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Brodeur, 41, hopes for one more gold medal
By Matthew KitchenJan 24, 2013, 1:56 PM EST
New Jersey Devils goaltender Martin Brodeur, The NHL's all-time leader in wins (658) and games (1,193, and counting) already has two gold medals for team Canada under his pads. But at 41 he's thinking he has enough left in the tank for one more.
"I'd love to," he told WSJ.com. "For me, playing in the Olympics was the greatest thing in my life."
Of course, with an abbreviated season still to play, the future hall of famer says he's not even thinking about the Sochi Games just yet, and hopes that if the NHL allows their stars to play for gold next year, he'll be good enough just to make the team.
Brodeur was knocked out of the No. 1 goaltender spot for Vancouver's Roberto Luongo in at the 2010 Games, and will have to contend with Montreal's Carey Price and the Hurricanes' Cam Ward and the Penguins' Marc-Andre Fleury to make his fourth Olympic squad
"If I'm asked to go, regardless of the spot I'll be in, I'll take the invitation. I'll do anything for my country."
Mo Farah likely to retire this year
British track legend Mo Farah will likely retire by the end of this year.
"I'm not going to go to the Olympics, and I think 2023 will probably be my last year," the 39-year-old Farah said, according to multiple British media reports.
Farah, who swept the 5000m and 10,000m golds at the Olympics in 2012 and 2016, was announced Tuesday as part of the field for the London Marathon on April 23.
Last May, Farah reportedly said he believed his career on the track was over, but not the roads.
London might not be his last marathon. Farah also said that if, toward the end of this year, he was capable of being picked to run for Britain again, he would "never turn that down," according to Tuesday's reports.
It's not clear if Farah was referencing the world track and field championships, which include a marathon and are in Budapest in August. Or selection for the 2024 British Olympic marathon team.
The fastest British male marathoner last year ran 2:10:46, ranking outside the top 300 in the world. Farah broke 2:10 in all five marathons that he's finished, but he hasn't run one since October 2019 (aside from pacing the 2020 London Marathon).
Farah withdrew four days before the last London Marathon on Oct. 2, citing a right hip injury.
Farah switched from the track to the marathon after the 2017 World Championships and won the 2018 Chicago Marathon in a then-European record time of 2:05:11. Belgium's Bashir Abdi now holds the record at 2:03:36.
Farah's best London Marathon finish in four starts was third place in 2018.
Farah returned to the track in a failed bid to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics, then shifted back to the roads.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package ru.job4j.collectionspro;

import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

/**
 * Class IteratorArray.
 * класс позволяет пробегать по массиву и получать элементы из одномерного/двумерного массивов.
 *
 * @author Alexey Rastorguev (rastorguev00@gmail.com)
 * @version 0.2
 * @since 19.11.2017
 */
public class IteratorArray implements Iterator {
    private final int[][] mass;
    private int indexColumn = 0;    // колонки
    private int indexRow = 0;       // строки

    public IteratorArray(final int[][] mass) {
        this.mass = mass;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean hasNext() {
        return (checked(true) != null);
    }

    @Override
    public Integer next() {
        return checked(false);
    }

    /**
     * метод проверяет есть ли в массиве элементы, если есть то возвращает элемент иначе возвращает null.
     * @param isHasNext true если метод вызвал hasNext, false если next
     * @return значение или null
     */
    private Integer checked(boolean isHasNext) {
        Integer value = null;
        int col = indexColumn;
        int row = indexRow;
        if (col < mass[row].length) {
            value = mass[row][col++];
        } else if ((++row) < mass.length) {
            col = 0;
            value = mass[row][col++];
        } else if (!isHasNext) {
            throw new NoSuchElementException();
        }
        if (!isHasNext) {
            indexColumn = col;
            indexRow = row;
        }
        return value;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Home › News › DecisionBase 8 Reveals the Commercial Opportunity for Drugs in Development in 35 High-Profile Disease States
DecisionBase 8 Reveals the Commercial Opportunity for Drugs in Development in 35 High-Profile Disease States
Publish date: 05 Apr, 2004
Decision Resources, Inc., one of the world's leading research and advisory firms focusing on pharmaceutical and health care issues, announces the availability of DecisionBase 8, an interactive decision tool that reveals the commercial opportunity of drugs in development and allows pharmaceutical and biotechnology organizations to compare those drugs with their own proprietary compounds. The unique database covers 35 diseases in a variety of therapeutic areas such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, oncology, immune and inflammatory disorders, infectious disease, psychiatric, metabolic, and other high-interest disease states.
DecisionBase 8 allows users to:    -- Access information about and evaluate the potential for a specific       drug or disease.    -- Drill down to a rich data set to understand current treatment and       market dynamics.    -- Compare and contrast the unmet need and opportunity for proprietary       drug(s) against the future gold standard.
"DecisionBase offers the most comprehensive coverage of drug markets available today," said Joe Walsh, vice president of business development at Decision Resources. "Each indication includes an executive summary, an epidemiology assessment, an unmet clinical need model, treatment decision trees, and an analysis of market trends--information that is vital to any drug development process."
Diabetic retinopathy, covered in DecisionBase for the first time, demonstrates an indication that is on the edge of exploding. Launches of novel drug therapies such as corticosteroid implants, oral PKC inhibitors, somatostatin analogues, and VEGF antagonists will fuel the meteoric rise of retinopathy sales from just under $45 million in 2002 to nearly $700 million in 2012. DecisionBase reveals the unmet need and commercial opportunity for pharmaceutical companies looking to break into this growth market.
Another growth market that DecisionBase 8 covers is Hepatitis B. With a growing number of patients presenting with advanced disease, as well as a need for therapies that are effective against lamivudine-resistant virus, the market could grow to nearly $1.1 billion in 2007 and reach almost $2.1 billion in 2012 with Bristol Myers-Squibb's entecavir becoming the gold standard in 2007 and holding that position through 2012.
About DecisionBase 8
DecisionBase 8 is built on insights from leading published studies, interviews with hundreds of thought-leading physicians and researchers from seven major pharmaceutical markets (United States, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Japan), and input from Decision Resources' staff of therapeutic area experts. Its breadth of coverage, depth of analysis, and flexible modeling make DecisionBase an ideal tool for organizations looking to make strategic choices, model options, forecast potential, license new drugs, and achieve commercial success.
About Decision Resources
Decision Resources, Inc., (www.decisionresources.com) is a world leader in research publications, advisory services, and consulting designed to help clients shape strategy, allocate resources, and master their chosen markets.
All company, brand, or product names contained in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
For more information, contact:    Elizabeth Marshall    Decision Resources, Inc.    781-296-2563    emarshall@dresources.com
SOURCE: Decision Resources, Inc.
CONTACT: Elizabeth Marshall of Decision Resources, Inc., +1-781-296-2563,
emarshall@dresources.com
Web site: http://www.decisionresources.com/
Xolair Will Lead the Growth of the Asthma Drug Market With Sales of $3.3 Billion in 2012


