text:
Will the Vaccine End the Pandemic? This Question Must Be Answered First
COVID vaccines can prevent symptoms, but no one knows if they can stop the virus.
By Amos ZeebergDec 29, 2020 10:25 PM
(Credit: Dimitris Barletis/Shutterstock)
In early December, Indonesia announced an unusual plan for vaccinating its populace against COVID-19. Instead of giving vaccines to endangered groups like healthcare workers and the elderly — like virtually every other country that has released a vaccination plan — Indonesia will give the vaccines to normal, healthy adults aged 18 to 59.
The aim of the plan is to end the outbreak in Indonesia by targeting not vulnerable people but those who disproportionately transmit the virus — the hubs of the country's social network. "Our aim is herd immunity," said Amin Soebandrio, a biologist and director at the Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology in Jakarta, Indonesia.
But there's one major problem with the Indonesian plan: no one knows if the first wave of successful COVID vaccines can bring about herd immunity. Trials have shown the vaccines can prevent people from getting sick, not that they prevent people from getting infected with the virus and passing it on.
The distinction is often ignored, but some researchers say it is central in determining the long-term course of the pandemic, not just in Indonesia but around the world. Despite the often unspoken assumption that vaccines will return us to something like regular life — a deus ex medica ending to the horror story — it is not yet clear if they will have that power.
Not a Holy Grail
While vaccines are known as one of medicine's most valuable tools, their function is more complicated than people often realize. At their best, vaccines can be sledgehammers that crush pathogens. Vaccines for smallpox and polio, for instance, have entirely eradicated the former and may soon finish off the latter. One key to these successes is that these vaccines provide sterilizing immunity — recipients are not infected by the viruses that cause the diseases and don't pass it on. When a sufficiently large percentage of the population is immunized, it reaches herd immunity: the pathogen can't find enough new hosts to keep propagating, and outbreaks peter out.
But smallpox and polio aren't typical. More often, vaccines do not perfectly protect recipients from getting infected and transmitting the pathogen. With flu, for instance, the virus can invade the cells of some vaccine recipients, reproduce inside them without causing any symptoms, and then go on to infect other people who can get sick or even die. Instead of severing chains of transmission, vaccinated individuals can serve as links in the chain, bringing the pathogen to vulnerable hosts who haven't been vaccinated. This scenario is common among respiratory diseases like COVID, since it's easy for pathogens to invade our respiratory tracts and reproduce there before triggering a major immune response.
If vaccines do not achieve sterilizing immunity, experts say it's likely that the virus will continue circulating and we won't see an abrupt end to the pandemic, even when a big majority of people have access to a vaccine and they agree to take it. Instead, there will probably be a gradual easing back of restrictions as transmission slows, more vulnerable people are protected by vaccination, and as we better understand and control the disease risks. "How fast we can expect to return to normalcy is difficult to say," says Dobromir Dimitrov, a senior staff scientist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. "It is also likely to vary from country to country, and even region to region. In many ways, it will be a new normal." Researchers agree that mask-wearing and some level of social distancing will need to continue for quite some time.
No Guarantee of Normalcy
Returning to the unfettered social activities we used to do routinely in the "before times" of 2019 will be a tricky and vague process — and its dynamics will depend heavily on how well vaccines prevent transmission.
"I honestly think this is the most important question, that affects daily life the most," says Larry Corey, a virologist at Fred Hutch. Corey offered an example to illustrate the quandaries we will face next year: an office party to celebrate a colleague's promotion. Most people have been vaccinated, but someone in the office lives with an elderly relative with a significant pre-existing health condition. The potential risk to the relative could be very different if we have a vaccine that prevents 50 percent of infections than if we have one that prevents 90 percent. "Can you have this party without feeling guilty? How are you going to decide?" Corey asks. "These are the everyday decisions we'll have to make. It affects the behavior of people and the behavior of societies."
Dimitrov and several other infectious-disease researchers recently posted a preprint study using a model to quantify the potential health effects of different kinds of vaccines. They found that a vaccine that prevented 90 percent of symptomatic illness and most infections could relatively easily reduce cases and deaths by 50 percent in 2021, as the vaccine is rolled out. A vaccine that prevented 90 percent of illness but did not prevent most infections would require vaccinating twice as many people to provide the same health benefit, they found.
Symptom-Reducing or Transmission-Blocking?
So will the real COVID vaccines ward off the virus itself? All the trials that have been publicized so far look at how vaccines prevent symptomatic cases, but we do have some hints that they might reduce asymptomatic ones, as well. Moderna, whose mRNA-based vaccine was just granted emergency authorization by the FDA, recently announced some relevant data from its phase 3 trial. The company's vaccine includes two shots given four weeks apart. When participants came back for the second shot, 38 subjects in the placebo group tested positive for the virus; among the vaccine group, only 14 did, suggesting a two-thirds decrease in infections. AstraZeneca, whose vaccine may have more global impact than the mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer, since it can be stored in a regular fridge and should cost only around $4, has also announced that the vaccine decreased infections, but it hasn't released any of the data.
Corey says the best way to understand the vaccines is to run a trial where researchers closely follow participants to watch the viral dynamics of everyone who gets infected. "You have to vaccinate people and essentially swab them every day and test the samples every day. It might end up being a million samples," he says. He hopes to secure funding to run such a study on a college campus in the spring. Without a study like that, we could glean similar information by watching infection rates in vaccinated populations over the long term, says Corey, "but do you really want to wait until 2022 to answer this?"
In the meantime, researchers are continuing to work on dozens of other vaccine candidates that might be cheaper, more effective against infection, or superior in some other way to the first wave of vaccines. Paul Griffin, an infectious-disease expert at the University of Queensland, is helping to run trials on four vaccines, including one intriguing candidate from the company Symvivo that comes in a capsule that can be stored at room temperature and taken easily by mouth. "It's highly likely we won't ever find a perfect vaccine," says Griffin. "They all have strengths and weaknesses."
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A traditional style barber shop where you can get a hot lather and close shave by veterans of the business. Looking for the real barber experience, you need to check out Broadway Barber. Stop by to meet Keith, Ronnie and Scott! They specialize in military haircuts, tapers, and straight razor shaves.


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I plan for security and speed from day one no matter how small or big a project may be. The stakes are way too high in today's online world to let your guard down.
© 2019 Mauricio Sanchez. All Rights Reserved, ASAP Technologies, LLC.


Shatina Chen is one of the country's supermodels, a long-legged cat lover who likes baseball and running. At 176cm, Shatina Chen stands tall as one of the country's top-earning models. It has been over a decade since Shatina Chen started modeling, but it wasn't always her looks that got her noticed. When she was at school she won trophies on the track and on the softball field. Chen is now known as Taiwan's "Queen of the Catwalk." She can hardly believe how well things have worked out for her.


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It was an unbelievable moment—shouts of joy and anticipation coming through the trees as the last two sixth-grade hikers reached the summit of Bear Mountain, Connecticut's tallest peak. As they clambered up the mountain's north side, classmates who had already reached the top came back along the trail to cheer on their friends.
That moment, on a remote mountaintop, is middle school education at its best, and captures the Middle School experience at Foote. It's about finding strength in a tough moment and then building on that experience, finding the next foothold, the next ounce of courage. It's about being proud of ourselves and at the same time cheering for others. It's about the journeys we make as individuals, and those we make together.
Foote's middle school teachers share a deep interest in working with each student to bring out the passions and talents that will allow them to find success on our campus and beyond. Each grade from 6 through 9 is designed to challenge students during that specific stage of their development, and ties into a larger curricular arc that supports their academic and emotional growth and prepares them for high school.
Our highly skilled faculty understands the unique social and academic challenges of the Middle School years and brings a level of expertise that allows students to reach new heights as scholars, citizens and human beings.
For more than 25 years, Foote students have studied the health of New Haven's West River, analyzing water samples and aquatic life and reporting findings to officials at the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
John leads a team of passionate educators dedicated to helping students learn.


text:
Q: Why does the monoid of central morphisms act transitively? I'm reading and struggling with bits and pieces of the book Mal'cev, Protomodular, Homological, and Semi-Abelian categories by Borceux and Bourn. At the moment I'm having trouble with:
Theorem 1.3.22 Let $\mathsf C$ be a unital category. For all objects $X,Y\in \mathsf C$, the set $\boldsymbol{\mathsf Z}(X,Y)$ of central morphisms acts transitively on $\mathsf C(X,Y)$, where the action is given by addition.
The only bit of the proof (page 38) which seems relevant is the observation that given $z\in \boldsymbol{\mathsf Z}(X,Y),f\in \mathsf C(X,Y)$ the cooperator $\phi_{z,f}$ is the composite $\phi _z\circ (1_X \times f)$. How does this show the action is transitive?
The transitivity of this action seems strange to me in concrete terms - it's saying every two arrows $X\rightrightarrows Y$ have a "difference" which is almost well defined, and I don't see what's going on here unless $\boldsymbol{\mathsf Z}(X,Y)$ is a group... What am I seeing wrong?

Added:
Definition. A unital category is a finitely complete pointed category such that the unit injections $j_i:A_i\to A_1\times A_2$ given by $j_1=(1,0),j_2=(0,1)$ where $0,1$ are the zero and identity arrows are jointly extremally epimorphic.
Example. The unital algebraic varieties are unital categories.
Definition. In a unital category, arrows $A\overset{f}{\to}C\overset{g}{\leftarrow}B$ are said to cooperate if there's a unique arrow $A\times B\to C$ making the obvious diagram with the $j_i$ commute.
Example. Monoid homomorphisms cooperate iff their images commute pointwise, i.e $f(x)g(y)=g(y)f(x)$.
Definition. An arrow is central if it cooperates with the identity on its codomain.
Example. A submonoid is central iff its contained in the center of the monoid.

