The New York Compensation Insurance Rating Board (NYCIRB) has recommended an increase in workers' compensation premiums that could raise rates for some employers by 29 percent.
Daniel B. Walsh, president of the Business Council of New York State Inc. (BCNYS) called the move "stunning" and "frightening."
"It's stunning because New York State employers already pay workers' compensation costs that are 72 percent above average on a per-case basis," Walsh said. "And it's frightening because employers need rate relief, not double-digit rate increases."
CIRB is an insurance-industry entity that each year recommends a change in workers' comp premiums and assessments. Premiums are the basic rates employers must pay to provide insurance coverage for their workers. Assessments are taxes on premiums which support the operations of the Workers' Compensation Board and special funds that are part of the workers' comp system.
Although the NYCIRB filed the proposed the rate increase with the New York State Insurance Department, it does not mean it will be approved. In 2003, the NYCIRB asked for rate increases of 11.2 and 2.7 percent, but the state insurance department increased rates by 1.7 percent. The department also approved a 10 percent increase in the assessment rate, raising it from 13 to 14.3 percent last year.
The proposal from the NYCIRB comes during a legislative session in which lawmakers have not enacted workers' comp reform and employers, said Walsh, are feeling the pinch.
"California has finally acted to address its workers' comp nightmare. New York must do the same, and must ease other costs of job creation so businesses, not taxpayers, can once again be New York's main source of job creation," he added.
Earlier this month, the council's board of directors passed a resolution urging lawmakers to enact meaningful workers' comp reforms to reduce employers' costs.
More than 1,600 individuals have generated nearly 8,000 faxed letters to Gov. George Pataki and legislators in Albany urging workers' compensation reform, though a Web-based electronic-advocacy campaign being conducted this spring by the council in collaboration with affiliated chambers and other business groups.
The National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) in September 2003 estimated that the average cost of a workers' compensation case in New York was $11,793, 72 percent above the national average. New York's costs are above average mainly because the state offers lifetime benefits in cases in which benefits are not "scheduled" in state statute. These cases account for 14 percent of claims, but more than 77 percent of all compensated injuries.
Limit the duration of benefits in cases for which the level of benefits is not defined by statute.
Reduce surcharges now imposed on employers' premiums, called assessments, by adjusting the calculation used to determine assessments. Currently, assessments are based on 150 percent of the previous year's disbursements from a special fund. The proposed change would lower that rate to 125 percent.
Limit, to 10 years, the duration of benefits for injured or sick workers in cases in which benefits are not prescribed by statutory schedules. The goal is to give both ample benefits and sufficient time for retraining before returning to work.
Provide for Social Security and pension offsets that is, reductions in workers' compensation benefits applied when workers receive Social Security or pension benefits.
Give injured workers only half of remaining scheduled benefits if they return to work before scheduled benefits expire.
Implement medical guidelines to determine the degree of disability and the ability of workers receiving benefits.


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Q: Connecting to Informix with Perl DBI by ip:port I am trying to use DBI (with DBD::Informix) to connect to Informix given only an ip address and port number. In this context, I can not depend on the sql hosts file on the machine being accurate. Is what I am doing possible?
In the documentation they mention connection strings in the form of //machine1/dbase so I gave this a try:
DBI->connect("dbi:Informix://10.1.23.232:2232/eris", $user, $pass);

but received the following error:

DBI connect('//10.1.23.232:2232/eris','someuser',...) failed: SQL: -1804: Invalid database environment. at tools/check_informix.pl line 63

What is the correct approach to connecting to an Informix server knowing only a port and ip address?

A: Looking at the docs for DBD::Informix your approach looks ok except the pod for DBD::Informix just says //machine1/dbase and does not mention the port. Perhaps you forgot to set INFORMIXDIR in your environment. See CONNECTING TO A DATABASE.

A: The notation using //machine/dbase is primarily for use with Informix Standard Engine, SE (and I believe the :port notation would not be recognized even then; I'd have to research to find out which port is used, but it is likely 1525 or 1526).  AFAIK, it does not work with Informix Dynamic Server, IDS.  You need to create an entry in the sqlhosts file for a server name, which specifies the machine (raw I/P address OK) and the port (raw port number OK), such as:
myremoteserver   olsoctcp   10.1.23.232   2232

You would then specify the connection string as:
eris@myremoteserver

You can specify any file as the sqlhosts file with the INFORMIXSQLHOSTS variable.  The server name you specify in the sqlhosts file must match the actual server name on the host with I/P address 10.1.23.232 that is listening on port 2232.

A: As Jonathan Leffler described, knowing the server name (and the REAL server name) is unavoidable. Here is a proof of concept script that generates and uses its own sqlhosts file, given the required information.
#!/usr/bin/env perl

use strict;
use warnings;

use 5.10.0;

# core
use File::Temp qw(tempfile);

# CPAN
use DBI;

die "Usage: $0 host port server database user password\n" if (@ARGV != 6);
my ($host, $port, $server, $database, $user, $password) = @ARGV;

my ($handle, $path) = tempfile("sqlhosts_$server\_XXXXX");

print $handle "$server onsoctcp $host $port\n";

close($handle);

my $sqlhosts = File::Spec->rel2abs($path);

$ENV{'INFORMIXSQLHOSTS'} = $sqlhosts;
$ENV{'INFORMIXSERVER'}   = $server;

my $dbh = DBI->connect("dbi:Informix:$database\@$server", $user, $password);

say 'Yay! It worked!';

$dbh->disconnect();

unlink $sqlhosts;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Use port forwarding to allow users outside the TeamForge Lab Management environment to access specfic ports on specific hosts inside the TeamForge Lab Management network.
Port forwarding must be set up by a TeamForge Lab Management Domain Administrator: neither you nor your project administrator can do this. This is necessary because port forwarding can open up security holes.
Exposing an insecure network service outside of the TeamForge Lab Management environment could put your whole project and the entire TeamForge Lab Management environment at risk, if that service is compromised.
Contact your Domain Administrator and give them the following information.
The host you want to expose a port from.
The port number you would like to expose.
The service you would like to run on this port.
Security precautions you have taken to insure that this service is safe to expose outside of TeamForge Lab Management.
Note: Your Domain Administrators may have more stringent information gathering or signoff processes which you will be subject to.


Milwaukee – Milwaukee Succeeds, the cradle-to-career community education collaborative that launched four years ago, today announced that five prominent funders have joined together to commit $5 million over the next four years to help sustain and accelerate its efforts. The funding will ensure ongoing support of best practices driving educational improvements in Milwaukee. Annual review against performance metrics will determine year-after-year commitments.
Bader Philanthropies, Greater Milwaukee Foundation, Herb Kohl Charities, Northwestern Mutual Foundation and United Way of Greater Milwaukee & Waukesha County have formed a funders' collaborative committed to support Milwaukee Succeeds. This pooling of resources will fund priority pilot strategies identified by Milwaukee Succeeds networks, and support systemic interventions that take evidence-based practices and proven strategies to scale. Milwaukee Succeeds is an initiative that is housed within the Greater Milwaukee Foundation, which has served as the backbone organization of this community-wide initiative since its inception.
"As you can see in our 2015 Milestone Report, we have helped create many bright spots across our educational landscape. This generous investment will help us achieve the 2020 goals," said Davis.
The three co-chairs who continue to lead this expansive community partnership are Jackie Herd-Barber, Greater Milwaukee Foundation Board Member, Mike Lovell, Marquette University President, and John Schlifske, chairman and CEO of Northwestern Mutual.
The vision for Milwaukee Succeeds, and by extension the Funding Collaborative, is simple: success for every child, in every school, from cradle to career.
All children are prepared to enter school.
All children succeed academically and graduate prepared for meaningful work and/or college.
All children and young people are healthy, supported socially and emotionally and contribute responsibly to the success of the Milwaukee community.
By focusing on the important touchstones between early childhood, elementary and secondary schools, college and/or post-secondary training and then career and community involvement, Milwaukee Succeeds has engagedthe community, its educators and businesses and nonprofit organizations that call Milwaukee home.
Each year, the Milwaukee Succeeds Milestone Report shows the value of collaboration, and 2015 is no different.
Milwaukee Succeeds is beginning to see successes while laying the groundwork for systemic change.
Ten of the 11 educational benchmarks are moving in a positive direction. These are important indicators for reaching the initiative's educational goals, but as with all complex issues, the Milwaukee community still faces challenges.
To view the Milestone Report in its entirety or the Milestone Report Executive Summary, click here.
Milwaukee Succeeds is a broad-based, community-wide collaboration that aims to improve educational outcomes for every child in Milwaukee, in every school, cradle to career. Using a data-driven process that focuses resources on high-impact strategies, Milwaukee Succeeds, together with our community, will begin to move the needle on what works for kids, and better position our children and our community for a successful future.