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Home Top News Belarus's DPM meets Petroleum Minister
Belarus's DPM meets Petroleum Minister
Islamabad:Deputy Prime Minister of Republic of Belarus,. Vladimir Semashko called on Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, Federal Minister for Petroleum & Natural Resources in National Assembly of Pakistan in Islamabad today.
Both the leaders pledged to further enhance the bilateral ties between the two countries and strengthen their cooperation in the field of energy.
Both the leaders discussed issues of mutual interest at regional and international levels.
The President of Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko is visiting Islamabad from 4-6 October, on the invitation of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Foreign Office in a statement said that this will be the third top leadership level visit from Belarus and second by Alexander Lukashenko in 16 months.
The President of Belarus is accompanied by the Deputy Prime Minister and five Ministers including Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Industry, Agriculture, Education, Taxation and Revenue besides other high level officials.
Apart fro official talks with the Prime Minister, the Belarusian President will hold meeting with the President of Pakistan. A number of important agreements/MOUs are expected to be signed during the visit.
The Prime Minister of Pakistan and the President of Belarus will inaugurate the Fourth Pakistan-Belarus Business and Investment Forum on 5th October. A 23 member strong business delegation from Belarus is already in Pakistan to explore mutual beneficial business opportunities through business to business deals with Pakistani counterparts.
Statement said that bilateral relations between Pakistan and Belarus have progressed at a rapid pace over the last two years. This visit is reflective of these growing ties and will provide impetus to further expanding bilateral relations in a range of areas including political, economic, trade, investment and other areas of mutual interest.
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text:
← Did early Christians reject secular medicine? Glimpses from Darrel Amundson
Medievals on the usefulness of illness and the meaning of plague →
What did medieval people think caused illnesses?
This is a second post grabbing some insights from a fascinating book by Darrel W. Amundsen—Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996). The first post shared some of Amundsen's observations on early Christian attitudes toward medicine and physicians.
In the excerpts in this post, Amundsen explores what medieval Christians thought caused illnesses, starting with some remarks on causality in mental illness or insanity. Along the way, he busts some myths. For example, many modern commentators believe–based on some misleading evidence in the sources themselves–that medievals assumed all illnesses came from devilish or demonic sources, or, a variant, from some hidden sin in the sick person. Not so, says Amundsen.
Rather, first, they saw all illnesses as coming ultimately from God. But second, they perceived and affirmed many levels of causality, and they were comfortable shifting back and forth between these levels depending on the audience and occasion of their writings.
And third, although sin was in a general sense considered the source of illness (as of all dysfunction in our world), a person's particular sins or general sinfulness are rarely mentioned in medieval sources as the cause of their illness.
Here's Amundsen on the subject:
"The penitential [manual]s addressed the issue of causality [in cases of insanity] only when insanity led to suicide. The Penitential of Theodore (668 – 90) specified that 'if a man is vexed by the devil . . . and slays himself, there may be some reason to pray for him if he was formerly religious.' Other reasons for insanity leading to suicide were then given: despair, fear, unknown reasons, or a sudden seizure. . . . Because it is so common to assume that in the early Middle Ages demonic causality was accepted for most disease, and certainly for mental illness, such natural causes as despair, fear, sudden seizure, and 'unknown reasons' may surprise us. Such explanations, however, occur with some frequency. . . . [187] [I]n 1023, Fulbert of Chartres, when comparing the functions of priests and physicians, said that 'it is a physician's duty to offer those who are suffering from depression, insanity, or any other illness what he has learned in the exercise of his art.' Jerome Kroll is undoubtedly right when he says of this period that 'mental and spiritual illnesses were attributed as much to overwork, overeating, and overindulgence in sexual activity as to climatic conditions, magic spells, and demonic possession.' There is, however, considerable ambiguity in the literature. There is, however, considerable ambiguity in the literature. This ambiguity arises from two different sources. First, there was much imprecision in identifying the causes of mental illness. The second source of ambiguity is the failure of the modern reader to enter sufficiently into the early medieval structure of reality, in which ultimate and proximate causality may be spoken of in the same breath without any distinction being made, and an intermediate (usually demonic) causality mingled in with the former two. Any one of the three may be mentioned as the cause of a particular condition, and taken by the modern reader as the author's perceived sole cause, whereas the choice of that cause was simply determined by the author's desire to emphasize one, with no intention of making it appear exclusive. This applies not only to considerations of madness but also, indeed even more so, to sickness generally." (186 – 7)
"A degree of demonic causality was seen in many conditions, and some people may have attributed nearly every adverse condition to demons. But the sources adequately demonstrate that on the whole God was viewed as the ultimate dispenser of human suffering, including sickness. As a general rule, when early medieval sources mentioned direct demonic involvement, which they frequently did, the condition was clearly regarded as possession, whether accompanied by sickness or not. They delighted in relating stories of exorcisms, but they were equally eager to tell of healings through relics, healings from which exorcism is absent. Furthermore, the most holy of the saints could not conceivably have been possessed by demons, but yet were frequently ill; some indeed seemed to gain a high degree of sanctity through their sicknesses." (187)
"Another commonplace encountered in modern assessments of the early Middle Ages is the assertion that early medieval people saw sin as the cause of most sickness. Here there is room for much confusion because the relationship of sin with sickness can appear at three different levels. First, sin was certainly regarded by early medieval authors as the cause of sickness in the sense that without sin there would have been no [188] material evil. This, although not expressed, was an underlying assumption of the sources. Second, one's own general sinfulness was often given as the cause of one's own sicknesses. Third, sickness, it was thought, might result from specific sin. This last statement is very seldom encountered except in denunciations of and warnings to entire communities, and then the emphasis was often on general moral laxity, which makes it nearly indistinguishable from the second category. We should also note that it is one thing to maintain that a person is sick as a punishment for a specific sin to which he or she is obstinately and tenaciously clinging, but it is quite another matter to attribute one's own sickness to one's general sinfulness and see the sickness as part of God's punitive and refining process." [187 – 8]
This entry was posted in Medieval Wisdom for Modern Protestants, Resources for Radical Living and tagged demonology, health, medicine, mental health, Middle Ages, sin, suffering, the Devil. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
← Point Counterpoin: Saivite Hinduism, The Church of England, and UK Unitarianism
As Hindus we can be light hearted →
The Bhagavad Gita: is it the "New Testament" of Hinduism?
Posted on October 6, 2011 | 45 Comments
Krishna and Arjuna at Kurukshetra, 18–19th century
I heard the Bhagavad Gita described as the "New Testament of Hinduism" on the radio. I have now seen that this description is quite common. Of course all analogies break down at some point, and there are a number of ways in which this is inaccurate.
Since this analogy could really give totally the wrong impression of the Gita to a Westerner who did not know Hinduism, I will write about some of the main differences.
The Gita does not bring a "new covenant"
Christians believe that the New Testament represents the end of an old covenant between God and the Jewish people and the beginning of a new covenant with the followers of Jesus. The "covenant" is seen as an agreement that shapes the relationship between God and Humanity.
Even the Hindus who rate the Bhagavad Gita as the highest scripture say that the same knowledge is in the Vedas. They often see the Gita as an interpretation of the Vedas for the Kali Yuga, simpler and more direct for a this era, when people are further from God and the Devas.
Not all Hindus see the Gita as a holy book
The Gita is not part of the scriptural canon of many Hindu lineages. Saivites (devotees of Shiva) and Shaktas generally see the gita as an epic. They respect it as the holy book of many Vishnavas (devotees of Vishnu), but don't see it as scriptural themselves. Vishnavas acknowledge that some Hindus don't see the Gita as scripture, but still count them as Hindus. Even among Vishnavas there are some who would rate the Gita as secondary to the Ramayana or other books.
In contrast someone who did not see the New testament as scripture would not be a Christian. Even groups which put other books above the New testament (for example the LDS) are generally seen as not Christian by most denominations.
Hindus can criticise the Gita and still be Hindus
Some great swamis have called the Bhagavad Gita the kolai nul or "book of carnage". They may appreciate the clear messages on dharma, samskara, and bhakti, but think that it could also be interpreted as a call to violence. Though followers of the Gita would probably disagree with this assessment and argue strongly against it they would not see it as a "non-Hindu" viewpoint.
This again is different to the Christian view of the New Testament. Anyone who argued that the New Testament was bad or negative would not be seen as a Christian. It is universally accepted as the essence of Christianity.
One commenter has pointed out that I am a little ambiguous here, because it is possible for Christians to criticise parts of the New Testament, for example some Christians believe in the gospels but don't take everything in St Paul's letters to be scriptural. For clarity, its possible for a Hindu to say that the Gita is a negative book over all, whereas a Christian cannot do that with the New testament. In particular any Christian who rejected the story of the gospels would not be considered Christian.
So, unlike the New testament the Bhagavad Gita is scripture to some Hindus, and just an epic story to others. It does not bring a change in the covenant or relationship between humanity and God, though some Hindus believe that it provides a clearer interpretation for this era. Finally it is perfectly possible to Criticise the Gita, even see it as a problem, and still be a Hindu.
Image from Wikipedia and is free to use as the copyright has expired.
This entry was posted in hinduism, religion and tagged bhagavad gita, gita. Bookmark the permalink.
45 responses to "The Bhagavad Gita: is it the "New Testament" of Hinduism?"
Shatkona | October 6, 2011 at 20:23 | Reply
Namaste Tandava. Another excellent post. I think that many Westerners simply have trouble understanding that some faiths are not based upon a single revealed text as is theirs. And so, in an attempt to help them understand, the Gita is often held up as some sort of equivalent to the New Testament. Your post here does an excellent job explaining why the Bhagavad Gita and the Christian New Testament are ultimately not analogous. Nice work.
Aum Namah Shivaya.
Tāṇḍava | October 7, 2011 at 8:23 | Reply
Thanks Shatkona!
Pingback: Bhagavad Gita: Is it the "New Testament" of Hinduism? | PRABHUPADANUGA NEWS
Sita | October 8, 2011 at 5:40 | Reply
hearing the Gita compared to the testament is new for me.that only shows how superficially Hindu thought gets interpreted in the West.[excluding you,of course :)]I really don't get how they call it a new testament when most commentaries on the Gita call it the "Essence of Vedas".They must have missed that one & thought it as a replacement of the Vedas.
Acyuta-āśrayaḥ | October 8, 2011 at 19:01 | Reply
Hare Krishna,
I'm surprised to see this topic " The Bhagavad Gita: is it the "New Testament" of Hinduism?". Well the truth is, it isnt the "New Testament" of Hinduism", the answer & reason is there in Srimad Bhagavad Gita itself.
I would like to quote the following from Bhagavad-Gītā 4.1
śrī-bhagavān uvāca
imaḿ vivasvate yogaḿ
proktavān aham avyayam
vivasvān manave prāha
manur ikṣvākave 'bravīt
śrī-bhagavān uvāca — the Supreme Personality of Godhead said; imam — this; vivasvate — unto the sun-god; yogam — the science of one's relationship to the Supreme; proktavān — instructed; aham — I; avyayam — imperishable; vivasvān — Vivasvān (the sun-god's name); manave — unto the father of mankind (of the name Vaivasvata); prāha — told; manuḥ — the father of mankind; ikṣvākave — unto King Ikṣvāku; abravīt — said.
The Personality of Godhead, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa, said: I instructed this imperishable science of yoga to the sun-god, Vivasvān, and Vivasvān instructed it to Manu, the father of mankind, and Manu in turn instructed it to Ikṣvāku.
Herein we find the history of the Bhagavad-gītā traced from a remote time when it was delivered to the royal order of all planets, beginning from the sun planet. The kings of all planets are especially meant for the protection of the inhabitants, and therefore the royal order should understand the science of Bhagavad-gītā in order to be able to rule the citizens and protect them from material bondage to lust. Human life is meant for cultivation of spiritual knowledge, in eternal relationship with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and the executive heads of all states and all planets are obliged to impart this lesson to the citizens by education, culture and devotion. In other words, the executive heads of all states are intended to spread the science of Kṛṣṇa consciousness so that the people may take advantage of this great science and pursue a successful path, utilizing the opportunity of the human form of life.
In this millennium, the sun-god is known as Vivasvān, the king of the sun, which is the origin of all planets within the solar system. In the Brahma-saḿhitā (5.52) it is stated:
yac-cakṣur eṣa savitā sakala-grahāṇāḿ
rājā samasta-sura-mūrtir aśeṣa-tejāḥ
yasyājñayā bhramati sambhṛta-kāla-cakro
govindam ādi-puruṣaḿ tam ahaḿ bhajāmi
"Let me worship," Lord Brahmā said, "the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Govinda [Kṛṣṇa], who is the original person and under whose order the sun, which is the king of all planets, is assuming immense power and heat. The sun represents the eye of the Lord and traverses its orbit in obedience to His order."
The sun is the king of the planets, and the sun-god (at present of the name Vivasvān) rules the sun planet, which is controlling all other planets by supplying heat and light. He is rotating under the order of Kṛṣṇa, and Lord Kṛṣṇa originally made Vivasvān His first disciple to understand the science of Bhagavad-gītā. The Gītā is not, therefore, a speculative treatise for the insignificant mundane scholar but is a standard book of knowledge coming down from time immemorial.
In the Mahābhārata (Śānti-parva 348.51-52) we can trace out the history of the Gītā as follows:
tretā-yugādau ca tato
vivasvān manave dadau
manuś ca loka-bhṛty-arthaḿ
sutāyekṣvākave dadau
ikṣvākuṇā ca kathito
vyāpya lokān avasthitaḥ
"In the beginning of the millennium known as Tretā-yuga this science of the relationship with the Supreme was delivered by Vivasvān to Manu. Manu, being the father of mankind, gave it to his son Mahārāja Ikṣvāku, the king of this earth planet and forefather of the Raghu dynasty, in which Lord Rāmacandra appeared." Therefore, Bhagavad-gītā existed in human society from the time of Mahārāja Ikṣvāku.
At the present moment we have just passed through five thousand years of the Kali-yuga, which lasts 432,000 years. Before this there was Dvāpara-yuga (800,000 years), and before that there was Tretā-yuga (1,200,000 years). Thus, some 2,005,000 years ago, Manu spoke the Bhagavad-gītā to his disciple and son Mahārāja Ikṣvāku, the king of this planet earth. The age of the current Manu is calculated to last some 305,300,000 years, of which 120,400,000 have passed. Accepting that before the birth of Manu the Gītā was spoken by the Lord to His disciple the sun-god Vivasvān, a rough estimate is that the Gītā was spoken at least 120,400,000 years ago; and in human society it has been extant for two million years. It was respoken by the Lord again to Arjuna about five thousand years ago. That is the rough estimate of the history of the Gītā, according to the Gītā itself and according to the version of the speaker, Lord Śrī Kṛṣṇa. It was spoken to the sun-god Vivasvān because he is also a kṣatriya and is the father of all kṣatriyas who are descendants of the sun-god, or the sūrya-vaḿśa kṣatriyas. Because Bhagavad-gītā is as good as the Vedas, being spoken by the Supreme Personality of Godhead, this knowledge is apauruṣeya, superhuman. Since the Vedic instructions are accepted as they are, without human interpretation, the Gītā must therefore be accepted without mundane interpretation. The mundane wranglers may speculate on the Gītā in their own ways, but that is not Bhagavad-gītā as it is. Therefore, Bhagavad-gītā has to be accepted as it is, from the disciplic succession, and it is described herein that the Lord spoke to the sun-god, the sun-god spoke to his son Manu and Manu spoke to his son Ikṣvāku.
As indicated above, Srimad Bhagavad Gita existed from time immemorial, its not fair to call Srimad Bhagavad Gita as recently written " New Testament of Hinduism", Hinduism as you maybe already aware is not the original term, its original term is Sanatana Dharma – Eternal Religion. Followers of Sanatana Dharma lived by vedic code of living called Varnashrama Dharma.
Srimad Bhagavad Gita's message to human beings born in this material world is as good as the Vedas, hence its called the Essence of all the Vedas. In this present quarrelsome age of Kaliyuga, in which human life duration is very short, reading Srimad Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam, reading scriptures by vaisnava acharyas, associating with devotees of the Supreme Personality of Godhead & most importantly chanting the holy mahamantra " Hare Krishna Hare Krishna Krishna Krishna Hare Hare Hare Rama Hare Rama Rama Rama Hare Hare " is sure is the path for liberation which is prescribed in Manu Smriti as well as in other important authentic vedic scriptures.
kodanda | October 9, 2011 at 4:28 | Reply
And there's the Iskcon message of the day ;D
I have accepted the above two messages because they are relevant to the topic, However I have removed a third one which does just appear to be an ISKCON message.
To Acyuta-āśrayaḥ,
I welcome relevant comments but general posts about ISKCON and its beliefs are not really relevant. You have your own blog, which is now linked via your name in your comments for anyone who wants to follow. I would expect the same treatment at your blog; comments giving a saivite perspective on your topic to be permitted but general posts on saivite topics and adorations to Shiva to be considered off topic.
Acyuta-āśrayaḥ | October 9, 2011 at 9:56 | Reply
To Tandava,
I welcome & appreciate the feedback.
On the whole, there's a general misconception of Srimad Bhagavad Gita & its speaker Supreme Lord Sri Krishna.
Hope people in general interpret the correct meaning & message of Supreme Lord Sri Krishna's Srimad Bhagavad Gita.
Thought, I, as an humble servant of the Supreme Lord Sri Krishna, would take a little initiative to clear misconceptions prevailing about Srimad Bhagavad Gita & its speaker Supreme Lord Sri Krishna in this good blog of yours.
Hare Krishna !!! Hari Bol !!!
Anuj | October 9, 2011 at 10:47 | Reply
You are indirectly trying to compare abrahamic faiths with dharmic faiths. This blog post's title can only be raised by those who bracket both these faiths under a simple name called "religion".
