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"Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Foliage with Bioprospecting Potential for Natural Pharmaceuticals"
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Jim Kiser1*, Hazel Daniels2, and James Scrivani1
1Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, USA
2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, USA
*Corresponding author: Jim Kiser, Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA. Tel: +15417372192; Email: jim.kiser@oregonstate.edu
Received Date: 13 August, 2019; Accepted Date: 29 August, 2019; Published Date: 06 September, 2019
Baseline inventories of fungal endophytes in Pacific Northwest forests are rare. Endophytic fungi represent a tremendous potential for production of New Chemical Entities (NCE's) for natural products and pharmaceuticals derived from bioactive metabolic compounds. This study reports on additions of a number of new species to the baseline inventory of Douglas-fir fungal endophytes. In addition, we review the literature on these reported species with a focus on those that have the potential for production of bioactive compounds. A randomized block design was used to assess endophyte populations between seed sources along a latitudinal gradient among a reciprocal provenance study of Douglas-fir. Needles were surface sterilized and underwent plate culturing. Isolated fungal colonies were identified through Sanger sequencing and analyzed through BLAST. In total, 46 unique isolates from 39 taxa were identified from 215 needles. Nearly 70% of species identified have been shown to produce bioactive compounds. Bioprospecting of fungal endophytes for new and unique pharmaceuticals and other natural products is certainly important, particularly in light of the frequency of endophytes capable of producing bioactive compounds shown in this and other studies.
Bioprospecting; Douglas-fir; Fungal Endophytes; Natural Pharmaceuticals
Natural products, naturally derived metabolites and/or by-products from microorganisms, plants, or animals [1], have long been known to be a leading source of molecules for drug and new product discovery [2-4] as natural selection has been found to be superior to combinatorial chemistry for discovering novel substances that have the potential to be developed into new pharmaceutical products [5]. Surveys of new chemical entity pharmaceuticals (NCE's) [2,6] reported that nearly 70% of anti-infective, 70% of antimigraine, and nearly 80% of anticancer NCE's were natural product or natural product derivatives.
Early bioprospecting was motivated with the discovery of Taxol as an endophyte derivative. This was short-lived, as fungal culture-based production was not sustainable nor competitive with plant cell extractives [7]. Early laboratory techniques and technologies certainly limited opportunities to explore, in particular, the roles of microorganisms as repositories of NCE's. Additionally, pharmaceutical companies tended to deemphasize bioprospecting in favor of combinatorial chemistry using mass-produced combinatorial libraries to develop NCE's, but this failed to produce anticipated returns [6]. Finally, the presence of orphan biosynthetic pathways that could not be replicated in laboratory situations added to the limitations of bioprospecting [8].
Since the shift away from endophyte bioprospecting, our understanding of microbial biodiversity, particularly within plant tissues (endophytes) has greatly advanced along with discoveries of novel biochemistry and secondary metabolite production. Endophytes are well suited for bioprospecting of NCE's. They are more metabolically active than free-living fungi, given the adaptive evolution of metabolic pathways necessary for within-host survival. Opportunities for bioprospecting are enhanced by the fact that unlike plants and animals, microorganisms represent the most diverse and yet least discovered entities with estimates of less than 5% of fungi and 1% of bacteria yet described [9]. Therefore, characterization of microbiome species is a necessary baseline step to provide information for bioprospecting opportunities.
The Pacific temperate rainforest zone in North America is home to some of the most highly productive forests in the world. The zone is characterized by high rainfall and moderate temperatures year-round, which provide ideal conditions for conifer growth [10]. Several studies have attempted to describe endophytes in west coast conifers but all of these relied on traditional plate culturing [11-14] without the advantage of newer molecular procedures. Studies that characterize endophytes by molecular methods in west coast Douglas-fir are in their early stages [15]. This study was undertaken to add to the baseline data characterizing endophytes of the Pacific Northwest as potential candidates for potential new drug prospects.
Data were collected in 2016 at four study sites along a North-South transect from southern Oregon to central Washington (Figure 1). The study sites are part of an unrelated, but ongoing, study called the Douglas-fir Seed Source Movement Trial (SSMT), a long-term, large-scale reciprocal provenance study of Douglas-fir [16] (Table 1). The sites vary in both elevation (185-860 m) and mean annual precipitation (250-1,575 mm/year). The trial includes 120 open-pollinated families of coast Douglas-fir that were grown from seed collected from populations in western Washington and Oregon and northern California and planted prior to the 2009 growing season (Table 2).
A nested sampling design was used to collect Douglas-fir branch lets from three different seed sources at each site (Table 2). Within each site, one seed source represents the local population, while the remaining two seed sources represent non-local populations. Non-local seed sources were chosen randomly and without replacement. The second non-local seed source at Doorstop was omitted, as it was a duplicate of the local seed source at Stone Nursery. Therefore, analyses focuses on the 11 remaining seed sources.
Two to four blocks were sampled at each site, depending on the availability of living samples. For several seed sources, at least one block contained no living trees of that source and could not be sampled. Within each section, one haphazardly chosen tree and one branchlet were sampled. The branchlet position on each tree varied both in vertical position (high, medium, or low) and cardinal direction (N, S, E, W). Vertical and directional variations were based on branchlet availability within reach. Branchlets were stored at -20 °C prior to analysis. Thirty-seven total branchlets were collected across all sites.
Traditional Plate Culturing
Needles were removed from each branchlet and surface-sterilized in 2% bleach for 5 minutes, then rinsed in deionized water and transferred to a sterile 15 mL collection tube [17]. Needles were randomly chosen from the collection tube for sterile plating, cut into 5 or more pieces, and placed onto 1.5% Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) [Difco™ (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA)]. Each plate was evenly divided into three observation units, with one sectioned needle from the same branchlet sample placed in each unit. For each seed source, 5 PDA plates were used, for a total of 15 needles from each seed source. Plates were visually observed daily for evidence of fungal growth. Newly observed growth was immediately transferred to a 1.5% PDA plate to isolate pure cultures. After at least fourteen days of culturing, isolates were examined and grouped based on colony morphology. One representative of each morphogroup was haphazardly chosen for sequencing; however, a conservative approach was applied, where morphological uncertainties were sequenced to prevent species omission. Pure fungal tissue was collected from potato dextrose broth incubations for molecular analysis. Surface sterilization effectiveness was tested using a sub-sample from stored collection tubes and methods described in [17]. No plates exhibited growth originating from imprinted areas, suggesting surface sterilization was effective.
Isolate DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit® (QIAgen, Valencia, CA, USA), according to standard protocol. Fourteen isolates could not be extracted due to slow or absent growth in liquid media. DNA was extracted from these isolates using a modified Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) DNA extraction protocol [18]. Isolate extracts underwent DNA amplification via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) [19]. Following PCR, amplicons were checked on a 1.5% agarose gel stained with the Nucleic Acid Staining Solution RedSafe™ (iNtRON Biotechnology, South Korea) for a single, target fungal band. PCR product was purified with Exo-Sap™ PCR product cleanup kit (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) following manufacturer protocol. Purified product was submitted to the Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, OSU, where Sanger sequencing was performed with an ABI 3730 capillary sequence machine (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY, USA). Completed sequences were assembled into contigs using Sequencher 4.9 and fungal identities were determined using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi Accessed 8 August 2017).
Of the 555 Douglas-fir needles sampled, 318 isolates (221 identified) from 24 identified families and one class were cultured from 215 needles (Table 3). 97 isolates were unidentified and grouped into an unknown category for percentage calculations. In total, 46 unique isolates from 39 taxa were identified from needles with Xylariaceae accounting for nearly 30% of infections (Table 4). Sixty-seven isolates were successfully sequenced but could not be identified to the genus level by DNA sequences because no ITS sequences matching with high similarity in the sequence database could be found. Thirty of the unidentified cultures were unsuccessful in amplification after multiple attempts.
Infection rates for Douglas-fir needles in this study were well below infection rates reported in Carroll and Carroll (1978). Wet site infection rates averaged just under 27% (44.5% vs. 71.3%). Plating methods and sterilization methods were similar for both studies. However, infection rate in the first study was calculated as total number of infected needle segments divided by total number of incubated segments whereas this study calculated infection rate as a binomial ratio of number of total needles infected divided by total needles incubated. Because the infected needles had a ratio of 1.48 infections per needle (318/215), a more similar infection rate of 65.9% could be calculated for the current study. Additionally, differences might be explained by the age difference in the sample trees. The primary site for the earlier study [11] is the H.J. Andrews Experimental forest and we surmise that the age of the sample trees was much older than the trees in this study (8-9 years of age post planting).
Comparisons of species lists between the current study and the earlier study [11] are not applicable since genomic technologies (PCR and BLAST for example) were not available and the earlier study had to rely on morphological identification. Carroll and Carroll (1978) noted the difficulties in obtaining sporulation for species identification relying on code numbers. In addition, only those fungi that accounted for at least 1% of total infection were listed and they noted that may have constituted a majority of species (80-90%). The present study identified all occurrences of species regardless of percent infection rate (Table 3).
Endophytic fungi reside inter or intracellularly within their hosts in an environment of host resistance. Additionally, they often exist alongside other microbes (fungi and/or bacteria) that are involved in defensive relationships among themselves. Therefore, it is not surprising that the majority of identified endophytes show a propensity to produce bioactive compounds. Because these relationships are generally asymptomatic, we can surmise that the relationships involved are at some type of biological standstill, or what has been termed, a mutual balanced antagonism [20].
Nearly 70% of endophyte species (32 of 46) identified in this study have been shown through the literature to produce bioactive compounds. Several of the remaining 14 species are either suspected of producing bio actives, or have not yet been bio-assayed for bioactive production. Typically, compounds produced are either antifungal or are active as resistance compounds against plant-active alkaloid defenses. Additionally, with the fungal microbiome still largely unidentified, we are continuing to work with the successfully sequenced but unidentified cultures.
It is important to note that complexities in the plant-fungal interaction can include both a physical ability to produce metabolites based on molecular identification of host/pathogen as well as environmental variables affecting metabolite production. For example, this study has focused on young-age Douglas-fir. However, conifers are known to produce a very diverse array of terpenoids [21]. Host-pathogen responses are well known to be dependent upon the molecular recognition of key markers to initiate either host-response or pathogen-response to production of bioactive compounds. This can result in changes to the fungal endophyte community structure between conifer species. Thus, we would be reasonable to expect that western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) might not only have a different fungal endophyte community structure, but also be susceptible to fungal endophyte pathogens that produce unidentified molecular markers that fail to initiate host defense responses.