text:
Could Sean Miller wiretap report be wrong? Seeds of doubt arise with ESPN recruiting story
Questions continue to arise about ESPN's report of Arizona Wildcats coach allegedly being caught on an FBI wiretap in the probe of the NCAA scandal.
Could Sean Miller wiretap report be wrong? Seeds of doubt arise with ESPN recruiting story Questions continue to arise about ESPN's report of Arizona Wildcats coach allegedly being caught on an FBI wiretap in the probe of the NCAA scandal. Check out this story on azcentral.com: http://azc.cc/2HVb3G2
Arizona's head coach Sean Miller walks onto the court before a game against Stanford at McKale Center on March 1, 2018 in Tucson, Ariz. Patrick Breen/azcentral sports
Photo: Arizona Wildcats coach Sean Miller
Arizona coach Sean Miller holds up the net after Arizona won the Pac-12 regular-season title, following an NCAA college basketball game against California, Saturday, March 3, 2018, in Tucson, Ariz. Arizona defeated California 66-54. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri) Rick Scuteri, AP
Arizona coach Sean Miller acknowledges the crowd after the team's NCAA college basketball game against California, Saturday, March 3, 2018, in Tucson, Ariz. Arizona defeated California 66-54. (AP Photo/Rick Scuteri) Rick Scuteri, AP
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller and forward Deandre Ayton (13) shake hands after defeating the California Golden Bears at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona's head coach Sean Miller watches his team play against Stanford at McKale Center on March 1, 2018 in Tucson, Ariz. Patrick Breen/azcentral sports
Arizona's head coach Sean Miller greets his team after a time out against Stanford at McKale Center on March 1, 2018 in Tucson, Ariz. Patrick Breen/azcentral sports
Arizona's head coach Sean Miller enters the court before a game against Stanford at McKale Center on March 1, 2018 in Tucson, Ariz. Patrick Breen/a
Sean Miller enters the interview room before making a statement on his future with the Arizona Wildcats basketball program at McKale Center on March 1, 2018, in Tucson, Ariz. Mike Christy/Arizona Daily Star
Sean Miller grabs his written statement off the table in a brisk manner after speaking about his future with the Arizona Wildcats basketball program at McKale Center on March 1, 2018, in Tucson, Ariz. Miller maintained he engaged in no wrongdoing in regard to allegedly paying a player, adding he looks forward to coaching the team this season. Mike Christy / Arizona Daily Star, Mike Christy / Arizona Daily Star
Sean Miller makes a statement on his future with the Arizona Wildcats basketball program at McKale Center on March 1, 2018, in Tucson, Ariz. Miller maintained he engaged in no wrongdoing in regard to allegedly paying a player, adding he looks forward to coaching the team this season. Mike Christy / Arizona Daily Sta, Mike Christy / Arizona Daily Sta
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller, associate head coach Lorenzo Romar and assistant coach Mark Phelps react to a call during the first half against USC on Feb 10, 2018 at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
ASU head coach Bobby Hurley and Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller talk before their Feb. 15, 2018 game at Wells Fargo Arena in Tempe. Cheryl Evans/azcentral sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller enters the MGM Arena before the 2015 Pac-12 tournament championship game against Oregon. Kyle Terada-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller directs his team in the first half against Oregon State at Gill Coliseum on Feb. 22, 2018. Jaime Valdez, Jaime Valdez-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller talks to Deandre Ayton during a Dec. 18, 2017 game against North Dakota State at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller sits with his head in his hands during the second half against Oregon on Jan 13, 2018 at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller and guard Allonzo Trier watch from the sideline during the second half on Jan 13, 2018 against Oregon at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller signals as Colorado head coach Tad Boyle watches down court during the second half at McKale Center on Jan 25, 2018. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller reacts during the first half against ASU on Feb 15, 2018 at Wells-Fargo Arena in Tempe. Joe Camporeale-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats coach Sean Miller celebrates with his team after defeating San Diego State to win the 2014 EA Sports Maui Invitational on Nov. 26, 2014. Brian Spurlock-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller takes his coat off during the second half of a 2015 game against UCLA at McKale Center. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats coach Sean Miller and center Kaleb Tarczewski take questions at Pac-12 Media Day on Oct. 15, 2015. Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller swings a net around in celebration after the Wildcats defeated Oregon in the Pac-12 tournament championship game at T-Mobile Arena on March 11, 2017. Stephen R. Sylvanie-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller speaks during Pac-12 media day on Oct. 12, 2017. Kyle Terada-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats Allonzo Trier and Deandre Ayton are high-fived by head coach Sean Miller during a Nov. 12, 2017, game. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller reacts during the second half against SMU in the 2017 Battle 4 Atlantis in Imperial Arena at the Atlantis Resort. Kevin Jairaj-USA TODAY Sports
Sean Miller coached the Xavier Musketeers in a Jan. 18 2009, game. Frank Victores-USA TODAY Sports
Sean Miller coached the Xavier Musketeers during a Mar 26, 2009 game in Boston. Greg M. Cooper-USA TODAY Sports, USA TODAY Sports
The Arizona Wildcats introduce new head coach Sean Miller on April 7, 2009. Chris Morrison-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats coach Sean Miller (left) and forward Derrick Williams attend Pac-10 media day on Oct 28, 2010. Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports, Kirby Lee-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller watches his team during a practice the day before the second round of the 2013 NCAA tournament in Salt Lake City. Steve Dykes-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller waves the net after cutting it down after beating the Stanford Cardinal at McKale Center on March 2, 2014. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona junior forward Brandon Ashley and head coach Sean Miller take questions at Pac-12 media day on Oct. 23, 2014. Kelley L Cox-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona Wildcats head coach Sean Miller and assistant coaches Damon Stoudamire and Book Richardson on the bench for a Nov. 16, 2014, game. Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Arizona's head coach Sean Miller walks onto the court before a game against Stanford at McKale Center on March 1, 2018 in Tucson, Ariz.
Jeremy Cluff, azcentral sports Published 1:54 p.m. MT Feb. 28, 2018 | Updated 10:09 a.m. MT March 2, 2018
There's doubt regarding ESPN's report on Sean Miller.(Photo: Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports)
Questions continue to arise about ESPN's report of Arizona Wildcats coach allegedly being caught on an FBI wiretap discussing a $100,000 payment for Deandre Ayton to play.
Several media members have highlighted the holes in ESPN's narrative about the incident since the network broke the news last Friday.
RELATED: ESPN, writer stand by FBI wiretap report as scrutiny increases
UPDATE: Sports Illustrated source refutes ESPN wiretap report
REGENT: ESPN Sean Miller report used 'frankly unacceptable' journalism standards
Here are some concerns:
1) Does the ESPN timeline add up?
Several writers have wondered about ESPN's timeline in the report.
ESPN has adjusted its reporting about when the phone call between Miller and Christian Dawkins, a runner for ASM Sports Group, supposedly occurred twice.
It had originally reported that the alleged conversation happened in 2017, but then changed it to the spring of 2016.
The network then removed spring from the date and just states that it happened sometime in 2016.
RELATED: ESPN changes dates in Sean Miller report
Deadspin's Nick Martin detailed why the timing is important in his story, "Is there a good reason to doubt ESPN's Sean Miller report?"
"This turned the timeline into an issue, as the detail of when the specific call was made was missing from the initial report. According to sources that spoke with 24/7, the U.S. Attorney's office "notified multiple parties who had conversations with Dawkins that their phone calls had been recorded specifically during the dates of June 19, 2017 and Sept. 25, 2017. By that time, Ayton was already on the team at Arizona, as he committed to the Wildcats in September 2016 and signed in November; he began orientation on June 19, the day the wiretapping is supposed to have started, according to 24/7's sources. If this was the only period in which Miller's and former Arizona assistant Emmanuel Richardson's phone calls with Dawkins were recorded, it would mean that 1) Ayton had not yet been paid by the time he arrived on campus or 2) ESPN's timeline is off by at least half a year."
RELATED: Writer trashes state of Arizona Wildcats recruiting
2) Who was the source of the wiretap leak to ESPN?
Martin also brings up another reason for doubt, reasons associated with the source of the information given to ESPN.
Outside counsel Paul Kelly said law firms working for Arizona don't have access to FBI wiretaps & haven't been told what's in them. "Those items are subject to a court-imposed protective order, and only the charged defendants have access to those materials," Kelly told ESPN.
— Mark Schlabach (@Mark_Schlabach) February 26, 2018
He writes: "This tweet, along with him saying in his TV appearance that he was "told" about the call by his source, implies that he did not personally review the call or a transcript of the Miller call — note that the initial ESPN report contained no quotes from Miller's part in the phone call, but stated only that the call took place and summarized what was said. The tweet also means he's almost certainly relying on a source that is either a defendant or working on the defendant's team, the notable part being his source is not the FBI. In the time since Schlabach's tweet, there has been plenty of eyebrow-raising from the Very Online Fans, but also from at least one member of the national college sports media."
NCAA BASKETBALL SCANDAL: Pac-12 connections beyond Sean Miller, Arizona
Jay Dieffenbach and J.J. Hensley discuss the latest on Sean Miller and the ongoing investigation in our Shot Clock video.
3) 'A significant amount of smoke about Arizona'? Is there fire?
Several others have expressed concern over ESPN's report.
Yahoo Sports' Pat Forde talked about some issues on ESPN 680 in Louisville on Tuesday.
"There has been a significant amount of smoke out there about Arizona, and some of it did relate to Sean Miller," Forde said. "There was nothing in the documents we reviewed that implicated Sean Miller."
"Now, Arizona certainly, if you look at the emails from Christian Dawkins, talking about the deals that he was allegedly trying to arrange with assistant coaches Book Richardson and Joe Pasternack, and trying to shop Brian Bowen to them, and trying to set up to get Arizona players Lauri Markkanen and Rawle Alkins as clients for ASM, that was absolutely going on," Forde said. "Do we have anything specifically in those documents that Sean Miller is involved? No.
"Was he involved or not? I don't know. We're going to find out. But from an NCAA standpoint, as Rick Pitino can tell you, it doesn't matter. If your assistants are involved, you by de facto responsibility are involved."
247Sports.com reporters say that the timeline and nature of ESPN's bombshell Arizona report don't add up.
"Further twisting the plot is that Dawkins has never been associated — to anyone's knowledge — with Ayton. Ayton has had mentors/handlers involved in his process at different stages of his basketball career, but Dawkins has never been one of them."
awfulannouncing.com discusses questions that remain in ESPN's reporting
Alex Putterman sums it up: "ESPN told 247Sports that it stands by its reporting, which means this simply comes down to which report you believe. If you trust ESPN, then Ayton appears to have received an illicit payment. If you trust 247Sports, the center likely could not have accepted such a payment — at least not under the circumstances described by ESPN. Presumably, the FBI will release its findings at some point, offering some clarification, but until then, it's tough to know what really happened."
Some other thoughts on ESPN's Sean Miller report:
Think about this: If ESPN was even remotely accurate, why isn't any other outlet running a follow up of some sort? Whole industry thinks the story is BS
— Jason Scheer (@JasonScheer) February 27, 2018
Yahoo and CBS now questioning it. Like I've maintained, story is wrong in numerous areas. Firing Sean Miller over this story, with a decision likely coming today either way, would be foolish. https://t.co/7i9NQ5Dv44
Strange spot for everyone involved here, including ESPN https://t.co/hKuDp6wOAJ
— Dan Wolken (@DanWolken) February 27, 2018
Very unprofessional on his end! Ive been saying this since he tweeted this "fake news" !!! Disrespecting our legacy!! https://t.co/IdD8l300Bp
— Kevin Parrom (@KevinParrom3) February 27, 2018
