text:
\section{\label{sec:intro}Introduction}

Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities occur when a dense fluid is accelerated into a lighter fluid, for example under the influence of a gravitational field \citep{Taylor1950, Rayleigh1882}. While this instability is traditionally studied in a strictly fluid regime \citep{Sharp1984, Kull1991}, applying a fully-kinetic treatment allows for study of a range of collisionality, from collisionless and intermediate, where fluid models are not applicable, to highly collisional regimes approaching the fluid limit \citep{ramaprabhu2006RT,Sagert2015, Gallis2016,Wei2012}.

This work explores a fully-kinetic treatment of the classical RT instability for a single neutral particle species for varying collisionality, with a future goal of extending into a collisional two-species plasma with evolving electromagnetic fields.  A body of literature exists studying magnetohydrodynamic and extended-magnetohydrodynamic modeling of the RT instability \citep{stone2007magnetic, srinivasan2012mechanism, srinivasan2012magnetic}, the role of viscosity, resistivity, and thermal conduction in RT and magneto-RT instability growth \citep{srinivasan2014mitigating, song2020survey, bera2021effect}, and the role of incorporating some kinetic effects on the magneto-RT instability through use of higher-fidelity fluid models \citep{Huba1998, srinivasan2018role}.

Kinetic effects can emerge when mean-free-paths are long relative to a relevant characteristic length scale. Shock-driven implosion experiments at the OMEGA Laser facility \citep{Omega} have shown evidence of kinetic phenomena in high-energy-density regimes, such as non-hydrodynamic mixing, thermal decoupling, and species separation \citep{Rinderknecht2014, Rinderknecht2015, Rosenberg2014}. Emergence of kinetic effects within a shock may imply the presence of kinetic effects for the RT instability when mean-free-paths are long relative to the fluid interface. Other implosion experiments at OMEGA have studied the physics relevant to RT instability growth in core-collapse supernovae but focused on a purely hydrodynamic interpretation of the results \citep{KuranzDrake2009,Kuranz2009,Drake2004}. As there is evidence of a transition from a hydrodynamic to a kinetic regime within OMEGA high-energy-density experiments, fully-kinetic simulations to accompany RT experiments may offer a novel explanation of disparities between experiment and hydrodynamic simulation.

For these studies, the continuum-kinetic capabilities of the plasma simulation framework \texttt{Gkeyll} \citep{gkylDocs} are used to evolve particle distribution functions, $f$. \texttt{Gkeyll} uses a discontinuous Galerkin method \citep{Reed1973, Cockburn1998, Cockburn2001} to discretize and evolve the Boltzmann equation \citep{Juno2018, Hakim2020},

\begin{equation}
	\frac{\partial{}f}{\partial t} +  \boldsymbol{v}\cdot\boldsymbol{\nabla}_{\boldsymbol{x}} f + \boldsymbol{a}\cdot\boldsymbol{\nabla}_{\boldsymbol{v}}f = \left( \frac{\partial{f}}{\partial t}  \right)_C,
\end{equation}
where $\boldsymbol{x}$ and $\boldsymbol{v}$ are the two independent particle position and velocity, respectively. Acceleration vector, $\boldsymbol{a}$, is simply gravity, $\boldsymbol{g}$, for this work, as only neutral particles will be considered. The right-hand term accounts for particle collisions and is approximated here by the Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) operator \citep{Bhatnagar1951, Cagas2018},

\begin{equation}
	\left( \frac{\partial{f}}{\partial t}  \right)_C = \nu(f_{M} - f),
\end{equation}
where $f_{M}$ is an ideal Maxwellian distribution function calculated from moments of $f$, and $\nu$ is the collision frequency. The BGK operator is necessarily conservative in number density, momentum, and energy when $\nu$ is constant with respect to particle velocity as it is in this work. This approximation is appropriate for neutral species, as considered here. For a plasma, $\nu$ is generally known to scale with particle velocity as $v^{-4}$. Assuming constant $\nu$ for a plasma would overestimate energy-fluxes in the high-energy tails of the distribution.

\texttt{Gkeyll} discretizes $f$ on a phase-space grid of up to six dimensions by decomposing $f$ using a set of piecewise polynomials with superlinear order up to $p$ \citep{Arnold2011}. Distribution functions are then evolved in time using a strong-stability-preserving Runge-Kutta method.

\section{Problem Description}
\label{sec:methods}
Distribution functions in this work are 5-dimensional, with two spatial and three velocity space dimensions, $(x, y, v_x, v_y, v_z)$, and have initial conditions derived from hydrostatic equilibrium with
\begin{equation}
	\boldsymbol{\nabla} p = -nm\boldsymbol{g}.
\end{equation}

All units are normalized using a particle species of mass $m=1.0$, upper bound density $n_1 = 1.0,$ and gravity $g = 1.0$. Initial number density and pressure profiles are as follows

\begin{equation}
	n(y) = \frac{n_0}{2} \tanh\left(\frac{\alpha y}{L_y}\right)+ \frac{3}{2}n_0,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
	p(y) = \frac{mgn_0}{2}\left[ \ln \left(\cosh\left(\frac{\alpha y}{L_y}\right)\right) + 3y \right] + \frac{3}{2} n_0 T_0,\\
\end{equation}
where $n_0 = 0.5$ is density at the center of the interface, $L_y = 1.0$ is half the length of the simulation domain in $y$, and $T_0$ is an arbitrary constant chosen to ensure the minimum pressure in the domain is positive. With the density and pressure profiles above, the interface between the high- and low-density regions is continuous and has width defined by $\alpha$. Simulations are initialized with $\alpha=25$ to ensure the width of the interface is small relative to the domain size. This initial density profile corresponds to an Atwood number, $\mathit{A_t} = (n_1 - n_{2})/(n_1+ n_{2})$, of $1/3$. Boundary conditions are periodic in $x$ and static reservoir in $y$, where the edge ghost layers of cells are a continuation of the initial conditions and do not evolve in time. Distribution functions are initially Maxwellian in velocity space, according to,
\begin{equation}
	f(\boldsymbol{v}) = \frac{n}{(2\pi v_{\mathit{th}}^2)^{3/2}}\exp\left(-\frac{(\boldsymbol{v} - \boldsymbol{u})^2}{2v_{\mathit{th}}^2}\right),
\end{equation}
for initial bulk velocity $\boldsymbol{u}$, where $v_{\mathit{th}} = \sqrt{T/m}$ is thermal velocity. The pressure profile given by Eq. (5) is used to calculate a temperature $T = p/n$, which is then used to initialize the Maxwellian distribution.

While these initial conditions are hydrostatic, they are not a true Boltzmann equilibrium for the case of finite collision frequency, as any deviations from Maxwellian are not immediately damped out by collisions. Additionally, if the collision frequency is not sufficiently high, the interface diffuses and the fluid layers mix before the instability grows.

To generate the RT instability, a single-mode sinusoidal perturbation of wavenumber $k$ is applied to the $y$-direction bulk velocity, $u_y$, according to
\begin{equation}
	u_y = -0.1v_{\mathit{th},c}\cos\left(kx\right)\exp\left(-\frac{y^2}{2y_r^2}\right),
\end{equation}
where $k=\pi /(2L_x)$,  $v_{\mathit{th},c}$ is initial thermal velocity at the center of the domain, $L_x = 0.75$ is half the simulation domain length in $x$, and $y_r = L_y/10$ is a characteristic decay length for the perturbation. Initial conditions of $n$, $v_{\mathit{th}}^2$, and $u_y$ are shown in Figure \ref{fig:ic}.

\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig1.eps}}
	\caption{Initial conditions in number density (left), bulk velocity (center), and square of thermal velocity (right).}
	\label{fig:ic}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}
Collision frequencies are calculated from a chosen Knudsen number, $\mathit{Kn} = \lambda_{m}/L_x$, i.e., the ratio between particle mean-free-path $\lambda_m$ and scale length $L_x$. Collision frequencies are assumed to be constant spatially and temporally, according to $\nu = v_{\mathit{th},c}/\lambda_m$. However, collision frequency is generally known to scale with density and temperature \cite{braginskii1965}, and RT instability simulations with spatially-varying collisionality will be explored in future work. In this work, values of $\mathit{Kn}$ are chosen as 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001. Simulations are run to an end time of 3 classical RT instability growth periods, $\tau_{RT} = 1/\sqrt{kgA_t}$. Time evolution of number density and temperature for each case is shown in Figure \ref{fig:densevolution} and Figure \ref{fig:tempevolution} respectively, for times 0, $1.5\,\tau_{RT}$, and $3.0\,\tau_{RT}$.

\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig2}}
	\caption{Time evolution of number density for varying collisionality. Left to right is $\mathit{Kn}$ of 0.1 (a), 0.01 (b), and 0.001 (c). Top to bottom is time 0.0, $1.5\tau_{RT}$, and $3.0\tau_{RT}$.  Note that the low collisionality case (left column) presents no RT instability growth, and the intermediate collisionality case (middle column) presents significantly altered RT instability growth compared to the high collisionality case (right column) which approaches the fluid limit.}
	\label{fig:densevolution}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.98\linewidth]{Fig3}}
	\caption{Time evolution of temperature for varying collisionality. Left to right is $\mathit{Kn}$ of 0.1 (a), 0.01 (b), and 0.001 (c). Top to bottom is time 0.0, $1.5\tau_{RT}$, and $3.0\tau_{RT}$.}
	\label{fig:tempevolution}
\end{figure}

The fluid interface diffuses in all cases due to finite collisionality. As mean-free-path increases from the limit of infinite collisionality, particles stream past one another over longer distances without interacting. The net result is a mixing of the fluid layers that speeds up as mean-free-path increases, as particles are not affected by the pressure gradient until a collision event. With no perturbation, the interface continues to diffuse until the fluid layers mix completely.

