text:
Home»2008»Reverse Osmosis – Opportunities and Challenges
Reverse Osmosis – Opportunities and Challenges
November 21, 2008 15 Mins Read
By Dr. Mo Mukiibi
Reverse Osmosis (RO) was developed in the 1950s as a technique, initially governmentally funded, for desalting seawater. Over the years, RO has evolved in terms of scale of versatility, applications, reduced cost and increased efficiency.
RO has become effective in treating brackish, surface and ground water. Besides treating large water volumes, RO has been modified to treat small water flows. Commercially available RO units are readily available to treat two to 100 gpd of household drinking water. On a larger industrial scale, an RO plant can treat up to 20 million gallons per day (mgd) of ground water. In addition, such plants are often used to process secondary effluent and treat highly saline water for reuse.
Other industrial applications where RO is commonly used include:
Pharmaceutical: Reverse osmosis is an approved technology for the production of United States Pharmacopeia (USP) grade water meant for pharmaceutical applications.
Boiler feed water treatment: RO produces high-purity water, which when injected into a gas turbine, can improve efficiency and increase energy output by over 10 percent.
Food and beverage: RO is often used to treat water used for food and beverage processing.
Semiconductor: Companies like Intel use reverse osmosis to process and produce ultrapure water (UPW) required for semiconductor processing.
Metal finishing: Several types of metal processing, finishing and plating industries use RO systems in their operations.
RO systems are typically designed to recover as much water as possible, reduce the levels of TDS and provide public health benefits. These benefits include removing micro organisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, which may cause adverse health effects.
RO is also very effective in reducing total organic carbon (TOC), precursors to disinfection byproducts (DPB). Other economic benefits of implementing RO include provision of low-salinity product water with low corrosion rates toward home appliances such as water heaters, swamp coolers and plumbing fixtures.
How RO works
Most reverse osmosis treatment systems consist of four major processes: pretreatment, pressurization, membrane filtration and post-treatment stabilization.
Pretreatment: This involves manipulation of the feed water chemistry (using chemicals/coagulants) and/or using pre-filtration systems, aimed at controlling scaling and fouling as well as enhancing the performance of the RO treatment systems. Prefilters are often used to remove large particles that may plug the RO membranes. The various types of prefilters that are available include rotating disc (drum) or bag filters (for small systems).
Pressurization: This is achieved by applying an operating pressure across the membranes. The operating pressure is dictated by the feed water composition, chemistry and recovery.
Filtration: RO membranes are semi-permeable. They are designed to separate water from a solution of dissolved solids. RO membranes have a pore size of about 0.0001 µm, which is about 500, 000 smaller than a human hair (60-75 µm). One theory is that when pressure is applied, it forces the lighter molecules (e.g. ,water) to filter through but blocks passage of larger compounds (dissolved salts).
RO recovery efficiencies (product water flow divided by feed water flow) are based on design factors such as the type of contaminant, its initial concentration levels, the type of membrane selected and the water pressure. Generally, a large brackish water RO treatment system for treating secondary treated wastewater is expected to operate at 70 to 80 percent recovery.
Recoveries of about 90 percent can be achieved by returning a portion of the reject water back into the modules for additional treatment. Unfortunately, not all the water is recovered by RO membranes. The remainder of the initial feed volume contains large amounts of TDS and is generally wasted (disposed of).
Post-treatment stabilization: Depending on feed water chemistry, more often than not, RO treatment processes require manipulation of feed water chemistry, which in turn affects the treated water quality. In the event that chemical manipulation is required, product water (RO permeate) must be stabilized to meet drinking water or reuse standards. The stabilization process may involve pH adjustment (to ~pH 7) and/or degasification before water is supplied for potable use. In most cases, the degree of stabilization depends on intended use as well the product water characteristics.
Types of RO membranes
Recent advances in technology have resulted in development and production of different configurations of RO membranes. The most popular and widely used configuration for RO is spiral wound. Most RO membranes are either cellulose acetate or aromatic polyamides.
For water treatment applications, cross linked polyamide (PA) type of membranes are preferred to cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, because of their increased chemical and physical stability, high water recoveries and high resistance to bacterial degradation. The upper portion of Figure 1 shows a synthetic pathway used to prepare PA thin film membranes with good desalination properties.1
Figure 1. Synthesis of commercially available Polyamide membrane figure also shows synthetic pathway leading to the formation of Cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid chloride (ctct-CPTC).
Unfortunately, widely desired PA membranes are susceptible to oxidation and are often impacted by the side chain reaction between the free chlorine (a disinfectant) and PA amide groups. This reaction disrupts their stable linkages and conformational structure. Consequently, this renders them ineffective for their intended filtration functions.
There have been several attempts to create chlorine-resistant membranes for more than twenty-five years, but without success.2
In general, RO systems require little maintenance and are easy to use. They are highly automated, requiring minimal operator attention. The longevity of RO elements, however, is strongly influenced by membrane fouling and scaling, both of which cause permeate flux decline (reduced efficiency).
Scaling: This is a main cause of permeate flux decline. Scaling is normally caused by precipitation of super-saturated salts on membrane surfaces. The problematic salts responsible for scaling include calcium carbonate (CaCO3), barium sulfate (BaSO4), silica (SiO2), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), calcium fluoride (CaF2), strontium sulfate, (SrSO4) and magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2).
For most of the problematic salts mentioned above, surface precipitation is a gradual process, which mechanistically occurs in three steps.
The first step is concentration polarization (resulting in flux reduction). The second is nucleation (resulting in crystal formation) and the third is cake formation (resulting in scaling). It is therefore not surprising that cake formation (the last step in forming precipitates), normally occurs in the back-end stages of an RO treatment train where reject water is highly concentrated.
Cake formation (precipitation) of any of the above salts on the membrane surface occurs when their corresponding solubility product is exceeded. Table 1 lists the solubility constant, known as Ksp, for common scaling compounds.
In some RO operations, forecasting of the scaling potential on membrane surfaces is often achieved by computing the saturation index (SI), which is a ratio between ion products of the respective salt (Ip) to their corresponding solubility product (Ksp) under the same conditions. A saturation index greater than 1.0 means that there is a high probability of the occurrence of precipitation and scaling.
The Langelier saturation index (LSI) is often used to determine specifically if the main cause of scale formation is calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This evaluation is normally used if source water TDS levels are less than 10,000 mg/L.
A positive LSI is indicative of scale formation potential. The advantage of using LSI is that other than calcium concentration, it takes other factors like alkalinity concentration, pH and temperature into consideration.
Chemical fouling: Fouling is a phenomenon caused by accumulation of particles (organic and/or inorganic), that are present in the feed water and are later deposited on the membrane surface. At the membrane-liquid interface, several parameters can cause particles to accumulate on polymer membranes, the principle of which is electrostatic interactions.
Influent water usually contains particulates that could be greater than 0.45µm in diameter. It is not surprising that fouling is usually most pronounced on membranes that are located in the front-end stages of an RO treatment system.
Biofouling: Biological fouling is normally caused by colonization and attachment of bacterial communities on the hydrophobic membrane surface. Evidence of RO fouling micro organisms exhibiting very different affinities for surfaces of different membranes has been investigated.3 Researchers concluded that membrane surface chemistry and structure play an important role in the bacterial adhesion process and that PA membranes exhibit greater biofouling than other types of RO membranes.
Other than membrane structure, additional factors determine the attachment of bacteria to a membrane surface. These include: the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the membrane surface; the ionic and nutrient composition of the feed water, and the nature of the bacterial cell surface, membrane charge, surface roughness and available surface area.
Scaling, chemical fouling and biofouling of RO membranes result in a significant decline in performance and cost-effectiveness. Most industrial systems utilize pretreatment processes consisting of a series of physicochemical application processes designed to control membrane fouling and scaling.