We now have multiple people saying they've never met Christian Dawkins/or their interactions were greatly exaggerated. We also have major discrepancies in the Sean Miller wire tap. Lets be careful believing every piece of information as fact, the second its out out there
— Aaron Torres (@Aaron_Torres) February 27, 2018
247 dropping major heat with his timeline. Look at the timing of the taps. Once again, ESPN is lying. https://t.co/slJ1QFKMU9
PODCAST: Making sense of UA's place in the FBI's NCAA investigation
ASU scouting report: Offensive line loaded with experience
Zack Greinke trade rumors: Diamondbacks would 'love to trade' ace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Category: Luzerne County
The new minor party status that the Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania received was said to give them an advantage in special elections, including not having to gather signatures
This year's first special election is on Jan 31 in the 27th state senatorial district. The 27th opened up when John Gordner resigned on Nov 30 to become counsel to State Senator Kim Ward who is now the Senate Majority Leader.
The major party candidates are Patricia Lawton (D) and Lynda Schlegel Culver (R), meaning one of them will become the first female 27th District Female Senator.
So it seemed that the Libertarians would have their initial Special Election Candidate for 2023, under this new statute. Well, the devil is in the details.
Though Thomas Anderson's nomination packet was filed by the Dec. 12 deadline because "he failed to include a copy of his (SFI) statement of financial interests"
Here's where it gets interesting; The DOS states that they gave Anderson leeway to file it in a few days, but that Anderson "inexplicably waited until Jan. 11 to file. There's various conflicting statements in the media reports.
Anderson has a Bachelor's Degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology and a graduate degree from Penn State University. He has worked as an alternative energy consultant, constable, and software engineer. He has been affiliated with the Columbia County Committee of the Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania, The Columbia County Landowners Association, We the People of Columbia County, and The Williamsport Tea Party.
On Jan. 25, I received an email from Thomas Anderson that contained confirmation that the SFI was timestamped as of 5:16 p.m. on Dec. 12.
I'll leave the final quotes to Thomas Anderson "I was duly nominated by the third largest political party in Pennsylvania. They chose to deny for a technicality which was cured almost immediately".
Two last comments The Greens have become used to this on a regular basis. Meanwhile, the newly minted Governor Shapiro refuses to even release some financial information.
Tom Anderson's email statement
Author BillLawrencePosted on January 27, 2023 January 27, 2023 Categories Election 2023, Libertarian, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania SenateLeave a comment on Libertarian Dumped On Technicality In State Senate Race
Luzerne County Election Irregularities
Luzerne County Election Irregularities — Pennsylvania county officials described, during an interview with PA Real News, massive voter irregularities in the Nov. 8 election.
Alyssa Fusaro of the Luzerne County Election Board said poll workers — including five judges of elections — cancelled at several precincts almost causing them to be shut down, and that several printers ran out of ballot paper.
All these happened in Republican leaning places. No Democrat precincts were affected.
She said the initial tally sheets were wildly unreconcilable for several polling places with one having a thousand vote discrepancy.
Mrs. Fusaro said she had affidavits from people unable to vote and there were places that turned voters away.
She said she was ordered out of the Election Bureau office by sheriff's deputies the day after the election while she was trying to supervise things while on the phone with a county councilman.
"There was illegal activity that I witnessed," she said. "There's all kinds of things that happened, and I wasn't going to certify no matter what."
Luzerne County delayed certification due to the seriousness of the issues with Republicans Mrs. Fusaro and James Mangan voting against; Democrats Audrey Serniak and Denise Williams voting in favor and Democrat Daniel Schramm abstaining.
Mrs. Fusaro said Schramm switched after intimidation from Democrat Party leaders especially Councilman Tim McGinley.
For what it's worth, she said learned about partisan activist lawyer Marc Elias after being sent an article from the Federalist just before the interview.
Elias laughably took credit for Schramm's change of mind.
Mrs. Fusaro also noted that during the primary many residents said that their party registration had been changed from Republican to Democrat dwere unable to vote. Pennsylvania has a closed primary system. Many of these people had been long-time Republicans.
Also appearing were former Luzerne County Councilman Harry Haas, who is a judge of elections in the county, and former Lackawanna County Commissioner Laureen Cummings who had also served on the Lackawanna Election Board.
Mrs. Cummings said mail-in ballots are a vector for vote fraud and Haas said that there have been election irregularities since Act 77 was passed in 2019.
The hosts were Stephen Gruen, Kim Kennedy and Bill Lawrence.
You can listen to the interview below:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CqiLOsL17UdtzkYTzanOJ3cCKTFeclxL/view
Only a fool thinks there is no problem with corruption and election in Pennsylvania, and Democrats better start to understand that those running things really don't care about their concerns either.
Author BillLawrencePosted on January 4, 2023 January 4, 2023 Categories Luzerne County, Vote Fraud9 Comments on Luzerne County Election Irregularities
Trump Wilkes Barre Address Follows Biden Philly Rant
Trump Wilkes Barre Address Follows Biden Philly Rant — Donald Trump's speech 7 p.m., tomorrow, Sept. 3, in Wilkes-Barre is a must watch considering Joe Biden's rant last night in Philly.
Rumble will be carrying it if you can't find it elsewhere.
Author BillLawrencePosted on September 2, 2022 September 2, 2022 Categories Election 2022, Luzerne County, Trump1 Comment on Trump Wilkes Barre Address Follows Biden Philly Rant
Trump Ballots Discarded In Luzerne County
Trump Ballots Discarded In Luzerne County — If you missed as is likely, the United States Attorney's Office Middle District of Pennsylvania released this statement, today, Sept. 24.
On Monday, September 21, 2020, at the request of Luzerne County District Attorney Stefanie Salavantis, the Office of the United States Attorney along with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Scranton Resident Office, began an inquiry into reports of potential issues with a small number of mail-in ballots at the Luzerne County Board of Elections.
Since Monday, FBI personnel working together with the Pennsylvania State Police have conducted numerous interviews and recovered and reviewed certain physical evidence. Election officials in Luzerne County have been cooperative. At this point we can confirm that a small number of military ballots were discarded. Investigators have recovered nine ballots at this time. Some of those ballots can be attributed to specific voters and some cannot. Of the nine ballots that were discarded and then recovered, 7 were cast for presidential candidate Donald Trump. Two of the discarded ballots had been resealed inside their appropriate envelopes by Luzerne elections staff prior to recovery by the FBI and the contents of those 2 ballots are unknown.
Our inquiry remains ongoing and we expect later today to share our up to date findings with officials in Luzerne County. It is the vital duty of government to ensure that every properly cast vote is counted.
Vote in person. Even the Democrats are saying this now.
Author BillLawrencePosted on September 24, 2020 September 24, 2020 Categories Election 2020, Luzerne County, Military, Vote Fraud4 Comments on Trump Ballots Discarded In Luzerne County
Pennsylvania Alligator Shot
Some might cite it as proof positive that global warming is now. Others might simply say a Luzerne County resident got tired of feeding rats to a growing pet.
Anyway, a 3-foot long alligator was shot and killed by a Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission officer after two fisherman found it in Harris Pond in Sweet Valley.
As we know Luzerne County, our bet is that a resident got tired of feeding rats to a growing pet.
Author BillLawrencePosted on August 24, 2015 Categories Luzerne County4 Comments on Pennsylvania Alligator Shot
Betty Roccograndi, A Writer To Be Recognized
Luzerne County correspondent Dorothy Hayer has let us know about Betty Roccograndi, an excellent columnist for the Wilkes Barre Times Leader.
Here she very nicely slices and dices Pennsylvania's dishonest Attorney General Kathleen Kane.
Author BillLawrencePosted on January 21, 2015 October 3, 2017 Categories Luzerne CountyLeave a comment on Betty Roccograndi, A Writer To Be Recognized
William Lawrence Sr Omnibit 11-29-14
The founders of Wilkes Barre, Pa, thought they were in Connecticut when they made their city.
Author BillLawrencePosted on November 29, 2014 November 29, 2014 Categories Luzerne County, Omnibit1 Comment on William Lawrence Sr Omnibit 11-29-14
Luzerne Workers Miss Paychecks When County Worker Takes Vacation
Employees of Luzerne County got their paychecks late this week when a county worker went on vacation and failed to approve an electronic transfer.
It almost makes Philadelphia look like a smooth operation.
Author BillLawrencePosted on November 28, 2014 Categories Luzerne CountyLeave a comment on Luzerne Workers Miss Paychecks When County Worker Takes Vacation
Barbara Mazurick, R.I.P.
Barbara Mazurick
Barbara V. Mazurick, 70, a loving wife, devoted mother of four, mommom to four grandchildren, wonderful mother-in-law and faithful Christian, died Monday morning at St. Luke Pavilion in Hazleton, Pa., where she had been a guest.
She was the mother, mother-in-law and grandmother of Todd, Nicole and Samantha Mazurick of Springfield, Pa.
She was born in Hazleton, daughter of the late Andrew and Veronica (Hollick) Grega.
She was a member of Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Weatherly.
Barbara is also survived by her husband, Michael Mazurick; Tina Whitlow and her husband, Todd, Berwyn; Carissa Mazurick, Bryn Mawr; and Leanne Mazurick and her partner, Karen Belli, Dallas; brothers and sisters, Gerald Grega, Hazle Township; Jane Seamon and her husband, Donald, Jeddo; Andrew "Buddy" Grega and his wife, Donna, Hazle Township; Maryanne Lynn and her husband, Ronald, Hazleton; Thomas Grega and his wife, Nancy, Hazleton; and John Grega and his wife, Chris, Freeland; four grandchildren that meant the world to her, Bridget and Conner Whitlow and Samantha and Nolan Mazurick; and several nieces and nephews.
The Mass of Christian Burial will be held Saturday at 10 a.m. at Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Weatherly. Interment will be held in St. Mary's Cemetery, Beaver Meadows. The family will receive friends and relatives Saturday at the church from 9 to 10 a.m. prior to the Funeral Mass.
Barbara was always putting others before herself, so in lieu of flowers please consider donating in her memory to the American Cancer Society, 101 W. Frack St., Frackville, PA 17931, or the Beaver Meadows Food Bank, c/o St. Paul's Lutheran Church, Second Street, Beaver Meadows, PA 18216.
Arrangements are under the direction of Frank J. Bonin Funeral Home Inc., 542 N. Wyoming St., Hazleton.
Author BillLawrencePosted on September 4, 2014 September 4, 2014 Categories Luzerne County, Obit, SpringfieldLeave a comment on Barbara Mazurick, R.I.P.
Why You Shouldn't Take A Monkey For A Joyride
Yesterday, we learned why you shouldn't give a chimp an AK-47.
Today, we learn — from Luzerne County, unsurprisingly — why it's a bad idea to get drunk and take your dad's monkey for a ride on a stolen ATV.
Police said that yesterday, March 19, Jeff W. Arnott Jr., 23, stole an all-terrain vehicle and went on a intoxicated joyride yelling and screaming incoherently. At about 4 a.m., law caught up to him and saw that he had a passenger that was a primate, namely a java macaque that can grow to almost two-feet in height and weigh up to 20 pounds.
"He didn't even have it on a leash or anything. It was sitting in the back, going for a ride," said Gerald Kapral of the state Game Commission
When the ATV was finally stopped, Arnott and the monkey fled in different directions, police said. Arnott was quickly apprehended but the wily monkey managed to elude pursuers which led to a day of terror in Northeast Pa since police put out bulletins describing the critter as "dangerous".
Just imagine if Mr. Arnott had given the monkey an AK-47. Just imagine if the monkey had had this weapon during the police pursuit.
After an hours-long monkey-hunt, the suspect was finally convinced to surrender by its owner James Arnott, Sr., who had had the animal for 15 years raising it from a baby.
It is named Tyler Mikye.
Family members said Tyler Mikye would swim in the family pool, play with the neighbor's dog and drink alcohol.
Arnott Sr. cried for hours after authorities hauled it away as it is illegal to have a monkey as a pet in this state.
Charges are expected.
The younger Arnott is was jailed in Luzerne County Correctional Facility in lieu of $25,000 bail on charges of receiving stolen property, resisting arrest, harassment and flight to avoid apprehension.
Author Bill LawrencePosted on March 20, 2012 July 12, 2017 Categories Luzerne County2 Comments on Why You Shouldn't Take A Monkey For A Joyride


