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Mužská čtyřhra Nature Valley International 2018 probíhala ve druhé polovině června 2018. Do deblové soutěže eastbournského tenisového turnaje hraného na trávě nastoupilo šestnáct dvojic. Obhájcem titulu byl americký bratrský pár Bob a Mike Bryanovi, jehož členové nestartovali společně. Bob Bryan se odhlásil pro zranění . Spoluhráčem Mikea Bryana se stal James Cerretani, s nímž skončil v úvodním kole na raketách Scotta Claytona a Joea Salisburyho.

Vítězem se stal britský pár startující na divokou kartu Luke Bambridge a Jonny O'Mara, který ve finále zdolal krajanskou sourozeneckou dvojici Kena a Neala Skupských po dvousetovém průběhu 7–5 a 6–4. Oba 23letí šampioni si do žebříčku ATP připsali 250 bodů a získali premiérové tituly na okruhu ATP Tour, když odehráli debutové finále v této úrovni tenisu. Ani jeden z vítězů před turnajem nevyhrál zápas na túře ATP.

Nasazení párů

  Juan Sebastián Cabal /  Robert Farah (čtvrtfinále)
  Ivan Dodig /  Rajeev Ram (čtvrtfinále)
  Raven Klaasen /  Michael Venus (čtvrtfinále)
  Mike Bryan /  James Cerretani (1. kolo)

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Nature Valley International 2018

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Today's Xfinity race at Charlotte: Start time, lineup and more
By Dustin LongMay 26, 2018, 9:00 AM EDT
Ten races into the Xfinity season there have been 10 different winners. Will the streak continue today at Charlotte Motor Speedway?
The record for the most different winners to start a season in the Xfinity Series is 13 in 1988.
Here are all the details for today's race.
(All times are Eastern)
START: Dhani Jones, retired NFL player, author and host of CNBC's Adventure Capitalists, will give the command to start engines at 1:07 p.m. The green flag is scheduled to wave at 1:13 p.m.
DISTANCE: The race is scheduled for 200 laps (300 miles) around the 1.5-mile track.
STAGES: Stage 1 ends on Lap 45. Stage 2 ends on Lap 90.
PRERACE SCHEDULE: Garage opens at 6:30 a.m. Qualifying is at 10:10 a.m. Driver/crew chief meeting is at 12:15 p.m. Driver introductions are at 12:30 p.m.
NATIONAL ANTHEM: The USO Show Troupe will perform the anthem at 1:01 p.m.
TV/RADIO: Fox Sports 1 will broadcast the race beginning at 1 p.m. Coverage begins at 12:30 p.m. Performance Racing Network's radio broadcast begins at 12:30 p.m. and also can be heard at goprn.com. SiriusXM NASCAR Radio will have PRN's broadcast.
FORECAST: wunderground.com calls for a high of 84 degrees and 75 percent chance of rain at the start of the race.
LAST TIME: Ryan Blaney won this race a year ago. Kevin Harvick was second. Austin Dillon was third. Alex Bowman won at Charlotte in October. Sam Hornish Jr. was second. Blaney was third.
STARTING LINEUP: Click here for the starting lineup.
Tags: charlotte motor speedway, nascar, Sam Hornish Jr., xfinity series, Alex Bowman, Austin Dillon, Kevin Harvick, Ryan Blaney, Sam Hornish Jr.

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Girão, P.M. ; Postolache, O. ; Postolache, G. ; Ramos, P.M. ; Dias Pereira, J. M.
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Thomas Tronel-Gauthier's multifaceted sculptural practice involves both objects and installations. He questions materials, and merges painting, photography, and video. His work focuses on the origins, mutations and variations of form. Tronel-Gauthier captures natural and spontaneous phenomena in his work, while taking a nuanced approach to ephemerality and durability.
Thomas Tronel-Gauthier (born 1982, Paris) lives and works in Paris. His recent solo exhibitions include Le temps d'un sillage (The time it takes a wake to disappear), Bullukian Foundation, Lyon, France, 2016; OFFICIELLE, FIAC–International Contemporary Art Fair, Cité de la mode et du design, Paris, France, 2015; Ce que j'ai vu n'existe plus (What I have seen no longer exist), Gallery 22,48 m², Paris, France, 2015; and AN ECHO, A STONE, Gallery My monkey, Nancy, France, 2016.
Thomas Tronel-Gauthier, The Oracles, 2012, Engraving on mother of pearl from the Tuamotu archipelago.
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Thomas Tronel-Gauthier, Ce que j'ai vu n'éxiste plus (What I have Seen no Longer Exists), 2015. Courtesy of the artist and Gallery 22,48 m².
Thomas Tronel-Gauthier, Le temps d'un sillage (The time it Takes a Wave to Disappear), 2016. Courtesy of the artist and the Bullukian Foundation.
Ieva Epnere works with photography, video, and film. Personal and intimate stories are the starting points for her artistic reflections on identity, tradition, and ritual.
Ieva Epnere lives and works in Riga, Latvia. Recent solo shows include Pyramiden and other stories, Zachęta Project Room, Warsaw, 2015; A No-Man's Land, An Everyman's Land, kim? Contemporary Art Centre, Riga, 2015; Waiting Room, Contretype, Brussels, 2015; and Ieva Epnere, Galerie des Hospices, Canet-en-Roussillon, France, 2014. Group exhibitions include Identity. Behind the Curtain of Uncertainty, National Art Museum of Ukraine, 2016; Something eerie, Signal – Center for Contemporary Art, Malmö, Sweden, 2015; Ritualia, Oudenaarde-Ename, Belgium; Le fragole del Baltico, Careof, Milan, 2015; Ornamentalism. The Purvītis Prize, Arsenale, Venice, 2015; and 62nd International Short Film Festival, Oberhausen, Germany, 2015.
Ieva Epnere, Four Edges of Pyramiden, 2015, HD video, 20 min.
Ieva Epnere, Extreme Fugue for One Voice. Laima, 2013, HD video, 5 min.
Ieva Epnere, A No-man's Land, An Everyman's Land, 2015, Photograph, Dimensions variable.
Ieva Epnere, Renunciation, 2014, HD video, 20 min.
Esperanza Mayobre's work addresses failed and idealistic utopias of impossible solutions for absurd situations. She invents stories that question problems that have no answers. Through a variety of visual formats, she explores subjects that are generally ignored by creating fictive laboratory spaces, in which Mayobre plays an active role.
Esperanza Mayobre was born during the Venezuelan oil boom and grew up between the cities of Caracas and Golindano. Mayobre is the recipient of the Smithsonian Artist Research Fellowship at the Air and Space Museum, the Jerome Foundation Travel and Study Grant, and has taken part in programs at the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council, the Smack Mellon Artist Studio Program, and the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. She has exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts Boston; La Caja Centro Cultural Chacao, Caracas; Bronx Museum; MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies; Art Museum of the Americas, Washington D.C.; MARTE Contemporaro, El Salvador; Incheon Women Artists' Biennial, Korea; and spaces in New York City including Smack Mellon, Postmasters Gallery, Jack Shainman Gallery, and Momenta Art. Her work has been featured in publications including Bomb, The Brooklyn Rail, The New York Times, Hyperallergic, Creative Time Reports, Arte al Día and Art in America.
Esperanza Mayobre, What do we do with Christopher Columbus, 2015, Mixed media.
Esperanza Mayobre, La Balsa de la Esperanza (The Raft of Hope), 2014, Mixed media.
Esperanza Mayobre, Tierra a la Vista (Land Ho!), 2013, C-Print, 40 × 50 in. (101.6 × 127 cm).
Esperanza Mayobre, It Was Not Me at the Parthenon, 2015, Mixed media.


