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The effects of ambient temperature on cerebrovascular mortality: an epidemiologic study in four climatic zones in China
Yanshen Zhang1,
Shanshan Li2,
Xiaochuan Pan1,
Shilu Tong3,
Jouni JK Jaakkola4,
Antonio Gasparrini5,
Yuming Guo2,6 &
Sheng Wang1
Little evidence is available about the association between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality in China. This study aims to examine the effects of ambient temperature on cerebrovascular mortality in different climatic zones in China.
We obtained daily data on weather conditions, air pollution and cerebrovascular deaths from five cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou) in China during 2004-2008. We examined city-specific associations between ambient temperature and the cerebrovascular mortality, while adjusting for season, long-term trends, day of the week, relative humidity and air pollution. We examined cold effects using a 1°C decrease in temperature below a city-specific threshold, and hot effects using a 1°C increase in temperature above a city-specific threshold. We used a meta-analysis to summarize the cold and hot effects across the five cities.
Beijing and Tianjin (with low mean temperature) had lower thresholds than Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou (with high mean temperature). In Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan and Guangzhou cold effects were delayed, while in Shanghai there was no or short induction. Hot effects were acute in all five cities. The cold effects lasted longer than hot effects. The hot effects were followed by mortality displacement. The pooled relative risk associated with a 1°C decrease in temperature below thresholds (cold effect) was 1.037 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.020, 1.053). The pooled relative risk associated with a 1°C increase in temperature above thresholds (hot effect) was 1.014 (95% CI: 0.979, 1.050).
Cold temperatures are significantly associated with cerebrovascular mortality in China, while hot effect is not significant. People in colder climate cities were sensitive to hot temperatures, while people in warmer climate cities were vulnerable to cold temperature.
Climate change will be one of the most serious challenge for human health in the 21st century, as it will directly or indirectly affect most populations[1]. Future climate change will increase the frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves[2]. Extreme temperatures have significant impacts on health[3]. For example, over 700 excess deaths were observed during one day of the 1995 Chicago heat wave[4]. There were 15,000 excess deaths in the 2003 France heat waves[5, 6] and over 70,000 deaths across Europe[7, 8]. There were 274 excess cardiovascular deaths during the 1987 Czech Republic cold spells[9], and 370 excess deaths during the 2006 Moscow cold spells[10].
Exposure to both low and high ambient temperatures increase the risk of death and therefore the temperature-mortality relations appear J-, V- or U-shaped, with thresholds corresponding to the lowest mortality[11–14]. Temperature thresholds for an increased mortality are generally higher in warmer climates[12, 15, 16], as people adapt to their local climates, through physiological, behavioral and cultural adaptation. So we need to consider human capacity to adapt to varied climates and environments.
Many personal and environmental factors may modify the effects of temperature on human health, including age, gender, presence of chronic diseases, economic, demographic factors, the intensity of urban heat islands, housing characteristics, access to air conditioning and availability of health care services[3]. Therefore it is informative to examine city-specific temperature-mortality associations. Populations in developing countries are anticipated to be especially sensitive to impacts of climate change, as they have limited adaptive capacity and more vulnerable people[1]. To date there has been little research in developing countries[17], including China[11].
Previous studies have reported that the elderly and women are more vulnerable to extreme temperatures than the young and men, respectively[18, 19]. People with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases are more susceptible to adverse effects of extreme temperatures than healthy people[17, 20, 21]. Cerebrovascular death was ranked sixth for the causes of disability adjusted life years worldwide[22]. There is a strong seasonal trend in cerebrovascular death[23, 24]. However, few studies have examined the short-term and delayed effects of ambient temperature on cerebrovascular mortality. To our knowledge, no previous study has examined the impacts of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality in cities located in different climatic zones in China.
The primary objective of our study was to assess the associations between short-term ambient temperature exposure and mortality from cerebrovascular disease. The secondary objective was to compare these associations in cold and moderate climatic zones in China and to evaluate whether the temperature thresholds for adverse effects vary between the climatic zones.
We obtained data on the daily numbers of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases, weather conditions and average levels of air pollution from five cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou) in China (Figure 1). Beijing and Tianjin are located in northern China, and have clearly four seasons, with cold, windy, dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Shanghai is located in eastern China and has a warm spring, a hot rainy summer, a cool autumn and an overcast cold winter. Wuhan is in central China and is a humid subtropical city, with an oppressively humid summer. Guangzhou is in southern China and has a humid subtropical climate, with long humid and scorching summer, and short winter.
The locations of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou in China.
We requested data on the daily counts of death from cerebrovascular diseases from the National Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) System of Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2008. We used cerebrovascular mortality data from Beijing (Dongcheng district, with 25.34 km2 and 626,655 population in 2006), Tianjin (Hongqiao district, with 21.30 km2 and 542,264 population in 2006), Shanghai (Luwan district, with 8.05 km2 and 371,783 population in 2006), Wuhan (Jiangan district, with 64.24 km2 and 706,795 population in 2006) and Guangzhou (Yuexiu district, with 33.82 km2 and 419,998 population in 2006). A sentinel surveillances system was used to monitor the mortality data in these five counties. This system was used to confirm and track the causes of death for each person by trained workers. Cerebrovascular deaths were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10: I60–I69).
We requested daily meteorological data on mean temperature and relative humidity from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System for each city. We requested daily air pollution data on particulate matter less than 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from: the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Centers.
We applied a time-series method for statistical analyses. We fitted Poisson regression models to examine the city-specific temperature-mortality relations. We allowed for an over-dispersion in deaths with a quasi-Poisson link function[25]. We assumed the association between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality was non-linear[11]. Mortality risk depends not only on exposure to the current day's temperature, but also on several previous days' exposure (lag effects)[26]. We used a natural cubic spline for lag days to overcome the issue that temperatures within a couple of days are strongly correlated[27]. We used a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to smooth temperature and lags simultaneously[27, 28]. We used 20 lag days for temperature, as most studies have shown that cold effects can last for weeks, while hot effects are usually acute with some harvesting effects[11–14, 29]. We used a natural cubic spline for time to control for seasonal patterns and long-term trends in deaths. We controlled for day of the week as a categorical variable. We controlled for relative humidity, PM10, and NO2 using natural cubic splines. The following model was used in each city:
Y t ∼ Poisson μ t
Log μ t = α + β T t , l + S R H t , 3 + S P M 10 t , 3 + S N O 2 t , 3 + S time , 6 × year + γDO W t = α + β T t , l + COVs
where t is the day of the observation; Y t is the number of cerebrovascular deaths on day t; α is the intercept; T t,l is a matrix obtained by the DLNM using five degrees of freedom for temperature and four degrees of freedom for lag days with a natural cubic spline[11], β is vector of coefficients for T t,l , and l is the lag days. S(.) is a natural cubic spline. Three degrees of freedom were used to smooth current day's relative humidity, PM10 and NO2 according to previous studies[11, 12, 14, 29]. A natural cubic spline with 6 degrees of freedom per year was used to control for season and long-term trend, as sensitivity tests showed that the estimated temperature effects were then stabilised. DOWt is day of the week on day t, and γ is vector of coefficients.
To capture the relationship between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality over lag days, we plotted the relative risks against temperature and lags. To identify the temperature-mortality thresholds, we plotted the overall effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality over lag days.
Our initial analyses found that the temperature-mortality relationships were J-shaped in all five cites, with thresholds for cold and hot effects. We therefore assumed the cold effect was linear below the threshold while the hot effect was linear above threshold, and modelled the lag effects using a natural cubic spline with 4 degrees of freedom. Formula[1] was altered by modifying the βT i,l term into two linear threshold terms:
Log μ t = α + β c T C t , l + β H T H t , l + COVs ⋅ ⋅ ,
where TC t,l is a matrix obtained by applying a linear basis (using DLNM) to temperature below the threshold and 4 degrees of freedom natural cubic spline for a 20-day lag. TH t,l is a matrix obtained by applying a linear basis (using DLNM) to temperature above the threshold and 4 degrees of freedom natural cubic spline for a 20-day lag.
The temperature threshold in model[2] was determined using the Akaike information criterion for quasi-Poisson models (Q-AIC)[28, 30]. For example, in Beijing, Temperatures from −5 to 10°C (in 0.1°C gaps) were tested, with the threshold chosen as that which gave the smallest AIC. We estimated the relative risk of cerebrovascular death associated with a 1°C decrease in temperature below the threshold (cold effect) and a 1°C increase above the threshold (hot effect).
We used a random effects meta-analysis to pool cold and hot effects across the five cities, respectively, based on the restricted maximum likelihood[31]. The estimated effects at lags 0–2, 0–13, and 0–20 days were pooled separately, as our initial results showed that hot effects were acute, while cold effects were delayed and lasted more than 7 days.
Sensitivity analyses were performed by modifying the smoothing degrees of freedom and spline type (polynomial, B-spline) for time, temperature, lags, PM10, and NO2. To check whether 20-lag days were enough to capture the temperature effects on cerebrovascular mortality, we also extended the maximum lag days to 21–42 days. We also performed a sensitivity analysis using the 10th and 90th percentile temperatures as cold and hot thresholds, respectively, and estimated the increased risk of cerebrovascular mortality for a 1°C decrease (increase) in temperature below (above) the cold (hot) threshold.
All statistical tests were two-sided and values of p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The correlations between daily weather conditions and air pollutants were summarised using Spearman's correlation because some of the pollutants were clearly not normally distributed. The R software (version 2.11.2) was used for all analyses. The "mgcv" was used to perform Poisson regression models. The "dlnm" package was used to fit DLNM[27, 28]. The "metafor" package was used for the meta-analysis[32].
Between 2004 and 2008, there were 2,835 cerebrovascular deaths in Beijing, 4,723 in Tianjin, 2,883 in Shanghai, 6,028 in Wuhan, and 3,839 in Guangzhou. The average daily mean temperature was lowest in Beijing (13.6°C), followed by Tianjin (13.3°C), Shanghai (17.6°C), Wuhan (18.2°C), and Guangzhou (22.9°C) (Table 1). Generally, Beijing Tianjin, and Wuhan had higher PM10 concentration than Shanghai and Guangzhou. All cities had similar levels of NO2 pollution.
Table 1 Summary statistics for daily temperature, relative humidity, air pollutants and cerebrovascular deaths in five Chinese cities during 2004 to 2008
Daily temperatures were generally positively correlated with relative humidity, except in Wuhan (Table 2). Daily temperatures were negatively correlated with PM10 and NO2 in all cities except Beijing. PM10 was strongly correlated with NO2 in all five cities.
Table 2 Spearman's correlations between daily weather and air pollutants in five Chinese cities from 2004 to 2008
Figure 2 shows the relative risk surfaces between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality across all temperatures and lags. The estimated effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality were non-linear in all five cities, with higher relative risks at hot and cold temperatures. An increased risk of death for high temperatures appeared quickly in all five cities; the timing of the increased risk of death in cold temperatures were more variable.
Relative risks of cerebrovascular disease mortality by temperature (°C) and lag in five Chinese cities during 2004 to 2008. The risks used 5 degrees of freedom for temperature and 4 degrees of freedom for lag up to 20 days.
Figure 3 shows the estimated relative risks of cerebrovascular mortality according to temperature over lag 0–2 and lag 0–20 days in the five cities. Generally, there were non-linear relationships between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality in all the cities, with a threshold below (above) which the cold (hot) effect is linear. The thresholds for lag 0–20 days chosen by Q-AIC were: 0.7°C in Beijing, −0.6°C Tianjin, 26.9°C Shanghai, 25°C Wuhan and 27.8°C Guangzhou.
The estimated overall effects of temperature (°C) over lag 0–2 and lag 0–20 days on cerebrovascular mortality in five Chinese cities. The thick lines are – point estimate for relative risk, and the thin lines are 95% confidence intervals.
The effects of low and high temperature on cerebrovascular mortality over 20 lag days are shown in Figure 4. The cold effects appeared with a delay in Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan, and Guangzhou, while in Shanghai the effects of cold had a short induction period. The induction period of the effects of high temperature was short in all five cities. The short-term effects of high temperature were followed by mortality displacement (harvesting) in Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
The effects of a 1°C decrease in temperature below the thresholds (left) and of a 1°C increase in temperature above the thresholds (right) on cerebrovascular deaths over 20 lag days using 4 degrees of freedom. The thick lines are point estimate for relative risk, and thin lines are 95% confidence intervals. The thresholds were 0.7°C in Beijing, −0.6°C Tianjin, 26.9°C Shanghai, 25°C Wuhan and 27.8°C Guangzhou.