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Caragana bongardiana är en ärtväxtart som först beskrevs av Fisch. och Carl Anton von Meyer, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova. Caragana bongardiana ingår i släktet karaganer, och familjen ärtväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Karaganer
bongardiana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Senior Desktop Support Engineer position has become available with a globally leading fund. This is a permanent position centrally located in London.
In this consistently growing fund you the Senior Desktop Support Engineer will working with a global team to provide technical support for all internal end user software, hardware and connectivity. Due to the nature of the company you will be continually asked to perform at the top level looking to improve processes and seek out proactive solutions. While Senior Desktop Support Engineer will be working within an established team, you will be asked to have an entrepreneurial and self-directed nature being able to independently identify, diagnose research and resolve technical problems.
The Senior Desktop Support Engineer will be supporting high level executives, therefor top communication skills will be vital. There will also be a large element of collaboration between this team, other infrastructure groups and the business IT teams. On your day to day will have a good mix of general maintained and project work. They will look for the incoming Senior Desktop Support Engineer to demonstrate the ability to adapt quickly to changing environments.


text:
Cars steht für:
 eine französische Gemeinde in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine, siehe Cars (Gironde)
 Cars (Film), einen US-amerikanischen Animationsfilm der Pixar-Studios (2006)
 dessen Fortsetzung Cars 2 (2011)
 Cars 3: Evolution (2017), die zweite Fortsetzung
 The Cars, eine US-amerikanische New-Wave- und Pop-/Rockband (1976–1988)
 Cars (Lied), einen Nummer-eins-Single-Hit von Gary Numan

Cars ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Guy des Cars (1911–1993), französischer Schriftsteller
 Laurence des Cars (* 1966), französische Kunsthistorikerin und Kuratorin
 Max Cars (1894–1961), deutscher Vorsitzender einer jüdischen Landesgemeinde

CARS ist die Abkürzung für:
 Car Allowance Rebate System, Bewilligungssystem für Kraftfahrzeug-Abwackprämien in den USA
 Cayman Amateur Radio Society, kaimanischer Amateurfunkverband
 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (Kohärente Anti-Stokes-Raman-Spektroskopie), spektroskopisches Untersuchungsverfahren
 Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (Kompensatorisches anti-inflammatorisches Response-Syndrom), Reaktion des Immunsystems nach einer Entzündung
 Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery (Computerassistierte Radiologie und Chirurgie), ein jährlicher internationaler wissenschaftlicher Kongress
 Cyprus Amateur Radio Society, siehe Zypriotischer Amateurfunkverband

CARS


Chimney Repair Local Experts is going to be here to assist you for all of your industrial and residential Chimney Repair ambitions. With our company, you can save yourself both time and money, and you will be able to make very good intelligent choices about your plan with our help. You're able to count on our business to present the most solutions and best fees in the market. When you want recommendations or just would like your undertaking finished fast and professionally, our company is ready to help you.
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You can easily count on Chimney Repair Local Experts to accomplish the Chimney Repair venture at a reasonable cost in a prompt fashion. Chimney Repair Local Experts wishes to become your go to company for your Chimney Repair support needs. We know all the ins and outs of Chimney Repair, and we've got the know-how and expertise to make sure your entire venture goes quickly. If you aren't content, we aren't finished, and we'll continue to do our best with your Chimney Repair task until such time as it encounters your complete satisfaction.
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Though lots of organizations could be vague with regards to when they will appear and when they're going to finish the project, Chimney Repair Local Experts will provide an accurate estimation for the time period necessary for the project, let you know the time that we're able to arrive to start, and help you stay up to date on our progress and any kind of alterations to the time-line when they happen. Hours are money, and by simply making an effort to carry out your task fast, our company is also saving you money. Furthermore, we stay away from the general mistakes of other businesses to help you save time and money by not wasting it. When errors come up, it will cost you additional time and more money in materials, so steering clear of such mistakes is necessary to keeping expenses reduced.
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Q: What is the difference between the URL "file://" and "http://" I was asked this question in one of my assignments. I was wondering what the difference is in the URLs of the attached image. I know it has something to do with the "file://" and "http://" but I'm not sure how to explain or phrase it.

A: First of all you need to understand about the file and http. Both are protocols and serves two different purpose.
for your reference:
fileProtocol
HTTPProtocol

A: file:// is a request for a local file. http:// is using HTTP protocol to request a file somewhere, including -- if it's the case -- on your local computer.

A: They have different schemes. One says look on the file system, the other says make a HTTP request.

A: A file requested via file:// gets opened from local drive. A file requested via http:// gets via HTTP request to URL that comes after it. The second might come from your own computer (example http://localhost ...) or from anywhere on the web. Although the image might be the same as in your example, it is served via two different protocols.


GinebraMistress . LilyArt. Abana. LilluPoli.
AlessieSweetCheeksXxTwoAsianSLUTxVanillaJo .PriyaCharmXXCreamycumAngelPRINCEHOT22KinkyAnaX .RICOSTUDGingerkittenxoxoBalleyDollVedaMarie .VedaMarieTightNsexyTightNsexyHansvsTroySummer .IvoryHOTEmmaHotZZZEmmaHotZZZMissQuickie .JacksonklausNaughtyJinaValerieSweettn0limitslutfun .crisuChrisSexySexyUrTeaFelicityHils .AbanaLinalikeUniqueAllyAlexisVolcano .JonHandSarahSolesofdreamQueenKhonesty7XX .mateounoNaughtyJinaRICOSTUDQueenK .GingerkittenxoxoAntoniaXTeacherQueenKLuceroBlack .
doublelove69EmmaHotZZZlianafeeljadin5 .Blackgirlxhotjackson12345AubreyNovaaPerfectJanna .PrettyLiluSamCareymateounoVedaMarie .SamCareyjackson12345ChrisDARSONJonHandSarah .NaughtyJinalianafeelLilluPoliPRINCEHOT22 .prettysugarbbHansvsTroySummerRICOSTUDCreamycumAngel .NicoleSnowAlessiePRINCEHOT22KINKYnSWEETts .KINKYnSWEETtsVeronicaSinJacline4UAlessie .JonHandSarahprettysugarbbVeronicaSin1WILDROSEinBED .RossMartinsHelenaHotXLindaGreenHelenaHotX .RossMartinsMakaylaHealesINDEFATIGABLETheNixons .