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HomeKrugman Mangles Smith
Krugman Mangles Smith
September 29, 2010 gcallah competition, Economics, UncategorizedAdam Smith, invisible hand, Krugman, pin factory
by Gene Callahan
Here's Paul Krugman, explaining the meaning of Adam Smith's pin factory, and why it opposes Smith's invisible hand metaphor:
"What may not be obvious is the way these two concepts [pin factory and invisible hand] stand in opposition to each other. The parable of the pin factory says that there are increasing returns to scale — the bigger the pin factory, the more specialized its workers can be, and therefore the more pins the factory can produce per worker. But increasing returns create a natural tendency toward monopoly, because a large business can achieve larger scale and hence lower costs than a small business. So in a world of increasing returns, bigger firms tend to drive smaller firms out of business, until each industry is dominated by just a few players."
And, of course, this monopolistic competition wrecks the operation of the invisible hand, per Krugman.
What is shocking here is that Smith very explicitly denies that an extensive division of labor requires monolithic factories — in fact, he states that it is only in "trifling" instances that this will happen:
"It is commonly supposed to be carried furthest in some very trifling ones; not perhaps that it really is carried further in them than in others of more importance: but in those trifling manufactures which are destined to supply the small wants of but a small number of people, the whole number of workmen must necessarily be small; and those employed in every different branch of the work can often be collected into the same workhouse, and placed at once under the view of the spectator. In those great manufactures, on the contrary, which are destined to supply the great wants of the great body of the people, every different branch of the work employs so great a number of workmen, that it is impossible to collect them all into the same workhouse. We can seldom see more, at one time, than those employed in one single branch. Though in such manufactures, therefore, the work may really be divided into a much greater number of parts, than in those of a more trifling nature, the division is not near so obvious, and has accordingly been much less observed."
In fact, as Smith's example of the laborer's woolen coat shows, he thought of the real division of labor as being carried out across the whole globe, across many, many years, and among a multitude of enterprises. Whereas Smith saw the progress of the division of labor as depending on the "extent of the market," Krugman translates that to "the size of the factory"!
Now, perhaps Smith was wrong, and an increasing division of labor eventually really does require giant, monopolistic enterprises, as Krugman sees things. But it is not very informed or honest (take your pick) of Krugman to suggest that this is the straightforward meaning of what Smith wrote.
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45 thoughts on "Krugman Mangles Smith"
Daniel Kuehn says:
I think you're conflating two issues here – the division of labor and increasing returns. Krugman only said the later leads to larger firms which, holding everything else equal, it certainly does.
To use your phrasing, Krguman saw the progress of monopolization as depending on "increasing returns", and you translate that to "division of labor".
Bill Stepp says:
PK writes:
"But increasing returns create a natural tendency toward monopoly, because a large business can achieve larger scale and hence lower costs than a small business. So in a world of increasing returns, bigger firms tend to drive smaller firms out of business, until each industry is dominated by just a few players.
"But for the invisible hand to work properly, there must be many competitors in each industry, so that nobody is in a position to exert monopoly power. Therefore, the idea that free markets always get it right depends on the assumption that returns to scale are diminishing, not increasing."
Rubbish, as a Brit economist would say.
Even if bigger firms drive smaller firms out of business, this doesn't prevent new competitors from popping up. Wal-Mart drove out a lot of mom-and-pop competitors, but a lot of new retailers have started since Sam Walton founded his firm in 1962. Ditto for McDonalds. I see new burger places popping up from time to time in New York. Apparently these retail and burger entrepreneurs never got the memo.
This is the economics equivalent of historical determinism.
And what's the exact definition/number of "many competitors in each industry"?
It's not free markets that get it right or wrong, but individual entrepreneurs, who compete in a free market (except those who belly up to the public trough, and get goodies paid for by taxes forked over by the likes of Wal-Mart and McDonalds).
His last sentence is wrong.
Krugman is a pseudo-economist. I still can't figure out what he did that was Nobel Prize worthy, or even valid.
gcallah says:
Sorry, Daniel, I think it's Krugman who is conflating two issues here. Smith quite explicitly offers the pin factory as an example of the division of labor. It is Krugman who slides from one two the other: "the bigger the pin factory, the more specialized its workers can be, and therefore the more pins the factory can produce per worker."
Which was my very point.
Bill Stepp –
I wasn't aware of any point where he said that competitors couldn't emerge – only that the extent of monopoly power is related to scale economies.
Markets "getting it right" or "getting it wrong" is somewhat vague – but it's a NY Times article, not a journal article. I don't really see why you feel the need to read it the way you do. Doesn't he just mean that the more monopoly power there is, the more we're going to depart from competitive equilibrium. I never read "monopolies are bad". I never read "you need millions of small firms for competitive solutions" (a straw man that you often hear people complain about but you rarely hear anyone assert!). I just read a layman's version of "the more monopoly power, the lower quantity and higher prices you'll get relative to competitive equilibrium".
It's amazing to me this FOUR YEAR OLD article is so offensive to people.
And if you read the article – he's making the case that economists should pay more attention to Smith (and Schumpeter too, for that matter)!
Smith notes that increasing returns to scale and the existence of a wide market allow for the division of labor, which is more efficient. The pin factory is an example of the division of labor, but it's able to come about because of increasing returns.
We're really dealing with three economic phenomena operating on Smith's example:
1. Market demand
2. Productive technology (ie – increasing returns), and
3. Division of labor (ie – the institutional response to the first two in a market economy).
Krugman cites the example in toto, and then focuses on the increasing returns element of it. What could possibly be wrong with that? How could this possibly incite controversy???
Daniel Kuehn,
The term "monopoly power" makes no sense in descibing a firm operating without a government grant of monopoly power, which always means explicitly restricting competition. Think of the USPS. Now name one free market monopoly, that is, a firm that is a sole supplier of some good or service.
To quote an enonomics professor of mine, "we can wait all afternoon."
In fact, as Murray Rothbard pointed out, the term "power" should be confined to whatever the State does. As Mao put it, power grows out of the barrel of a gun.
An example occured about a month ago here in the Soviet People's Republic of New York. An ex-"offender" had been released from jail and was supporting himself and his pregnant wife by selling some sort of iced desert product out of a cart in Tompkins Square Park. Along came two cops, who demanded to see his purveyor's license, which he didn't have. They shut him down and stole his cart. I wonder how he's making a living now?
The cops can do this, because they work for the criminal-monopoly entity known as the State, which employs a monopoly police farce to enforce its monopoly statute law book, using Maoist "barrel-of-a-gun" tactics.
You won't see Krugman ever leap to the defense of someone who has the temerity not to comply with the Maoist State's diktats.
No, Krugman is an advocate of the State, the bigger the better, and an enemy of the free market.
Are we talking about "monopoly power" or are we talking about a "monopoly". I'd agree that a strictly defined "monopoly" is probably only a product of government intervention (or a temporary phenomenon). It might not even be a real monopoly then.
But none of that semantics makes discussion of monopoly power or pricing irrelevant.
As for "Maoist state diktats" – I don't even want to touch that one. Feel free to wait all afternoon if you want.
What's the definition of "monopoly power"?
Can a firm that isn't a monopolist exercise it? I don't see how it could.
Sounds like Orwellian double-speak to me.
Ever heard of "monopolistic competition"? It's not Orwellian double-speak. It's jargon at the very worst, but it shouldn't be especially insurmountable jargon for commenters on a page run by an economics professor.
Troy Camplin says:
Apparently Smith thought his readers were going to be smart enough to understand that "increasing returns" didn't mean into "infinity and beyond." In the real world — to which Smith was referring, and not to the Krugman fantasy world, where anything can happen according to his mood — increasing returns flatten out. While one company is in the flat portion, another is on the exponential portion, while yet another is engaging in entrepreneurial innovation to allow it to gain even more increasing returns. The monopoly is undermined everywhere (except the government monopoly, which Krugman loves so very much). Krugman is an enemy of truth. Or he's not smart enough to understand Smith. Take your pick.
Krugman and Kuehn got it wrong and Callahan has it right. Smith was talking about the division of labor. That is an entirely separate issue from returns to scale.
There are diminishing returns in the short run. In Smith, supply and demand curves shift dynamically over time. In manufacturing, that might result in observed prices being constant or even decreasing over time. The latter would not properly speaking be increasing returns to scale, and it would not imply monopoly. Monopoly comes from state intervention.
On reading Krugman's essay, I'm with Gene here. Krugman is misunderstanding Smith. Krugman says there is a contradiction between division of labor (and he does use that term explicitly) and the invisible hand (meaning the beneficial effects of competition). He perceives a contradiction because he sees the firm as the only means of achieving a greater division of labor. But as Gene and Smith make clear, the division of labor can be and often is achieved by decentralized processes. By looking at a single firm, you will only observe a small fraction of the total division of labor in the market.
So what about increasing returns? Division of labor does, indeed, allow for increasing returns. Smith doesn't use that term, as far as I know. But his logic still applies. We can achieve increasing returns through greater division of labor, and that division of labor does not necessarily require centralization.
Jerry and Gene – what do you all think of George Stigler's 1951 paper on this, then (JPE I think?)?
I'm really surprised this was that controversial. This is essentailly what Stigler said too, isn't it. Firm size and division of labor increase when there are increasing returns to be exploited. Holding all else equal, that means monoply power is going to increase. Since when has that been controversial?
Troy is right that you eventually exhaust scale economies (Troy is wrong to say that Krugman says they go on ad infinitum, of course – and it's telling he can't cite Krugman saying that), but that doesn't mean that firm size and the division of labor don't increase as the point at which scale economies are exhausted increases.
Jerry – I'm not sure what observed long run price behavior is supposed to have to do with the question. Presumably production get's more efficient over time. That's going to be a function of technological development and a host of other factors. It doesn't change the fact that the returns to scale are going to affect (1.) firm size, and (2.) the division of labor. And Smith's whole point is that a pin manufacturer supplying lots of pin users more efficiently than single pin users can supply themselves. How in the world is that "separate form" increasing returns. That is increasing returns to scale in action, and driving the division of labor – just as Stigler pointed out.
*I noticed in my third paragraph I wrote "scale economies" accidentally. Obviously that's closely related to returns to scale, and seems like it shouldn't make a difference at all on the issues that are being discussed here – but clearly a little different from the returns to scale that Krugman mentions. Sorry about that.
It is implied in his belief that "increasing returns" necessarily leads to monopoly. Krugman is using an enthymeme, meaning he is leaving out the minor premise, but that doesn't mean it's not implied by the argument. Of course, one of the benefits of such a structure is that people can then say, "Well he (I) didn't actually say that." Well, of course he did — it's implied in the logic of the argument itself.
Troy –
That sort of case is used to say Krugman thinks war is good for the economy too, and yet he's recently had to walk those people back to the beginning and clarify the obvious – that he thinks no such thing. In other words – I acknowledge the rhetorical strategy you point out, but it seems to be so frequently misapplied to Krugman that I think the burden is ultimately on the accuser, at least in my mind.
Could you explain why "it's implied in the logic of the argument itself"? I don't see how it is. I, for example, made the same point about increasing returns while explicitly noting that increasing returns will be exhausted. So clearly the logic of the argument doesn't require what you claim it requires. The question then becomes "why does Troy Camplin consistently resort to the most damning and the most ridiculous sounding version of what is left implied?".
If the logic of the argument unambiguously implied something, that would be a different story – but it doesn't here.
We have Smith. Why do we need to read Stigler on Smith? And let's not "read backwards" into Smith.
Smith was interested in innovation and technological progress. As I already noted, they shift cost curves (supply) out. That doesn't represent economies of scale.
Is the division of labor separate, or part of the innovation process?
On cost and output, I would turn to Alchian and his article of that title (or close to it) — not Stigler.
Current says:
Daniel. In your description increasing returns to scale is the starting point and that leads to larger firms and more division of labour. Why do you think of it in that order?
Would it be tacky to ask for text to support these interpretations?
Here is text (Liberty Fund edition): "The division of labour, however, so far as it can be introduced, occasions, in every art, a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labour" (15).
Agriculture is part of the division of labor, but agriculture is subject to diminishing returns (16).
The use of machinery is associated with the progress of the division of labor (19-21). That is an increase in labor productivity.
The division of labor is linked to "improvements in machinery" (21). That is technical progress, not increasing returns to scale (the shifting supply curves again).
Eric Hosemann says:
Okay–so the division of labor leads to "monopoly," whatever that means. Would Daniel and Krugman argue that technological advance does too? Or maybe international trade? Since according to Smith the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market, and if dividing labor plants the seeds of monopoly, then extending a market across borders causes monopoly too.
…and–pardon the officiousness of two subsequent entries–isn't comparative advantage a form of the division of labor at the global scale? So doesn't that, in some sense, create a "natural tendency towards monopoly?"
Krugman's best work, so I've been told, involves shining light on the benefits of international trade and specialization, and apparently, circa '06, shilling FOR monopoly!
Presumably Wal-Mart has increasing returns to scale, but the retail business has low margins (on a good day). Wal-Mart also gives its customers "everyday low prices."
The retail business is certainly not characterized by a few big firms. On the contrary, it exhibits lots of creative destruction and is extremely competitive.
Could you (or PK) give an example of an industry that is like what he writes about in the article? (Industries with state-granted monopolies don't count.)
In retail, distribution is the source of economies of scale. Everything else has diseconomies. Otherwise we'd all be dealing exclusively with Walmart.
Current –
I don't think of it in that order. You're not going to have division of labor unless there is a prospect of increasing returns – but usually it's the division of labor itself that makes the increasing returns possible, right? Don't you agree?
Jerry –
Why do we need Stigler? Cause he was a smart guy. Just because a smart guy wrote some smart stuff in the 18th century doesn't mean I'm going to jettison others in the 20th that thought about what that guy in the 18th century said. You seem to think the same thing with Alchian (and I would agree on him too), so I'm not sure why you would ask "why do we need Stigler". The division of labor is absolutely part of the innovation process. It's probably the most important part. Eureka-style innovations have their place of course, but a lot of innovation occurs in the midst of the market process and as a result of the specialization inherent in the division of labor.
Why do you separate technological progress from increasing returns? "Increasing returns" is just a way of talking about how we exploit the technology that we have at our disposal. I'm not sure why you're acting like these are separate.
Eric –
There are counter-vailing forces as well. You are doing what Troy has done when you speak as if these processes go on ad infinitum. Increasing returns get exploited through market processes over time. International trade, insofar as it increases demand, clearly motivates the division of labor. John Mclaren at UVA has written some about that.
You ask "does technological development too?". Doesn't this depend on what kind of technological development we're talking about? If it's the sort of technological development that allows more efficient production at larger scales, you're going to see fewer, larger firms. If it's another sort of technological development you're not. This is practically tautological.
As for your "shilling for monopoly" point – you act as if "monopoly" is a bad thing. Do you think it is? The economy simply behaves differently when increasing returns are pervasive – that's the thread that runs through Krugman's work. I think you're inferring value judgements that aren't there, and I'm not sure why you're doing that.
I was talking with a friend of mine the other day who does electronic discovery and database work for law firms. It's a relatively new field – he deals with all those millions of emails that companies have to account for in court, etc. Over the course of a decade or so, as you might expect, demand for these sorts of services increased dramatically. The kind of expertise required for the work and the substantial demand for it by all law firms allowed his company to grow very rapidly, and compete with only a few competitors. There were increasing returns to this sort of database work – more efficient for one firm to do the work for a bunch of law firms that were short on computer experts than for them to do a sloppy or ad hoc job themselves. So his company was, for a time, one of the few in the business – and it was one of the biggest providers of this service.
Now, he was telling me, electronic discovery has become so important for lawsuits that their clients are now actually needing these services at sufficient scale to make it affordable to bring it back in house. Not all of them, of course, but many of the big ones. Pricewaterhouse Coopers is one in this area, for example, that is starting to do all its own electronic discovery work.
So increasing returns to this sort of business initially afforded the scope for monopolization of the industry and the division of labor – and the increase in demand sufficient for individual firms to supply their own needs at an efficient scale is now scaling back the division of labor.
How's that for an example? All "increasing returns" means is "it's more efficient to produce at greater scale". All Krugman and I are saying is "if it's more efficient to produce at greater scale, firms will produce at greater scale".
Good job of accusing me of saying literally the opposite of what I said. I said that these processes *couldn't* go on ad infinitum, while Krugman clearly assumes they could. If you're going to criticize me, what say you get me right, hmm? It is Krugman who assumes they go on ad infinitum, until monopoly is created; I argued that he is wrong, that they cannot do so, and that therefore monopoly is not going to result. Or do you not even remember your argument against me, above?
One of the things that always complicates discussions of specialization is that for Smith the division of labor really operated on two levels: the division between pin-factories and pin-users (ie – division of labor as outsourcing), and the division of labor within the pin factory itself (ie – more of a "scientific management"/assembly line version of the division of labor). As Eric points out above – comparative advantage is just an elaboration of the division of labor. The two kinds of division of labor are related and go hand in hand, of course.
This is, again, why I would advocate reading Stigler to understand Smith. And I'd advocate reading Coase and Williamson to understand Smith as well. Stigler looks at "division of labor as outsourcing", Coase looks at "division of labor within the firm", and I suppose you can think of Williamson as putting both of those back together. You get the same pin-factory story, more rigorously. Alright – I've said more than enough at this point.
You don't even know what the term "division of labor" means. Just because it is being done inhouse, that doesn't mean that the labor isn't being divided. Division of labor is not the same thing as "different corporations doing it."
I know a bit about the industry Daniel refers to, and there are several companies in it. A monopoly, to repeat what I said earlier, means a SINGLE supplier. Not two or three or four, etc. but ONE.
Think of the USPS, formerly known as the US Postal Service, before the term "going postal" acquired a new meaning. If you try to deliver something to someone's (supposedly government-owned) mail box, you can be charged with a felony. That's a libertarian-certified monopoly.
So the industry he talks about is not a monopoly.
Krugman talked about one with a few competitors. That is not a monopoly.
You might want to read the post where I agree with exactly what you just said. Division of labor itself doesn't require contracting for that labor, although it can. But if we want to think about the relationship between the division of labor and firm size (which is the subject of the discussion, after all), we have to talk about both the division of labor and when it is and isn't contracted for. In other words – we have to put Smith, Stigler, Coase, Williamson, and others together.
Bill –
All we've been talking about is (to use Krugman's words) a "tendency towards monopoly", not a strict, one-firm monopoly. I'm not sure why you're so hung up on that. Nobody said there would just be one firm – the point is, monopoly power will increase. Monopoly power isn't contingent on a single firm. Monopoly power is a factor in oligopolistic situations and monopolistic competition situations. Why do you think this "is it just one firm or not?" thing is so important? Analytically, it seems entirely trivial to me.
Go back and re-read what you just said, which contradicts what you say now. I think, if you look at precisely what you said, without knowing what you intended to say, that you can see why I argued that you said what you said. You appear to contradict yourself quite often, precisely because you do this sort of thing.
You seem to be reading my earlier comment with the understanding that the only division of labor Smith ever talked about was the division of labor between individuals. That's the pin factory, of course. But Smith also talked about different establishments – the brewer, the baker and the butcher. Outsourcing is part and parcel of the division of labor, just like more specialized jobs within a firm are. See Eric's comment above, too, about how comparative advantage is a sort of division of labor.
Gene's post concerned what Adam Smith said. The only text for that question is Adam Smith. Daniel has once again sent the discussion off track.
It's not getting things off track when considering the question "what did Smith say?" to look to what other people said on the question "what did Smith say?".
If that was "getting off track", there'd be no point in reading what Gene has to say about what Smith had to say in the first place! We'd all just sit on our own reading Smith. Smith is a good read, granted, but that doesn't sound very interesting.
paul e. says:
A charitable interpretation of Krugman might be that he was trying to get across the idea of increasing returns being incompatible with perfect competition. In the neoclassical model, p.c. is the epitome of the "invisible hand" argument. But he couldn't spell out the theoretical nuances in a general interest article. Adam Smith's pin factory was just a neat way to get across the core idea – increasing returns is not compatible with perfect competition – to lay audience who don't care about all the underlying theory.
If Krugman was addressing the History of Economic Thought conference, he might have said things another way.
serge d'agostino says:
Sorry but I don't read in Krugman's paper what you read (if I well understand your conclusion). In his paper, Krugman says that he sees an opposition between the model of the pin factory and the one of invisible hand. I don't see a sentence… where he asserts that Smith says that division of labor will tend to monopoly. The Krugman's criticism concerns the internal logic of Smith's theses, that's all. For Krugman Smith was wrong because he forgot the incidence of increasing returns in scale. Every author has the right to make that kind of criticism; it's not dishonest to do so.
PS : You're right when you say that, for Smith, it's the size of the market that leads or not to division of labor. But it's obvuious that Krugman agrees such an idea. His paper doen't deny that, it deals with something else
I think that we all agree that there are two different types of division of labour. One between individuals within firms, which Smith discussed with his example of the pin factory. The other being between firms, which Smith discussed with his example of the wollen coat.
The problem here is that Krugman is claiming that division of labour itself negates the invisible hand. He is claiming that it tends towards monopoly. That isn't true. If the only sort of division of labour that is possible is that within firms then that will increase the returns to scale of firms, and that will reduce competition. However, division of labour isn't necessarily within the firm, it can happen generally too and be exploited between firms rather than within them. In that case it doesn't increase returns to scale and may just as easily increase competition as reduce it.
Allan Walstad says:
Krugman quoted by Callahan: "But increasing returns create a natural tendency toward monopoly, because a large business can achieve larger scale and hence lower costs than a small business. So in a world of increasing returns, bigger firms tend to drive smaller firms out of business, until each industry is dominated by just a few players."
Actually, this is correct as far as it goes. If increasing returns were the ONLY factor — if there were no innovations in technology or organization, no changes in taste, no discoveries of new resources or depletion of old, no tendency for monopolies to get fat and lazy and thereby vulnerable to lean, mean upstarts — then sure, monopoly might be the end result. Indeed, in that case, even the government, i.e., the ultimate monopoly, might eventually "get it right" and socialism would work.
But that's not the real world. In the real world, there is technological and organizational innovation and there are changes in tastes and resource availability, etc.; then the relevant question is, who can adapt most quickly? It ain't generally the dinosaurs. The obstacle to clear thinking here is the notion — very nearly an oxymoron — of "competitive equilibrium."
serge –
I think you're on the right track, but I think this is even a little strong: "For Krugman Smith was wrong because he forgot the incidence of increasing returns in scale."
I don't see where he says that "Smith was wrong". All he's saying is that there are countervailing forces at work. Increasing returns increases firm size which increase monopoly power in markets, holding all else equal. But division of labor (and increasing returns) fosters growth too.
There are a number of forces under the surface of the pin factory which work in different directions simultaneously. That's not invalidating Smith – that's just showing the richness of Smith's observations – it's a richness that Krugman argues has been largely abandoned for a lot of the history of economic thought.
@ Daniel
I badly expressed myself (sorry my english is not so good!). I wanted to say that the invisible hand could not function well when economies of scale are increasing. When I wrote "Smith Was Wrong", it was to express my doubt face the supposed virtues of the invisible hand.
Of course that Smith's analysis is rich: for example his thesis about free trade that does not prevent him to show that protectionism may be desirable in some important circumstances. Same thing for the role of State in a market economy. Etc.
Let's apply thinking about the division of labor and increasing returns to Krugman himself. Oh, and there's only one division of labor–mostly because there's only one labor–work, the world's most unappreciated disutility.
Let's also pretend for a moment that Krugman's recent abuse of economics and Adam Smith is actually a good.
Krugman the Younger, as he works diligently by lamplight, tabulating facts and figures and crunching numbers, is at first merely one of many. He produces but a small portion of total production because he lacks experience and has little capital. He has few ways to multiply his efforts.
As he matures into Krugman the Elder, he gains experience, accrues capital, and gathers about him a small army of acolytes willing to work tirelessly for the few shekels he tosses their way without a thought.
What do these acolytes do for him? Some type. Some research. Some mow his lawn. Others cook for him and launder his clothes. Those who've drawn the shortest straws watch O'Reilly and Hannity and produce detailed summaries for him to digest over a snifter of brandy.
Krugman's maturation process culminates in his ability to outsource–i.e. divide his labor–to all of those acolytes, including the New York Times, whom Krugman hired to print and widely circulate his opinions. He writes and thinks and produces more than he ever did, and more people benefit from his willingness to exchange his capital for their effort. But let us not forget the most important fact of all: there is only one Krugman. The individual we know as Krugman has a monopoly on the production of economic pronouncements laced with pious self-regard and condescension and garnished with sneering "Um, no's." And the only way he could have become a monopolist: the division of labor.
In other words: so what if dividing labor leads to monopoly? What doesn't? If monopoly theory is taken seriously, then everyone is a monopolist, including Krugman. If Krugman is so concerned about the apparent errors of Smith's reasoning–that is, if he's interested in moving the discipline forward–he should air that concern in scholarly work. Instead, he's worried about the dangerous laissez faire brothel to which such reasoning might lead, and so his thoughts on Smith become just another whispered pop-intellectual emission: "Gather close, and I will reveal all: the free market actually depends on decreasing returns! So subtle! So sublime!"
Only someone who completely takes for granted the division of labor and the increasing returns derived thereby would believe production is actually served by making it more difficult.
liberty says:
Wow – "The parable of the pin factory says that there are increasing returns to scale"?????
Krugman needs to go back and read a little more carefully! It's hard to believe that an economist could come away with such a lesson.
The pin factory was about division of labor, not increasing returns! It's spelled out across the whole tale.
@liberty,
You are correct.
socialdoings says:
Reblogged this on socialdoings.