We estimated the effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality for a time lag of 0–2, 0–13 and 0–20 days across the five cities (Table 3). The effect estimates for low temperature over lag 0–20 days was 1.070 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.002, 1.141) per 1°C decrease below threshold in Beijing, 1.072 (95% CI: 1.013, 1.136) in Tianjin, 1.011 (95% CI: 0.966, 1.058) in Shanghai, 1.037 (95% CI: 1.014, 1.061) in Wuhan, and 1.033 (95% CI: 1.003, 1.063) in Guangzhou. The effect estimates for high temperature over lag 0–20 days was 1.062 (95% CI: 1.017, 1.109) per 1°C increase above threshold in Beijing, 0.996 (95% CI: 0.925, 1.073) in Tianjin, 0.972 (95% CI: 0.929, 1.017) in Shanghai, 1.023 (95% CI: 0.978, 1.071) in Wuhan, and 1.014 (95% CI: 0.915, 1.123) in Guangzhou.
Table 3 The cumulative cold and hot effects of temperature on cerebrovascular disease death along the lag days, using 4 degrees of freedom natural cubic spline for lag
The summary-effect estimates for low and high temperature at lag 0–2, 0–13 and 0–20 days respectively are shown in Figure 5. The summary-effect estimate for a 1°C decrease in temperature below the threshold (cold effects) was 1.037 (95% CI: 1.020, 1.053) at lag 0–20 days. The summary-effect estimate for a 1°C increase in temperature above the threshold (hot effects) was 1.014 (95% CI: 0.979, 1.050) at lag 0–20 days.
Meta-analyses for cold effects (left) and hot effects (right) on cerebrovascular deaths at lag 0–2 days (top), lag 0–13 days (middle), and lag 0–20 days (bottom). The cold effects are relative risks of a 1°C decrease in temperature below the thresholds. The hot effects are relative risks of a 1°C increase in temperature above the thresholds. The thresholds were 0.7°C in Beijing, −0.6°C Tianjin, 26.9°C Shanghai, 25°C Wuhan and 27.8°C Guangzhou.
The estimated temperature-effects did not change when using more than 6 degrees of freedom per year for time (7–10 per year). Nor did they change when we used 3, 4, and 6 degrees of freedom for temperature, and changed the spline type (B-spline, polynomial) for temperature and lags. The estimated temperature effects were unchanged for 1, 2, 4, and 5 degrees of freedom for PM10, and NO2, as well as for different types of spline (B-spline, polynomial). We also fitted a time lag of 21–42 days, which also gave similar results. Hence, it appears that the models used in this study adequately captured the main effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality.
We used the 10th and 90th percentile temperatures as cold and hot thresholds, and estimated the increase in mortality with a 1°C decrease (increase) in temperature below (above) the cold (hot) threshold. The summary estimates from this analysis (Additional file1) were similar to the original estimates (Figure 4).
We compared the relations between ambient temperature and mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in cold, moderate and subtropical climatic zones in China and evaluated whether the temperature thresholds for adverse effects vary between the climatic zones. To our knowledge, similar comparisons of temperature threshold effects have not been published previously. This is also the first study to examine the effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality in China.
The relations between temperature and cerebrovascular mortality were non-linear in all five cities. Northern cities (with low mean temperature) had lower temperature thresholds for adverse effects than southern cities (with high mean temperature). The effects of low temperature appeared with a delay in Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan and Guangzhou, whereas in Shanghai the induction period was short. The effects of high temperature had a short induction period in all five cities, followed by mortality displacement. The effects of low temperature on cerebrovascular deaths lasted longer than the effects of high temperature. The summary-effect estimate from the meta-analysis for low temperature was statistically significant for a time lag 0–20 days, while the corrsponding estimate for high temperature was not signigicant at lag 0–20 days.
Few previous studies have examined the effects of temperature on cerebrovascular deaths. A meta-analysis for nine California counties showed that the current day's apparent temperature had a negative but non-significant impact on cerebrovascular deaths[33]. From a study conducted in Moscow, Revich and Shaposhnikov (2008) reported the temperature threshold for an increased risk of cerebrovascular deaths was 18°C. A 1°C decrease in temperature (lag 0–6 days) below the threshold was associated with 0.8% increase in cerebrovascular mortality, while a 1°C increase in temperature (lag 0) above the threshold associated with 4.7% increase in cerebrovascular mortality[34]. In Yekaterinburg, a 1°C decrease in temperature was related to 1.2% increase for cerebrovascular mortality in winter[35]. Our findings are consistent with these previous studies, which consistently demostrate that low and high temperatures increase the risk of death from cerebrovascular disease.
The present study shows that the temperature thresholds in northern cities (low mean temperature) are lower than in southern cities (high mean temperature). Similar results were reported previously for temperature effects on non-accidental mortality[16]. The thresholds were 16.5°C in Netherlands and 19°C in London , and 29°C in Taiwan[36]. These results suggest that people living in colder climates are more susceptible to hot weather, while people living in warmer climates are more vulnerable to cold. This could be because people have adapted to their local climates. For example, people living in cities in cold climate are better adapted for cold weather by having heaters and wearing warm clothes, but may not have air conditioning needed during warmer days[3].
We investigated the time lag of both low and high temperature effects over 20 days on cerebrovascular mortality. Both city-specific and meta-analysis results showed that cold effects were delayed except Shanghai, while the effects of high temperature appeared with no or short time lag. The effects of low temperature lasted longer than the effects of high temperature. The effects of high temperature were followed by mortality displacement. Similar patterns of time lag were observed in Tianjin, China for the effects of both low and high temperature on total non-accidental, cardiovascular, cardiopulmonary, respiratory mortality[11]. Also, previous studies reported similar time lags for the effects of temperature on cardiovascular death in United States and European countries[26, 37]. These findings indicate that using short time lags cannot completely capture the effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality, and therefore longer time lags are required to examine the effects of temperature.
The effect of low temperature had a short induction period in Shanghai, whereas in the other four cities the induction period was longer and the cold effects were delayed. This could be explained by a higher sensitivity to the effects of low temperature in the population in Shanghai. There is evidence that climate and population characteristics may modify the impacts of temperature on human health[38]. Social, economic, educational, demographic, infrastructural factors, intensity of urban heat islands, housing characteristics, access to air conditioning, and availability of health care services can also affect the effects of temperature on human health[3].
There is also evidence that high temperatures may induce a recurrent episode in individuals who have previously experienced a myocardial infarction or stroke[39]. Our results suggest that people with cerebrovascular disease are sensitive to high temperature because their ability to cope with heat is already compromised. Several biological mechanisms could explain these findings. The extra heat load may lead to fatal consequences for people with congestive heart failure[40]. Exposure to high temperatures may cause dehydration, salt depletion, and increased surface blood circulation, which can induce a failure of thermoregulation[41]. High temperatures may also be associated with elevated blood viscosity, cholesterol levels and sweating thresholds[42].
Low temperatures can also have an impact on human health[9, 43]. Cold has negative effects on myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction and sudden deaths[44, 45]. Exposure to low temperatures is associated with an increase in blood pressure, blood cholesterol, heart rate, plasma fibrinogen, platelet viscosity and peripheral vasoconstriction[46, 47]. Skin cooling may increase systematic vascular resistance, heart rate and blood pressure.
This study has several strengths. This is the first study to examine the effects of temperature on cerebrovascular mortality in China. We examined differences in the effects of temperature effects on cerebrovascular mortality in five large cities located in different climatic zones. We also examined both the induction period and the duration of the effects of low and high temperature on cerebrovascular mortality. We used a meta-analysis to summarize the effects in different cities, which strengthened the evidence on the adverse effects of both low and high temperatures on cerebrovascular mortality. We used mortality data from sentinel surveillances, and therefore the data should be reliable. Our findings may have implications in promoting capacity building for local response to climate change.
Several limitations in this study should also be acknowledged. The data are only from five cities, so it is difficult to generalise our results to rural areas. We used the data on temperature and air pollution from fixed sites rather than individual exposure, which was likely to produce some measurement error in exposure assessment. However, a previous study concludes that time series model using fixed site's temperature has the same ability as spatiotemporal models using spatial temperatures to estimate temperature-mortality relationships[48]. The influence of ozone was not adjusted for, because data on ozone were unavailable. And we cannot exclude completely the confounding effects from influenza epidemic because of data unavailability.
Our results provide evidence that both low and high temperatures increase the risk of death from cerebrovascular disease in different climatic conditions. People in colder climate seem to be more sensitive to the effects of high temperature, whereas people in warmer climate seem to be more vulnerable to the effects of low temperature. In Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan and Guangzhou the effects of low temperature were delayed, while in Shanghai with a subtropical climate, the effects of low temperature appeared with no or short time lag. The effects of high temperature had a short induction period in all climatic conditions represented by the five cities.
NO2:
Nitrogen dioxide
PM10:
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 μm
Q-AIC:
Akaike information criterion for quasi-Poisson.
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Group E: Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group. Lancet. 1997, 349: 1341-1346.
Muggeo VM, Hajat S: Modelling the non-linear multiple-lag effects of ambient temperature on mortality in Santiago and Palermo: a constrained segmented distributed lag approach. Br Med J. 2009, 66: 584-591.
Näyhä S: Environmental temperature and mortality. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2005, 64: 451-458.
Bouchama A, Knochel JP: Heat stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 1978-1988. 10.1056/NEJMra011089.
McGeehin M, Mirabelli M: The potential impacts of climate variability and change on temperature-related morbidity and mortality in the United States. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109: 185-189.
Huynen MM, Martens P, Schram D, Weijenberg MP, Kunst AE: The impact of heat waves and cold spells on mortality rates in the Dutch population. Environ Health Perspect. 2001, 109: 463-470. 10.1289/ehp.01109463.
Stewart S, McIntyre K, Capewell S, McMurray JJV: Heart failure in a cold climate* 1: Seasonal variation in heart failure-related morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39: 760-766. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01685-6.
Hong YC, Rha JH, Lee JT, Ha EH, Kwon HJ, Kim H: Ischemic stroke associated with decrease in temperature. Epidemiology. 2003, 14: 473-478.
Carder M, McNamee R, Beverland I, Elton R, Cohen GR, Boyd J, Agius RM: The lagged effect of cold temperature and wind chill on cardiorespiratory mortality in Scotland. Occup Environ Med. 2005, 62: 702-710. 10.1136/oem.2004.016394.
Ballester F, Corella D, Perez-Hoyos S, Saez M, Hervas A: Mortality as a function of temperature, a study in Valencia, Spain, 1991–1993. Int J Epidemiol. 1997, 26: 551-561. 10.1093/ije/26.3.551.
Guo Y, Barnett AG, Tong S: Spatiotemporal model or time series model for assessing city-wide temperature effects on mortality?. Environ Res. 2013, 120: 55-62.
We thank the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Centers for providing air pollution data, China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System for providing meteorology data.
This study is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#30972433), the Chinese Meteorological Administration (#GYHY201206027), and the Australia National Health and Medical Research Council (#APP1030259). YG is supported by the Centre for Air Quality and Health Research and Evaluation and the University of Queensland School of Population Health.
Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
Yanshen Zhang, Xiaochuan Pan & Sheng Wang
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
Shanshan Li & Yuming Guo
School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Shilu Tong
Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene &, Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Antonio Gasparrini
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
Yuming Guo
Yanshen Zhang
Shanshan Li
Xiaochuan Pan
Sheng Wang
Correspondence to Yuming Guo or Sheng Wang.
Competing interest
YZ and YG designed the study and directed its implementation, including data analysis, writing the paper. SL, XP, JJ, ST, and AG helped conduct the quality assurance, review and edit the paper. YZ and YG prepare the database and conduct the data quality assurance. SW and YG is the guarantor. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
12940_2013_741_MOESM1_ESM.docx
Additional file 1: Figure S1: Meta-analyses for relative risks of cerebrovascular mortality associated with cold temperature (left) and hot temperature (right) at lag 0–2 days, lag 3–13 days, lag 14–20 days, and lag 0–20 days in five Chinese cities during 2004 to 2008. The relative risks of cerebrovascular mortality associated with cold temperature use a 1°C decrease in temperature below the cold thresholds (10th percentile of temperature in each city). The relative risks of cerebrovascular mortality associated with hot temperature use a 1°C increase in temperature above the hot thresholds (90th percentile of temperature in each city). (DOCX 3 MB)
Zhang, Y., Li, S., Pan, X. et al. The effects of ambient temperature on cerebrovascular mortality: an epidemiologic study in four climatic zones in China. Environ Health 13, 24 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-24
Cerebrovascular disease