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    android:paddingRight="16dp"
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    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/source"
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    <TextView
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    <TextView
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</LinearLayout>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The contrast between bittersweet, dark chocolate cookie and sweet and creamy white chocolate is the highlight of these cookies when it comes to both flavor and beauty. They're the perfect chocolate-y cookie for dunking in a tall glass of cold milk.
1 hrs 3 mins. to 1 hrs 25 mins.
*Or use all Dutch-process cocoa.
To make the cookies: Beat together the sugar, butter, salt, baking powder, and espresso powder until fluffy. Beat in the egg and vanilla.
Whisk together the cocoas and flour, then beat into the egg-butter mixture until well blended.
Shape the dough into a 1" thick rectangle, wrap it in plastic, and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes.
While the dough is chilling, make the chocolate topping. Heat 1 cup of the white chocolate in the top of a double boiler (or in a microwave in 30-second increments) until almost fully melted.
Place the chocolate molds from your butter cookie set on a baking sheet, and spoon the melted chocolate into the molds. You'll need about a heaping teaspoon of chocolate per mold.
Once all the molds are filled, gently tap the pan to help remove any bubbles in the chocolate. Allow the chocolate to set until hard.
Once the chocolate is hard, gently remove each piece from its mold, then refill the molds with chocolate (re-tempering it if necessary). Repeat the process until you've used up all the chocolate.
To bake the cookies: Preheat the oven to 350°F. Lightly grease two baking sheets, or line with parchment.
Sprinkle both sides of the chilled dough with extra cocoa, to keep the dough from sticking. Roll it 1/8" thick.
Cut out rectangles of dough using the cookie stamp from your butter cookie set; it helps to dust the stamp with extra cocoa as well. Place the cookies on the prepared baking sheets.
Bake the cookies for 8 to 10 minutes, until the edges are firm and you start to smell chocolate.
Remove the cookies from the oven, and allow them to cool completely.
To assemble the cookies: Gently spread a thin layer of melted white chocolate on the back of each chocolate piece (to act as glue), then place one on top of each cookie.
Allow the chocolate pieces to harden in place before serving.
*For more detailed instructions on tempering, see our blog, Flourish.
If you don't have a butter cookie set, these can be done as simple cutout cookies coated in melted white chocolate.
I switched this up a little bit because I do not own the cookie stamp kit referenced in the recipe. Instead of the chocolate molds, I used marzipan with a springerle mold (six small holiday motifs on the mold), letting them dry for at least 24 hours before attaching to the chocolate cookie with melted bittersweet chocolate. Delicious and impressive!
This is really an excellent recipe - the finished product is very polished and they look amazing. I would like to share a couple of experiences. First, prepare your chocolate pieces before making the cookies. It takes time for the chocolate to cool in the molds and I found it was best to cool them to room temperature, then to refrigerate them. When hardened, it was easy to pop the chocolates out of the molds. Tempering the chocolate (especially the dark chocolate) is extremely important - if you don't, initially, the molded chocolate pieces will look smooth and glossy, however, over time they will become dull. Finally, the dough should be very cold the entire time you are working with it. At least in my hands, once it warmed up, it was difficult to work with.
Suzanne G. from Vero Beach, Fl.
I made these cookies for my family at Christmas, as well as gifts for friends. They are not only delicious but very elegant looking. They take a little more time to make but the results are well worth it. I love that the chocolate molds in the cookie stamp kit aren't seasonal so they can be made anytime of the year. I would love to see King Arthur offer more designs for the chocolate molds.
Recipe works well exactly as instructed. These cookies impressed my friends and I'll be making them again real soon. Use a rolling pin with rubber measuring bands for precise dough thickness when rolling & cutting.


AS NEW: Is only to be used when the book is in the same immaculate condition in which it was published. There can be no defects, no missing pages, no library stamps, etc., and the dustjacket (if it was issued with one) must be perfect, without any tears.
FINE: Approaches the condition of 'As New' but without being crisp. For the use. of the term 'Fine' there also must be no defects, etc., and if the jacket has a small tear, or other defect, or looks worn, this should be so noted.
NEAR FINE: Approaches the condition of 'Fine' and better than 'Very Good'. For the use of the term 'Near Fine' there also may be a minor defect that should be noted in either the book or the jacket. A typical 'Near Fine' book exhibits very minimal wear.
VERY GOOD: Can be used to describe a book that does show some small signs of wear -but no tears- on either binding or paper. Any defects must be noted.
GOOD: Describes the average used and worn book that has all pages or leaves present. Any defects must be noted.
FAIR: Is a worn book that has complete text pages (including those with maps or plates) but may lack endpapers, half-title, etc. (which must be noted). Binding , jacket (if any), etc., may also be worn. All defects must be noted.
POOR: Describes a book that is sufficiently worn that its only merit is as a 'Reading Copy' because it does have the complete text, which must be legible. Any missing maps or plates should still be noted. This copy may be soiled, scruffed, stained or spotted and may have loose joints, hinges, pages, etc.
EX-LIB: Copies must always be designated as such, no matter what the condition of the book.
BOOK CLUB: Copies must always be designated as such, no matter what the condition of the book.
BINDING COPY: Describes a book in which the pages of leaves are perfect but the binding is very bad, loose, off, or nonexistent.
In all cases, the lack of a dustjacket should be noted if the book was issued with one.
With a special thanks to AB Bookman's Weekly.
Do You Buy Books, Sporting Art and Fly-Fishing tackle?
Shipping charges are developed on the premise that they are designed to generally recover the costs of the packaging materials used and shipping fees charged, and are not designed as an additional 'profit center' to make extra money.
Books that are heavier than normal cost more to ship, and you may be contacted for additional charges to recover these costs. Books that weigh less than normal may have the total amount charged to you reduced without notifying you, so you may see a charge on your credit card for less than your original approved amount.
No one likes to be a victim of identity theft, so you may be contacted by us to verify the transaction information including the 'CVV' or the 'Card Identification Data' (CID), the three or four digit code on the back of the card in the signature pan(see below) if your order fails to pass initial scrutiny. This serves to protect both of us.
We can be left 'holding the bag' when we hear from the charge card company several months later that although they issued an approval authorization for the transaction and then we shipped the item, the buyer has now declared that his/her card must have been stolen, and someone used the account information, and we knowingly shipped to a third party address, and therefore we now owe the bank for the disputed transaction amount.
Therefore, we won't ship to another address without having all the credit card transaction information including the billing address made available to us and verified.
What's a CVV (Credit Verification Value)?
Purchasing a book from us and having it shipped probably costs less than the gasoline you would consume driving to the store, and has no retail 'carbon footprint', as the postman visits you daily anyway.
Purchasing a used or out of print book could be considered a very high form of recycling. Books, both new and used, must be shipped to you using various materials in packaging your order and getting it (hopefully) undamaged to you. The heavy duty tissue paper is new, composed of 40% post consumer recycled paper content. The bubble wrap is new, made from polyethylene resins derived from natural gas. The foam 'peanuts' if used, are made from polystyrene and are 100% recycled. The cardboard box is new, composed of 30% post consumer recycled cardboard content.
Business to Business note: MSDS's if needed are available on request within OSHA time limit requirements.


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Free Dui Consultation. Call Right Now.
OUI/DUI Defense
Make The Right Choice
Begin Your Free Consultation
Limits and testing may lead to more drugged driving arrests in MA
On behalf of Attorney John B. Seed | Apr 12, 2017 | Field Sobriety Tests
A person who is charged with a DUI in Massachusetts may have difficulty contesting the matter in court if the chemical tests reveal that the blood alcohol content is above the legal limit of 0.08 percent. Drugs may also affect driving skills, but as NBC Boston notes, proof of the impairment may not be as easy to come by for law enforcement officers attempting to make an arrest. In addition, many authorities are untrained in positively identifying whether a driver is high.
Even so, officers issued more than 1,500 citations for operating under the influence of drugs during 2015. These include cases involving marijuana, opioids, prescription drugs and other substances. Recently proposed legislation recommends setting a legal limit for marijuana use, but currently, there is no defined threshold for this or any other drug.
Some believe the pace of legislation cannot keep up with the steady increase of motorists who are driving while impaired, according to NBC Boston. A federal program now supplies state law enforcement with the opportunity to try out a chemical test that would indicate whether there are drugs in a driver's system. A machine is calibrated to detect drugs such as methamphetamines or marijuana on a cotton swab, which the officer collects when a person is suspected of driving under the influence. To ensure that the machine's results are correct, a second swab is sent to an independent laboratory.
Throughout the course of the trial phase, which will remain in effect for several months, officers can only administer the test if a person agrees voluntarily to take it.
Blood Alcohol Tests (18)
Breath Test Refusal (16)
Drivers License Suspension Or Revocation (26)
Drunk Driving (113)
Field Sobriety Tests (24)
Field sobriety tests are not 100% accurate
How can you help a loved one with a serious drug addiction?
When you need rehab and not jail: Managing your defense with addiction in mind
Is an OUI checkpoint legal in Massachusetts?
How can you defend against assault charges in Massachusetts?
OUI/DUI
What People
Criminal Defense – Bristol County
He is courteous, hard working, quick thinking and a straight shooter. If you ever find yourself in need of a criminal attorney, do not hesitate to hire John! You will not be disappointed.
– Bob (5 star review)
There is no time to waste. Let us begin building a strong defense for you now.
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© 2021 Attorney John B. Seed. All Rights Reserved.


