Last Thursday the sleep deprivation finally got to me & on a whim I decided I wanted Grayson in a toddler bed ASAP. He has been waking up at the crack of dawn since mid-July for some reason & when it became 5:45, I was over it. I thought he needed a change. Well, Grayson got his "tools" and helped Ben "build" his new bed (for real y'all, G thinks he built his own bed! ha!) before naptime on Thursday.
I just signed up for Weight Watchers again yesterday. I was a member for 2 months before I got pregnant with Griffin & lost some weight. I'll have a post soon about the whole "body after baby numero dos" thing. It isn't as pretty as the first time around.
Both pictures taken at 3 weeks old. I need to start labeling pictures!
I have been the biggest baby about putting Griffin in his crib. I can't believe I ever thought that I could let him sleep in his own room from day one. I laid him in there on Sunday night & made it a whole 10 seconds before I scooped him up. Griffin just looked SO tiny & lonely in that big bed all by himself. So? He's still in our bedroom. I'll pretend like he sleeps in his bassinet all night long & never cosleeps with me. Pretend being the keyword.
Also? The fact that I am exclusively breastfeeding, using my K'Tan baby carrier ALL THE TIME, and semi-cosleeping?! Well, I feel like I've gone all crunchy granola on you guys. Don't worry. I won't be getting a "family bed" anytime soon. Griffin will get his eviction notice soon enough.
I think I have decided what every new mom needs: a maid service for the first 3 months. Honestly, this has been the most stressful change for me since having 2 kids. I feel like my house is a disaster 24/7. I had this great cleaning routine when it was just G but I can't seem to get everything done now. I know Griffin will eventually be on a schedule & things will get easier, but, 3 shedding dogs + a toddler + a newborn = my house looks like a tornado went through it at all times. It's making me a crazy person.
The PP hormones this time are killing me. I feel like I cry about everything. I don't feel "done" having babies & I have always said I would love to have a baby girl. However, I did tell Ben that I am feeling super sentimental about all these sweet, tiny boy clothes. What if I do get pregnant again & have a girl? Then I may never use these sweet boy things ever again! *cue tears* Also, it was my decision to switch G's bed but I still got all teary when he transitioned so easily. Where did my baby go?!
Laura, I agree about the maid service! I am due in two weeks and I am anticipating that this is a serious need!
I don't know how you do it!! You are much more of a woman than I. I say we are only have 1 because, frankly, I don't know if I can take care of the 1 right let along multiples. I hope the PP blues end soon for you. You are a great Mommy - it's clear in your blog and IG.
Oh my they do look just alike! I haven't transitioned Nolan into his toddler bed but he sleeps later than Grayson...glad it is helping him sleep longer :) and glad the breastfeeding is going so well for you...it's going well over here too!
So glad Grayson did good in his big boy bed!! YAY!!!!!!
I can't believe HOW MUCH they look alike! They are precious!!!!!! BOTH OF THEM!
Don't worry about the house! It can wait. Snuggle that little fella!!!
They look like twins! How cute!!!
And you give me hope about the big boy bed. That's awesome that Grayson is doing so well!
And seriously, your boys look so much alike - you almost have twins!
Hugs mama, you're doing a great job!!
You are such a good mama! I HATED the PP hormones and it always felt like no other moms ever talked about them! You are doing a great job girl! Your babies are beautiful.


The upcoming movie "The Purge: Election Year" is an action horror sequel of The Purge franchise. The film is an American social science fiction movie. It is the third installment in The Purge series. The sequel includes, 'The Purge' released in the year 2013, followed by 'The Purge: Anarchy' in 2014, and The Purge: Election Year releasing on July 01, 2016. The Purge movies have a kind of, creepy concept and that in real makes it so successful. The movies 'Purge' is a horrible event observed annually. The event Purge is a legal crime day. The entire nation is free for 12-hours to commit any sort of crime, including murder. The event apparently rids America from hatred and crime.
Why The Movie "The Purge: Election Year" Comparatively is a More Promising Sequel?
The movie happens not to be just a gore this time. The Purge sequel has an interesting concept; the abstraction utilizes more mortality and suspense.
Just a glance on the movie, America is wracked by crime and overcrowded prisons. The government has made an absurd, but a unique strategy to the odd. The Purge, is one night when citizenry regulates free from law. The police can't be reached. The hospital's doesn't suspend any sort of aid. In the horrible lawless night an innocent family falls into trouble. The family is threatened as a man escaping from a group of people trying to kill him. James Sandin lets the stranger in and hence falls into messy scenario. The movie is about how James deals with the situation and saves his family and decides the man's fate.
The Purge Anarchy is the continuation of the same horrifying event. This time the Purge night falls heavy on a couple who are driving home when their car breaks down. A mother and daughter escaping from attackers met these couple. Meanwhile, a police man is out in the streets seeking revenge from a man who killed his son. These five people together try to survive the terrifying night in Los Angeles.
The upcoming movie is assumed to take a more political tone than the past two series. Sen. Charlene Roan lost her family in the annual Purge night. Roan managed to survive the yearly tradition of blood lust. She is a presidential candidate and is protesting against the institutionalized murder. Consequently, this pisses off the murder delighted power. Eventually, she is in hazard when the annual Purge occurs. This sequel focuses on people in authorities rather on everyday crowd that are victim to violence.
The movie's shooting began on September 16, 2015. The shooting was done at the Woonsocket Rhode Island. The movie released date was originally set on July 04, 2016 to coincide with the independence day of United States of America. Later the date was moved to July 01, 2016, which is the weekend of the Independence Day. The third Purge installment has a more solid concept among all of the Purge incarnations. Therefore, the movie is expected to be a huge hit of the year 2016.
Previous articleSTRESS- THE NEW AGE KILLER!!!


There are different versions of ePOS systems to benefit from. Available on the market since few years, portable cash registers are now used in every business. At this purpose, we will showcase the advantages and prices of having such equipment.
Are you considering to purchase a portable cash register? Fill in the form and get free quotes and professional advice from our suppliers.
The portable cash register option is a basic cash register with entry level features. This type of cash registers is portable because of its size. Light and small, they can be easily moved from one place to another. Also, it can be used off site and outdoor thanks to their internal battery that does not require them to be plugged.
This equipments is practical if you have to receive payments from diverse locations but provide limited options and features. It is made for small retail shops with a small amount of sold items per day. Reports and customer management are not advanced, but you will have everything necessary for a small business.
This portable cash register can be transferred from one point to another but it is not made to be constantly moved inside the store, while mobile cash registers are.
The second option is to get a mobile cash register. As explained previously, a mobile equipment can be easily moved from one location to another and from one corner of the store to another. A mPOS system can be adopted as an entire cash out solution or as an extra device.
Some of these equipments are delivered as a package including the hardware and the software, while others only include the software. Most of the times you can use the software on your actual hardware, as long as it has a web browser. Hence, it can be used on a tablet or a smartphone.
However, be aware that mobile POS systems have some downsides. Despite the fact that some of the software products can also be used without the internet, you generally need to have a powerful internet connection. Moreover, it is a good idea to choose a device with a good battery and that will not let you without a cash out solution in the middle of the day.
These devices can store information about the products which can help the employees to quickly deliver the right information to the customers. Knowing the price, features and availability can improve customer service and increase sales.
A mobile POS system is intuitive and offers more options than a basic cash register. Working more effectively and processing checkouts faster allows employees to dedicate more time and attention to customers.
Most of the times it is easy to download the new versions of the software, which allows you to always have an up to date device.
These devices provide valuable customer information and loyalty programs. They help you identify your important customers - their purchases amounts, their visit frequency and their preferences. You will be able to personalize your offers for each customer which will help you increase your number of daily visits, your customer service and sales.
A mobile POS system also offers efficient reports and accurate inventory management. Reports and stock are updated every time an item is sold.
Who is a Portable Cash Register For?
A portable cash register can be practical in different situations, and here are some contexts where a portable cash register is not a gadget but a must have.
A portable cash register is a must have in restaurants as it allows waitresses to send orders automatically from their devices to the kitchen printer. Also, staff can receive payments from customers' tables. Besides being quick, it also improves the customer service, since clients won't be waiting in front of the counter anymore.
A portable cash register is a must have if you have a mobile store that has to receive payments from different locations, such as a food truck.
A portable cash register is a must have if you have events outside of the brick and mortar shop - farmer's markets, exhibitions and other circumstances are no longer an issue.
A portable cash register is a must have if your sales are not regular. For example, during the sales seasons it can be a good idea to add a mobile POS system to your actual device. Doing this will keep you away from buying a whole new ePOS system. A mPOS system device can help you handle the temporary extra work.
A portable cash register is a must have if you have a small store that doesn't have many sold items per day. A mPOS can be a cheap alternative to an ePOS system as most of the times you can use it on a simple tablet or smartphone.
A portable cash register is a must have if you miss space in your store as this type of small device doesn't need a specific and big counter.
What is the Price of a Portable Cash Register?
Both portable cash register solutions can be relatively cheap.
If you opt for the first solution and you want to buy an ultra-compact basic cash register it will cost you between £100 and £200. Most of the brands offer these entry level products.
If you want to have a mobile POS system instead, you need to be equipped with a hardware and a software. For the hardware you need to make sure to count with a device that has a web browser. Otherwise, you need to buy the device (tablet or phone).
Software prices can vary from free to £3,000. The costs vary according to the different features available. It can also vary by number of cash registers, number of users and number of store's items. Sometimes a monthly subscription or updates are required.
For both kinds of portable cash registers, you might want to have additional devices, such as a credit card reader or a printer if you don't want to send receipts by email.
If you think it takes too long to do research or if you feel lost and want to know more about portable cash registers and receive free quotes, just fill out the quote request form at the top of this page. You will receive up to four quotes from our qualified suppliers, with no strings attached.