Additionally, within species variation of metabolite concentrations have been shown to correlate with environmental variables [22]. For example, elevated CO2 levels significantly reduced levels of 50% of the main monoterpene compounds in needles within Douglas-fir by up to 52%, Additionally, elevated temperatures were correlated with a 64% reduction in total monoterpene production. Thus, elevated temperatures coupled to elevated CO2 levels could be expected to result in significant changes to fungal endophyte communities as well as overall forest health conditions.
Species within the Xylariaceae comprise one of the largest and most ubiquitous families in the Ascomycota with approximately 85 genera and 1340 species [23]. While generally considered saprophytic, a number of species have been reported to be endophytic [24] and/or pathogenic [25]. Moreover, a number of new compounds have been isolated from Xylariaceae that demonstrate antimicrobial or anticancer bioactivity, particularly endophytic Xylaria [26,27]. For example, the most prevalent Xylaria isolated from this study, Xylaria hypoxylon, has been found to be a rich source of several cytochalasins, noted metabolites exhibiting marked cytostatic effects on mammalian cells in tissue culture, inhibition of HIV-1 protease 2, as well as antibiotic and antitumor activities [28]. Nearly 30% of the isolations (97/318) from this study comprised 15 endophytic genera or species from the Xylariaceae (Table 4). Given the wide distribution of the family, the Xylariaceae may be a very important bioprospecting source for screening new pharmaceutical and other natural products.
A number of other species isolated in this study show promise as sources of new or novel drug discovery. Among these, Pennicilium glabrum and Talaromyces ruber (Trichocomaceae) comprised just over 6% of the identified isolations. The genus is generally considered one of the most common among fungi and is demonstrated to have a high affinity for production of bioactive metabolite [29] making it highly desirable for consideration of bioprospecting particularly in underrepresented habitats such as that found in forests.
Aureobasidium is another widely distributed genus of approximately 15 recognized species. A. pullans is particularly important as different strains are capable of producing amylase, proteinase, lipase, cellulase, xylanase, mannanase, transferases, pullulan, siderophore, and single-cell proteins [30]. Because the different strains have the capability of numerous bio product formulations it is an important genera to continue to bio prospect. Additionally, as the other species of the genus are not as well understood, they are an excellent candidate for further bioprospecting, particularly in less understood bio systems.
The genus complex Coniochaeta (Lecythophora anamorph stage) is particularly interesting as it is one of the few endophytes to produce bioactive antifungal compounds in vitro in concert with the host plant Smallanthus sonchifolius. Twelve fatty-acid antifungals were derived from autotrophic tissue cultures and shown to be affective against target phytopathogenic fungi in the genus Colletotrichum [31]. Additionally, bioactive compounds of Lecythophora mutabilis have been reported to have human pathogenic potential [32].
Cladosporium perangustum is a species reported to be found in a dominant frequency [33] in part due to possible antibiotic metabolite production as well as antitumor/antifungal compounds capable of resistance to plant-activated defense alkaloids [34].
Studies on bioactive compounds of land-based Graphostroma sp. could not be found, however the deep sea species, Graphostroma sp. has yielded a series of nine guanines that are shown to be highly inhibitory in the control of anti-inflamation [35]. Cultures of Dothediomycetes sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Tylophora indica has been shown to produce antifungal bioactives with a high inhibition rate against phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [36]. The compound rugulosin has been isolated as the insect toxin produced by the endophyte Homonema deltoids (Sydowia polyspora telomorph) [37]. Two new benzopyranones have been isolated from Diaporthe sp. and have been shown to be inhibitory to a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv [38]. Bioactive compounds have been additionally reported for Pezizomycetes sp., Phaeomoniella zymoides, Podospora sp., Rhabdocline parkeri, Rosellinia quercina, Sordariomycetes sp, Sporormiaceae sp., and Wallemia sebi.
We report on a number of pharmaceutically important fungal endophytes not previously identified in Douglas-fir. The microbiome of forests is still fairly unknown and is particularly open for discovery. Additionally, the potential for bioprospecting forest endophytes for new and unique pharmaceuticals and other natural products is certainly important, particularly in light of the frequency of endophytes capable of producing bioactive compounds shown in this and other studies. The renewed interest in bioprospecting the microbiome of forests is exciting in light of the de-emphasis on combinatorial chemistry coupled to the limited knowledge of fungal species in whole. Certainly, there are difficulties to overcome. For example, limitations include the problem of orphan biosynthetic pathways and in vitro processes for bioassay, however strategies and emerging technologies exist for dealing with these.
Figure 1: Locations of four study sites, part of the Douglas-fir Seed Source Movement Trials (SSMT), a long-term, large-scale reciprocal provenance study of Douglas-fir. Regions vary in characteristics such as annual precipitation and elevation, and are meant to represent large-scale variations in geographic and climatic conditions experienced by Douglas-fir in the Pacific Northwest.
Site/State
Elevation (m)
MAT* (°C)
MAP (mm)
Nortons (OR)
Coast North
ORCstN
Stone Nursery (OR)
Cascade Low
ORCasL
Buckhorn2 (OR)
WACasL
Doorstop (WA)
WACasH
*MAT - Mean Annual Temperature, MAP - Mean Annual Precipitation.
Table 1: Climate variables associated with seed sources (top) and planting sites (bottom) of the Seed Source Movement Trial (SSMT), a long-term, large-scale reciprocal provenance study of Douglas-fir.
Planting Site
Local Seed Source
Non-Local Seed Sources
Buckhorn2
WACst
CAKla
(ORSisL—OMITTED)
Nortons
ORCstS
ORCasH
Stone Nursery
ORSisL
CACst
CASierra
Table 2: Seed sources sampled at each site. Planting sites are part of the Seed Source Movement Trial (SSMT), a long-term, large-scale reciprocal provenance study of Douglas-fir.
Accession Number(s)
Anthostomella conorum1
EU552099, KT149745
Anthostomella pinea
KJ406991
Apodus deciduus
AY681199
Aposphaeria corallinolutea
KY554202
Aureobasidium pullulans
LC277152, JX188099
Aureobasidium sp.
HF674760
Cladosporium perangustum
MF303712
Claussenomyces sp.1
KT264343
Clypeosphaeria mamillana2
Clypeosphaeria sp.
JQ341099
Coniochaeta hoffmannii
KX869937
Crustomyces subabruptus1
Cryptococcus sp.
Cryptostroma corticale2
KR870994
Diaporthe sp.1
Dothideomycetes sp.
Geopyxis rehmii
KU932461
Graphostroma sp.1,2
EU715682
Helicoon fuscosporum
Hormonemia sp.
Hypoxylon rubiginosum2
Lecythophora sp.1,2
KX096678, GU062252, AY219880
Melanomma pulvis-pyrius
Nemania serpens
Nemania sp.
HM123573
Ophiognomonia alni-viridis
JF514848
Penicillium glabrum1,2
KU847873, KY318471, KX099660, KX609402, KU847870
Perusta inaequalis1
NR_144958
Pezizomycetes sp.1
KX909069, KJ508333
Phaeomoniella zymoides
GQ154600
Phomatospora biseriata
Podospora sp.
Preussia bipartis2
Rhabdocline parkeri1
AF462428, AF462427
Rosellinia quercina
Rosellinia sp.1
Sordariales sp.1
FN548158
Sordariomycetes sp.1,2
KT264524, KX611007, KX611549, JQ759589, GQ153043, KP992078, GQ153206
Sporormiaceae sp.
Sydowia polyspora
Talaromyces ruber1
JX965239
Taphrina communis1
Taphrina veronaerambellii
Wallemia sebi
Xylaria hypoxylon1,2
KY204024, KX096696, GU300096
Xylaria sp.2
1Common among sites.
2Common among non/local seed sources within sites.
Table 3: Taxa and frequency of endophyte species cultured and sequenced from 185 Douglas-fir needles from four sites in Oregon and Washington. The number of endophytes successfully sequenced totals 221 out of 318 isolates.
Seed Source
Needles Cultured
% Infection Rate
Non-local
Table 4: Endophyte infection rates for each seed source sampled at four sites in Oregon and Washington.
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Citation: Kiser, J, Daniels H, Scrivani J (2019) Isolation of Endophytic Fungi from Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Foliage with Bioprospecting Potential for Natural Pharmaceuticals. Curr Trends Forest Res 3: 1035. DOI: 10.29011/ 2638-0013.101035
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Biosphere Profiles: Dr. Guy Swinnerton
History People
Dr. Guy Swinerton at Hastings Lake Island Natural Area.
Behind every successful organization stands an army of dedicated individuals, and the Beaver Hills Biosphere is no exception. Today, we are pleased to feature Dr. Guy Swinnerton, a driving force whose vision, extensive academic background and international experience and perspective helped lay the foundation for the Beaver Hills Biosphere as we know it today.
Dr. Guy S. Swinnerton was born in Wales. He spent his early years on his family's farm located in the Usk Valley of Monmouthshire.
"Being raised on a farm meant that I was always keenly aware of the importance of agriculture to the rural economy as well as the impact of human activity on the landscape," explains Guy.
His rural roots fostered in him a deep interest and involvement in parks, protected areas and conservation, which is mirrored in both his educational and professional experience. Guy earned a BA in Geography from University of London, a Masters in Geography at the University of British Columbia and finally, a PhD from the University of London in Land Use Studies in 1974.
Guy went on to gain years of experience as Principal Lecturer in Land Use Studies, and served as Director of the Natural Resources and Rural Economy Program at Seale-Hayne College in Devon, England before moving to Alberta to join the then Department of Recreation Administration at the University of Alberta in Edmonton. While at the University of Alberta, he also served as Chair of the former Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies and is currently Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation. His education and career have covered the complete spectrum from wilderness areas and national parks to urban parks and natural areas.
"The multi-faceted aspects of my life and career, such as being brought up on a farm and familiarity with national parks and countryside management in both the UK and Canada, has provided me with the knowledge, insights and philosophy that were crucial to developing and applying the perspective on which the Beaver Hills Initiative and the Beaver Hills Biosphere is based," explains Guy.
Central to this perspective is the belief that biodiversity conservation and safeguarding the cultural heritage of a landscape requires a bioregional and total landscape approach that involves both protected areas and the lived-in and working landscape.
The Biosphere connection
Guy's involvement with what is now the Beaver Hills Biosphere began in 2002 with the establishment of the Beaver Hills Initiative (BHI), a regional, multi-stakeholder collaborative effort to address development and land use planning issues within the Beaver Hills moraine, with a focus on balancing sustainable economic and human development with environmental conservation.
During his time with the initiative, Guy served on the BHI Board, the BHI Executive Committee, and chaired several working groups including the Planners Working Group and the Protected Areas Working Group. Guy was also a critical player in the process to prepare and submit the Biosphere Reserve nomination to UNESCO. For Guy, being involved in the Biosphere has been not only a rewarding experience but also a privilege.
"The highlight of my involvement was receiving news of the acceptance of the Beaver Hills nomination by UNESCO and the subsequent designation of the Beaver Hills as a Biosphere Reserve on March 19, 2016," shares Guy.
The UNESCO designation signifies not only the importance of the Beaver Hills as a distinctive geographical region but is also direct recognition for the dedication and hard work of those responsible for submitting the nomination.
"Being part of the global network of Biosphere Reserves is a significant accolade but it also encompasses an obligation to furthering conservation stewardship and practical sustainability at the local level that will benefit humanity as a whole," Guy maintains.
From Guy's perspective, the natural and cultural heritage, amenities within and biodiversity value of the Beaver Hills landscape are what drive the Beaver Hills Biosphere to seek out and demonstrate potential solutions to major global issues including declining biodiversity, the effects of climate change and urbanization.
A collective effort
Considered a strong, individual force behind the BHB, Guy is quick to point out the importance of the collaborative nature of the initiative, as well as the efforts of all the contributors and partners involved, including the many individuals from three levels of government, NGOs, academia, research institutions, industry and Indigenous communities.
"The strength of the Beaver Hills Biosphere lies within the collaborations among partners," explains Guy. "It was particularly rewarding to experience the growth of that collaboration and the partnerships that fostered mutual learning and friendships, and I will carry this with me always."
Although he has now stepped away from regular involvement in the programs and initiatives taking place within the region, Guy left his mark on and remains a true champion of the Biosphere and all that it stands for.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