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Kim Sun Ah Begs Her Son Not To Marry Her Husband's Former Mistress In "The Empire"
by E. Cha
JTBC's "The Empire" has shared a glimpse of a heartbreaking moment between Kim Sun Ah and Kwon Ji Woo!
"The Empire" is a new drama about the private lives and dark secrets of the overly ambitious "royalty" that rules over the most prestigious legal circles of Korea. Kim Sun Ah stars as Han Hye Ryul, the ambitious and intelligent head of the Central District Prosecutors' Office's Special Branch, who hails from a wealthy and powerful family. Ahn Jae Wook stars as her husband Na Geun Woo, a law school professor who is on the verge of becoming a presidential candidate.
On the previous episode of "The Empire," Han Kang Baek (Kwon Ji Woo) shocked his mother Han Hye Ryul by unexpectedly bringing Hong Nan Hee (Joo Se Bin) to dinner and announcing that he planned to marry her. However, not only did Hong Nan Hee previously have an affair with her husband, but she also revealed to Han Hye Ryul that she had approached her son with ulterior motives, making it impossible for the prosecutor to approve of their marriage.
In newly released stills from the drama's upcoming episode, Han Hye Ryul makes an uncharacteristic move by setting her pride aside and begging her son on her knees to marry anyone except for Hong Nan Hee. However, in spite of his mother's desperate pleas, Han Kang Baek makes it clear that he is more determined than ever to push forward with his engagement.
To find out what transpires after this emotional mother-son confrontation, tune in to the next episode of "The Empire" on October 15 at 10:30 p.m. KST!
In the meantime, catch up on the previous episodes of the drama with subtitles below:
Kim Sun Ah
Kwon Ji Woo


Be an intern at Stafford Motor Speedway!
Augment your studies, learn about live television production, live event planning, and be part of a great team of dedicated "in the field" creative professionals.
Stafford Motor Speedway offers several internships each spring, summer, and into the fall. The racing season officially begins April 26th and runs until September 29th. We look for interns interested to fill in as much time during these dates.
Eligible interns will assist the TV production aspect of the racetrack, with an emphasis on live event recording. Camera work, video packages, non-linear editing, race-related statistics research, Audio engineering, Video engineering, Graphics work, and various reporting work are among some of the duties necessary to a successful race day. Additional duties will inevitably arise throughout the course of the racing season.
Who can Intern with Stafford Speedway?
Internship candidates must be matriculated in a college or university, should have academic coursework within the Communication field, or Marketing, and be a student in good standing. Most importantly, candidates should have a deep passion and appreciation for the physical media/television field, with an emphasis on producing a quality broadcast.
Apply today by emailing your resume and a brief description of your current involvement in Communication and/or marketing.
Please inform us of your interest in live event production, to help us in our selection of the best-fit candidates.