Abrahamic faiths are Dogmatic. You cannot call it a "religion".
Dharmic faiths can be anything as long as it it not dogmatic. ANYTHING! You can disregard the entire vedic texts and still be "dharmic" simply because you are still open to new ideas and answers. The minute you declare that god XYZ is the only and ONLY god, you become non-dharmic. The great secret wisdom is that we do not have the capability to know for sure that god exists. What we are capable of is making peace. So agree to the possibility of everything for the sake of making peace but always remember the great secret wisdom.
This "idea of possibility" is the main religion of dharma. Hinduism/sikhism/buddhism/jainism are just extensions(by-products) of this core idea. Focus on the core idea and all the contradictions in the dharmic belief system will start to make sense.
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shivayatra7 | October 11, 2011 at 14:28 | Reply
Namaste Tandava,
Hope you're doing well. Your second point about some Hindus not seeing the BG as a holy scripture or as the most important of scriptures is right on the mark. Within our tradition (Nandinatha Sampradaya), the Vedas and Agamas are the highest scriptural authority, and other books, such as the Tirukural and Tirumantiram, take precedence over other scriptures like the BG. I do appreciate the message of the Gita (with the central message as a metaphor explaining the struggle between one's mind and the soul, not literally) and have read it several times, but I would not place it on the same platform that Christians place the New Testament or Muslims place the Qur'an. It's not as important to me as it is to Vaishnavas, and Gaudiya Vaishnavas in particular. I have seen one person describe the BG as the "Hindu Bible" before– which is grossly inaccurate, the Vedas and Agamas are the only scriptures which could be called such, and not everyone would agree with that. This is why we need more people to teach Hindu Dharma in a non-sectarian, informative manner instead of just giving them nice analogies that they can relate to. We need to teach people that Hinduism is a wide and diverse religion, and not everyone believes the same things, and I think you have done so with this blog entry. Many thanks!
Shanti,
Tāṇḍava | October 11, 2011 at 20:14 | Reply
Thanks Ricky,
I agree, people need to learn about the diversity within Hinduism
an ISKCON devotee | October 14, 2011 at 23:01 | Reply
A bit of disagreement here, if you'll forgive me, on this bit: " .. and Gaudiya Vaishnavas in particular" – the vast majority of Vaishnavas from *all* sects of this spiritual tradition have accepted the Bhagavad Gita as critically important, especially due to its central message of devotional love and service unto Bhagavan Shri Krishna as the highest goal. There is a small minority who may have a greater preference for another Vaishnava scripture, but that is based mainly on personal taste and not actual relative importance of message – e.g., a devotee whose preferred/chosen ishta-deva (preferred form of worship of the Lord) is Lord Ramachandra may have special attraction to the Ramayana because it details Sri Rama's pastimes; the Brahma-Madhava-Gaudiya, Kumara, and Rudra Sampradayas – all of which worship Shri Krishna, especially, as the Supreme Personality of Godhead, place particular emphasis not only on Srimad Bhagavad Gita, but also on Srimad Bhagavatam (Srimad Bhagavata Purana) which especially details Shri Krishna's pastimes well. As Lord Ramachandra IS a form of Lord Shri Krishna, after all, the central message of the Bhagavad Gita is equally relevant to both classes of Vaishnavas (and all others), and thus its message is regarded as supremely important, albeit the personal emphasis of a particular individual (or set of individuals) within a certain (especially minority) Vaishnava group may place less emphasis on it.
The Gaudiya Vaishnavas, however, are indeed the most prominent – and perhaps that gave the impression that only (or mainly) they place the highest importance on the Bhagavad Gita – notably because their members have most taken to heart the goal of teaching its glorious message worldwide, especially in the modern era. Srila Prabhupada's Bhagavad Gita As It Is is the most popular edition of it sold currently, and members of His own ISKCON have made much progress in bringing it to worldwide prominence and recognition. And yes, Gaudiya Vaishnavas do place very heavy stress on the Bhagavad Gita, accepted in its entirety, "as it is", and its central message of pure Krishna-bhakti; but they are not the only ones.
Namashkar,
We have a devotee of Rama who sometimes comments here. I will be interested to see if he responds.
Ayan | October 12, 2011 at 16:19 | Reply
Hi Tandava,
I am a devotee of Shiva & Durga, but I try to follow teachings of Buddha in my life. I consider myself half hindu & half buddhist. Do not listen to these Isckon people, they think Lord Shiva is only a demi god & only asuras worship him & to reach heaven we have to worship only krisna. I know this because i have read isckon books & even my parents are isckon devotees.
My parents makes fun of me because I eat non veg food & tells me I am going to hell. Isckon has destroyed my relationship with my parents.
Om Namah Sivaya.
Tāṇḍava | October 13, 2011 at 7:14 | Reply
Aum,
It sounds like your parents are not very good ISKCON members. I have a friend who is well respected in ISKCON and I can assure you that they don't believe that someone worshipping Shiva and Durga would go to hell. Many of them would believe that you have to worship Krishna in the final incarnation before attaining moksha, but they would see a good life devoted to Shiva and Durga leading to a reincarnation in the realm of Shiva and Durga, which they see as a heaven compared to this world, but still not the final destination. Similarly they would see vegetarianism as conducive to a spiritual advancement, but not being vegetarian not leading to hell, but possibly the next incarnation being less than it would have been. If I had to make one criticism of ISKCON it would be that it often does not do enough to change the attitudes of its less advanced members from the attitudes of the exclusive Abrahamic religions to a dharmic attitude. Many of them come with a Christian attitude (I'm right and everyone else will go to hell) and keep it for a long time.
Also, desparaging Vishnavas because they see Shiva is a demigod is really not a Hindu attitude – in fact I would go as far as to say it is a Christian attitude. We understand and respect the different beliefs. After all a Vishnava with this attitude could be just as offended by the Saiva belief that Vishnu is only one of five aspects of God – Siva the five-fold manifestation: Brahma, the creator; Vishnu, the preserver; Rudra, the destroyer; Maheshvara, the veiling Lord, and Sadashiva, the revealer.
As Saivas we look at things from one angle, and yes we believe that this is the best – but other angles could be right for people in other stages of spiritual growth. Finally, can we really be offended by someone saying that Shiva is a demigod when we know that this is the way it looks from our angle. After all, from our view we would readily say that the demigods are Shiva at the ultimate level.
Aum Shivaya
Yes, Vaishnavas – by very definition of that word – worship Krishna as the Supreme Lord. But Vaishnavas are not to be inimical to Shiva, his family and his devotees. Shiva is a pure devotee of the Lord – would he not, then, wish to lead his own devotees to the shelter of the Lord's lotus feet? Vaisnavas always have great respect for the servants of servants of the Lord. It is only, specifically, those who are *inimical* to the Lord and His devotees – regardless of whom they worship – who must be condemned. There is no greater crime than to be offensive to the Lord's devotee, which even the Lord Himself is not inclined to forgive.
Whether or not one goes to hell or heaven is entirely based on one's impious and pious merits. It is stated in the shastras, yes, that meat is murder, and consequently one who eats meat must suffer the punishments for the sin of murder – which could involve a trip to the hellish regions, and even worse pains. Not only Vaishnavas, but many Shaivas and devotees of other dharmic paths – including Buddhists and Jains – also avoid meat, for this very reason that meat is murder. One will suffer the karmic reactions of his/her sinful deeds – that is without doubt, regardless of one's devotional path. But even then, one who has tasted meat is not necessarily automatically condemned. One who develops compassion for the animals, and learns to willingly give up their slaughter for selfishly seeking to satisfy the tongue, is already on the path to rectification. And devotional service unto the Lord purifies one of even the very worst sinful reactions.
The position of a Vaishnava is that of tolerance and "equal vision" (Bhagavad-gita). ISKCON does not have a need to employ any particular targeted methodology of eliminating the lack of it, as they already have a superior means – devotional service is the very best purifier of all material contaminations, including arrogance and intolerance. Unfortunately, we conditioned souls have many layers of such material conditionings that we must be purified of to come to that exalted platform, and thus it may take time; but for one who faithfully executes devotional service unto the Lord, someday it will come – without fail, and without any doubt.
Aum Namah Shivaya
Thank you for clarifying the ISKCON position. There is one thing that you say that I would like to expand on. You say that the punishment for eating meat could be a time in a hellish realm. I don't think that is anything that we can predict. Yes, it could be, but the destiny of karma will depend on many things. For someone who gives no thought to their diet it could be a reasonable life in theis world, but ended in an accident caused by someone's thoughtlessness. For those who have to eat meat to live, like the traditional Inuits there may be no significant karmic reactions; they show great respect to the spirit of the creatures, kill only what they need, and waste nothing. Also, as an ex meat-eater I hope that if we change then through bhakti some of the karmic debt can be paid.
Hari Krishna
That's why I specifically said "could" and not "will" 🙂 There are vivid descriptions in the shastras of punishments in the hellish regions for meat eaters; however – with not only meat-eating, but any sinful crime – the type and severity of punishment one has to face is entirely variable, based on one's own karmic profile – yes, that includes the act itself, but also the circumstances and motivations behind the act. As in the very example you cited, meat-eating for survival is *very* different from meat-eating for sheer satisfaction of the dictates of the tongue.
The Vaishnava tradition teaches that most certainly through Krishna-bhakti one will be lifted of one's karmic debt; as Krishna Himself says: "Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions. Do not fear." (Bhagavad-gita, 18.66).
Sita | October 13, 2011 at 14:20 | Reply
It's becoming a very interesting debate. I agree with Tandava that ISKON devotees who think Shaivites &Smarthas[called 'Mayavadis' by them] go to Hell do bring in their Christian or rather the 'Dogmatic' Baggage.There is also a factor called Attitude in play here.
Today ,in the Times Of India,an article on Spirituality was on this topic of 'Attitude' of Spirituality/Humility.the author was saying that people think to become spiritual one must do a fashion make-over ,giving up on the 'fun' things & taking to the 'boring' or 'dull' things like clothes,activity etc[in various degrees] while forgetting about giving a makeover to our thinking patterns &attitudes which is actually the most important &Basic requirement.I find this to be true.Many people ,I find,[generally speaking],think spirituality is in the change of clothes or diet or even repeating slokas,or reading the scriptures,alone while forgetting that change in our thinking habits are the basics which will lead them to wherever they wish to go.
On The Shiva -Vishnu -equation:
In the medieval[Indian]Agecirca 6-8 centuryC.E., there were lots of debates on Whether Shiva was the Supreme or Vishnu was the Supreme.I thought that debate had been settled when the invasions Started.So its rather [in one way] funny to see this debate here..There have also been a lot of stories of Thiruvilayadals[Shiva's] &Bhaktha-Vijayams[Vishnu's](Parable-like if that's the word) which teach us that Hari & Haran are 1 & the Same[A Tamil saying goes :"ariyum aranum onru;ariyAthavar vAyil maNNu" meaning those who don't know that Shiva & Vishnu are one are eating dust / sand (pardon the language,but that's the idiom).In fact many Puranic stories are there to teach us this interplay of Shaivism & Vaishnavism.The Story of Basmasura,The Story of How Vishnu Got the name 'Aravinda-lochana' and also his Discus the Sudarshana are examples of this thinking.May be its the Smartha in me talking,for all I know.
In India ,Shiva-Vishnu Koils abound especially in areas were there is a considerable Tamil Population.Here this fight is more about the interpretation given by the Gita [which is mainly between Advaita[Smartha],Visishtadvaita[Sri Vaishnava] &Dvaita[Madwa] Schools. Though I'm familiar with the Panniruthirumurai of Tamil-Shaivism,I don't think Thirukural is considered a part of it.Thirukural is not considered as 'Religious' but as a 'Vazhikati' Nool.As a guide to our conduct.If it was part of the 'Thirumurai',then our successive govts.[ in TamilNadu] & 'Rational" Political parties would have been the first to debunk it .Here the current joke [well a few years old,actually] is that 'ThiruVachakkam ' is influenced by the 'Bible' or is 'Christian' or somethng to that effect.
Namashkar Sita,
Thank you for a very interesting comment. I think that the identity of Shiva-Vishnu is settled in many Hindu schools, we have the image of Harihara:
Some Vishnava schools, including ISKCON don't believe in the one identity though.
Thirukural is not considered as 'Religious' but as a 'Vazhikati' Nool.As a guide to our conduct.
Having read the English translation I tend to agree that it is primarily a guide to conduct. Having said that Dharma is the foundation of spirituality, so I am not sure how it is seen. The Nandinatha Sampradaya, which I follow, is a Sri Lankan Tamil saivite school, I will have to ask for clarification on exactly how it is viewed. I too have heard the Christian propaganda that Thiruvalluvar was really a Christian!
To the Isckon devotees.
Firstly buddhists are not vegetarian. Buddhism does not teach vegetarianism. I have read the teachings of buddha.
Secondly Lord Shiva is the real god he accepts everybody vegeterians as well as non vegetarians as his devotees. Unlike krsna, the pseudo god who only accepts vegetarians. Vegetarianism started in India only a 1000 year back, historians in India all agree on this.
I am from eastern India where every hindu is non vegetarian. In nepal , bangladesh & bali hindus are all non vegetarians.
Aum namah Sivay.
Jai Ma Durga.
Many Buddhists are vegetarian, especially in the Mahayana schools. Also its clearly not true that all Hindus in Eastern India are non-vegetarian, your parents are living proof of that! Even in Nepal there are some vegetarians. Also your assertion that vegetarianism only started in India 1000 years back is clearly wrong, just look at the Thirukural.
I really don't appreciate comments disparaging other Hindu paths. I will leave it here this time but will edit other comments.
Many Buddhists are in fact vegetarian, for religious reasons – as Tandava correctly cited, especially, but not only, in Mahayana schools.
To state that all Hindus in any region are non-vegetarian is entirely erroneous – some may be, but a great number of them are not. The Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition – of which ISKCON is a part – did in fact come from Bengal, which is in the *eastern* part of India, and its adherents are strict lacto-vegetarians.
Krishna is not a "pseudo god", and in this connection it may be wise to note that even Shiva devotees and Hindus of other non-Vaishnava paths do not believe He is anything of the sort – just as Vaishnavas do not believe that Shiva is a "pseudo god", but only a dedicated servant and pure devotee of the Supreme Lord, Shri Krishna.
The Lord may accept anyone – even the most fallen sinner – as His devotee; the only qualifier is the depth and sincerity of our love and devotional service. But frankly, if one truly loves another, s/he would do wise to accept what his/her beloved likes, and reject what s/he doesn't like. What the Lord likes and does not like is clearly delineated in the shastras. Simply put, God does not like murder.
Hare Krishna.
Additionally, historians do not agree that vegetarianism is a recent concoction in the spiritual history of India – and such a thought would be quite absurd, given the very fact that those same historians acknowledge much more ancient dates of writing for numerous of the very shastras that speak against meat-eating …
What you do, in any case, is your choice; but whether one worships Shiva or Krishna, or is even an atheist, one will always get the fruits of one's actions, without fail.
Peter Hardy | October 13, 2011 at 18:20 | Reply
This is a good article thank you, but I disagree though that criticising the NT makes someone not a Christian. Many theologians do it all the time, particularly on the Catholic side, I know I certainly do. It would be better phrased as 'rejecting *all* of the NT'. You can reject the epistles and still be a Christian because you accept the gospels. Here is a distinction that you missed- that the Gita is one book whereas the NT is a anthology of books.
Moreover, it is a collection that was not completed until the late fourth century at the earliest, so all the Christians before then are Christians who didn't believe in the NT- because it didn't exist.
Thank you Peter,
I take your point about being able to criticise part of the NT. I have certainly heard some Christians criticising some things St Paul says. You are right I was thinking more about the general criticism of the whole thing.
Tandava
Sita | October 14, 2011 at 5:07 | Reply
About the Thirukural- only the first 10 verses of the 1330 speak of God as AdiBagavan in a non-denominational way. & yes there is some claim by Christians especially Catholics & the CSI, that Valluvar was a Christian as he is also from the same place as or close to the place where Thomas was believed to have been martyred,but the 'Thiruvachagam claim is even more recent. but has now died down or is muted.You see, the British scholars like Pope who had studied Tamil & did extensive translation of Tamil scriptures which they call religious poetry,couldn't believe that the sublime devotion and description of the Almighty seen in these writings and also the high moral standards emphasised in the Kural could have been achieved without Christian or Western influence.this is the reason also for Hindus to fight the appropriation of their symbols & thought by Christians[especially in India] which may spill over onto westerners adopting Hinduism or the way of life.That Christians have successfully appropriated & absorbed Pagan Rituals into their lifestyle is something of which we are very conscious.But that is digressing from the topic.
Sita Ji,
I have asked about the Tirukural and a fellow student of the Nandinatha Sampradaya directed me to the introduction to an English translation by Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a guru of our lineage. He says:
… It is called Tirukural in the Tamil language. Tiru means "holy" or "sacred," and kural describes a brief verse or literary couplet.
The poetic masterpiece you are holding in your hands is one of the most revered scriptures in South India, where every child learns to recite its verses by heart. Hindus there regard it with the same reverence that Buddhists regard the Buddha's Dhammapada and Christians regard Jesus' "Sermon on the Mount." In fact, other religions also claim it as their own. The Jains proclaim it theirs, saying it expresses precisely their ideals of nonviolence, of dharma, of asceticism, vegetarianism and other aspects of Jainism. The Christians have argued that the Tirukural is so profound and filled with such compassion that it must have been influenced by the Christian missionaries who, their legends say, came to South India in the first century ce (300 years after native historians assert it was written). Many are surprised to find that the Tirukural is still sworn upon in the courts of law in South India's state of Tamil Nadu, just as the Christian Bible and Muslim Koran are sworn on elsewhere. …