For the lowest collisionality case, the interface diffuses so quickly relative to the RT instability growth time scale that there is effectively no interface where the instability can form. As collisionality increases by an order of magnitude, the interface diffuses slowly enough that the RT instability is able to grow. At the end time, the expected bubble and spike structures are present with diffuse edges. The most collisional case approaches the expected fluid result, with minimal diffusion of the interface and mushroom structures on the bubble and spike as secondary Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities form. The temperature distribution exhibits identical behavior to the density evolution. Note that the growth of the RT instability for the intermediate case is slower than that of the highly collisional case.

In order to quantify the effects of collisionality on RT instability growth, an approach similar to \cite{Sagert2015} and \cite{Duff1962} is used to calculate a growth rate, $\gamma_{0}$, that includes viscous and diffusive effects,
\begin{equation}
    \gamma_{0} = \sqrt{kg\mathit{At}+ \nu_v^2k^4} - (\nu_v + \xi)k^2,
\end{equation}
where $\nu_v = v_{\mathit{th},c}\lambda_m/2$ is the kinematic viscosity, and $\xi = \nu_v$ is the diffusion coefficient. Note that \cite{Sagert2015} and \cite{Duff1962} include an additional factor for dynamic diffusion effects to calculate a time-dependent growth rate, which has been neglected here. Because the primary dynamic diffusion effect is the diffusion of the interface, which occurs exclusively early in the simulation, those early data points are excluded from the growth rate calculation to achieve a constant linear growth rate that describes RT instability growth for the majority of the simulation. Growth rates are calculated using $h$, the difference between the top of the bubble and the bottom of the spike, and are presented in Figure \ref{fig:growth} for the case of $\mathit{Kn}$ = 0.01 and 0.001, compared with a neutral fluid simulation using the Euler equations. It is assumed that kinetic simulations converge to those of the Euler equations in the limit of infinite collisionality as non-ideal transport becomes negligible. Early data points are also ignored for the fluid simulations, as the perturbation to $u_y$ causes waves to be launched that interfere with RT instability growth early in time. Growth rates calculated from the linear fits in Figure \ref{fig:growth} are compared with theoretical growth rates in Table \ref{tab:growth}.
\begin{table}[b]
\caption{\label{tab:growth}%
Values of RT instability growth rates, calculated from simulation ($\gamma$) and theory ($\gamma_0$).}
\begin{ruledtabular}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\textrm{Case}&
\textrm{$\gamma$}&
\textrm{$\gamma_0$}\\
\colrule
       $\mathit{Kn} = $ 0.01   & 0.9635 & 0.9723 \\
       $\mathit{Kn} = $ 0.001   & 1.1369 & 1.1603\\
       Fluid & 1.1708 & 1.1816\\
\end{tabular}
\end{ruledtabular}
\end{table}
There is good agreement between the calculated growth rates and the theoretical growth rates with static diffusion, and as $\mathit{Kn}$ increases, $\gamma$ and $\gamma_0$ approach the fluid result. The slight decrease in agreement from the 0.01 $\mathit{Kn}$ case to the 0.001 case is likely due either to the presence of diffusion in the kinetic case or not capturing the transition from time-varying growth to linear growth as well in the data output frames (i.e., the transition is between data points 3 and 4 for the 0.001 case).  While fluid simulations of the RT instability have been performed with viscosity \citep{menikoff1977unstable, srinivasan2014mitigating, song2020survey, bera2021effect}, the presence of a fluid viscosity alone is insufficient to explain the diffusion of the interface seen here (including the dynamic diffusion effects early in time).  To explain the kinetic parameter regime of the intermediate collisionality case, this work is a first to probe into a detailed kinetic interpretation of the RT instability.

\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Fig4}}
	\caption{Logarithm of $h$, the difference between spike and bubble heights, as a function of time for $\mathit{Kn} = 0.01 \text{ and } 0.001$ and a fluid simulation using the Euler equations. Data points early in time are excluded from the fit due to dynamic diffusion of the interface for the kinetic cases and wave launching for the fluid case. Note as $\mathit{Kn}$ decreases, the RT instability growth rate approaches the fluid simulation result.}
	\label{fig:growth}
\end{figure}

While highly collisional regimes asymptoting to fluid results are reasonably well-understood for the neutral fluid RT instability, intermediate collisional regimes require kinetic simulations since the fluid model is no longer valid in these regimes. Variation in RT instability growth as a function of collisionality implies the emergence of kinetic effects as collisionality decreases and distribution functions are allowed to become less Maxwellian. A metric to quantify non-Maxwellian distributions spatially can aid in probing the 5-dimensional distribution function by highlighting potential areas of variation from equilibrium. In an attempt to capture the spatial distribution of such variations, a density analogue is constructed from the distribution function and a constructed Maxwellian as follows,

\begin{equation}
	n_{N}(\boldsymbol{x}) = \int |f(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{v}) - f_M(\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{v})| \text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v}.
\end{equation}

This non-Maxwellian density allows for spatial representation of non-Maxwellian distribution functions and has units of density, allowing for simple comparison to the density profiles in Figure \ref{fig:densevolution}. Non-Maxwellian density for each $\mathit{Kn}$ is presented below in Figure \ref{fig:nm}. Note that recent work by \citet{Cagas2021} shows that a boundary layer forms at reservoir boundaries for the Vlasov-BGK model, Eqs. (1) and (2). The boundary layer is approximately one mean-free-path wide and non-Maxwellian. Therefore, three layers of cells at the top and bottom of the domain are omitted in Figure \ref{fig:nm} in order to maintain a useful color scale for the regions of interest. As expected, high collisionality leads to a decrease in $n_N$ by approximately an order of magnitude between the most and least collisional cases. For the case where the RT instability does not develop, $n_N$ simply follows an almost identical distribution to density, comparing Figure \ref{fig:densevolution} (a3) to the center plot of Figure \ref{fig:nm}. However, for the cases where the RT instability develops, the interfaces appear as regions of peak $n_N$. Magnitudes of $n_N$ are small relative to $n$, even for the least collisional case that has the highest peak $n_N$.

\begin{figure}
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig5}}
	\caption{Density of non-ideal distribution, according to Eq. (9), for $\mathit{Kn}$ of 0.1 (left), 0.01 (center), and 0.001 (right), normalized to number density. Note the varying color scale for each subplot.}
	\label{fig:nm}
\end{figure}

To further characterize the effect of varying collisionality, two higher moments of the distribution function are defined,
\begin{equation}
    \mathcal{P}_{\mathit{ij}} = m\int v_i v_j f \text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
	\mathcal{Q}_{\mathit{ijk}} = m\int v_i v_j v_k f\text{d}^3 \boldsymbol{v}.
\end{equation}
As in \citet{Wang2015}, by defining $w_i = v_i - u_i$, Eq. (11) can be expanded and tensor contracted to get the particle energy-flux (using Einstein's summation convention),
\begin{equation}
    \frac{1}{2}\mathcal{Q}_{\mathit{iik}} = \underbrace{\frac{5}{2}u_kp + \frac{1}{2}mnu_k\boldsymbol{u}^2}_{\text{I}} + \underbrace{q_k + u_i\Pi_{\mathit{ik}}}_{\text{II}},
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
    q_k = \frac{1}{2}m\int w_iw_iw_kf\text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v},
\end{equation}
is the heat flux vector in the gas frame, and the stress tensor $\Pi_{\mathit{ij}}$ is related to the pressure tensor,
\begin{equation}
    P_{\mathit{ij}} = m\int w_iw_jf\text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v},
\end{equation}
by $\Pi_{\mathit{ij}} = P_{\mathit{ij}} - p\delta_{\mathit{ij}}$ with scalar pressure $p = P_{\mathit{ii}}/3$. The pressure tensor is also related to the second moment by $\mathcal{P}_{\mathit{ij}} = P_{\mathit{ij}} + mnu_iu_j$. Note that the use of collision frequency that is independent of particle velocity leads to an overestimation of energy fluxes in the high-energy tails of the distribution if charged species are considered instead of neutral species.  In the case of charged species, the energy-fluxes presented here will be greater in magnitude than those calculated with a collision frequency that varies with velocity.  This work considers neutral species. Individual terms are grouped in Eq. (12) by whether they arise from Maxwellian parts of the distribution (group I), or non-Maxwellian parts (group II). Group I will be referred to as ideal terms, while group II are the non-ideal terms. The $y$-component of each term of Eq. (12) (normalized to $n_0v_{\mathit{th},c}^3$) is plotted in Figure \ref{fig:ideal} for the cases of $\mathit{Kn} = 0.01$ and 0.001 for times with similar instability amplitude. Note that magnitudes of each column (term) vary by orders of magnitude, so color scales are distinct by column to show spatial features. The first ideal term is the dominant term by several orders of magnitude at its peak for both cases. As collisionality increases, all terms increase in magnitude, though the ideal terms increase more than the non-ideal terms. This can be seen by taking the ratio of the average of the absolute values of the ideal terms to that of the non-ideal terms. The ratio is 21.5 for the less collisional case and 283.8 for the more collisional case, indicating the particle energy-flux becomes less dominated by the ideal terms as collisionality decreases.  This is an important and impactful result as it is the first to present an order of magnitude increase in the importance of the non-ideal terms for the less collisional (more kinetic) case of the RT instability.  The overall increase in energy-flux with increased collisionality, even when comparing similar amplitudes of RT instability growth, relates to the increase in growth rate shown in Table \ref{tab:growth}, as larger total flux leads to faster instability growth.