A: The action is definitely not transitive. Consider for example the category of groups, which is unital. Here, the statement would be that for two groups $X,Y$ the group $\hom(X,Z(Y))$ (where $Z(Y)$ denotes the center of $Y$) acts transitively on the set $\hom(X,Y)$ via pointwise multiplication. But the orbit of the trivial homomorphism $X \to Y$ is just the set of homomorphisms $X \to Z(Y)$. Also, if $X=\mathbb{Z}$, we simply have the action of $Z(Y)$ on the underlying set of $Y$, whose orbit set can be quite large.
Perhaps the authors meant something different with transitive here, in particular because $\mathsf{Z}(X,Y)$ in general is just a commutative monoid?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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If you go to the slide show in the middle of the article I'm in picture 9 of the slide show.
I'm sure this will be the one and only time I'll ever be in the Huffington Post so this is kind of cool for me!
Mahalo to those that pointed this out to me!
This picture was one taken from my recent field trip aboard the USNS Mercy.


text:
Q: using NetDataContractSerializer throws an exception on client side I've tried to move WCF to NetDataContractSerializer using the code in this post:
http://lunaverse.wordpress.com/2007/05/09/remoting-using-wcf-and-nhibernate
and adding this code on the client side:
    foreach (OperationDescription desc in factory.Endpoint.Contract.Operations)
    {
        DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior dcsOperationBehavior = desc.Behaviors.Find<DataContractSerializerOperationBehavior>();
        if (dcsOperationBehavior != null)
        {
            int idx = desc.Behaviors.IndexOf(dcsOperationBehavior);
            desc.Behaviors.Remove(dcsOperationBehavior);
            desc.Behaviors.Insert(idx, new NetDataContractOperationBehavior(desc));
            //return true;

        }
    }

But Eevry time I ivoke my List call, I get this exception:
the formatter threw an exception while trying to deserialize the message: There was an error while trying to deserialize parameter http://tempuri.org/:ListResult. The InnerException message was 'The deserializer cannot load the type to deserialize because type 'System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[MYPROJ.Framework.Entities.EntityBase, MYPROJ.Framework.Entities, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null]]' could not be found in assembly 'mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089'. Check that the type being serialized has the same contract as the type being deserialized and the same assembly is used.'.  Please see InnerException for more details.
The InnerExcption:
The deserializer cannot load the type to deserialize because type 'System.Collections.Generic.List`1[[MYPROJ.Framework.Entities.EntityBase, MYPROJ.Framework.Entities, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null]]' could not be found in assembly 'mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089'. Check that the type being serialized has the same contract as the type being deserialized and the same assembly is used.
The Proxy is generated using svcutils with this flag: /ct:System.Collections.Generic.List`1
so the lists on the other side will not turn into arrays.
The type that the deseriliezer looking is defined in the server. all the entities are derived from this type, but this is not the namespace of the proxy which resides in the client side.
Using Regular default serializer for WCF works fine (there are other problems involving dealing with circular reference the cause me to try a different serializer).
Any Ideas ?
Thanks,
Dani

A: http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/wcf/thread/433ba785-581c-4dfa-861a-f22574c1b463
This article says NetDataContract Doesn't support svcutil generated proxy, and you must use a shared dll.


text:
Airbnb shorts – crowdsourcing inspiration
Arooj June 10, 2018
© Airbnb, Wikipedia. Retrieved from Wikimedia on June 10, 2018.
Airbnb is a US based company that operates an online marketplace that allows people to lease or rent short term lodging place at an affordable price. The dwellings range from holiday cottages, hotel rooms and hostel beds to home stays and apartments. The company doesn't own any real estate, rather it earns by charging a service fee in return for providing this online platform where customers can connect with the hosts.
The company has nearly 5 million lodging listings in 81,000 cities and 191+ countries and has 300 million+ guest arrivals at all time.[1]
Airbnb had a difficult end to year 2013 because of a trademark infringement lawsuit from a competitor. However, they came back with another marketing campaign that embedded the concept of user generated content within a contest to create excitement about the brand.
One of the aspects that makes airbnb special is the array of hosts who rent out their accommodations and are very passionate about their homes. The campaign named 'Airbnb shorts' called on these hosts to create a 15 second long video showcasing a local spot that they'd love to share with the world. It was a win-win situation for everyone,
The hosts got to share their passion for their hometowns with the world.
The travelers got an idea about not only the place but also about the host and a promise of a personalized experience abroad.
For Airbnb, this campaign resulted in creation of a series of personalized videos highlighting the deep insider knowledge provided by their worldwide network of hosts. Also, these videos were a good addition to Airbnb's arsenal of multimedia products.
A post shared by Airbnb (@airbnb)
The campaign called for airbnb hosts to submit a 15 secs video showcasing their favorite spot in their city. They were required to post that on instagram with #airbnbshorts and the city name along with turning their account to public. The winner was promised airfare to London including a voucher for $500 per night at an airbnb listing, a video camera and a ticket to the Shorts workshop put on by the Sundance institute.
The contest was open for under two weeks and the search results show that nearly 950 videos were tagged with #airbnbshorts. The use of instagram for this campaign meant that the brand not only received the video windfall but also got social media bonanza due to the hashtag penetration.
Airbnb announced the winner on their facebook page that had more followers than any of their social media accounts, thus funneling the traffic from their instagram.
The success of this campaign demonstrates that the social media enthusiasts are passionate about creating content and that is not just limited to photographs.
If the prize matches the efforts involved into creating a particular content, the users will be up for it. As was in case of this contest by Airbnb.
Besides, usage of a suitable hashtag to track the entries in addition to publicly announcing and sharing the winning entry not only satisfies the public curiosity but also emphasizes the transparency factor.
Organization: Airbnb
Industry: Hospitality services, online marketplace
Name of Organization Contact: Brian Chesky, CEO
Authored by: Arooj Prem
Airbnb press room. (2018, June 10). Retrieved from https://press.atairbnb.com/fast-facts/
May, Kevin. (2013, December 27). HomeAway urges Airbnb to admit bad judgement over Birdhouse ad. [blog post] Retrieved from https://www.tnooz.com/article/airbnb-homeaway-trademark-birdbnb
Macarthy. Andrew, Instagram Video Contest Ideas: Airbnb's video shorts competition success. [blog post] Retrieved from http://andrewmacarthy.com/andrew-macarthy-social-media/instagram-video-contest-ideas-airbnbs-video-shorts-competition on June 10, 2018.
Brennan. Morgan, (2011, September 6). The Most Amazing And Absurd Places For Rent. [blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganbrennan/2011/09/16/the-most-amazing-and-absurd-places-for-rent/#1cce304c5a61
Travel Tech, (2014, February 1). Airbnb Shorts Video Contest [blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.thinkdigital.travel/opinion/airbnb-shorts-video-contest/
Davila. Gordana, (2014, February 7). Airbnb Picks Winner of Airbnb Shorts [blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.propertyportalwatch.com/airbnb-picks-winner-of-airbnb-shorts/
#airbnbshorts, #lodgings, #London, #NewOrlean, #onlinemarketplace, #productdevelopment, #renting, #startup, #usergeneratedcontent, Airbnb, contest, crowdsourcing, hospitality, Instagram, UGC, Videos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It depicts every round of this years championship from round 1 at Lydden Hill, the inaugural visit to Vaulkenswaard in Holland as well as the usual visits to Pembrey, Knockhill and Croft.
Hal and I would like to hear what you think about it as well so please let us know your thoughts.
Posted in Motorsport, RallycrossTagged British Rallycross, British Rallycross Championship - 2014 Review Book, RallycrossBookmark the permalink.


Petra Mayer (43) saddles her horse and off they go across the field. She holds the reins tight. No more problems with the right arm!
Only a short while ago things were very different. For months the Munich media designer thought she would never be able to ride again. During a previous ride, she had an extremely bad fall. "I broke my right collarbone. The pain was so bad, I could hardly move".
Her friends took her straight to a medical clinic. The X-ray showed a difficult comminuted fracture. The collarbone required an operation. The surgeons tried to put the single bone pieces as well as the separated broken end pieces back together and inserted a metal plate and 6 screws to stabilize the fracture. Despite all this, the fracture did not heal.
"This was the most difficult time of my life", Petra said. "First they told me, that after 6 weeks the fracture would be healed. Unfortunately this was not the case. I still suffered pain in my right shoulder and could not use my right arm. Everything had to be done with the left arm. The normal day to day routine, such as combing hair, getting dressed and doing the housework started to become impossible. I could not drive the car or ride my horse. I was so desperate; I even had my hair cut short, as I could not groom myself. The surgeons took another x-ray and told me, that despite the metal plate no new bone tissue has been produced. I was told to go slow for another 8 weeks. In the worse case the doctors told me that they would have to operate again. Meantime my right shoulder was totally stiff from having been immobile. At this point I started to look into different alternatives as I was in two minds whether I wanted another operation due to the risks involved.
Four months after the accident Petra Mayer came to see our professor of orthopedic surgery, who had previously operated on her mother. Our professor is one of a few orthopedic specialists who treat difficult fractures with the new stem cell therapy. After the first check up, our professor of orthopedic surgery told Petra that she would be suitable for the stem cell therapy and the success of this operation would be very high.
"Mrs. Mayer was suffering from a very difficult spiral fracture with lots of bone fragments.", our professor of orthopedic surgery (49) explains. Due to this, the original decision to operate was the right one. One must bear in mind, which 10% of all collar bone fractures do no heal back together." It then forms a so called "false joint". In medical terms a pseudarthrosis. The bone ends do not have the contact necessary to heal. Normally, the bone cells grow together. Instead a soft tissue forms instead of the bone connective tissue layer, which prevents further coalescence.
The professor states, "Soft tissue will grow instead of the bone connective tissue in between the bone endings, these will prevent a growing together of the fracture. This can happen, if for example after the first operation the screws loosen. This is not always noticeable on the X-rays, due to this we use CT images. On the CT images we can see that in case of Mrs. Mayer there was a 4 mm wide space between the bones. In cases like this, the new stem cell therapy is a successful alternative, which makes a further operation unnecessary. Petra Mayer agreed quickly to try this method. Her stem cell therapy had to be done in an operation theater for reasons of anesthesia, but it is not an operation as we would normally think of one."
"Under a general anesthesia, the professor removed some bone marrow from my pelvic bone, isolated out of this the stem cells and injected these with a normal injection needle into the bone space of the comminuted break of my collar bone. That was all. Once I recovered from the general anesthesia, I was allowed home the same day", Petra Mayer explained.
The new therapy for bone and cartilage problems has only become possible, after scientists found how to isolate so called adult stem cells from bone marrow. As this is the body's own tissue, there are no adverse reactions to the procedure.
The professor says, "To access the bone marrow, exactly the same method is used as would be when performing a bone marrow donation in cases of leukemia. It is obtained under sterile conditions from the pelvic bone of the patient, which we drill, using a general anesthesia, through the skin in into the pelvic bone. We remove about 60 milliliters with a syringe with a cannula. We then separate with a special centrifuge the stem cells from the blood plasma and the solid blood cells. This gives us approx. 10 milliliter of stem cell concentrate. With a syringe we injected this through Mrs. Mayer's skin into the bone space of the comminuted break of the injured collar bone".
"In between the bone ends the stem cells will slowly change into the body's own bone cells. The bone will grow together despite the pseudarthosis. We checked Mrs Mayer's improvement every 4 weeks with CT scans. The 4 mm wide space was down to 2 mm within one month. 2 months later the space was 1 mm and after 3 months it had totally closed. Since then the collar bone has been stabile and is fully resilient."
After the treatment Mrs. Mayer improved daily. "Soon the pain had disappeared. After physiotherapy I was able to fully use the arm again. The muscles, which had become weak over the long immobilization, were starting to gain strength again."
To date, the professor has already helped around 100 patients successfully with this stem cell therapy method. Next to poorly healing breaks, such as a comminuted break, this method is also used for arthritis and other cartilage damage, tendon injuries and dying bone tissue, for example in the hip joint.
Petra Mayer said it was more than worth it, "Most of all I am so happy that I can ride my horse again. I do not blame my horse for throwing me off; as I am aware he did not mean to harm me. The modern stem cell therapy has given me a new lease on life. Only after being injured for a long time, one appreciates the importance of being healthy and being able to move normally."
Step One: The Professor removes approximately 60 ml of bone marrow from the iliac crest.
Step Two: The bone marrow is injected into the container.
Step Three: The fluid is placed in the centrifuge and spun for 15 minutes.
Step Four: The layer of blood plasma is removed.
Step Five: The layer of stem cells is captured.
Step Six: The stem cells are injected under fluoroscopic guidance.