There is no greater power than love.
The amount of love we can offer depends on our level of maturity. Its limit is decided by our experience's, spiritual journey, perception & truths. Love is the highest frequency any human can emit. It is the most beautiful, magical and most incredible energy we can offer. The lowest frequency any human can emit is fear, it's paralyzing. We perceive the world what we carry in our hearts and that perception can only come and only change from the lessons we encounter. We grow apart from people that don't grow in the same direction and we transform into the person we choose to create.
The universe provides a love for us far greater and more meaningful than the love we seek in others, yet so many of us desperately search for someone to magically do the job of the universe. This can not be done.
We will take loved received for granted, eventually.
The emptiness we feel is the universe calling. What we really seek in someone is comfort, energy, connection, change and excitement.
Despite my relationship with the universe, I forget how fulfilling it is. I take the woods, adventure, the earth and spirit for granted. I want instant gratification, someone to love me unconditionally because I have yet to find that person. If we work on our personal project (self-love, goals, self-discovery) the universe will never bore us.
The most beautiful relationship is when two people can honor each others freedom. If we seek love for any other reason than to return it back, we will never be happy in our relationships.
We can not know what love is until we know what love is not. We can't know what self-love is, until we know what it is not. For some, this is very difficult to learn.
A relationship is not a band-aid. It is not something that is going to heal our wounds or protect us or save us. The band-aid will fall off eventually and our wounds will be exposed again and again.
I personally was unable to love others until I grew to understand what love meant.
Many have an image of what they want in love and life, but few understand the picture of what change and transition really is. It's up to us on how many times we want to keep rebuilding our foundation. Too often we increase the speed of the process, instead of slowing it down to get it right the first time. Build slowly and carefully, or build quickly and risk the repairs.
If our level of maturity is at its greatest peak, we can understand that love cannot be rushed, as love is always there. Love has no fear, love is healing. Love doesn't come with strings or attachments, love is pure and nurturing.
Love is measured by its limits and those limits are measured by learned experiences. Our suffering is our greatest teacher, and our teacher is change. We can only learn from our pain if we let ourselves heal properly. This is emotional maturity.
In relationships, we will get hurt and bothered. The personal space we desire and the boundaries we set aren't always going to be how we want it to be, after all, we are literally stepping on our loved one's toes.
We don't get to choose how someone loves us. We make the choice to put up with what we have and decide to control something that's not in our hands. Therefore we can't expect it to end in our favor.
If we stop growing, we stop living. Most people don't live, they just exist, then complain about existing.
Your life is supposed to feel good to you. Everything you want you can have. With intention, everything will follow. Look beyond love in someone because you will not find exactly what it is you are looking for until you can see love in everything. Until we learned the importance of a lesson, the universe will always bring it back in our path.
Everything I see and everyone I meet, I see as a luxury, not a necessity. Their presence and their absence - a luxury. Once we are awakened, we have no interest in keeping anything. Love is not selfish. Love is healing. Love is positive. Love is a beautiful, boundless energy that is meant to be shared and transferred.