By taking moments of a first-order Chapman-Enskog expansion of the BGK collision operator, expressions for the heat flux, $q_{i,\text{BGK}}$, and stress tensor $\Pi_{ij,\text{BGK}}$, can be obtained assuming a nearly Maxwellian distribution,

\begin{figure*}[h]
	\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{Fig6}}
	\caption{Terms of the expanded particle energy-flux (3.5) in the $y$-direction for $\mathit{Kn}$ of 0.01 (top) and 0.001 (bottom), normalized to $n_0v_{th,c}^3$. Energy-flux is calculated at normalized time 3.0$\tau_{\mathit{RT}}$ for the 0.01 case and 2.1$\tau_{\mathit{RT}}$ for the 0.001 case to have similar amplitudes. Note the varying color scale of each column.}
	\label{fig:ideal}
\end{figure*}

\begin{gather}
    \Pi_{ij,\text{BGK}} = -\frac{p}{\nu}\left(\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial x_i} - \frac{2}{3}\frac{\partial u_k}{\partial x_k}\delta_{ij} \right), \\
    q_{i,\text{BGK}} = -\frac{5p}{2m\nu}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x_i}.
\end{gather}

Figure \ref{fig:BGK} presents the non-ideal terms of the particle energy-flux calculated directly from the distribution function with those calculated from the expansion. Note color scale is held constant for each term compared across the two different values of collisionality. For both degrees of collisionality, the heat flux terms are similar in both magnitude and spatial distribution. The stress terms show more deviation between true and approximate results likely due to the fact that two stress tensor elements are involved in the calculation, so errors from the first-order approximation compound. As collisionality decreases from $\mathit{Kn}$ = 0.001 to 0.01, the approximate stress term deviates more from the direct calculation because the assumption of near-equilibrium distribution becomes less accurate with decreasing collisionality.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \subfloat{ \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Fig7a}}
    \hfill
    \subfloat{ \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Fig7b}}

    \caption{Comparison of energy-flux non-ideal terms, Eq. (12), calculated from distribution function and those calculated from a first-order Chapman-Enskog expansion of the collision operator. Top and bottom rows of each comparison are $\mathit{Kn}$ = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. Note the similarities in spatial distribution and magnitude and that color scales are constant by term and row (collisionality). Stress terms show more discrepancy because they are calculated from several stress tensor elements, so errors compound.}
    \label{fig:BGK}
\end{figure}

Higher moments of the distribution function are also measures of non-ideal distribution, so the spatial distribution of gas-frame higher moments should correlate with $n_N$. Presented in Figure \ref{fig:higher} are comparisons of $n_N$, $y$-direction vector skewness, $q_y$, and $y$-direction excess kurtosis,
\begin{equation}
    \delta K_y = \int w_i^4 f \text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v} - \int w_i^4 f_M \text{d}^3\boldsymbol{v}.
\end{equation}
As expected, the distribution of $n_N$ aligns with those of the higher moments. Additionally, the magnitudes of the normalized higher moments increase as collisionality decreases, which is expected as decreased collisions deviate from a Maxwellian distribution function towards a more kinetic regime.   The evolution of the intermediate collisionality RT instability is clearly distinguished from the high collisionality regime to explain the kinetic effects that produce the difference in growth rates and morphology.  These are the first results to present a high-fidelity kinetic interpretation of the classical RT instability in low and intermediate collisionality regimes where fluid models are inadequate.

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fig8}
    \caption{Non-Maxwellian density, $n_N$, compared with gas-frame $y$-direction skewness, $q_y$, and excess kurtosis, $\delta K_y$. Note the presence of local extrema for all quantities around the RT instability interface.}
    \label{fig:higher}
\end{figure}

\section{\label{sec:conclusion}Conclusion}
Single-mode Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities are successfully simulated in 2x3v using the continuum-kinetic capabilities of \texttt{Gkeyll} for a range of collisionalities. As mean-free-paths become smaller relative to the width of the simulation domain, the resulting instability approaches the classical fluid result, as expected. Growth rates estimated using static viscosity and diffusion agree well with calculated growth rates when early dynamic diffusion of the interface is left out of the fit. Non-Maxwellian density, the velocity space integration of the difference between a local particle distribution function and a corresponding Maxwellian distribution calculated from the first three moments, shows that, as collisionality increases, the distribution function approaches a Maxwellian (fluid) distribution. Local maxima in non-Maxwellian density also occur around the primary areas of transport, i.e., the edges of the bubble and spike. A decomposition of the particle energy-flux shows that transport is dominated by terms that arise from the Maxwellian parts of the distribution, and the ideal terms of the expansion become more dominant as collisionality increases toward the fluid limit.

An important and novel contribution of this work is in the intermediate collisional cases that are not accessible with traditional fluid models and require kinetic modeling.  The continuum-kinetic model used in this work provides unique access to the full noise-free distribution function to investigate the kinetic regime.  Simulations of intermediate collisional cases show significantly altered RT instability evolution compared to the high collisionality fluid-like cases highlighting the importance of kinetic physics through higher moments of the distribution function.  These higher moments include the heat flux vector, which is the third moment indicating the skewness of the distribution, and the fourth moment indicating the kurtosis of the distribution.  The heat flux vector plays a more significant role relative to inertial terms in the intermediate collisional cases compared to the highly collisional cases. A quantitative comparison shows an order of magnitude difference in the ratio of the non-ideal terms to the ideal terms when comparing the intermediate collisional cases to the highly collisional fluid-like cases.  These kinetic effects are primarily noted in the region of the RT instability interface.  Regimes of intermediate collisionality often occur in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas requiring a kinetic model due to the invalidity of the fluid model for these cases, highlighting the significance and relevance of the results presented here.

\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation CAREER award under grant number PHY-1847905. A. Hakim is supported through the U.S. Department of Energy contract No. DE-AC02-09CH11466 for the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The authors acknowledge Advanced Research Computing at Virginia Tech for providing computational resources and technical support that have contributed to the results reported within this paper. URL: \url{http://www.arc.vt.edu}
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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'Tis finally the season for annoying summer hits, so let's all stay inside and reflect on the good old days before the calypso beats took over. Only it's not the early 2000's anymore and this is an anime blog, so the music isn't going to be that much better. Especially since this season has been positively gasping for decent shows and decent songs to go with them, so don't be surprised if you're going to get a bit of déjà vu from this here feature. For what they're worth, these are our favourite Blood Blockade Battlefront anime songs from the past season.
Getting Boris to do the ending theme for your silly ninja anime is like getting Led Zeppelin to soundtrack a 1960's sitcom, so I had "Kilmister" shortlisted as my favourite of the season already before we even heard it. Nevertheless, that's not where Ninja Slayer's mad alt-rock licensing spree ended. As the ending credits for episode 8, Trigger licensed "Suicidal Bunny" by Taffy, a summery rock-out from a band that clearly looks to the other side of the Pacific for its inspiration. From lead singer Iris' distinct cadence reminiscent of the Pixies' Kim Deal and the sleazy guitar grumbling peppering Taffy's Britpop songwriting with some grunge, it's hard not to talk about the band in Western terms. Even their atmospheric, loud production feels like a distinct far cry from the shoegazing adopted by many a Japanese band. Don't let all these comparisons fool you into thinking Taffy don't have a sound all of their own, though. "Suicidal Bunny" may have sod all to do with the show it's been slapped onto, it's a song that deserves all the attention it can get.
As much as I wanted to join Aqua in choosing one of the amazing Ninja Slayer ED songs (and will cheat by linking my favorite here), I try to judge these things as a complete package. So while I'd give the musical nod to Ninja Slayer and the visual nod to Blood Blockade Battlefront, the opening of Yamada-kun and the 7 Witches does both pretty well. The sweet, passionate vocals and warm visual filter set the perfect mood for a funny, romantic, and surprisingly thoughtful series. You can almost feel the cool breeze as the hats blow through the air and you think back fondly about the first time you fell in love… uhhh what was I writing about again? Point is the audio and visuals all work well together and get you in the right frame of mind for the show. Isn't that what a great OP is all about?
Considering BBB's premise of a bunch of quirky friends in super-NYC, it's hard to think of a more appropriate ED than having everyone hanging out and dancing together. It captures the same fun vibe as last season's Death Parade OP, as well as those of similar urban fantasies Baccano! and Durarara!!. I've enjoyed Unison Square Garden's music since Yozakura Quartet, and I catch a new visual detail in Bones' animation every time I watch it. We could use more OP/EDs like this one.
It's hard not to like this pure bit of goofy fun. Sure, it may not be the most technically impressive ED of all time, but it has an entertaining style that perfectly mirrors the show itself. My personal favorite part is everyone just dork-dancing their asses off at the end. I'm also a big fan of Chain in that dress, she ain't called a shawty for nothing. It's such an infectious piece of energy that it's hard not to smile as you watch everyone do an asynchronous can-can or look for the little details that get more fleshed out as the show progresses.
BBB's ED is arguably the more eye catching and iconic of the show's bookends, Despite that, I find myself drawn to its OP even more. A combination of Bump of Chicken's top tier tunes and a montage that reeks of style has me picking it over its ED. No offense to Union Square Garden, but Bump of Chicken is one of the premier icons of J-Rock for a reason. As someone who's always had a love for bustling cities and the beautiful displays of life and energy they are, both in real life and in fiction, BBB's OP is a fantastic capturing of that magic. It gives the exact kind of vibe a story about a crazy world and its crazy inhabitants needs. At the end of the day, no matter how weird things get in New Hellsalem's Lot, it's all about the adventure and the stories you make with the people around you.
I've been listening to moumoon's music for a few months now, after learning that they were going to doing a few gigs in London. My impressions remain mixed; YUKA has a fantastic voice and the music she's singing to is nice and catchy, but they like to hop between English and Japanese lyrics. This isn't a bad thing by itself, and YUKA's pronunciation of English words is absolutely spot on, but the lyrics themselves are awful. This is perhaps why I love 'Hello, shooting-star' so much, because the English lyrics are fine and the song does a great job of getting me to sing along to it. What's more, check out the accompanying visuals. What a gorgeous way to end an episode, and there's no sign of the animation re-usage that the OP suffered from until a few episodes ago.
The song took a while to grow on me (and it's still not as good or as catchy as the OP's), but in terms of visuals and sheer style, the ED to Blood Blockade Battlefront takes the cake. I can't help but compare it a little to last season's Death Parade OP in that way – only while that was the most hilariously inappropriate OP of all time, the shenanigans of this ED are perfectly in keeping with the general tone of the show. What I enjoy most about BBB are the episodic mini-adventures, filled with the frenetic action and ridiculous antics of one of the most dysfunctional team of 'heroes' I've seen in any anime to date – and that's exactly the feel I get from this ED. In fact, if all the show's characters got drunk and had a party, I could well imagine a scene just like this one taking place. In short, the ED is fun, it's lively, and it's adorably idiotic, just like the anime itself.
Did your favourite make the cut? Did we overlook a massive hit? Are the horns in the Sound! Euphonium OP real or fake? Seriously, I can't tell. You'd think they'd make the horns in a song for a show about a brass band sound like actual horns, but I can't shake the feeling we're just listening to synths. Make sure to let us know in the comments!