text:
Abdullah Laghmani
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Abdullah Laghmani 1960s –2 September 2009 was Deputy Chief of the National Directorate of Security NDS in Afghanistan, and a prominent ally of President Hamid Karzai He first served as an intelligence officer for the Northern Alliance during Taliban rule After the formation of Karzai administration in late 2001, Laghmani served as the intelligence chief of Kandahar province before moving up as deputy chief Laghmani was killed in a Taliban suicide bomb attack in Mehtar Lam, Laghman Province
An ethnic Pashtun, he was particularly knowledgeable about the Taliban and the movement's mentors in Pakistan He and his agents helped determine a possible link between the bombers who attacked the Indian Embassy in Kabul in July 2008 and the Pakistani intelligence service ISI in Peshawar
^ Rahimi, Sangar, Stephen Farrell 2009-09-02 "Deputy Chief of Intelligence Is Slain in Afghanistan" The New York Times Retrieved 2009-09-02 Mr Laghmani, who was in his 40s, served
^ a b Bhadrakumar, M K 2009-09-04 "Spooks spill blood in the Hindu Kush" Asia Times Retrieved 2009-09-04
^ "Taliban suspects arrested" The Guardian Associated Press 2004-12-15 Retrieved 2009-09-02
^ "Taliban Suicide Strike Kills Afghan Deputy Spy Chief" NPR Associated Press 2009-09-02 Retrieved 2009-09-02
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Oxford, Cambridge, and College of Europe "Mixer"
We cordially invite you (and one friend of yours) to join us for our Mixer "Oxford, Cambridge, and College of Europe".
Our Mixer will take place at our usual venue which is the bar of the Aloft Brussels Schuman hotel, from about 6.30 pm onwards. Doors will remain open throughout the night, so you are welcome to join these informal drinks at any time which you find convenient.
You are very welcome to bring a friend.
The Aloft Brussels has reserved us a space that is easily recognisable upon entering the bar.
The bar is close to Schuman metro station. Address: Place Jean Rey 3, 1040 Brussels.
Becoming a full member of the Oxford University Society of Belgium has become fast and easy: all Oxonians can do so online by now. To cover our costs, we ask only for a modest annual membership contribution of €10. In return, you become part of our network of alumni and receive invitations for upcoming events of the Oxford University Society of Belgium, as well as our sister Cambridge University society. If you are an Oxonian, join today at: https://oxfordsociety.nationbuilder.com/join.


Attorney-at-law, a member of Kraków Bar Association of Attorneys-at-law in since 2015. A graduate of law at the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Jagiellonian University, he also completed the Ukrainian Law School program organized by the Jagiellonian University, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy, and the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv and studies in Intellectual Property and New Media Law at the Jagiellonian University.
He specializes in contract law in international trading, tax law and intellectual property law.
He speaks fluent English and Russian and knows legal Ukrainian.
Non-professional interests: contemporary literature, electronic and experimental music, and team sports.