These processes are geared towards enhancing the performance of the RO treatment system. Even with pretreatment in place, RO units require both regular monitoring and maintenance to retain effectiveness over an extended period of time. Most commercial or municipal RO systems employ regular clean-in-place (CIP) applications to extend membrane performance.
Pretreatment of RO feed
Pretreatment involves processes that are designed to reduce membrane fouling and scaling while increasing the recovery of water. These processes can be classified into two major categories: those technologies that can remove and limit the availability and solubility of scalants and/or foulants present in the RO feed water and those processes which increase solubility beyond solubility limits (super saturation).
The former is normally accomplished by using precipitative softening, ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF). Super saturation is normally accomplished by adding antiscalants/ inhibitors. The choice of the best method for RO applications depends on source water composition and chemistry to determine the best option.
Microfiltration versus ultrafiltration
For pretreatment, some RO systems rely on either UF (membranes with a pore size of 0.001-0.1 µm) or MF (pore size range of 0.1-10 µm). This is because ultrafiltration is effective in removing viruses, colloids and high-molecular weight organic compounds that may be present in the source water whereas microfiltration is effective in removing bacteria and colloidal material.
Many water sources have macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides that typically have molecular weights that range from 104 to 106 Daltons (Da) and molecular diameters that range from 0.002 to 0.01 μm. Specifically, enzyme (protein) molecular weights normally range from 104 to 105 Da and have molecular diameters that range from 0.002 to 0.005 μm.
If such macromolecules are present in the source water, they should be able to pass through MF and may not be completely captured by UF. A greater fraction of the dissolved (less than 0.45 μm) organic or inorganic matter cannot be removed by MF or UF membranes without advanced pretreatment. This demonstrates that the effectiveness of either UF or MF in reducing the fouling rate of RO membranes requires a full understanding of the relative fouling potential of large versus small-size organic matter.
Precipitative softening (PS): This technology involves removing problematic salts or their precursors prior to membrane application. Process control normally involves the addition of caustic (NaOH), lime (CaO) or sodium bicarbonate (Na2CO3) to the feed water.
However, PS/RO systems have a large footprint and require additional chemical and dewatering services. Environmental impacts of PS/RO systems include high chemical usage and disposal of large quantities of sludge generated during the process.
Attempts are currently underway to improve the efficiency of precipitative processes by using polymers (to increase floc settling rates and sludge dewatering), specific ion additions (to target early precipitation of certain cations) and designer particle additions (to provide preferential nucleation sites and increase settling rates).4
Super saturation: The most commonly used methods of enhancing solubility of problematic salts are either by acidification or by using antiscalants/scale inhibitors.
Acidification: This process involves increasing the solubility of sparingly soluble salts by adding a strong acid (such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acids) to the feed water. In most natural water sources, calcium and carbonate are in equilibrium, as shown in the following equation: Ca2+ + HCO3– ↔ H+ + CaCO3 (s)
Adding acid to the feed water will increase H+ ion concentration and will shift the equilibrium to the left, keeping calcium ions in solution and minimizing scale formation.
Acidification of the feed water also has direct effects on RO-treated water quality. To illustrate this impact, consider a case of most natural waters, where carbon chemistry and speciation is controlled by pH, as shown in the following equation: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–
If the pH of feed water is reduced to below 8.2 by adding acid, equilibrium starts to shift to the left and as the pH is lowered more bicarbonate (HCO3–) is converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3), which in turn dissociates into carbon dioxide (CO2). The dissolved carbon dioxide then permeates through RO membranes and adversely impacts treated water quality.
This effect is worsened if the treated water lacks sufficient alkalinity to mitigate immediate fluctuations in pH. This series of events may trigger the need for post-treatment stabilization process control involving degasification of the treated water.
Antiscalants/scale inhibitors: Another way of increasing solubility of the problematic compound is by adding antiscalant/inhibitors to feed water. Inhibitors/antiscalants are categorized according to their mode of operation, but they all have a common feature in that they work by interfering with crystal growth patterns and reduce scale formation.
Threshold inhibitors such as polyphosphates and organo-phosphorous compounds function by adsorbing onto the surface of the scale, hence causing a delay in precipitation. Dispersant inhibitors such as polyelectrolytes function by forming an electrostatic charge on the growing crystal, causing a mutual repulsion. Crystal distortion inhibitors work by tempering and modifying the normal crystal growth patterns and this forces the scale to form an irregular crystal structure with poor scaling abilities.
There are several types of antiscalants commercially available. The choice of additives for RO application depends on feed water/brine stream chemistry, composition, recovery condition and target scaling compound.
Brine/concentrate management and disposal
As mentioned earlier, RO systems generate two products (permeate and concentrate). The big question that still remains is what to do with a concentrate stream that contains a TDS concentration greater than 50,000 mg/L, possibly laden with huge quantities of RO cleaning chemicals?
To illustrate the challenges involving disposal of RO brines, consider the Central Arizona Project (CAP) source water, which draws from the Colorado River. This major source of potable and irrigation water brings over 1,000,000 tons of salt each year into central and southern Arizona.4
The TDS level in this source water is 700 mg/L, which exceeds the US EPA Secondary Standard of 500 mg/L. To remove this salt from CAP water, a 107.6 mgd RO plant at 85 percent water recovery will produce 91.5 mgd of product water (average TDS~56mg/L) and a brine flow of 16.1 mgd with a concentrate TDS of 4,400 mg/L. This translates to a production of 108,600 tons/year of salts, which need to be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.
If not properly disposed of, brine streams with such high TDS levels pose a major environmental concern because high salinity causes pipe corrosion and harms salt intolerant plants and animals. In addition, it can also affect the ability to reuse the water for agricultural, industrial and ground water recharge.
Therefore, proper management and disposal of highly saline waters is inevitable. Some RO applications have taken additional process steps to completely solidify the brine product for final disposal (zero liquid discharge [ZLD]).
Even with additional processing in place, the final product must be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner. Options for final disposal include deep well injection, landfills, down stream discharge to sewers, ocean discharge and evaporation ponds. Each of these options has limitations.
The selection of the best option for managing a given RO concentrate waste stream depends on a number of factors, including cost. More often, the costs associated with a given option are much higher than standard treated water costs.
As approximately 48 percent of RO facilities in the US are located inland, disposal of RO concentrate presents a serious challenge and limits the implementation of RO systems. Concentrate management and disposal options will be discussed in details in a follow-up article.
"Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane Fouling and Its Prevention: Oxidation-Resistant Membrane Development, Membrane Surface Smoothing and Enhanced Membrane Hydrophilicity." Bureau of Reclamation final report 2000.
Glater, J., Seung-Hong and M. Elimelech, "The Search for a Chlorine-Resistant Reverse Osmosis Membrane," Desalination, 95, (1994) 325-345.
Ridgway, H. F. and H. C. Flemming, "Membrane Biofouling", pp 6.1-6.62, in: Water Treatment Membrane Processes, J. Mallevialle, P. E. Odendaal, and M. R. Weisner (Eds.), McGraw-Hill Publishers, New York (1996).
Salinity Management and Desalination Technology for Brackish Water Resources in the Arid West. Summary report of workshop on "Improving Salinity Management and Desalination Technology for Brackish Resources in the Arid West" August 6, 2007. Wendell Ela, et al. 2008.
Dr. Mo Mukiibi is a Process and Design Engineer with CH2M Hill, Inc.'s Water Business Group, based in Phoenix, AZ. His expertise ranges from advanced water and wastewater treatment, process control and water systems design. Dr. Mukiibi is a technical expert (water and sanitation) for the World Health Organization and is skilled in desalination technologies, concentrate management and disposal. Well published and with presentation at many conferences locally and internationally, Dr. Mukiibi is a member of the WC&P Technical Review Committee and is an active member of WEF, NGWA and AWWA. He can be reached via phone (480) 966-8188 ext. 38228 or by email at mmukiibi@ch2m.com.