Italy will campaign at the United Nations for a global ban on the death penalty, Prime Minister Romano Prodi said on Tuesday, after graphic images of Saddam Hussein's hanging shocked people around the world.
Pressured by a week-long hunger strike by a 76-year-old campaigner against Hussein's execution and the death penalty in general, Prodi said Italy would push the U.N. for a "universal moratorium" on capital punishment.
The Iraqi government has hit back at Italy for its criticism of Hussein's execution, accusing it of hypocrisy, especially after World War Two dictator Benito Mussolini was killed by partisans and hanged upside down in a Milan square in 1945.
Mussolini's execution–murder, in fact–was crueler, too.
Remember when photos surfaced of Saddam in captivity, wearing underwear? That was a shocking infringement of his civil liberties, too. I suspect that the only images of Saddam that would be acceptable to the critics would be of him restored to power and lounging in his palaces.


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WMO: protect radio frequencies vital to earth observations
Satellite, Meteorology, Disasters
Publish Date: 14 June 2019
The governing congress of the World Meteorological Organization has stressed the need to protect radio frequencies allocated to services supporting earth observations. Jeopardizing these frequencies jeopardizes weather forecasts and warning services and, thus, people's lives.
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Coordination Group on Meteorological Satellites meets
The space-based observing system is essential to the generation of weather, water and climate-related services and supports decision-making in key socio-economic areas. The number and capabilities of operational satellites that are part of this space-based observing system is growing and will continue to expand in the future.
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World Meteorological Centres boost global cooperation
Forecast, Weather, Climate, Climate services, Natural hazards, Capacity development
The first World Meteorological Centres Workshop, hosted by the China Meteorological Administration in Beijing, has agreed to strengthen cooperation mechanisms to boost global forecasting capabilities and earth system prediction and research to serve society.
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Special observing period begins in Antarctic
Polar, Forecast, Climate change
A concerted campaign to boost weather, ice and atmospheric observations in some of the most remote and inhospitable parts on Earth started this week, with the launch of a three-month Special Observing Period in the Antarctic. With days getting longer, the summer is about to start on the Antarctic continent. November is the month when the austral field season begins. This summer, extra atmospheric and sea-ice measurements in addition to the routine observations will be carried out as a contribution to the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP).
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Metop-C Polar-Orbiting Weather Satellite launched
Satellite, Forecast, Observations, Meteorology
Publish Date: 7 November 2018
WMO has welcomed the launch of EUMETSAT's newest weather satellite as a move which will improve access to world-leading weather, water and climate data from polar orbit.
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New trust fund underpins China's Belt and Road meteorological support
Partnership, Climate change, Climate services, Disaster risk reduction, Capacity development, Transport, Satellite
The World Meteorological Organization and the China Meteorological Administration have set up a trust fund to underpin regional cooperation on the Belt and Road Initiative. The trust fund will facilitate...
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KMA extends support for sub-seasonal to seasonal project
Partnership, Forecast, Meteorology, Climate
The Korean Meteorological Administration has signed an agreement with the World Meteorological Organization to host the International Coordination Office for the second phase of a project which aims to improve predictions at sub-seasonal to seasonal timescales.
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Arctic Summer Special Observing Period starts
Observations, Polar, Cryosphere, Meteorology, Forecast, Climate change
Publish Date: 9 July 2018
An Arctic summer special observing period is taking place from 1 July to 30 September as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP). Extensive extra observations will be carried out at numerous land stations in the Arctic as part of field campaigns and expeditions, and by autonomous instruments. Numerical experimentation and internationally coordinated verification activities will use the additional observations for forecast evaluation and observational impact studies.
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Africa needs more hydromet investment
Satellite, Forecast, Capacity development, Disaster risk reduction, Partnership
This includes through access to the very latest satellite technology and initiatives to improve weather forecasts and early warnings.WMO is ramping up its drive to mobilize political and financial support to strengthen hydrometeorological services in Africa in order to boost climate adaptation and sustainable development. A series of meetings and high-level discussions in the space of a week focussed on challenges and opportunities - including through access to the very latest satellite technology and initiatives to improve weather forecasts and early warnings.
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Afghanistan hails new, improved hydrometerological service
Climate services, Forecast, Disaster risk reduction, Disasters, Capacity development, Floods
A WMO-led project to establish a functioning hydrometeorological service in Afghanistan to improve early warnings and provide accessible and accurate weather forecasts to increase resilience has "achieved more than anyone could imagine," according to an Afghan government minister.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


However on this occasion I thought I'd go for something a bit different and once I laid eyes on this Chanel Eyeshadow Quad I instantly fell in love… My favourite colour has always been blue, so to be drawn to an eyeshadow quad, which consists of these dreamy shades of blue came as no surprise to me. I do normally choose neutral colours for my eyes as I find some colours can make my eyes appear smaller, but on this occasion I was willing to make an exception. Also to be on the safe side I asked the sales assistant to try it out on me first.
All the shadows are infused with beautiful glittery flecks, but they are most apparent in the deep blue shade.
Whilst the eyeshadows are already quite pigmented, a technique which was divulged to me by the SA was that if you want a bold and more intense look; "why not apply the eyeshadows with a damp brush?" She demonstrated this to me at the counter and wow, does it make a difference! I know this is something that most of you probably already know, but whilst I am still a novice when it comes to make up this really did take me by surprise. I always thought I might ruin eyeshadows if I use them wet, but the SA assured me that with Chanel's baked formula eyeshadows they will dry and return to their natural state before long.
So far I have yet to try the colours out using this technique, but since I have a friend's birthday party coming up soon I will be very excited to use this! Lagons is perfect for achieving a soft look for day and more dramatic look for night. It's handy for any make up bag, especially if you've been at work all day and don't have time to run home to redo your make up before a night out.
Price wise, the £37 price tag is a little steep for an eyeshadow quad, but if you're looking for that special something and you want your peepers to dazzle and impress, I do recommend this!
I was afraid about this blue quad but you make me fall in love with it ! Thanks !
Thank you for your comment! You really have nothing to worry about with this quad, it really is the most flattering shades of blue =) Oh and I noticed your blog is in French, where are you based?
Hope the things I write are helpful and if there's anything you wanna see more of just let me know!


Will your child enter kindergarten in September 2018?
The lockdown at Kalles has been lifted.
PSD school board is identified as a "Board of Distinction"
Families celebrate the "Stories Of Our Lives"
Hunt Elementary librarian John Huson and Puyallup High teacher Angie Reed have been selected as the 2016-17 Puyallup School District elementary and secondary Teachers of the Year.
They each received a standing ovation from their peers during impromptu surprise announcements held at their schools. The meetings were attended by school staff, administration, and family and friends. Superintendent Yeomans presented each of them with a plant basket and a professional development certificate.
The Teacher of the Year awards program is designed to recognize professional teachers who have made an outstanding contribution to the education of children.
Huson and Reed will be recognized by the Puyallup School Board at their meeting on May 1 at 6 p.m. at Edgemont Junior High.
Positive relationships. Engages students. Forward thinking. Committed to student achievement. These are words used to describe Hunt librarian John Huson when he was nominated for Teacher of the Year.
"He has created a culture of reading by partnering with teachers at every grade level to promote the importance of reading. Students see Mr. Huson as an advocate for their success. They get excited about sharing with him their successes and efforts to learn new ideas and concepts," said Hunt Principal Rebecca Williams.
Huson has been a teacher in the Puyallup School District for 11 years. He taught a third-fourth grade split class at Riverside, first and fourth grades at Carson, and has been the librarian at Maplewood and Hunt.
He says one of the things he enjoys most about working in Puyallup is the people and teaching in his own community. "I've met a lot of great teachers, principals, and families in this area. The Hunt staff is fun. We work together toward a common goal, while also feeling like you can be yourself," said Huson.
As the librarian at Hunt Huson says he gets to interact with every student in the school. "I get to promote literacy and share my favorite books!" he added.
Williams said Huson is the go-to staff person for students whose lives are more challenging. "He meets with several students over the course of the day just to check in and get them 'in the game' and off to a good start or finish. He actually looks for kids to target and identify for support," she said.
His resume includes volunteering for many committees, interview teams, and special events for students. Huson is co-leader for Student Council.
In his spare time John enjoys fishing, coaching, family time, vacations, and time with friends.
Angie Reed is described as a teacher who never gives up on students and whose work goes far beyond the regular classroom.
She has been at Puyallup High school for 11 years teaching math and chemistry and is currently the On-Time Graduation Specialist. Prior to coming to Puyallup Reed taught in Renton for four years and Comox Valley, British Columbia for seven years.
Puyallup High Assistant Principal Lorraine Hirakawa wrote in her nomination for Reed, "She mentors, teaches, and even feeds some of our most challenging students. Weekly she sends narrative updates on the most at-risk seniors. She never gives up—frequently assigning makeup tests and quizzes long past the end of her day."
Reed spoke very highly of the staff at Puyallup High. "The teachers at PHS are first class educators that are committed to students. They care about kids and want them all to succeed. I love being able to problem solve with my colleagues about how to best meet the needs of our kiddos. I feel very lucky to work with the amazing people at PHS—they make my job so much easier," she said.
Reed was complemented as being a role model to her peers. "She teams with them and works to come alongside teachers in supporting those students who struggle the most. Angie is sincerely the most dedicated teacher I have had the privilege to call my colleague," wrote Hirawka.
On hand to surprise Reed when her award was announced was her husband and her son Austin Taylor, who attends Puyallup High. Outside of the classroom Reed says she enjoys spending time with family and friends, working in her garden, and hiking.