It is clear that we do count it as a scripture. Having said that, it doesn't really matter what we call it or how we classify it. It is what it is, a guide to dharmic living which can be used as the foundation of yoga and spiritual growth, or simply as a guide to life.
kodanda | October 16, 2011 at 17:34 | Reply
"As Lord Ramachandra IS a form of Lord Shri Krishna, after all"
Whoa Nelly! I just would like to point out the views of ISKCON are only that of ISKCON, and the above is not a widely held belief for those who are new to Sanatana Dharma. As this topic has already gone well off it's course I will hold my tongue on this. Besides, we all know Sri Krishna and Sri Ramachandra are full and glorious manifestations of Srimannarayana to restore Dharma.
As for the original topic, yes within Vaishnava Vedanta the Gita plays a major role in our philosophies, just certain sects like to play with the names a wee bit to expound upon their particular view. As for the Ramayana, while there are many versions of it, including Tulsidas' famous Ramacharitamanas, only the one transmitted by Valmiki is/should be considered as scripture. In it Brahma himself reveals that Sri Ramachandra is the manifestation of Srimannarayana
I agree with "If I had to make one criticism of ISKCON it would be that it often does not do enough to change the attitudes of its less advanced members from the attitudes of the exclusive Abrahamic religions to a dharmic attitude." whole heartedly. and this leads me to my next point:
"Srila Prabhupada's Bhagavad Gita As It Is is the most popular edition of it sold currently, and members of His own ISKCON have made much progress in bringing it to worldwide prominence and recognition. "
I respect this, but harassing walkers by with the in your face evangelical methods is not the right way. I am a Sri Vaishnava and devotee of Sri Ramachandra and when I see salmon coloured robes coming my way I dart across the street. I do not mean to snub a fellow Vaishnava, I just want to avoid the evangelical, abrahamic elements that are so prevalent within ISKCON. And honestly, as a Sri Vaishnava, and one who read many Gita's and their commentaries, I accept the "Bhagavad Gita, … in its entirety, "as it is"" But within my Tradition and personal view its central message is not of pure Krishna-bhakti, but of the means to Prapatti to Srimannarayana, as when Krishna speaks his "I's" and "Me's" he is speaking as the Supreme Lord himself, beyond his Avataram. If one notices, is most translations of the Gita that the names and methods in which he addresses the Lord changes as his manifestations are revealed. While in his most divine and cosmic form Arjuna refers to Krishna as Vishnu. I may be wrong on this point as I heavily rely upon translations into english and will admit I do not play at being a Sanskrit Scholar, I am but a simple devotee to the Lord.
Adiyen Ramanuja Dasa
Is there any difference between Sriman Narayana and Sri Krishna? Not at all; They are One and the Same. Sri Ramachandra is His avatara as well, and thus He is also non-different from both of Them. Yes, even Gaudiya Vaishnavism accepts that Sri Ramachandra came as an avatara of Sri Vishnu; only, the additional distinction is made that Sri Vishnu Himself is an avatara of Sri Krishna, that's it. This is accepted not only in Gaudiya Vaishnavism (including ISKCON), but also within the Hamsa (Kumara) and Rudra Sampradayas, amongst other Vaishnava schools. But in any case, They are the same Supreme Personality of Godhead. There is no difference. That is a fact accepted by all Vaishnavas.
Sri Brahma Samhita makes a beautiful analogy in this connection: "The light of one candle being communicated to other candles, although it burns separately in them, is the same in its quality. I adore the primeval Lord Govinda who exhibits Himself equally in the same mobile manner in His various manifestations." (Brahma-samhita, 5.46)
Yes, Sri Tulasidasa's Ramayana – although a very beautiful work – is not authoritative as Sri Valmaki's Ramayana. Srila Prabhupada, Founder-Acarya of ISKCON, fully agrees with this: "Tulsidas's Ramayana (Ramacharitmanasa) is but a partial representative of Srimad-Bhagavatam. The real Ramayana is Valmiki's Ramayana. Tulsidas was a devotee of Lord Rama and he has given his thoughts in his book Ramayana." (Letter to: Professor Kotovsky)
It is not "abrahminical" at all to spread the glories of the Lord, and teach and encourage others to worship Him. In fact the shastras recommend exactly this: "For one who explains this supreme secret […] pure devotional service is guaranteed, and at the end he will come back to Me. There is no servant in this world more dear to Me than he, nor will there ever be one more dear." (Bhagavad-gita, 18.68-69)
Countless souls have in fact been saved from the vicious cycle of birth and death, through abandonment of such sinful activities such as meat-eating and illicit sex, as well as by cultivating Krishna-bhakti, through these means of "evangelism." It is doubtless that Sri Krishna, Sriman Narayana, is immensely pleased with this.
Yes, admittedly, a few overenthusiastic neophyte preachers go about their preaching in the wrong way, and perhaps even inadvertently drive away souls from Sri Krishna in the process. That is unfortunate, yes, but it certainly does not mean that all preaching must be stopped! Rather, those well-meaning devotees must simply be properly trained in how to preach. There is a right way to do it, and it has been done. Bhakti cannot – and must not – be forced on anybody; rather, it should be naturally awakened, then gradually encouraged to grow.
Prapatti as a necessary physical, ritualistic act is a concept exclusive to the Sri Sampradaya specifically. But the literal meaning of "prapatti" – and the very purpose behind that act – is "surrender" unto the Lotus Feet of Sriman Narayana, or Sri Krishna. The pledge made during the Sri Vaishnava act of Prapatti – which may in this sense be considered analogous to the diksha (initiation) given in other traditions of Sanatana Dharma – is one of total surrender unto the Lotus Feet of the Lord. Yes, this mindset of total surrender is exactly what Sri Krishna teaches in Srimad Bhagavad Gita: "Abandon all varieties of religion and just surrender unto Me. I shall deliver you from all sinful reactions. Do not fear." (Bhagavad-gita, 18.66)
But can one truly and sincerely offer full surrender unto His Lotus Feet without pure bhakti? It is not possible.
I understand and respect that Vaishnava devotees from different schools of thought may have differing opinions on certain philosophical points. My own comments simply reflect my humble presentation of what I have been taught from the shastras and acharyas. I certainly didn't mean any offense to a fellow devotee; and if I've offended, please forgive me.
vāñchā-kalpa-tarubhyaś ca
kṛpā-sindhubhya eva ca
patitānāḿ pāvanebhyo
vaiṣṇavebhyo namo namaḥ
N.B. I especially appreciate how Srila Prabhupada's translation, Srimad Bhagavad-gita As It Is, comprehensively translates and thorough explains each verse, not only with a verse-by-verse translation, but even with a word-by-word translation for each verse, as well as relevant purports (commentary) with citations from other shastras and the writings of previous acharyas. There isn't a translation like it. Especially for this reason; that's a large reason how it rose to popularity, and gained recognition even in academia.
http://vedabase.com/bg/
The online Bhaktivedanta VedaBase version provides an interactive (clickable) Sanskrit glossary, wherein each Sanskrit word from the word-by-word translations in the Bhagavad-gita – as well as Srimad Bhagavatam (Bhagavata Purana) and Sri Chaitanya Charitamrita, which were translated similarly – is linked to a page citing every use of that Sanskrit word in a verse – as well as the particular translation, used in that particular context – found in those three works. A very handy tool for non-Sanskrit scholars 🙂
The shastras really develop a profoundly deeper meaning when one comes to understand the precise language used in the Vedic literatures, particularly in their original and proper contexts. So much is unfortunately lost in translation – especially to Western/European languages like English, which lack the precise terminologies used in Sanskrit to refer to a number of things.
That's also, largely, why there had been so much of confusion about certain points on the beliefs of "Hinduism" or Sanatana Dharma, as well as why so many lingering related misconceptions continue to exist today.
But that's perhaps best reserved for the subject of another discussion … all of this has gone WAY off the original topic of this post! (Apologies, Tandava!)
" to find that the Tirukural is still sworn upon in the courts of law in South India's state of Tamil Nadu" .This I think might be true,though iots the first I've heard.It might be the 'rationalists and 'Dravidian' -minded people who agitate against things considered 'Hindu' & 'Aryan'.,as they might baulk at swearing on the 'Gita'.The Thirukural is claimed by the Jainas too which may or may not be valid.In Indian literature ,we have a branch that is called Dharma Shastras & both The 'Kural' & the 'Gita' fall in that Catergory.[Needhi nool' in Tamil].Though the Gita is worshiped as coming from SriKrishna,it isn't used in Prayer as the Suktams or the Thevarams or the Prabhandams are used,which is what distinguishes them mainly.The Tamil word 'Thiru' is synonymous with the Sanskrit 'Sri' and is used for all texts that are revered.In fact ThiruMoolar's ThiruManthiram also falls under this category.
A Note on History : In TamilNadu,the fist half of the last century saw the rise of anti Aryan movements & political parties under varied Leadership of both religious & areligious [mostly anti Hindu] People.It was against use of sanskrit Language in T.N. by theists as well as anti Hindu by atheists.There was a also a movement which wanted to change our NewYear from Chithirai to Thai.This was done by the previous DMK govt[who claim to be 'Rational']through a high-handed G.O. 2 years back.The Saiva Siddhantha School,especially the followers of Maraimalai Adigal, played a prominent role in this movement.This decision promptly was changed by the succeeding AIADMK Govt. by another G.O. citing other historical sources & practices.
I give these details to explain the context in Tamil Nadu's Politico-Socio-Cultural Milieu.Maybe because the Kural was not taught to me as a sacred literature [I studied in a Convent run School for Anglo-Indians;my mother was keen that we learnt 'good' English & could speak it,too].By the way the Kamba Ramayana was taught similarly.I don't know if that was the reason.I know of People who treat the Kamba Ramayanam as sacred as the Valmiki Ramayanam,too.& a different set who holds the 'ThiruPugazh' equally sacred .
So there are many texts & each of them is holy & none less so than others,and they all teach us in different ways.
By the way, some years back We had the oppurtunity to meet one Sri.Patrick Harrigan who gave us a talk on the Kathirgamam Temple and his pilgramage from Yazhpanam to Kathirgamam was very inspiring for us to listen.His link at http://murugan.org/PatrickHarriganResume.htm. Another inspiring person ,you might know of is Sri.Wilson who is now called Swami SivaKalki http://kataragama.org/sivakalki.htm. God reaches out to us in so many ways & we are all blessed to know of Him through his Devotees.He is still playing his 'ThiruvilayAdal' !
I have not had time to read this comment fully, but I just want to tell you that the software mistook it for spam, and after recovering it I deleted your following comment that repeated the URLs linked.
Thank you Thandava;I thought I had forgotten to press 'Post' &had closed the pager by mistake..Also sorry for all the typos &careless typing.
P.S.: 'anti Aryan movement' This should be anti-'Aryan' movements . They were based on the Aryan-Dravidian/Aryan Invasion theories that were current then. Though these Theories are being questioned now1)the questioners' motives are questioned ;2) this theory is still used to derive political benefits & vote banks for the political parties,here in Tamil Nadu ;3) they are still taught in schools.
Lvka | November 13, 2011 at 6:30 | Reply
There are deep and undoubtable similarities between the monastic and ascetic traditions of Hinduism (Yoga, Buddhism, and Jainism), AND the monastic and ascetic traditions of Christianity, especially in its Eastern and Oriental forms (see: the prayer of the heart [a.k.a. the Jesus prayer, or the unceasing prayer], prayer ropes, hesychasm, theosis, dispassion, divine energies, apophatic theology, peri[en]choresis, panentheism, fasting and abstinence, mysticism, etc). Christ Himself was the culmination of the Old Testament Prophets, all of whom internalized the Mozaic Law (ie, proposed a deeper, more spiritual, and more meaningful interpretation thereof).
Tāṇḍava | November 13, 2011 at 10:40 | Reply
It may or may not have been true that Jesus was the culmination of the Old Testament prophets. However the Church since then has pushed the message of exclusiveness, division and the denigration of other faiths. It is true that the Eastern forms of Christianity are not so bad, but even they attempt to suppress other faiths.
Bhaktin S. | December 27, 2011 at 14:43 | Reply
Tandava – it's even worse than this now. In Russia presently the Bhagavad Gita and ISKCON are on trial to be banned as extremist! A case was thrown by the Russian Orthodox church and supported by the FSB!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita_trial_in_Russia
syamukamath | November 29, 2011 at 7:10 | Reply
Dear tandav
Gita s nt seen by any1 just as epic, its the summary of all Vedas, so by knowing Gita we dnt hav to study Vedas.
Bt its a summary of Vast Vedas, so its neither a new thng. We don't have testaments or any such thngs.
I ALSO PERSONALLY APOLOGISE TO ALL WESTERN HINDUS, For comments against them made by some ill informd indian bros.
And i call up on all Indians , its true their ancestors did much harm to us but they arent responsible for what s done by their ancestors.
Indian Majority accepts others in our temple, bt sum temples do hav rules that u should be hindu , proven with sufficient evidence like from ISKCON etc we r trying to change it.
And its nt Racial as those temple neither allow Indian nön – hindus too without sufficient evidence.
Yep that's true. ISKCON has been fighting for years to allow its non-Indian devotees into the Jagannatha Puri temple which is very sacred. The funny/sad thing is that I have heard even foreigner Indian-bodied persons who are not "Indian" enough (e.g. don't speak Hindi, don't have enough of an Indian accent, etc.) have been rejected from the temple! That's even over race discrimination!
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Abraham Yeshuratnam | January 15, 2013 at 18:09 | Reply
If we delve deep into the Mahabharata, it is only a story of a war between two families. It remained a story for several centuries. During the Hindu kingdoms of Gupta, Vijayanagar and Mahratta the story aspect of the Mahabharata alone was etched in the minds of the people. There were no philosophical discourses in temples. Devotees worshiped the idols of gods and goddesses. All Hindu scriptures remained mnemonic and there were no manuscripts, for it was considered sacreligious to produce manuscripts or to print books of the sacred scriptures. A prayer like the Gayatri mantra could be recited only by Brahmins. If a non-Brahmin had accidentally heard the recital by a Brahmin, molten led would be poured into his ears. The Asiatic Society was founded in 1784 by William Jones. While still on board of the frigate Crococlile carrying him from England to India, he prepared a long list detailing his plan of study. This included "the laws of the Hindus and Mahomedans; Arithmatic and Geometry and mixed sciences of Asiaticks; Medicine, Chemistry, Surgery and Anatomy of the Indians etc.,." So even before landing in India, Jones was bent upon establishing the fact that ancient Indians were well versed in philosophy, mathematicas, science and medicine. But there were no manuscripts of Hindu scriptures and no original sources about Indian knowledge of science and medicine. The preferred method of Jones and other British scholars was to sit in the company of Sankrit-knowing Brahmins's and other Hindus, and to ask them to recite from memory Hindu scriptures. Scientists say that memory loss begins at the age of 40. How could the old Brahmins recite by heart century-old Scriptures? Recital by Brahmins contained many contemporary ideas. William Jones and other Orientalists syncretised Sanskrit with Classical and Biblical narratives, to establish transcultural correspondences by means of often crude conjectural etymologies. There were Brahmins such as Pundit Ramlochan, Balachandra Siromani, Rajendralala Misra, Bala Sastri of Benares, Radhakanta Sarman who were allowed to produce their own versions of Hindu scriptures. Many fake manuscripts were produced. Brahmin scholars could get easy access to Christian scriptures and western literature from Fort William College and Sanskrit College in Calcutta established by the British. Another scholar, Francis Wilford, claimed that he had discovered the relationship among Hindu traditions, the Bible and the ancient British antiquities. Jones and other scholars, in collaboration with Brahmins, produced Sanskrit manuscripts with these fake claims. Krishna's narration of creation in the Bhagavad Gita and the creation account in the Manu smriti produced by Jones are modified reproduction of the creation account in the Bible. Krishna's instructions in the Gita are patterned on the book of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes in the Bible. As the modern translation of the Bhagavad Gita indicates, the work is in poetic form and in many places it is metrically exact parallel to Biblical literature. Sir Charles Wilkins translated the Bhagavad Gita into English in 1785, and he had used the Sanskrit manuscript produced by Asiatic Society scholars with so many interpolations and deletions. It was the English translation that gave worldwide publicity for the Bhagavad Gita. Deception and forgeries can be detected in the manuscripts produced by them. In 1788, Wilford, claimed to have found innumerable references to ancient Egypt, its Kings and holy places in Puranas by publishing a long text of baroque complexity in Asiatic Researches. However, Wilford was forced to admit with a humiliating note in the same journal that he had been systematically duped by his head Brahmin Pandit between 1793 and 1805. Probably the modernized version of the Bhagavad Gita was interpolated during this period.
Sita Shankar. | January 22, 2013 at 11:53 | Reply
"There were no philosophical discourses in temples. Devotees worshiped the idols of gods and goddesses. All Hindu scriptures remained mnemonic and there were no manuscripts, for it was considered sacreligious to produce manuscripts or to print books of the sacred scriptures. A prayer like the Gayatri mantra could be recited only by Brahmins. If a non-Brahmin had accidentally heard the recital by a Brahmin, molten led would be poured into his ears. "
A lot of conjectures & opinions & deliberately motivated propaganda against indus & Hinduism are being passed of as Truth in the above comment.
How does he know/come to the conclusion that we had discourses or not in temples in earlier times.He obviously doesn't know Hindu traditions & its method of transference,that he comes to such a conclusion.
The author has obviously not heard of Palm leaf manuscripts.Beech Bark was similarly used in the North.
What comes clearly through is his back handed way of appropriating the Wisdom mentioned in the Gita & other Hindu Scriptures .Here this author is saying Hindus are copying from the Bible & interpolating it into the Bhagavad Gita &,Puranas & ManuSmriti etc .At other other places I found Christians are using the same Puranas to Justify Christ & Christianity,saying its been Prophesied in the Puranas,and Therefore We must all become Christians.They also use 'OM' ,'Shri' etc in their prayers & abuse Shiva & Vishnu in the same breath.
As for Molten Lead being poured in a person who says the Gayatri Mantra,its sheer nonsense &a kind of 'Blood Libel' indulged by Christians to promot anti-Hindu sentiments amongst themselves,to prevent people going back to their parental religion!
"How could the old Brahmins recite by heart century-old Scriptures? "
He also doesn't know how are scriptures are recited,taught or discussed. We can't teach this kind of kbnowledge through a comment in a blog! He has to make an effort to learn by first losing his prejudiced opinions learnt through his church!
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A Modern Hindu Reveals
Me no big chief.. the world of littleindian