She may look sweet, but certainly not innocent!! She will use all of her experience and feminine ways to find out what 'does it' for you.
Cold night lets keep,each other warm message or call fit, athletic awake and wanning to talk and well seee where we can go.


380 Campbell Street, Tofino, B.C.
Further information may be inspected at the Tofino Municipal Office, 121 Third St., Tofino, B.C. during regular business hours (9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.), Monday to Friday, excluding statutory holidays. The application will be reviewed at the Board of Variance meeting scheduled for Wednesday, February 7, 2018. Please submit any comments or concerns you may have regarding this application before noon, Wednesday, February 7, 2018.
In the interim, if you have any questions, please contact the undersigned by phone at 250.725.3229 ext 701 or by email at arodgers@tofino.ca.


first times are generally seen as something special. the first bath. the first laugh. the first step. the first day of school, the first dance, the first kiss. the first time you fall in love. we take pictures and share stories. we commemorate our firsts.
there was no camera the first time i threw up after a meal. i didn't share my "triumph". i was nineteen, away from home, struggling under the demands i placed on myself regarding food and the way i looked. still calling myself a failure because that's what you are if you aren't perfect. i had a problem with the greys. i was still restricting, still succumbing to binges, still following them up with days of extra-exercise and ever more restrictive eating.
i don't know where the idea came from. i don't remember if it was something i'd read, or heard talked about, or seen. i just remember deciding that throwing up would somehow save me from being fat and then at last, i could be happy.
using bulimia as a self-help device is as effective and logical as using smoking to cure cancer. the eating disorder brain is not much concerned with logic, however. i'm not sure what it wants, truthfully, other than my absence. my eating disorder is trying to kill me. it took me a long time to really understand that.
the first time i threw up was when i vomited up my dinner into a bathtub at my university residence. it looked like any other public, institutional, changing-room-type bathroom facility. lots of tile, lots of tan fixtures. you walk in the door and there's a bank of toilets on one side, a bank of showers on the other. the toilets seemed too public, to obvious, to use. i didn't want anyone to know what i was doing. not even fully engaged in the behaviour yet, and already ashamed.
the shower and tub stalls had double doors to separate the changing areas from the plumbed-in ones. no one would see my tell-tale feet under the dividers. i thought the tub drain was the better choice; i thought it would allow the food to escape down the pipes easily. i thought wrong. instead, the food sat there, sullenly refusing to become absent and the running water turned the whole mess into a disgusting soup. after the initial panic – what if i never got it to empty – i was able to pry up the drain cover and shoved and rammed bits and pieces of partially digested food down the pipes. i'm lucky the whole thing didn't back up.
there's an element black humour to the incident. it's tragic, yes, but there is an element of chuckle. underneath that are my memories. i remember, too clearly, what it felt like to be there in that cubicle, shoving my fingers down my throat for the first time, fighting against the urge to stop, gagging and then watching the food come back up. i wonder if i would've stopped if i'd have known how long i'd be fighting this fight, if i'd known how much i'd lose, and how much damage i'd end up doing to myself. i like to think i would have, but i part of me suspects i'd have carried on, regardless.