text:
Topic 3.The main categories of cognitive linguistics
Lecture 7. Concept
· Give the definition to the notion of "concept"
· View the structure of the "concept"
1.1 The notion of the "concept'
Concepts are the constituents of thoughts. Consequently, they are crucial to such psychological processes as categorization, inference, memory, learning, and decision-making. This much is relatively uncontroversial. But the nature of concepts—the kind of things concepts are—and the constraints that govern a theory of concepts have been the subject of much debate. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that disputes about concepts often reflect deeply opposing approaches to the study of the mind, to language, and even to philosophy itself.
Concepts are psychological entities, taking as its starting point the representational theory of the mind (RTM). According to RTM, thinking occurs in an internal system of representation. Beliefs and desires and other propositional attitudes enter into mental processes as internal symbols. For example, Sue might believe that Dave is taller than Cathy, and also believe that Cathy is taller than Ben, and together these may cause Sue to believe that Dave is taller than Ben. Her beliefs would be constituted by mental representations that are about Dave, Cathy and Ben and their relative heights. What makes these beliefs, as opposed to desires or other psychological states, is that the symbols have the characteristic causal-functional role of beliefs. (RTM is usually presented as taking beliefs and other propositional attitudes to be relations between an agent and a mental representation (e.g., Fodor 1987). But given that the relation in question is a matter of having a representation with a particular type of functional role tokened in one's mind, it is simpler to say that occurring beliefs just are mental representations with a characteristic type of functional role.)
Many advocates of RTM take the mental representations involved in beliefs and other propositional attitudes to have internal structure. Accordingly, the representations that figure in Sue's beliefs would be composed of more basic representations. For theorists who adopt the mental representation view of concepts, concepts are identified with these more basic representations.
Early advocates of RTM (e.g., Locke (1690/1975) and Hume (1739/1978)) called these more basic representations ideas, and took them to be mental images. But modern versions of RTM assume that much thought is not grounded in mental images. The classic contemporary treatment maintains, instead, that the internal system of representation has a language-like syntax and a compositional semantics. According to this view, much of thought is grounded in word-like mental representations. This view is often referred to as the language of thought hypothesis (Fodor 1975).
Some philosophers maintain that possession of natural language is necessary for having any concepts (Brandom 1994, Davidson 1975, Dummett 1993) and that the tight connection between the two can be established on a priori grounds. In a well known passage, Donald Davidson summarizes his position as follows:
We have the idea of belief only from the role of belief in the interpretation of language, for as a private attitude it is not intelligible except as an adjustment to the public norm provided by language. It follows that a creature must be a member of a speech community if it is to have the concept of belief. And given the dependence of other attitudes on belief, we can say more generally that only a creature that can interpret speech can have the concept of a thought.
Can a creature have a belief if it does not have the concept of belief? It seems to me it cannot, and for this reason. Someone cannot have a belief unless he understands the possibility of being mistaken, and this requires grasping the contrast between truth and error—true belief and false belief. But this contrast, I have argued, can emerge only in the context of interpretation, which alone forces us to the idea of an objective, public truth.(Davidson 1975, p. 170).
The argument links having beliefs and concepts with having the concept of belief. Since Davidson thinks that non-linguistic creatures can't have the concept of belief, they can't have other concepts as well. Why the concept of belief is needed to have other concepts is somewhat obscure in Davidson's writings (Carruthers 1992). And whether language is necessary for this particular concept is not obvious.
1.2 The structure of concepts
Just as thoughts are composed of more basic, word-sized concepts, so these word-sized concepts—known as lexical concepts—are generally thought to be composed of even more basic concepts.
The classical theory
In one way or another, all theories regarding the structure of concepts are developments of, or reactions to, the classical theory of concepts. According to the classical theory, a lexical concept C has definitional structure in that it is composed of simpler concepts that express necessary and sufficient conditions for falling under C. The stock example is the concept BACHELOR, which is traditionally said to have the constituents UNMARRIED and MAN. If the example is taken at face value, the idea is that something falls under BACHELOR if it is an unmarried man and only if it is an unmarried man. According to the classical theory, lexical concepts generally will exhibit this same sort of definitional structure. This includes such philosophically interesting concepts as TRUTH, GOODNESS, FREEDOM, and JUSTICE.
Before turning to other theories of conceptual structure, it's worth pausing to see what's so appealing about classical or definitional structure. Much of its appeal comes from the way it offers unified treatments of concept acquisition, categorization, and reference determination. In each case, the crucial work is being done by the very same components. Concept acquisition can be understood as a process in which new complex concepts are created by assembling their definitional constituents. Categorization can be understood as a psychological process in which a complex concept is matched to a target item by checking to see if each and every one of its definitional constituents applies to the target. And reference determination, we've already seen, is a matter of whether the definitional constituents do apply to the target.
The classical theory has come under considerable pressure in the last thirty years or so, not just in philosophy but in psychology and other fields as well. For psychologists, the main problem has been that the classical theory has difficulty explaining a robust set of empirical findings. At the center of this work is the discovery that certain categories are taken to be more representative or typical and that typicality scores correlate with a wide variety of psychological data (for reviews, see Smith &Medin 1981, Murphy 2002). For instance, apples are judged to be more typical than plums with respect to the category of fruit, and correspondingly apples are judged to have more features in common with fruit. There are many other findings of this kind. One other is that more typical items are categorized more efficiently. For example, subjects are quicker to judge that apples are a kind of fruit than to judge that plums are.
What other type of structure could they have? A non-classical alternative that emerged in the 1970s is the prototype theory. According to this theory, a lexical concept C doesn't have definitional structure but has probabilistic structure in that something falls under C just in case it satisfies a sufficient number of properties encoded by C's constituents. The prototype theory has its philosophical roots in Wittgenstein's (1953/1958) famous remark that the things covered by a term often share a family resemblance, and it has its psychological roots in Eleanor Rosch's experimental treatment of much the same idea (Rosch&Mervis 1975, Rosch 1978). The prototype theory is especially at home in dealing with the typicality effects that were left unexplained by the classical theory. One standard strategy is to maintain that, on the prototype theory, categorization is to be understood as a similarity comparison process, where similarity is computed as a function of the number of constituents that two concepts hold in common. On this model, the reason apples are judged to be more typical than plums is that the concept APPLE shares more of its constituents with FRUIT. Likewise, this is why apples are judged to be a kind of fruit faster than plums are.
The prototype theory does well in accounting for a variety of psychological phenomena and it helps to explain why definitions may be so hard to produce. But the prototype theory has its own problems and limitations. One is that its treatment of categorization works best for quick and unreflective judgments. Yet when it comes to more reflective judgments, people go beyond the outcome of a similarity comparison. If asked whether a dog that is surgically altered to look like a raccoon is a dog or a raccoon, the answer for most of us, and even for children, is that it is remains a dog (see Keil 1989, Gelman 2003 for discussion). Another criticism that has been raised against taking concepts to have prototype structure concerns compositionality. When a patently complex concept has a prototype structure, it often has emergent properties, ones that don't derive from the prototypes of its constituents (e.g., PET FISH encodes properties such as brightly colored, which have no basis in the prototype structure for either PET or FISH). Further, many patently complex concepts don't even have a prototype structure (e.g., CHAIRS THAT WERE PURCHASED ON A WEDNESDAY) (Fodor &Lepore 1996, Fodor 1998; for responses to the arguments from compositionality, see Prinz 2002, Robbins 2002, Hampton &Jönsson 2011).
One general solution that addresses all of these problems is to hold that a prototype constitutes just part of the structure of a concept. In addition, concepts have conceptual cores, which specify the information relevant to more considered judgments and which underwrite compositional processes. Of course, this just raises the question of what sort of structure conceptual cores have.
The theory
Another and currently more popular suggestion is that cores are best understood in terms of the theory of concepts. This is the view that concepts stand in relation to one another in the same way as the terms of a scientific theory and that categorization is a process that strongly resembles scientific theorizing (see, e.g., Carey 1985, 2009, Gopnik&Meltzoff 1997, Keil 1989). It's generally assumed, as well, that the terms of a scientific theory are interdefined so that a theoretical term's content is determined by its unique role in the theory in which it occurs.
The theory is especially well-suited to explaining the sorts of reflective categorization judgments that proved to be difficult for the prototype theory. For example, theory theorists maintain that children override perceptual similarity in assessing the situation where the dog is made to look like a raccoon, claiming that even children are in possession of a rudimentary biological theory. This theory, an early form of folk biology, tells them that being a dog isn't just a matter of looking like a dog. More important is having the appropriate hidden properties of dogs—the dog essence (see Atran&Medin 2008 on folkbiology). Another advantage of the theory is that is supposed to help to explain important aspects of conceptual development. Conceptual change in childhood is said to follow the same pattern as theory change in science.
One problem that has been raised against the theory is that it has difficulty in allowing for different people to possess the same concepts (or even for the same person to have the same concept over time). The reason is that the theory is holistic. A concept's content is determined by its role in a theory, not by its being composed of just a handful of constituents. Since beliefs that enter people's mental theories are likely to be different from one another (and are likely to change), there may be no principled basis for comparison (Fodor &Lepore 1992). Another problem with the theory concerns the analogy to theory change in science. The analogy suggests that children undergo radical conceptual reorganization in development, but many of the central case studies have proved to be controversial on empirical grounds, with evidence that the relevant concepts are implicated in core knowledge systems that are enriched in development but not fundamentally altered (see Spelke 1994 on core knowledge).
Conceptual atomism
A radical alternative to all of the theories we've mentioned so far is conceptual atomism, the view that lexical concepts have no semantic structure (Fodor 1998, Millikan 2000). According to conceptual atomism, the content of a concept isn't determined by its relation to other concepts but by its relation to the world.
Conceptual atomism follows in the anti-descriptivist tradition that traces back to Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam, and others working in the philosophy of language (see Kripke 1972/80, Putnam 1975, Devitt 1981). Kripke, for example, argues that proper names function like mere tags in that they have no descriptive content (Kripke 1972/80). On a description theory one might suppose that "Gödel" means something like the discoverer of the incompleteness of arithmetic. But Kripke points out we could discover that Schmitt really discovered the incompleteness of arithmetic and that Gödel could have killed Schmitt and passed the work off as his own. The point is that if the description theory were correct, we would be referring to Schmitt when we say "Gödel". But intuitively that's not the case at all. In the imagined scenario, the sentence "Gödel discovered the incompleteness of arithmetic" is saying something false about Gödel, not something trivially true about the discoverer of the incompleteness of arithmetic, whoever that might be (though see Machery et al. 2004 on whether this intuition is universal). Kripke's alternative account of names is that they achieve their reference by standing in a causal relation to their referents. Conceptual atomism employs a similar strategy while extending the model to all sorts of concepts, not just ones for proper names.
At present, the nature of conceptual structure remains unsettled. Perhaps part of the problem is that more attention needs to be given to the question of what explanatory work conceptual structure is supposed to do and the possibility that there are different types of structure associated with different explanatory functions. We've seen that conceptual structure is invoked to explain, among other things, typicality effects, reflective categorization, cognitive development, reference determination, and compositionality. But there is no reason to assume that a single type of structure can explain all of these things. As a result, there is no reason why philosophers shouldn't maintain that concepts have different types of structure. For example, notice that atomism is largely motivated by anti-descriptivism. In effect, the atomist maintains that considerable psychological variability is consistent with concepts entering into the same mind-world causal relations, and that it's the latter that determines a concept's reference. But just because the mechanisms of reference determination permit considerable psychological variability doesn't mean that there aren't, in fact, significant patterns for psychologists to uncover. On the contrary, the evidence for typicality effects is impressive by any measure. For this reason, it isn't unreasonable to claim that concepts do have prototype structure even if that structure has nothing to do with the determination of a concept's referent. Similar considerations suggest that concepts may have theory-structure and perhaps other types of structure as well.
One way of responding to the plurality of conceptual structures is to suppose that concepts have multiple types of structure. This is the central idea behind conceptual pluralism. According to one version of conceptual pluralism, suggested by Laurence & Margolis (1999), a given concept will have a variety of different types of structure associated with it as components of the concept in question. For example, concepts may have atomic cores that are linked to prototypes, internalized theories, and so on. On this approach, the different types of structure that are components of a given concept play different explanatory roles. Reference determination and compositionality have more to do with the atomic cores themselves and how they are causally related to things outside of the mind, while rapid categorization and certain inferences depend on prototype structure, and more considered inferences and reasoning depend upon theory structure. Many variants on this general proposal are possible, but the basic idea is that, while concepts have a plurality of different types of structure with different explanatory roles, this differing structure remains unified through the links to an atomic representation that provides a concept's reference. One challenge for this type of account is to delineate which of the cognitive resources which are associated with a concept should be counted as part of its structure and which should not. As a general framework, the account is neutral regarding this question, but as the framework is filled in, clarification will be needed regarding the status of potential types of structure.
Problem questions: Do the concepts and their components differ in various languages? Why? Are there any universal concepts which are appropriate to most languages of the world?
Lecture 8. Sphere of concepts (Conceptual system of a language)
· Give the definition to the "sphere of concepts"
· Consider the relation between a concept and the sphere of concepts
· Study how is the sphere of concepts organized
The human conceptual system is not open to direct investigation. Nevertheless, cognitive linguists maintain that the properties of language allow us to reconstruct the properties of the conceptual system, and to build a model of that system. The logic of this claim is as follows. As language structure and organization, as revealed in the previous section, reflect various known aspects of cognitive structure, by studying language, which is observable, we thereby gain insight into the nature of the conceptual system. The sub-branch of cognitive linguistics concerned with employing language as a lens, in order to study otherwise hidden aspects of conceptual structure, is often referred to as cognitive semantics.
One of the earliest, and perhaps best-known, cognitive semantic theories is conceptual metaphor theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1999). The central insight of this approach is that figurative patterns in language reflect underlying, highly stable associations, known as mappings, which hold between domains in the conceptual system. Sets of mappings holding between two distinct conceptual domains are referred to as conceptual metaphors, which is what gives the theory its name. For instance, one particularly common way in which we talk and think about a love relationship is in terms of journeys. To illustrate, consider the following everyday expressions, drawn from Lakoff and Johnson (1980), which we might use to describe aspects of a love relationship:
a. Look how far we've come.
b. We're at a crossroads.
c. We'll just have to go our separate ways.
d. We can't turn back now.
e. I don't think this relationship is going anywhere.
f. This relationship is a dead-end street.
g. Our marriage is on the rocks.
h. This relationship is foundering.
According to Lakoff and Johnson, utterances such as these are motivated by an entrenched pattern in our conceptual system: A conceptual metaphor. The conceptual metaphor can be stated as Love as a Journey. This conceptual metaphor is made up of a fixed set of established mappings which structure concepts that are located in the more abstract domain of love, in terms of concepts belonging to the more concrete domain of journey. For instance, in the domain of love we have concepts for lovers, the love relationship, events that take place in the love relationship, difficulties that take place in the relationship, progress we make in resolving these difficulties, and in developing the relationship, choices about what to do in the relationship, such as moving in together, whether to split up, and so on, and the shared and separate goals we might have for ourselves in the relationship, and for the relationship itself. Similarly, we represent a range of concepts relating to the domain of journeys. These include concepts for the travellers, the vehicle used for the journey, plane, train, or automobile, the distance covered, obstacles encountered, such as traffic jams, that lead to delays and hence impediments to the progress of the journey, our decisions about the direction and the route to be taken, and our knowledge about destinations.
The conceptual metaphor, Love is a Journey, provides a means of systematically mapping these knowledge slots from the domain of journey onto corresponding slots in the domain of love. This means that slots in the love domain are structured in terms of knowledge from the domain of journey. For instance, the lovers in the domain of love are structured in terms of travellers such that we understand lovers in terms of travellers.
Similarly, the love relationship itself is structured in terms of the vehicle used on the journey. For this reason we can talk about marriage foundering, being on the rocks, or stuck in a rut and understand expressions such as these as relating, not literally to a journey, but rather to two people in a long-term love relationship that is troubled in some way. In other words, we must have knowledge of the sort specified by the conceptual metaphor stored in our heads if we are to be able to understand these English expressions: to understand lovers in terms of travellers, and the relationship in terms of the vehicles, and so on. The linguistic expressions provide compelling evidence for the conceptual metaphors. The mappings implicated by the linguistic evidence are given in Table.
In essence, the claim at the heart of conceptual metaphor theory is that the mappings, which lie at the level of conceptual structure, are revealed by evidence from language, as exemplified by the sentences in for instance. Language can thus be employed as a key methodological tool for revealing conceptual patterns that underlie language use.
Philosophers, psychologists and computer scientists have proposed that semantic knowledge is best understood as a system of relations. Two questions immediately arise: how can these systems be represented, and how are these representations acquired? The possible answer can be found in the 'domain theory'.
Suppose that a domain includes several types, or sets of entities. One role of a domain theory is to specify the kinds of entities that exist in each set, and the possible or likely relationships between those kinds. Consider the domain of medicine, and a single type defined as the set of terms that might appear on a medical chart. A theory of this domain might specify that cancer and diabetes are both disorders, asbestos and arsenic are both chemicals, and that chemicals can cause disorders. This model assumes that each entity belongs to exactly one kind, or cluster, and simultaneously discovers the clusters and the relationships between clusters that are best supported by the data. A key feature of our approach is that it does not require the number of clusters to be fixed in advance. The number of clusters used by a theory should be able to grow as more and more data are encountered, but a theory-learner should introduce no more clusters than are necessary to explain the data. This approach automatically chooses an appropriate number of clusters using a prior that favors small numbers of clusters, but has access to a countably infinite collection of clusters. Previous infinite models (Rasmussen 2002; Antoniak 1974) have focused on feature data, and the IRM extends these approaches to work with arbitrary systems of relational data.
The concepts that govern our thought are not just matters of the intellect. They also govern our everyday functioning, down to the most mundane details. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor.
But our conceptual system is not something we are normally aware of. In most of the little things we do every day, we simply think and act more or less automatically along certain lines. Just what these lines are is by no means obvious. One way to find out is by looking at language. Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting, language is an important source of evidence for what that system is like.
Lakoff and Johnson have found a way to begin to identify in detail just what the metaphors are that structure how we perceive, how we think, and what we do.
Sphere of concepts is a structured knowledge, an information base of mental images, consisting of universal object code units. The semantic language space as a part of the sphere of concepts is verbalized in the system of linguistic signs: words, phrase combinations, syntactic structures, frames. It is formed by the linguistic units' meanings. A concept conceived as a unit of the sphere of concepts reflects peculiarities of thinking, worldview and culture of people. Any person can be "a concepts bearer", as he or she has its own cultural experience and cultural identity. Thus, individual verbal activity is determined by the language sphere of concepts and national sphere of concepts.
Constructs such as frames, Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs), and domains have been central to various methods of analysis in Cognitive Linguistics. Each of them provides a way of characterizing the structured encyclopedic knowledge which is inextricably connected with linguistic knowledge—that assertion being an important tenet in much of the cognitive linguistic research. Frames, ICMs, and domains all derive from an approach to language as a system of communication that reflects the world as it is construed by humans, rather than as it might be represented from some god's-eye point of view.
Charles J. Fillmore began using the term solely on the level of linguistic description, and later, he and others extended its use to include characterization of knowledge structures, thus linking the analysis of language to the study of cognitive phenomena.
In his papers ''Frame semantics'' and ''A private history of the concept
'Frame'", Fillmore reveals the influences which led to his formulation and development of the notion.
In the 1950s, he was exploring the principles behind the co-occurrence of strings of words, influenced by Fries, and later by Pike's work on ''tagmemic formulas.'' Fillmore's early work on transformational syntax led him into researching the distributional properties of individual verbs. This research involved looking at the substitutability of words, within what could be called syntactic frames, while preserving the meaning of the utterance. But soon the use of ''frame'' extended from syntax to semantics. Fillmore reflects that by the late 1960s, ''I began to believe that certain kinds of groupings of verbs and classifications of clause types could be stated more meaningfully if the structures with which verbs were initially associated were described in terms of the semantic roles of their associated arguments.'' He explains: ''I use the word frame for any system of linguistic choices—the easiest cases being collections of words, but also including choices of grammatical rules or linguistic categories—that can get associated with prototypical instances of scenes.'' Though frames are talked about from a linguistic viewpoint, it is noteworthy that they are not presented as an independent approach to linguistic analysis, but rather as one part of a paradigm, integrally linked to the idea of scenes. Influenced by work in the 1970s on pragmatics and speech acts, Fillmore also claimed that we not only employ cognitive frames to produce and understand language, but also to conceptualize what is going on between the speaker and addressee, or writer and reader. This introduced the idea of framing on another level, in terms of ''interactional frames.'' Such interactional frames provide a tool for talking about the background knowledge and expectations one brings to bear for the production, and interpretation, of oral or written discourse, particularly in relation to accepted genre types. Knowing that a text is a business contract, a folktale, or marriage proposal, one employs specific structures of expectations which help lead to a full interpretation of the meaning, and also help one know when the text is ending, and how to respond, if that is appropriate. The notion of Idealized Cognitive Models was preceded by a theoretical exploration of the application of Gestalts in linguistics, namely in a new approach dubbed ''experiential linguistics.'' The basic claim of experiential linguistics, as Lakoff proposes, is that ''a wide variety of experiential factors—perception, reasoning, the nature of the body, the emotions, memory, social structure, sensorimotor and cognitive development, etc.—determine in large measure, if not totally, universal structural characteristics of language.''
The following are some of the many properties which Lakoff describes to Gestalts:
o Gestalts are structures that are used in cognitive processing;
o Gestalts are wholes whose component parts take on additional significance
by virtue of being within those wholes;
o Gestalts have internal relations among parts, which may be of different types;
o Gestalts may have external relations to other Gestalts;
o there may be partial mappings of one Gestalt onto another, or embedding
of one within another;
o a Gestalt analysis need not necessarily make claims about the ultimate parts
into which something can be decomposed, since such analysis would be
o guided by cognitive purposes and viewpoints, and thus different analyses
may be possible; but
o Gestalts must distinguish prototypical from nonprototypical properties; and
o Gestalts are often cross-modal.
Instantiations of Gestalts in language may involve a number of types of properties, such as grammatical, pragmatic, semantic, and/or phonological ones.
This notion of Gestalts provided the underpinnings for the development of Idealized Cognitive Models (ICMs) in Cognitive Linguistics. The first detailed explication of ICMs appeared in Lakoff, as part of a synthesis of existing research on categorization within the various branches of cognitive science. ICMs are proposed as a way in which we organize knowledge, not as a direct reflection of an objective state of affairs in the world, but according to certain cognitive structuring principles. The models are idealized, in that they involve an abstraction, through perceptual and conceptual processes, from the complexities of the physical world.
At the same time, these processes impart organizing structure—for example, in the form of conceptual categories. They provide an advantageous means of processing information because they are adapted to human neurobiology, human embodied experience, human actions and goals, and human social interaction.
Johnson characterizes an image schema as ''a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience''.
Problem questions: How are a sphere of concepts and a national mentality related? Can one of these phenomena take part in forming the other? In what way? What triggers an appearance of cultural stereotypes? Can they be a reliable source of information about the mentality of people of different nationalities?
Lecture 6. The main trends of Cognitive Linguistics in works of foreign scientists. | Lecture 9. The World-view