Celebrate your favorite decade, including but not limited to the 60s, 70s, and 80s.
Care to share a recipe? A favorite dish? This is the place to talk about one of life's greatest pleasures... Food!
Reunite and meet up with friends from your past.
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text:
Crime writing -- Drama (8)
Novelists -- Drama (8)
Television crime shows (8)
Women detectives -- Drama (8)
Autores -- Teatro (7)
Criminal investigation -- Drama (1)
Criminal investigation -- New York (State) -- New York -- Drama (7)
Escritura -- Teatro (7)
Investigación criminal (7)
Novelistas -- Teatro (7)
Occult fiction (1)
Private investigators -- Drama (1)
Television programs for the hearing impaired (1)
On shelving cart (1)
Online tutoring for students in grades K-12 and adult learners. Live tutors are available every day from 2 p.m. – 11 p.m.
1) Castle: The complete eighth and final season
DVD CAS
2016. ABC Studios 5 videodiscs (approximately 946 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
Beckett finds herself in the Captain's chair while Castle makes the leap from author to full-blown Private Investigator. The season begins with a bang as a call from a mysterious stranger puts Beckett on the run and sets off an explosive chain of events. The action gets even more exciting, and a little crazy, when Castle's daughter, Alexis, joins her father to solve the case of a lifetime.
2) Castle: The complete seventh season
[2015] Distributed by Buena Vista Home Entertainment 5 videodiscs (approximately 982 minutes) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
The wedding bells are ringing, but will Castle and Beckett really tie the knot? On the biggest day of his life, Castle is nowhere to be found, and it's not because he has cold feet. Now, in a season of brilliant twists and turns, Castle and Beckett take on New York City's most fascinating cases while they try to solve the mystery of their own relationship.
3) Castle: The complete second season
2010 5 videodiscs (approximately 1,018 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
Mystery novelist Rick Castle's unique approach to crime solving may have won over Detective Kate Beckett, but after crossing her, Castle is going to have to do his best work to get her back on his side.
4) Castle: The complete third season
2011. Buena Vista Home Entertainment 5 videodiscs (approximately 1,025 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
Famous mystery novelist Richard Castle and NYPD detective Kate Beckett return for the suspenseful third season of ABC's brilliantly funny series. Enjoy every inspired idea and flirtatious moment as this fiery duo solves the strangest homicides New York has to offer. It's the most entertaining season yet as Castle's wildly funny storytelling skills work their way into every case.
5) Castle: The complete fourth season
2012 5 videodiscs (approximately 989 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
This season finds Castle working to identify Beckett's shooter while Beckett struggles to recover from her near-death experience. They also tackle some of New York City's most interesting new cases.
6) Castle: The complete fifth season
Round Rock Public Library - On shelving cart 1 available
2013 5 videodiscs (approximately 1,032 minutes) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
Together at last: After four seasons of sparring and heated banter, TV's dynamic crime-solving team finds romance! Now that Castle and Beckett have finally given in to their true feelings for each other, how will it affect their work together? AS they try to keep their new relationship under wraps from their co-workers, the unlikely duo must track down the murderer of Beckett's mother, find the perpetrator of a major conspiracy and untangle a line...
7) Castle: The complete first season
2009 3 videodiscs (430 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
A famous crime and horror novelist, Rick Castle, helps Kate Beckette of the NYPD homicide department solve crimes. Castle's non-traditional approach to solving the crimes conflicts with Beckett's conservative approach, leading to much tension and a hint of romance.
8) Castle: The complete sixth season
2014 5 videodiscs (approximately 984 minutes) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in. English
After Castle's stunning romantic proposal to Beckett, what happens next? TV's magnetic crime-fighting couple faces a whole new set of challenges as they juggle wedding plans and their most intriguing cases yet in ABC's "Castle: The Complete Sixth Season". Beckett's new job with the Justice Department takes her away from the wisecracking love of her life. But Castle's devotion to his new fiancee - and her fascinating line of work - jeopardizes her...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The event Washington, D.C., Published for the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden by the Smithsonian Institution Press | for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1983 represents a publication, printing, distribution, issue, release or production of resources found in University of San Diego Libraries.