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Tmall Global Gears Up For Rising Cross-Border Demand
Home > Business Commerce > Global Trade
Tmall Global, Alibaba Group's cross-border e-commerce platform, is gearing up to meet rising demand for quality imported goods among China's 100 million middle-class spenders, company officials said this week.
Tmall Global, which claims a user base of more than 40 million Chinese consumers, plans over the next three years to attract more young and affluent consumers in part by recruiting new and interesting products and brands from overseas, releasing them via the Tmall Global channel, and helping merchants grow in the China market. The platform now hosts more than 14,500 international brands from 63 countries and regions.
"On one hand, we will continue to introduce big brands," said Tmall Global General Manager Alvin Liu at an event held this week at Alibaba's Hangzhou, China, headquarters that was attended by some 800 retailers from around the world. "On the other hand, we want to see more brands with personality. We wish to build a dynamic ecosystem to cater to the niche and diverse needs of Chinese consumers."
Tmall Global, which enables international brands to sell online directly and efficiently to Chinese consumers, said the number of product categories on the site climbed nearly 50 percent in 2016 to 3,700. Some categories getting sales traction include electronic beauty devices, fresh food and dairy, wine and pet food, the company said.
Company officials said more than 80% of the retailers it hosts made their China debut on Tmall Global. In the year ended March 31, 14 storefronts achieved GMV of at least RMB 100 million ($14.52 million), including Australia's leading pharmacy Chemist Warehouse, American fashion retailer Macy's, Japanese drug store Matsukiyo, and supermarkets Costco from the U.S., Sainsbury's from the U.K, Metro from Germany and emart from South Korea.
Tmall Global and Taobao Global, a platform owned by Alibaba hosting agents and distributors to sell products from overseas markets, ranked as the No. 1 and No. 2 cross-border online shopping platforms in China in the fourth quarter of 2016, according to research firm Analysys. The platforms captured market shares of 18.9 percent and 15.4 percent respectively.
To engage digital-savvy Chinese customers and raise awareness of new products, Tmall Global said this year it will team up with brands to invest in content marketing via social media channels.
Tmall Global is also encouraging merchants to expand their distribution channels within Alibaba's ecosystem by setting up flagship stores for best-selling products on Tmall.com, China's largest B2C online shopping site. In addition, Tmall Global is also promoting partnerships between overseas retailers and Tmall Direct Import, a special online sales channel designed to test and promote new products.
Cross-Border E-CommerceimportMiddle ClassTmall Global
Business Commerce
Alibaba's Alvin Liu On What China's Reopening Means For Cross-Border Retail In 2023
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Global Brands Stream Black Friday Sales on Taobao Live
Alibaba News Roundup: 2023 Lunar New Year Dining and Shopping Trends
24-Carrot Luxury Released On Alibaba's Tmall For The Year of The Rabbit
Express Yourself: How Coach Leverages Tmall Luxury Pavilion to Engage Chinese Consumers