The Southwest Elmhurst Wet Weather Control Facility (WWCF) project includes a redesign of the lift station at Saylor and Jackson with large capacity pumps (in addition to the existing pumps), the installation of an 18" wet-weather force main, and the erection of a two-million gallon excess flow storage tank at the Water Reclamation Facility.
How is it designed to work?
During normal conditions, the smaller (dry weather) pumps at the Saylor and Jackson Lift Station convey flow through the 10" force main (recently replaced) to the interceptor sewer on McKinley Avenue. During large storm events, these pumps will shut down and allow the high-capacity pumps to take over and pump the flow directly to the Water Reclamation Facility. If the storm is so large that the treatment plant reaches capacity, up to two million gallons of the flow from the Saylor and Jackson Basin will be pumped into the storage tank.
Who will benefit from the WWFM and WWCF?
The Saylor and Jackson Lift Station Basin is comprised of approximately 660 homes, and the addition of the wet-weather force main and larger pumps will greatly reduce the risk of sanitary sewer backups for these homes by increasing the amount of flow that the lift station can pump away from the basin during large storms. At present, the lift station pumps all flow to the intersection of Saylor and McKinley Avenue. Once the WWCF and WWFM are in operation, the lift station will no longer need to pump to this location during large storm events, which will also reduce the risk of backups for homes tributary to the McKinley Avenue interceptor, an area of approximately 1,700 homes.
This project was undertaken in connection with the settlement of an enforcement action taken by the Illinois Attorney General and the Illinois EPA for alleged violations of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act.
The portion of the project consists of the installation of approximately 5,600 L.F. of 18" sanitary force main constructed using open-cut excavation, directional drilling, and bored and jacked steel casing. The project also consists of the installation approximately 5,600 L.F. of conduit for fiber optic cable with force main for the lift station controls, 2,300 L.F. of open-cut 24" gravity sewer, and 400 L.F. of open-cut 6" water main.
This portion of the project consists of the phased modifications, demolition, and expansion of the existing Saylor and Jackson Lift Station, including site clearing, excavation and grading, construction of a new cast in-place wet well, expansion of the existing building, demolition and removal of the existing mechanical piping, installation of new mechanical equipment and controls, standby generator, five new pumps (two dry weather and three wet-weather), and all necessary piping and appurtenances.
This project consists of the construction of an above-ground, open-top 2.0 MG wastewater storage tank, including site clearing, excavation and grading, mixing and flushing systems, controls, standby generator, and all necessary piping and appurtenances.
The segments to be lined in the 2015 project are in basins 17, 18, 21 & 24 in areas identified as a problematic and a major source of infiltration. During annual maintenance, inspections found the sanitary sewer lines to have multiple cracks and pipe defects. The (CIPP) cured-in-place-pipe project is a procedure to remove infiltration from the collection system and to improve the structural condition of deteriorating pipes in the basin.
RJN to provide professional engineering services to identify public and private sector defects in south Elmhurst. Services to be performed are Manhole inspection, Dye flooding, building inspections and dye testing.
The Sanitary Sewer Cleaning Project is a planned approach to minimize sewer backups and blockages of the sanitary sewer system through systematic root-cutting and/or flushing City-owned sewer pipe. In-House Project targets 75,000 LF of sewer line to clean and/or root-cut.
City crews inspect 190 Food Service Establishments (FSE) and Auto/fuel dispensing facilities each year. The goal is to inspect these facilities annually to make sure proper maintenance to their grease traps is performed to keep from entering the city collection system. Grease is a major source of sanitary sewer back-ups in the sewer system.
Projects listed in conjunction with the Sanitary Sewer Improvement Plan were undertaken in connection with the settlement of an enforcement action taken by the Illinois Attorney General and the Illinois EPA for alleged violations of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Pursuant to the Consent Order entered on September 17, 2014, the City of Elmhurst has agreed to have the City's Public Works and Building Committee create a proposed "Sanitary Sewer Improvement Plan" by December 31, 2014, outlining specific actions it is recommending the City undertake to reduce inflow and infiltration ("I/I") in the City's Sanitary System along with a schedule for implementation of the Sanitary Sewer Improvement Plan.
RJN Group, Inc. of Wheaton presented an SSIP update and forecast at the December 14, 2015 Public Works & Building Committee. This presentation outlines the long-term and short-term improvements that will be implemented by the City. A copy of the 12/14/15 presentation can be found here.
The City of Elmhurst has completed the Salt Creek (Greenway) Trail Pumping Stations Water Quality and Landscape Enhancements project involving improvements at four pumping stations: Harrison, Jackson, Berkley & Adams, and McKinley. On Wednesday, September 23rd the City hosted an open house to introduce these improvements to the public.
The goal of this project is to model the proper use of erosion and sedimentation control techniques using best management practices and educational displays. This work will help to manage sedimentation/siltation, mineral and nutrient mitigation, aid in stormwater detention, promote indigenous plant growth and model sustainable practices for the community of Elmhurst. These improvements can be replicated at individual homeowner's properties within our community to help improve water quality and reduce run-off.
Along the Greenway trail, you will see a green roof system, porous (permeable) pavers, rain gardens and exterior native plantings/perennials at the four demonstration sites. Copies of these educational panels can be found below. This project was undertaken in connection with the settlement of an enforcement action taken by the Illinois Attorney General and the Illinois EPA for alleged violations of the Illinois Environmental Protection Act.