SINGAPORE – May 27, 2016 – Oakwood Asia Pacific Ltd, which manages an award-winning portfolio of serviced apartments for business and leisure travelers, sealed its partnership with Pacific Development & Management Co., Ltd. with the announcement that it will open Oakwood's milestone 10th property in Tokyo, Oakwood Apartments Minami Azabu.
Slated to open in 2016's third quarter, Oakwood Apartments Minami Azabu will be located in the popular Azabu area with a mix of studio and one-bedroom apartments all furnished with modern essentials. Its prime location allows guests to easily access popular areas such as Azabujuban's shopping streets, the trendy neighbourhood of Ebisu as well as bustling Roppongi.
With more than 20 years of background in real estate, Pacific Development & Management Co., Ltd is seeking to develop their business portfolio to include serviced apartments through this partnership. Oakwood Apartments Minami Azabu will be Pacific Development & Management Co., Ltd's first investment in serviced apartments.
With the addition of Oakwood Apartments Minami Azabu as the tenth property, Oakwood will operate two Oakwood Premier properties, four Oakwood Residence properties and four Oakwood Apartment properties in Tokyo, making it the most dominant operator of serviced accommodation in one of the world's most metropolitan cities.


When we interact with people both inside and outside of the congregational setting, do we treat them like they are welcome in God's Kingdom?
In Luke 15:1-7, the Pharisees condemned Jesus because he "welcomes sinners and eats with them." This comment reveals the Pharisees attitudes towards people who didn't strive to maintain purity in every area of their lives. They believed that faithful Jews should follow the Old Testament purity laws as close as possible even though the Law only required the priests to keep them.
As Christians, how do we view those who are "sinners" in our culture? Do we reach out to them like Jesus did or do we keep our distance from them because they are unclean?
When the Pharisees condemned Jesus for his actions, he told them the parable about a lost sheep. In this parable, the farmer left the 99 sheep that were remaining to go and look for the one that was missing. As followers of Jesus, we are to do the same thing. We aren't supposed to just open the church doors and wait for people to come to us. We are supposed to go out, look for them, and then bring them into the Kingdom. In order for us to effectively do this, we must always remember that we too were lost sheep that Jesus found. Since Jesus did this for us, we are to follow his example and welcome "sinners" to our table as well.


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jason burns 0
keep craig sweeney in jail for life
jason burns 0 Comments
This petition is to try and keep Craig Sweeney in jail for life.
HE CAN APPLY FOR PAROLE IN 2011
On Jan 6th 2006 Craig Sweeney abducted a 3yr old from inside her home in Cardiff, drove to his probation hostel in Newport and sexually assaulted her. he then drove over the severn bridge where he assaulted her another twice on a layby. Whiltshire police noticed him driving with no lights on and chased him for 14 miles all the time not knowing about a child in the car , during the chase he played chicken with an articulated lorry,drove at speeds of over 100mph, swerved at police who tried to spot him exiting the M4 ,and eventually crashed throwing the child from the car. Each of the offences Sweeney charged with carried a 13/14 yr to life ,In 2006 Sweeney was sentenced to life but was told he could apply for parole after 5yrs and 108days in jail ,he would have been sentenced to 18 yrs but he had a 3rd taken off for pleading guilty ,then cut in half which brought it to 5yrs 108 days . He did not plead guilty at the earliest opportunity, he only pleaded guilty to all charges after one charge was dropped at the second crown court appearance, and he was never charged with attempted murder or rape even though there is evidence to charge him Since he has been in Wakefield prison it has been reported him saying he is a ticking time bomb , this can only suggest that he can never be trusted if let out of prison, and given his previous record of being on license where he should have been recalled to prison for hitting a man ,abusing hostel staff and inappropriately touching a child, this just backs up the petition . Because of this case laws have been changed and people like Sweeney will now have a 5th off for pleading guilty which would have added another year onto Sweeney`s sentence had the law been in place before .he should also have been given a consecutive sentence as he used violence to make his escape and the crimes were committed over 2 days 2nd/3rd Jan 2006 So if you think Sweeney should stay in jail for life please sign thank you for you time


It seems like you have been planning your wedding forever and then suddenly it's here and even more suddenly, it's over. And those little details and the funny moments you missed have gone forever, swept up in the flurry of the day.
But like a romantic film, you have played your wedding 1,000 times over in your mind, as you've planned how it will look and feel.
Our cinematographers bring those imaginings to life. Your reel becomes real in our hands. We capture all the beauty and action as it happens - the spontaneous tears of joy, laughter and special fun as your day unfolds surrounded by loved ones.
This is your epic romance - your favourite film that you can keep playing for a lifetime.


text:
Q: Synchronous Consumer with JMS Queue I want to process all the messages from a JMS Queue in Glassfish 3 in a synchronous way so I have tried to change the property Maximum Active Consumers from -1 to 1 in JMS Physical Destination in Glassfish window. I think setting this I will have only one Consumer executing OnMessage() at the same time. The problem I have reached its that when I change that property I got this error:
[I500]: Caught JVM Exception: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Content is not allowed in prolog.

