text:
Nagpal R D
Combined Modality Therapy
Pituitary Neoplasms
Sphenoid Bone
:: Article in PDF (20 KB)
:: Abstract
:: Introduction
:: Material and method
:: Results
:: Discussion
:: Acknowledgment
:: References
Year : 1991 | Volume : 37 | Issue : 2 | Page : 97-101
Trans-sphenoidal excision of craniopharyngiomas.
Nagpal RD
Department of Neurosurgery, K. E. M. Hospital, Parel, Bombay, Maharashtra.
Craniopharyngiomas have been by and large excised by the transcranial route. Since 1982, 11 patients have been operated by the traus-sphensidal route in the department. The clinical features with which they were presented, diagnostic investigations, details of surgical procedures and follow-up analysis is being presented here. A retrospective study of radiological investigation was done to determine the features that help decide the choice of surgical approach to these lesions. Only lesions that were primarily intrasellar, cystic and those that expanded the sella could be treated by the trans-sphenoidal route. Associated suprasellar extensions could also be removed. Predominantly calcified or firm, fleshy tumours lent themselves poorly to removal by the trans-sphenoidal route.
Nagpal R D. Trans-sphenoidal excision of craniopharyngiomas. J Postgrad Med 1991;37:97-101
Nagpal R D. Trans-sphenoidal excision of craniopharyngiomas. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 1991 [cited 2022 Jan 18];37:97-101. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?1991/37/2/97/780
Craniopharyngiomas are lesions which have provoked a lot of discussion as regards their origin and treatment. It has generally been accepted that the best chance of obtaining a cure is after total surgical excision. This goal has been attained in only a small number of patients because of the proximity and sometimes, dense attachment of the tumour to important neighbouring, neurovascular structures. Persistent attempts at a total excision in face of these problems has led to some fatalities, and many instances of severe post-operative morbidity. This led to the concept of a safe, subtotal excision, with postoperative radiation therapy to the tumour residue, with acceptable results. Excision of most craniopharyngiomas has been correctly carried out by the transcranial (mainly subfrontal and fronto-temporral) route. There have been a few reports of transsphenoidal excision. Since 1982, 51 patients with craniopharyngiomas, have been operated and of these, 11 patients have had their lesions excised by the trans-sphenoidal route. These form the basis of this communication.
The trans-sphenoidal route for excision of pitutary tumours was first used by us in 1982. Over the ensuing six years, 140 transsphenoidal operations were performed for pituitary tumours and 11 patients with craniopharyngiomas were operated by the trans- sphenoidal route. Over the same period 40 patients with craniopharyngiomas underwent surgery by the trans-cranial route.
After recording the clinical signs and symptoms skull X-rays and computed tomographic (CT) scans were done in all patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery[11]. Carotid angiography was carried out on the first two patients.
Surgery: The trans-sphenoidal approach consisted of a sub- labial, rhinoseptal, transsphenoidal entry into the sella. The inferior part of the cartilaginous septum was excised in the first 9 patients. In the last 2 patients it was fractured at its junction with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, detached from its attachment to the nasal floor and dislocated to the right side. The bony septum was excised. An opening, as wide as possible was made in the sellar anterior wall and floor. If the lesion was obviously cystic (as judged by the CT scan), it was aspirated trans-durally. The dura was opened by a cruciate incision and as much as possible of the tumour and its capsule were excised. The sellar hole was plugged with either auto or homologous muscle graft, which was held in place with a bony stent from the nasal septum. The nostrils were packed with vaseline gauze and the sublabial incision was sutured.
The extent of excision performed was graded as biopsy, sub-total excision and total excision. This was based on the operative impression alone. One patient had only a biopsy done as the tumour was very tough. During an earlier sub-frontal operation done at another insitute the prefixed position of the optic chiasm precluded any excision. Another patient underwent a trans-sphenoidal operation without even the benefit of a biopsy. This was due to the rock like calcification of the tumour. At the earlier sub-frontal operation, through the lamina terminalis the cystic part of the tumour was evacuated. Both these patients had had ventriculo-atrial shunts inserted to control the associated hydrocephalus. In one patient lesion could be totally excised. The tumour was predominantly cystic with little calcification within the capsule. In the remaining 8 patients only a subtotal excision could be performed. All these patients had large cystic components with small calcified components. Their cysts were evacuated and as much of the capsule as possible was excised. Only that part of the capsule that was densely adherent to the sellar walls was left behind. In some, the adherent calcified part of the tumour had to be left behind too.
Radiation Therapy: External radiation with a Co60 beam was administered to all except the last 2 patients who have been operated only recently. Both these patients will receive radiation therapy as their excision have been sub-total. Each of the other patients received a total dose of 5000 rads. Even the patients in whom the operative impression was a total excision, was given radiation treatment. This was because the possibility of a small residue could not be entirely ruled out.
Follow-up evaluation: This included one or more neurological examinations of 8 patients. The last 2 patients were operated only 5 and 20 days ago respectively. Follow-up in the earlier 9 patients has ranged from 6 months to 4 years. The second patient was seen 6 months after surgery, and has not responded to letters. The condition of one patient is known by a letter from the referring neurosurgeon. Three patients have had post-operative CT scans done after 3 years, 2 ½ years and 1 year respectively.
Clinical Features: 9 of the 11 patients belonged to the second decade; 1 patient was 8 year old and 1 female patient was 45 year old. Eight were male patients and 3 were female patients. Headache, vomiting, visual disturbances and stunted growth were the common symptoms. Headache was present in 9, vomiting in 5, visual disturbances in 5, and 9 patients were stunted physically. Visual disturbances took the form of decreased visual acuity in 5 patients. Three patients had defects (bitemporal, right temporal, left superior temporal). One of these patients had a left superior temporal field loss without any impairment of acuity.
Complete primary left optic atrophy was present in 1 patient, optic disc pallor was seen in 4 patients. Papilloedina was seen in 4 patients. Only 2 patients had a normal fundal appearance. The 45-year-old female patient had secondary amenorrhoea; the 15-year-old female patient never attained menarche, whereas the 10-year-old female patient was too young to do so.
Investigations: The skull X-rays showed an enlarged pituitary fossa in 9 patients; 1 patient had only mild enlargement of the sella, whereas the remaining patient had a normal sized but demineralized sella. Purely intra-sellar calcification was seen in 3 patients, purely supra-sellar in 1 patient and a combination of intra -and supra- sellar calcification was seen in 2 patients. Angiography was carried out on only the first 2 patients, in one of whom it showed an avascular supra-sellar mass, and in the other it was normal.
CT examination was carried out in all the patients. It showed an intra - and supra-sellar mass in 11 patients. The supra-sellar extension occupied the supra-sellar cistern in 8 patients and in 3 it extended upto the third ventricle. In 8 patients the lesion was predominantly cystic with specks of calcification within it. In 2 patients it was a combination of solid and cystic components and in 1 it was totally calcified. In 2 patients there was significant hydrocephalus due to compression of the third ventricle.
Outcome: The last two patients who have been operated less than a month ago have had a sub-total excision and they will be subjected to radiation treatment. Their long-term outcome will be evident only later. There has been no mortality amongst these patients. The follow-up period ranges from 5 days to 4 years. Headache was ameliorated in 7 of the 8 patients in whom it was present. The eighth patient with headache has been operated only 5 days ago. Of the 5 patients who had preoperative visual problems, vision improved in 2, became worse in 2 and there was no change in 1 after surgery. One of the 2 patient's vision deteriorated immediately post-operatively from a vision of 6/6 in the right eye to finger counting at 5 feet. The second patient had had a very poor tumour excision, and his vision deteriorated over a period of 1 year to near blindness. This was obviously due to unrelieved optic nerve compression. Of the 9 patients whose growth was stunted, 7 patients continue to remain stunted. The remaining 2 have been operated only recently. Two patients had already attained their secondary sexual characters by the time their lesions became symptomatic. Seven of the other 9 patients have not attained these characteristics yet. In the last 2 patients it is too early to judge the effect of surgery in this respect. Only 3 patients have had post-operative CT scans at the end of 4 years, 2 ½ years and 1 year respectively. One has no residue whereas the other two have shown small intrasellar tumour residues.