Whatever your idea of a wedding may be, Tuscany is a region rich in natural, historical, artistic and culinary wonders, which always manages to make everyone agree and make the most important day of your life truly unforgettable.
In case of acivil ceremony however, it may be more difficult to find the ideal location and create the right atmosphere.
This is mainly because the civil ceremony has a shorter duration than the religious one, and usually, if you do not look for alternative solutions, it takes place in the bare and cold municipal halls, which certainly not able to inspire and provide the ideal setting for such a special event.
However, every couple deserves their dream wedding! So, especially for civil ceremonies, the support of a wedding planner, who can help you find a location that suits your expectations and your desires, becomes very important.
Imagine an expanse of vineyards, the soft contours of the hills on the horizon, a good glass of wine and maybe a refreshing swim in the pool. Or think of a beach entirely to yourself, the sound of the sea waves that cradles you, the sun that shines and warms you.
Or, imagine yourself in a magnificent villa, with all your friends and relatives, a short distance from Florence or Siena to enjoy a day of celebration.
Wouldn't it be great if it was your own wedding?
Open your eyes and stop dreaming, because such beauty can become reality, if you are thinking of organizing yours civil wedding in Tuscany.
The good news is that, in addition to the regular municipal rooms, the Italian state has made available to those who want to marry civilly different locations on the territory where you can legally perform the ceremony.
And no, they are not anonymous and grey rooms, but real villas, castles, beaches or gardens where you can say "yes" to each other, surrounded by the people you love, in a dreamlike location.
The ceremony in these locations will be unforgettable, for you and for all the guests, not to mention the photos, which with such landscapes and details will speak for themselves.
Also, in most cases you won't have any difficulty in finding a solution for your overnight stay or for that of the guests, and depending on the location chosen, you will be a few miles from the most beautiful cities of Tuscany, some of the most beautiful villages or the most fascinating countryside.
A dream for you and for all your guests, right?
As we have already mentioned, the best solution to find the perfect location for your civil wedding is to contact a professional in the field. But in the meantime, reading the next few lines, you can already have an idea!
One of the most famous and popular, to give a specific example, is the Villa La Ferdinanda of Artimino, better known also as the Villa Dei Cento Camini (Villa of the Hundred Chimneys). It is located precisely in Artimino, on the hills of Prato, and it is a very large villa, where you can live the whole day, from the ceremony to the reception, during all seasons of the year.
The space is not lacking, both inside and outside, but especially in summer or spring the wedding can be celebrated in the garden of the villa, with a beautiful view of the surrounding landscape.
The green space is also large enough to take beautiful photos, in any case, from here in about 30 minutes by car you can also reach Florence.
In this property it is possible to stay overnight, both for the bride and groom and for the guests, and it is an excellent starting point to visit different places in Tuscany.
If your dream has always been to get married in Florence instead, in the heart of the city and the beautiful Tuscany, for your civil wedding you can choose the Red Hall of the municipality, inside the majestic Palazzo Vecchio.
Here you will be simply surrounded by some of the most famous works of art and architecture in the world: Piazza della Signoria with a copy of the David, the Uffizi, Ponte Vecchio, the Duomo and Giotto's Bell Tower, all this heritage is just a few steps from the hall and may become the backdrop of your wedding album. Splendid, don't you think?
The Red Room itself can also boast a great beauty: your special moment will be framed by splendid damask velvets on the walls, beautiful paintings, and antique and prestigious furnishings. The only thing to be noted: the ceremony here is often very fast, keep it in mind when making your choice.
From the hall you can move for the reception to some of the luxurious hotels in the city, or go to a villa or farmhouse just outside the city centre if you have chosen something surrounded by greenery.
Another very beautiful city for a civil wedding in the heart of Tuscany is Lucca: smaller and less chaotic than Florence, it is a real jewel of art, architecture and history.
Here the civil ceremony can be carried out within Palazzo Orsetti, seat of the Municipality of Lucca. This is a palace dating back to the 500 that houses inside the so-called Saletta Verde (Green Room), the one chosen for weddings with a civil ceremony.
This building is truly majestic and regal, and also has a garden where the bride and groom can take pictures with their loved ones, after the ceremony.
Let's move to Pisa, where from May to October, civil marriages can be celebrated within the Giardino Scotto (Scotto Garden), a nineteenth-century green space that has recently been refurbished to become the location of beautiful outdoor ceremonies in the warmer months. In this garden it is also possible to have a refreshments reception, immediately after the wedding, together with all your guests.
It does not end here: another really very popular city that we recommend for your civil wedding in Tuscany is Volterra. Its location is great, ideal for reaching Siena, Florence and Pisa, the views in this area are breath-taking and the ceremony can be held in a beautiful room, that of the Great Council of Palazzo Priori.
A frescoed room, with beautiful vaults, large enough to accommodate about a hundred guests and right on top of the famous village. As soon as you get out you can take beautiful photos in the streets of Volterra, and for the reception, choose one of the many farmhouses or country houses in the area.
Do you prefer the sea to villages, towns and the classic countryside? Don't worry, Tuscany will also amaze you with its beaches! And here too you can celebrate your civil wedding.
Yes, you understood correctly, by the sea, on a summer evening or a spring afternoon, with the sound of the waves and the breeze that accompany you on the most beautiful day of your life.
And you can also rely on some bathing facilities to set up your wedding lunch or dinner. Wouldn't that be wonderful?
In short, even for civil weddings the perfect location exists: just choose your style and rely on professionals. The result will be an unforgettable day.


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Infrared Radiation & Blackbody Spectral Intensity
The infrared spectrum is an invisible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that lies between approximately 750 nanometers (nm) and 1000 micrometers. It is divided into several bands including; the near infrared (NIR) from 750 – 1400 nm, the short-wavelength IR (SWIR) from 1400 – 3000 nm, the mid-infrared (MIR) from 3000 – 8000 nm, the long-wavelength IR (LWIR) from 8 – 15 microns, and the far infrared (FIR) beginning a approximately 15 microns.
Thermal or "blackbody" emitters are characterized by their temperature and relative emissivity which varies based on the material, surface condition, and other factors. The emissivity is defined at the ratio of the radiant intensity of the emitter to the radiant intensity of a true blackbody at the same temperature and has a value between 0 for a non-emitter and 1 for a true blackbody. Emitters with an emissivity less than 1 are called gray bodies.
BLACKBODY SPECTRAL INTENSITY
The blackbody spectrum is illustrated in the following figure.
The wavelength (λmax) at which the spectral intensity is a maximum for each absolute temperature, T, is given by Wein's displacement law:
λmax = 2897.8 T-1 microns
The locus of these maxima is shown by the dashed red line in the above graph. For example, at an absolute temperature of 1250°K the maximum would occur at 2.32 microns. Also, the spectral intensity (Wλ) at λ max is given by
Wλ = 1.288 x 10-15 T5 watts cm-2 micron-1
© 2021 Helioworks

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Harvard Design Magazine #49: "Publics" Issue Launch and Conversation
Gordon Parks, Outside Looking In, Mobile, Alabama, 1956. Courtesy of and © The Gordon Parks Foundation.
October/28,/2021
GSD, Gund Hall Virtual Event Space
Anita Berrizbeitia, Editor
Diane Davis, Editor
The GSD's Fall 2021 Public Programs are all virtual and require registration.
Click here to register for Harvard Design Magazine #49: "Publics" Issue Launch and Conversation.
The event will also be live streamed to the GSD's YouTube page. Only viewers who are attending the lecture via Zoom will be able to submit questions for the Q+A. If you would like to submit questions for the speakers in advance of the event, please click here.
Live captioning will be provided during this event.
In a world of increasing polarization and boundary-drawing manifest at multiple scales, what has happened to the notion of "the public"? Is there evidence that collective understanding of who belongs in our neighborhoods, cities, regions, and nations is changing? And to what extent have the urban planning and design professions enabled or constrained these transformations? The 49th issue of Harvard Design Magazine, guest-edited by Anita Berrizbeitia and Diane Davis, addresses "the status of the public" in political and social discourse, in design thinking and practice, and in the built environment itself. We ask leading public intellectuals, scholars, and practitioners in architecture, urban planning, landscape design, law, and the social sciences and humanities to join us in pondering the fate of the public in a world where challenges to collective responsibility and xenophobic thinking are becoming ever more dominant.
The event will be introduced by Harvard Design Magazine's Editorial Director, Julie Cirelli.
Assemble is a multi-disciplinary collective working across built environment disciplines, including architecture, research, design, and public art. Founded in 2010 to undertake a single self-built project, Assemble has since delivered a diverse and award-winning body of work, whilst retaining a democratic and co-operative working method that enables built, social and research-based work at a variety of scales, both making things and making things happen. Members have a broad range of skills and experience covering design, construction, furniture making, fabrication, brief development, urban and public realm design, organizational development, making, audio production, events programming and production, performance, carpentry, ceramics, product development, set design and theatre-making.
Elijah Anderson is the Sterling Professor of Sociology and of African American Studies at Yale University, and one of the leading urban ethnographers in the United States. He is the author of the classic sociological work, A Place on the Corner (1978; 2nd ed., 2003); and the award-winning books, Streetwise (1990) and Code of the Street (1999); and The Cosmopolitan Canopy (2011). Dr. Anderson is the recipient of the 2017 Merit Award from the Eastern Sociological Society, the 2013 Cox-Johnson-Frazier Award, and the 2018 W.E.B. DuBois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award, both from the American Sociological Association.
Anita Berrizbeitia is Professor of Landscape Architecture and Chair of the Department of Landscape Architecture. Her research focuses on design theories of modern and contemporary landscape architecture, the productive aspects of landscapes, and Latin American cities and landscapes. She was awarded the 2005/2006 Prince Charitable Trusts Rome Prize Fellowship in Landscape Architecture. A native of Caracas, Venezuela, she studied architecture at the Universidad Simon Bolivar before receiving a BA from Wellesley College and an MLA from the GSD. Read More
Diane E. Davis is the Charles Dyer Norton Professor of Regional Planning and Urbanism at Harvard's Graduate School of Design. Before moving to the GSD in 2011, Davis served as the head of the International Development Group in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT, where she also had a term as Associate Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning. Trained as a sociologist, Davis's research interests include the relations between urbanization and national development, comparative urban governance, socio-spatial practice in conflict cities, urban violence, and new territorial manifestations of sovereignty. Her books include Transforming Urban Transport (with Alan Altshuler) (Oxford University Press, 2018), Cities and Sovereignty: Identity Conflicts in the Urban Realm (Indiana University Press, 2011), Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 2004; named the ASA's 2005 Best Book in Political Sociology), Irregular Armed Forces and their Role in Politics and State Formation (Cambridge University Press, 2003), Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century (Temple University Press 1994; Spanish translation 1999). Read More
Tali Hatuka an architect and urban planner, is a Professor of Urban Planning and the head of the Laboratory of Contemporary Urban Design, at Tel Aviv University. Her work is focused primarily on two fields: urban society and city design and development. Hatuka is the author and co-author of the books: The Design of Protest, Violent Acts and Urban Space in Contemporary Tel Aviv, The Factory, State-Neighborhood, The Planners, City-Industry and Land- Gardens. She also works as a city planner and urban designer, consulting with municipalities in Israel. Hatuka has received many awards, including being a Fulbright Scholar and a Marie Curie Scholar at MIT. She holds academic degrees from the Technion in Israel and Heriot-Watt University in the UK.
A. K. Sandoval-Strausz is director of the Latina/o Studies Program and associate professor of history at Penn State University. His books include Barrio America: How Latino Immigrants Saved the American City, which won the Caroline Bancroft History Prize and was a finalist for the Victor Villaseñor Book Award; Hotel: An American History; and Making Cities Global: The Transnational Turn in Urban History.
Anyone requiring accessibility accommodations should contact the events office at (617) 496-2414 or events@gsd.harvard.edu.
#GSDEVENTS
Harvard Design Magazine reveals "Harvard Design Magazine #48: America"
Coming soon: Harvard Design Magazine 48: America reflects on the United States of America as a country, an idea, and a history
Harvard Design Magazine releases Spring/Summer 2018 issue, "Into the Woods"