[I500]: Caught JVM Exception: com.sun.messaging.jms.JMSException: Content is not allowed in prolog.

sendMessage Error [C4038]: com.sun.messaging.jms.JMSException: Content is not allowed in prolog.

If anyone know another way to make the method onmessage() synchronous will be appreciated. This is my Consumer Class:
@MessageDriven(mappedName = "QueueListener", activationConfig = {
@ActivationConfigProperty(propertyName = "acknowledgeMode", propertyValue = "Auto-acknowledge"),
@ActivationConfigProperty(propertyName = "destinationType", propertyValue = "javax.jms.Queue")
})
public class MessageBean implements MessageListener {

@Override
public void onMessage(Message message) {
    long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
    write("MessageBean has received " + message);
    try{

        TextMessage result=(TextMessage)message;
        String text=result.getText();
        write("OTAMessageBean message ID has resolved to " + text);
        int messageID=Integer.valueOf(text);

        AirProcessing aP=new AirProcessing();
        aP.pickup(messageID);

    }
    catch(Exception e){
        raiseError("OTAMessageBean error " + e.getMessage());
    }
   long t2 = System.currentTimeMillis();
   write("MessageBean has finished in " + (t2-t1));

}

}

A: I had the same problem, the only solution I found was to set up a Schedule which polls the messages from the queue every ten seconds:
@Stateless
public class MyReceiver {
   @Resource(mappedName = "jms/MyQueueFactory")
   private QueueConnectionFactory connectionFactory;
   @Resource(mappedName = "jms/MyQueue")
   private Queue myQueue;
   private QueueConnection qc;
   private QueueSession session;
   private MessageConsumer consumer;

   @PostConstruct
   void init() {
       try {
         qc = connectionFactory.createQueueConnection();
         session = qc.createQueueSession(false, Session.CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE);
         consumer = session.createConsumer(myQueue);
         qc.start();
       } catch (JMSException e) {
         throw new RuntimeException(e);
       }
   }

   @PreDestroy
   void cleanup() throws JMSException {
     qc.close();
   }

   @Schedule(hour = "*", minute = "*", second = "*/10", persistent = false)
   public void onMessage() throws JMSException {
     Message message;
     while ((message = consumer.receiveNoWait()) != null) {
       ObjectMessage objMsg = (ObjectMessage) message;
       Serializable content;
       try {
         content = objMsg.getObject();

         //Do sth. with "content" here

         message.acknowledge();
       } catch (JMSException ex) {
         ex.printStackTrace();
       }
    }
  }
}

A: JMS is async by nature, you don't have a specific config for telling io to behave synchronously. You can simulate it by adding message delivery and consumption confirmations everywhere, but that's not really how JMS is intended to work. Try RMIenter link description here or maybe HTTP (or something on top of it like a SOAP or REST web service)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Are you FRUSTRATED because you want to move forward with your life and feel like doors are closing in every direction?
Are you TIRED of living paycheck to paycheck and longing for financial freedom?
Is leaving a legacy behind one of your burning desires?
If So, you are not alone. I understand how you are feeling.
I was silently screaming! My world around me had begun to close in and I could feel the weight of it bearing down on me. I had become mentally and emotionally exhausted from being tossed around by life. I was fed-up with living life by the rules imposed upon me by the proverbial "they" and myself. There was a stirring clawing within me that I had to be answered or it promised to drive me mad.
What do I do with this stirring? How do I answer it?
How did I get here, the one who was the "pillar of strength" for everyone else? Then I realized that how I got there wasn't as important as how I chose to move forward. And that that CHOICE could ONLY be made be me.I had to take ownership of and for the direction of my life. No more blaming, the military, my husband, my past, my kids, my health or my circumstances.
I designed a life I love!
I had to learn to dream again and believe in me again.
I launched my forever business.
I had to learn how to navigate the one thing that could get in my way.
I embrace all of who I am, the good, the bad and the ugly.
It was time for me to roll my sleeves and but in the work.
Taking my life out of neutral and execute the life I wanted.
Now I help others do the same.
I was once a single mother living paycheck to paycheck in government housing.
I was working two jobs, attending school and was still struggling to make ends meet.
I became so depressed and had to seek professional help.
I know that I had to change my life cycle or I was going to lose myself.
This was my rock bottom and I know I had to change my life in all areas.
I had to take my life into my own hands because no one has the power to do it.
and the woman I was becoming. I had a dream and was determined to see it come true.
Maybe you are putting in the work but frustrated that you're not moving forward.
the power within to create your desired legacy. Your dream life is closer than you can imagine.
YOUR DREAM LIFE IS CLOSER THAN YOU EVER IMAGINED!
The Gold Mind Club Mastermind is designed for the ambitious woman whose desire is to become the most powerful and authentic version of herself possible. She is overtaken with ideas and possibilities but just can't seem to find the time to execute them. UNTIL NOW!
Members will hone in on that "next step" and that "one thing." Initiating momentum towards the life they have been envisioning and yearning for deeply. The BONUS is that they won't have to go it alone. Gold-minders will make life long connections and collaborations as they journey to execute their life's vision.
Dedicated time to focus on YOU!
Me Inc. – Learn to be the CEO of your life!
Individual Action Plan _ Making It Happen!
Individual Action Plan – Making It Happen!


Skype for Android is very useful and a simple solution to make cheap calls. They are, by far, one of the most widely employed mobile operating system in the world. At often the present time frame, they are deemed as one of the main OS across the globe.
Absolutely an application you really should to keep away from. Thus, securities app will not much aid, however great it is, in case you are typically the sort involving person that installs whatever solely regarding the desire of this. So to completely safeguard in addition to keep your data, it is best to put in the ideal android os security software package which may shield crucial computer data together with privacy zero matter just what.
Yes security is usually undoubtedly a crucial feature and must become present. Avast Mobile Safety measures proves you do not need to be able to pay anything more to get a wealthy range involving features, as well as the absolute best anti-theft features we've found. It is usually among the finest and most popular Antivirus App which is readily available in Google Enjoy Store in addition to works in almost all types of Touch screen phones.
Consider any applications you may well have installed recently. You may also utilize other mobile blog that license application sharing. Then it will truly always be wise that will you establish a cell iphone app for your own business plus find the chance to publicize your own brand with a wide amount of people in a wise method.
The particular app provides you live security and contains quite a good few attributes. If anyone do decide to install a great antivirus iphone app, take be aware they frequently consume the whole whole lot of battery pack, take right up disk place, annoy an individual with warns and cut back control speed. The very best mobile anti virus apps offer you not just simply top-notch spyware and adware detection and even prevention, nevertheless in supplement a number of personal privacy and anti theft capabilities.
Utilizing timely protection, the particular app shields you even though browsing internet sites which were corrupted or which usually have a high risk of phishing. The particular app in addition has the handy QR code reader that will be utilized to place up secure Wi-Fi cable connections. The app in supplement offers a protected browsing function. The application appears specially good in tablets using a substantial screen. Alternatively, you've acquired to kill the app utilizing a external activity manager. Some folks say which will being careful with regards to the applications you install except for for you to continue to keep your phone protected. There are usually numerous spying apps, plus v very easily install these people on typically the phones of different users so like to keep an eye on them.


text:
Im Jahr 1918 wählte die American Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 Personen zu ihren Mitgliedern.