Craniopharyngiomas can originate anywhere from the posterior pharynx to the third ventricle[18]. The majority (50 to 85%) are supra-sellar or para-sellar in location[14]. There is the smaller group which originates low around the pituitary stalk or even below the diaphragma sellae[4],[13]. Depending on the type seen in large numbers, various surgeons have pointed out the merits of a particular surgical approach[4],[9],[10],[15],[19],[21],[22],[24]. A general opinion has emerged that the best results in the treatment of craniopharyngiomas are achieved with a complete or at least radical excision whenever possible. Whenever a residue is left behind radiation therapy is resorted to with good results[1],[2],[3],[12],[16],[20],[22],[23]. Unresectable cystic craniopharyngioma has been managed by aspiration through an Ommaya reservoir[5]. Baskin and Wilson[2] reported 74 cases of craniopharyngioma. They adopted various approaches like the sub-frontal (in front of the chiasm or through the lamina terminalis), an approach between the carotid artery and optic nerve, sub-temporal, trans-callosal, suboccipital and the trans-spenoidal route. The choice was obviously dictated by the direction of the tumour growth.
Out of our 51 patients, 11 were selected for treatment by the trans-sphenoidal route. Two of these patients had normal sized sellae. As mentioned earlier during the trans-sphenoidal operation the tumour in one patient was calcified and not even a small bit could be excised, and in the second patient the lesion was very firm and it could only be biopsied. In the remaining 9 patients a radical tumour removal was accomplished. All these patients had large cystic components with small solid parts with calcified areas. The sella was enlarged in all these 9 patients. Due to a combination of favourable circumstances a radical excision could be achieved in all these 9 patients. In one of them the tumour was excised totally, whereas in the remainder a subtotal excision was possible. Nine of the 11 patients have had radiation therapy, whereas the last two who have been operated only recently, are undergoing this therapy. Admittedly the period of follow-up is too short to talk about cures, but in 7 of the 9 patients (excluding the recently operated two patients) a good excision has been obtained. In two others the excision has been totally unsatisfactory. This was due to the very tough consistency of the masses and only a little enlargement of the sella. One of them has been lost to follow up 6 months after surgery. In one patient on whom a sub-total excision was carried out, the vision inexplicably deteriorated post-operatively. In the remaining[7] patients there has been no morbidity related to surgery and there has been no mortality. Even the two patients who were operated recently did not show any immediate post-surgical morbidity. The ability to achieve a satisfactory tumour excision by the trans-sphenoidal route in 9 of the 11 cases proves that the approach is useful for a selected group of patients. This is supported by similar earlier observations by others[2],[4],[6],[7].[8],[13],[14],[18],[20].
Successful resection of craniopharyngioma requires selecting the most efficacious approach on the basis of pre-operative neuroradiologic documentation of the precise position and extension of tumour with respect to the diaphragma sellae, third ventricle, optic nerves, chiasm, circle of Willis and parenchymal perforating branches derived therefrom [17]. For judicious use of any surgical approach (including the trans-sphenoidal), a pre-operative determination of the location and spread of the craniopharyngioma is absolutely necessary. This is best determined by radiological means. Clinical examination helps a little towards this. On plain X-rays an enlarged sella points to a possibly subdiaphragmatic location of the tumour. This is easily corroborated by a CT scan. A direct coronal scan and sagittal reconstruction are a great help. These views directly determine the presence or absence of the lesion within the sella. A tumour with even a large midline superior extension is amenable to removal by this route. It being cystic (as many are) is a bonus! Even a soft solid tumour lends itself to a satisfactory removal. A firm or calcified tumour can usually be removed only partially. Increased vascularity compounds the adverse situation. Finally tumours with large parasellar, frontal or posterior extensions are not suitable for removal by the transsphenoidal route.
I am grateful to Mr. GM Godhwani for the secretarial assistance.
1. Amacher AL. Craniopharyngiorna: the controversy regarding radiotherapy. Child's Brain 1980; 6:57-64.
2. Baskin SD, Wilson CB. Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 1986; 65:22-27.
3. Cabazudo JM, Vaquero J, Areitio E, Martinez R, De Sola RG, Bravo G, et al. Craniopharyngiomas: a critical approach to treament. J Neurosurg 1981; 55:371-375.
4. Ciric IS, Cozzens JW. Craniopharyngiomas: transsphenoidal method of approach - for the virtuoso only? In, "Clinical Neurosurgery". Vol. 27, Ed. P. W. Baltimore/London: Carmel, Williams and Wilkins; 1980, pp 169-182,
5. Gutin PH, Klemme WM, Lagger RL, Mackay AK, Pitts LH, Hosobuchi Y, et al. Management of the unresectable cystic craniopharyngioma by aspiration through an Ommaya reservoir drainage system. J Neurosurg 1980; 52:36-40.
6. Hardy J, Wigser SM. Trans-sphenoidal surgery of pituitary fossa tumours with televised radiofluoroscopic control. J Neurosurg 1965; 23:612-619.
7. Hardy J. Trans-sphenoidal hypophysectomy. J Neurosurg 1971; 34:582-594.
8. Hardy J, Vezina JL. Trans-sphenoidal neurosurgery of intra-cranial neoplasms. In: "Neoplasia in the Central Neruous System: Advances in Neurology." Vol. 15. RA Thompson, JR Green, editors. New York: Raven Press; 1976, pp 261-274.
9. Hoffman HI. Craniopharyngiomas. In: "Pediatric Neurosurgery". New York: Grune and Stratton Inc; 1982, pp 501-512.
10. Jawahar, G., Anuradha, S. and Natarajan, M.: Craniopharyngiomas in children and adults. India: Neurol 1985; 33:273-278.
11. Kjellberg RN. Craniopharyngiomas. In: "Clinical Management of Pituitary Disorders". GT Tindall, WF Collins, editors. New York: Raven Press; 1979, pp 373-388.
12. Kramer S, Southard M, Mansfield CM. Radiotherapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas: further experiences and late results. Amer J Radiol 1968; 103:44-52.
13. Laws ER. Trans-sphenoidal microsurgery in the management of craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 1980; 661-666.
14. Laws ER Jr, Ebersold MJ, Piepgras DG, Randall RV, Salassa RM. The results of trans-sphenoidal surgery in specific clinical entities. In: "Management of Pituitary Adenomas and Related Lesions with Emphasis on Trans-sphenoidal Microsurgery". ER Laws Jr, RV Randall, EB Kern, editors. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts; 1982.
15. Long DM, Leibrock L. The transcallosal approach to the anterior ventricular system and its application in the therapy of craniopharyngiomas. In: "Clinical Neurosurgery" Vol. 27. PW Carmel, editor. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins; 1980, pp 160-168.
16. Manaka S, Teramoto A, Takakura K. The efficacy of radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 1985; 62:648-656.
17. McClone DG, Raimondi AJ, Naidich TP. Craniopharyngiomas. Child's Brain 1982; 9:188-200.
18. Mulcada K, Mori S, Matsumura S, Uozumi T, Goishi J. Intra-sellar craniopharyngioma. Surg Neurol 1984; 21:565- 571.
19. Ramamurthi B. Comparative study of pituitary adenoma and craniopharyngioma. In: "Proceedings of the Sixth Afro-Asian Congress of Ophthalmology". Madras: 1976, pp 1-10.
20. Richmond IL, Wilson CB. Parasellar tumours in children. II. Surgical management, radiation therapy, and follow- up. Child's Brain 1980; 7:85-94.
21. Sambasivan M, Pillai AM. Experience with craniopharyngiomas. Neurol India 1986; 34:41-46.
22. Shillito J. Craniopharyngiomas: Tle sub-frontal approach or none at all? In: "Clinical Neurosurgery". Vol. 27 PW Carmel, editor. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins; 1980, pp 188-205.
23. Sweet WH. Recurrent craniopharyngiomas: therapeutic alternatives. In: "Clinical Neurosurgery". Vol. 27. PW Carmel, editor. Baltimore/London: Williams and Wilkins; 1980, pp 206-229.
24. Symon L, Sprich W. Radical excision of craniopharyngioma. Results in 20 patients. J Neurosurg 1985; 62:174-181.