text:
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CreatorAnnan, Thomas, 1829/1830-1887 (2)Arrow Games Ltd. (1)Arundel, John, 1778-1848 (1)Baines, Thomas, 1820-1875 (1)Barff, John (1)Belville, Alfred (1)Blaikie, William Garden, 1820-1899 (1)Boswell, James, 1740-1795 (1)Brooke, James (1)Brown, Joseph (1)Brufrain, H. Scott (1)Budden, Thomas (1)Cecil, Richard, 1799-1863 (1)Chad Valley Co. Ltd for United Council for Missionary Education (1)Collegiate Church of St Peter's Westminster, Westminster Abbey (1)Cook, John B. (1)Davies, David (1)Doddridge, Philip, 1702-1751 (1)Drysdale, T.M. (1)Electro Brain Corp (1)Federated Caledonian Society of South Africa (2)Forbes, William, c.1688-1745 (1)G. Rennie & Sons, Engineers (1)Gedge, Jonson (1)Glave, Edward J., 1863-1895 (1)Gray, James (1)Grey, George, 1812-1898 (1)H., S. J. (1)Hamilton Advertiser Limited (1)Harrison, Debbie (1)Harrison and Sons (1)Hartley, A.R. (1)Hassan (1)Hero Films Ltd (7)Hishmeh, Sheik Selim (1)Hodson, Cooper (1)Illustrated London News (5)Iredale, S.E. (1)J.W. Arrowsmith Ltd, London, Printers and Publishers (14)John Murray, London, Publishers (1)Johnston, Alexander K., 1804-1871 (1)Johnston, Keith, 1804-1871 (1)Kelly, Thomas, 1769-1854 (1)Kirk, John 2, 1832-1922 (7)Librairie de L. Hachette (1)Livingstone, Agnes 3, 1847-1912 (8)Livingstone, Charles, 1821-1873 (23)Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 (2912)Livingstone, John, 1811-1899 (2)Livingstone, Mary, 1821-1862 (9)Livingstone, Neil 1, 1788-1856 (1)Livingstone, William O., 1851-1892 (1)Livingstone Film Expedition (1)London Missionary Society (3)London Stereoscopic & Photographic Company (2)London Stereoscopic Company (1)MacGillivray, J.P. (2)MacGregor, John, 1825-1892 (1)Machada, Francisco de Salles (3)Mackenzie, Charles F., 1825-1862 (1)Maclear, Thomas, 1794-1879 (11)Macnair, James I., 1869-1955 (1)Manganga Ethnic Group, Africa (3)Mathews, Basil (1)Maull & Co. (1)Mayall (2)McCallum, Robert G. (1)McLeod, Norman, 1812-1872 (1)Meller, Charles J., 1836-1869 (2)Mitchell, Thomas (1)Moffat, Emily, 1831-1902 (3)Moffat, John S., 1835-1918 (3)Moffat, Malcolm, 1870-1939 (1)Moffat, Robert 1, 1795-1883 (11)Moffat, Robert 2, 1827-1862 (1)Monk, William, 1826-1884 (1)Morgan Scott (1)Moteverde, Emilio Achilles, 1803-1881 (1)Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 (2)Murray, Helen [Lady Helen de Vere], 1892-1971 (2)Murray, John III, 1808-1892 (36)Murray, John IV, 1851-1928 (2)Murray, John V, 1884-1967 (3)Murray, Mungo, 1802-1890 (1)Myth, A. (1)National Trust for Scotland (1)Newell, Sarah (1)Nintendo Entertainment System (1)Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 (3)P.E. Chappuis (1)Pereira e Almeida, Jose Maria (2)Petherick, John, 1813-1882 (1)Poole, Reginald S., 1832-1895 (1)Post & Telecommunications Corporation (4)Pound, Daniel J. (1)Prater, Earnest (1)Punch (1)R. Allen & Sons (1)Reeve, C. (1)Reid, [?] (1)Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (3)Saleh Bin Osman (1)Scott, William (1)Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone (2)Sechele, 1812-1892 (1)Select Committee on the State of British Settlements on the West Coast of Africa (1)Sigourney, Lydia H., 1791-1865 (1)Smith, Ira (1)Smith, [?] (1)Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (1)Sorreberg (1)Speke, John H., 1827-1864 (1)Stamina Clothes (1)Stanford's Geographical Establishment, Charing Cross, London (6)Stanley, Henry M., 1841-1904 (8)Sunley, William, ?-1886 (1)Taylor, Jefferys, 1792-1853 (1)The Livingstone Press, London (1)The Standard (2)Thornton, Richard, 1838-1863 (1)Unknown creator (86)Vardon, Frank, ?-1860 (1)Victoria Falls Hotel (1)Viljoen, J.W. (1)Wainwright, Jacob, ?-1892 (6)Wakelin, John (1)Walker, Charles (1)Walker, John (1)Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 (9)Walton, Henry J. (1)Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 (32)Watts, Isaac, 1674-1748 (1)Webster, Noah, 1758-1843 (1)Wekotani, John (1)Whately, Richard 1787-1863 (1)Whymper, Josiah, 1813-1903 (2)Wilson, Rosamond (1)Wisnicki, Adrian S. (1)Wolf, Joseph, 1820-1899 (4)Wyon, Allan (1)Young, James, 1811-1883 (8)
AddresseeAbbot, Reginald C.E. (1)Abdallah (1)Above Bar Sunday School, Southampton (1)Acland, Thomas D., 1787-1871 (1)Adderley, Charles B., 1814-1905 (1)Admiralty, Lords Commissioners of the (1)Alington, Charles A., ?-1899 (7)Allon, Henry, 1818-1892 (2)American Geographical and Statistical Society (2)Ancient & Honourable Company of Turners, Ladies & Gentlemen of the (1)Angola, The Bishop of (1)Any Man of War Touching at Mozambique, Captain of (1)Any Royal Navy Vessel at Quilimane, Captain of (1)Arbuthnot, Forster Fitzgerald, 1833-1901 (1)Archer, Mary (1)Archer, Thomas, 1805-1864 (2)Argyll, The Duchess of, 1824-1878 (1)Argyll, The Duke of, 1823-1900 (3)Arthington, Robert (2)Arundel, John, 1778-1848 (6)Ashton, William, 1817-1897 (1)Ashworth, Edmund, 1800-1881 (1)Athenaeum, Editor of the (3)Atlay, James, 1817-1894 (1)Azevedo Alpoim, Joaquim de (1)Back, George, 1796-1878 (6)Baines, Edward, 1800-1890 (4)Baines, Mr. (1)Baines, Thomas, 1820-1875 (8)Ballantyne, Thomas, 1806-1871 (1)Barghash ibn Sa'id, c.1837-1888 (2)Barth, Heinrich, 1821-1865 (5)Bates, Henry W., 1825-1892 (1)Bayely, Thomas (1)Beaufort, Francis, 1774-1857 (1)Bedingfeld, Norman B., 1824-1894 (7)Belhaven, Lady, c.1790-1873 (1)Bennett, J.J. Wesley (1)Bennett, James G., 1841-1918 (6)Bennett, James R., 1809-1891 (6)Binney, Mrs. Thomas (1)Binney, Thomas, 1798-1874 (2)Birdwood, George C.M., 1832-1917 (1)Black, W. (1)Blair, John A. (1)Blanche, John (2)Bleek, Wilhelm H.I., 1827-1875 (1)Board, J. (1)Bost, Ami (1)Braithwaite, Anna (1)Braithwaite, Charles L., 1813-1893 (4)Braithwaite, Joseph B., 1818-1905 (32)Brebner, James (2)Brock, William, 1807-1875 (1)Broom, D.E. (1)Brothers, Pye (1)Brown, [?] (1)Brownlee, Alexander, Jr. (1)Bruce, John C., 1805-1892 (1)Buchanan, Andrew, 1798-1882 (4)Buchanan, Mrs. Andrew (1)Buckland, William, 1784-1856 (1)Burdett-Coutts, Angela G., 1814-1906 (18)Burnham, Edward L., 1833-1916 (2)Burns, John, 1829-1901 (2)Burrup, E. Mary (1)Buxton, Edward N., 1812-1858 (1)Cambuslang Girls School (2)Campbell, Emma (1)Candlish, Robert S., 1806-1873 (1)Cape Town Mail, Editor of (1)Cardoso, Candido J., c.1800-1890 (2)Cato, George C. (1)Cazabet, W.W. (1)Cecil, Richard, 1799-1863 (4)Chapman, William C., ?-1897 (3)Chowfussy, H. (1)Chuma, James, c.1850-1882 (1)Clare, Leigh (1)Clare, Mrs. (1)Clarendon, The Earl of, 1800-1870 (26)Clegg, Thomas (3)Clowes, George, 1814-1886 (1)Coelho do Amaral, Jose R., 1808-1873 (1)Coghlan, William M., 1803-1885 (1)Cole, Miss (1)Collingwood, C. (1)Coneys, Matilda (1)Conyngham, George L., ?-1866 (4)Cooke, Robert, 1816-1891 (9)Cooke, William, 1785-1873 (1)Cowan, Mrs. (1)Craig, [?] (1)Crawford, Richard B., ?-1866 (1)Crookes, John (2)Cumming, [?] (1)Currie, Miss[?] (1)Danson, L.A. (1)Darling, Charles H., 1809-1870 (1)Darlington, John (1)Darragh, John (1)Daubeny, Charles G.B., 1795-1867 (3)Denman, George, 1819-1896 (1)Denman, Joseph, 1810-1875 (2)Denny, Henry, 1803-1871 (2)Dick, Mrs. (1)Dick, Thomas, 1774-1857 (2)Dickson, Henry, 1818-1840 (1)Director, Ragged School for Boys, Stockport (1)Douglas, John, 1813-? (1)Drew, Andrew, 1792-1878 (3)Drummond, George, 1808-1893 (4)Drummond, Henry (4)Duprat, Alfredo, 1816-1881 (5)Dyke, Hamilton M., 1817-1880 (4)Eardley, Culling E., 1805-1863 (1)Eastlake, Lady Elizabeth, 1809-1893 (2)Ebury, Lord, 1801-1893 (1)Eisdell, Rebecca (1)Elliot, Gilbert Wray, 1833-1910 (1)Ellis, William, 1794-1872 (1)Elwin, Whitwell, 1816-1900 (3)Everybody in the House [Family] (1)Fairbrother, William, 1817-1882 (2)Ferguson, Fergus (1)Ferguson, Mrs. Robert (1)Festing, John W., 1837-1902 (1)Figaniere e Morao, Jorge C. de, 1813-1887 (1)Fitch, Frederick (20)Fitch, Mrs. Frederick (3)Fitzgerald, William R.S.V., 1818-1885 (1)Fleetwood, Henry (1)Fletcher, T. Sam (1)Foreign Office (1)Foster, Peter Le Neve, 1809-1879 (4)Franklin, Lady, 1792-1875 (1)Fredoux, Ann, 1823-1893 (1)Fredoux, Jean, 1823-1866 (3)Freeman, Joseph J., 1794-1851 (7)Frere, George, 1810-1878 (6)Frere, H. Bartle E., 1815-1884 (12)Friends in Scotland (3)Frost, Mr. (1)Gabriel, Edmund, 1821-1862 (34)Galton, Francis, 1822-1911 (2)Gardner, Alan H., ?-1878 (4)Garforth, Edmund St. John, ?-1921 (2)Gedge, Jonson (1)Glover, Edward, 1824-1894 (2)Glynn, Richard G., 1831-1918 (1)Gonne, Charles (1)Goodman, J.E. (1)Goold, William H. (1)Gordon, William E.A., ?-1907 (4)Goulty, John N, 1788-1870 (1)Grant, James A., 1827-1892 (1)Granville, Lord, 1815-1891 (8)Gray, Mrs. Robert (2)Gray, Robert, 1809-1872 (25)Grey, Charles, 1804-1870 (1)Grey, Earl, 1802-1894 (1)Grey, Frederick W., 1805-1878 (9)Grey, George, 1812-1898 (25)Grey, J.E. (2)Grimstone, Edward (1)Guedes Carvalho e Meneses, Vasco, 1822-1904 (1)Gurney, Hudson, 1775-1864 (2)Guthrie, Thomas, 1803-1873 (1)H.M. Ship, Mozambique Channel, Captain of (1)Haidinger, W.K.R. von, 1795-1871 (2)Haldane, Alexander, 1800-1882 (1)Haldane, Emma, 1800-1867 (1)Hamilton, James, 1814-1867 (4)Hamilton, Mrs. (1)Hammond, Edmund, 1802-1890 (8)Hanbury, C.S. (1)Hannan, James (5)Hardisty, Charles (1)Hare, Alexander (2)Hay, Charles M., 1802-1864 (2)Hayward, Robert N., ?-1861 (3)Henner[?], Mary (1)Her Majesty's Britannic Forces, Gunroom Officers (1)Her Majesty's Ship, Commander (5)Herschel, John F.W., 1792-1871 (1)Hill, Hamilton (2)Hill, Stephen J., 1809-1891 (1)Hononorable Secretaries of the Oxford and Cambridge Mission (2)Hooker, Joseph D., 1817-1911 (9)Hooker, William J., 1785-1865 (7)Hope, William (1)Horsfall, Thomas B., 1805-1878 (1)Hoskins, Anthony H., 1828-1901 (1)Houlton, Joseph (1)Howard, Henry F., 1809-1898 (1)Howard, [?] (1)Ingram, [?] (1)Jago, Charles T., ?-1891 (1)Januarie, A. (1)Johnston, Thomas B., 1814-1897 (3)Jomard, Edme F., 1777-1862 (1)Keith, Peter H. (1)Kendall, John (1)Kendall, John and Son (1)Keppel, Henry, 1809-1904 (4)Kerr, Robert (2)King, William, 1812-1895 (2)Kinnaird, Lord, 1807-1878 (5)Kirk, Christian, 1803-1865 (2)Kirk, John 1, 1813-1886 (2)Kirk, John 2, 1832-1922 (93)Kitchingman, James, 1791-1848 (1)Labouchere, Henry, 1790-1869 (4)Laird, John, 1805-1874 (2)Lavradio, Conde do, 1797-1870 (2)Layard, Austin H., 1817-1894 (14)Layard, Edgar L., 1824-1900 (1)Leslie, Julia (1)Letts, Thomas, 1803-1873 (1)Lichman, Dr. (1)Liefchild, J.R. (2)Livingstone's Trustees (2)Livingstone, Agnes 1, 1782-1865 (23)Livingstone, Agnes 2, 1823-1895 (8)Livingstone, Agnes 3, 1847-1912 (81)Livingstone, Anna M., 1858-1939 (3)Livingstone, Charles, 1821-1873 (18)Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 (18)Livingstone, David 2 (1)Livingstone, Harriette C., 1825-1900 (3)Livingstone, Janet 1, 1818-1895 (13)Livingstone, Janet 2 (1)Livingstone, John, 1811-1899 (8)Livingstone, Mary, 1821-1862 (20)Livingstone, Neil 1, 1788-1856 (14)Livingstone, Neil 2 (2)Livingstone, Neil 3 (3)Livingstone, Robert M., 1846-1864 (7)Livingstone, Thomas S., 1849-1876 (18)Livingstone, William O., 1851-1892 (11)Livingstone, [?] (2)Livingstone Children (4)Livingstone Film Expedition (1)Loader, John (2)Logan, William, 1813-1879 (2)London, Lord Mayor of (1)London Missionary Society Staff, Member of (1)Louden, James, ?-1902 (4)Lowe, Mrs. (1)Lucas, Charles S. de Neufville, ?-1887 (2)MacNeile, Hugh B., 1795-1897 (1)MacSkimming, William (1)MacSkimming, [?] (1)MacWilliam, Thomas N. (1)Macgregor, John, 1825-1892 (1)Macgregor, Miss (3)Mackenzie, Charles F., 1825-1862 (1)Mackenzie, Miss (2)Maclear, Thomas, 1794-1879 (79)Maclehose, James, 1811-1885 (7)Maclellan, Walter (1)Macmillan, Alexander, 1818-1896 (1)Macnab, Samuel (1)Macqueen, James, 1778-1870 (1)Maejawace[?], Mrs. (1)Majid ibn Sa'id Al-Busaid, 1834/5-1870 (1)Malmesbury, Earl of, 1807-1889 (21)Manby, Charles, 1804-1884 (1)Mann, William, 1817-1873 (6)Marjoribanks, Edward, 1776-1868 (3)Marsh, John C.L. (1)Marten, Miss (1)Mason, William (1)Mathieu, [?] (1)May, Charles Murray (1)May, Daniel J. (5)Mburuma, ?-1860 (1)McLeod, Norman, 1812-1872 (2)McRobert, Catherine (8)McRobert, John, 1793/4-1876 (7)McRobert, [?] (1)McWilliam, James O., 1808-1862 (2)Medical Times and Gazette, Editor of the (1)Meller, Charles J., 1836-1869 (3)Messrs Coutts and Co. (1)Messrs Robert Napier and Sons (1)Methuen, Henry H., 1818/9-1883 (1)Miles, Thomas (1)Mills, Arthur, 1816-1898 (5)Mills, Miss (1)Mills, Mrs. (1)Milne, Thomas (3)Mirrlees, J.B. (1)Moffat, Emily, 1831-1902 (2)Moffat, John S., 1835-1918 (27)Moffat, Mary, 1795-1871 (1)Moffat, Robert 1, 1795-1883 (99)Moffat, Robert 2, 1827-1862 (3)Monk, William, 1826-1884 (3)Moore, George (1)Moore, Joseph, 1816-1897 (11)Moore, [?] (1)Morris, J.H. (1)Moysey, Miss (3)Mudie, Charles E., 1818-1890 (1)Murchison, Lady, ?-1869 (2)Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 (104)Murray, Andrew, 1794-1866 (1)Murray, John III, 1808-1892 (89)Murray, John IV, 1851-1928 (1)Myon, W.G. (1)Naismith, John, Sr. (1)Napier, James, 1820-1884 (1)Napier, Robert, 1791-1876 (1)Need, Arthur, 1819-1888 (1)Noel, Mrs. (1)Nunes, Galdino J. (1)Nunes, Jose M. (35)Oldfield, Radulphus B., ?-1877 (1)Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 (81)Owen, Richard, 1804-1892 (9)Paget, James, 1814-1899 (1)Pakington, John S., 1799-1880 (1)Palmerston, Lord, 1784-1865 (7)Parents and Sisters (10)Paris Geographical Society (1)Parker, John H., 1816-1858 (1)Paterson, T.M.B., 1844-1921 (1)Pedro V, King of Portugal , 1837-1861 (1)Pennell, John (1)Percy, [?] (1)Peto, Samuel M., 1809-1889 (2)Peyton, Lumley W. (1)Peyton, Mrs. Lumley (1)Philip, John, 1775-1851 (4)Philip, Mrs. John, ?-1847 (2)Phillips, John, 1800-1874 (1)Playfair, Lyon, 1818-1898 (2)Playfair, Robert L., 1828-1899 (3)Plow, John C. (1)Porter, William, 1805-1880 (2)Poyser, Miss (1)Prentice, Manning (1)Prentice, Thomas L. (7)Price, William S., 1825/6-1911 (6)Procter, Lovell J., 1833-1910 (5)Pyne, Benjamin T., 1798/9-1880 (20)Pyne, Elizabeth, 1799/1800-1853 (2)Quekett, John T., 1815-1861 (1)Rae, George, 1831-1865 (3)Raffles, Thomas, 1788-1863 (1)Randall, Mr. (1)Ratcliffe, Charles (1)Ratcliffe, David L. (1)Ratcliffe, Mrs. (1)Rawlinson, Henry, 1810-1895 (3)Rawson, Rawson W., 1812-1899 (2)Register General, General Register Office, Somerset House (1)Richards, George H., 1819-1876 (5)Richardson, John, 1787-1865 (1)Ridley, Catherine (2)Rigby, Christopher P., 1820-1885 (6)Ritchie, William (1)Roberts, Samuel, 1800-1885 (1)Robertson, Joseph, 1810-1866 (1)Robertson, William, 1805-1879 (2)Robinson, Mrs. (2)Robinson, W. (1)Rojabu (1)Rough, George (2)Rowe, William (1)Rowley, Henry, ?-1907 (3)Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain) (1)Russell, David (1)Russell, James (2)Russell, Lord John, 1792-1878 (55)Rutherfoord, H.E. (1)Ryan, Vincent W., 1816-1888 (1)Sabine, General Edward, 1788-1883 (5)Salt, Titus, 1803-1876 (3)Saumarez, Philip, ?