Neu gewählte Mitglieder
 Brooks Adams (1848–1927)
 George Burton Adams (1851–1925)
 Charles McLean Andrews (1863–1943)
 Thomas Willing Balch (1866–1927)
 Thomas Barlow (1845–1945)
 Willard Bartlett (1846–1925)
 Edward Capps (1866–1950)
 Charles Warren Clifford (1844–1923)
 Charles Allerton Coolidge (1858–1936)
 Edmund Burke Delabarre (1863–1945)
 William Herbert Perry Faunce (1859–1930)
 Edward Waldo Forbes (1873–1969)
 William Ebenezer Ford (1878–1939)
 William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920)
 Morris Gray (1856–1931)
 Evarts Boutell Greene (1870–1947)
 Robert Battey Greenough (1871–1937)
 Isaac Minis Hays (1847–1925)
 George Lincoln Hendrickson (1865–1963)
 Elijah Clarence Hills (1867–1932)
 Charles Evans Hughes (1862–1948)
 Archer Milton Huntington (1870–1955)
 Henry Jackson (1858–1940)
 Grinnell Jones (1884–1947)
 Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)
 William MacDonald (1863–1938)
 James Madison Morton Sr. (1837–1923)
 Harold Murdock (1862–1934)
 Thomas Nelson Page (1853–1922)
 Walter Hines Page (1855–1918)
 Leighton Parks (1852–1938)
 Endicott Peabody (1857–1944)
 Francis Greenwood Peabody (1847–1936)
 Henry Bayard Phillips (1881–1973)
 Rudolph Schevill (1874–1946)
 William Napier Shaw (1854–1945)
 Francis John Shepherd (1851–1929)
 Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952)
 David Locke Webster (1888–1976)

Weblinks
 Members of the American Academy. Listed by election year, 1900-1949. (PDF, 87 kB) bei der American Academy of Arts and Sciences (amacad.org)

Liste (Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This list was dynamically created with the data source adaptor for the application Forms Builder.
First you must create a global or template adaptor. Use the data source adaptor to create a DQL or SQL – Query and include dynamical information from external data source.
Make sure that you are working in the "Design view" and insert a ReadOnlyTable. The table has a lot of properties, please label the table and select the "Special" tab.
Select your individual adaptor as external data source.
The individual adapter named "hpe_top5_users" and is a global adapter, available for all form templates.
Remember: the output data was created as an indivudual complex type. The output type called "data" and the group named "item". The individual items are the result values of the query: user_name and last_login_utc_time.
The output data is sortable. You can relabel the columns and set the visibility and the width of the rows.
The ListBox functionality is very similar to the ReadOnlyTable. The adaptor must be specified for every individual ListBox in the "Data & Storage" tab.
The login-time as unique value is not recommend, because it is not an identifier. The query should be extended with one unique id, for example the r_object_id.
In the ListBox only one value is available. Please select one of the result values of the query.
This figure displays the special tab for the ListBox property. The adaptor will be exectuted when the form initializes.
Data adaptors are a powerful tool to create individual and dynamical forms and taskspace tabs. The data source adaptor includes data from the repository via DQL or values from SQL or JDBC (Java Database Connectivity).
Item Initializer entered a value in a field automatically.
Default: current date/time in a date in a time or date field.
Document Processor – Initialization An initialization adaptor initializes values for the entire form.
provided the validation succeeds, then the form is saved.
Document Processor – Post-submission A post-submission adaptor executes after a form is submitted.
add a new adaptor (Global Adaptors if the functionality should be available for more than one form template).
The individual value to fulfill the main query. Not usesd in this example.
All used values in the Initial parameter section should be specified. All output items are grouped in a individual group, called "item".