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text:
id: 194-Vimgrep-and-Vim-Project
author: matthew
title: 'Vimgrep and Vim Project'
draft: false
public: true
created: '2008-10-21T07:36:49-04:00'
updated: '2008-10-22T21:55:03-04:00'
tags:
    - programming
    - perl
    - php
    - vim
---
Chris Hartjes today was
[on a quest for a "find in project" feature for Vim](http://www.littlehart.net/atthekeyboard/2008/10/20/vim-programming-bounty-fuzzyfind-inside-files/).
"Find in Project" was a feature of Textmate that he'd grown accustomed to and
was having trouble finding an equivalent for.

The funny thing is that Textmate is a newcomer, and, of course, vim has had
such a feature for years. The thing to remember with vim, of course, is its
unix roots; typically if you know the unix command for doing something, you can
find what you need in vim. In this case, the key is the vimgrep plugin, which
ships in the standard vim distribution.

<!--- EXTENDED -->

There are a variety of resources on vimgrep. The vim documentation includes a
chapter on it, and a quick [google search](http://www.google.com/search?q=vimgrep)
on the subject turns up some nice tutorials immediately. If you've ever used
grep, the syntax is very straightforward:

```
vimgrep /{pattern}/[g][j] {file} ...
```

The "g" option indicates that all matches for a search will be returned instead
of just one per line, and the "j" option tells vim *not* to jump to the first
match automatically. What does the "g" flag really mean, though, and how are
searches returned?

Vimgrep returns search results in what's known as a "quickfix" window, and this
is where the vimgrep documentation falls apart… it doesn't explain what this
is, or link to it (which would be a nice indication that it actually has a
separate topic for this).

The Quickfix window is a pane that shows a search result per line. Each line
shows the file that matches, the line number, and the contents of that line:

```
/home/matthew/git/bugapp/application/controllers/helpers/GetForm.php|10| * @var Zend_Loader_PluginLoader
```

You can't do much from this window; it simply serves as a visual indicator of
what file you're currently looking at from the list. However, in the main
window, you can start iterating through the results one at a time, using a
subset of the Quickfix commands. As a quick summary:

- **:cc** will move to the next match in the list
- **:cn** will move to the next match in the list
- **:cp** will move to the previous match in the list
- **:cr** will rewind to the first match in the list
- **:cla** will fast forward to the last match in the list

When done, you can simply close the Quickfix window/pane, and continue working.

I should note that vimgrep *is* cross-platform. On *nix-based systems, it
defaults to using the native grep command, but it also contains an internal
(slower) implementation for use on operating systems that do not provide grep
by default. You may also map the command to alternate implementations if
desired.

I personally use this feature most with the [project plugin](http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=69).
Project maps vimgrep to two different commands: `<Leader>g` and `<Leader>G`.
The first will grep all files in the current project at the current level; the
second does the same, but also recurses into subprojects. This is an incredibly
easy way to refactor code, particularly for name changes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
A Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) é um órgão profissional que promove e aplica os mais altos padrões internacionais na avaliação, gerenciamento e desenvolvimento de terras, imóveis, construção e infraestrutura.

O RICS trabalha em um nível inter-governamental, fornecendo um padrão único internacional que apoia um mercado seguro e vibrante em terra, imóveis, construção e infraestrutura, para o benefício de todos.

Profissionais com qualificações RICS podem usar as seguintes designações após seu nome: AssocRICS (Associado), MRICS (Membro), FRICS (Fellow).