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Find a bar
The Most Bizarre Bar? Hobbit House, Manila.
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When it comes to crazy, Manila makes Bangkok look like a rest cure. The space cruisers of the rich slide past pedicab drivers bathing their children on street corners; tin rooved shacks nestle next to luxury malls; the stink of sewage wafts up towards slickly-marketed condos; bar girls and ladyboys tout for sex; and hustlers flog Viagra in the streets.
And so, naturally, the Philippine capital is home to Lonely Planet's pick for the world's most bizarre bar: Hobbit House. As the name might suggest, it's a Hobbit-themed bar staffed by... well, little people.
Ali, sunny and smiling in a trilby hat over a scarlet "Small is Beautiful" T-shirt, swings open the circular door of the Hobbit House - hobbit-hole? Smial? He collects a silver bell from the lid of a piano that towers over him, and rings it to announce our arrival.
The bar is long and dark, fronted by a stage, and decked out in Hobbit art and memorabilia. Maria, who is tall enough to see over the tables but needs to stand on a step and stretch to collect drinks from the bar, escorts us to our table and produces a menu. An impressive selection of 200-odd imported beers sits side by side with the Flaming Frodo, a shot of blazing lambanog (coconut spirit) with a beer chaser.
On stage, the live act without which no evening in the Philippines would be complete break into Leonard Cohen's Suzanne, beneath an enormous painting of the inn scene from Lord of the Rings. A very pretty little person jokes with the standard-size bar staff. And Maria takes a break below a painting of The Hobbit; walking can be difficult and painful for people with achondroplasia.
It's a quiet Monday night and I feel quite phenomenally awkward. I'm wearing heels, so several of the servers don't even reach my waist. And the whole thing feels, at first blush, exploitative. Wrong. Degrading...
Jim Turner, now 75, started Hobbit House in 1973 after arriving in the Philippines as a Peace Corps Volunteer in the 60s and never getting around to leaving. He's outside, with a friend, working his way through what looks like a bottomless whisky and soda. "This is your bar?" I ask.
"No," he says. "I gave it to the staff, six or seven years ago. Talk to Pidoy."
Pidoy Fetaleno, 61, is a jovial chap wearing smart shorts, socks, brogues and the regulation Hobbit House T-shirt. He beckons me inside with a wave of the arm. To my absolute horror, I catch myself stooping to hold his hand as I would a small child's - an indignity he ignores with practiced grace.
"I started working here when it opened in 1973 and worked my way up," he explains. "First I was a waiter, then cashier, then the head waiter, then the general manager - then I retired, and now I'm back as a consultant, an owner and a director."
How has Hobbit House been for him? He looks at me. "When I was young," he explains, as though talking to a very slow child. "With my disability it was never expected that I would have any opportunity to work. Now I have a wife, and two children, both of them through college: one's in Saudi Arabia, one in Canada."
Even today, despite legislation, employment practices in the Philippines rise to heights of ageism and sexism that can only be partially explained by a culture so looks-obsessed that the results of beauty contests make front page news. Photos are typically requested, and requirements that candidates be above the average height for the Philippines, such as "mimimum height 5'3" for women, 5'7" for men", are common.
In the 1970s, when there was no legal protection of disability rights, the situation was far worse. "I came to Manila to visit my brother," Pidoy recalls. "And I heard that there was this man building a place for the little people, so I came here."
That was over 40 years ago, and Pidoy has never looked back. The Hobbit House has changed his life beyond recognition, providing him not only with a job and income, but enabling him to build a career and a family.
Not all of the staff at the Hobbit House are of short stature: it's just not practical. "We can't work in the kitchen," Pidoy says. "Reaching the rice cooker's too difficult for us, and the same with behind the bar."
Maria heads over to our table. "She's been working here since 1991," Pidoy explains. "She has one son and two grandchildren."
Maria is 42, looks 35 at the outside. How has the Hobbit House helped her?
"It's a job," says Pidoy, again. "It's money."
And, yes, in the Philippines, it really is that simple. "We have another branch in Boracay," Pidoy adds, referring to the white sand island that's one of the Philippines' top beach destinations. "We've got eleven midgets working there now."
Outside, Jim is still working on his whisky and soda. Why did you set up the place, I ask?
"I came as a Peace Corps volunteer," he says. "I wanted to help all types of people, and these people had no jobs. I wanted to find jobs for these little guys - and now, 40 years on, we're into the second and third generation."
A rose-seller locomotes past the Hobbit House Reserved Parking sign with an odd, uncomfortable gallumphing motion, and up to Jim's table. "You see him," says Jim, meditatively. "He has a different problem. One leg shorter than the other, you see?"
There's almost a foot's difference between the rose-seller's left leg and his right. Rapid negotiations in Tagalog, and Jim buys his entire stock at a price sufficient to ensure a profit but low enough that the Hobbit House doesn't become an alternative to work. The rose-seller lurches away, beaming.
"Are you happy with what you've done here?" I ask Jim.
"Of course I'm happy," he rasps. "All my employees are happy, I'm happy. These people are my family now. Look at Ali. He's got five children! Pidoy has grandchildren!"
Back inside, I sit under a replica of Aragorn's sword and watch the life of the bar for a little while. Pidoy greets his regulars, plays genial host to a table of diners; Ali puts boundless enthusiasm into his role as front of house; the pretty, happy chick flirts with the bar staff; Maria poses for pictures with a Filipino family; and friends swing by to visit.
And, in the end, Hobbit House doesn't feel bizarre at all. It's a family affair. A social enterprise with a difference. And, if you're ever in Manila or Boracay, I'd recommend you stop by for one of those imported beers.
www.hobbithousemanila.com
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New Illinois gov. says he's ready to get to work
Now that Rod Blagojevich's scandal-ridden tenure as governor is over, Gov. Pat Quinn said Friday he's ready to get to work and "mend the flaws" in state government.
Jan. 28, 2009, 4:39 PM UTC / Source: msnbc.com news services
"This is a time for governance and reform. Politics — we can do that next year," Quinn told WLS Radio's "The Don and Roma Morning Show."
The 60-year-old Democrat was elevated to Illinois' chief executive on Thursday when the Illinois Senate voted 59-0 to convict Blagojevich of abuse of power, automatically ousting the second-term Democrat. In a second, identical vote, lawmakers further barred Blagojevich from ever holding public office in the state again.
Quinn said he would be busy on his first full day as governor and that his job is to "mend the flaws" in state government. He pledged to work with lawmakers and other state officials as a team to get the job done. Among the challenges he faces is a state budget deficit of more than $3 billion.
Blagojevich, accused of trying to sell Barack Obama's vacant Senate seat, became the first U.S. governor in more than 20 years to be removed by impeachment.
On Thursday, he addressed his Senate impeachment trial and offered familiar lines: He was innocent. The trial rules were unfair. His goal always was to help people.
But senators were unswayed.
"He failed the test of character. He is beneath the dignity of the state of Illinois. He is no longer worthy to be our governor," said Sen. Matt Murphy, a Republican from suburban Chicago.
Blagojevich's troubles are not over. Federal prosecutors are drawing up an indictment against him on corruption charges.
Outside his Chicago home Thursday night, Blagojevich vowed to "keep fighting to clear my name," and added: "Give me a chance to show you that I haven't let you down."
Blagojevich, 52, had boycotted the first three days of the impeachment trial, calling the proceedings a kangaroo court. But on Thursday, he went before the Senate to fight for his job, delivering a 47-minute plea that was, by turns, defiant, humble and sentimental.
"You haven't proved a crime, and you can't because it didn't happen," Blagojevich told lawmakers. "How can you throw a governor out of office with insufficient and incomplete evidence?"
End to 'freak show'
The verdict brought to an end what one lawmaker branded "the freak show" in Illinois. Over the past few weeks, Blagojevich found himself isolated, with almost the entire political establishment lined up against him. The crisis paralyzed state government and made Blagojevich and his helmet of lush, dark hair a punchline from coast to coast.
Many ordinary Illinoisans were glad to see him go.
"It's very embarrassing. I think it's a shame that with our city and Illinois, everybody thinks we're all corrupt," Gene Ciepierski, 54, said after watching the trial's conclusion on a TV at Chicago's beloved Billy Goat Tavern. "To think he would do something like that, it hurts more than anything."
In a solemn scene, more than 30 lawmakers rose one by one on the Senate floor to accuse Blagojevich of abusing his office and embarrassing the state. They denounced him as a hypocrite, saying he cynically tried to enrich himself and then posed as the brave protector of the poor and "wrapped himself in the constitution."
Blagojevich did not stick around to hear the vote. He took a state plane back to Chicago.
He did, however, use his last day in office to grant clemency to a prominent Chicago real estate developer and a former drug dealer, just hours before the vote to oust him.
The verdict capped a head-spinning string of developments that began with his arrest by the FBI on Dec. 9. Federal prosecutors had been investigating Blagojevich's administration for years, and some of his closest cronies already have been convicted.
The most spectacular allegation was that Blagojevich had been caught on wiretaps scheming to sell an appointment to Obama's Senate seat for campaign cash or a plum job for himself or his wife.
"I've got this thing and it's (expletive) golden, and I'm just not giving it up for (expletive) nothing. I'm not gonna do it," he was quoted as saying on a government wiretap.
Sen. James Meeks, a Chicago Democrat, mocked Blagojevich during debate: "We have this thing called impeachment and it's bleeping golden and we've used it the right way."
Prosecutors also said Blagojevich illegally pressured people to make campaign contributions and tried to get editorial writers fired from the Chicago Tribune for badmouthing him in print.
Obama himself, fresh from his historic election victory, was forced to look into the matter and issued a report concluding that no one in his inner circle had done anything wrong.
"Today ends a painful episode for Illinois," the president said in a Thursday night statement. "For months, the state had been crippled by a crisis of leadership. Now that cloud has lifted."
Even as lawmakers were deciding whether to launch an impeachment, Blagojevich defied the political establishment by appointing a former Illinois attorney general, Roland Burris, to the very Senate seat he had been accused of trying to sell. Top Democrats on Capitol Hill eventually backed down and seated Burris.
As his trial got under way, Blagojevich launched a media blitz, rushing from one TV studio to another in New York to proclaim his innocence. He likened himself to the hero of a Frank Capra movie and to a cowboy in the hands of a Wild West lynch mob.
The impeachment case included not only the criminal charges against Blagojevich, but allegations he broke the law when it came to hiring state workers, expanded a health care program without legislative approval and spent $2.6 million on flu vaccine that went to waste. The 118-member House twice voted to impeach him, both times with only one "no" vote.
Seven other U.S. governors have been removed by impeachment, the most recent being Arizona's Evan Mecham in 1988. Illinois never before impeached a governor, despite its long and rich history of graft.
By Thursday night, Blagojevich's name and picture had disappeared from the state's official Web site. Instead, an unobtrusive "Pat Quinn, Governor" was in the upper right corner.