Shake well before each application. Always wear gloves enclosed. Should be applied to clean skin free from oils, perfumes and deodorant. Prior use of Fake Bake Scrub is recommended to remove any dead skin cells to achieve a smooth even tan. Dries fast, so apply in one area at a time. Apply in a circular motion and if you miss a spot, re-apply over the area. You can apply a second application if you desire a darker tan. Buff skin lightly with a dry towel before dressing. When showering you may notice a small amount of color washing off but your tan will remain.
Water (Aqua), Hydroflurocarbon 152-A, Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Dihydroxyacetone, Decyl Glucoside, Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Dimethyl Isosorbide, Methyl Gluceth-20, Erythrulose, Caprylyl Glycol, Phenoxyethanol, Frgrance (Parfum), Sodium Bisulfate, Hexylene Glycol, Glucosamine HCI, Chondroitin Sulfate, Citric Acid, Caramel, Green 5 (CI 61570), Red 40 (CI 16035), Yellow 5 (CI 19140), Coumarin.


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The canton of Muret is an administrative division of the Haute-Garonne department, southern France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Muret.

It consists of the following communes:

Le Fauga
Frouzins
Labastidette
Lamasquère
Lavernose-Lacasse
Muret
Saint-Clar-de-Rivière
Saint-Hilaire
Seysses

References

Cantons of Haute-Garonne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tag Archives: dungeon of the endless
Thoughts: Dungeon of the Endless
Chances are that if you load up a review of Dungeon of the Endless — any review, doesn't really matter which one — you will see, at some point, the words "tower defence" and "roguelike" in very close proximity to one another1. This is partially a reflection of DotE's refusal to be pigeonholed; while it does indeed smoosh together some elements from both genres (you build towers to hold off waves of advancing baddies, but you also have a party of four characters who you outfit in looted equipment and level up as the dungeon progresses) into a single game, it also has some very interesting mechanics that have nothing to do with it being either a tower defence or a roguelike, and which can only be found in DotE. That it's picked up those labels in spite of its unique qualities indicates that it's been pigeonholed nevertheless, however, and I think that to describe it as a "roguelike tower defence" could end up misleading people. I certainly bounced off the surface the first time I played it because it wasn't what I'd been led to expect – playing it like a roguelike simply didn't work, and it didn't seem quite tower-defencey enough (you start off with a grand total of one offensive tower, which doesn't exactly promote strategy) to engage the strategy part of my brain. It wasn't until I gave it a second chance after Christmas and accepted it on its own merits — rather than cramming it into a niche where it didn't fit — that Dungeon of the Endless really clicked for me.
And yes, I'm aware that by writing this I've just added this review to the list. ↩
Tagged amplitude, dungeon of the endless, thoughts


Forget classrooms. Skip the homework. Jurong Bird Park camps provide a perfect opportunity for your kids to get out and about, and hands-on, learning about the amazing world of birds. From half day camps to overnight stays, look what's hatching on our camps calendar next!
Get your sleeping bags ready for a cozy family sleepover with our dazzling birds. Be entertained by a series of mind-stimulating activities that involve family fun and participation.
*These activities are subjected to weather conditions and changes.
Embark on an expedition where you can experience up-close encounters with our feathered friends and hands-on bird-keeping experience. Be ready to tour our newly-opened Bird Discovery Centre where you come face to face with the world's largest egg. Be prepared to unearth the secrets of nest making and learn about feathers and flight.


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Products DroneFox WISDM
Resources Blog Whitepapers News
About About Us Contact Us Careers
WISDM
Trusted identification for drones.
What is universal traffic management (UTM)?
Current air traffic management must adapt with the growing needs of drones—the FAA predicts 7 million drones will be in the US airspace by 2020. UTM is still being developed, but can be imagined as a set of services that create a safe and trusted framework for drones to operate in. Unlike traditional air traffic management, UTM will be completely digital and mostly autonomous.
Drones are already being used for societal benefit, like Drones For Good's campaign to prevent poaching in Africa. Massive players like Uber, Amazon, and Google are furthering initiatives that presuppose skylines full of drones. One major obstacle to that reality is a secure and trusted UTM. The U.S. has millions of unregistered, anonymously flown, and non-identifiable unmanned aircraft in its airspace—this will have to change before wide-scale drone usage can transform medicine, business, and society.
"When considering solutions to Remote ID, it's natural to look to the physical world for analogous systems that might be applicable to this new domain. However, looking to the physical world is not always helpful, as the digital world exhibits different constraints and requirements; solutions that may be "secure" in the physical world often fail in the digital world."
Download Our UTM Whitepaper
Dr. Zachary Peterson
Head of Autonomous Vehicle Security
How will secure remote ID affect you?
If you have a package being delivered by a drone, it's imperative your privacy and property is safe. Similarly, when drones fly over your neighborhood, you need to trust the intent isn't malicious. As with any new technology, drones have the potential to be used dangerously. With WISDM, both the owner of the drone and the society it operates in can be confident they're safe. In a system that doesn't prioritize security, we're unable to trust what flies above.
How is WISDM used?
WISDM comes in two forms: either as a physical product that attaches to the drone or a protocol that is part of the drone's software. WISDM provides trust and authentication of drones to any UTM system from end-to-end. Both versions can either stand alone or integrate into: a centralized authority, already existing flight management system, or a set of federated UAS Service Suppliers (USS).
Comprised of nodes and modules, WISDM as a product is lightweight, easy to deploy, and truly secure. The module attaches to the drone, broadcasting the drone's flight information and unique identifier. That identifier is authenticated by a node, which can range in size from a fixed-position antenna to a mobile phone.
As a stand-alone remote ID protocol, WISDM directly integrates into the drone's software. WISDM uses industry-leading cryptographic engineering to ensure identities cannot be invented, forged, or modified. The same end-to-end authenticating process occurs without the physical attachments of modules.
WhiteFox is a global leader in drone airspace security. Pioneering the safe integration of drones into society, WhiteFox products securely manage drones in sensitive airspace worldwide.
DroneFox WISDM
Blog Whitepapers News