The Best Western Pavilions is a palm tree oasis within the Anaheim Resort area. Just minutes from the magic of Disneyland Park, Disney's California Adventure Park and Downtown Disney, with a shuttle available. The Best Western Pavilions is a good neighbor hotel offering numerous amenities to benefit your stay. We are also located just minutes from the Anaheim Convention Center making us a perfect location for both business and leisure travel.


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Nintendo Stock Price Drops After Latest Switch News
The Mario company's share price falls again.
Nintendo made a lot of big announcements about its new console, the Switch, last night. The company announced the console's price and release date, confirmed that The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild is a launch title, and revealed a new Mario game, among many other things.
Not everyone is enthusiastic about all the news, however, it seems. Nintendo's stock price is down 5.75 percent today on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It closed at ¥23,750 today in Japan, the lowest since December 22 (¥23,595). Nintendo's share price took a more dramatic dive after the initial Switch reveal in October 2016; share value also dropped following the launch of Super Mario Run.
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The latest drop in share price could be attributed to a number of things. Dr. Serkan Toto, an analyst in Asia, said after the initial Switch reveal that he was skeptical about its ability to reach a wide audience.
"Sorry, but is a portable/home console approach really that innovative in 2016? I am most concerned about the target group of the device: who else but die-hard Nintendo fans will buy the Switch?" he said at the time.
Earlier this week, the Game Developers Conference released its newest State of the Industry report. 50 percent of surveyed developers said they thought the Switch would sell better than the Wii U, but not everyone agreed that the hybrid concept would be all that appealing. Additionally, just three percent of those surveyed said they were currently working on a game for the Switch.
The Switch launches on March 3, priced at $300. For lots more, check out GameSpot's roundup of all the big news from last night's announcement event here; a second livestream event, focused on games, will be held today, January 13, beginning at 6:30 AM PT / 9:30 AM ET.


All advice books/columns/shows tell you that a 'sports coat' is a wardrobe basic. They say that when you put it on with jeans and anything else it makes your whole outfit look casual but put together. And it's totally true. And I totally never ever do it.


privilege).  It can be run as an interactive command or from a cron job.
Protocol) are defined and described by RFC 5905.
The default is to write the estimated correct local date and time (i.e.
displayed.  Finally, the stratum of the host is reported.
combination with any of the following options: ipv6.
combination with any of the following options: ipv4.
takes an integer number as its argument.
keyfile option (-k) for more details.
option may appear an unlimited number of times.
should) be modified with -t.
may appear an unlimited number of times.
IPs one after another, with a 2-second gap in between each query.
so we can send concurrent queries.
KoD responses received from servers.
Look in this file for the key specified with -a.
running NTP protocol version ntpversion .
Use the NTP Reserved Port (port 123).
OK to 'step' the time with settimeofday(2).
OK to 'slew' the time with adjtime(2).
broadcast response a longer timeout is likely needed.
form will disable the option.  This option is enabled by default.
If we are not setting the time, wait for all pending responses.
configuration file listed in the OPTION PRESETS section, below.
is searched for within those directories.
server, like the (deprecated) ntpdate(8), or rdate(8) commands.
This document corresponds to version 4.2.7p404 of sntp.
This manual page was AutoGen-erated from the sntp option definitions.


Healthaid HEALTHAID GINKOVITAL (GINKGO BILOBA) 5000MG Product #: SOM Price: Rs.1242.00 Rs.1242.00	Available from: SAVEONMEDICALS.COM In stock! Order now!
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Many women try for months or even years to become pregnant. Again and again, the pregnancy test doesn't give them the result they are hoping for and they become unhappy and discouraged. You might be doing everything right, but you still aren't able to conceive a baby. So, you have a series of tests done by your doctor and they determine that you have PCOS. What does this mean and how does it affect your fertility?
If you have been diagnosed with PCOS, otherwise known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, this doesn't necessarily mean that you will be infertile forever. There are many things that you can do to manage PCOS and to reduce the symptoms as well as improve your likelihood of conceiving. Read on to learn more about PCOS, what it is and how you can manage it by making some healthy choices in your lifestyle and diet.
What is PCOS and How Does it Affect Fertility?
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a common disorder that many women have, but they don't realise they have it until they seek treatment to determine the cause of their infertility. It affects between 5 and 10 percent of women and it is one of the most common hormonal issues within that age group.
The exact cause of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is not known, but it is thought that it is caused by a combination of factors that lead to it's development. Also, it is thought to be a genetic trait that runs in families and it is also influenced by environmental factors such as diet.


We are bringing you a Mad Meat Genius first; dried beef. This was spotted at Las Montanas Supermarket. I saw it on the shelf and walked right by. I got to the next aisle and stopped dead in my tracks. Dried beef? I had to investigate. The clerk explained it was used with eggs for a breakfast dish. A small amount was purchased. Once home a little more digging on the World Wide Web produced information and recipes. Carne Machaca is a form of beef jerky. Meat is marinated, cooked, shredded and then dried. It is usually sautéed with salsa and eggs to make the filling for a spicy breakfast burrito.
We are home and opened our container of dried beef. Ms. Goofy and I both took a whiff. We both simultaneously exclaimed it smells like dog food. The odor was very off putting. In the name of research we continued. Chopped onion, tomato and a Serrano pepper were cooked in a little olive oil for several minutes. The dried beef was added and cooked for several more minutes. Eggs were added and cooked. This mixture was served with salsa and a tortilla.
The dried beef was on the salty side. A little chewy with beef flavor was the verdict. It tasted fine enough, but the smell was still in the back of our mind. This is an experiment that will not be repeated.
My wife's grandfather used to make SOS with dried beef. It was great. I suppose if you put enough white sauce anything and it will taste good.
Greg, I have had SOS and loved it too. This dried beef just did not smell good. I do not know if we got a bad batch or what.
Thanks for being the Guinea Pig on this one.
Is this like "chipped beef?" My mother used to serve creamed chipped beef from time to time but I have no memory of how she made it.
Well, we're glad you tried, so we don't have to. I'll admit, I would have bought some too. No, maybe not.
Yeah, like Lea Ann said, thanks for taking one for "the team".
LeaAnn, What would Elway say?
Cookiecrumb, That the way we like it, funky and nasty.
Chris, You big old Green Egg person. Fly down to Lake Havasu next weekend and say Hello.
The dish is called 'Machaca con Huevos.' It's a basic staple breakfast food all throughout Mexico but has especially been gaining traction in more populated areas like Nuevo Leon. My grandparents and mother cooked this for me all the time when I was younger.
y'all did this dish really fancy and stuff which is great but FWIW all that is generally done to prepare it is you just mix some in as you cook plain scrambled eggs, but before they clump together. Cooking it in like this should remove most of it's negative aspects such as the chewiness or dryness.
Ratio is largely up to your own tastes but I usually cook around 3 tablespoons per four eggs. Note that you don't necessarily have to salt or spice the eggs unless you want to, since the dried beef carries salt and spices through it's preparation.
After it's prepared you can eat it plain, with salsa, pico de gallo, in a heated corn tortilla etc.
The idea behind adding dried beef to scrambled eggs is to fortify with the nutrients that come from beef without negatively affecting their flavor.
Nice looking dish you guys prepared though!
Interesting recipe. I think I'll give it a try. Hopefully it turns out just as good.
Mad Meat Genius, as fellow Machaca enthusiast, I really enjoyed your recipe and your fun blog. I'd like to send you, free of charge, the most addictive and authentic Machaca found in the west. also a bag of authentic dried beef. Not Jerky, but honest-to-goodness dried beef. No sugar, no soy sauces or teriyaki goo. Just trim beef, salt and pepper, slow cooked and dried. The stuff is delicious and smells great. In your area you can find the brand I am talking about, Don Pedro's Meat, in some hispanic markets. Here in So Cal is very popular in the Mexican side of town. Drop me a line at Jaramilloaf@yahoo.com and I'll send you a sample bag. Cheers and happy meat smoking.


