesn't seem to have or want any friends. That's fine with him. He prefers to sit and read or listen to music instead of interacting with people. The first thing out of his mouth when people try to speak to him is usually an insult. That is, if you're lucky to get him to talk. Usually he'll just get up and leave. He doesn't put up with shit from anyone and has been in more fist fights than he can recall. Nik will always call out someone's stupidity but usually with curse words and insults and with very little explanation. He has very little patience with other people and is generally very cynical.
But if you do manage to get underneath that cold exterior, you'll find a very loyal and true friend. He's a little physically rough with friends and is more the one brooding in the corner. He'll joke a little though it's mostly sarcasm and he's always got fairly good, common sense advice. But very few ever get underneath his initial layer of assholery.
He's very protective of his siblings but isn't really close to them socially. But if one of his brothers asked for his help, he'd volunteer quick like a bunny.
Passenger:
Traveling With: Family
Contest Entry: Involuntary – a family councilor entered them in the contest in hopes a vacation would save them.
Career/Job: Busboy, Occasional cook.
With Bianca's booming accountancy company and Louis's chain of fashion stores very hip to the spring breakers in South Padre Island, Texas, it was a miracle that they ever had time for children. But they did and here they are. At first, their marriage was a very happy one. After all, Louis needed to keep up his cover so he kept his wife happy. In their first year of marriage the twins were conceived and later, very born. Nikolai was a very quiet child and preferred playing alone despite having a twin. In fact, they didn't act very twin-like at all. Well, school was fine with Nik. He passed his classes and really just moved along like the other sheep.
He never really paid attention to the bitter arguments that would occur behind closed doors as his parents were generally not around much for him to think about it. Although their father made a bit of an effort more than their workaholic mother. Around his and Io's thirteenth birthday, their world sort of exploded. Their parents began fighting more openly and, well it wasn't pleasant to say the least. He started doing odd jobs for people around town just to get out of the house.
When he finally graduated high school, he was pretty certain that was his chance to get out of the house. However he was wrong. His grades were fine but there were no scholarships for him as there was really nothing special that he'd ever done to earn them. He ended up working as a busboy in an authentic Mexican restaurant and kind of just stayed there. At least he could look over his brothers and make sure nothing happened to them while their parents got worse and worse.
And then this happened. Their marriage councilor who was utterly failing them decided to enter the whole family in a contest for a cruise, hoping that a vacation might help the lot of them loosen up and reconnect. Here's hoping they don't kill each other.
Special Skills/Abilities: Bussing tables, singing rock (not a talent he lets anyone see), dancing (only with the Senorita when she's in need of a positive pick-me-up), finishing large books in a span of a few days, around the house repair work, speaks Spanish, can make some mean Mexican food.
Personal Weaknesses:
Hot Head: Nikolai has the worst temper of all the brothers. The slightest little thing will make him want to punch someone in the mouth. It's very easy to start a fight with him.
Introverted: He's not very out going. It's not that he's shy because he's very not. He just doesn't really feel like going out of his way to deal with people. As such, he kind of misses out on a lot of experiences in life, especially nice group experiences.
Impatient: He does not like waiting. If something needs to be done, do it and get it out of his fucking way. And if it doesn't get done now move and he'll do it for you. Whatever IT may be.
Cynic: Life sucks and then you die. Nikolai generally doesn't expect anything pleasant to happen to him ever. Or to anyone around him. If something good does happen, he finds a way to turn it bad and if something bad happens well, that was to be expected.
Smoker: Nik on occasion smokes a cigarette. He's at about two cigarettes a day but it can get worse the more he stresses out.
Personal Strengths:
Intelligent: He may not really show it but he's pretty well read and well learned. He's not a math genius like Grigory but he was always fairly talented in his English classes and took Creative Writing at one point (mostly as a filler class).
House Hold Repairs: He's very talented with house hold repairs even if he's never done them before. He's no electrician but he can install a ceiling fan (as long as someone else does the wire work) or he can take out a toilet and put in a new one. Things along that line of work.
Cooking: He's been working for a woman he refers to as The Senorita for a couple of years now in her restaurant and though he's just a busboy, he's gained a talent for cooking perfectly authentic Mexican food. Anyone else's style just doesn't compare to the Senorita's.
Bi-Lingual: Living less than an hour away from the Mexican border and in Texas... And working for nice Hispanic lady has given him all the knowledge of street Spanish he'll ever need. Why learn traditional when what's on the street is more important?
Bianca – Mother
Louis – Father
Iosef – twin brother
Mstislav – Middle brother
Grigory – younger brother
Room: I Deck - 1028 - The Titans
This room is themed to represent each of the Titan gods. The floors are a golden-colored marble, the walls a soft cream color. Through-out the main room are eight miniature columns, each topped with a statue of a Titan god and nameplate. The main sitting room has a mini kitchenette, as well as a couch, two arm-chairs, and a flat-screen TV. The furniture is all upholstered in gold, and the curtains covering the balcony doors match.
There are two bedrooms, both identical, with a computer desk and queen-size bed. The linens are all gold cotton.
The bathroom, which is done purely in gold marble, has a jacuzzi tub, and a shower stall that doubles as a mini steam room.
Preferred PB: Steven Strait (Sky High)
Name/Alias: Heather
Contact Info: So on
Time Zone: And so forth
Schools: None listed
8: anotherleftturn, doctorfeelgood, karanissa, lady_thief, manoffaith, pastorsdaughter, tenouttaten, upfromtheashes
2: oblivionooc, oblivionrp
Friend of: 3: anotherleftturn, lady_thief, upfromtheashes
Member of: 2: oblivionooc, oblivionrp
Account type: Free Patient
(more details...)