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Photo: Courtesy of the artist
Fefe Dobson Is Ready to Rock Again
Twelve years since her last album, Canadian pop-rock singer Fefe Dobson talks about her new music and speaks frankly about growing up in a music industry that wasn't always on her side.
By Jeffrey Davies / 21 February 2022
"FCKN IN LOVE"
Fefe Dobson
Those who grew up in the early to mid-aughts have the punk and power pop stylings of Avril Lavigne, Hilary Duff, Rihanna, and Fergie permanently etched into our brains. But if you also lived in Canada, you were probably familiar with the sounds of "Bye Bye Boyfriend" and "Take Me Away", whose music videos received excessive airplay on MuchMusic. Their artist was Felicia "Fefe" Dobson from the Toronto suburbs, who was looking to bring her unique taste into the early 2000s lexicon.
Dobson grew up obsessed with performing and had dreams of being a recording artist from a young age. "I would always be climbing on coffee tables, demanding attention," she said in 2004. One Christmas, her single mother saved up to buy her a karaoke machine on which Dobson would begin recording the demos and sending them to record labels. "This karaoke machine would take cassette tapes and pull out the lead vocals to allow me to sing the song," she told me. "I would spend hours after school and on weekends singing everything from Janet Jackson to Guns N' Roses. It's a gift that kept on giving. Guess it worked out!"
Born and raised in Scarborough, Dobson grew up in what she refers to as really humble beginnings. "I had my older sister and two younger brothers and our single mom. In my early years, my mom would be playing everything from the Bee Gees and Lionel Richie around the house. Then when you hit those teenage years, whether you want to admit it or not, you start to formulate your own music tastes or open your ears to what older siblings are into," she said. "My sister used to blast bands like Nirvana on her boombox after school and slam the door to keep me out of her room. I would listen through the crack at the bottom of the door. It was rock, pop-punk, and angsty lyrics that seemed to resonate with me."
That same angst would ultimately be what the singer would channel into her work, and when she was 14, she received an offer for a recording contract with Jive Records—who had made household names out of Britney Spears and 'NSYNC. But when it came around to details, Dobson had to turn them down. "It was a really exciting time; as a teenager trying to break into the industry, I thought it would be everything I wanted," she recalls of that period. "I learned really quickly what the label had in mind for me wasn't exactly what I had in mind for myself or my career. They were starting to groom me into a pop/R&B-type singer, and that just wasn't my thing."
It wasn't until she started working with Jay Levine and James McCollum, members of Prozzak, who gave her a bit more rock and roll to play with, which Dobson said felt so natural for her. "That's when things pivoted for me, and I decided to walk away from that initial deal and started working solely with Jay and James on my first album," she explained. "They were able to blend my influences and background in theatre arts into an album of angsty teen anthems and the purest collection of love and heartbreak songs."
But the early years of Dobson's career were not without their hurdles. At the time, the singer spoke on the challenges of being a biracial female singer in an industry that loves to whitewash and assign people to boxes, especially in the early 2000s. ("I don't think music is about color, I think music is about passion," was how she put it back then.) Now, Dobson sees those years for how they really were. "I don't necessarily think of it as a negative experience, but I can't neglect the microaggressions. That's my truth," she told me. "It was little comments about my hair, or body type or skin color (too light for some, too dark for others). I was a teenage girl, developing and growing up, and there were a lot of opinions weighing in during this time because I was a signed artist and to that extent a product for the label to produce, market, and sell."
She remembers a particular illustration of herself that was once used as a promotional image, and it didn't show her skin pigment whatsoever. "It was almost like a colorful doodle of me. I guess it was easier to promote me as this almost ambiguous female pop/rock act instead of trying to explain and rationalize why a teenage Black girl from Scarborough was doing rock-driven pop music," she recalled. "There were a few times, especially where I'd felt almost displaced. I was part white and part black, making edgy rock music. It didn't make sense for most industry people, but what mattered more to me is that it did make sense to my fans."
After signing with Island Records and releasing her self-titled debut album in 2003, Dobson soon began work on its follow-up, Sunday Love. Her sophomore effort was initially planned for a release in 2006 following some promotional singles—but it didn't end up that way, at least not then. Before the record would come out, she was dropped from Island. "[That project] was shelved during a transitionary period at the record label and soon after we parted ways," she explained. "It was a difficult time, but that album became a fan favorite, and almost this garnered this underground following. It was a really raw album, and I was going through so many changes. I don't think the team at my label necessarily was aligned with my vision, and I think I got lost in the shuffle, but I'm grateful for that project and the catharsis of writing it. I got to work with some incredible songwriters and producers on that album."
That underground following would materialize around 2012 when Sunday Love was finally released digitally for the first time. Speaking on the challenges of releasing an album independently long before the rise of Spotify and social media, Dobson believes that good music always finds a way. "I poured so much of myself into that album, and I'm glad it's available for people to enjoy," she says. "I've very much moved past that time in my life both personally and professionally, but it's a beautiful reminder 15 years later to reflect on how far I've come, and it's special to me that so many people genuinely connected with an album that didn't materialize until many years after it was created. Some cuts from that album and demos made their way into the hands of artists like Miley Cyrus, Jordin Sparks, and Selena Gomez. That always makes me happy to think that these heartbreaking moments I wrote about also meant something or were interpreted by some kickass females and became hits for them."
While the hits of her next album, Joy, would come in the form of the more mainstream pop of "Ghost" and "Stuttering", Dobson had been giving fans a taste of her third record Joy as early as 2009. "[That album] originally started as an independent project that my label 21 Music was funding," she said. "When you listen to the album front to back, there's a point in the tracklisting where it sounds like a car stereo switching between a pop station and an indie station. The second half of that album was part of the original Joy album."
It would appear that those singles still resonate, as Dobson was recently brought to tears by a lip-synced performance of "Ghost" during her appearance as a guest judge on the second season of Canada's Drag Race. "Honestly, I'm so grateful and appreciative to the community for really being so kind and supportive," she said. "I didn't realize the impact that my music was really having until more recently. The acceptance and empowerment I feel from the LGBTQ+ community are heartwarming, and I just want to send so much love right back at it!"
This year, Dobson is gearing up to release new music and hopefully a new album, her first in 12 years. It starts with the release of its lead single, "FCKN IN LOVE", which drops on February 25th. "[This song] has been in my vault since 2012, and I've always loved it," she said. It was initially set to be part of an album titled Firebird that the singer was last working on around 2014 that was ultimately scrapped.
"I thought it was the perfect song to pick up where I left off and set a tone for the new music," she explained. "I'm still actively writing the new album, but we have some music my team and I are excited about that blends the best parts of my previous albums, including Sunday Love. It has that raw, pop/punk rock energy and anthemic lyrics." She's also worked with legendary songwriter Linda Perry on the new music, whom Dobson describes as "so nurturing" in the studio environment. "Songwriting is so personal and emotional for artists, and having been an artist herself, in addition to a prolific songwriter and producer, she wants to get the best out of you without overthinking."
As if new music after so many years wasn't enough, Dobson has also been contemplating rerecording some of the hit songs from her 2003 debut album, which will turn 20 next year. "Making my first album was such a fun experience. I was young and hungry!" she remembered. "I wanted to get out of my home situation and create a better life I'd always dreamed of. Music was my escape and refuge. I just felt so myself and comfortable in the studio writing and working on it. I could express my feelings through a medium of songwriting and have it sound cool and make sense.
"I just remember it moving quickly once the album was finished. I wasn't ready for how fast things would happen and hadn't anticipated that it would be received as massively as it was. I went from a teenager that never went to parties or traveled to flying around the world and meeting so many new and exciting people. I'm excited for the project to turn 20 next year. I feel like a lot of those songs still hold up today. I'm proud of that album."
When I asked Dobson what her favorite part of being Canadian is, she told me it's that we feel like one big community. "I feel love from home, of course, but also from lots of places around the world that I've toured and places where people stream my music," she said. "I'm so appreciative of that connection to people on a global level. Canadians and Americans are more familiar with my career and music, but I often receive messages on social media from people in countries around the world who have shown so much love."
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Swamped by a number of challenges, ranging from inhibited demand to strikes and worker-management conflicts, the Indian automobile industry is apprehensive of losing significant market share following the entry of European majors.
Apart from working through the existing irreconcilable points of negotiations in the proposed deal, the government of India has to ensure that these fears do not materialise and Indian companies continue to grow even after the BTIA is signed.
"Though China's new interventions are being made under the rubric of anti-monopoly and pro-consumer regulations…..the real point remains building a globally competitive Chinese auto industry," the report said.
Along with a limit of 50 percent on foreign ownership, the requirement for foreign car makers to enter into a partnership with local manufactures intends to aid the transformation of domestic enterprises into global ones. However, despite these measures as domestic car makers remain the secondary players even in the Chinese market, the authorities have started a number of investigations to bring down the profits of foreign companies, the report implied.
Another report in Reuters (reference: http://tinyurl.com/owtv7hu) talks about German luxury brand Mercedes-Benz being found guilty of manipulating prices for after-sales services in China. Regardless of the true intentions of authorities, foreign companies have readily agreed to reduce the prices of their spare parts following these investigations to ensure a competitive presence in the biggest automobile market of the world.
Protests were raised by the European Chamber of Commerce against the motivated targeting of European companies. The Chinese, on the other hand seem to be working to create a level playing field between the foreign and local companies. Backed by excessive profits foreign players may just wipe out the local car makers in the long run.
For the global avatars of local players to emerge, certain direct measures are also being taken. Top on the list is the need for market consolidation. There are around 110 competing brands in the Chinese market and many will get their licenses cancelled if they fail to meet the minimum production target, of at least 1,000 passenger vehicles or 50 medium to heavy trucks, by October, 2015.
To weed out the marginal players Chinese government has decided to empower the dealers by tweaking their contractual relationship with the car makers. Often, the burden of inventory build up is simply passed on to the dealers which allow the marginal players to drag along despite a weak demand for their products. New rules will give more breathing space to the dealers.
Through such measures, "Chinese reforms will probably reward the country's most viable automakers with the best possible chance of joining the global elite," the Bloomberg report by Edward Niedermeyer said.


The Bureau of Mines will welcome reprinting of this paper, provided .... the sulfides of both mercury and antimony to develop a method or methods for the.
Antimony is a little known metal, but it plays some important roles in our modern .... most antimony ores are extracted mainly by underground mining methods.
A native element, antimony metal is extracted primarily from stibnite, which ... collapsible tubes and foil, sheet and pipes, and semiconductor technology. ... Important amounts of antimony are yielded as a by product of copper and silver mining.