Capture attention down every New Jersey highway and byway with the 2019 Mazda MX-5 Miata. Whether you're craving the open-air drive of a 2019 Mazda Miata convertible or you're enticed by the athletic stance of the Mazda MX-5 RF hardtop model, our Mazda dealership near Middletown Township, NJ, has the new 2019 Mazda Miata for you. Come to Schwartz Mazda to learn more about the 2019 Mazda MX-5 Miata configurations and specs. From the Mazda MX-5 Miata Sport to the Mazda Miata RF Grand Touring trim, you can find the Mazda Miata model that fits your tastes best. Get the keys to the Mazda roadster or convertible of your dreams when you buy or lease a new Mazda MX-5 at Schwartz Mazda!
Explore our 2019 Mazda MX-5 inventory and meet with our finance experts about the new Mazda Miata price and new Mazda Miata lease specials. Our Shrewsbury Mazda dealership has the new 2019 Mazda MX-5 available, so come get the keys to the Mazda Miata convertible or Mazda MX-5 hardtop you love!


Thank you for sharing your knowledge. It was really inspiring. THANKS A LOT!!
Thanks for your website! I was looking at your antenna designs when I stumbled into your wee Raspberry Pi. I just wanted to let you know that I've found some really useful stuff here. So thanks again!
Thanks for the broadcast John, I love your Mount Point / pi.ogg stream. Listen to it often.


Summer is coming towards an end and here at Team Jeff we would like to have as many area wrestlers come in for a final live night before Fargo. You don't have to be going to Fargo to take place in this practice, we want you to come get mat time! The live night is July 15 at 6 PM, be there!
July 15 – live only!!! – invite area teams and kids from other schools!


text:
#include <usAny.h>

#include "usTestingMacros.h"

#include <limits>

US_USE_NAMESPACE

int usAnyTest(int /*argc*/, char* /*argv*/[])
{
  US_TEST_BEGIN("AnyTest");

  Any anyBool = true;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyBool.Type() == typeid(bool), "Any[bool].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<bool>(anyBool) == true, "any_cast<bool>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyBool.ToString() == "1", "Any[bool].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyBool.ToJSON() == "true", "Any[bool].ToJSON()")
  anyBool = false;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyBool.ToString() == "0", "Any[bool].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyBool.ToJSON() == "false", "Any[bool].ToJSON()")

  Any anyInt = 13;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyInt.Type() == typeid(int), "Any[int].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<int>(anyInt) == 13, "any_cast<int>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyInt.ToString() == "13", "Any[int].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyInt.ToJSON() == "13", "Any[int].ToJSON()")

  Any anyChar = 'a';
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyChar.Type() == typeid(char), "Any[char].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<char>(anyChar) == 'a', "any_cast<char>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyChar.ToString() == "a", "Any[char].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyChar.ToJSON() == "a", "Any[char].ToJSON()")

  Any anyFloat = 0.2f;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyFloat.Type() == typeid(float), "Any[float].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<float>(anyFloat) - 0.2f < std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon(), "any_cast<float>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyFloat.ToString() == "0.2", "Any[float].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyFloat.ToString() == "0.2", "Any[float].ToJSON()")