To earn the ASSIST Award, students must present evidence of their capability across each of the six University of Limerick Graduate Attributes. These include being Articulate, Collaborative, Creative, Knowledgeable, Proactive, and Responsible. Each Graduate Attribute comprises of four Soft Skills. Once each of the four Soft Skill badges within a Graduate Attribute badge has been earned, students will automatically be awarded the Graduate Attribute badge. Selecting any of the Graduate Attributes below will provide you with information regarding the specific Soft Skills associated with it.


Our RA180 Crewgard headset was originally designed for the British Army's Challenger II main battle tank and continues to offer high levels of attenuation through a combination of passive and active noise reduction (ANR).
Excellent speech intelligibility and hearing protection are assured through the combination of passive and active noise reduction. Earcushion materials ensure a comfortable fit even when worn for long periods of time.
The RA180 headset is configured almost exclusively for the General Dynamics intercom family which shares a common audio interface, i.e. Clansman, Iris, Bowman, and MESHnet.
It features a sprung neckband and overhead straps with line powered Talk Through, ANR, and Voice Operated Switch (VOS) as standard, unless otherwise stated. The RA180/1025 MK II variant is configured for Bowman with improvements to the ANR, attenuation, earcushions, flexi boom arm, and noise cancelling microphone.
Variants to suit other intercom systems can be configured from the RA315 IHS which shares the same earshell design. A passive variant can also be configured.