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Essay Contest Honors Late SLIS Alumna Barbara Pitschel (MLIS 1987)
The San Francisco Botanical Garden Society has announced an essay competition in memory of Barbara M. Pitschel, head librarian of the Helen Crocker Russell Library of Horticulture at the San Francisco Botanical Garden and a 1987 alumna of the UC Berkeley School of Library and Information Studies. Barbara died on August 3, 2010, two weeks after being diagnosed with pneumonia and five days after being diagnosed with an advanced form of cancer.
In addition to her 30-year tenure at the Helen Crocker Russell Library, Barbara also served as president of the Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries (CBHL) and on its board of directors, and was a popular conference speaker. She led CBHL's publications committee and served for many years as the west coast editor of CBHL's newsletter.
Barbara was a member of the Special Libraries Association, including their Natural History Caucus, a member of the Yerba Buena chapter of the California Native Plant Society, and a charter member of the Society for Ecological Restoration. She also led the Bernal Hilltop Native Grassland Restoration Project. Barbara received the 2006 Charles Robert Long Award of Merit on May 18 from the Council on Botanical and Horticultural Libraries, and she and her husband Roland received the Trust for Public Land Award for 30 years of volunteer park stewardship.
The Pitchel Prize in Excellence in Environmental Writing is an essay contest open to all San Francisco high school students. Entries are due by March 31, 2011. For more information, see www.pitschelprize.org.
Barbara Pitschel, 1939–2010 <br />(photo: Margo Bors)


Wow, these all look so good! The Fire Snake, Ice Fortress and Lloyds Mech are all must-gets for me, along with a few of the little set with the wolf. I may get the Land Bounty, but I feel like I want to see a detailed review or at least look at it on display in the Lego store before I commit. The other vehicles seem well-designed, and I may pick them up at some point; but I'll probably wait until they go on sale at some point.
I wouldn't say that. There's also a big castle build in that set, skewing the price difference.
Unfortunately its hard to get excited for these kind of exclusives when you can just build them yourself with your own parts.
Not every corner of Avalonia is lush.
Thanks for the kind responses everyone! I've read through some of the photography guides on the site here and will play around with the advice on future MOCs. Considering featuring less beer caps in photos moving forward ;) I'm in the middle of moving my bricks across on ocean, but there will be more MOCs in the future! Likely the next one will be an official guild sign up with a sig fig.
Thank you. I also count 12. I sent out some invitations to see if I could get some more players, but it will be fine with twelve, if not. I will close the signup in 24 hours and then get the confirmation thread up as soon as I can after that. Thanks everyone! I'm really looking forward to it. Even if it's a twelve person game, it will be a solid, fun Mafia experience. I'm also glad to see, by reading back over old games, that @jimmynick = jamesn. Needless to say, everybody who signs up will play.
Cole's is in the Land Bounty, Nya's in Katana4x4.
So then there's no good way to allow creator/model team vehicles to co-exist with town/city? I was thinking along the lines of just having more variety in sizes of vehicles compared to the real world.
Scale cap, Rescue, and ronin are a must, but I would say a thanos minifigure or black widow's endgame outfit might be better then valkyrie. Ironic how 3-5 needed characters never made it in, yet we got QR everyone, 7 outriders, and an inaccurate hulk. I made a QR batman out of a spare QR iron man and am displaying him alongside my avengers as a joke.
@Lionbear8 I have a sneaky suspicion that it won't be resolved until the Easter promo ends. Please feedback here if you manage to get it. Really hoping to secure one, and not have to BrickLink it like most specials and polybags Same - also wouldn't be too upset if they did a Batman one with figures that haven't been released yet.
The only thing about it that seems to be exclusive sadly is the printed(at least I certainly hope they're prints)2x4 tile with the 20th anniversary logo and the windscreen of the AT-AT. They really dropped the ball with the lack of a figure, heck I would've settled for a non exclusive trooper or something at least. The more I look at it the more fat the AT-AT looks, I really have no idea why it was designed like that, plus there's no reason for the sides of it to be curved. It's a very angular, skinny design and isn't that hard to pull off in LEGO.
I still can't imagine a horntail looking like a robotic bird thing. Man, I wish it was a new mould instead of looking robotic with those joints that for some reason lego refuses to recolor and the bird head (the actual piece looks good but it doesent work for the horntail).
I wouldn't mind getting into some ideas. I've been meaning to look into some of the class and combat ideas, and I had some ideas for the elves, taking inspiration from Warhammer 40k and The Elder Scrolls. It was nothing concrete, but some loose concepts to work off of.
One day :) note that some of the pinholes are occupied but this is just because of limitations of current parts which I used to make the 'concept parts'. They should really be not occupied however. Also the axles that are inline (but not perpendicular to) with the pin holes should be slightly longer to equal 1L.
I, for one, wouldn't be upset if there was an extension ... maybe have the contest end on the 28th instead?
It's 1230mm long so you should be right on the length.
I replayed you in Train Tech forum. Thanks. They had to look like they can do the business.
Exactly, it loosens and when you put the piece down, but I would like to know the reason why that happens, maybe it is the heat exeso in the room or not, you may know because it happens because it is not for repeated use. I published it here since I am a fan of star wars and I presumably happened to the tapas of the thousand-year-old falcon, they no longer stand up, or closed or leave. thanks for the reply.
@Murdoch17 It should. I have seen moc locomotives with x-8-x configuration, and some of those had big wheels with flanges on the far outside (I'm talking about the "8"). Mine even though that is "6", they are more apart than other "6"s. It should work with mild corners, but I don't think that it will work with sharp corners. The wagon bogies are suitable to any change.
So, has anyone EVER figured out how to make the character customizer behave? I still can't get energy blasts to shoot from Flashpoint Batman's guns. Either it shoots from his hands or it doesn't shoot at all. EDIT: I finally figured out a decent enough solution. You can't have custom bolts on the guns if you want them to fire. Leave no ability on the Tap Square option and they'll at least fire regular, non-customizable bullets.
Not sure if anyone else would want to, but I'd love to get this ball rolling again, even if it's just super minor things.
Eh. Agree to disagree. I'll admit the Land Bounty isn't as ugly as the prelim pictures first suggested, but the Movie Bounty set my standards high and it just pales in comparison. You're probably right about the TLM2 connection, though. The multi-part windscreen is, admittedly, cool, but it looks very out of place, IMO. And no, you don't need to convince me about the Mech. It's brilliant.


Friday 17th May Brewery Tour 7pm. The famous Kelham Island Brewery Tour includes tasty food, beer, a thorough guided tour of our brewery, beer-making process and tasting session. You'll learn everything there is to know about the oldest independent brewery in Kelham Island, Sheffield and can enjoy the fruits of our labour as you go!


I just got a notification from WordPress about reaching my 1st 200 likes.
Thank you for your support. I didn't expect whatever I got on this platform, true story. I have always loved talking hence my growing career in media, I decided to try writing while I grow and get a bigger outreach.
Its been a year I started writing and with this boost from you the readers I will like to say THANK YOU and I will keep writing even on days I feel like I don't have the strength or nothing at all to write about.
P.S- I am still indecisive on what to focus my blog on but I will figure this out as I grow.