I host a radio show called "The Grief Recovery Hour with Sharon Brubaker," on KHTS and recently I talked about when I first felt and learned about true, deep grief.
Austin was my 10 year old nephew, and they were on a family vacation at the lake. A little voice inside my head told me to be strong, and I told her that he was there somewhere. She started to cry, lowered her voice and said, "I'm so scared." I tried to be strong and not let her know that I was scared too.
Three hours later I got the call that Austin had drowned while at the lake with my family. I felt like a knife had stabbed me right through my heart. I was in shock and my body went numb.
Later that day I had to knock on my baby sisters door and tell her that Austin had in fact died. It changed my life, and I will never be the same.
Within the 8 months after Austin died, my sister and I navigated that grief and loss together. Before this tragic event, I knew nothing about grief. I learned that grieveres need to talk, so I talked to my sister and about the situation a lot.
I guide people through a crazy or down time in their life, and I am truly honored to walk through the journey of grief recovery with my clients. At A time to grief, I work with clients to help them understand that unresolved grief is almost always associated with wishing things were better, different or more and that it can have to do with any unfulfilled hopes, dreams and expectations.
I am not only a Certified Grief Recovery Specialist—I am a griever. I teach in my program that grief is a normal and natural reaction to a loss of any kind. Yet, we were never taught how to grieve. Sadly, most of the information we are given immediately following a loss from family or friends is incorrect. It does little or nothing to help us feel better or to begin the healing process. So, we continue to search and search.
Grief is individual and unique for every person. A person's relationship to each aspect of their life is also unique. As such, the feelings and thoughts each person will have about the relationship that has been altered by death, divorce, or other reasons requires customized attention using proven skills and understanding.