The anime drawing master delivers another fine example of a 'how to draw' characters video where he explores the techniques necessary to create a fictional mecha character in pencil.
This is a beginner's lesson and Crilley begins with the upper torso because it is the largest section to draw and allows all the other limbs to be proportioned accordingly. Using his infamous black prismacolor pencil he uses linear guidelines and reference points to sketch large areas like the arms of the mecha bot and the legs so the drawing takes a convincing shape of a robot.
He says people ask him 'how do I gather the proportions of a mecha bot'. Well as he quite simply states, 'It's a robot, they have no proportions' so with this in mind you have a great avenue to get creative there. Drawing the armour can be fun and unique so you can use this video to take on Crilley's expert guidelines and opinions. Have fun and be experimental with your drawing, after all these robots are based on fantasy and fiction so reach for you pencil and get going on your paper with help of everyone's favourite anime drawing instructor.


By Syncplify March 30, 2017 March 30, 2017 Release Notes, Syncplify.me Server!
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"Tall dress by TFNC, Sequin-embellished fabric, High neck, Strappy back detail, Maxi length, Slim fit - cut close to the body, Hand wash, Our model wears a UK 8/EU 36/US 4 and is 178cm/5'10" tall, Exclusive to ASOS. London label TFNC is renowned for its standout occasionwear. Step it up in sparkly fabrics, embellished styles and party-prepped bodycon dresses that are perfectly proportioned to fit girls who are 5'9"/1.75m and over – just don't outshine the bride."


Normandie, Франция, 48.87°С 1.42°И 64м. надм.
Access historical weather information for Ézy-sur-Eure with history+. Available worldwide and independent from weather stations. Download consistent and gap-free hourly data for Ézy-sur-Eure as CSV. You can test data access for Basel freely.


CHOTEAU, Mont. — Across North America — in places as far-flung as Montana and British Columbia, New Hampshire and Minnesota — moose populations are in steep decline. And no one is sure why. Twenty years ago, Minnesota had two geographically separate moose populations.