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HeadlinesTransport
FG considering concessioning rail service to PPP
The federal government on Wednesday approved contract for the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) worth about N1.49 billion for the repair of cranes.
The Minister of Transport, Mu'azu Jaji Sambo stated this on Wednesday while briefing State House Correspondents after the Federal Executive Council (FEC) meeting presided over by President Muhammadu Buhari in Abuja.
Speaking further, the Minister said the federal government is considering the option of mounting surveillance facilities on the rail tracks in the country following the recent attack and abduction of passengers of Kaduna/Abuja train service.
Sambo added that the government is looking at the best options in terms of surveillance even as it said that concessioning it in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement.
Asked when the Kaduna-Abuja train service would commence operations, the Minister quipped that it would be insensitive to resume the Abuja-Kaduna train service as abducted passengers are still in captivity.
Sambo said the resumption of the Abuja-Kaduna train service, which was suspended following an attack which took place in March, would translate to insensitivity.
He said relatives of some kidnapped passengers are still in captivity, adding that there is a need to have surveillance facilities to monitor the tracks.
The minister said the government is looking at the best options in terms of surveillance, including concessioning it in a public-private partnership (PPP) arrangement.
Asked about the exact timelines to execute the initiative, Muazu said: "If I give a timeline, I'll be lying to you. It will be insensitive to restart the service if some families weep day and night over their family members still in the bush".
The minister said the government is mindful of the cost involved but should be able to report definite progress in about a month.
Meanwhile, the minister said the council approved a contract for the Nigerian Railway Corporation (NRC) worth about N1.49 billion for the repair of cranes.
On her part, Sadiya Umar Farouq, minister of humanitarian affairs, disaster management and social development, said FEC approved over N42 billion for construction and reconstruction in five northeastern states.
She said the four memos presented and approved by the council are for road construction and reconstruction for five states of the north-east region, namely Borno, Yobe, Adamawa, Gombe and Bauchi.
"For Borno, we have a 22.5-kilometre road that is to be reconstructed. This road is Ngom-Koshebe and Ngom-Zabarmari-Gongulong-Kajari road with the contract sum of N13,553,902,668.95," she said.
"The second contract is on the reconstruction of 53 Kilometer Gombe-Abba-Dukurfi Road in Gombe Road and Bauchi state in the contract sum of N11,697,355,449.61.
"The other road is the 54-kilometre Mutayi-Ngalda road in Yobe state with the contract sum of N12,199,182,845.70.
"The fourth one is the one for Adamawa State, Garkida road. It has a contract sum of N6,202,214,413.29 inclusive of 7.5 VAT. Garkida road in Adamawa state is located at the fringes of the Sambisa forest."
She said the roads are being taken into consideration and selected in conjunction with the state governments and other critical stakeholders.
"These roads are expected to stimulate our economic activities, enhance security and facilitate the freer movement of goods and people in these affected states within the zone," the minister added.
"The ministry also is in collaboration with the Ministry of Works and Housing and the co-funding of various roads in the Northeast region. As you're aware, the North East Development Commission (NEDC) was established in 2017.
To address issues of rebuilding, reconstructing, rehabilitating, and reintegrating the people of the north-east who have been affected by the insurgency, we are also in partnership and collaboration with the Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) in the area of engaging reputable local consultants for the design and supervision of the major works in line with the executive order five for promoting local content in science, engineering, and technology.
"All the four memos were considered and graciously approved by council."
Mu'azu, Fayemi, private sector players, inaugurated into National Council on Infrastructure
Customs agents sack exco members over expired tenure, appoint new leadership
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Sage leaves each have their own intense flavor. The bitter, camphor-like mild flavor is especially appreciated in Mediterranean cuisine.
The people of Central Europe appreciate sage's mild flavor and use it in greasy or oil-containing foods. Duck, goose and pork are often seasoned with sage. The Greeks love it for meat stews, chicken dishes or as a tea. Tip: In dry form, the flavor is stronger and can be used more effectively.


Made from airy cotton, our Happy Spot scarf is the perfect way to finish any outfit. Wear it long or looped.
Happy Spot Scarf is rated 4.4 out of 5 by 11.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Kris Cris from Just what I wanted Excellent scarf - exactly the style, colour, texture and price that I wanted.
Rated 4 out of 5 by JanetSG from Just what I wanted. Bought with a generous discount so very pleased. The shade of navy goes with so many White Stuff clothes. But think it should be called "Happy Scarf" as cannot see any spots - it is simply plain - but nice!
Rated 4 out of 5 by SuzeT from Dotty! I picked up two scarves in the sale - a pink one with orange dots and a navy, with barely visible black dots. The cotton is a good quality - the navy prone to clicks so be careful whilst wearing. Delivery and communication were fast and efficient.
Rated 5 out of 5 by caz110 from Very useful Great summer scarf very useful for layering. Very subtle spots.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Chevy from Spotty scarf in pale green A lovely lightweight summer scarf , the colour goes with a lot of my other White Stuff clothes. I am very pleased but did find it at a well reduced price which makes it even better! The only slight niggle is a thread can catch quite easily but I am aware now and am a bit more careful with it.


Shopping for home insurance in Mardela Springs, MD doesn't have to be difficult. Simply enter your Zip Code at the top of this page and you will be presented with the list of the top recommended insurance companies in your area. Compare quotes from these carriers and you will be on your way to saving on your homeowners coverage premium.
When it comes to homeowner's insurance in Mardela Springs, MD, there are quite a few different factors that can affect how much you have to pay. Understanding what these factors are can give you a better idea of how Maryland insurance companies come up with the quotes that they give you.
Most Mardela Springs homeowner's insurance policies also cover the value of the belongings inside the home. If you need additional coverage for expensive items that you have on the premises, you may have to pay more for your insurance. If you aren't sure whether or not you need additional coverage for items inside your home, be sure to check the amount of coverage that is available for personal belongings with your existing homeowner's insurance policy.
All of these factors come into play when getting Mardela Springs, MD homeowner's insurance quotes. If you want to keep your costs as low as possible, consider choosing a policy with less coverage or with a higher deductible. Just make sure that you fully understand how these decisions will affect you if you ever need to file a claim. You may find it more beneficial to go for a policy that offers more coverage or a lower deductible so that you don't have to come up with a lot of money on your own if something does eventually happen to your home.
To get the best savings on your Mardela Springs, Maryland coverage for your home, make sure to use our comparison tool. Enter your Zip Code below and get the list of the best Maryland insurers.
If you are experience a little bit anxious about receiving a house owner's insurance policy policy, you are not alone. There are hundreds of thousands of other home homeowners out there that come to feel just like you as this is extremely essential coverage that is required to shield your property and house from reduction. Make certain you are commencing with ideas like these prior to you commence purchasing.
Don't just consider about acquiring insurance policy for your house go forward and do it! If you don't have homeowner's insurance, you will be out of luck if you are robbed, normal catastrophe strikes or your house burns down. With a mortgage loan, you are more than likely needed to have homeowner's insurance coverage.
Homeowner's insurance coverage should not be up for thing to consider, you must go out and get it. You could drop almost everything, in the celebration of an crisis, with out this insurance. Insurance policies may be a necessity if you are mortgaging your home.
If your residence is ruined seriously with drinking water, do not dispose of any wrecked property before your insurance coverage adjuster can assess the injury. You can take away ruined things from the property so that they do not cause more h2o damage to floors or other products, but go away them on the property. Failure to do so means you may not be compensated for individuals products.
As your wants modify, reevaluate your homeowner's insurance policy. It really is really worth having a next look at your policy to see if there are coverage boundaries on items like jewelry and other high-price objects. Do not wait to obtain an specific rider if you want to insure objects that are not coated by your plan.
Insuring a vacant property is very high-priced, as a vacant property is a magnet for vandals. Vacant property insurance can cost much more in a month than regular house owners insurance policy costs for a calendar year. If a family members member can't continue to be at the home, take into account renting the home out, or trade free rent for residence sitting providers to avoid obtaining a property sit idle.
Include further smoke alarms to your residence to minimize your insurance policies rates. Adding smoke alarms can decrease your yearly premiums by as considerably as 10 p.c. Depending on your insurance policies organization, you could even qualify for additional discounts for adding a lot more smoke alarms than the bare minimum needed to acquire the low cost. You not only preserve cash, but you shield the life of absolutely everyone in your loved ones.
If you have higher-value items, they could not be covered fully by typical homeowner's insurance. For case in point, pricey jewelry might need to be appraised, and then the insurance company will concern a rider to protect the item in case it is stolen or ruined. Make sure to mention large-price products to your agent, to make the approach of submitting a assert easier, should you need to do so.
It is less expensive to get and preserve homeowner's insurance if you do not have damage vulnerable devices. Insurance businesses see swimming pools, trampolines, and other similar objects to be a increased threat for harm and will consequently elevate the sum of your top quality. Though having a pool might be fun, eliminating it will save you funds!
If you want to make certain that you are receiving the very best direction in searching for house owner's insurance, you have to begin with crucial measures and very good tips, which you can get appropriate from this post. You never have to drop out on a great coverage if you are employing the advice in this write-up to get the appropriate coverage when you want it.


Even with the absolute best situations, visiting the dentist can be stressful. If this is your first appointment and you have no idea what to anticipate or else, you might have been a regular patient for years, it's crucial to decide on the best dentist. For this reason, I have prepared the Dos for deciding on the precise Dental Fillings Ponte Vedra practitioner.
DO ask for recommendations from people you trust.
This is essential. Asking recommendations from household, friends, officemates or neighbors based on their experiences will someway make you are feeling more relaxed when choosing the dentist that's right for you. Realizing the length of time they've been sufferers of their dentist and the level of professionalism or work will give you a hint of how happy they are.
Do not be scared to look around. Coming across an skilled dentist with a good reputation can be necessary like everything else. Just as you wouldn't purchase the very first house you see, it needs to be the identical when it comes to looking for a dentist. Discover many dental practices to discover what is suitable for you by trying into their services on their website/pamphlets or by personally going to their clinic.
Do ask yourself many questions.
One more helpful tip to evaluate how at ease you would really feel in case you select a particular dentist or observe is to ask your self several questions. Was the staff accommodating and nice? Is the clinic close to your home and simple to get to? These are among the questions that you must ask yourself earlier than turning into a regular affected person of a particular dentist.
Do take their therapies and services into consideration.
Make sure that the observe comes with the help and equipment you need. Think in regards to the explicit treatment or process you have an interest in, like as an example, an orthodontic or cosmetic procedure. Check if that dentist has sufficient experience in that specific subject of labor, since there are dentists who specialize more in a specific area of dentistry than others.
Do get acquainted with the team.
Even if you don't get the prospect to meet the dentist before turning into a affected person, you can get acquainted with the dental clinic workforce, together with nurses. Aside from suggestions, there seems to be no different method to decide clinical high quality, so it is very important include a friendly and welcoming follow on top of your priority list.
Do assessment the ads and promotional material.
Though it is moderately shallow to guage the quality of a dental practice primarily based on its ads and promotional materials, taking a close take a look at them may also be very helpful. Nowadays, selling oneself in the market is a superb and efficient approach to see if a observe is energetic and successful. After all, what really matters is the standard of work, but you shouldn't miss out on this type of promoting strategy. The truth is, they may even be providing exceptional service and by chance, you could find a great deal and even more.