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Han Nefkens donates a work by Pipilotti Rist to the Fundació Joan Miró
H+F patronage
The Barcelona-based Dutch writer and collector Han Nefkens (56) has donated a work by the Swiss video artist Pipilotti Rist to the Fundació Joan Miró. The work, Double Light, will become part of the museum's permanent collection, housed on Barcelona's Montjuïc.
'When you share, you are not alone', says the writer and collector Han Nefkens (Rotterdam, 1954), who has donated Double Light to the Fundació Joan Miró. The work was made specially for Pipilotti Rist's exhibition this July to celebrate her receipt of the second Joan Miró Prize. Double Light consists of a series of projections against the backdrop of a reproduction of Joan Miró's sculpture Femme (1968), which is in the museum's collection. The work expresses Rist's admiration for Miró with her idiosyncratic visual language.
This is the first time that Han Nefkens has donated a work of art to a Spanish museum. Many of the works in his collection have been given on long-term loan to several museums in the Netherlands, including the Centraal Museum in Utrecht, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam, De Pont Museum of Contemporary Art in Tilburg, Huis Marseille in Amsterdam, and the FRAC Nord – Pas de Calais in Dunkirk. 'For me, more important than owning a work is to be able to share the experience of looking at it with others', says Nefkens, who has also established ArtAids, a foundation that fights AIDS by producing art works about the disease.
Nefken's donation of a work by Pipilotti Rist to the Fundació Joan Miró continues his longstanding relationship with the Swiss artist. The first work he acquired for his collection in 2001 was an installation by Rist. The exhibition, Pipilotti Rist. Friendly Game – Electronic Feelings, which opens on 8 July, promises to be one of the most important exhibitions of the artistic season.
ArtAids
The ArtAids foundation was set up in 2006 at Han Nefkens' initiative. ArtAids fights AIDS with the power of art as its most important weapon. ArtAids invites leading artists to produce work that is inspired by AIDS and related problems. These works of art are used to raise the public's consciousness and to encourage their involvement.


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Harry J Kazianis
LAST UPDATED : Dec 18, 2020, 06:14 AM IST
China's ballistic missiles and uncertainty at sea
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Thornton Academy students hold demonstration after several staff members laid off
Declining local enrollment seen as reason for cuts
Updated: 6:52 PM EDT May 15, 2019
Tyler Cadorette
Jim Keithley
ELECTORAL VOTES. THE STATE SENATE PASSED THE BILL YESTERDAY.. STUDENTS AT THORNTON ACADEMY IN SACO ARE RAISING CONCERNS ABOUT THE DECISION TO LAY OFF EIGHT STAFF MEMBERS. HUNDREDS OF STUDENTS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS RALLIED IN FRONT OF THE SCHOOL THIS AFTERNOON TO PROTEST THE LAYOFFS. MANY HELD SIGNS... CHANTED... AND ENCOURAGED PASSING CARS TO HONK IN SUPPORT. THE SCHOOL ANNOUNCED LAST WEEK THAT ONE PART-TIME TEACHER AND SEVEN NON- TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS WERE LET GO DUE TO BUDGET CUTS. NOW... STUDENTS ARE CALLING ON ADMINISTRATORS TO PROVIDE SOME ANSWERS. 16:37 THE WAY THAT THIS WENT DOWN FELT LIKE THE SCHOOL WAS RUNNING THE SCHOOL AS A BUSINESS AND NOT AS A HIGH SCHOOL. IT FELT COLD AND ABRUPT AND SHORT- SIGHTED. 16:46 THE STUDENTS SAY T
Hundreds of students at Thornton Academy in Saco gathered Wednesday to protest the school's decision to lay off eight staff members. Students and community members held signs and chanted on the sidewalk in front of the school. Some cars honked as they drove by. The demonstrators said they want more answers from the school's administration about the layoffs, which were announced publicly last Friday.One part-time instructor and seven non-teaching staff members, including a popular facilities manager, were let go. Since the layoffs, the school has received a lot of criticism on social media.Headmaster Rene Menard said the layoffs were the result of budget cuts because of declining local enrollment. Thornton Academy also has boarding students who pay tuition to attend.Students who participated in Wednesday's protest say they want a public forum with administrators to discuss the situation.
SACO, Maine —
Hundreds of students at Thornton Academy in Saco gathered Wednesday to protest the school's decision to lay off eight staff members.
Students and community members held signs and chanted on the sidewalk in front of the school. Some cars honked as they drove by.
The demonstrators said they want more answers from the school's administration about the layoffs, which were announced publicly last Friday.
One part-time instructor and seven non-teaching staff members, including a popular facilities manager, were let go.
Since the layoffs, the school has received a lot of criticism on social media.
Headmaster Rene Menard said the layoffs were the result of budget cuts because of declining local enrollment. Thornton Academy also has boarding students who pay tuition to attend.
Students who participated in Wednesday's protest say they want a public forum with administrators to discuss the situation.