In recent years one can observe in Europe, including Ukraine, the ousting of research strategies of the humanities by those of the will to power, struggle for the signs of prestige, depreciation of self-sufficiency of the scientific searching. Parascience, plagiarism, deficit of novel methodologies in our territory, threatening simulacra and fictions in science lead to reduction of the essence of scientific knowledge to nothing and, finally, to devaluation of fundamental values of civil society.
Корнієнко Неллі (2014). Імітація і плаґіат як загроза академічній свободі . Філософська думка, №4. с. 101-109.


text:
Dr. Joanna Allan
Dr Joanna Allan
Joanna joined Northumbria University in March 2019, where she is continuing her Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship research into the colonial implications of renewable energy developments in Western Sahara. Before this, she was a Leverhulme Early Career Fellow and Teaching Fellow at Durham University.
Joanna obtained her doctorate from Leeds University in December 2016. Her PhD focused on histories of women's nonviolent resistance to dictatorships in Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara. Her research is interdisciplinary, combining cultural studies with research methods from social and political sciences and political anthropology.
Before beginning her PhD, Joanna worked at National Energy Action in Newcastle, the Consortium on HIV/AIDS and International Development in London, and London Councils European Service (housed by Greater London Enterprise) in London/Brussels. She has also volunteered with Western Sahara solidarity groups for a number of years, including as President of Western Sahara Resource Watch until 2017.
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Hispanic Studies PhD December 01 2016
Fellow (FHEA) Higher Education Academy (HEA) 2019
Please visit the Pure Research Information Portal for further information
Decolonising Renewable Energy: Aeolian Aesthetics in the poetry of Fatma Galia Mohammed Salem and Limam Boisha, Allan, J. 27 Jun 2019, In: Bulletin of Hispanic Studies
Silenced Resistance, Allan, J. 23 Apr 2019
El colonialismo y el patriarcado en la literature afrohispana, Allan, J. 17 Jul 2018, Trans-afrohispanismos, Leiden and Boston, Brill
Activist Ethics, Allan, J. 1 Dec 2017, In: Journal of Resistance Studies
Natural Resources and Intifada, Allan, J. 2016, In: Journal of North African Studies
Acting with Impunity, Allan, J., Lakhal, H. 1 Apr 2015
Privilege, Marginalization, and Solidarity, Allan, J. 2014, In: Feminist Media Studies
Research at Northumbria
Research is the life blood of a University and at Northumbria University we pride ourselves on research that makes a difference; research that has application and affects people's lives.
If you would like to know more about our courses, or life in general as a student at Northumbria, then we can help you.


Today we woke up to the beautiful sight of Kosrae and set anchor at its main wharf at around 9:00am.
This is our last port of call before returning to Japan, and everyone was keen to learn about the island and meet with the local people.
Soon after, we boarded some buses and headed to our first stop of the day, the Kosrae Nautilus Resort, where we had a delicious and filling lunch.
From there, we were taken to various places of interest on the island, for example, an outdoor display of local handicrafts and traditional foods, as well as a chance to visit a clam farm, the local museum, and even some ancient ruins situated in dense rainforest.
Following our tour of the island, we returned to the Nautilus Resort where we were treated to a smorgasbord of fresh local fruits and desserts.
Although we've been in Kosrae for only a short time, we've managed to experience many things, in particular, the unforgettable beauty of this island-paradise as well as the warmth and generosity of its people, for which we are truly grateful.


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University of Oxford Simon and June Li 2022 Undergraduate Scholarship
Looking for a great learning experience at the University of Oxford and you have no funds to support your education? Then apply for the Simon and June Li Undergraduate Scholarship 2022 at University of Oxford.
The scholarships have been established to provide funding for undergraduate students demonstrating exceptional academic merit who may be prevented from taking up their course of study as a result of financial constraint. Scholarships will be awarded on the basis of academic merit and financial need.
About University of Oxford
Simon and June Li Undergraduate Scholarship
Aim and Benefits of Simon and June Li Undergraduate Scholarship
Simon and June Li Undergraduate Scholarship Courses
Requirements for Simon and June Li Undergraduate Scholarship Qualification
Oxford University has a rich tradition of developing leaders. Our MBA programme builds on this legacy, providing you with a solid foundation in core business principles while developing a broadened mindset and understanding of the role of business in society. You will be challenged to delve deep into the areas that interest you most and gain the strategic skills and insight to lead a successful, purposeful career. The programme exposes you to: a global connected network a diverse student group diverse career opportunities thought leaders a rigorous academic experience... read more
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Application Deadline February 9, 2022
Value: Course fees and a grant towards living costs
Duration: 3 or 4 years depending on course length
Scholarships will be awarded on the basis of academic merit and financial need. The information that you provide in your application form will be used to assess how you meet these criteria.
To be eligible for the Scholarship at Oxford University 2022:
Applicants must be ordinarily resident in one of the eligible countries.
Applicants must be registered for an undergraduate course at the University of Oxford for the 2022 academic session.
Must have obtained relevant credentials required for admission into Oxford University.
Applicants must demonstrate excellent academic and leadership abilities.
Applicants must note that the scholarship is highly competitive and the University does not have additional funding for those candidates who are not offered scholarship.
Subject Eligibility: Humanities, Social Science, Mathematical Science, Physical Science, Life and Medical Sciences.
Interested and qualified? Go to University of Oxford on www.ox.ac.uk to apply
You must make an application to the University of Oxford for an undergraduate course through UCAS by 15 October 2021 and be successful in gaining a place.
Details on how to apply for a scholarship for 2022 entry will be made available on this page in January 2022.
For 2022 entry applicants who apply by the 9 February 2022 scholarship deadline, the selection process will be undertaken in March 2022.
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AniView is a simple open-source animated GIF viewer.
Large "left" and "right" buttons enable stepping through and viewing any GIFs in the same folder.
There are menu options to export all animation frames, open the image in your default GIF editor, or view Explorer's Properties dialog for the file.
A Settings dialog has options for "Repeat behaviour" (play the animation one, twice, three times or repeat forever), and your preferred export format (PNG, BMP, JPEG and TIFF, though not GIF, surprisingly).
AniView played our test GIFs without difficulty, but the interface isn't as intuitive as it could be. We can't drag and drop files, for instance; the player uses non-standard icons, including "refresh" for play and "pin" to stop; you can't manually step from frame to frame, or drag the playing point to a specific spot.


In August of 2009, singer William McCarthy's younger brother James was found dead of an apparent suicide inside Napa State Hospital. Just one week later, McCarthy's band Pela imploded, leaving both him and band mate Eric Sanderson devastated, in financial ruin, and with a halffinished album that may never see the light of day.
The two resurfaced with a new name, Augustines and, together with drummer Robert Allen, rose up to become one of the most celebrated independent bands in the world.
Rise: The Story of Augustines chronicles the journey of these two men who faced their demons, refused to fall and established a lifelong brotherhood as they struggled to finish their seminal debut record, all while trying to maintain their own sanity and pay tribute to James.


Please complete this form for receiving a binding rental offer for a 3D laser scanner or optical 3D scanner. We will just use your data for submitting an offer. Your data will not be distributed to third parties. The offer is nonbinding for you. The renting is made according to the general rental conditions. You will find the rental conditions in the general terms and conditions on our GTC site.
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Which games that are being promoted after 4 years of release…?
World of Warcraft, and Final Fantasy XI?
… And Not a MMO? Or have a Sequel?
The only one I can think of is Team Fortress 2.
Games are usually do not get promotional material produced after the games release. If they do, it's usually released with in a few weeks of release. Most Games have promotional Material well before the release date. The only exception for this is a video being released as part of the warm up as part of a update pack, which it is. The first Team Fortress 2 Trailer was about 7 years before the release of the game, but that was for an unreleased version of the game.
The first Trailer for the game we recognise today, was released about 5 years ago. They've got most of the building blocks in place, but there are many obvious differences, most classes' outfits don't match their release day outfits. Also many weapons changed since that video. It was a montage run down of all the classes, with some action, on familiar map called 2fort. It was first shown to the public over a year before the game was released.
With a few months to go, they made "Meet The Heavy", which was a short Video of an interview with The Heavy Weapons Guy. It was soon joined after with "Meet The Soldier," in which The Soldier gave a speech to his Squad. The video featured a "story line" of a battle, which was inserted in to the video. While a single scene "Meet The Engineer" Video was added before the game launched in to a Public Beta.
"Meet the Sniper" added just before next Game content update, known as the Pyro Update. With exception of The Soldier, all the classes' talked to camera in an interview, and featured the class winning in battle, in their style.
The 3rd major update, The Heavy Update, brought a new twist, "Meet The Sandvich." The Sandvich was initially a Prop for Meet the Scout, but was now an unlockable weapon. The Video was set inside, presumably, the RED team's Fridge, and "showed" the effects of it being used on the Heavy, off camera, outside the Fridge. The Video even had the marks that all the TF2 videos have.
After skipping an update, the 5th major update, The Spy VS Sniper, revealed Meet the Spy. This Video featured a scene, staring BLU team and a Red Spy at work. As with previous videos, it featured a few hints about the next update. Several hats where hidden in the background, the entire set of new sniper weapons where shown in the background. The Spy's Disguise used in the Video used the Scout's unlock weapon, which prior to the update it was not possible to appear to have unlock weapons as a spy.
Due to the video being Leaked a few days before, Valve re-did the video's opening scene, and awarded themselves a Corporate "Achievement." (The games awards you with a "achievement" for doing a specified task.) The Official TF2 Blog featured Robin Walker, the one of the Lead Creators of the game firing almost everyone and hiring them again.
That brings us up to date for the Meet the Team Videos. Valve made a few TF2 Videos to tease us. The Engineer Teaser, and The Mac Trailer both showed new items that later appeared in the game. Valve referenced the Apple Computer logo, and the "white ear buds" made famous by the iPod. Both Videos showed items that later appeared in game.
Valve made 3 games since Team Fortress 2 launched, all 3 featured one FMV, and in the case of Portal 2 several Videos for in game screens. For Portal 2 Valve created a series of short Videos, which were made to appear to be a corporate video for investors or Potential Customer of Products that only exist in game, such as the Aperture Science Sentry Gun.
If you've enjoyed the videos, and you now want to play the game? For the next few days, you can play for FREE forever. I should point out that the game needs large download of over 8 Gigabytes before you can play, but Steams built in download manager helps you out. There are few things you can't do if you don't buy a Premium account (by purchasing any item in game).
There even two other free games which you can get hats for TF2 in. Both Alien Swarm and Spiral Knights feature hats and stuff. Spiral Knights runs under the Free to play Scheme, in which you can pay to counter a "slow" recharging energy meter. Alien Swarm due to legal issues can't be sold for money.
Normally, I'd post a Video explaining the basics of the game here, but I'm working on that now.
While you wait, here's Steam Basics again, which you if you don't understand, you can't get the game. Although you just need to use Team Fortress 2 instead of Portal on the store page. If you like the look of Portal, there is a demo available, and you can buy both games in several packs.