-1889 (1)Schut, Alberto (1)Scott, [?] (1)Sedgwick, Adam, 1785-1873 (10)Sekeletu, 1834-1864 (1)Seward, George E., ?-1909 (10)Seward, Mrs. (1)Sewell, Margaret (12)Shaftesbury, Lord, 1801-1885 (1)Shaw, H. Norton, ?-1868 (22)Shelburne, The Earl of, 1816-1866 (3)Sicard, Tito Augosto d'Araujo, ?-1864 (3)Sidney, Edwin (2)Silva, Custodio Jose da (6)Skead, Francis, 1823-1891 (4)Smith, Andrew, 1797-1872 (1)Smith, E.P. (1)Smith, R.M. (4)Smith, Robert A., 1817-1884 (2)Smyth, Annarella (1)Smythe, William H. (1)Snow, John (2)Somerville, Andrew (2)Southey, Richard, 1808-1901 (1)Spencer, Thomas, 1796-1853 (1)Stanley, Henry M., 1841-1904 (12)Stanley, Lord, 1826-1893 (5)Starkey, S.F. (2)Stearns, William F., 1834-1874 (5)Stebbing, J.R. (2)Steele, Thomas M., 1820-1890 (20)Stephens, Henry E., ?-1913 (1)Stewart, James, 1831-1905 (11)Strong, Sidney, ?-1863 (1)Sturge, Joseph, 1793-1859 (1)Sunley, William, ?-1886 (14)Sykes, William H., 1790-1872 (1)Tavares de Almeida, Antonio (4)Tavares de Almeida, Joao (1)Taylor, Wilbraham, 1816-1895 (5)The Times, Editor of (12)Thom/Thorn, John (1)Thompson, William, 1811-1889 (27)Thornton, George (6)Thornton, Richard, 1838-1863 (13)Tidman, Arthur, 1792-1868 (50)Torresao, Jose (1)Toynbee, Henry (5)Tozer, William G., 1829/30-1899 (3)Trotter, Henry D., 1802-1859 (1)Turner, James A., 1797-1869 (8)Turner, Mrs. J.A. (1)Tweedie, William K., 1803-1863 (1)Ulemengo (1)Unknown Admiralty Official (1)Unknown Edinburgh City Official (2)Unknown Member of Zambesi Expedition (1)Unknown addressee (118)Vardon, Frank, ?-1860 (3)Vavasseur, Helen (1)Vavasseur, James (1)Venn, Henry, 1796-1873 (3)Vigors, Percy (1)Walker, Baldwin W., 1802-1876 (14)Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 (113)Wallich, N. (1)War Office (2)Ward, Thomas (1)Washington, John, 1800-1863 (66)Watkins, G. (1)Watt, David G., 1817-1897 (19)Watts, E. (1)Way, Mrs. (1)Webb, John F. (1)Webb, William F., 1829-1899 (4)Wellington, The Duke of, 1807-1884 (1)Whately, Miss (1)Whewell, William, 1794-1866 (1)Whish, Charles (1)Whitaker, J.N. (2)Whitboy, Klaso (1)White, Captain (2)White, Henry (2)Wilberforce, Samuel, 1805-1873 (11)Willans, J.S. (1)Williams, F. (1)Williams, [?] (1)Williamson, Mrs. (2)Wills, Edmund (1)Wilson, George, 1818-1859 (1)Wilson, J.H. (2)Wilson, John, 1804-1875 (1)Wilson, John C., 1834-1885 (1)Wilson, William (1)Wodehouse, Philip E., 1811-1887 (1)Woodman, William B., 1804-1882 (2)Wright, Margery, 1798-1886 (2)Wright, Peter, ?-1843 (4)Wynyard, Robert H., 1802-1864 (1)Wyon, Mrs. (1)Young, Edward D., 1831-1896 (5)Young, James, 1811-1883 (67)Young, Mary A. (1)Young, [?] (2)Young Friends (1)Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) (1)[?], D. (2)
Genreaccount books (15)accounts (3)admission tickets (3)affidavits (1)agendas (administrative records) (1)agreements (7)annotations (14)astronomical stations (coordinates) (16)autobiographies (1)autobiographies (documents) (1)autographs (manuscripts) (2566)balance sheets (1)baskets (containers) (1)black-and-white slides (1)blotting paper (1)board games (game sets) (1)bone (material) (1)booklets (9)books (98)boxes (containers) (2)bracelets (jewelry) (1)calculations (2)caskets (personal gear) (1)certificates (4)checks (bank checks) (2)cigarette cards (1)clippings (information artifacts) (22)coasters (1)collecting cards (2)color slides (9)commemorative medals (5)commemorative prints (5)commemoratives (2)commemorative sculptures (1)compasses (direction indicators) (1)copies (derivative objects) (713)crosses (visual works) (1)cups (drinking vessels) (1)cutouts (1)diaries (83)dictionaries (1)drawings (visual works) (1)dye (1)engraver's proofs (3)engravings (prints) (12)envelopes (30)essays (21)facsimiles (reproductions) (2)field notes (62)financial records (1)fragments (object portions) (185)gouaches (paintings) (1)graphic document genres (4)greeting cards (1)hair (material) (2)headrests (1)historical models (1)horns (animal components) (1)hymns (documents) (2)indentures (3)inscriptions (2)instructions (document genre) (1)interviews (1)invitations (2)invoices (1)ivories (sculptures) (2)labels (identifying artifacts) (1)lantern slides (2)leaflets (printed works) (5)letters (2491)lists (document genres) (11)lithographs (1)looms (textile tools) (1)manuscript maps (56)manuscripts (document genre) (6)manuscripts for publication (21)map cases (1)maps (documents) (24)marriage certificates (1)memorandums (2)menus (1)mezzotints (prints) (1)microfilms (2)mills (equipment) (1)nets (objects) (1)newspapers (1)notes (19)oaths (1)official reports (11)page proofs (2)paintings (visual works) (1)periodicals (2)photocopies (64)photographs (22)picture postcards (1)pipes (smoking equipment) (1)poems (3)postage stamps (5)powers of attorney (1)prayers (documents) (2)prescriptions (5)printed materials (object genre) (1)publications (366)questionnaires (1)quotations (texts) (13)receipts (financial records) (12)research notes (22)reviews (document genre) (2)rings (object genres) (1)scissors (1)shaving brushes (1)signatures (names) (96)sketchbooks (1)sketches (11)spectral color (26)teacups (1)telegrams (1)testimonies (2)textile art (visual works) (1)textile materials (1)translations (documents) (4)typescripts (22)video games (1)visiting cards (11)visitors' books (2)visual works (6)vocabulary (10)wallets (1)watercolors (paintings) (7)wedding rings (1)wire (1)wood engravings (prints) (1)
(7.1 MB) Letter to William Ashton 1 April 1849 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Ashton, William, 1817-1897 Kolobeng 4 4to autographs (manuscripts);
letters University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies: CWM/LMS/Africa/Odds - Livingstone, Box 2, folder 2B Letters, 0200 liv_000669
Letter to William C. Oswell 1 April 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 Newstead Abbey 4 177 x 112 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Livingstone Museum: G17/IB21 Letters, 1662 liv_002248
(6.5 MB) Letter to [John Murray III] 1 April 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murray, John III, 1808-1892 Newstead Abbey 4 177 x 112 autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of Scotland: MS. 42421, 67-68 Letters, 1661 liv_002247
(8.9 MB) Letter to Hamilton M. Dyke 1 December 1851 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Dyke, Hamilton M., 1817-1880 Kolobeng 4 380 x 235 autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of Scotland: MS. 10707, 31-32 MS. 10709 Letters, 0262 liv_000738
Letter to Unknown 1 December 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Unknown addressee Hadleigh House, Highbury New Park 4 185 x 115 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 2/1/1 Letters, 0633 liv_001145
Letter to [The Earl of Clarendon] 1 December 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Clarendon, The Earl of, 1800-1870 London 8 4to autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Archives (Great Britain): FO 63/842, 1-8 MS. 10780 Letters, 0632 liv_001144
Note Explanatory of a Map Published by the Viscount de Sa da Bandiera & Sent to the Different European Governments as a "New Portuguese Map" 1 December 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [South East Africa] 6 325 x 205 autographs (manuscripts);
notes Livingstone Museum: On display MS. 10779 Papers and Reports, 21b liv_002947
(552.0 MB) Field Diary XVI 1 December 1872-6 April 1873 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [South Central Africa] 179 153 x 86 autographs (manuscripts);
diaries;
field notes David Livingstone Centre: 1132 MS. 10729 Field Diaries, 29 liv_000016
Letter to Mrs. [?] Ratcliffe 1 February 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Ratcliffe, Mrs. 50 Albemarle St., London 3 227 x 186 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Bodleian Library. Weston Library: U.M.C.A. B4 (ii), 31 MS. 10779 Letters, 0683 liv_001199
Letter to Roderick I. Murchison 1 February 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 Kongone 4 215 x 185 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 1/1/1, 1222-1225 MS. 10779 Letters, 1072 liv_001619
Letter to Thomas Maclear 1 February 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Maclear, Thomas, 1794-1879 Kongone 4 175 x 114 autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of South Africa: S.A. MSS. Coll. Sect. A MS. 10780 Letters, 1071 liv_001618
Letter to John C. Wilson 1 February 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Wilson, John C., 1834-1885 Luabo Mouth of Zambesi autographs (manuscripts);
letters University of Cape Town Libraries. Special Collections: Baldwin Walker Papers, Incl. to AE 316 Letters, 1173 liv_001723
(22.5 MB) Letter to Benjamin T. Pyne 1 January 1846 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Pyne, Benjamin T., 1798/9-1880 Chonuane 4 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters Private owner MS. 10769 Letters, 0143 liv_000605
(11.5 MB) Letter to Hamilton Hill 1 January 1851 Livingstone, Charles, 1821-1873 Hill, Hamilton Williston, Vt. 4 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Oberlin College. Archives: Records of the Office of the Treasurer liv_003201
(4.2 MB) Signed Copy of the Holy Bible 1 January 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Livingstone, Agnes 1, 1782-1865 [12 Kensington Palace Gardens, London] 1 230 x 150 x 80 autographs (manuscripts);
signatures (names) David Livingstone Centre: T0414 liv_002720
Letter to Jose M. Nunes 1 January 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 Nunes, Jose M. Shupanga 4 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Horace Waller 1 January 1866 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Bombay 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Bodleian Library. Weston Library: Waller MSS. Afr. s. 16.1, 167-168 MS. 10780 Letters, 1868 liv_002466
Field Diary XI 1 January-12 June 1868 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [East and Central Africa] 138 136 x 81 autographs (manuscripts);
field notes National Library of Scotland: MS. Dep. 343 Field Diaries, 24 liv_000011
Astronomical Observations 1 January-26 August 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [South East Africa] 190 315 x 200 astronomical stations (coordinates);
autographs (manuscripts);
poems National Library of Scotland: MS. 20316 Astronomical Observations, 02.9 liv_002730
Biblical Quotation (John 6:37) (English and Setswana) and Quotation from St. Bernard 1 July 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Hadley Green, Barnett 1 large folio autographs (manuscripts);
quotations (texts) Cory Library for Historical Research: [missing] MS. 10777 Autographs and Autograph Books, 03 liv_002739
(2.5 MB) Letter to H. Norton Shaw 1 July 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Shaw, H. Norton, ?-1868 Hadley Green 8 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain): Archives, DL 2/15/8 MS. 10780 Letters, 0547 liv_001051
Letter to Lord John Russell 1 July 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Russell, Lord John, 1792-1878 Shupanga, Zambesi 3 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Archives (Great Britain): FO 63/894 II, 83-84 MS. 10780 Letters, 1241 liv_001793
Letter to Lord John Russell 1 July 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Russell, Lord John, 1792-1878 Shupanga, Zambesi autographs (manuscripts);
letters David Livingstone Centre: 890, 198-199 MS. 10715 Letters, 1241 liv_003061
(142.2 MB) Field Diary IV 1 July-5 September 1866 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [East Africa] 106 151 x 90 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Horace Waller 1 June 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Burnbank Road, Hamilton 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
(3.4 MB) Letter to John Murray III 1 June 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murray, John III, 1808-1892 [Burnbank Road, Hamilton] 2 184 x 115 autographs (manuscripts);
(223.8 MB) Notebook II 1 June-12 July 1872 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [Unyanyembe] 80 221 x 171 autographs (manuscripts);
(3.4 MB) Letter to H. Norton Shaw 1 March 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Shaw, H. Norton, ?-1868 Pioneer off Rovuma 6 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain): Archives, DL 3/9/1 MS. 10780 Letters, 1082 liv_001629
Letter to Thomas Maclear 1 March 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Maclear, Thomas, 1794-1879 Zambesi 4 233 x 180 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 1/1/1, 1373-1376a MS. 10779 Letters, 1192 liv_001742
Letter to [Frederick Fitch] 1 March 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Fitch, Frederick Zambesi 2 4to copies (derivative objects);
letters;
photocopies Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 2/1/1 MS. 10779 Letters, 1191 liv_001741
Letter to [William C. Oswell] 1 March [1865] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 [Newstead Abbey?] 2 181 x 120 autographs (manuscripts);
(2.2 MB) Letter to Unknown 1 May 1853 or 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Unknown addressee [Southern Africa] 1 181 x 128 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Library of Natural History: M091 liv_002699
Letter to Earl of Malmesbury 1 May 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Malmesbury, Earl of, 1807-1889 Cape of Good Hope 7 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Archives (Great Britain): FO 63/843 I, 1-4 MS. 10780 Letters, 0787 liv_001314
Letter to Henry Keppel 1 May 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Keppel, Henry, 1809-1904 Kongone autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Museum of the Royal Navy (Great Britain): MSS. 120 MS. 20313 Letters, 1114 liv_001661
Letter to Custodio Jose da Silva 1 May 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Machada, Francisco de Salles Silva, Custodio Jose da Kongone Harbour 2 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino (Portugal): Mocambique Papeis, Pasta 19 (1862) Letters, 1116 liv_001663
Letter to Jose M. Nunes 1 May 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 Nunes, Jose M. Kongone 4 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Frederick Fitch 1 May 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Fitch, Frederick Shupanga 4 240 x 135 copies (derivative objects);
(2.6 MB) Letter to Horace Waller 1 May 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Cataracts 1 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters Bodleian Library. Weston Library: Waller MSS. Afr. s. 16.1, 29 MS. 10780 Letters, 1349 liv_001918