Organizações fundadas em 1868

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Registration of Charge for VCC
Registration of Charge
Businesses may need to raise money in the course of its operation. When a VCC or sub-fund applies for a loan from a bank or other institutions, it will often give security to the creditor. One common form of security is a charge over assets.
Definition of a Charge
A charge is a form of security interest usually taken by a lender or creditor ("chargee") to secure repayment of a loan.
Types of Charges
Fixed Charge
A charge secured on fixed assets (e.g. land and buildings, a ship, piece of machinery, shares, intellectual property such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc.)
Floating Charge
A charge secured on non-specific assets or generic categories (e.g. inventory, cash, stocks, accounts receivable).
A floating charge 'floats' over the secured assets. It is only converted into a fixed charge if, for example, the company fails to repay the loan.
Registering a New Charge
When a charge is created for a VCC/sub-fund, it must be registered with ACRA.
The following charges must be registered:
a charge to secure any issue of debentures
a charge on uncalled share capital of a VCC, or an umbrella VCC in respect of its sub-fund
a charge on shares of a subsidiary of a VCC which are owned by the VCC, or by the VCC (being an umbrella VCC) for the purpose of its sub-fund
a charge of an assignment created or evidenced by an instrument which, if executed by an individual, would require registration as a bill of sale
a charge on land wherever situate or any interest therein
a charge on book debts of the VCC or a sub-fund
a floating charge on the undertaking or property of a VCC or a sub-fund
a charge on calls made but not paid
a charge on a ship or aircraft or any share in a ship or aircraft
a charge on goodwill, on a patent or licence under a patent, on a trade mark, or on a copyright or a licence under a copyright
The full list of charges and rules governing registration of charges can be found in sections 131 to 141 of Division 8 of the Companies Act as applied by section 42 of the VCC Act.
Who Must Register
All VCCs and their sub-funds incorporated / registered in Singapore may register charges.
A charge must be registered within 30 days of its creation.
Engage the services of a registered filing agent (e.g. law firm, accounting firm or corporate secretarial firm) to submit the Registration of Charge on behalf of the VCC. VCC officers (i.e. Directors and Secretaries) may submit the filing via VCC Portal (www.vcc.bizfile.gov.sg).
After Registering
After registration, ACRA will send an email notification confirming the registration of the charge. The email notification serves as evidence that the VCC has complied with the requirements.
Possible Outcomes of Late Registration
Failure to register the charge is an offence. If convicted, VCC officers may be fined up to $1,000. Non-compliance may also render the charge void against the liquidator or other secured creditors of the VCC.
Charges in Singapore
Extension of time is not allowed for charge instruments created in Singapore. If the VCC or sub-fund did not register the charge within 30 days, the VCC or sub-fund will have to obtain a Court Order, and register the charge within the period granted by the Court.
Charges Outside Singapore
Extension of time is allowed for charge instruments created outside of Singapore. If the VCC or sub-fund did not register the charge within 37 days, the VCC or sub-fund will have to obtain a Court Order. Once an extension of time is granted, the VCC is given up to 3 months to register the charge.
Variation of Charge
A variation of charge is an agreement to vary the terms of the original charge that was registered earlier (e.g. the amount secured or change in chargee). This transaction will be available later this year. No fee is payable for this transaction.
Satisfaction of Charge
When a debt has been paid up in whole or in part, the VCC needs to file with ACRA a statement of satisfaction of the debt in order to release the charge. Upon successful filing, the charge will be removed from the Register.
VCCs may engage a registered filing agent to assist in filing the Satisfaction of Charge. There is no filing fee for this transaction

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Manchester United striker Alexis Sanchez feels they should've signed Arturo Vidal.
Alexis' Chile teammate left Bayern Munich for Barcelona earlier this week - though had also been linked with United.
Both Chilean players share the same agent, Fernando Felicevich, and Alexis was disappointed United didn't do more to sign the midfielder.
"To compete at the highest level we need players like him," said the United forward.
"He is a great player and a national team partner, and Arturo Vidal is the example of the type of player we need to win."