  Any anyDouble = 0.5;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyDouble.Type() == typeid(double), "Any[double].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<double>(anyDouble) - 0.5 < std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon(), "any_cast<double>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyDouble.ToString() == "0.5", "Any[double].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyDouble.ToString() == "0.5", "Any[double].ToJSON()")

  Any anyString = std::string("hello");
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyString.Type() == typeid(std::string), "Any[std::string].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<std::string>(anyString) == "hello", "any_cast<std::string>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyString.ToString() == "hello", "Any[std::string].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyString.ToJSON() == "\"hello\"", "Any[std::string].ToJSON()")

  std::vector<int> vecInts;
  vecInts.push_back(1);
  vecInts.push_back(2);
  Any anyVectorOfInts = vecInts;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfInts.Type() == typeid(std::vector<int>), "Any[std::vector<int>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<std::vector<int> >(anyVectorOfInts) == vecInts, "any_cast<std::vector<int>>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfInts.ToString() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::vector<int>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfInts.ToJSON() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::vector<int>].ToJSON()")

  std::list<int> listInts;
  listInts.push_back(1);
  listInts.push_back(2);
  Any anyListOfInts = listInts;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfInts.Type() == typeid(std::list<int>), "Any[std::list<int>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<std::list<int> >(anyListOfInts) == listInts, "any_cast<std::list<int>>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfInts.ToString() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::list<int>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfInts.ToJSON() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::list<int>].ToJSON()")

  std::set<int> setInts;
  setInts.insert(1);
  setInts.insert(2);
  Any anySetOfInts = setInts;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anySetOfInts.Type() == typeid(std::set<int>), "Any[std::set<int>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(any_cast<std::set<int> >(anySetOfInts) == setInts, "any_cast<std::set<int>>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anySetOfInts.ToString() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::set<int>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anySetOfInts.ToJSON() == "[1,2]", "Any[std::set<int>].ToJSON()")

  std::vector<Any> vecAny;
  vecAny.push_back(1);
  vecAny.push_back(std::string("hello"));
  Any anyVectorOfAnys = vecAny;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfAnys.Type() == typeid(std::vector<Any>), "Any[std::vector<Any>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfAnys.ToString() == "[1,hello]", "Any[std::vector<Any>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyVectorOfAnys.ToJSON() == "[1,\"hello\"]", "Any[std::vector<Any>].ToJSON()")

  std::list<Any> listAny;
  listAny.push_back(1);
  listAny.push_back(std::string("hello"));
  Any anyListOfAnys = listAny;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfAnys.Type() == typeid(std::list<Any>), "Any[std::list<Any>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfAnys.ToString() == "[1,hello]", "Any[std::list<Any>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyListOfAnys.ToJSON() == "[1,\"hello\"]", "Any[std::list<Any>].ToJSON()")

  std::map<std::string, int> map1;
  map1["one"] = 1;
  map1["two"] = 2;
  Any anyMap1 = map1;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap1.Type() == typeid(std::map<std::string, int>), "Any[std::map<std::string,int>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION((any_cast<std::map<std::string, int> >(anyMap1) == map1), "any_cast<std::map<std::string,int>>()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap1.ToString() == "{one : 1, two : 2}", "Any[std::map<std::string,int>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap1.ToJSON() == "{\"one\" : 1, \"two\" : 2}", "Any[std::map<std::string,int>].ToJSON()")

  std::map<int, Any> map2;
  map2[1] = 0.3;
  map2[3] = std::string("bye");
  Any anyMap2 = map2;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap2.Type() == typeid(std::map<int, Any>), "Any[std::map<int,Any>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap2.ToString() == "{1 : 0.3, 3 : bye}", "Any[std::map<int,Any>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap2.ToJSON() == "{\"1\" : 0.3, \"3\" : \"bye\"}", "Any[std::map<int,Any>].ToJSON()")

  std::map<std::string, Any> map3;
  map3["number"] = 5;
  std::vector<int> numbers;
  numbers.push_back(9);
  numbers.push_back(8);
  numbers.push_back(7);
  map3["vector"] = numbers;
  map3["map"] = map2;
  Any anyMap3 = map3;
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap3.Type() == typeid(std::map<std::string, Any>), "Any[std::map<std::string,Any>].Type()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap3.ToString() == "{map : {1 : 0.3, 3 : bye}, number : 5, vector : [9,8,7]}", "Any[std::map<std::string,Any>].ToString()")
  US_TEST_CONDITION(anyMap3.ToJSON() == "{\"map\" : {\"1\" : 0.3, \"3\" : \"bye\"}, \"number\" : 5, \"vector\" : [9,8,7]}", "Any[std::map<std::string,Any>].ToJSON()")

  US_TEST_END()
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome home! We will be happy to host you.
Il Dammuso is a family house situated in Sferracavallo, a small, ancient village near Palermo, in an area of outstanding natural beauty within the Capo Gallo's (Rooster's cape) nature reserve, behind a old "tonnara", where in old times fisherman were used to catch tunas.
Guest rooms include fast free WiFi, the private bathrooms have a hairdryer and free toiletries.
It's traditional Sicilian character and ideal location are equally appealling to both leisure and business guests.
In the morning, guests may enjoy the garden surrounded by typical flowers like Pomelia and fruit trees like mulberry tree, pomegranate and tangerines.
There are two closest bus stops and trains from which it takes only 20-25 minutes into central Palermo.
There are excellent transport links to Mondello and central Palermo.
It is an accommodation for all those who love nature, sports (hiking, running, swimming, free climbing, sailing), arts, quietness, for all those don't know where to sleep in a quiet place near Palermo and wants simply enjoy the delights of city center and the surrounding areas all year round.


Just because everyone else is having new headshots done doesn't mean you have to. Get clear on why you're doing it and where you'll use the photos before you take one more step.
You might be surprised how many people show up to a photo shoot with no clear brand strategy. Even the best photographer will fail if you don't give her something to work with.
Long before hire your photographer, start collecting inspiration in the form of a Pinterest board or digital folder you can share. Colors, textures, location, layout & style are all fair game when collecting images. Gather up anything that feels like you.
Professional photographers all have their own style and specialty, so you may have to research several before you find a few that are a good fit. Prices vary wildly as well, so keep your budget in mind when looking.
Photographers typically charge by the package, so when interviewing potential candidates, be prepared to answer questions like number of images, how they'll be used, locations for shooting, whether you'll need hair and makeup services and more.
Choose clothing styles and a location that you're comfortable in and that match your branding and values. Include accessories, and try to include one piece with each outfit that features your brand colors.
Your brand photos don't all have to include you. Consider using on-brand props for photos you can use when designing your website or other assets.
The last thing you want is to get a bad haircut the day before your big photo shoot. Leave yourself some time to fix any faux pas that come up.
You won't look your best on the big day if you only slept 3 hours and spent the weekend at your sister's wedding. Plan well, and be good to yourself in the days leading up to your shoot.
You can never have enough brand photos, and you'll learn something from every shoot, so start making notes now about what worked and what didn't, and what you want to be sure to include next time.
Use it to plan your own branding photo shoot.
Gather experts and host a telesummit about branding and use this planner as one of your upsells.
Offer this planner and a quick tutorial video as a bonus when people purchase your favorite branding course through your affiliate link.
Work through this planner with your clients to help them plan their branding photo shoot. Once it's planned offer them a package where you'll implement it for them (or have your team implement it).