Letter to Lord John Russell 1 May 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Russell, Lord John, 1792-1878 Murchison's Cataracts autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Lord John Russell 1 May 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Russell, Lord John, 1792-1878 Murchison's Cataracts 4 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Archives (Great Britain): FO 97/322, 67-68 MS. 10780 Letters, 1347 liv_001916
Letter to [George Thornton] 1 May 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Thornton, George Murchison's Cataracts 4 207 x 129 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Roderick I. Murchison 1 May 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 8 Dover St., London 4 180 x 111 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to William C. Oswell 1 May 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 8 Dover St., London 4 180 x 111 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Edmund Gabriel 1 November 1854 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Gabriel, Edmund, 1821-1862 Golungo Alto 4 4to autographs (manuscripts);
(6.2 MB) Letter to John Murray III 1 November 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murray, John III, 1808-1892 River Shire 4 210 x 185 autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of Scotland: MS. 42421, 3-4 MS. 10779 Letters, 0960 liv_001501
(13.5 MB) Letter to Unknown 1 November 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Unknown addressee River Shire, Eastern Africa 4 autographs (manuscripts);
letters EMMS International liv_000094
Letter to John Kirk 2 1 November 1871 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Kirk, John 2, 1832-1922 Ujiji 4 343 x 214 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Jose M. Nunes 1 November [1856] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 Nunes, Jose M. S.S. "England" 4 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 1/1/1, 544-547 MS. 10779 Letters, 0437 liv_000925
Letter to Thomas M. Steele 1 October 1851 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Steele, Thomas M., 1820-1890 Banks of the Zouga 7 252 x 199 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Private owner MS. 10777 Letters, 0255.9 liv_000730
Letter to Edmund Gabriel 1 October 1854 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Gabriel, Edmund, 1821-1862 Golungo Alto 12 248 x 187 autographs (manuscripts);
letters British Library: Add. MS. 37410, 1-6 MS. 10780 Letters, 0338 liv_000818
(1.8 MB) Letter to Arthur Tidman 1 October 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Tidman, Arthur, 1792-1868 [Newstead Abbey] 3 178 x 115 autographs (manuscripts);
letters University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies: CWM/LMS/Livingstone Wooden Box, item 114A MS. 10778 Letters, 1499 liv_002078
(4.1 MB) Letter to Horace Waller 1 October 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Newstead Abbey 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Bodleian Library. Weston Library: Waller MSS. Afr. s. 16.1, 82-83 MS. 10780 Letters, 1500 liv_002079
Letter to William J. Hooker 1 October 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Hooker, William J., 1785-1865 Newstead Abbey 3 177 x 114 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Library: English Letters, 1862-1865, 42, f. 17 MS. 10779 Letters, 1498 liv_002077
Agreement for Andrew Buchanan, James Young, and James Hannan to become David Livingstone's Trustees 1 October-19 December 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Buchanan, Andrew, 1798-1882;
Hannan, James;
Young, James, 1811-1883 [Britain] agreements;
copies (derivative objects) Zimbabwe. National Archives: LI 1/2/1 MS. 10780 Documents, 10 liv_002828
(7.3 MB) Letter to [?] McRobert 1 September 1842 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 McRobert, [?] Kuruman 4 4to autographs (manuscripts);
letters University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies: CWM/LMS/Africa/Odds - Livingstone, Box 2, folder 1 MS. 10773 Letters, 0064 liv_000519
(4.1 MB) Letter to Horace Waller 1 September 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Hamilton 3 204 x 127 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to [John A. Blair] 1 September 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Blair, John A. Hamilton 1 copies (derivative objects);
publications United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: AI (XXVIII), 77 Letters, 1476 liv_002054
Letter to Jose M. Nunes 10 April 1860 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 Nunes, Jose M. Senna 3 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Charles Hardisty 10 April 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Hardisty, Charles [South East Africa] 1 autographs (manuscripts);
letters David Livingstone Centre: 890, 34 MS. 10715 Letters, 1214 liv_001765
Letter to Robert Cooke 10 April 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Cooke, Robert, 1816-1891 Newstead Abbey 3 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Private owner liv_002702
Letter to William C. Oswell 10 April 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 Newstead Abbey 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
(9.2 MB) Letter to John Murray III 10 April [1857] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murray, John III, 1808-1892 [London] 4 182 x 111 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Agnes Livingstone 3 10 August 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Livingstone, Agnes 3, 1847-1912 Cataracts of Shire 4 204 x 132 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Robert Moffat 1 10 August 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Moffat, Robert 1, 1795-1883 Shire Cataracts 4 204 x 132 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Thomas S. Livingstone 10 August 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Livingstone, Thomas S., 1849-1876 Cataracts of Shire 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
(0.8 MB) Letter to William J. Hooker 10 August 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Hooker, William J., 1785-1865 Cataracts of Shire 4 205 x 133 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Library: African Letters, 1859-1865, LX, f. 180 MS. 10779 Letters, 1389 liv_001959
Letter to William C. Oswell 10 August 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 48 Euston Square, London 4 177 x 114 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Robert Cooke 10 August [1857] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Cooke, Robert, 1816-1891 Hadley Green 4 180 x 115 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Private owner Letters, 0566 liv_001073
Letter to Frederick W. Grey 10 December 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Grey, Frederick W., 1805-1878 Kongone Harbour 6 323 x 200 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Commonwealth Society. Library: MSS. Sc. 99 MS. 10779 Letters, 0978 liv_001520
Letter to Roderick I. Murchison 10 December 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 Kongone 4 202 x 114 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Lyon Playfair 10 December 1861 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Playfair, Lyon, 1818-1898 River Shire 4 230 x 187 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Imperial College, London. Library: Playfair Correspondence, no. 927 MS. 10777 Letters, 1155 liv_001705
Letter to Roderick I. Murchison 10 December 1867 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Murchison, Roderick I., 1792-1871 Town of Cazembe 6 325 x 200 autographs (manuscripts);
(13.1 MB) Letter to Unknown Member of Zambesi Expedition 10 February 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Unknown Member of Zambesi Expedition 18 Hart St., London 2 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Peabody Essex Museum, Phillips Library: Henry M. Stanley Papers, E 45, box 1, folder 1 MS. 10777 Letters, 0696 liv_001215
(2.8 MB) Letter to George H. Richards 10 February 1864 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Richards, George H., 1819-1876 Shupanga 4 228 x 187 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to George Rae 10 January 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Rae, George, 1831-1865 Shupanga 1 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters David Livingstone Centre: 890, 142 MS. 10715 Letters, 1311 liv_001870
Letter to Frederick Fitch 10 July 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Fitch, Frederick Hadley Green 3 8vo copies (derivative objects);
Letter to Jose M. Nunes 10 July 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Waterson, Jane Elizabeth, 1843-1932 Nunes, Jose M. Zambesi, near Senna 3 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to Antonio Tavares de Almeida 10 July 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Tavares de Almeida, Antonio HMS "Pioneer," Shupanga 2 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters David Livingstone Centre: 890, 63-64 MS. 10715 Letters, 1245 liv_001797
Letter to Antonio Tavares de Almeida 10 July 1862 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Tavares de Almeida, Antonio HMS "Pioneer," Shupanga autographs (manuscripts);
(1.6 MB) Letter to H. Norton Shaw 10 July [1857] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Shaw, H. Norton, ?-1868 Hadley Green 4 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain): Archives, DL 2/15/10 MS. 10780 Letters, 0555 liv_001060
(3.7 MB) Letter to Horace Waller 10 June 1863 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Waller, Horace, 1833-1896 Cataracts 2 folio autographs (manuscripts);
(3.2 MB) Bill for Expenses Incurred on behalf of Dr. Livingstone's Expedition 10 June 1870 Kirk, John 2, 1832-1922 Young, James, 1811-1883 Zanzibar 2 171 x 203 invoices;
manuscripts (document genre) Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Library of Natural History: M080 liv_012016
(4.6 MB) Letter to Agnes Livingstone 3 10 March 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Livingstone, Agnes 3, 1847-1912 Pearl 3 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of Scotland: MS. 10704, 9-10 Letters, 0762 liv_001287
(1.6 MB) Letter to George Back 10 March 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Back, George, 1796-1878 Pearl-Mersey 4 202 x 125 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain): Back Collection Letters, 0761 liv_001286
(1.6 MB) Letter to John Washington 10 March 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Washington, John, 1800-1863 Pearl 1 1/2 PM 2 223 x 183 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to William C. Oswell 10 March 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 Newstead Abbey, Mansfield, Notts. 2 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Livingstone Museum: G17/IM32 liv_003247
Retrospect to be Inserted in the Journal 10 March 1870 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 [Manyuema Country] 8 190 x 280 autographs (manuscripts);
field notes;
spectral color National Library of Scotland: MS. 10703, 40-43 Field Diaries, 34 liv_000211
(7.6 MB) Letter to George Grey 10 May 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Grey, George, 1812-1898 Steamer "Pearl" 4 325 x 205 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Auckland Libraries: GL: L30 MS. 10777 Letters, 0792.5 liv_001321
(0.8 MB) Letter to [Joseph B. Braithwaite] 10 May 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Braithwaite, Joseph B., 1818-1905 Screw Steamer "Pearl" 4 330 x 204 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to William C. Oswell 10 May 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Oswell, William C., 1818-1893 [London] 4 180 x 114 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to [James Young?] 10 May 1865 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Young, James, 1811-1883 19 Bucklersbury, London 3 199 x 128 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Livingstone Museum: G17/IE17 Letters, 1705 liv_002293
(4.0 MB) Letter to John Murray III, Enclosing David Livingstone's Correction to Footnote, Page 600, of Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its Tributaries 10 May [1865] Livingstone, David, 1813-1873;
Poole, Reginald S., 1832-1895 Murray, John III, 1808-1892 British Museum 3 autographs (manuscripts);
manuscripts for publication National Library of Scotland: MS. 42421, 69-70 Books, 03 liv_000063
Letter to [Charles L. Braithwaite?] 10 May, 25 June 1858 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Braithwaite, Charles L., 1813-1893 Screw Steamer "Pearl"; Zambesi 4 folio autographs (manuscripts);
letters National Library of Scotland: MS. 20319, 25-26 Letters, 0791.9 liv_001319
(1.0 MB) Letter to Heinrich Barth 10 November 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Barth, Heinrich, 1821-1865 50 Albemarle St., London 1 copies (derivative objects);
typescripts Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain): Barth Correspondence Letters, 0616 liv_001128
(5.0 MB) Letter to John Washington 10 November 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Washington, John, 1800-1863 Kongone Harbour 4 325 x 201 autographs (manuscripts);
Letter to James Young 10 November 1866, January, 1 February 1867 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Young, James, 1811-1883 Country of the Chipeta-Bemba 2 317 x 203 autographs (manuscripts);
letters Livingstone Museum: G17/IE25 (2 pages missing) MS. 20313 Letters, 1906 liv_002505
Letter to William Buckland 10 October 1843 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Buckland, William, 1784-1856 Lattakoo 12 250 x 204 autographs (manuscripts);
Biblical Quotation (John 6:37) (English and Setswana) 10 October 1857 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Leeds 1 8vo autographs (manuscripts);
quotations (texts) University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies: CWM/LMS/Africa/Odds - Livingstone, Box 11, folder 4 Autographs and Autograph Books, 07 liv_002741
Letter to Angela G. Burdett-Coutts 10 October 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Burdett-Coutts, Angela G., 1814-1906 Chibisa's, River Shire 4 217 x 185 autographs (manuscripts);
(4.4 MB) Letter to John Washington 10 October 1859 Livingstone, David, 1813-1873 Washington, John, 1800-1863 Murchison's Cataract, Shire 4 325 x 201 autographs (manuscripts);