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Paco Alcacer has admitted he couldn't turn down Barcelona when they made a move for him earlier this year.
The Valencia academy graduate ended his lengthy association with the Mestalla club when he joined Barca at the end of the summer transfer window.
"It's very difficult to say no to Barcelona. I am a player that came from Valencia, I am Valencia [through and through] and it was a very difficult decision, but I think that for any player it is a step forward in their personal career and I think that I have done well.


text:
12.22.20 – WETUMPKA IMPACT CRATER
About 83 million years ago, a cosmic object – an asteroid or comet estimated to have been about 1,250 feet in diameter – struck what is now Elmore County on the eastern side of the city of Wetumpka. All that remains of the meteoritic impact crater formed by the collision is a crescent-shaped ridge of hills rising up to 300 feet above the surrounding river plains.Scientists estimate that the energy released by the Wetumpka impact event was over 175,000 times the energy of the nuclear bomb detonated at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945 and would have destroyed all life for a radius of about 40 miles. The crater structure was first noted in 1969 by a group of geologists from the Geological Survey of Alabama, but its origin was not proven conclusively until 1999, when a team of scientists completed a 630-foot-deep drilling operation at the crater's center. The scientists found that the minerals contained in the subsurface samples revealed evidence of deformation characteristics resulting from high pressure and massive sudden impact. Such minerals are found only in structures formed by cosmic impacts and at nuclear-test sites. In addition to the physical analysis, the material was subjected to geochemical testing at a laboratory in Vienna, Austria, which revealed meteoritic elements such as iridium, cobalt, nickel, and chromium and confirmed their meteoric origin.
Info courtesy Encyclopedia of Alabama.


Edgar is convinced that he's a relative if mine.
Stanislaw told us about his day.
Kayvan is lying on the grass.
Debbie was one of us.
Tao's parents never told him about the facts of life.
Norma says he can't remember what he and Vladimir were talking about at that time.
I wonder what Kent meant by that.
I've got to get Win out of here.
Pim and Marco have known each other for years.
Lisa said he didn't have anything to say.
Syd can't decide what to order.
Jeffie struck the wall with her fist.
I don't see Erik as often as I'd like to.
I'm sure Winnie will like his new job.
We want Rafael to play a song or two for us on his banjo.
Geoffrey cried tears of rage.
Ramsey probably didn't notice that Blake was there.
Were I to make the truth known to Joachim, he would not believe it and would flee even deeper into his fantasy world.
Because of Sam's harsh words, Donnie felt as if she had plunged into the depths of misery.
Rod is a very important person.
Kurt has quite a temper.
Trent is just a boy.
Deborah doesn't want to do anything at all.
Wolf is too young to drink beer.
I'm sure Trevor will like it.
Bucky is coming for a visit.
When was the last time you played tennis with Spudboy?
Michael's bicycle was blue before he painted it red.
I'm never going to talk to Juha again.
I didn't think Steven would want to see me again.


text:
Ailanthus excelsa, commonly known as tree of heaven, is a large deciduous tree found in India and Sri Lanka. In Tamil, it is also known as Pi-Nari Maram due to its disagreeable odor. The trees are grown along the edges of fields and rivers to mark boundaries and prevent soil erosion.

The tree has several uses in medicine as the gum and the bitter, aromatic leaves are reported to  have medicinal properties. The bark is a febrifuge and can be used as a treatment against asthma, bronchitis and dysentery. The leaves and bark are also in good repute as a tonic that is used after labor. The juice of the leaves and fresh bark is used as a remedy for after-pains.

The tree is also used in matchstick industry, as fodder for goats, and is one of the best tree used to trap Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM).

Media

References

excelsa