text:
Our Climate Stories, Our Motivations
Why is the Climate Crisis Important to Our Team?
Many of us, just like you, had a moment where we realized that climate change would be the problem that defined a generation. A new, wicked problem with global consequences, expansive social impacts, and no clear solution in sight. The Raise Green team wants to share our experiences with you, our reasons for joining the fight against the climate crisis.
What motivated you to turn your career towards climate? When did you realize how serious of a problem climate change would be?
Aaron R — Investor Marketplace Associate
High School. Media, teachers, independent research. I think climate is a massive problem, a generation-defining problem. I don't know what would be a better use of my time and energy. I have thought about whether or not to have a family given the possible consequences of climate change. The severity of the problem cannot be understated, which is why I joined Raise Green. I wanted to be part of an organization that was out there supporting those at the front lines, those really making a difference.
Tyler O— Head of Projects
After discovering the Rome Club's Limits to Growth, reading Jared Diamond's Collapse, and the IPCC report in college. Understanding the science and the clear significance in history, perhaps combined with a philosophical/scientific view of humans as just another animal. I decided to commit my career to it because renewable energy sits at the intersection of technology and socioeconomics, my intellectual interests in college. Working to address an existential threat motivates me, as it puts you in a position to confront the status quo and create meaningful change.
Laura P — Head of Business Development
Early during undergrad in engineering school I went to a talk where the speaker asserted the top 10 biggest problems that society would face for the next 50 years, and number 1 was ENERGY - energy poverty, energy access, clean energy, energy politics - it's tied to everything! I knew climate was a problem, but that was when the nexus of energy, climate, water, and social impact really clicked for me. I knew I wanted social & environmental impact to be core to my career so it seemed like a no-brainer to tackle the number 1 problem! Since then I have constantly pursued ways to help out in energy and climate.
Sophie N — Investor Marketplace Associate
The first time I heard about climate change was in my 7th grade science class — I remember drawing pictures of holes in the ozone layer on big poster boards with my classmates. But I think the moment that I really got freaked out was watching The Day After Tomorrow - while that's not really how it's going to play out, the apocalyptic message totally got to me. I've spent a lot of time really scared of that apocalyptic moment, but in reality, it's a much slower and harder to discern process, and that's kind of what makes it hard to deal with. There are a lot of small choices we're having to make to prevent a lot of really large outcomes. But ultimately, I want to have kids, and I want them to not be choking on wildfire smoke.
Krystel L — Marketing Intern
Ever since I was a kid, I felt a need to take care of "Mother Earth" in my own little ways. It was sort of an innate thing — I don't know also how that happened, especially since I grew up in a country where climate change was never a priority. Back home, I always noticed little things: how my hair smelled like smoke whenever I rode my vespa, how we would always have typhoons and they seem to get more severe each year, or the most visible of all — the amount of plastic waste scattered throughout towns. I became consciously aware of it after working at an agriculture company, as agriculture is a huge factor in climate change. I had to learn how to balance growth while minimizing the environmental impacts of agriculture. That experience has led to an intense desire to change the way we produce food, how we use food, and how we relate to our food systems.
Lauren H — Executive Assistant
I first took AP Environmental Studies in high school, thinking I'd learn how to save the trees, and ended up being exposed to how much more complicated it was than just using less paper. I knew immediately that's what I wanted to go to college for, where I learned how even MORE complicated it all is- government, policy, social issues— all intertwined. I graduated overwhelmed and disheartened. When Trump was in office f*cking it up all the still-too-slow progress we made in the Obama administration, I was enraged enough to realize it was going to take regular people like me to step up and do something about it. Eventually I found Raise Green and their "tired of waiting" attitude drew me right in, the rest is history.
Ben D— Integrated Marketing Manager
I wasn't forced to come to terms with the consequences of climate change until they appeared in my own life. While on a mountaineering trip in the Andes, our route was made much more dangerous due to the slow death of a glacier, the splintering out of web-like cracks in the ice as the glacier melted. The pain in the voices of the local guides made it clear— this was not supposed to happen. My world revolves around the outdoors, and for the first time, I couldn't immediately solve the issue at hand; climate change is much more difficult to tackle than cleaning a stream, picking up litter, or repairing a trail. After that trip, I knew I had to dedicate my professional life to protecting that which has given me so much.
Franz H— Founder and CEO
The hills of Northern California were my first inspiration, and many of the hikes that my parents took me and my brother and sister on as kids were spellbinding. I learned about ecology, conservation and pollution in grade school. That love of nature has stayed with me from a young age. The first time I became fully aware of what climate change was and why it was such a serious problem was during my freshman year of college at UC Santa Cruz at Rachel Carson College's core course on Environment and Society. Acting on it was an imperative as soon as I understood how drastic the implications will be. The thing that motivates me above all else about the climate crisis is that things are going to get worse before they get better. We know that the warming we're experiencing now was baked in 20 years ago, and emissions have continued to go up, but at the same time, we have all of the proven and commercialized technologies we need to reduce emissions to near zero today. It comes down to how we collectively decide what happens next. It's truly the fight of our lives, and it's the people of this epoch that will decide the fate of future generations, it's on us to give them a fighting chance.
Ethan R — Financial Analyst Intern
Being good stewards of our environment is something I've always been interested in. But it wasn't until high school when Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast that I had my first experience with a serious weather event attributed to climate change. When I was an undergrad studying urban planning and later working in affordable housing I realized none of the infrastructure we were working to build would matter in a future devastated by climate change and quickly came to realize we need climate resilient infrastructure.
Jackie L - Founder and Chief Investment Officer
For about a decade, I've tracked the reports on climate change and become increasingly worried about its impact on biodiversity. In 2017, while working at Goldman Sachs in Private Wealth, I saw firsthand the growing interest from investors in taking action with their money, and the challenges in creating investment strategies with verifiable and direct impacts. My anxiety about climate and a desire to roll up my sleeves intersected with a potential wave of capital to impact investing — and then I met Raise Green. Raise Green is my solution. I bring my 20+ years of capital markets experience, working with institutional and retail investors, to help shape the offerings on Raise Green that raise capital for smaller scale climate action projects and available to just about anyone to invest.
Matthew M - Founder and Chief Operations Officers
I realized climate change was a serious problem standing on the Siberian Tundra. I was there studying the release of methane from thawing permafrost on a research expedition with the Woods Hole Research center. As I stood looking at the lakes pooling in the permafrost, with methane bubbling out so thick you could light it with a lighter, I realized that I could spend 30 years publishing 30 papers that maybe 30 people would read, and that would only result in a 0.03% change to the uncertainty of the climate prediction models for 2100. It's not the time for science (which breaks my heart because I love it). It's time for action. It's about deploying all the technologically available solutions as quickly as possible. We have everything we need to make it happen but it's not just a business or sector opportunity. Climate change is our Vietnam War. Nobody wants to fight this war. Everyone is drafted. Some dodge to Canada, some protest, and some fight. I want to go down swinging, or better yet, triumph towards a new version and vision of what the world can be.
This Blog is for discussion purposes only, expresses the views of Raise Green, and is not investment research. This is not investment or tax advice, and does not constitute a solicitation to sell or an offer to buy any securities. Certain information is from or links are to third party sources. Although they are believed to be reliable, we do not guarantee their accuracy, completeness or fairness. Raise Green is a registered Funding Portal with the SEC and FINRA, and is not a Municipal Advisor. Prior to being approved to list a company on the Raise Green portal, a diligence review is completed. Prior to investing. investors must sign up for an account on the portal. Raise Green does not provide tax, accounting or legal advice. Investing in crowdfunded offerings involves risk and you should review the risks of a particular investment prior to investing. You are strongly encouraged to consult your professional advisors before investing. Go to www.raisegreen.com for additional information on services, the funding portal, regulation, and investment risks. Or, direct inquiries to info@raisegreen.com. Copyright © 2021.
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Randomised controlled trial of home based motivational interviewing by midwives to help pregnant smokers quit or cut down
Tappin, D. M., Lumsden, M. A., Gilmour, D. H., Crawford, F., McIntyre, D., Stone, D. H., Webber, R., MacIndoe, S. & Mohammed, E., 2005, In: The BMJ. 331, p. 373-377 5 p.
Reaching the parts that need to be reached? the impact of the Scottish qualification for headship