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Fears grow over fate of Syrian city of Aleppo
PAUL SCHEMM
July 27, 2012 Updated: July 27, 2017 3:39 a.m.
BEIRUT (AP) -- International concern was mounting Friday over a potential massacre as Syrian troops bombarded the besieged city of Aleppo with artillery, strafed it with aircraft and reportedly pulled in major reinforcements ready to crush the outgunned rebels.
The battle is one of the most important of the 17-month-old uprising. With a population of about 3 million, Aleppo is Syria's largest city and commercial hub, a key pillar of support for President Bashar Assad's regime.
The rebels controlled several neighborhoods but were facing reports of troops and tanks massing outside the city. The nonstop fighting in Aleppo already has claimed the lives of at least 145 rebels and civilians in the last six days, according to the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay expressed "deep alarm," saying in a statement that the "reported build-up of forces in and around Aleppo, bodes ill for the people of that city ... it goes without saying, that the increasing use of heavy weapons, tanks, attack helicopters and -- reportedly -- even jet fighters in urban areas has already caused many civilian casualties."
In at least two formerly rebel-held Syrian areas over the summer, Qubair and Houla, hundreds of civilians were killed after pro-regime militias moved in, according to activists.
It has been a difficult two weeks for the Syrian government with rebel assaults first on the capital, Damascus, and then on Aleppo, as well as several high-profile defections and a bomb that killed four top security officials.
The government, however, struck back and quashed the assault on the capital with a combination of heavy weapons and house-to-house searches. Scores of people were killed. Opposition activists said they expected similar tactics in the coming days to keep Aleppo from falling into rebel hands.
"I think there will be a huge massacre in Aleppo," said Michel Kilo, a veteran opposition figure living in exile in Paris. "There will be a terrible revenge against civil society." He said all of Aleppo, once believed to be a regime stronghold, was revolting against Assad's regime.
His concerns were echoed by British Foreign Secretary William Hague and U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, both of whom called on Assad to immediately halt the attack on Aleppo.
"I am deeply concerned by reports that the Syrian government is amassing its troops and tanks around Aleppo, and has already begun a vicious assault on the city and its civilians," Hague said, speaking at the opening of the Olympics in London. "This dire situation illustrates very strongly why the people of Syria needed the U.N. Security Council resolution we proposed last week."
Speaking at the same event, Ban added that "the violence from both sides must stop for the sake of the suffering civilians of Syria."
Western nations in the U.N. Security Council have been trying to pass a strong resolution condemning Syria and imposing harsher international sanctions. Russia and China have blocked them, citing concerns that such measures could pave the way for foreign military intervention -- as was the case in Libya.
The threat that Moammar Gadhafi's forces could retake the Libyan rebel stronghold of Benghazi in March 2011 resulted in a U.N.-mandated no-fly zone that opened the way for a vigorous NATO bombing campaign. Russia maintains that NATO overstepped its bounds and does not want that to happen in Syria too.
As a result, there is little the international community can do to help the rebels surrounded in Aleppo -- or in other Syrian cities like Hama, Homs, Deir al-Zour and Daraa, where bombardments and casualties are reported daily. Activists estimate more than 150 people are killed every day nationwide. July is set to become the bloodiest month of an uprising that activists say has claimed 19,000 lives since it began on March 2011.
Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia and Qatar are believed to be funding the rebels through Turkey and there have been indications that the ragtag rebel group called the Free Syrian Army is using better weapons and tactics, as seen by their tenacious hold on neighborhoods in Aleppo and other cities.
The former head of the U.N. observer mission said Friday that he expected the Assad regime to fall eventually, but that the aftermath could witness even more bloodshed.
"It's impossible to imagine a future in Syria where the current people in power remain in power. So in that view, it's just a matter of time before this regime collapses," Maj. Gen. Robert Mood said at a news conference in Oslo, Norway.
Mood, who left Damascus on July 19, warned that the regime still has a great deal of military muscle. The core of the army, which has vast reservoirs of weaponry, has remained loyal to Assad.
But the regime has been embarrassed by several high-ranking defections including three diplomats. On Friday, Ikhlas Bawadi became the first member of Syria's new parliament elected in May to defect.
"The violence being perpetrated by Bashar Assad's regime against innocent people who are seeking freedom is unacceptable," she told the Turkish Anadolu agency. "I could no longer tolerate the oppression, that's why I left. I will keep working to free all my friends from the oppression."
In Damascus, meanwhile, the International Committee of the Red Cross said it was temporarily moving some of its foreign staff to neighboring Lebanon. A Red Cross spokesman in Geneva, Hicham Hassan, said the move was prompted by security concerns but that a core team of about 50 staff would remain.
Hassan also told The Associated Press that the Syrian Arab Red Crescent was suspending some of its operations in the capital because of "the deteriorating security situation."
"This in no way means we are suspending our activities, especially at a time when needs are growing. ... They will go back to Damascus at the appropriate time."
Poland, meanwhile, announced that it had closed its embassy and evacuated its diplomats from Damascus. The Polish embassy had been representing U.S. interests in the Syria since the U.S. closed its own in February.
Associated Press writers John Heilprin in Geneva and Bassem Mroue and Zeina Karam in Beirut contributed to this report.


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NYPD puts 50 Chevy Volt cruisers on the streets
The next time you're sitting in the bus lane, humming "Don't pull me over Mr. Officer" as NYC's finest ambles up to your window to ask for your license and registration, check your rear-view mirror. If you're lucky, you can take solace in the fact that you've just been nabbed by an officer driving one of the city's 50 brand new plug-in hybrid Chevy Volt cruisers.
They're part of Mayor Michael Bloomberg's larger PlaNYC effort to reduce the city's emissions and prepare for climate change. Future efforts could include electrification of the city's taxi fleet. All-electric Nissan Leafs are already being tested for that purpose.
Fifty cruisers isn't a lot given the thousands the city has deployed, but it's as much about educating the populace as taking the first small steps toward de-carbonizing the city's vehicles. A recent survey by McKinsey & Company indicated that only one in three New Yorkers understood the limitations and benefits of electric cars. As a bonus, maybe Volt drivers will soon have the same fringe benefits as someone who drives a Crown Vic: being surrounded at all times by a bubble of well-behaved, paranoid traffic.
The Bike Factor: Disability and the ability to ride a bicycle
Elly Blue Transportation


We have a state-of-the-art Bosch tracking system which can accurately align your vehicle for top performance and safety. Our tracking services keep your car going in a straight line!
Gary says: If for no other reason, you should have your tracking adjusted so I get to play with our state-of-the-art Bosch laser tracking gear haha. Joking aside, its easy for tracking to drift over time, and that costs you money in fuel, and compromises your safety.


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Roman Tombs and the Art of Commemoration
Contextual Approaches to Funerary Customs in the Second Century CE
$36.99 (F)
Author: Barbara E. Borg, University of Exeter and Stellenbosch University, South Africa
$ 36.99 (F)
The history of funerary customs in Rome contains many unanswered questions and controversial debates, especially concerning the significant developments of the second century CE. In this book, distinguished historian Barbara E. Borg employs the full range of material and written evidence to explore four key questions that change our view of Roman society and its values. For the first time, senatorial burial practices can be reconstructed and contrasted with those of other classes. Borg then explains the change from incineration to inhumation as a revival of old Roman mores that accelerated after the example set by Hadrian. In the third chapter, she argues that tombs became prime locations for promoting and displaying long family lines among the elite, which then inspired freedmen to undertake similar commemorative practices. Finally she explores the association of deceased persons with the divine and apotheosis through portraits on divine body shapes and temple tombs.
Proposes a new, contextual approach to Roman funerary culture that integrates art, archaeology, epigraphy and literary sources
Yields new and unexpected results regarding questions so far considered unsolvable or highly controversial
Shows how the evidence for Roman funerary culture is a major source of evidence for Roman social history
'This is an outstanding piece of work - the product of a very long period not only of thinking about this material but of doing fundamental research into what we know archaeologically. Borg is a pioneer in the new era that has been systematic about the study of assemblages - notably looking back into the old archives as well as at relatively rare modern finds. The book casts vibrant new light on questions of monument and memory, the shift from cremation to inhumation, the problems of individual apotheosis; it brilliantly marshals archaeological evidence against a series of epigraphically generated assumptions about individualism and against familial commemoration in the context of the Roman tomb, which dominated the scholarship of last generation.' Jaś Elsner, University of Oxford
contains: 100 b/w illus.
1. In search of deceased senators
2. Reviving tradition in Hadrianic Rome: from incineration to inhumation
3. Family matters: the long life of Roman tombs
4. Straddling borderlines: divine connotations in funerary commemoration.
Index (93 KB)
Barbara E. Borg, University of Exeter and Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Barbara E. Borg is Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Exeter. She has published widely on Greek and Roman art, archaeology and history, and her monographs include Crisis and Ambition: Tombs and Burial Customs in Third-Century CE Rome (2013). She is editor of Paideia: The World of the Second Sophistic (2004) and A Companion to Roman Art (2015).
Archaeological Reports
Archaeological Reports is published by the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies and the British School at…
Antiquity is a peer-reviewed journal of world archaeology. Founded by O.G.S. Crawford in 1927, the journal reports…
The European Journal of Archaeology is the international, peer-reviewed journal of the European Association of Archaeologists…