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1 Atsauksme
Congressional Serial Set, 4051. izdevums
say that when they come to Boston to buy Nova Scotia fish it shows that the American fishing vessels don't catch all the fish required for the trade of the country, not even mackerel.
Q Or else it shows that those dealers at Gloucester and Provincetown want to fill orders, and not having the fish for that purpose they send to where they can find them?--A. Exactly; that is all I say. It shows that they do not catch them. If their own vessels caught them and they could get them from their own vessels they would not come to Boston to buy them.
Q. If they had them at the particular time when they had an important order?A. This is lasting right straight through the season. We have had large customers in Gloucester--owners of fishing vessels who have been customers during the year and at all seasons of the year.
Q. A steady trade?-A. Yes.
Q. Who are these gentlemen of Gloucester?-A. The largest firm and the one we sell the most to is the firm of George Perkins & Sons; and we have sold John Pew & Son some mackerel, but not very recently; I don't think we have sold them anything this year; I believe they are the largest vessel owners in Gloucester; they certainly claim to be the largest fish dealers in the country; I don't know that they are, and I don't think they are quite so large as one or two Boston concerns, but that is the claim they make. Those two concerns buy the largest quantity of mackerel in this country. "John Pew & Son are commission merchants.
DUTY.
Q Suppose the duty that now exists had been taken off on the first of July last past, would you have sold these fish to those Gloucester people for any less?-A. I presume I should; yes, I think so.
Q. You would have been willing to break the market, take a less price, and make less profit?--A. I think the mackerel from Nova Scotia would have come here at an earlier period. The duty prevented them from sending the mackerel here in the early part of the season, but if the duty had been taken off that would have brought them here earlier, and they would have sold at lower rates. They sold them there because they thought there was no chance to do better. If there had been no duty we could have had the usual supply earlier in the season, but they could not afford to pay the $2 duty, and so they did not send their fish here. If they had been sent here our dealers would have all got them at the lower prices, and consequently could have afforded to sell them at lower prices, and the consumers could have had them at lower prices.
Q. When the prices rose sufficiently to enable the Province people to afford to pay the duty, then they sent them here?-A. Yes.
NATIONALITY OF THE FISHERMEN.
Q. Now state anything else that you want to.-A. I don't know that there is anything else that I have in mind to say, unless it is on the question of the nationality of the fishermen.
Q. Vessel owners and officers, of course, are all Americans?-A. A good many of the captains are Americans, as a matter of form, but they reside in Nova Scotia.
Q. But they are American citizens?-A. They are American citizens; they have been naturalized as a matter of form, but a great many of them go home when the fishing season is over and live in Nova Scotia. I suppose 75 per cent of the crews of American vessels are not natives of the United States. The two counties of Inverness and Cape Breton, in the island of Cape Breton, and Shelburne and Yarmouth, in Nova Scotia, furnish about tive thousand men to our fleet. As to what other localities furnish I do not know. The cry was made last year that the fisheries were a training school for the Navy, but that was so absurd that I thought it worth while to mention it.
COMPENSATION OF FISHERMEN.
Q. How much, if you know, do these fishermen of the Provinces, fishing in British vessels, make in a season? I mean the crew.-A. The crews of mackerelmen go on shares. The cod-fishing crews are paid about $125. There is another point: The claim is being made that this is in the interest of American fishermen. During the time of free trade, before duty was put on, the fishermen were paid from $225 to $240 for a season, but that has been cut down to about $125; it has certainly been cut down 40 per cent. That was justified by the condition of the business. Trade was languishing, and fish were bringing low prices, and they had to cut down their prices. So this shows whether or not it was in the interest of the fishermen to have the duty put on.
Q. You know a good deal about this Nova Scotia business and the prices paid to the crews of the British fishermen. Do you know in what form their wages are paid, whether they are paid in cash when they arrive in the ports of Shediac, Charlottetown, Halifax, or wherever; or does the fisherman have a running account with the fitting-out man, and have gooils charged against him for the use of his family and himself, and then settle at some time or other?—A. I suppose he has an account in some cases; it may be one way or the other.
Q. Have you any knowledge about that?—A. No; I haven't any special knowledge.
Q. The British mackerel crews, if I understand you, go on shares?-A. Yes; and their cod-fishing crews, too.
Q. I thought you said the cod-fishing crews were paid in cash?—A. In the United States.
Q. I am talking about the Provinces.-A. In the Provinces very few of them, so far as I am aware, are paid wages.
Q. When you were speaking of codfish just now, did you mean American?-A. I meant American; I meant the American vessel owners had reduced the compensation 40 per cent.
Q. Then what you said about it being reduced from $225 to $125 applied to American vessels?-A. Yes, sir; that is about what they have been pai so I have been told.
Q. Now I understand you to mean that all the provincial fishermen go on shares?— A. Almost entirely.
Q. Substantially?-A. Substantially.
DIVISION OF PROFITS.
Q. Leaving out the officers now, what share do the crews get?-A. The usual division is 40 per cent for the vessel and 40 per cent for the crew.
Q. Then what becomes of the other 20 per cent?--A. The 20 per cent is expenses of fitting.
Q. How is that 40 per cent for the crew divided between captain and mate, if there is a mate, and the regular fishing hands?-A. I don't know. I don't think there is any universal rule about it. I think some captains who are better fishermen than others--and there is a vast difference between them, you know-get better pay:
Q. That is according as they can make the lay?-A. Yes; that is the usual and ordinary division.
REPORTS SUBMITTED.
Q. You had some reports you wanted to submit, did you not say?-A. I will leave them with you if you would like them.
Q. What reports are they?-A. They are reports of our fish bureau.
INCREASE AND DECREASE OF CANADIAN FISHERIES.
By Senator SAULSBURY: Q. You are engaged in the fish business with the Provinces. I would like to ask you whether there has been, within your knowledge, any very large increase in the Canadian fishing fleet for the last few years?—A. I tried to get statistics on that last year from the inspector-general of fisheries for the Provinces; I have forgotten his
He did not have any very complete record. Their fleet increased considerably about the beginning of the treaty of Washington, but last year it had fallen off considerably since 1879; 1879 was the highest point it reached, and it is considerably smaller to-day than it was. From 1879 to 1883 it increased, and since that time it has fallen off. But they had not got it figured up in the Dominion of Canada, and did not seem to have full and complete particulars. So far as he did give me inormation, however, I should say that it increased for a time and then decreased.
Q. Do you know whether the cause of that decrease was by reason of their sales of fishing vessels to French fishermen, or whether it was on account of any falling off in their business? Do you kuow whether they have made any large sales?-A. I don't know whether they have made any large ones or not. I have known of instances of vessels being sold to the French, because I have had drafts sometimes on that account, but I haven't particular knowledge as to the number. There are very few Nova Scotia vessels now engaged in mackerel fishing; that has fallen off very much; they used to send a great many vessels into the bay. They now catch them with hooks, nets, and traps from the shore. Their mackerel fleet has fallen to almost nothing. I don't believe that there are twenty-five mackerel sailors in Nova Scotia to-day, when they used to have quite a considerable fleet.
PACKING IN BOND.
Q. If I understand you aright you attribute the fact that you make sales of fish in bond here, which are packed in Nova Scotia, to the tariff that is imposed upon the fish?-A. Certainly.
Q. You think that the present tariff on fish has had the effect to prevent the shipment of fish here for the purposes of packing?-A. Yes. The Treasury laws do not allow packing in bond. That is a strict construction of the law, made by the present Secretary. Formerly, when the duty was on, and at the time when Judge Russell was collector at Boston, he took the responsibility of allowing fish to be packed in bond. The law says that neither fish nor anything shall be repacked except for the purpose of immediate preservation. I hold that it was for the purpose of immediate preservation, inasmuch as the fish could not be shipped to the West Indies in bulk. But the Treasury construction of the law is different.
By Senator FRYE. Q. That is a new construction?-A. Yes. Their construction of "immediate preservation" means that the fish would spoil unless packed. We could not say that. We simply say they could not be shipped to the West Indies in bulk. Being shut out from that, by that ruling, we are now having fish packed in Nova Scotia and delivered here in bond in casks.
By Senator SAULSBURY: Q. If I understood you aright, the result of that is that it deprives American labor of what it ought to have?-A. Yes: it deprives coopers, cask-makers, packers, and men employed in packing fish of the labor they ought to have.
Q. If you can form any idea I would like you to state what amount of labor is thus taken away, by the operation of this construction of the law, from these coopers, packers, and other laborers you mention.-A. That I do not know. The fishing business is not a very large business compared with many other kinds of trade. The whole of the fish business of Boston is perhaps not more than that of one wool house. It is a small business in itself, but then, so far as it goes, this ruling does deprive these men, who have been engaged in packing, of their labor.
EFFECT OF INCREASE OF TARIFF.
Q. What would be the effect upon the fish business of an increase in the tariff?-A. It would make it easier to sell in bond. As far as the export trade is concerned, the higher you put the duty the easier it is to advance the price in bond and the more facilities you have for underselling American fishermen. For instance, the duty being now 56 cents, we can sell codfish packed at about the price in bond that they would get duty paid. If the duty was $i we could sell them 50 cents per quintal cheaper than they could produce them duty paid.
FISH EXPORTATIONS.
Q. About what percentage of your sales of fish is to the West Indies and other points in the foreign trade?-A. We have no foreign trade ourselves, but we sell to exporters. I have never made any estimate of the amount of fish exported, and do not know what it is.
Q. You do not export, yourselves?-A. Very rarely. We have not done so for several years.
We sell to exporters. There are certain houses in Boston and New York that have this business with Haiti. That is the only West India trade we have here. The Haiti trade is the main foreign trade, and there is considerable of that in Boston and New York.
By Senator FRYE:
Q. To what countries do we export fish?–A. I say to Haiti.
Q. Do we not send some to France?-A. No.
Q. Do we not to Canada?-A. We did export some to Canada before the duty was put on.
Q. Do you know of any country to which we export fish where fish are free?-A. No. As I say, our export is mainly to Haiti.
BOSTON FISH BUREAU.
Q. I want to ask you a few questions about the fish bureau; I think Mr. Edmunds did not ask you about that. What is that institution?—A. It is a trade organization. I do not belong to it at present, but did last year. I went out of it, thinking I was going to change my business. It is an organization composed of fish dealers and commission merchants. Anybody that is interested in the fish trade can become a member.
Q. Then it is not limited to commission merchants?-A. The majority of them are dealers; the commission merchants are in the minority.
Q. It is a general association?-A. A general association of the trade, comprising most of the principal dealers and commission merchants; some have belonged to it at one time and at another.
Q. Mr. Rich does not belong to it?-A. Not at present; he went out some two or three years ago, I think.
Q. No fishermen belong to it, I suppose?--A. No; at one time—a few years ago-it was more general, and we had member- in Wellileet and Provincetown. Then this Gloucester bureau was gotten up, and those men wanted to go into that, and we concluded to keep ours separate from the Gloucester bureau; but for a few years anybody could come in who was interested in the fish business.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS.
Q. With whom is the bulk of the commission merchants' tra le conducted? For whom do they sell?—A. Some of us almost entirely for provincial shippers; others more largely for American shippers.
Q. Take the commission merchants altogether, and is not the bulk of the trade with the Provinces?-A. I can not say exactly. The domestic trade of commission merchants was increasing until within a few years, and the fishermen had to go to market and sell their own fish, but they are giving it more and more to the commission merchants here.
Q. Are not a good many of your commission fish merchants Canadians?-A. No, sir.
Q. Are some of them?-A. One or two very small dealers, who do not amount to anything
LETTER IN THE BOSTON HERALD.
Q. Who was that gentleman whose letter appeared in the Boston Herald after your visit to Washington in which he gave instruction to the members down there in the Provinces as to what they ought to do?-A. That was a private letter.
Q. It was published in the Boston Herald.—A. It was a private letter and its publication was a great breach of confidence.
Q. Then you would not like to say who wrote it?—A. I would not; I do not think there is any occasion to do so.
Senator Frye. I do not require it. I thought I would like to know, as a matter of curiosity.
TESTIMONY OF EDWARD T. RUSSELL.
Boston, Mass., October 2, 1886. EDWARD T. RUSSELL sworn and examined.
By Senator FRYE: Q. You reside in Boston?--A. Yes, sir. Q. What is your business?-A. General produce and fish commission merchant. Q. Are you a member of the bureau?--A. Yes. Q. How long have you been a member?--A. Since its organization. Q. How long have you been a fish commission merchant?—A. Forty years nearly.
FREE FISHI.
Q. With whom is the bulk of your business conducted?-A. It is about equally divided between the Provinces and the domestic ports of Massachusetts and Maine.
Q. Please state whatever you desire to, touching the relations between United States and the Provinces with reference to the fish business.-A. I would like very much to see fish from the British Provinces come in free. I think, from the experience I have had during the existence of the two treaties, that the general business has been good. The prices obtained for our domestic tish have been good. With perhaps a few exceptional years the fish business has been paying about the same as any other business. That continued until 1883, I think it was, when there was a culmination of very high prices, particularly on cod fish. Then came a rapid decline, just as there was in everything else. Low prices have not been confined to fish by any means, but have applied as well to sugar, flour, grain, iron, and everything: Prices have been phenomenally low. I would not go so far as to state that I would hold out very strongly for fish to be absolutely free, if it was thought that our fishermen needed protection, but I hardly think they do. I do think, however, that they need to be relieved from taxation on articles that enter into the construction of the vessels and many other things. I would rather go back to what the duty was before we ever had a treaty, and then it was 15 per cent. I think 15 per cent is a pretty wide margin for competition to overcome, and that is fair.
Q. That was on all fish?-A. On all fish, dried fish and pickled fish of all kinds, as you will see by the old tariff act. That act did not prohibit, as the duty does now, the importation of low-priced fish. There are a great many kinds of fish we can not produce, and I can not see the necessity for the duty.
HERRING.
Q. Such as what? Name them.-A. All kinds of herring—not all kinds, there may be some exceptions; but all kinds that are what you call food fish, particularly for this part of the country. You can't catch a fat herring on the coast of the United States; that is my experience; I never knew of one or heard of one. The herrings they are catching on our shores and bringing into this port by the thousand barrels every day are not the kinds of fish people would call eatable; they do eat them, but they are consumed principally among the manufacturing population that want something cheap. On the coast of Labrador is caught the finest herring in North American waters. Last year there was a very large catch, upward of 50,000 or 60,000 barrels, of which I suppose nearly 25,000 barrels came into the port of Bogton, and we sold rising 13,000 barrels of them.
Q. At what prices?—A. We began at $4.75; then with the depression on account of the great quantity and with the depression of everything else, they went down until we finally sold this spring at $2.25, which brought the shipper in debt; one of the shippers owes me to-day. This year there is no catch-that is, we have beard that the catch of the Georges did not exceed 5,000 or 6,000 barrels. I sold one little cargo this week at $6 a barrel. There is a certain quality they will have if they
pay $10.
EFFECT OF DUTY.
Q. You do not charge that at all to the duty?-A. I charge it to the scarcity of the market. Of course, the duty makes my business harder to do, but there is a certain quantity of business to be done here, and I am going to have my share of it.
SALMON.
We can't get any salmon in this country unless we bring them across from Oregon or San Francisco.
Q. Do we not get them from the Pacific coast?-A. Oh, yes; I say we do. But those salmon do not compete with the Northern salmon. They are used for almost an entirely different purpose; that is, a different class of people buy them. It may, perhaps, be a mere fancy, but the great bulk of Northern salmon imported here are smoked. It is a little peculiar that a man will buy a whole salmon because it looks better, that is, a salmon that has a head and tail on, before he will the salmon that comes from the Pacific coast that is cut in pieces and pressed, with the head and tail cut off, and that will never bring so good a price although it is just as good to eat. There are some few exceptions, but that is the rule, which, in fact, is getting to be absolute.
By Senator SAULSBURY: Q. Do the Oregon canned salmon come into this market?-A. Oh, yes; very largely.
By Senator FRYE: Q. Do you deal in frozen salmon?--A. We do to a limited extent for some people who ship them to us. We take anything that comes to us from the Provinces.
EFFECT OF DUTY ON THE CONSUMER.
Q. What is your idea of the effect of the duty on the prices to the retailer and to the consumer?-A. It is pretty hard for me to answer that question; in fact, I have never been able to fully make up my mind. Sometimes it stands out very evident