Reading proficiency by third grade is the most important predictor of high school graduation and career success (Campaign for Grade Level Reading). By fourth grade, students are reading to learn, meaning they read to understand more complex ideas in various subject areas, from social science and history to math and science. It's clear that reading is absolutely critical!
What is the role of OST in developing literacy?
The goal of literacy (reading and writing) in afterschool programming is to encourage students to be well-rounded communicators through lots of opportunities to practice their reading and writing in addition to the high quality instruction they receive during the school day. But it's not just about reinforcing basic skills. In afterschool, programs strive to show kids and youth that literacy can be fun and a form of self-expression.
In out-of-school-time, not only are we helping kids to be better readers and writers, we are also trying to instill a love of and respect for both. This is done through activities that integrate literacy into other subject areas, such as a science experiment, and also through activities that use reading and/or writing just for the love of it, like storytelling or poetry. We have so much to offer in this space, and often the kids, themselves, are the deciders. There's so much to explore in OST.
The Iowa Afterschool Alliance has developed a one-pager explaining how afterschool programs support literacy. Please use widely!
To more directly influence student literacy through enrichment in their service area, United Way of Central Iowa is investing in a special initiative of its Education Early and Middle Grade Success Strategies to infuse more high-quality learning activities into existing OST programs.
A wiki site has been created to share information and resources in the grantee network and with interested stakeholders. Check it out at https://ostinitiative.wikispaces.com/. Only members (initiative grantees and administrators) can edit content.
For more information on the OST Initiative, please contact Michelle Rich at mrich@sppg.com.
In 2011 and 2013, the Iowa Afterschool Alliance partnered with Child and Family Policy Center, United Way of Central Iowa and several other organizations to host forums dedicated to literacy. These forums brought together over 250 decision makers to discuss Iowa's policies on third grade reading, specifically.
In 2013, the Iowa Afterschool Alliance and partners were recognized by the Campaign for Grade Level Reading for our work to support Iowa's community-wide efforts to improve early grade reading. We were presented with this special honor along with the six Pace Setter Communities that have been doing exemplary work on literacy locally. Below you will find one-pagers on each of the communities' efforts, first shared with participants attending the 2013 Ensuring World Class Readers forum.
For more on the Campaign for Grade Level Reading, visit the initiative website at http://gradelevelreading.net/.


This paper examines how product market competition affects firms' willingness to offer trade credit. We consider N suppliers who sell differentiated products through M financially constrained retailers. The retailers are exposed to exogenous demand shock and use a combination of bank and trade credit financing. The rationale for using two sources of financing is to split the default risk between the suppliers and the bank, all of whom are averse to uncertainty. Providing trade credit to a retailer frees up some of the retailer's liquidity, which allows him to increase purchases not only from the supplier who provided this credit but also from other suppliers. This leads to a free-riding problem that is particularly detrimental when suppliers offer substitutable products and, therefore, compete not only for the retailers' cash but also for end consumers. Thus, our model predicts a negative relationship between the prevalence of trade credit financing and competition in the upstream industry whether it is measured by the number of suppliers or the degree of competitive interaction among them. We find both of these predictions to be supported by data.


Name of public limited company, registration and re-registration of companies.
4.—(1) The name of a public limited company must end with the words "public limited company" or "cuideachta phoiblí theoranta" which may be abbreviated to "p.l.c." or "c.p.t." respectively and those words or abbreviations may not be preceded by the word "limited" or its abbreviation "ltd." or "teoranta" or its abbreviation "teo.".
including any abbreviation of them, and no fee shall be payable in respect of any change of name mentioned in this subsection.
(3) The memorandum of a public limited company which is limited by shares shall be in the form set out in Part I of the Second Schedule or, if it is a company limited by guarantee and having a share capital, in the form set out in Part II of that Schedule or, in either case, as near thereto as circumstances admit; and those forms supersede in the case of a public limited company the forms of memorandum set out respectively in Tables B and D in the First Schedule to the Principal Act.


Zanui offers an extensive range of industrial furniture online, including industrial tables, industrial chairs and plenty of other industrial modern furniture. Our industrial furniture style is perfect for those looking for long-lasting furniture with an edge.
When creating an industrial space, you need to know what industrially designed furniture means.
Industrial furniture has a rustic, vintage look fused with a modern touch. This style involves plenty of wood, iron, and bronze accents often in bold designs. The metal can sometimes be distressed and the wood can be cracked to add authenticity. Raw materials like brick and concrete are a regular feature of this style.
Industrial lighting and industrial homewares are other great ways to incorporate these metallic elements into any room of your home. Using industrial style décor is also great for balancing masculine and feminine aesthetics.
Our industrial range of dining tables, chairs, and stools can help you create an industrial dining atmosphere sure to catch the eye.
When choosing your table it's important to remember to preserve the rugged good looks of the wood. The industrial style loves natural grains, or even contrasting grains and wood colouring for a look that pops.
Don't forget that the industrial look isn't exclusive to your home. An industrial table and industrial stools work together to create distinct looks even in a restaurant or café.
If you're styling your home office space, you want to create something that helps you work. Industrial cabinets, industrial desks, industrial drawers, and plenty of other industrial office furniture encourage a focussed environment, as it did throughout the industrial revolution.
Choose your materials wisely, create a colour palette that matches your personality, soften the metal, concrete, brick or wooden look with some soft textures. A well-placed faux fur throw, jute rug or a vase of flowers can offset your industrial furniture with texture, colour and style.
Whether you're looking for industrial furniture in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Hobart, or anywhere in Australia in-between, Zanui has the range to suit your needs and style.


Once reserved for multinational organizations and c-suite executives, media training has become essential for businesses of all sizes to successfully sell themselves to their target audiences and media. So, what is media training, when is it necessary, and how is it done?
Media training provides spokespersons with the resources they need to communicate their message in a compelling, succinct manner. The best media training sessions are collaborative, and consist of working sessions that include an overview of the relevant media landscape and target audiences, define message strategy and offer a chance for spokespersons to practice their delivery of those messages in a controlled environment. The days of intense, on-camera drill sessions are long gone, and today's media training sessions are designed around honing your skills to become a more effective communicator.
So, when is media training needed and who benefits? What if your spokespersons have already completed media training? Media training should be a requirement for all spokespersons, and considered for employees with a likelihood to encounter media requests. This can include everyone from the CEO to a front-line associate, and media training sessions should be tailored to meet the needs of these different audiences.
For spokespersons, a half- or full-day session that is conducted one-on-one or in a small group is recommended whereas front-line staff can be trained in large groups or even virtual settings. Refreshers or mini-sessions are also recommended on an annual basis to evolve with business needs and relevant changes in the media landscape. As businesses vie for attention in the crowded, 24-hour news cycle, it's important to take time to develop and finesse new strategies.
Finally, proactive media training offers businesses the best defense in times of crisis. In a time when access to social media has elevated the level of influence for every customer and stakeholder, the need for crisis communication can rapidly evolve from seemingly benign events. When crisis communication becomes necessary, there is only action. Those organizations who take time to proactively prepare are able to more quickly and effectively communicate their message no matter the situation.
Ready to take your organization's communication strategies to the next level? Contact us to learn more about media training, and our award-winning public relations services.


Too funny-- I also get a lot of my ideas in the bath or shower, but had never thought about it as a bio note. That would hilarious, pls do that.
Also I *heart* Mamma Mia and Abba too.
I have breakthrough ideas in the shower quite often, and sometimes when teaching I let slip to my students a statement like this, "So I was in the shower this morning and it suddenly struck me that... ." Then I realize they are all picturing me in the shower and I blush deep crimson.
i hate how often i get ideas while i am driving and my new cell phone doesn't seem to have the audio recording button. darn me and buying cheap cell phones!