Sydney, it's officially time to get this party started because her royal P!nk-ness has just announced two new shows at Qudos Bank Arena!
After already selling out a week of shows in Sydney, P!nk is preparing to hit two million ticket sales for her Beautiful Trauma World Tour with the addition of two more epic shows here Down Under.
The 'What About Us' singer will round off the Australian leg of her world tour that is currently blowing the minds of American Audiences with two Sydney shows on Sunday August 25 and Sunday August 26.
Tickets will go on sale for the additional Qudos Bank Arena shows at midday this Thursday, April 19, at Livenation.com.au.
If there's anything that we know about P!nk, it's that she puts on an absolutely spectacular show and has quickly become known as one of the most dynamic live performers of her generation.


text:
Hans Kelsen, född 11 oktober 1881 i Prag i dåvarande Österrike-Ungern (nuvarande Tjeckien), död 19 april 1973 i Berkeley i Kalifornien i USA, var en jurist och rättsfilosof. Han var en av 1900-talets mest tongivande rättsfilosofer och rättsteoretiker som skrivit flera framstående verk i rättspositivistisk anda. Även hans andel vid utarbetandet av Österrikes konstitution i början av 1900-talet var betydande.

Biografi
Hans Kelsen föddes i en tysktalande judisk familj, som son till Adolf Kelsen (1850–1907) och Auguste Löwy (1860–1950). Under hans tidiga barndom flyttade familjen till Wien, där han senare studerade vid Wiens universitet. Han konverterade då till katolicismen av politiska skäl. 1905 utgav han sin första bok, Die Staatslehre des Dante Alighieri (Dantes statslära). 1911 fick han tjänst vid Wiens universitet och utgav sitt första stora arbete Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre entwickelt aus der Lehre vom Rechtssatze och utsågs till professor 1918. Han gifte sig med Margarete Bondi 1912, och de fick två döttrar.