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text:
Long Term Tests
60-Mile Traffic Jam in China Shows Downside of Mobility
How was your drive into work today? If you're a typical American commuter, you may have spent a little time in traffic, and you might spend a little more time in traffic on your...
Chris Haak
Peugeot to Display World's First Production Diesel-Electric Hybrid
By Chris Haak Today in 2010, the environmentally-conscious crowd has split into two distinct sets of car-buying preferences. In one camp, the hybrid guys point to their...
Review: 2011 Ford Mustang V6 Premium Coupe
By Chris Haak In December 1967, South African surgeon Dr. Christiaan Barnard performed the first successful human heart transplant. Though the patient unfortunately died, Dr....
Mercedes-Benz Reveals 2012 CLS Four-Door Coupe
By Chris Haak Several weeks prior to its formal introduction at the 2011 Paris Motor Show, Mercedes-Benz has released a flotilla of images of the second-generation of its...
The Volkswagen Phaeton is Returning to the US. Why?
By Chris Haak From the day the flagship Volkswagen Phaeton launched in the US, analysts and customers questioned the wisdom of a company known for selling small, sporty,...
Report: Maruti Suzuki Planning Low-Cost Alto to Compete with Nano
By Chris Haak Even though Suzuki only sells a few thousand cars in the US each month and can't seem to get the right product mix in the US, the Japanese purveyor of motorcycles...
Breaking: GM CEO Whitacre to Step Down September 1
By Chris Haak I can hear the ticker-tape machines humming away in the background as I write this from the Full Metal Autos newsroom. Hot off the press comes word that 68 year...
Hyundai Becomes a KBB Most-Considered Brand
By Chris Haak Hyundai's rise to one of the world's largest - and fastest-growing - automakers over the past several years has been nothing short of incredible to watch. If...
Is the 2012 Mercedes-Benz A-Class Coming to the US?
By George Straton Is a Premium Compact Hatchback with the Three Pointed Star from Sindelfingen (via Hungary) coming to a U.S. Mercedes-Benz dealer near you in 2013? Few...
Chrysler, GM, and Ford Dominate YTD Fleet Sales
The auto industry's paper of record, Automotive News, did a nice piece of reporting in this week's issue (link here , via TTAC) on the explosion in fleet sales at Ford, GM, and...
1›
Long Term Wrap-Up: 2013 Toyota Sienna XLE AWD
Honda Will Invest $2.75B in GM's Cruise Autonomous-Vehicle Unit
Mazda is Bringing Back the Rotary Engine
Goodbye, NAFTA. Hello NAFTA 2.0 (USMCA)
I May Have Been the First to Put BF Goodrich KO2s on an Audi Q5
Ernie on I May Have Been the First to Put BF Goodrich KO2s on an Audi Q5
John Eagle on I May Have Been the First to Put BF Goodrich KO2s on an Audi Q5
chrisadm on I May Have Been the First to Put BF Goodrich KO2s on an Audi Q5
steven ching on I May Have Been the First to Put BF Goodrich KO2s on an Audi Q5
Long Term Wrap-Up: 2013 Toyota Sienna XLE AWD - Full Metal Autos on Long Term Test: 2013 Toyota Sienna XLE AWD Update 1
Copyright 2016 Full Metal Autos


Un Jardin après la Mousson by Hermes. This is a fresh and aromatic fragrance for both men and women. It contains of ginger, cardamom, coriander, pepper and vetiver.
Un Jardin Apres La Mousson by Hermes was launched 2008.


text:
Q: DirectX - Blur objects according to z coordinate of the object I want to blur objects in my 3D scene according to the object's z coordinate (the coordinate going into the screen). Say for z=5 blur amount=0, z=10 blur=50, z=-30 blur=40. This has to happen for every object.