I still haven't started my reading for Once Upon a Time IX but I will get there soon. Honestly.
As I said the last time I posted, I pulled Child 44 from my TBR pile so that I could read it in advance of the film being released in the next few weeks, but good grief it's grim and depressing and absolutely not the thing I wanted at the moment so I have set it aside. And I've just heard a review of the film which suggests it's boring so I may just ignore it all together.
What I am actually reading is a non-fiction memoir-y sort of thing about stationery. Yes, stationery. The first chapter is a short history of the paperclip and it is great, so a piece of light relief.
What has got my reading mojo is discovering an American author new to me called Richard Montanari. I'm working my way through his gritty serial killer Byrne and Balzano novels and they're really great fun (if books that are based on lots of people being killed horribly can be said to be fun, but I love that sort of stuff). I have polished off the first two and just started the third. Of eight.
Since my last post I've managed to miss (because of work and health issues) a couple of bookish events, but I did make it to Waterstones in Piccadilly to hear Sarah Pinborough interview Deborah Harkness and Victoria Schwab about their new London-based novels. I haven't read either of them before though I was thrilled to find out that I have one of Deborah H's non-fiction books about science in the 16th century which is my sort of thing.


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Tinsel Town News Now
Composer, Television
Hong Kong's Samuel Lam gives musical life to new Chinese television series
June 7, 2019 Lorraine Wilder	Leave a comment
Samuel Lam was born with a large birthmark on the right side of his face and spent much of his childhood alone because of it. Growing up in Hong Kong, it was hard for him, being a loner, but when he was 12 years of age, his sister bought him a guitar and his whole life changed. Music became a way to express himself, changing his personality and giving him something to connect with others.
Now, Lam is an industry leading composer and orchestrator is his home country and abroad. He has worked on multi-million-dollar blockbusters, such as Crazy Alien, to award-winning films like Mommy's Girl. He has scored dozens of short films, and has many exciting projects on the way, including Paramount's Playing with Fire, starring John Cena, Judy Greer and Keegan-Michael Key, directed by Andy Fickman, and Detective Chinatown, a 12 episode web-series, produced and written by Chen Sicheng, the director of the feature film of the same name, which generated over $600 million USD at the box office.
Lam is known all over the world for his talent, and recently worked on the highly anticipated Chinese series Paratrooper Spirit. The show is about a team of paratroopers with actual combat as their training ground, as they push hard to level up their fighting abilities and complete different missions. Set in the foreground of military reform, the story follows military men like Zhang Qi and Qi Xiao Tian. To develop an air force that can compete in the global stage, a special team called Guo Gai Tou has gathered. After the initial adjustment period, Guo Gai Tou began fighting wars in the North and South and challenging greater enemies. Warriors from Guo Gai Tou who are dispatched to other teams become aces in the field.
"It is a good way to increase understanding and knowledge about the military through the influence of media and entertainment. This show has a really interesting military service theme, the paratrooper," said Lam.
Working on a series is far different than a feature film, and Lam was eager to work on his first television show with Paratrooper Spirit and working in television in China differs greatly from America. Rather than getting each episode weekly, as the U.S. does things, Lam got every episode of the show at once. Although there is a greater time crunch with this method, Lam likes knowing how the entire story is developed to orchestrate the score accordingly. He was given all 35 episodes of the season to work on and began by watching each one. Then he and his team started developing essential thematic materials such as main theme and melodies for characters that worked with each and every episode and helped to tell the story.
"It is very challenging working on a TV Show. Because of the large amount of content, you have to be very organized, and work at a super-fast pace. I had to arrange all kinds of music genres, from action orchestra, to rock and romantic pop song, and that was really fun," said Lam.
It takes an extremely broad skill-set to orchestrate for a television show, and Lam possesses just that. He arranged hundreds of minutes of music for Paratrooper Spirit that will continue to be played over the show's run, with millions hearing his work, and he couldn't be more excited.
Paratrooper Spirit is currently being promoted in China and will be released in September 2019 on a major television network in the country. Be sure to keep an eye out for it.
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Q: asp.net manually lock user I have an asp.net web site with oauth2 authentification. I need to manually lock/unlock users permanently but I can't find standart method in ApplicationUser. The closest thing I could have done is setting LockoutEndDateUtc like this
user.LockoutEndDateUtc = DateTime.Now.AddYears(100);

But this is kinda gimmicky. Is there standard way of doing this? Am I getting something wrong. If I can manipulate these things from outside why isn't there just Lock/Unlock method or IsLocked property?

A: Hopefully you are getting your use base from DB; probably a users table (for example). You can have a column like IsLocked bit. While checking against DB check for that IsLocked and if true and then deny login of user and throw a message saying you are locked.

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I was walking down a street near my church in Atlanta when all of a sudden a sweet scent wafted through the April day. There was a patch of woods, and I knew that somewhere in there was a sweet shrub, Calycanthus floridus.
This is a fragrance I know from my childhood. We had a cabin on a lake out in the country. We swam a lot off the dock, and sat on the porch and watched to see when our friends from Atlanta arrived at their place across the lake. While my daddy, mother and brother enjoyed fishing, I did not. Well, that's not exactly true. I only liked it if the fish were biting and if only a minute or two passed between each tug on the line.
What I liked to do was walk around the lake, a trek of at least a mile, if not longer. Along the way, there were all these outcroppings of granite rock. It was fun to climb on them. We had one outside our cabin where water had washed niches in the stone. My older brother told me that Native Americans had lived on this rock and that the worn down areas were the sink, the stove, etc. It made no sense, but I believed it until way after I should have.
During the month of April, there were certain areas I would pass when the special fruity fragrance of sweet shrub wafted through the air. I would then cut into the woods to find the burgundy flowers and break a couple off to take with me along the way.
So, the day I took the above photograph in Ozzie Johnson's garden, I caught the scent before I saw the shrub. This particular plant is very special, as it is one Ozzie hybridized to obtain bigger flowers. He is also working on a variation of 'Hartlage Wine', the N.C. State hybrid of Sinocalycanthus chinensis and C. floridus.
But, I'll always love the native species, too, even with its much smaller, dark flowers. It fascinated me as a child and these days, that scent, like no other, brings back memories of the lake, of family and friends and huge rocks where you could spend hours pretending you lived in another place and time.


Establishes systems to monitor activities or outputs that are easy to use and that provide timely and pertinent information. For example: maintains an efficient database or information source to determine trends. Develops and maintains a system to provide real time information. Provides consolidated information that is useful to the customer. Monitors quality indicators. Monitors production level by day and hour.


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Алессандра Галлони (, ) — итальянская журналистка. Лауреат нескольких журналистских наград, в том числе Malcolm Forbes Award от  (OPC, 2003),  (одной из наград ) от Фонда Джеральда Леба (G. and R. Loeb Foundation) и  при Калифорнийском университете в Лос-Анджелесе (2020).

Биография
Родилась в Риме.

Окончила Гарвардский университет и магистратуру Лондонской школы экономики и политических наук.

С 2000 по 2013 году работала в The Wall Street Journal, сначала в качестве корреспондента, автора материалов об экономике и бизнесе в Лондоне, затем — политического и экономического корреспондента в Риме и Париже, а затем — главы бюро Южной Европы.

С 2013 по 2015 год работала редактором бюро Южной Европы новостного агентства Reuters. С 2015 по 2021 год работала главным редактором мировых новостей Reuters Global News в Лондоне.

В 2021 году назначена главным редактором Reuters и стала первой женщиной во главе этого новостного агентства за его 170-летнюю историю. Сменит Стивена Адлера, который  уходит в 2021 году на пенсию. Официально вступит в должность 19 апреля.

Соавтор электронной книги о папе Франциске «От края земли до Рима» (From the End of the Earth to Rome, 2013).

Примечания

Журналистки Италии
Выпускники Лондонского университета
Выпускники Лондонской школы экономики