Barbra Streisand and Hugh Jackman are a duet match made in heaven.
The duo trade verses on "Any Moment Now," plucked from the Broadway play Smile and featured on Babs' new album, Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway, out Aug. 26. Listen below.
"'Any Moment Now' was the first song that I chose for this album. Being an actress, I like to sing songs that give me something to act," the Academy Award-winner explained in a behind the scenes feature. "I heard the song and I thought, 'This is a way for me to use actors who act and sing with Broadway material.' So the first person I thought of was Hugh Jackman.'"
For his part, the Aussie actor had a hard time keeping his cool while gushing over Streisand.
"When I got the email about it, I literally stared at my phone. My wife, who is the biggest Barbra Streisand fan, she thought something was wrong," he recalled. "I said, 'Read this,' and she read it and she screamed. I was like, 'I don't know how on earth this has happened,' and she goes, 'But you're doing it!' I go, 'Of course I'm doing it!'"
"Singing is really about communicating and when I listen to Hugh's voice, I hear a truth in his performance that I find very touching," Streisand complimented Jackman, but she also offered just a hint of delightful shade for the X-Men star.
"He could be a werewolf, or whatever he is," she said, "Wolverine? And yet, he's a wonderful actor who sings great!"
The 74-year-old icon is set to embark on a nine-city tour, titled "BARBRA... THE MUSIC… THE MEM'RIES… THE MAGIC," kicking off on Aug. 2 in Los Angeles.
"One of the reasons I'm doing [the tour] is because I love to share some of the music I just recorded," Streisand recently told ET. "Meaning ... if I have no new material, I'm thinking, 'What am I doing here?' You know? But it's fun to have new songs to sing."
Among some of the new songs on her LP is "At the Ballet," a collaboration with Anne Hathaway and Daisy Ridley. Get a sneak peek of the performance in the player below.


text:
Q: Linear Transformation applied to the some of the basis of P3 Let $T: P_3 \rightarrow P_3$ be a linear transformation such that $T(-2x^2) = (-3x^2 -4x)\\ T(-0.5x+3) = (-2x^2 -2x -4)\\ T(5x^2 +1) = (-2x-4).\\$
Find $T(1), T(x), T(x^2) and T(ax^2+bx+c)$ where a,b,c are arbitrary real numbers.
I sort of know what to do, but getting very confused.
So I put these in a matrix
$3 \times 3$~matrix
[ \left( \begin{array}{ccc}
-2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -0.5 & 3 \\
5 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)]$
and was going to row reduce so I can find an a, b and c such that $1 = a(-2x^2) +b(-0.5x+3) +c(5x^2+1)$ but I'm not quite getting there (I can row reduce but I'm getting the wrong answer, therefore I know something in my set up is wrong) Any guidance appreciated

A: Guidance
This problem has an answer if the set $(-2x^2,0.5x+3,5x^2+1)$ is a basis of $P_3$ (and this is the case, prove it!) and so we can express the polynomials $1,x$ and $x^2$ relative to this basis. Now use that $T$ is linear transformation to find $T(1),T(x)$ and $T(x^2)$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Edgerton is pleased to offer the Head Start program provided through EightCAP. The Head Start program is a federally funded preschool for 3 and 4 year olds. Eligbility is based on income. The same application is used throughout the Edgerton preschool programs offered.
Head Start also offers Early Head Start for 0-5yrs Infant/Toddler program which has its own application.


text:
Home > Back Issues > WaW Back Issue > WW Game Edition >
Availability:: AUG - SEP 2013
Dubno, 1941. During the opening days of Operation Barbarossa, the German First Panzer Group drove deep through the Ukraine with its ultimate objective the great city of Kiev. Leading the thrust was the 48th Panzer Corps. The Germans broke through the Soviet frontier defenses, but the Red Army quickly counterattacked with several mechanized corps. While the Germans were outnumbered, especially in tanks, they had superior command control and tactics, allowing them to defeat the Soviets piecemeal. Moreover, the Red Army at this stage of the war was in the midst of reorganization, and suffering from severe logistical shortfalls. Still, the Germans got a surprise when they ran up against T-34 and KV tanks which were far heavier than the German AFVs, and were largely impervious to their anti-tank fire, except for the infamous 88mm flak guns. Following several days of mobile battles, the Wehrmacht routed the Red Army. Yet, the Germans were delayed long enough to cost them a quick capture of Kiev, a failure which would have considerable ramifications in the next several months of the campaign.
Level: Battalion/Brigade
The Maginot Line: An in depth look at this iconic French fortified line's role in the campaign of 1940.
Slim's Tanks: an analysis of the brilliant use of armor in the difficult terrain of Southeast Asia by the British Field Marshal William Slim in 1944-45.
Gen. Stanislaw Sosabowski: the military biography of the famous WW2 Polish Parachute Brigade commander (played by Gene Hackman in the movie A Bridge Too Far).


text:
Home / Obituary Vice Lord-Lieutenant Stella Burnside OBE
Mrs Stella Burnside OBE, Vice Lord-Lieutenant of County Londonderry died on Saturday 16th July 2021.
She was appointed Deputy Lieutenant by Sir Denis Desmond on 4th July 2002 and Vice Lord-Lieutenant on 29th January 2015 and when Mrs Alison Millar became Lord-Lieutenant she re-appointed Mrs Burnside in that role as Vice Lord-Lieutenant.
Mrs Burnside was a nurse who became Chief Executive of Altnagelvin Hospital Trust. In addition to her career she contributed to the wider community by her membership of a number of important public and professional bodies throughout the United Kingdom. Her contribution was always inclusive within our often divided community. She was awarded an OBE for her work.
She is survived by her husband Mr Sam Burnside MBE, her three children and five grandchildren.
Her work within the Lieutenancy was hugely valued by both Mrs Millar and Sir Denis Desmond and the Lieutenancy mourns her passing.


text:
Short history and main tasks
The Institute of Ethnomusicology (GNI) is the oldest institute of the Scientific Research Center (ZRC) of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SAZU). It was founded under the name Folklore Institute on 15th of October 1934, on the initiative of the Glasbena matica. The head of the Institute, before World War II was France Marolt. He steered the work of the institute towards the collection, research and publication of material and the publication of scientific findings. This remains the institute's primary orientation even today. After the war came organizational, spatial and technical problems and changes. The institute was affiliated to SAZU in 1972 as a section of the Institute of Slovene Ethnology. In 1994 the institute was named Glasbenonarodopisni inštitut (Institute of Ethnomusicology) and became an independent institute within ZRC SAZU.
Today, through continuous research, the institute illuminates the issues related to changes, presentations and reception of folk song, music and dance. Exploring these issues is embedded in contemporary international research on heritage processes, both in terms of instrumentalisation of heritage and spaces of identification.
In addition to regular research work and publishing research results, the core task of the institute is restoration, storage and publication of archival material in digital formats (CDs, online access to audio, manuscript or photo material), concerts and workshops related to folk music and dance, and cooperation with pedagogical and cultural-political institutions.
Since 1994, the year the sound archive was founded, the GNI has been an autonomous institute of the ZRC SAZU comprising the Department of Ethnomusicology, the Department of Textology, the Department of Ethnochoreology and the Sound Archive and Studio.
Cooperation with international organisations and institutions
The GNI aims to establish the specific aspects of Slovenia's heritage of song, music and dance through comparison with the work of institutions at home and abroad. The foreign institutions most important for the GNI's work are the Phonogrammarchiv of the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Institut für Volksmusikforchung and the Österreichische Volksliedwerk (all in Vienna), the Slowenisches Volkskundeinstitut 'Urban Jarnik' Klagenfurt/Slovenski narodopisni inštitut 'Urban Jarnik' Celovec, the Magyar Tudományos Akademia in Budapest and the Golda Meir Library in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