*

*How can I do this?

*Do I have to use directx 9.0c or up to implement this (because of shaders)?

Do I make use of the Z buffer? I'm a bit new to DirectX.

A: It's called Depth of field Here is some nice reading And yes its require shaders.
To achieve simple DOF you can render scene twice:

*

*Render to texture far half (with front culling in the midle and
back culling in the end of scene).

*Render quad with this texture(blure it with simple shader).

*Render front half on top  (with back  culling in the middle of
scene)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Area code 914 is the telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for Westchester County, New York.

Area code 914 was one of the first area codes announced when the North American Numbering Plan was created in October 1947, when it was assigned to a numbering plan area (NPA) comprising Delaware, Dutchess, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suffolk, Sullivan, Ulster, and Westchester counties, an area largely coextensive with the New York state portion of the New York metropolitan area, excluding New York City, which received area code 212. In 1951, Long Island (Nassau and Suffolk counties) received area code 516 in a split of 914.

This configuration remained for 49 years. By the end of the 1990s, the increasing demand for cell phones and Internet dial-up connections caused concerns for exhaustion of the numbering pool. In mitigation, numbering plan area 914 was reduced to Westchester County on June 5, 2000. The remainder was assigned the new area code 845. Area code 914 was retained by all cellphones in use in the plan area before the split.

Prior to October 2021, area code 914 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, 988 was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.

See also
List of New York area codes
List of NANP area codes

References

External links

Interactive Map of Area Code 914
914/845 prefix split information

Westchester County, New York
914
914
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947


text:
Q: Python: object has no attribute for metadata_parser 0.6.6 I am experimenting with metadata_parser 0.6.6 in Python.
They give instructions on their page, which I follow:
    $ pip install metadata_parser
    $ python
    $ >>> import metadata_parser
    $ >>> page = metadata_parser.MetadataParser(url="http://www.cnn.com")
    $ >>> print page.metadata

This prints metadata:
    {'og': {}, 'twitter': {}, 'meta': {'msapplication-TileImage': 'http://i.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2012/images/10/15/cnn_logo_144_144.png', 'viewport': 'width=1024', 'googlebot': 'noarchive', 'application-name': 'CNN', 'fb:app_id': '80401312489', 'msapplication-TileColor': '#CA0002', 'robots': 'index,follow', 'refresh': '1800;url=http://www.cnn.com/?refresh=1', 'msapplication-tooltip': 'Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment and Video News', 'last-modified': '2014-08-12T15:19:13Z', 'X-UA-Compatible': 'IE=edge', 'keywords': 'CNN,CNN news,CNN.com,CNN TV,news,news online,breaking news,U.S. news,world news,weather,business,CNN Money,sports,politics,law,technology,entertainment,education,travel,health,special reports,autos,developing story,news video,CNN Intl', 'fb:page_id': '129343697106537', 'content-type': u'text/html;charset=utf-8', 'msapplication-task': 'name=iReport;action-uri=http://ireport.cnn.com;icon-uri=http://ireport.cnn.com/favicon.ico', 'description': 'CNN.com delivers the latest breaking news and information on the latest top stories, weather, business, entertainment, politics, and more. For in-depth coverage, CNN.com provides special reports, video, audio, photo galleries, and interactive guides.'}, 'dc': {}, 'page': {'canonical': 'http://www.cnn.com/', 'title': u'CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News'}}

Next I attempt to extract it following their example:
    $ >>> print page.get_field('title')

However, it gives me: "
    Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'MetadataParser' object has no attribute 'get_field'"

Similar for the rest of the example code lines:
    $ >>> print page.get_field('title', strategy=['og',])
    $ >>> print page.get_field('title', strategy=['page', 'og', 'dc',])

I test if the object has an attribute:
    $ >>> hasattr(page, 'get_field')
    $ False

What can I do about it? Thanks!
Python version, if that helps:
    $ >>> import sys
    $ >>> print (sys.version)
    $ 2.7.3 (default, Sep 26 2013, 20:03:06)
    $ [GCC 4.6.3]

Same thing on a different machine with python 2.7.7.

A: The metadata_parser documentation is incorrect. The MetadataParser class does not define a get_field method, but it does define a get_metadata method, which seems to do what you're trying to do:
class MetadataParser(object):
<--- *snip* --->
    def get_metadata(self, field, strategy=None):
    …

So, you'd use:
$ >>> print page.get_metadata('title')
CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News


This site is intended to provide background and information to our neighbours and other interested parties about the claim made by the Madawaska Maliseet First Nation (MMFN) to the Specific Claims Tribunal of the Federal Government.
During the Spring and early Summer of 2017, there will be Tribunal hearings on our claim taking place in Edmundston, New Brunswick.
We hope this site provides some insight into what will take place, including possible outcomes of this claim process.


text:
Where is integrity?
The great poet Ghalib was a resolute non-conformist. He did not relish the prospect of writing panegyrics for the king. He was a rebel in his own way. Today, we know Ghalib as one of the greatest poets of all time. Coming to the Kashmiri writers of contemporary times, with a few honorable exceptions here and there, all are busy in playing to the gallery. The very fact that most of the writers, poets, intellectuals and columnists we have produced have been government employees all their lives making playing to the gallery a Hobson's choice for them.
The rat race to win literary awards has further deteriorated the situation. Everyone just wants to write panegyrics to be in the merit list of doles and awards. There are ubiquitous scribes, typists, lyricist but not a single intellectual writer. Even if there are scores of writers but their primary focus are content, number of books and not the quality of work. The height of the hunger for publicity is that the writers themselves walk into the offices of bureaucrats, politicians, and newsrooms with copies of their latest book. These books are often later found in dustbins of some remotely accessible corner of bookshelves.
Where is the integrity? And most importantly, where is the quality? The writers have all along been questioning about the lack of recognition. It is high time we ask them,"Where is the quality?" The writers must go deep into the recesses of their minds and find out an intellectual answer to the chaos and confusion we are faced up with. It is not the time to write about the rosy-cheeked women, roses, sparrows and bulbuls. The nation is faced up with a challenge. There are macabre forces out there to enforce their writ.
Also Read : JK Govt approves winter tutorials for class 8th to 12th
A writer must utilize his energy to provide an intellectual answer and solution to our chaotic, rudderless minds and souls. Things have come to such a pass that we have to awaken the writers to rise up to the occasion when it must have been the other way round. We hope writers take their pen to write about solutions that help us break our fetters.
JK Govt approves winter tutorials for class 8th to 12th
The elderly should be seen as a blessing, not a burden
GMK Staff
Education and attention
Joblessness peaked
Helpless Passengers
Rape- Crime Against Humanity
Unjustified Power Cuts


Unoccupied non-domestic properties may qualify for 'Empty Property Rates Relief'. You will normally be exempt from paying business rates on empty property for three months or six months after the property becomes vacant.
After these 'empty property periods', rates are charged at 100% of the full rate bill.
Properties owned by charities, or community amateur sports club, who last used the property.


Melanie Fiona releases the sweet visuals for "Cold Piece," produced by Pepsi Pulse. The Grammy-winning singer rides through Brooklyn in an ice cream truck while passing out frozen treats. Check out the video!


text:
 Sets specific page layout the default page layout for the particular site

**Namespace:** [Microsoft.SharePoint.Client](Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.md)
**Assembly:** OfficeDevPnP.Core.dll
## Syntax
```C#
public static void SetDefaultPageLayoutForSite(this Web web, Web rootWeb, String pageLayoutName)
```
### Parameters
#### web
  Type: Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.Web
  Web to process

#### rootWeb
  Type: Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.Web
  The rootWeb

#### pageLayoutName
  Type: System.String
  Name of the page layout

### Return Value
Type: void

## See also
- [BrandingExtensions](Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.BrandingExtensions.md)
- [Microsoft.SharePoint.Client](Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.md)