The Gradebook is linked to all assessment activities in FLO. Using the Gradebook in a topic ideally consists of 5 stages, in a looped process.
The Gradebook collects assessment items that have been graded from the various parts of FLO and allows you to view them, sort them into categories and calculate a final grade (topic total). When you add a graded activity to a topic, the Gradebook automatically creates space for the grades it will produce and automatically adds the grades when they are generated.
Each topic requires someone to calculate the final grade, which for many topics will be a simple process. The Gradebook also has several options to control what students can and can't see in the gradebook.
All grades recorded in FLO through an activity (eg assignments, quizzes) will appear automatically in the Gradebook.
You can control if/how students see grades in your topic.
You can also control how the Gradebook is laid out.
Sometimes grades need to be entered in FLO without being tied to an activity.
In most cases, setting up the Gradebook will be a simple matter of setting weightings that match the Statement of Assessment Methods (SAM).
If your Gradebook is more complex than this, contact your eLearning support team for support.
It is vitally important that the Gradebook is checked for accuracy.
Grading students' work should be done from inside the related activity wherever possible.
However, on some occasions it is easier to enter grades directly into FLO (eg for assessments that don't have an online component, like participation marks).
At the end of the semester the final marks will need to be imported into Student Two.
Why can't students see their quiz results?
Why can't I enter grades into FLO?
Why is my marking guide not calculating grades properly?
Why is this grade wrong? Can I see what has happened to this grade in the past?


text:
Phaedra is a CD label whose aim it is "to publish works written between 1830 and the present by Flemish (and occasionally Belgian) composers, and to promote them world-wide". The label used to be a subdivision of "Klassieke Concerten vzw" and was therefore not a commercial undertaking: as it was a subdivision of a "vzw", an association without lucrative purpose, Belgian law forbade it to make a profit.

But on February 15, 2019, Phaedra's founder Luc Famaey ceded the label to Dutch Music Works, a besloten vennootschap from Valkenswaard, which "will be the keeper as well as the distributor of all that has been recorded [by Phaedra] up till now."

Phaedra was founded in 1992 by Luc Famaey. Its 2020 catalog lists 143 CDs, which contain works by some 250 composers, issued in two series, In Flanders' Fields (102 CDs) and Phaedra Classics (40 CDs), plus one CD in a series called Mouseion, which was started but discontinued immediately.

Phaedra's Founder, Luc Famaey
Luc Famaey (Mechelen, November 11, 1940) was introduced by his grandfather into the musical life of his native city, which was flourishing at the time. There was the Municipal Conservatory, whose director was conductor and composer Godfried Devreese, the Lemmensinstituut, directed by Jules Van Nuffel, composer and conductor of the choir of St. Rumbold's Cathedral, and Jef Denyn's carillon school (nowadays the Royal Carillon School "Jef Denyn"), all of which regularly programmed Flemish music. Famaey ended up getting so fascinated by this music, and by classical music in general, that he dropped out of university and began to study music. But he did not become a professional musician. In 1970 he was hired by the "Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep" (BRT), nowadays the Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT), as "cultural chief assistant", in which function he welcomed and catered for musicians who came to perform for BRT/VRT. He became acquainted with just about every classical musician in Belgium and with many musicians and composers from abroad. To a certain extent he also became familiar with the workings of recording studios. His familiarity with great quantities of Belgian music, his extensive network built up over his many years at BRT/VRT, his technical knowledge of music and—to a lesser extent—of sound recording enabled him to start Phaedra, shortly before he retired.

His aim in doing so is clear from the following quote: "the next generations will rediscover romantic Flemish music." Phaedra is his way to make this music available at home as well as abroad, which is why he always provides English versions of the texts of Phaedra CD booklets.

In Flanders' Fields
With its 102 CDs "In Flanders' Fields (IFF)" is by far Phaedra's most important CD series. Its name alludes to the general ignorance of most of the works on its CDs. Their scores lie buried in libraries, unknown and forgotten, just as the soldiers of World War I lie buried, unknown and forgotten, In Flanders Fields.

The series brings works of over 130 Belgian composers, most of them written in the (late) romantic tradition. But from the very beginning IFF CDs also included works by contemporary, modern composers. Some older music can be found on CDs of choral music, but there are only a couple of CDs containing exclusively older music.

Half of the composers on IFF CDs are virtually unknown; consequently the recordings of their works are almost all world premiere recordings. The others are somewhat better known, though most are not exactly household names:

However, most IFF CDs with works by these better known composers record lesser known works, and are therefore world premieres as well.

Some IFF CDs feature, besides Belgian works, works by (well-known) composers from abroad. For example, #72, Choir Music from Poland and Belgium, features works by César Franck (born in Liège), Vic Nees, Jan Van der Roost and Jules Van Nuffel as well as compositions by Polish composers Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński, Józef Elsner, Wojciech Kilar and Krzysztof Penderecki. The aim of such juxtapositions is to show that works by Belgian composers can hold their own when confronted with works from abroad.

Phaedra Classics
The main purpose of the Phaedra Classics series is to give Belgian musicians, who often record Belgian works for Phaedra without fees, the opportunity "to shine in works from the great repertoire". Of the 40 Phaedra Classics CDs, 26 feature Belgian musicians exclusively; on 9, Belgian and foreign musicians perform together.

Prizes and honors
A number of Phaedra CDs were awarded national prizes:
 IFF #35 A Tribute to Vic Nees was given the Snepvangers Prize, awarded by the Belgian music press, as the year's best Belgian CD.
 In 2010 Phaedra Classics #24 Clarinet Quintets by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johannes Brahms and IFF #63 Hanne Deneire, Composer each were awarded a Golden Label by Klassiek Centraal, an important Flemish music website.
 IFF #45 Piet Swerts: Chamber Music was awarded the 2006 Public's Prize of the classical station Klara.
 IFF #98 Piet Swerts: A Symphony of Trees and Phaedra Classics #38 Edvard Grieg: Moderen Synger [songs by Grieg] were each awarded a Golden Label by Klassiek Centraal on June 17, 2018.
as well as international ones:
 (France) In December 2004, IFF #40 Nina Stemme Sings Wagner, Nystroem & De Boeck was given a Diapason d'Or in the category "Découverte" (Discovery) and a "Timbre de platine" by the "Opéra international" magazine.
 (France) On June 24, 2015, IFF #84 A Bouquet of Forgotten Flowers, with art songs by Georges Lonque, Flor Peeters, Henry Georges D'Hoedt, Lodewijk Mortelmans and Prosper van Eechaute, was awarded a special Orphée d'Or by the Académie du disque lyrique
 (France) On January 5, 2015, the music website ResMusica awarded its "Clef" to IFF #85 On the Wings of Winds with music for wind instruments by Joseph Jongen
 (The Netherlands) The Dutch music magazine Luister awarded IFF #74 Welcome Stranger: Music by Lucien Posman its "Luister 10" rating in its September–October issue of 2012; it gave IFF #75 August de Boeck: A Bouquet of French and Flemish Songs the same rating in its March–April issue of 2013.
In addition, the label Phaedra itself also received several awards, sometimes directly, but mostly through its founder, Luc Famaey:
 The 2001 Fuga Trophy of the Union of Belgian Composers.
 In 2007 and in 2011, Klara nominated Luc Famaey as one of its ambassadors of Flemish classical music
 Likewise in 2007, "Luc Famaey, driving force and director of Phaedra Records, who succeeds, without the benefit of official grants, in producing high-quality recordings of Flemish classical music and to distribute them internationally", was awarded the fourth Gaston Feremans Prize by the Mechelen branch of the Marnixring, an originally Flemish but now international service club.
 In 2008, Luc Famaey was awarded a "Gulden Spoor" by the Movement Vlaanderen-Europa
 Luc Famaey was given a 2010 ANV-Visser Neerlandia Prize in the category culture by the Algemeen-Nederlands Verbond
 In 2013, Klara named Luc Famaey "Music Person of the Year"

External links
 Website of Dutch Music Works, listing Phaedra CDs as well.