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Home Rural Reports NPR: Native Americans Come Together to Protect Loved Ones, Tribes From Continuing...
Teepee in Terlingua Texas
NPR: Native Americans Come Together to Protect Loved Ones, Tribes From Continuing COVID Pandemic
In a new story from NPR, Native American tribes across the country are coming together to protect loved ones and embrace community ties during the continued COVID-19 pandemic. The stress of the pandemic is taking a toll; according to a poll by NPR, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 74% of American Indian and Alaska Natives said someone in their household is struggling with depression, anxiety, stress and sleeping problems.
From the story: "COVID exacerbated long standing stresses created by historic inequities, says Spero Manson, who's Pembina Chippewa from North Dakota, and directs the University of Colorado's Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health.
Native communities in the United States have had higher rates of infection, are 3.3 times more likely to be hospitalized and more than twice as likely to die from the disease than whites. And half of Native Americans in NPR's poll said they're facing serious financial problems.
"As we struggle to address the sudden and precipitous added stresses posed by the hour by the pandemic, it heightens that sense of pain, suffering of helplessness and hopelessness," says Manson. And it's manifesting in higher rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, he adds."
But its not all gloom and doom. Virtual community gatherings and powwows have kept tribal connections alive, and led to American Indians and Alaska Natives having the highest vaccination rates in the country.
"Native communities are also connecting and supporting each other online, with projects like the Social Distance Powwow Facebook group, founded in March 2020 to "foster a space for community and cultural preservation." People from many different tribes share songs, dance videos, conversations, stories, and fundraisers and sell arts and crafts. It now has over 278,000 members.
The sense of community and respect for elders were also behind American Indian and Alaska Native people being more willing to get vaccinated to protect their communities, says Jennifer Wolf, founder of Project Mosaic, a consulting group for indigenous communities.
"We have so many reasons to be mistrustful of a government that has taken land away from us and broken so many promises," says Wolf, "and yet we have the highest (Covid-19) vaccination rates in the country."
To read the rest of the story on NPR, click here.
SOURCE: www.npr.org
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Five Phoenix companies to win Mayor's Export Awards at Sept. 14 Global Links Luncheon Five Phoenix companies to win Mayor's Export Awards at Sept. 14 Global Links Luncheon

Website for registration and information

https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/event/global-links-business-outlook-luncheon/

Five Phoenix companies to win Mayor's Export Awards at Sept. 14 Global Links Luncheon

Three Phoenix businesses will be announced as winners of Mayor's Export Awards, and challenges in the sports entertainment industry will be the featured topic for the 18th annual Global Links Business Outlook Luncheon sponsored by Phoenix Sister Cities.

The event is set for Thursday, Sept. 14, 11:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m., in the Phoenix Convention Center, 100 N. 3rd St., Phoenix.

Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton's Export Awards recognize businesses with success stories in global trade. The mayor has emphasized the importance of increasing the city's exports and upsizing its global trade surplus throughout his term. This is the third year he has recognized Phoenix companies for contributions towards the global trade goals.

"We are in a very competitive economic environment and exports matter," Phoenix Mayor Greg Stanton said. "We want to help and encourage companies to increase exports because that is the smartest play we can make for our economy. We've improved relations with Mexico, our largest trading partner, and have made tremendous progress, but there's more work to do to meet our potential."

The awards also honor businesses sharing export expertise with companies wanting to learn and those advocating on behalf of exporting.

Five Phoenix companies are being honored at the luncheon:

Export Champion of the Year: Metro Phoenix Export Alliance (MPEXA).

Product Exporter of the Year: Ping

Service Exporter of the Year: Core Institute

Export Service Provider of the Year – Public Sector: Small Business Administration

Export Service Provider of the Year – Private Sector: FedEx

The luncheon includes a panel focused on Challenges in the Sports Entertainment. Jason Rowley, President, Phoenix Suns, will share his insight in the overall business management of the Suns and oversees the club's interests in the management of Talking Stick Resort Arena.

Joining Rowley on the panel are Bobby Dull, COO for Phoenix Rising FC discossing the team's move into Major Soccer League, and Josh Rawitch, senior vice president for content and communications, Arizona Diamondbacks.

The trio will talk about the in-venue sports experience, maintaining affordability for sports events and cost pressures on professional sports teams from salaries and operating expenses. A look at how venues are competing for audience for an in-game experience rather than the expanding experience from viewing at home is part of the challenges for sports teams.

Like many businesses, sports teams have to expand the demographic and keep the in-game experience viable growing new fans in order to continue succeeding in competing for entertainment spending.

Registration for the event is open, and information is available on the Phoenix Sisters Cities website.

 8/28/2017 7:00:00 AM Eric Jay Toll Larissa LaMaster (602) 534-3751


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LA Life: Free Museums, Poetry, Understanding Dementia, Year of the Pig
by Debbie Zipp · February 1, 2019
A new month and a sign of hope and rebirth, Tomatoes, in the fire ravaged Santa Monica Mountains. It's "Free Museum Days" this weekend and I'll give you the skinny on the "Discover & Go" program from the LA Library. Poetry is moving and grooving, Gals, with Eve Brandstein's "Poetry in Motion Herstory 2" this Saturday. I love pigs so I love that this is the Year of the Pig and you can celebrate with a parade in China Town. The Three Tomatoes has launched the Happy Hour Podcast and I'm tickled pink to be a part of it. My first episode has just hit the airwaves.
Feb 2 & 3. Discover Free Museum Days
Over 40 institutions are participating in the 14th annual SoCal Museums "Free Museum Days" including the Getty, Hammer Museum, The Broad, NHM, La Brea Tar Pits and on and on. Also, did you know that with a Library Card you can get free admission to Los Angeles Museums regularly Tomatoes? Well, you can with the "Discover & Go" Program.
Under the "Discover and Go" program Tomatoes can reserve FREE passes to local museums. It sure makes sense to get a library card and keep it in good standing. I love this partnership between libraries and cultural institutions! Woo Hoo!
Feb 2. Poetry in Motion-Herstory 2
Yes, Tomatoes, I'm here to say that poetry is cool, especially when it's an all-female evening of high quality women's original poetry and stories. Eve Brandsteins' "Poetry in Motion Herstory 2" is a wonderful way for Tomatoes to celebrate the spoken word and women.
I'm so excited to be attending and I hope to see you there, gals. Performers for Herstory 2 include Anne Beatts, Kelly Carlin, Diane Sherry Case, Barra Grant, Monica Piper, Penny Peyser, and Carrie White. Eve Brandstein, well-known major studio & network executive of the highest caliber, Norman Lear's casting director, a professional director, working writer, perpetual poet & fine artist, started "Poetry in Motion" in 1988 where, in a warm and welcoming atmosphere, she presents an eclectic array of writers from the literary and Hollywood communities. Since then she has presented original work from some of the entertainment industry's most remarkable talents both before and after they became well known. Poetry in Motion has long been known as a warm "well lighted place" for creative minds at every stage of their artistic and professional development. Each event offers an evening of great entertainment and creative community with artists at every level and in every media.
Feb 5. Understanding Dementia
Did you know Tomatoes, that 50 million people are living with Alzheimer's and other types of Dementia worldwide? Staggering. The Alzheimer's Association will be presenting a workshop on "Understanding Alzheimer's and Dementia" Tuesday, February 5th from 2:30pm-4pm at Aegis Living of Granada Hills. This is such a valuable opportunity Tomatoes to understand all the complexities of Alzheimer's and Dementia.
You must R.S.V.P to the Concierge at Aegis of Granada Hills either by phone (818) 363-3373 or email GranadaHills.Concierge@aegisliving.com . I have a Mother in Memory Care at Aegis of Granada Hills, Ladies, and I still don't understand all the stages, risk factors, different symptoms and treatments for Alzheimer's and Dementia and impact it has. If you have a loved one or a friend suffering from some type of Dementia do yourself a big favor and attend this seminar.
Feb 9. Year of the Pig
The day of the Lunar New Year is the most celebrated holiday of the year for nearly 1.5 million persons of Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese descent in Southern California. Anyone, Tomatoes, can celebrate one of Los Angeles' oldest cultural tradition and enjoy The Year of the Pig.
It is not only a celebration of the New Year but a celebration of ethnic diversity, Chinese Culture and Chinese-American businesses. And they've been doing it for 120 years in Los Angeles. A great FREE cultural experience for any Angelino. Plus, there is lots of cool stuff to do while there besides gourmet food trucks and entertainment.
Tags: events in LALA Lifethings to do in LA
LA LIFE: Marion, Zoo Talk, DineLa, Discover & Go, Dreams
LA Life: Gardens, Athena Cats, Artisanal LA, First Tuesdays
LA Life: Halloween,The Search, S/election and Trail Days
Debbie Zipp
The Three Tomatoes LA Life editor, Debbie Zipp is your friendly guide to the best of everything in LA with a tomato style perspective. Debbie is an actor, producer, and writer. She is best known for her recurring role as Donna on the CBS series "Murder She Wrote" starring Angela Lansbury. She has had many other TV and stage roles and has starred in over 300 national TV commercials. As head of In The Trenches Productions, Debbie produced, directed, acted in many short films for her company. Her book, The Aspiring Actor's Handbook: What Seasoned Actors Wish They Had Known was recently published.
Buy her book: The Aspiring Actor's Handbook: What Seasoned Actors Wish They Had Known