Menter, I., Holligan, C. & Mthenjwa, V., 2005, In: School Leadership Management. 25, 1, p. 7-23 17 p.
Reclaiming basic skills: in defence of long-life learning
Pirrie, A., 1 Mar 2005, In: Policy Futures in Education. 3, 1, p. 106-116
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH): effects on anthropometric, exercise and psychological profiles
Graham, M. R., Baker, J. S., Kicman, A., Cowan, D. & Davies, B., 19 Dec 2005, In: Proceedings of the Physiological Society. 1, p. 29-29 1 p., PC31.
Resonant electromechanical device fabrication with new thin film materials
McPhillips, J., Adams, T. B., Donnelly, N. J., Cornez, D., Lapp, S., Abrar, A., Gregg, J. M., Bowman, R. M., McRobbie, G., Kirk, K. & Cochran, S., Sep 2005, 2005 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Vols 1-4. IEEE, p. 1812-1815 (ULTRASONICS SYMPOSIUM).
Reward design and CEO succession in the UK
Johnston, J., Aug 2005, In: Applied Economics. 37, 13, p. 1535-1541 7 p.
Risk, Crisis and Security Management
Borodzicz, E. P., 31 Jul 2005, Chichester: Wiley. 244 p.
Risk adjusted returns from technical trading: a genetic programming approach
Fyfe, C., Tarbert, H. & Marney, J. P., 2005, In: Applied Financial Economics. 15, 15, p. 1073-1079 7 p.
Role of a Late Cretaceous Volcanic Arc and Related Units in Tectonic Assembly of the Tethyan Suture Zone, Central and Eastern Pontides, North Turkey
Rice, S., 2005
Role of coactivation during an isometric leg‐extensor fatigue test in children with cerebral palsy
Unnithan, V. B., Cook, S. B., Clark, B. C. & Ploutz-Snyder, L. L., May 2005, In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. p. S231-S231 1 p.
ROV investigations of cold-water coral habitats along the Porcupine Bank Margin, West Coast of Ireland
Grehan, A., Wilson, M., Guinan, J., Riordan, J., Molnar, L., Omerdic, E., Ullgren, J., Guilloux, E. L., Toal, D. & Brown, C., 28 Nov 2005.
Research output: Contribution to conference › Presentation
Sanctioning mechanisms and the gendering of bodies
Rafanell, I., 2005.
Scottish criminal justice and the police
McFadzean, D. & Scott, K., 1 Jun 2005, Policing Scotland. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, p. 202-224 23 p.
Semi captive venture capital firms and differences in post-investment behaviour in investee companies
Hassan, A. & Leece, D., 2005.
Short-scale diversity in a dynamic rain fade environment
Enjamio, C., Vilar, E., Ndzi, D. & Perez-Fontan, F., 2005, In: International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking. 23, 2, p. 143-152 10 p.
Simultaneous multianalyte identification of molecular species involved in terrorism using Raman spectroscopy
Docherty, F. T., Monaghan, P. B., McHugh, C. J., Graham, D., Smith, W. E. & Cooper, J. M., 2005, In: IEEE Sensors Journal. 5, 4, p. 632-640 9 p.
Socially-mediated differences in brain monoamines in rainbow trout: effects of trace metal contaminants
Sloman, K. A., Lepage, O., Rogers, J. T., Wood, C. M. & Winberg, S., 2005, In: Aquatic Toxicology. 71, 3, p. 237-247 11 p.
Socio-cultural factors and perceptions of attractiveness in black South African female university students: the role of men
Olivier, S., 27 Apr 2005.
Soil Parameters from Laboratory Pressuremeter Test on Reconstituted Silt Samples
Belkacemi, S. & Boumezerane, D., 2005, ISP5-Pressio 2005: Tome 1, Symposium International 50 ans de pressiomètres, édition bilingue anglais-français. Presses Ponts et Chaussées, Vol. 1. p. 573-580 8 p.
Spectroscopy of Ne, Na and Mg isotopes approaching the Island of Inversion
Keyes, K. L., Papenberg, A., Chapman, R., Ollier, J., Liang, X., Burns, M. J., Labiche, M., Spohr, K. M., Amzal, N., Beck, C., Bednarczyk, P., Haas, F., Duchêne, G., Papka, P., Gebauer, B., Kokalova, T., Thummerer, S., von Oertzen, W. & Wheldon, C., 12 Sep 2005, In: Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 31, 10, p. S1903-S1906 4 p.
Spectroscopy of Ne and Na isotopes: preliminary results from a EUROBALL + binary reaction spectrometer experiment
Keyes, K. L., Papenberg, A., Chapman, R., Ollier, J., Liang, X., Burns, M. J., Labiche, M., Spohr, K-M., Amzal, N., Beck, C., Bednarczyk, P., Haas, F., Duchêne, G., Papka, P., Gebauer, B., Kokalova, T., Thummerer, S., von Oertzen, W. & Wheldon, C., Sep 2005, In: The European Physical Journal A. 25, Supplement 1, p. 431-432 2 p.
Study of the supernova nucleosynthesis 40Ca(α,γ)44Ti reaction: progress report
Nassar, H., Paul, M., Ghelberg, S., Ofan, A., Tubnikov, N., Ben-Dov, Y., Hass, M. & Nara Singh, B. S., 25 Jul 2005, In: Nuclear Physics A. 758, SI, p. 411C-414C 4 p.
Study of transfer reactions in inverse kinematics with the TIARA array
Labiche, M., Timis, C. N., Lemmon, R. C., Catford, W. N., Chapman, R., Amzal, N., Ashwood, N. I., Baldwin, T. D., Burns, M., Caballero, L., Chartier, M., Curtis, N., de France, G., Gelletly, W., Liang, X., Freer, M., Orr, N. A., Pain, S. D., Pucknell, V. P. E., Rejmund, M., & 6 othersRubio, B., Savajols, H., Sorlin, O., Spohr, K., Theisen, C. & Warner, D. D., 12 Sep 2005, In: Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 31, 10, p. S1691-S1695 5 p.
Super smooth metal oxide thin films using closed field reactive magnetron sputtering
Walls, J. M., Brinkley, I. T., Gibson, D. R. & Waddell, E. M., 23 Apr 2005, Proceedings, Annual Technical Conference - Society of Vacuum Coaters. p. 370-374 5 p.
Supporting students to improve their essay writing through assessment criteria focused workshops
Harrington, K., Norton, L., Elander, J., Sinfield, S., Lusher, J., Reddy, P. & Aiyegbayo, O., 2005, ISL12 Improving Student Learning: Diversity and Inclusivity. Rust, C. (ed.). Oxford: The Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development, p. 159-174
Surface adsorption of zwitterionic surfactants: n-alkyl phosphocholines characterised by surface tensiometry and neutron reflection
Yaseen, M., Wang, Y., Su, T. J. & Lu, J. R., 15 Aug 2005, In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 288, 2, p. 361-370 10 p.
Sustainable maternity services in remote and rural Scotland? A qualitative survey of staff views on required skills, competencies and training
Tucker, J., Hundley, V., Kiger, A., Bryers, H., Caldow, J., Farmer, J., Harris, F., Ireland, J. & van Teijlingen, E., 3 Feb 2005, In: BMJ Quality and Safety. 14, 1, p. 34-40 7 p.
Teams and project performance in the U.K. construction industry
Tennant, S. & Langford, D., 2005, Proceedings of the 4th Triennial Conference: Rethinking and Revitalizing Construction Safety, Health, Environment and Quality. Haupt, T. C. & Smallwood, J. (eds.). Construction Research Education and Training Enterprises, p. 200-211
Team 'working' & project performance in the UK construction industry
Tennant, S. & Langford, D., 2005, Learning from Experience: New Challenges, Theories and Practices in Construction. Kazi, A. S. (ed.). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, p. 237-249
Tendon and nerve displacement at the wrist during finger movements
Ugbolue, U. C., Hsu, W-H., Goitz, R. J. & Li, Z-M., Jan 2005, In: Clinical Biomechanics. 20, 1, p. 50-56 7 p.
Test paper for fast detecting formaldehyde content in aquatic product without interference from protein
Sun, L., 18 Sep 2005, Patent No. CN03178350
Research output: Patent
The Creative College: Building a Successful Learning Culture in the Arts
Jeffery, G. (ed.), 1 Jul 2005, Stoke on Trent: UCL IOE Press. 196 p.
The disenchanted assembly: the consultation on religious observance in Scottish schools
Pirrie, A., 1 Feb 2005, In: Scottish Affairs. 50 (First Series), 1, p. 71-85
The Economic Impact of Adult Entertainment
McQuaid, R. W., Greig, M. & Fuertes, V., Dec 2005, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Napier University.
The effect of upper-limb dominance on forearm sweating patterns in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Unnithan, V. B. & Wilk, B., May 2005, In: Pediatric Exercise Science. 17, 2, p. 182-189 8 p.
The ethics of engineering elite performance
Olivier, S., 2005, In: Journal of Sports Sciences. 23, 2, p. 91-92 2 p.
The identification of inaccuracies of measured and calculated parameters during a Wingate high intensity exercise test using Taguchi method
Franklin, K. L., Gordon, R., Baker, J. & Davies, B., 12 Sep 2005, In: The Journal of Physiology. 567, supplement, p. 80P-81P 2 p., C136.
The integration of behaviour into comparative physiology
Gilmour, K. M., Wilson, R. W. & Sloman, K., 2005, In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 78, 5, p. 669-678 9 p.
The integration of higher and lower management control techniques in manufacturing companies
Perry, D., Petty, D., Smith, S. & Harrison, D., 17 Jul 2005.
The interaction of heavy metals with urban soils: sorption behaviour of Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn with a typical mixed brownfield deposit
Markiewicz-Patkowska, J., Hursthouse, A. & Przybyla-Kij, H., May 2005, In: Environment International. 31, 4, p. 513-521 9 p.
The Laws Of Scotland: Reissue Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia: Armed Forces
McFadzean, D., 1 Jan 2005, Butterworths. 120 p.
The New Public Management of Scotland: Local Government and the National Health Service
Mackie, R., 23 Sep 2005, Edinburgh: W. Green. 282 p.
The novel bondless wheel, spherical glass chips and a new method of aspheric generation
Venkatesh, V. C., Izman, S., Vichare, P., Mon, T. T. & Murugan, S., 2005, In: Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 167, 2-3, p. 184-190
The politics of identity in Germany: the Leitkultur debate
Pautz, H., 1 Apr 2005, In: Race and Class. 46, 4, p. 39-52 14 p.
The relationship between critical success factors of six sigma and organisational performance
Kumar, M., Antony, J., Hari, S. & Perry, D., 12 Dec 2005.
The relationship between skills and productivity
Abdel-Wahab, M. S., Hazlehurst, G., Dainty, A. & Ison, S., 2005, p. 28-34. 7 p.
The relationship between UK hospital nurse staffing and emotional exhaustion and job dissatisfaction
Sheward, L., Hunt, J., Hagen, S., McLeod, M. & Ball, J., 2005, In: Journal of Nursing Management. 13, 1, p. 51-60 10 p.
The repeatability and criterion related validity of the 20 m multistage fitness test as a predictor of maximal oxygen uptake in active young men
Cooper, S-M., Baker, J. S., Tong, R. J., Roberts, E. & Hanford, M., 1 Apr 2005, In: British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39, 4, p. 1-7 7 p.
The social exclusion of Gypsy and traveller children
Cemlyn, S. & Clark, C., 1 Jun 2005, At Greatest Risk: the Children Most Likely to Be Poor . Preston, G. (ed.). London : Child Poverty Action Group , p. 150-165 16 p.
The Source: Connecting Vocational Learning, Enterprise and Creativity
Jeffery, G., 1 Jun 2005, London: Arts Council England. 12 p.
Research output: Book/Report › Commissioned report › peer-review