Sources
 Guy A.J. Tops 2020 Phaedra: Complete Catalog 1992–2020 Antwerp (in English), an update of the 2012 edition (Phaedra 1992–2012 Beveren: Klassieke Concerten vzw). Though privately published, copies were deposited and can therefore be consulted in the Royal Library of Belgium.
 This page (in Dutch) on the August De Boeck website (almost a mirror page of an original Klara webpage, now deleted) contains the biographical data of this article and lists the awards otherwise unsourced in this article.
 "Phaedra Anniversary Concert" in the October 2012 issue of Flanders Today (also available here).

Notes

Belgian independent record labels
Classical music record labels
Record labels established in 1992

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Maurice Rouvier (pronunciació francesa: [moʁis ʁuvje]; Ais de Provença, 17 d'abril de 1842 - Neuilly-sur-Seine, 7 de juny de 1911 va ser un estadista francès.

Va néixer a Ais de Provença, i va passar la seva carrera en els negocis a Marsella. Va donar suport a la candidatura de Léon Gambetta des d'allà el 1867, i el 1870 va fundar una revista anti-imperial, L'Egalité. Convertint-se en secretari general de la prefectura de les Boques del Roine el 1870-71, va rebutjar el càrrec de prefecte. El juliol de 1871 va ser retornat a l'Assemblea Nacional de Marsella en una elecció, i van votar de manera constant amb el Partit Republicà. Es va convertir en una reconeguda autoritat en les finances, i en repetides ocasions que es presenten a la Comissió de Pressupost com a reporter o president.

A les eleccions generals del 1881 després de la caiguda del gabinet de Jules Ferry, tornà a la cambra i hi va defensar la separació entre Església i Estat, una política de descentralització, i la imposició d'un impost sobre la renda. Després es va unir al gabinet de Gambetta com a ministre de comerç i de les colònies, i en el 1883-1885 va ocupar el mateix càrrec al gabinet de Jules Ferry. Es va convertir en primer ministre d'Hisenda el 31 de maig de 1887, amb el suport dels grups de republicans moderats, els radicals explotació al marge de suport del general Boulanger, que van començar una violenta agitació contra el govern.

Després va venir l'escàndol de les distincions (venda de nominacions a la Legió d'Honor), en el qual participava Daniel Wilson, gendre del President Jules Grévy, i el gabinet ministerial va caure en l'intent de protegir la imatge del president. L'oposició de Rouvier va ser una de les causes de la derrota del gabinet de Charles Floquet, el febrer de 1889. Al ministeri de Tirard troba una nova forma de lluita contra l'agitació de Boulanger, va ser ministre d'Hisenda. Es va mantenir en el mateix lloc en el Freycinet, Loubet i gabinets de Ribot de 1890-93. Les seves relacions amb Cornelius Herz i el baró de Reinach va obligar a la seva retirada del gabinet Ribot en el moment dels escàndols de Panamà el desembre de 1892.

Una vegada més, el 1902, va ser ministre de Finances, després de quasi deu anys, aquesta vegada en el gabinet radical d'Émile Combes. A la caiguda del ministeri de Combes, el gener de 1905 va ser convidat pel president per formar un nou ministeri. En aquest gabinet, Rouvier tingué inicialment la cartera d'Hisenda. En la seva declaració inicial a la Cambra el nou primer ministre havia declarat la seva intenció de continuar la política de l'anterior gabinet, comprometent el nou ministeri a una política de conciliació, a la consideració de les pensions de vellesa, un impost sobre la renda, i la separació de l'Església i l'Estat. L'atenció del públic, però, es concentrava principalment en la política exterior. Durant el govern Combes, el ministre Théophile Delcassé havia arribat a un acord secret amb Espanya sobre la qüestió del Marroc, i n'havia establert un altre amb Anglaterra. Aquesta política havia despertat la gelosia alemanya, que es va fer evident en l'aspror amb què la qüestió del Marroc va ser manejada a Berlín.

En una reunió de gabinet del 5 de juny, Rouvier acusà el Ministre de Relacions Exteriors d'imprudència sobre l'afer del Marroc, i després d'una acalorada discussió Delcassé dimití. El mateix Rouvier va prendre la cartera d'Afers Exteriors en aquest punt crucial. Després de crítiques negociacions, el 8 de juliol aconseguí un acord amb Alemanya acceptant la conferència internacional proposada pel sultà del Marroc, sobre la garantia que Alemanya reconeixeria la naturalesa especial dels interessos de França en el manteniment de l'ordre a la frontera algeriana del seu imperi. Llargs debats van donar lloc a una nova convenció al setembre, que contenia el programa de la conferència proposada, i al desembre Rouvier va ser capaç de fer una declaració de tot el procés a la cambra, que va rebre el consentiment de totes les parts. El govern Rouvier no va sobreviure gaire temps a l'elecció presidencial de 1906. Els disturbis que sorgiren en relació amb la Llei de Separació de l'Església i l'Estat van ser hàbilment manejats per Georges Clemenceau per a desacreditar el ministeri, que fou substituït per un gabinet sota la direcció de Ferdinand Sarrien.

Diputats dels Alps Marítims a l'Assemblea Nacional francesa
Primers ministres de França
Persones d'Ais de Provença
Senadors francesos
Diputats de les Boques del Roine a l'Assemblea Nacional francesa
Alumnes del Lycée Thiers
Morts a Neuilly-sur-Seine
Persones de la Valclusa
Ministres de Comerç de França