text:
Sony hackers uncover diversity pay issue at Deloitte
09 December 2014 Consultancy.uk 4 min. read
More news on
Fees & Rates
The November 24th Sony hack and dissemination of hacked content has brought much to light. Included in the information trove is a 2005 internal study from Deloitte. Released information discloses an internal probe instigated by Deloitte to identify whether gender and ethnicity were sufficient markers to predict salary. In 58 of the 251 groups probed, it was.
The hotel heist
On November 24th hackers, working from the comfort of the 5-star St. Regis hotel in Bangkok, Thailand, compromised Sony's internal networks, a heist that netted a trove of highly confidential information. Little is known about the hackers or their affiliation, the group taking responsibility for the infiltration calls themselves the "Guardians of Peace". While the reason for the hack remains unclear, the hackers have reportedly presented a list of demands on Sony, failure to meet the demands will result in more information being released. So far a number of pieces of business and personal information has been drip-feed to the media through the anonymous link-sharing site Pastebin.
The information the hackers made off with include sensitive information about the profitability of 2013 films, as well as the financial and salary information of a number of executives and personal information of around 6,000 Sony staff. Among the information captured are also documents from secondary businesses, including a 2005 internal audit from Deloitte on pay within the Big 4 firm.
Brought to light
The Deloitte information was purportedly stored on the computer of an ex-Deloitte HR employee, now working for Sony. One of the documents is a spreadsheet which contains the income of 31,124 U.S. Deloitte employees. While names are absent from the spreadsheet, the information does capture the whole spectrum of incomes, from junior to the most senior positions in the company – giving a clear picture of Deloitte's basic pay structure in 2005.
The Fusion interpolated the data to identify the difference between female and male pay conditions. The resultant graph clearly plots the average difference in pay between male and female employees across the different business units given in the spreadsheet. In the more fine grain analyse of the more than 1,000 of Deloitte's company's directors' pay contained in the document— the Fusion reporting that "the top 10 highest earners are all men, as are 22 of the top 25, 43 of the top 50, and 85 of the top 100." The data seems to show that in the top pay bracket, men make 25% more than women, and the level of pay discrepancy seems to increase with seniority.
The Fusion reports that the spreadsheet formed part of a larger report into diversity within 251 internal groupings at Deloitte U.S. From a PowerPoint also captured and released by the hackers, the regression of the spreadsheet information allowed Deloitte to make a number of conclusions about its efforts to introduce a company wide diversity and equality policy. "Of the 251 regressions, where we looked at all the possible variables that could predict salary there were 58 groups where salary was predicted by race or gender," the document reads. "Of these 58 regressions, 34 included race or gender as a predictor in a discriminatory way. Some of these were more significant than others. Of the 34 significant regressions, there were 18 that were problematic based on both regressions & t-tests. These 18 groups were looked at very carefully to make appropriate recommendations."
Improved since
Important to keep in mind though is that the data from the spreadsheets stem from 2005. Since the firm has worked hard on boosting diversity and equal pay across gender and race, and according to several rankings released annually on the matter the firm can nowadays call itself a strong performer in the field. Just few months ago, Deloitte was named one of the top 10 best consulting firms to work for, and earlier this year the services firm ranked #1 on DiversityInc's Top 10 List for Global Diversity.
In response to the release of the information, Jonathan Gandal, a spokesman for Deloitte, says: "We have seen coverage regarding what is alleged to be 9-year-old Deloitte data from a non-Deloitte system. We have not confirmed the veracity of this information at this time. Deloitte has long been recognised as a leader in its commitment to pay equality and all forms of inclusion."
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The end of the world had arrived just as many had predicted, in a global exchange of nuclear weapons.
What no one predicted was the sudden message that appeared before every living soul moments before impact, a message from 'The Administrators' revealing our entire world and everything in it to be a species simulation. According to the message, Humanity had been reset over a million times and every single time we could not prevent our own extinction.
No more resets for humanity. No more chances.
They would leave our world an irradiated disaster, but to keep things interesting, they would convert our species simulation to a game for their twisted entertainment.
Digital or not, real or not, I have a family to protect. A wife and daughter who need me, universe be damned. I say bring it on. Welcome to the end of the world.
Welcome to The Great Filter.
This is an LitRPG apocalypse story. The game portion of the story is divided into two sections: the Assessment section, and the RPG Apocalypse. I only mention the division because a lot of the RPG aspects, like the character sheet, stats, perks, etc., don't start until after the Assessment section. However, the entire novel does a really good job of bringing the zombie apocalypse vibe out in the story. There are survival elements, monsters to fight, survivors to recruit, and survivors to fear. These elements are combined with RPG mechanics that are pulled from Fallout, and Metro: Last Light.
Game mechanic wise, things are pretty thorough after the Assessment section. There's XP, skills, stats, and item descriptions, and some base building mechanics. Additionally, there are purchasable perks that are very reminiscent from Fallout and a slug currency system that reminds me of something pulled from the apocalypse Metro series. In particular, I liked that XP felt like a precious resource and could be earned from non-combat activities like crafting or exploration.
Overall, this is a pretty good RPG apocalypse story. Though be aware that things get kinda dark at times in the story.
Cadence, the extraordinarily-powerful Bard-based Song Mistress, is back for the final installment of the Uniworld Online Trilogy! Joined by her friends, she embarks on a journey to – somehow – bring peace to Uniworld, all while avoiding attempts from her own faction to kill her.
Now knowing who brutally attacked her – if not his real-life persona – Cadence must get stronger, learn more about her abilities, and devise a strategy for him to confess to his involvement. To do that, however, she needs to survive long enough; which is going to be hard with the entirety of the Light faction out to get her.
With the only avenue for escape among their "enemies", Cadence and her friends travel to the Dark faction, where she learns much-needed information regarding one of her oldest and most important quests. From that information stems an expedition into the unknown, which will bring her closer to her goal…and her destiny.
Is Cadence strong enough to embrace her fate and bring justice to her attackers? Find out – in the thrilling conclusion to the Uniworld Online Trilogy today!
Contains LitRPG elements such as stat tables and character leveling.
This is end of the Uniworld Online trilogy and it does a good resolving all the story threads. There are a few pieces of the story felt a little forced and a couple items were clearly OP but the big resolution at the end made it worthwhile and things wrap up satisfactorily.
Watch as he enters the competition, chooses his class, creates an army, and shows everyone in this new, future world the spirit of a player from the 2010s. Will he be the champion in the end?
Full disclosure: I received an advanced copy of the novel for review, I purchased a copy when it became available.
This is a translation of a popular Russian LitRPG novel, that incorporates real time strategy (RTS) elements, competitive play, as well as more traditional RPG elements like levels, classes, HP, and Mana. According to the translator, the story is also considered rather humorous in Russia. Some of that may be lost in translation but there are definitely some good humorous moments.
The story revolves around a massive full immersion competitive RTS game where success means getting a good paying job in this future society. Even doing moderately well means doubling your current salary. Of course the front runners are the rich and power aristocrats who have trained their whole lives for tournaments like this. Unfortunately, they've never met someone like our main character (MC), who is willing to try the most unconventional of tactics to get an edge. The story cycles around the MC and his unusual and often lucky strategies. Then tells the same events from his defeated opponents POV, who often attribute their defeat to the MCs genius and not just him taking advantage of lucky situations. The story cycles through this, with each battle getting progressively bigger and more epic. Eventually becoming something requiring multiple alliances, legions of powerful troops, and complex tactics from both sides. Even though the story does cycle through the same setups, it's not ever boring. There are always new powers, new minions, upgrades, new tactics, new allies or enemies, and of course the fights increase in their epicness.
Game mechanic wise, this does a good job of bringing RTS mechanics to life without the tedious resource gathering. The MC initially has to choose his class option and starting strategy and since he chooses an unconventional path, new options open up to him that give him an edge. He gets unique units that he can upgrade, his stat choices affect his place in battle, eventually there are even kingdom building elements to the game. There are still the expected RPG elements too: Levels, HP, Mana, Armor, Damage notifications, Classes, special skills and abilities, etc. Though at higher levels the MCs personal level growth is not the main focuses of the story since he has an entire army to manage and use in battle.
The action is a little light in the beginning as the story gets setup, but quickly becomes pretty epic. The switching POVs are initially a little confusing but once you recognize them, it's a neat way to show things in the battle that the MC didn't personally see. Plus I think it's a running gag that his enemies think he's a genius.
Overall, this is a really good story with some very nice large scale action that just draws you in and makes you stay up late to see how it plays out.
Matthew Morgan used to be the best thief in the business. No lock was too hard to pick; no safe was too secure for him to crack. But when he was double-crossed by an associate and sent to the penitentiary, he didn't just lose decades of his life… No, he lost the agility and quick reflexes that made him such a successful professional.
Skeptical, Matthew gives it a go as all other venues seem closed for the time being. He figures he has nothing to lose, and so he joins the game as a rogue. The very first sessions leave him perplexed as, being a low-level character, he's still limited in what he can do. But as he sticks with it and gains enough experience, he finds that his former occupation does give him an edge over other players.
But still, he needs to act fast. Whatever small cash he had left is dwindling fast. And with rent to pay and food to put on the table, he needs to up his game if he is to ensure his survival both in and outside the game.
This is one of the most tedious stories I've read in a while. The main character (MC) kind of just wanders around the game world exploring, fighting monsters occasionally, and leveling up so that he can hit level 10 and unlock the ability to transfer game currency into real money. Unfortunately, with the exception of the occasional times he meets another player, the story itself is mostly described as a fantasy not as an MMO. Additionally, though game notifications are seen regularly, they don't matter to the story and 90% of the time aren't even acknowledged by the story or the MC. It really felt like most of the notifications were inserted after the story was already written. Another thing that just didn't make sense was all the times the MC logged out of the game. It broke immersion, and served no purpose in the story.
The vast forests of the elven kingdom, full of wild animals; the wastelands of the orcs, with everpresent drought and death; the dwarven mountains, on top of which the wyverns and harpies have built their nests; the majestic Ilian ridge that protects the great lands from the evil of the Sunset Empire, cursed by all the gods.
Kraven has a new home now, the World of Noria. It would be great if he were just a carefree traveler in this beautiful world.
But it's not that simple. His body is imprisoned in a regeneration capsule, an imprisonment he needs to live, and his mind is now part of this new, virtual world. Who is he now? What is he? He's become an unusual player, a unique bit of code that has appeared as the result of a system error.
All he has now is his character and his will to go on. His goal is to become stronger and survive in this cruel world. And who could be stronger than the "Shadows", the most famous assassin's guild in Noria?
This is a translation of a Russian series and according to the author, it has 5 books in the series that he plans to get translated as well as another scifi Litrpg series. As a translation, be aware that there are some semi-regular issues associated with that. Some phrases don't translate perfectly from Russian. Like Ring-Ring instead of Ding for notifications. Or slightly odd translations of colloquialisms like: A happy 13.
Now, as for the review, the story just misses being good for me. The setup is trapped in the game with the main character (MC) not being able to access the outside world through game features. There are some minor storylines with outside family and girlfriend looking for him in game, but it doesn't really amount to much. The in game storyline is a little confusing, not in what happens but in how it's able to happen. Without getting spoilery, the main storyline with the MC feels more like something that belongs in a normal fantasy story or a transported to a game world story, not one set in an VRMMO.
The game mechanics in the story are fairly detailed and there are some very believable MMO moments on the rare occasions when the MC interacts with players. Fairly normal MMO stuff: Character sheets, stats, item descriptions, quests, XP, etc. There are a couple things that feel out of place, but I've already mentioned that.
Overall, the story is decent. Good action. Lots of RPG stuff. It ends up being rather slice of life, where you follow the MC around as he trains and some stuff happens to him, but besides a couple interesting mini story arcs, that's kind of all that happens. Additionally, the end is just left in the air without much resolution to the big plotlines.
What do you do when the game resets around you?
Just when Montana thought he had life in Vuldranni figured out, the rug is pulled out from under him. He's alone once again, but now he's in the crosshairs of the man who would be emperor, and a whole host of people are counting on Montana to provide a safe haven for them.
Montana has one hope of actually completing his quest of forming a dukedom: he needs to bust Nikolai out of prison.
A prison that no one has ever escaped from alive.
A prison whose only exit is little more than rumor and probably doesn't even exist — through a sentient dungeon, hell-bent on causing torture, inflicting pain, and extracting the ultimate price: life.
Montana and his hirðmen are down to their last chance. So they get themselves arrested and enter Osterstadt prison. Can the Good Guys do good by going bad?
Dungeon Mauling is LItRPG adventure cruising at breakneck speed. There are epic hobgoblin battles, hordes of monsters, insane leveling, otter hammer throws, relentless mimics, the most revolting water slide you'll ever hear of, and one cocktail you can only hope to forget.
Full disclosure: I received an advanced copy for review but purchased a copy when it became available.
A very good continuation of a good LitRPG series, thought it's a little light on RPG in the early part of the novel. This is a transition novel, it does a good job of transitioning the story between two big plotlines. It's still very entertaining, but most of the story is about the dungeon crawl with a little clean up from the big event at the end of book 2. This is a good action filled dungeon dive with monsters, mazes, and some neat twists, but it doesn't advance the storyline much.