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« Possible HAVA Violation in Georgia's Provisional Balloting Diebold whistleblower pleads guilty and pays $10K »
Post-Election Manual Auditing of Paper Records Bibliography
elections, reform, research, policy
In order to make sense of all the post-election auditing proposals currently out there, I've created a bibliography of all the post-election audit work that I know of. Please let me know if I've left anything out; my intention is to include everything out there. (I will update my bibliography and this post as changes are made.)
(The current version of this document in PDF form is available here: http://josephhall.org/papers/auditing_biblio.pdf.)
Post-Election Manual Auditing of Paper Records Bibliography (ordered by date)
Roy G. Saltman, Effective Use of Computing Technology in Vote-Tallying, Technical Report NBSIR 75--687, National Bureau of Standards, Information Technology Division, (March 1975), available at: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/NBS_SP_500-30.pdf.
Walter R. Mebane, Jr., Jasjeet S. Sekhon, and Jonathan Wand, Detecting and Correcting Election Irregularities, (October 9, 2003), available at: http://wand.stanford.edu/research/detecting.pdf.
C. Andrew Neff, Election Confidence---A Comparison of Methodologies and Their Relative Effectiveness at Achieving It (Revision 6), (December 17, 2003), available at: http://www.votehere.net/papers/ElectionConfidence.pdf.
Jonathan Wand, Auditing an Election Using Sampling: The Impact of Bin Size on the Probability of Detecting Manipulation (version as of February 17, 2004), (February 2, 2004), available at: http://wand.stanford.edu/elections/probability.pdf.
Douglas W. Jones, Auditing elections, Communications of the ACM 47:10 46-50, (October 2004), available at: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1022594.1022622.
Brennan Center Task Force on Voting System Security (Lawrence Norden, Chair), The Machinery of Democracy: Protecting Elections in an Electronic World, (March 7, 2006), available at: http://www.brennancenter.org/programs/downloads/Full%20Report.pdf.
Arel Cordero, David Wagner, and David Dill, The Role of Dice in Election Audits---Extended Abstract, IAVOSS Workshop On Trustworthy Elections (WOTE 2006), (June 29, 2006), available at: http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~daw/papers/dice-wote06.pdf.
Kathy Dopp, How Can Independent Paper Audits Detect and Correct Vote Miscounts? (version as of July 25, 2006), (June 30, 2005), available at: http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/Paper_Audits.pdf.
Ellen Theisen, Auditing Election Equipment --- The Real Scoop!, (August 27, 2005), available at: http://www.votersunite.org/info/auditingissues.pdf. (Movie available at: http://homepage.mac.com/sheltonlankford/.Public/RandomSample.mov and excel spreadsheet at: http://www.votersunite.org/info/AuditEffectivenessCalculator.xls)
Howard Stanislevic, Random Auditing of E-Voting Systems: How Much Is Enough? (version as of August 16, 2006), (August 9, 2006), available at: http://www.votetrustusa.org/pdfs/VTTF/EVEPAuditing.pdf.
Jonathan D. Simon, JD and Bruce O'Dell, An End To "Faith-Based" Voting: Universal Precinct-based Handcount Sampling To Check Computerized Vote Counts In Federal and Statewide Elections, Election Defense Alliance, (September 8, 2006), available at: http://electiondefensealliance.org/files/UPSEndFaithBasedVoting.pdf.
Ron Rivest, On Estimating the Size of a Statistical Audit, unpublished draft (version as of November 14, 2006), (September 19, 2006), available at: http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/Rivest-OnEstimatingTheSizeOfAStatisticalAudit.pdf. (Howard Stanislevic has developed a computer program for calculating Rivest?s equation here: http://mysite.verizon.net/evoter/AuditCalc.htm.)
Kathy Dopp and Frank Stenger, The Election Integrity Audit (version as of September 25, 2006), available at: http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/ElectionIntegrityAudit.pdf. (A computer program developed by Frank Stenger and Kathy Dopp for calculating audit details is here: http://electionarchive.org/auditcalculator/eic.cgi.)
Unknown authors, The Titanium Standard for Election Verification and Security, (October 1, 2006), available at: http://www.velvetrevolution.us/titanium.pdf.
Jerry Lobdill, Considering Vote Count Distribution in Designing Election Audits (Revision 1), (October 9, 2006), available at: http://vote.nist.gov/Considering-Vote-Count-Distribution-in-Designing-Election-Audits-Rev-2-11-26-06.pdf.
Jerry Lobdill, Election Audit Sampling Plan Design---It's Not Just About Sampling Without Replacement, (October 9, 2006), available at: http://vote.nist.gov/Election-Audit-Sampling-Plan-Design-Its-Not-Just-About-Sampling-Without-Replacement-10-09-06.pdf.
Howard Stanislevic, Larger Audits Required to Confirm 2006 US House Races, (December 20, 2006), available at: http://www.votetrustusa.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2135&Itemid=26
Kathy Dopp, How Big Should an Election Audit Be? Fixed Rate Audits Do Not Work For Elections, (January 17, 2007), available at: http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/ElectionAuditEstimator.pdf
Kathy Dopp, Tiered Election Audits Based on Margins between Candidates, (January 23, 2007), available at: http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/FourTierAudit/TieredElectionAudits.pdf
Andrew Appel, Effective Audit Policy for Voter-Verified Paper Ballots in New Jersey, (February 22, 2007), available at: http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~appel/papers/appel-nj-audits.pdf
Kathy Dopp, Fool Me Once: Checking Vote Count Integrity, (March 3, 2007), available at: http://electionarchive.org/ucvAnalysis/US/paper-audits/TierElectionAuditEval.pdf
Joseph Lorenzo Hall (joehall@berkeley.edu), PhD Student, UC Berkeley School of Information. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CNS-0524745 (NSF ACCURATE; http://www.accurate-voting.org/).
version 2.4, 2007-03-07T08:18:41
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#ifndef SetFileDescriptorToEBCDICEncoding_h
#define SetFileDescriptorToEBCDICEncoding_h