ROCKFORD — The Presidents and Patriots event will be held from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Feb. 18 at Midway Village Museum, 6799 Guilford Road.
Attendees can meet with presidents and first ladies while participating in patriotic games and crafts. Activities include tea with Eleanor Roosevelt, photo ops with Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, Presidential Jeopardy and the White House Twister Game.
Included with museum admission: $8, adults; $6, ages 3-17; free, members and ages 2 and younger. For information: 815-397-9112; midwayvillage.com.


We joined the Singapore Heritage Festival's Hello Kranji tour. A shoutout to the organizers and volunteers! You guys are the best!
They had staff standby near the MRT exit so that you won't miss the signs to the shuttle buses.
We we're given a map of the day's tour as soon as we reached the shuttle stop.
Sungei Buloh was about 10 minutes bus ride. The ride there was smooth, on our way was bumpy. We were almost flying. Maybe uncle was driving a bit fast. :D But it was cool.
I heard complaints about long waits but we never had that experience. The longest wait, if you call it a wait, was 10 minutes.
Sungei Buloh was worth every hype. It was a great walk. Great scenery.
It was too big to cover. There's no food place to eat so bring your food.
Special thanks to Singapore Heritage Centre for organizing this Hello Kranji Tour!
#4 Be very aware of your surrounding. The snake was at the handrails.


Many beginners ask me why do we have to condition our birds. If you do not condition the birds, then you will have lots of problems like clear eggs, or chicks that are dead in shell, or hens that get egg-bound and die. That is why you need to condition your birds right.
The best time to condition your birds is in January, February, or March. When you decide when you want to start breeding, go back four to six weeks, then start setting your lights. Begin with 9 ½ hours and increase by ½ hour every week until you reach 14 or 15 hours of light.
You will see the hens ripping paper and trying to make a nest on the flight cage floor. Now you will want to condition the birds. First give them a good roller mix that has 16% protein and put one tsp. of wheat germ oil in the seed. Increase to two tsp. the following week and so on. Give them some egg food like CeDe. Mix some Nekton E and S vitamins in their food and water. Also give them some mineral supplement like Petamine or Proteen 25. You can give them some greens with crushed. Another food you can try is A/P poultry mix. It is like turkey pellets but get the type without any medication in it.
All these things can get your birds in breeding condition. If anyone needs any more information, please call or write me and I will help you.
To get some of these items, contact Wings & Fins, 1404 W. Whittier Blvd., Montebello, CA 90640 or call (213) 722-7143 or FAX (213) 722-9490. Ask for Carlos Valdes. This is where I get my bird's egg food. Good luck to all of you with your breeding season. Thank you.