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Posted on November 18, 2021 November 22, 2022 by Thunder Said Energy
Neodymium market: our top ten facts?
Neodymium is a crucial Rare Earth metal, used in permanent magnets for the ramp-up of wind turbines and electric vehicles. The market is small, growing rapidly. This could create opportunities, as bottlenecks and cost-inflation need to be kept in check. Hence this short note outlines our 'top ten facts' on the neodymium market.
(1) What is neodymium? Neodymium is the 60th element in the Periodic table, a rare-earth element, in the Lanthanide series. The most important use of Neodymium is in alloys with iron and boron, creating tetragonal crystals of Nd2Fe14B, which are some of the strongest permanent magnets known to mankind, capable of lifting over 1,000x their own weight. The alloy was discovered independently, by GM and Sumitomo, in the early 1980s.
(2) How are neodymium magnets used? These magnets are used in electric motors, generators (especially wind turbines) and other electronics (especially computer hard drives, audio equipment, and the accelerometers in cell phones). For example, each Toyota Prius might contain 1kg of neodymium (some vehicles use as much as 2.5kg), and a wind turbine might contain 125kg per MW of capacity (some direct-drive generator designs use 600kg/MW). These have been crucial themes in our recent research, as cost-inflation and bottlenecks need to be avoided (see below).
Electric motors: state of flux?
Offshore wind: will costs follow Moore's Law?
Carbon fiber: the miracle material?
(3) Physics: How are magnets measured? The strength of a magnet is measures in Teslas. Specifically, a magnetic field with 1 Tesla's strength will exert 1 Newton of force on a particle with 1 coulomb of charge that is moving perpendicular to the magnet at 1 meter per second. This is due to fundamental electro-magnetic laws of the Universe, such as the Lorentz Force Law. Ferrite magnets' magnetic fields typically peak out at 0.5-1.0 Teslas, and this is for very large and heavy magnets. Nd2Fe14B magnets can have magnetic fields of 1.0-1.4 Teslas. They can also have very dense magnetic fields, of 200-440kJ/m3, making them compact. Finally, they are relatively "permanent" magnets, resisting demagnetization up to 750-2,000kA/m competing magnetic fields and temperatures up to 310-400ºC.
(4) The neodymium market? There are seventeen rare earth elements. Data here are opaque. Hence what follows is some simple ballparking, triangulating between online sources and technical papers. The global market for rare earth oxides is about 160-240kTpa in 2020, worth around $4bn per annum. Of the metals in these ores, c20% comprises the Neodymium market. Around 50kTpa of the Rare Earth ores are likely to be used to make 140kTpa of permanent magnets (the other components are not Rare Earths), worth as much as $14bn per year. The largest Rare Earth component in permanent magnets is Neodymium, comprising 27% by mass of Nd2Fe14B magnetic material. Overall, our best guess for neodymium market demand in 2021 is around 20-30kTpa. Total demand for Rare Earth Oxides is seen growing at 4% per annum by CRU. Nd-Pr is seen growing at 7% per annum. Roskill sees demand for permanent magnets in EV power-trains increasing at 17.5% per annum from 2021 to 2030. Total demand for these materials could thus rise 3-10x by 2050, among the fastest growth rates of any commodities in the energy transition research (chart below).
Energy transition: the top ten commodities?
(5) Global reserves of Rare Earth metals have been estimated at 120MT by the USGS, equivalent to a 600-year reserve life. In turn, this might imply as much as 24MT of neodymium reserves, if neodymium comprises 20% of all Rare Earths. However, reserves of neodymium, specifically, have been more conservatively estimated at 8MT in other sources. Nevertheless, this still implies a c300-year reserve life at today's current rate of production. The material's total abundance in the Earth's crust is 38mg/kg (38ppm). And this is actually "high" (chart below). For contrast, copper is 66pm, cobalt is 25ppm, lithium is 20ppm, uranium is 2pm, platinum is 0.004ppm and gold is 0.003ppm. This all suggests that there is no shortage of Neodymium in the Earth's crust, only a possible shortage of projects to extract and upgrade it economically from high-grade ores.
(6) How is it produced? The two main ores for Neodymium are monazite and bastnasite. Neodymium comprises 10-18% of these minerals by mass. The ore is mined, crushed, screened, leached, precipitated, calcined, and then chemically separated and precipitated (e.g., using nitric acid) in order to produce Neodymium oxides with 99% purity. This is not dissimilar to other materials value chains that have crossed our screen, such as lithium, uranium or copper, and similar models could be translated across.
Lithium: reactive?
Uranium mining: the economics?
Copper: the economics?
Energy costs of mining processes?
Mine trucks: transport economics?
(7) Where is it produced? Output from Rare Earth mines runs at around 160-240kTpa, of which c20% is neodymium. c60% of global output is from China, primarily six state owned enterprises. Other large producers include Australia and Myanmar. Non-Chinese mine output has been increasing since 2015. But the mined materials are still largely refined in China, which supplies c85% of total refined rare earth production. As usual, this creates the Catch 22 of whether China's decarbonization needs to go hand-in-hand with the West's, or whether this is even possible without accelerating inflation even more so (note below).
China: can the factory of the world decarbonize?
(8) What does it cost? Neodymium prices have run around $60-70/kg in 2017-20. Prices have risen sharply in 2021 to around $160kg. Again, our nemesis of inflation is rearing its ugly head…
Inflation: will it de-rail the energy transition?
(9) What is the CO2 intensity? Carbon-accounting for rare earth materials is complex, because many materials are co-produced. Hence it is debatable how to allocate CO2 emissions across these different materials. One study estimated 12kg of CO2 emitted per kg of neodymium oxide (here), while another found 66kg of CO2 per kg of neodymium oxide (here). You can compare and contrast these CO2 intensities with other materials in our granular data-file of global CO2 emissions below.
Breakdown of global CO2 emissions
(10) Which companies? China is the world's largest producer of rare Earth materials, mining over 100kTpa, and refining c80% of global supply. Companies are also ramping up outside of China. One of the largest producers is MP Materials (NYSE-listed), which operates the Mountain Pass mine on the Nevada-California border, supplying and processing 15% of the world's Rare Earths in 2020 (of which 11.5% is neodymium). Lynas Rare Earths (listed in Australia and the US) recently agreed to construct a 5kTpa rare earths separation plant in Texas, which will yield 1.25kTpa of neodymium-praseodymium, sourced from ores in Western Australia. Rare Element Resources is developing the Bear Lodge project, which comprises 18% neodymium by weight. Texas Minerals is progressing the Round Top Rare Earths project, of which 7% is neodymium. Finally, many of the uranium companies that have crossed our recent screens also co-produce Rare Earths, while we like this theme as we also see nuclear projects re-accelerating (uranium screen and uranium note).
Uranium mining: company screen and market outlook?
Back-stopping renewables: the nuclear option?
Further research. We hope you have enjoyed this short note on the neodymium market. To receive our research as we send it out, then you are very welcome on our distribution list.
CategoriesCommentary, Cutting Edge
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Peter Piper picked a Pepper, a Petite Person, and Participle Practicing People.
Ah, the first day of school. I was one of those kids who looked forward to the 1st day of school. I have since discovered that I do not have children that appreciate the thrill of seeing where you sit, meeting your new teacher, pulling out the box of unspoiled crayons, or browsing the decorated walls and letter pictures which travel the perimeter of the room. Oh, and the new outfit and lunch box; mine was blue with a Care Bear on the font. The oldest two boys were ambivalent about the experience, but we practically had to drag Isaac off of the top bunk and put his shirt on his inert form.
On the other hand, my first day of them going back to school was glorious! Instead of the summer odds of 5 to 1, my chances of survival are now 2 to 1.
Baby Caleb, his mom, and sisters came for a visit the other day. We love him so much and we could all barely wait for our turn to hold him.
A double-chin on a baby is one of the most adorable traits. It's when the adult attains one that the charm is lost. I think Caleb looks a lot like Dantzel and Bill, not the chin part, but the rest.
This was a first for me, but I had to do something with all of those peppers that keep growing on one particular bush. I didn't have any ripe tomatoes for salsa and I couldn't let them go to waste. So, pepper jelly, and wow, it turned out deliciously, I flatter myself, and it was so easy to make.


A lovely property in a prime location with its own Paddock!
Having open fire with stone hearth and surround. Large sliding door onto the front and door into the entrance hall.
Having an excellent range of built-in and fitted storage including double fitted wardrobe with mirror sliding door, built-in shelving, drawers, wardrobes and over bed cupboards. The window over looks the rear garden and brook which is a pleasant outlook.
With fitted double wardrobe with sliding doors.
Having double doors onto the rear garden.
With suite comprising corner bath, separate shower cubicle with glazed door, w/c, vanity wash hand basin with useful cupboards beneath, vinyl flooring and fully tiled walls.
The grounds and gardens of the bungalow are a particular feature from the long sweeping private drive bordered by the grounds of Fownhope Court to one side and a brook to the other to the pleasant gardens and paddock to the rear of the property. All in all the grounds are just under .9 of an acre with just under half of this area being a separate paddock having easy access to the side of the bungalow to the south east. As well as the paddock there is a good size level rear garden which leads to the brook which meanders alongside the property and on through a neighbours garden. The bungalow is set in the middle of its land and has a private outlook whilst having nearby neighbours. Within the gardens there are a range of mature trees and shrubs and in the paddock there are various fruit trees and timber shed.