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Review: Synology DiskStation DS918+
Chris N. Fernando February 19, 2018
I absolutely love reviewing NAS drives – especially the ones that come with its own ecosystem of apps that make your lives easier. Synology is one such company that has done a lot to perfect its app ecosystem for its NAS drives and I am amazed with what they have managed to achieve in terms of pure usability and brilliant user interface.
Yet another excellent NAS to come out of their stables is the DiskStation DS918+, which has been designed with SMBs in mind. The DiskStation DS918+ is an improved 4-bay NAS that comes packed with an updated CPU and additional SSD expansion compared to its predecessors.
The unit also comes with Synology's excellent software package which means that advanced functionality is made easily accessible via web browser configuration. In terms of pure looks, it follows the design cues of the DS916+. However, there indeed are a few more changes in terms of design.
The DS918+ adopts the more functional form of the DS1517+, with its exposed trays and key locks. The NAS does, however, keep the LED indicators of its predecessor, along with a lone USB 3.0 port on the front. In terms of the specs, the DS918+ runs on an Intel Celeron J3455 Quad Core processor running at 1.5GHz and can Turbo up to 2.3GHz.
The rear of the unit is dominated by two 120mm cooling fans. You also get two RJ-45 1GbE ports, a USB 3.0 port and an eSATA port for expansion. The DS918+ also comes with the M.2 NVMe SSD capability that can increase performance with caching and storage tiering to accelerate storage performance. Inside the box, you get everything you need to get started.
It includes a power adapter (rated at 100W), a pair of Ethernet cables, fixing screws for 2.5-inch drives, two drive bay keys, a quick install guide and a leaflet with an offer of a month's free trial of Synology's C2 Backup service. C2 is a cloud backup service designed specifically for Synology NAS devices which uses military grade AES-256 and RSA-2048 encryption to protect your data during transmission and while its being stored on the cloud.
In order to set up the NAS, we used four 4TB Western Digital Red NAS drives for optimum performance. We were able to breeze through the installation and setup, thanks to the DS918+'s tool-less design. After about 30 minutes, we were all good to go.
Creation of the storage volume and all related checks took a while though. I just let it run in the background while I setup and installed the rest of the packages such as the Video Station, Download Station and Cloud Station, Photo Station, and so on. We used DiskStation Manager (DSM) 6.1 for this review.
We were also able to activate Collaboration Suite (Drive, Office, MailPlus, Chat and Calendar) for this review. These tools are specifically designed to meet the on-premises collaboration demands from businesses.
Since the DS918+ has been made with businesses on mind, it comes with bucketload of apps and software specifically designed for businesses. These apps are powered by Synology's DSM 6.1. The NAS comes with Windows AD and LDAP support that allows for easy integration with existing business directory services, without needing to recreate user accounts.
You also get Windows ACL support that provides fine-grained access control and efficient privilege settings. Internet file access, meanwhile, is simplified by the encrypted FTP server and Synology File Station, a web-based file explorer. HTTPS, firewall, and IP auto-block support ensure file sharing over the Internet is protected with a high level of security.
You can also set Application Privileges controls for accessing applications and packages based on each individual account, user group, or IP address. MailPlus is an app that allows your business to set up a secure, reliable, and private mail server while giving your employees a modern mail client for receiving and sending messages. In addition, I really loved the Collaboration Suite that comes with Synology Office, Calendar, and Chat.
When it comes to performance, the DS918+ does the job pretty well. It boasts of some new capabilities, such as support for real-time dual channel 4K hardware transcoding, critical for streaming videos, and a dedicated hardware encryption engine. The DS918+ supports RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, and 10 (1+0), but, by default, it comes with Synology Hybrid RAID or SHR.
We used a folder that included some zipped files, Word documents, text files, Excel sheet, movies, music, images and so on to test the data transfer speeds. Transferring a single 100GB folder to and from the NAS gave us read speeds of 119 MB/s and write speeds of 116 MB/s. This kind of performance is quite good.
Synology's product range includes dozens of NAS solutions for every need and budget. If you are looking for a dependable NAS for your home office and SMB, the DS918+ is one of the better options out there. It comes with a top notch hardware, excellent UI, and outstanding app ecosystem. The Synology DiskStation DS918+ thus walks away with the Review Central Editors' Choice award.
Price: $524 (AED 1925 approx.)
DiskStation DS918+ Synology
Review: Synology DiskStation DS1817+ NAS (2GB Version)
Review: Synology DS218j
× nine = thirty six


The coloratura soprano is the most dangerous of all operatic performers, explains a music teacher in the HBO miniseries "Mildred Pierce." He compares her with "a snake ... that is the coloratura."
Poor Mildred (Kate Winslet) fails to heed the warning and is lured into the unhinged jaws of her daughter, Veda (Evan Rachel Wood), a budding opera star who seduces prey with her beguiling siren songs.
"Mildred Pierce" features several operatic scenes in the final two episodes, which debuted Sunday. As a young girl, Veda was an aspiring pianist, but after her voice is discovered, her career as a singer miraculously takes off, instigating a new round of mother-daughter drama.
To help create the operatic sequences, director Todd Haynes and music supervisor Randall Poster brought on board David Weyner, an opera authority and former executive at classical labels including Polygram and BMG. They also hired Korean coloratura soprano Sumi Jo to serve as the primary singing voice for the character of Veda.
In the original novel, author James M. Cain is specific about which arias Veda performs. Cain knew classical music: His mother was an opera singer, and the author was once married to the renowned soprano Florence Macbeth.
But the makers of "Mildred Pierce" decided to depart substantially from Cain's repertoire and to devise a new coloratura program for Veda. Weyner, who was instrumental in choosing the pieces, explained that they wanted arias that a young soprano at the time might realistically attempt. Cain's choices, he said, were "quirky and almost ridiculous. ... They would feel weird coming from a young, budding singer."
The filmmakers chose arias that provided dramatic parallels to the contentious relationship between Mildred and Veda. "Not that one needs to delve deeply to appreciate the scenes, but if you do, you can extract thematically some commentary on the whole story," Weyner said.
Weyner said he used French soprano Lily Pons as a model for Veda. When Mildred first hears her daughter perform on the radio, it's "The Bell Song" from the opera "Lakmé," by Léo Delibes. (In the novel, it's the Polonaise from Ambroise Thomas' "Mignon.") "The Bell Song" was a big hit for Pons, and the opera's story -- featuring a rebellious daughter whose voice is used to lure people -- provides a thematic parallel to Veda the Viper's seductive qualities.
Later, Mildred attends an NBC radio concert in Hollywood where she sees Veda perform the famous "Casta Diva" aria from Bellini's "Norma." The opera foreshadows the messy emotional triangle that develops among Mildred, Veda and Monty Beragon (Guy Pearce).
For Veda's career-making concert with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the filmmakers chose to include the Queen of the Night aria from Mozart's "The Magic Flute." The scene in Mozart's opera features a battle of wills between an obsessive mother and her daughter. "It seemed an irresistible choice," Weyner said.
Veda's singing voice is performed by Jo for most of the operatic scenes in "Mildred Pierce." Born in Seoul and now living in Italy, Jo is one of the top coloratura sopranos working today. For "Mildred Pierce," producers used some of her previous recordings but also made new recordings of Jo singing the Wedding March from Wagner's "Lohengrin" -- used for Veda's grand entrance during Mildred's wedding reception -- and "I'm Always Chasing Rainbows."
Wood trained with Deborah Surdi, a vocal coach and an executive at the Opera Orchestra of New York, who taught the actress breathing technique and posture.
Veda is the star of the concert, but the viewer experiences everything through Mildred, who lives vicariously and narcissistically through her daughter's success. Cain described the concert as "the coming true of all [Mildred] had dreamed for Veda, all she had believed in, worked for. ... This was the climax of Mildred's life."


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