From the international catwalks, they are no longer indispensable, nor from the glossy editorials and fashion campaigns. Transgender beauties of a la Andreja Pecjic (23) are the models of the hour! Now the first all-transgender modeling agency has opened in Los Angeles their doors – Our site knows the facts!
Transgender models such as Lea t. (34), Valentijn de Hingh (25), Andreja Pecjic and Ines Rau (25) have with campaigns and catwalk jobs – including for luxury labels like Givenchy, Jean Paul Gaultier or Tom Ford – made on the international fashion scene a name and only last may an editorial with a transgender model brought out for the first time the Vogue US with Andreja Pecjic. Since it was only a matter of time before the big modeling agencies on the beautiful transgender girls and-Jungs of this world were aware.
The most recent example of this welcome development in the fashion industry is the transgender model Hari Nef (22), in June of this year by the New York agency of IMG models contract was taken.
"There should be never question, someone as a man or woman to classify, but it must to the passion and commitment, being the best model that can be", the first transgender Agency cited the US magazine "the advocate" the freshly baked Managing Director . So far, Apple model management has L.A. 22 transgender girls under contract – interested models in spe can now on the Web site apply. We keep our fingers crossed!


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During 9 intensive weeks, sharp minded aspiring coders and entrepreneurs took the challenge of learning how to code and deploy their first web app, without any previous knowledge. The result: an empowered group of tech people, eager to take the next step in their careers and lives.
On Friday, the 22nd of March, they will showcase their apps in front of a large audience: friends, entrepreneurs, geeks, experienced developers, YOU!
This is also a great opportunity to network. meet collaborators, talent and mingle with like minded people!


Escape the bustle of mainstream Malia for a day to explore the fascinating Old Town. Wander the labyrinth of small streets, leading to beautiful old churches and small squares with traditional restaurants and quiet cafés. It's the best kept secret in Malia, and so remains peaceful even during the summer months.


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text:
Никольский морской собор (другие названия: Церковь Николая Чудотворца, Николаевская церковь) в Херсоне — православный храм во имя Святого Николая Чудотворца по адресу улица Мостовая, 31 район Забалки. Современный каменный храм возведён в стиле русского классицизма. Памятник архитектуры национального значения, охранный номер 1624.

Основание
Район Забалки возник в конце XVIII века как один из пригородов Херсона, который раскинулся за глубоким оврагом (балкой), активно начал застраиваться только в начале XIX в. Для нужд верующих на берегу реки Кошевая в военный госпиталь построили небольшую деревянную церковь, которую освятили во имя Святого Николая Чудотворца.

В 1819 году церковь вывели из военного ведомства и превратили в обычную приходскую. Со временем деревянная церковь обветшала, с 1840 года возник вопрос о строительстве большого каменного храма. Население Забалки в основном бедное, средствами на строительство храма помог благодетель — коллежский асессор Иаков Андреевич Дорошенко, потомок гетманского рода Дорошенко, который предоставил нужную сумму.

9 мая 1842 года в центре новой рыночной площади был освящён новый каменный храм во имя Святого Николая Чудотворца.

Во время Крымской войны в храме отпевали севастопольских защитников, умерших в херсонских госпиталях.

К 1904 году церковь расширили двумя боковыми пристройками, одна из которых освящена в честь Касперовской иконы Божьей Матери, а другая во имя Серафима Саровского чудотворца. Строительство возглавил настоятель церкви отец Федор Калинчук, а освятил — преосвященный Дмитрий, епископ Новомиргородский.

До 1917 года при церкви действовала церковно-приходская школа, в ней обучалось в среднем 30 мальчиков и девочек.

В 1922 году из церкви были изъяты ценности, в 1929 году сняты колокола.

С 1932 по 1942 годы в храме не совершались богослужения, на его территории находилось зернохранилище и ремонтные мастерские. Богослужения возобновились при оккупационний администрации.

В 1994 году купол колокольни восстановлен в его первоначальном виде.

В 2007 году храм возвратил себе статус морского собора.

Галерея

Внешний вид

Интерьер

Примечания

Источники
 Горностаев Е. В. По страницам истории православных церквей Херсона. — Херсон, 1998.
 Горностаев Е. В. Храм Николая Чудотворца в Херсоне // Новый день.- 1999.- № 3 .- С.15.
 Памятники градостроительства и архитектуры Украинской ССР: В 4 т.; Т.4 / Г. Н. Логвин.- К.,1986.- 376 с.
 Пасенко В. Здесь учат добру и вере: [О деятельности настоятеля храма о. Василия] // Православна Таврія.- 1999.-№ 8.- С.10.
 Сквозь годы и судьбы. Современный Херсон / Авторы-составители: О. Алеферко, С. Алеферко.- Херсон: Наддніпряночка, 2003.- 224 с.

Ссылки
 Никольский морской собор Херсона
Храмы Херсона
Херсон

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Margaret S. Chin
Battery Park City, Civic Center, Chinatown, Financial District, Little Italy, the Lower East Side, NoHo, SoHo, South Street Seaport, South Village, TriBeCa & Washington Square
CM Chin Calls for Justice for Chinese Senior Fatally Struck by Cyclist
Marian Guerra | September 27, 2017
LOWER EAST SIDE – Today, Council Member Margaret S. Chin joined the family of Shun Kwong Leung, a 63-year-old Chinese American senior who was fatally struck by a bicyclist on the corner of Hester and Essex streets, to urge the New York County District Attorney's office to seek justice and accountability for this tragic incident.
"I stand with the Leung family to urge the District Attorney's office to reconsider their decision not to prosecute, and to join our community to seek justice for Shun Kwong Leung," said Council Member Chin. "Mr. Leung was one of many seniors in our community who regularly visit Seward Park for exercise and relaxation. With seniors making up 39 percent of pedestrian fatalities in New York City, it is imperative that we do all that we can to prevent one more innocent senior from turning into yet another statistic."
On July 29th, Mr. Leung was violently knocked to the ground by a bicyclist speeding southbound on Essex Street, causing a major head injury. He died from his injuries shortly after his family visited him at the hospital. At the time of the collision, Mr. Leung was returning home after a routine exercise at Seward Park.
Following the incident, the initial police accident report and media reports claimed that Mr. Leung was crossing at the red light. In response, the Leung family worked closely with Council Member Chin to determine the true details of the case and set the record straight.
Council Member Chin sent a letter to NYPD Commissioner James O' Neill calling for a full and comprehensive investigation. Meanwhile, the Leung conducted their own investigation, asking each of the local businesses for security camera footage of the incident.
After their investigation, the NYPD Commissioner's response letter confirmed that the cyclist had indeed disobeyed a steady red signal on Hester Street, causing the fatal collision. The NYPD Commissioner also stated that the investigation was referred to the District Attorney's office for "appropriate attention."
After Council Member Chin's office reached out, the District Attorney's office informed the Council Member that they declined to prosecute, and that the case was closed.
"Thank you Margaret Chin, Councilwoman for District 1 for your presence and support during this difficult time," said Amy Leung, Mr. Leung's sister. "We, the family of Shun Kwong Leung, are here to refute the false allegations made by the bicyclist who ran down Shun Kwong. We are here now to demand that all reports be amended and corrected in light of this new evidence. We are demanding justice on behalf of Shun Kwong."
To prevent more families in New York City from having to suffer from the heartache of losing an elderly loved one to a preventable crash, Council Member Chin made an urgent request to the District Attorney's office to join the community to seek justice for Mr. Leung and his family, and prosecute the individual responsible for this senior's tragic death.
101 Lafayette St, 9th Floor
chin@council.nyc.gov
Send a message to Margaret S. Chin
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