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Theme Overview: Agricultural and Food Markets Structure and Competition
Joseph Balagtas
Innovation, Integration, and the Biotechnology Revolution in U.S. Seed Markets
Kyle W. Stiegert, Guanming Shi, and Jean Paul Chavas
Competition Issues in the Seed Industry and the Role of Intellectual Property
GianCarlo Moschini
Assessing Competition in the U.S. Beef Packing Industry
Clement E. Ward
Hog Marketing Practices and Competition Questions
John D. Lawrence
Consolidation and Concentration in the U.S. Dairy Industry
Brian W. Gould
Milk Marketing Orders: Who Wins and Who Loses?
Hayley Chouinard, David E. Davis, Jeffrey LaFrance, and Jeffrey M. Perloff
Grocery Retailers' Dominant Role in Evolving World Food Markets
Richard J. Sexton
Pricing Power by Supermarket Retailers: A Ghost in the Machine?
Timothy J. Richards and Geoffrey Pofahl
The importance of seeds dates back at least ten thousand years to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the origin of agriculture is associated with the selection and planting of seeds that eventually contributed to large increases in food production. Over the last century, advances in breeding and hybrid seed development and the rise of modern genetics have put the selection of seeds on a firm scientific basis. Advances in biotechnology have enabled the production of genetically modified (GM) crops with specific, desirable traits not found in their parents. The first generation and most common GM traits generate either resistance against one or more insects, or tolerance to specific chemical herbicides. Emerging GM traits address a broader array of consumer and producer market demands including nutrition enhancement, drought tolerance, and protection from plant disease. While the use of GM technology remains controversial in some countries, the rapidly advancing biotechnology seed industry has contributed to improved agricultural productivity and had a major impact on the production, delivery, and pricing of agricultural seeds and other inputs in the United States and around the world. These current and emerging changes are likely to reshape much of the global agricultural production system in ways that generate both excitement and caution.
In this article, we discuss the major trends and our key research findings on the pricing, trait bundling, efficiency, and the potential effects of market power in the U.S. seed industry. The research, documented in six detailed reports (Shi, Chavas and Stiegert, 2009, 2010a, 2010b; Shi and Chavas, 2010; Shi, Stiegert, and Chavas, 2010; and Stiegert, Shi, and Chavas, 2010), utilizes nationwide farm survey databases collected in the United States by Dmrkynetic Inc. The data cover annual farm-level purchases and prices of corn, soybean, and cotton seeds from 2000 to 2007. The data allow the documentation of several key and important characteristics in the evolution, pricing, and industrial structure of the seed industry. The research provides empirical results on seed markets that relate to trait bundling and bundle pricing, product differentiation, and price discrimination.
Discussion of the Industry
GM crops were commercially produced beginning in the mid-1990s. From 1996-2008, production of GM crops grew from 4.2 million acres in six countries to 309 million acres in 25 countries (James, 2008). GM production is primarily concentrated in six countries (United States, Argentina, Brazil, India, Canada, and China) that planted about 95% of the global GM cropland (James, 2008). Before 2000, early development of commercially viable GM seeds incorporated only a single genetic trait, specifically an insect-resistance trait for cotton and corn, and a herbicide-tolerance trait for soybeans. The development and rapid adoption of double, triple, and quadruple stacked GM seeds with multiple genetic traits primarily occurred since 2000.
Government regulations, farm demand, and consumer demand affect the adoption and spread of GM technology in agriculture. GM seed development is a multi-year process involving many test trials conducted by biotechnology firms and leading to commercializing a handful of selected varieties. Biotechnology advances essentially piggyback on conventional breeding selection that supplies viable seeds to farmers. The commercial value of GM technology is suggested through the price premiums paid by farmers for GM seeds compared to the price of conventionally bred seeds. We document several of the key strategies employed by seed and biotech firms to price seeds in ways that both spur adoption and capture some of the economic benefits generated by advances in GM technology.
Research and development (R&D) expenditures on new and patentable genetic traits and seeds are an important part of the production cost of seeds. Over the last few decades, private sector R&D expenditures in agriculture have increased sharply, as applications of new biotechnologies have become associated with exclusive property rights for genetic traits. This has contributed to an increase in seed prices (Krull, Prescott, and Chum, 1998). However, the institutional arrangements for how R&D costs translate to seed prices vary across crops. The development of hybrid corn has a long history of private sector involvement primarily because hybrid vigor is not maintained in seeds from the previous year's harvest. Cottonseeds have also been developed primarily through private sector R&D. Corn and cottonseed pricing is structured to pass R&D costs on to farmers. In contrast, hard wheat seed R&D is conducted predominantly in the public sector and funded by upfront investments through commodity check-off programs. As a result, the prices of hard wheat seeds usually only reflect a small fraction of the total development costs. Soybean seed development has transitioned since the 1980s from large public R&D, much like hard wheat, to being almost fully privatized (see Heisey, Srinivasan and Thirtle (2001) for more a detailed discussion).
Over the last few decades, horizontal and vertical merger activities in the agricultural biotechnology and seed industries have contributed to the development of a concentrated and complex industry (Fernandez-Cornejo, 2004). The U.S. biotechnology seed industry has received extensive utility patent protection under American law since the 1980s. This patent protection has effectively precluded antitrust oversight of the use of those rights despite the presence of high concentration in the GM seed markets. Biotechnology firms have also vertically integrated downstream to the seed industry while licensing patented traits to other seed companies that in turn offer GM seeds. In this setting, vertically integrated biotech-seed firms compete for seed sales against independent seed firms licensing the same traits. How and to what extent these licensing arrangements extend or limit competition is an emerging issue. This is illustrated in a patent infringement case (Monsanto v. DuPont) that focuses on contract terms that prohibit Monsanto's licensees from stacking its genes with other patent holders' traits (Kilman, 2009). In cotton, Syngenta has received permission to include the Monsanto Bt gene and a herbicide tolerance gene from Bayer Crop Science. This is due to an antitrust settlement in May 2007 that imposed conditions on Monsanto's vertical acquisition of Delta Pine & Land to terminate all provisions in its cotton seed licenses that restrict trait stacking of genes from different sources.
The GM seed market has seen tremendous growth and change over the last decade. Using Dmrkynetic data, Figures 1-3 show the adoption rate of GM corn, soybean, and cotton seed, respectively. The acreage share of GM seeds is now over 80% for each of these crops. However, the growth patterns for single-trait and stacked GM seeds are strikingly different across crops. For corn, the rise in stacked seeds outpaced the adoption of single-trait seeds especially after 2005, while in soybeans, the single-trait seeds remain dominant over the whole time period. For cotton, stacked seeds have had a steadily increasing market share. We also note that stacking is most prolific in corn with a range of double to quadruple stacks while only double stacking in present in soybeans and cotton.
The market price of GM seeds reflects both the cost of producing the seeds and the farm benefits from using them. For a vertically integrated biotech-seed firm to remain viable in the long run, operating income—sales revenue less operating costs—must be sufficient to cover the fixed costs associated with seed and trait development, marketing and promotion costs, and the cost of financing. Meanwhile, seed prices must not exceed the farmers' net benefit from using the seed. Farmers have an incentive to use GM seed when it provides benefits from increased farm productivity and reduced production cost that exceed the additional seed cost. Given the oligopolistic structure of the biotech-seed industry, several strategies can be employed by firms to lower their costs, extract economic benefits from farmers and seed dealers, and increase adoption of GM seeds. The findings from our research reported in the next three sections provide insights into these strategies.
Trait Bundling and Bundle Pricing
Seeds are sold at a list price less a discount available at the point of sale. GM seed prices vary with trait stacking/bundling, perceived agronomic conditions in each region—pest infestations, rainfall, etc.—availability of substitute seeds, commodity prices, and farmer income. For bundled biotechnology traits in the corn seed market, Shi, Chavas and Stiegert (2010a) rejected standard component pricing of biotech traits, where the price premium for multiple-stacked seeds would be equal to the sum of the price premium for relevant single-trait seeds. They found strong evidence of sub-additive bundle pricing, where the price of stacked seeds is sold at a discount compared to component pricing. Similar results were obtained by Shi and Chavas (2010) in their analysis of the soybean seed market, and by Shi, Stiegert and Chavas (2010) in the U.S. cottonseed market. This evidence is consistent with the presence of complementarity and economies of scope in the production of seeds with bundled traits. In general, sub-additive seed pricing is good for farmers who want to have access to multiple traits, since it reduces their access cost to these traits.
Using less aggregated data of the corn market, Shi, Chavas and Stiegert (2010b) and Stiegert, Shi, and Chavas (2010) uncovered a more varied price discrimination pattern. The former paper studied pricing at the biotechnology firm level, while the latter broke out the Corn Belt into two regions: the core and the fringe. In both studies, sub-additive pricing is most commonly observed. However, there was also limited evidence of super-additive pricing, where the price of stacked seeds is sold at a premium compared to component pricing. Super-additive pricing may be associated with firms taking advantage of market power to extract economic gains from farmers. In Stiegert, Shi, and Chavas (2010), its occurrence appears closely tied to the herbicide-tolerance trait and only in the core region. In Shi, Chavas and Stiegert (2010b), super-additive pricing is found to be specific to the behavior of a single firm. Although limited in scope, the presence of super-additive pricing implies that different pricing patterns may emerge in ways that depend on specific market settings.
Conduct and Pricing in the U.S. Seed Industry
Seed prices may also depend on the increasing level of industrial concentration. Biotechnology firms can benefit from complementarities and economies of scope that enhance the efficiency of R&D activities related to genetic improvements across traits and/or crops. On the other hand, high concentration raises concerns about the exercise of market power, which could have adverse effects on the efficiency of R&D activities, the rate of technological progress in agriculture, and the rate of adoption of biotechnology.
To confront the issue of market concentration, we develop and employ a multi-product variant of the traditional Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) as a measure of market concentration. These indices are called generalized HHI or GHHI. The GHHI recognizes traditional own-market concentration and extends the analysis to consider cross-market concentrations involving markets for different seed types. The cross-market GHHI is shown to have a positive relationship with price when the products are substitutes, but a negative relationship with price when products are complements. For example, complementarities can arise if a more integrated system of production of GM seeds by a few large firms contributes to reducing the cost of development. If these complementarities are large, they can reduce or reverse the price-enhancing effect of market power. An econometric analysis of seed prices can provide useful information on how market concentration can affect seed prices. For corn, Shi, Chavas and Stiegert (2010a) and Stiegert, Shi, and Chavas (2010) found evidence of departures from marginal cost pricing, reflecting that market power does influence seed prices paid by farmers. For cotton, Shi, Stiegert and Chavas (2010) found that increases in own-market concentration do contribute to higher seed prices. But they also documented that, through complementarities, cross-concentration tends to be associated with lower seed prices. This shows that increased market concentrations do not always increase prices. It also stresses the need to analyze the implications of imperfect competition in a multi-market context.
Vertical Ownership and Pricing
Does vertical organization affect pricing in the U.S. seed sector? Shi and Chavas (2010) and Shi, Stiegert and Chavas (2010) study this issue for soybean and cotton, respectively. The analysis distinguishes between two types of vertical organizations: licensing and vertical integration.
The evolving vertical structure in the U.S. cottonseed industry is of special interest. While the licensing of biotechnology seeds remains dominant, biotechnology firms have increased their use of vertical control through integration. The market for integrated cottonseed has grown beginning in 2005 when Monsanto repurchased a previous spinoff (Stoneville) and expanded on its vertical integration afterwards. Bayer CropScience, a large agricultural biotechnology company, entered the cottonseed market in 1999 through the acquisition of FiberMax varieties from Aventis Crop Science, and has exhibited a major growth in sales since 2002 (Shi, 2009). And similar trends exist in the soybean seed markets. In single-trait soybean seed markets, vertical integration has increased from 13% of the market in 2000 to 26% in 2007.
This documents a general trend toward vertical integration in the U.S. seed sector. Are these changes motivated by efficiency gains that might reduce the prices paid by farmers? Or are they reflecting attempts to increase market power that raises the price? Shi and Chavas (2010) and Shi, Stiegert and Chavas (2010) found evidence that seed prices do vary with the vertical organization of the sector. For both soybean and cotton, they document that seed prices under vertical integration tend to be higher than under licensing. This indicates that vertical integration by biotechnology firms may increase the exercise of market power and the firms' ability to extract economic benefits from seed dealers and farmers. Such finding is consistent with biotechnology companies' reluctance to allow licensees to stack the licensed trait with other companies' trait, as exemplified by the antitrust settlement in the above mentioned Monsanto-DPL case. Biotech firms can recover the R&D expenditure more effectively through direct sale under vertical integration than through licensing fee revenue. Indeed, cheaper alternatives from the licensees may impose some competitive pressure to the integrated firms' product.
Biotechnology advances have been catalysts for innovations in agriculture, and they have been associated with a growth of private R&D investments, the patenting of GM traits, and increased concentration in seed markets. The rapid adoption of GM seeds in the United States gives an indication that biotechnology has contributed to strong agricultural productivity gains. So far, seed prices have been low enough to maintain farm profitability and induce farmers to adopt GM seeds.
Mergers have led to increased concentration in seed markets, and they are part of trend toward greater vertical integration in the biotechnology seed sector. The rapid emergence of only a few firms that hold most patents on GM traits is a public policy concern. These changes raise questions about the organizational efficiency of the U.S. and global seed industries, which is important as seeds are crucial factors affecting the ability of agriculture to feed a growing world population. Will concentrated markets lead to higher seed prices, fewer choices for farmers and closure of independent seed companies? What market structure would maintain the incentive for private investments in seed development? While history has shown that the privatization of the seed industry can be consistent with rapid technological progress in agriculture, maintaining a balance between providing incentives for agricultural innovations and sustaining farm profitability remains a challenge. Our most consistent finding through all studies is a preponderance of sub-additive pricing in stacked seeds. We have also found that increased concentration in the seed industry has contributed to higher seed prices. However, through multimarket complementarity effects, increased concentration can also be associated with efficiency gains and lower seed prices. Future research should be directed toward a better understanding of these topics to provide policymakers with information on how to protect and expand innovations while maintaining a good distribution of associated benefits between innovators, farmers and consumers.
Fernandez-Cornejo, J. (2004). The Seed Industry in U.S. Agriculture: An Exploration of Data and Information on Crop Seed Markets, Regulation, Industry Structure, and Research and Development, (Bulletin Number 786). Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Heisey, Paul W, C.S. Srinivasan, and Colin Thirtle. (2001). Public Sector Plant Breeding in a Privatizing World. USDA-ERS Agricultural Economics Bulletin No. 772.
James, C. (2008). Executive Summary of Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications, Briefs No. 39-2008, Ithaca, N.Y.
Krull, D.F., J.M. Prescott and C.W. Chum (1998). Seed Marketing and Distribution. In Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. Boulder, Colo.:CIMMYT, 125-141.
Shi, G. (2009). Bundling and Licensing of Genes in Agricultural Biotechnology. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91(1), 264-274.
Shi, G. and J.P. Chavas. (2010). On Pricing and Vertical Organization of Differentiated Products. (Food System Research Group Working Paper FSRG2010-06). Available online: httpwww.aae.wisc.edu/fsrg/publications/wp2010-06.pdf.
Shi, G., J.P. Chavas, and K. Stiegert. (2009). Pricing of Herbicide Tolerant Soybean Seeds: A Market Structure Approach. AgBioforum. 12(3&4), 326-333.
Shi, G., J.P. Chavas and K. Stiegert. (2010a, forthcoming). An Analysis of the Pricing of Traits in the U.S. Corn Seed Market. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.
Shi, G., J.P. Chavas and K. Stiegert. (2010b). Bundling and Bundle Pricing: The Case of the Corn Seed Market. (Food System Research Group Working Paper FSRG2010-07). Available online: httpwww.aae.wisc.edu/fsrg/publications/wp2010-07.pdf
Shi, G., K. Stiegert and J.P. Chavas. (2010). An Analysis of Bundle Pricing in Horizontal and Vertical Markets: The Case of the U.S. Cottonseed Market. (Food System Research Group Working Paper FSWP2010-05). Available online: httpwww.aae.wisc.edu/fsrg/publications/wp2010-05.pdf
Stiegert, K., G. Shi, and J.P. Chavas. 2010 Spatial Pricing of Genetically Modified Hybrid Corn Seeds in Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare(Food System Research Group Working Paper FSRG2010-08)
Percentage of U.S. Acreage Planted in Conventional and GM Corn Seed, 2000�2007.
Percentage of U.S. Acreage Planted in Conventional and GM Soybean Seed, 2000�2007.
Percentage of U.S. Acreage Planted in Conventional and GM Cotton Seed, 2000�2007.
Kyle Stiegert (kwstiegert@wisc.edu) is Professor and Director Food System Research Group (www.aae.wisc.edu/fsrg) in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Guanming Shi (gshi@wisc.edu) is Assistant Professor in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Jean Paul Chavas (jchavas@wisc.edu) is Professor and Anderson Bascom Chair in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
The authors acknowledge Support for the research in this article from USDA-NRI grant #144-QS50, USDA CSREES Hatch grant, and the Food System Research Group.