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The Results Are In: How the Newest Fall Shows Perform On Demand
By Steve Meyer | Nov 18, 2015
We're almost two months into the season and it's time to assess how the new series are faring. In August, we predicted which five new fall TV shows were destined to be hits on Xfinity On Demand based on viewing trends we observe on the platform.
It's an on demand world, and more than ever our customers are using Xfinity On Demand to catch up on their favorite shows and discover new series to fall in love with.
Here's a look at top 5 so far, based on the cumulative complete views of the first four episodes on Xfinity On Demand.
Click here to enlarge image.
The Top 5
Blindspot, NBC: 3.2 million views. Genre and a strong female lead were reasons we predicted NBC's Blindspot to be an On Demand success. As evidence of how on demand viewing is impacting ratings, Blindspot averaged a 4.1 L3 rating in the 18-49 demo over its first four weeks nationally. In Comcast homes, the 18-49 L3 rating averaged 4.8, 17% higher. If you break down the Blindspot audience in Comcast homes in the first three days: 35 percent came from Xfinity On Demand. And Blindspot has taken up residence in the Xfinity On Demand Top 20 – ranking in the Top 5 alongside Empire and Walking Dead every week since premiering—another sign of how important on demand is to new series.
Quantico, ABC: 3.1 million views. ABC has a strong track record with its dramas, and Quantico is the latest to place atop our Xfinity On Demand Top 20 charts. Like Blindspot, Quantico has been in the Top 5 every week. In terms of ratings, Quantico averaged a 3.1 L3 rating in the 18-49 demo. In Comcast homes, the 18-49 L3 rating averaged 4.3, 37% higher and 31% of views in the first three days came from Xfinity On Demand.
Scream Queens, FOX: 2.8 million views. Ryan Murphy has been a television visionary, and his embrace of on demand with his newest show Scream Queens paid off. It had a strong 18-49 L3 rating of 3.3 in Comcast homes compared to the 2.2 national average, 48% higher. Every episode of the current season is banked on Xfinity On Demand, so new viewers can continue to discover and get hooked.
Limitless, CBS: 1.7 million views. On demand is very important for new shows – especially when they start getting great reviews and word of mouth like Limitless. In Comcast homes, in the first three days after airing, 56% of time-shifted views of Limitless happened on Xfinity On Demand, compared to 44% via DVR. In terms of ratings, Comcast 18-49 L3 averaged 2.9, which is 13% higher than national average 2.6. Like Scream Queens, every episode of the first season will be banked and available on Xfinity On Demand all season long.
Bastard Executioner, FX: 1.4 million views. Bastard Executioner features the deep storytelling that people have come to expect from cable dramas. It has become an "on demand first" show – among our customers, nearly half (45%) of viewing in the first three days happened on Xfinity On Demand. Its 18-49 L3 rating in Comcast homes was 15% higher than the national rating. As another banked show, viewers can catch up at any point during the season.
So, how did we do on our prediction? So far, 4 out of 5: Blindspot, Quantico, Scream Queens and Bastard Executioner.
Too Soon to Tell:
Ash vs. Evil Dead, STARZ: We predicted STARZ's newest show in our Top 5 because of its home on a premium network, its timeslot, and because of its genre. It's got a lot of positive momentum: before the second season has premiered on Halloween, STARZ already greenlit a second season.
Supergirl, CBS: All early indications are that CBS may have a hit on its hands. Based on preliminary data and the strong performance of the first two episodes on the Xfinity On Demand Top 20, Supergirl could be on its way to making the Top 5. Time will tell if it keeps flying high.
Used by more than 85 percent of our X1 customers, Xfinity On Demand has become a reliable and convenient destination for our customers to catch up and stay current in this golden age of TV. For our programming partners, it's an invaluable tool to attract new audiences, increase ratings and ultimately extend the life of new and existing series.


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Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
(Redirected from Age Discrimination in Employment Act)
United States labor law
Long title
An act to prohibit age discrimination in employment.
Acronyms (colloquial)
Enacted by
the 90th United States Congress
Pub.L. 90–202
Statutes at Large
81 Stat. 602
U.S.C. sections created
29 U.S.C. §§ 621–634
Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on December 15, 1967
Major amendments
Age Discrimination in Employment Act Amendments of 1978, Pub.L. 95–256
Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, Pub.L. 101–433
Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.L. 102–166
United States Supreme Court cases
Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20 (1991).
Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000)
Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474 (2008)
14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, 556 U.S. 247 (2009)
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA; 29 U.S.C. § 621 to 29 U.S.C. § 634) is a US labor law that forbids employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in the United States (see 29 U.S.C. § 631). In 1967, the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The ADEA prevents age discrimination and provides equal employment opportunity under conditions that were not explicitly covered in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[1] It also applies to the standards for pensions and benefits provided by employers, and requires that information concerning the needs of older workers be provided to the general public.
1 Scope of protection
2 Amendments
3 Case law
4 Remedies
5 Defenses
Scope of protection[edit]
The ADEA includes a broad ban against age discrimination against workers over the age of forty,[2] and also specifically prohibits:
Discrimination in hiring, promotions, wages, and termination of employment and layoffs.
Statements of specifications in age preference or limitations.
Denial of benefits to older employees: an employer may reduce benefits based on age only if the cost of providing the reduced benefits to older workers is the same as the cost of providing full benefits to younger workers.
Since 1986, it has prohibited mandatory retirement in most sectors, with phased elimination of mandatory retirement for tenured workers, such as college professors, in 1993.
Mandatory retirement based on age is permitted for:
Executives over age 65 in high policy-making positions who are entitled to a pension over a minimum yearly amount.
The ADEA applies to employers who employ at least twenty employees on a regular basis within the current or prior calendar year.[3]
Amendments[edit]
The ADEA was amended in 1986, and then again in 1991 by the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (Pub. L. 101-433) and the Civil Rights Act of 1991 (Pub. L. 102-166).
Case law[edit]
The ADEA differs from the Civil Rights Act in that the ADEA applies to employers of 20 or more employees (see 29 U.S.C. § 630(b)) rather than 15 or more employees. Both acts do, however, only apply to employers in industries affecting interstate commerce. The 20 employees can include overseas employees.[4]
The ADEA protects US citizens working for US employers operating abroad except where it would violate the laws of that country.[5][6]
An age limit may be legally specified in the circumstance where age has been shown to be a "bona fide occupational qualification [BFOQ] reasonably necessary to the normal operation of the particular business" (see 29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1)). In practice, BFOQs for age are limited to the obvious (hiring a young actor to play a young character in a movie) or when public safety is at stake (for example, in the case of age limits for pilots and bus drivers).
The ADEA does not stop an employer from favoring an older employee over a younger one, even when the younger one is over 40 years old.[7]
The United States Supreme Court, in Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab, 554 U.S. 84 (2008), held that the employer, not the employee, bears the burden of proving that a layoff or other action that hurts older workers more than others was based not on age but on some other "reasonable factor."[8]
In Gomez-Perez v. Potter (2008), the Supreme Court allowed federal workers who experience retaliation as a result of reporting age discrimination under the law to sue for damages.[9]
In Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000), the Supreme Court held that state employees cannot sue states for monetary damages under the ADEA in federal court.[10] The EEOC may still enforce the ADEA against states, and state employees may still sue state officials for declaratory and injunctive relief.[11]
Remedies[edit]
ADEA remedies include compensatory and punitive damages for employee or damages if reinstatement is not feasible and/or employer's violation is intentional.
Defenses[edit]
Statutory[5] defenses to ADEA claims include:
Employers may enforce waivers of age discrimination claims made without EEOC or court approval if the waiver is "knowing or voluntary."[12]
Valid arbitration agreements between employers and employees covering the dispute are subject to compulsory arbitration and no court action can be brought.[13]
Employers can discharge or discipline an employee for "good cause," regardless of the employee's age.
Employers can take an action based on "reasonable factors other than age."
Bona fide occupational qualifications, seniority systems, employee benefit or early retirement plans.
Voluntary early retirement incentives.
US labor law
^ Glenn, Jeremy J.; Little, Katelan E. (November 2014). "A Study of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967". GPSolo. 31 (6).
^ Larson, Aaron (July 25, 2016). "Age Discrimination Law". ExpertLaw. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ "Thresholds for Coverage Under Employment-Related Laws". Texas Workforce Commission. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ Morelli v. Cedel , 141 F.3d 39, 45 (2d Cir. 1998).
^ a b See 29 U.S.C. § 623(f)(1).
^ Mahoney v. RFE/RL, Inc. , 47 F.3d 447, 449 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
^ General Dynamics Land Sys., Inc. v. Cline, 540 U.S. 581 (2004).
^ Greenhouse, Linda (June 20, 2008). "A Supreme Court Victory for Older Workers". New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
^ Gomez-Perez v. Potter, 553 U.S. 474 (2008).
^ Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 U.S. 62 (2000).
^ Feder, Jody. "The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA): A Legal Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service, June 23, 2010, p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
^ Blakeney v. Lomas Information Systems, Inc. , 65 F.3d 482, 484 (5th Cir. 1995).
^ Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 26 (1991).
EEOC: Age Discrimination
Text of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
U.S. Department of Labor: Age Discrimination
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_Discrimination_in_Employment_Act_of_1967&oldid=893197637"
1967 in law
90th United States Congress
Anti-discrimination law in the United States
United States federal civil rights legislation
United States federal labor legislation
1967 in labour relations
United States elder law
Use American English from April 2019


THE DEVLON NORTHWEST PARAFFIN WAX THERAPY HEATER IS ONE OF A KIND, EASY TO USE, AND ALLOWS YOU TO PAMPER YOURSELF IN THE COMFORT OF YOUR HOME AFTER A LONG DAY. THIS ITEM IS PERFECT FOR HOME, SALON, OR SPA USE!
THE DEVLON NORTHWEST PARAFFIN WAX THERAPY HEATER IS ONE OF A KIND, EASY TO USE, AND ALLOWS YOU TO PAMPER YOURSELF IN THE COMFORT OF YOUR HOME AFTER A LONG DAY. THIS ITEM IS PERFECT FOR HOME, SALON, OR SPA USE! THE DEPTH OF THE WAX SHOULD FILL HALF OF THE TANK. TURN ON THE PARAFFIN WAX THERAPY WARMER AND IT WILL HEAT TO STANDARD 55 DEGREES VERY QUICKLY.TEST THE TEMPERATURE ON YOUR WRIST TO MAKE SURE IT IS NOT TOO HOT. YOU SHOULD DIP YOUR HANDS, ELBOWS, OR FEET SEVERAL TIMES TO COAT THEM IN THE SOOTHING WAX AND PLACE THEM IN A BAG TO SEAL IN MOISTURE. AFTER A FEW MINUTES TAKE OFF BAG AND PEEL OFF THE PARAFFIN WAX. PARAFFIN HAND TREATMENT NOURISHES YOUR SKIN BY INCREASING CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD, SOOTHES AND IMPROVES YOUR SKINS HYDRATION, AND DECREASES PAIN OF SORE MUSCLES.
*LARGE OPEN DESIGN MORE THAN ENOUGH ROOM TO DIP HANDS, FEET, OR ELBOWS.
*PREPARE YOUR WAX IN RECORD TIME AS YOU INCREASE SALES & CLIENTELE.
*THIS PARAFFIN WAX WARMER COMES WITH A CLEAR LID TO MONITOR THE WAX.