1919 fick han i uppdrag att utforma en ny konstitution för Österrike, vilken antogs 1920 och sedan dess förblivit tämligen oförändrad. Han invaldes efter några år in i Högsta domstolen och utövade ett stort inflytande såväl praktiskt som teoretiskt.

På grund av politiska oroligheter flyttade han till Köln i Tyskland där han undervisade i internationell rätt och frågor om suveränitet, samt skrev böcker i polemik mot nazister som Carl Schmitt. När nazisterna kom till makten flyttade han med sin familj till Genève i Schweiz, där han arbetade med Nationernas Förbunds fördrag.

År 1934 publicerade Kelsen sitt huvudverk Reine Rechtslehre - den rena rättsläran (varav en ny reviderad utgåva utkom 1960). Med sin Reine Rechtslehre strävade Kelsen till att konstruera en ren, från alla politiska inslag fri rättsteori. Däri presenterar Kelsen sin berömda teori om normpyramiden som ytterst justifieras av den förutsatta grundnormen (Grundnorm), en teori som numera nämns i snart sagt alla grundverk i allmän rättsteori.

Andra världskriget tvingade honom att flytta än en gång, och han begav sig till USA, där han fick anställning vid Harvard University, men flyttade sedan till University of California. Han var under denna tid främst inriktad på hur rättskällor och rättssystem utvecklats, om medborgares skyldigheter, och om ledares jämställdhet. Här tillkom även ett par av hans senare huvudverk, Peace through Law (1944) och kanske framför allt The General Theory of Law and State (1945). Efter krigsslutet anlitades han som juridisk sakkunnig vid Nürnbergrättegångarna och skrev The Law of the United Nations 1950 om FN-stadgan, Säkerhetsrådet och FN:s organisation och funktion. 1952 utkom han med Principles of International Law.

Kelsens rättsfilosofi anses vara genomgående rättspositivistisk. Dock har Kelsens teori om "grundnormen" kritiserats för bristande rättspositivism då grundnormen är en förutsatt (eller tänkt) inte en stadgad norm. Den kanske mest kända kritiken mot Kelsens grundläggande rättsuppfattning har anförts av den danske rättsteoretikern Alf Ross, själv lärjunge till Kelsen. Med sin kritik av Kelsens uppfattningar kom Ross att lägga grunden till den skola som kallas den skandinaviska realismen.

I politiskt avseende ansågs Kelsen vara socialdemokrat.

Kelsen dog 92 år gammal i Berkeley. Alltsomallt publicerade Kelsen över 400 verk, som översatts till 24 olika språk. Han promoverades till hedersdoktor vid 11 universitet, bland dem Harvard University.

Källor

 European Journal of International Law : Nicoletta Bersier Ladavac, Hans Kelsen (1881 - 1973) Biographical Note and Bibliography
 :en:Hans Kelsen
 Hans Kelsen-Institut
 (Sito dell'Universität Würzburg dedicato a Kelsen)

Externa länkar

 Lindgren, Lena (1999) "David Dyzenhaus: Legality and Legitimacy. Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Herman Heller in Weimar", Retfærd nr 85 /nr 2 1999, sid. 85-90

Födda 1881
Avlidna 1973
Österrikiska rättsfilosofer
Österrikiska filosofer
Österrikiska jurister
Män
Personer från Prag
Alumner från Harvard University
Hedersdoktorer vid Harvard University
Storofficerare av Förbundsrepubliken Tysklands förtjänstorden
Alumner från Wiens universitet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Life & Style Book Reading Tour with Moremi Ajasoro Beauty Queen
Book Reading Tour with Moremi Ajasoro Beauty Queen
Queen Moremi Ajasoro (middle) flanked by students students after a book reading session
Yinka Olatunbosun
Her height was stunning. She walked into the room with her crown and a staff, with such commanding presence. The young beauty Queen, Tolu Adedamola Oreoluwa is the current Queen Moremi Ajasoro for the 2018/2019 edition of the pageant. Recently, she embarked a tour of cities nationwide with book reading and music to encourage reading culture amongst Nigerian youths.
The undergraduate of the Department of English Language, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife spoke briefly with journalists in Victoria Island, Lagos before travelling to Enugu for one of her scheduled book reading sessions.
The pageant which is in its third edition is designed to celebrate the legacies of Moremi Ajasoro, the legendary heroine who saved the people of Ile Ife from the massacre orchestrated by the enemies. Hence, the beauty Queen has made the literary work on Moremi Ajasoro her work tool in initiating conversation about leadership and courage in young people.
As regards the Enugu book reading, she revealed that the show is designed for children in secondary schools.
"This is my project because reading makes a woman,'' she began. "So, I will be reading for the children for them to know how powerful Moremi is to the Yoruba culture. We move from school to school. From there, we are moving to Kwara, Abeokuta and Lagos. Moremi Ajasoro book is detailed in history and culture.
"Moremi is an epitome of heroism andleadership. We are using the book to tell children how strong they can be and that they can achieve whatever they want to achieve.''
The book reading tour started on May 27 which is observed globally as the Children's Day and continues this June and next month. For the Queen, it is not just about the Yoruba culture but to draw attention to womanhood and girl-child issues.
Since the beginning of her reign, she has dedicated her time towards motivational speaking which she admitted was not her forte initially.
"I usually go out to speak to people to motivate them which has been on of the things I didn't have much knowledge about. This role has opened my eyes to a lot of things in the society. Youths are the ones who need this enlightenment more than anyone else,'' she said.
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