We know about the US News and World Report rankings of top colleges in the country — but what if we judged colleges by how well they handle veteran programs? CollegeRecon has identified 17 key veteran benefits programs that are available on campuses to assist veterans and military personnel, and performed a comparison to see which institutions are truly "military friendly." For the full breakdown, see this article on Military.com.


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Petru Filip (ur. 23 stycznia 1955 w Slobozii) – rumuński polityk, prawnik, parlamentarzysta krajowy i europejski.

Życiorys
Ukończył w 1979 studia mechaniczne na politechnice w Timișoarze. W 2002 uzyskał stopień doktora w zakresie inżynierii mechanicznej. Pracował w przedsiębiorstwie przemysłowym oraz jako wykładowca akademicki. W latach 1991–1996 i ponownie od 2000 do 2007 był burmistrzem Oradea. Zaangażował się w działalność Partii Demokratycznej (przemianowanej później na Partię Demokratyczno-Liberalną).

W pierwszych powszechnych wyborach w 2007 uzyskał mandat posła do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Był członkiem grupy chadeckiej oraz Komisji Rozwoju Regionalnego. Z PE odszedł pod koniec 2008 w związku z wyborem w skład rumuńskiego Senatu. Uzyskał reelekcję również w 2012. W tym samym roku przeszedł też do Partii Socjaldemokratycznej.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Profil na stronie Senatu

Rumuńscy senatorowie
Rumuńscy posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego
Rumuńscy samorządowcy
Politycy Partii Demokratyczno-Liberalnej
Politycy Partii Socjaldemokratycznej (Rumunia)
Urodzeni w 1955


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You will learn how to determine empty, universal, finite, infinite, equal, and equivalent sets using Venn diagrams, the listing method, and/or set builder notation.
Define the concept of sets.
Define empty, universal, finite, and infinite sets.
Determine equal and equivalent sets, when the sets are given with different representations.
Identify the elements and number of elements of sets, when the sets are given with different representations.
This Activity Object introduces learners to the basics and properties of sets.
A set is a group of members or elements with one or more common characteristics. Sets are named with capital letters. For example, your desktop may hold a pencil, pen, and pad of paper. This "set of items on your desk" can be named set A. Another desk may have a pen, pad of paper, notebook, and eraser. This group of objects can be named set B.
Sets are commonly represented in three different ways.
This representation is stated as "the set of all x, such that x contains the elements pencil, pen, and pad of paper."
3.��� Use a Venn diagram to illustrate sets that do not have many elements. Venn diagrams are excellent for illustrating intersections of sets (the common elements of each set). In the following illustration, you can see the elements of set A, the elements of set B, and the elements in both sets.
2.��� A universal set is the set of all elements under consideration. For example, if the set includes all the elements seen on both desks, the following Venn diagram depicts the universal set (U).
Pre-requisite Concepts Students should know the concepts of integers and infinity.