#include <sys/stat.h>

PEGASUS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

#define __CCSID_ZOS 1047

inline int setEBCDICEncoding(int fileDescriptor)
{
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    int repFileAttr_len = sizeof(repFileAttr);

    /* Generate the file tag attributes */
    /* Clear the attribute structure   */
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#endif // SetFileDescriptorToEBCDICEncoding_h


Ten Gallon Hats, Pint Sized Brains.
"Ten-Gallon Hats / Pint-Sized Brains"
A runaway mule in Nacogdoches helped change American entertainment history.
No one has ever pinned down the exact date, but it happened at some point before World War One, with 1914 being the most-mentioned year. A vaudeville troupe from New York, touring small towns across the South, hit Nacogdoches for a gig at the opera house. Calling themselves �The Four Nightingales,� the four brothers wore white duck suits picked by their manager, their mother Minnie, and sang to the accompaniment of a variety of instruments.
Sure enough, a mule had gotten loose from a hitching post only to wildly stampede its way Ben Hur-style down Main Street. One version has the crazed critter overturning the wagon it had been pulling, but the exact details of the wreck have been lost to time.
Once all the excitement died down, most of the patrons filed back inside the opera house for the rest of the performance. After all, the audience had paid a dime apiece to hear the Nighingales do what their avian namesake is famous for � singing sweetly. But when they got settled into their seats, the Texans found the four young men from New York�s Jewish community in a bit of a snit. Having been cut off in mid-song, the traveling musicians were not pleased to have been upstaged by a mule.
Brother Julius was particularly steamed. How dare these Texas hicks walk out on him just to see a mule!
So instead of acting like nothing had happened, which is what professional performers have been trained to do since Shakespeare first started puting on plays, Julius walked to the edge of the stage and let loose with a double-barrel blast of sarcasm about Nacogdoches and Texans in general.
Julius expected boos and calls of �Get a hook!� Instead, his wisecracks netted explosions of laughter. These Texans thought his disparaging ad-libbed remarks were funny. Just to make sure he wasn�t misjudging the crowd, he piled on more shoot-from-the-hip insults. And the audience loved it even more.
Later that day, maybe while cooling his heels in jail after getting arrested for betting on a game of euchre at the hotel across the street, a singularly bright light bulb suddenly illuminated itself across his mind�s marquee: Maybe he was a better comedian than musician.
After that incident in Nacogdoches, Julius and his brothers reshaped their act into a mixture of music and comedy and eventually transitioned into straight comedy. Not only did he change his act, by 1920 he had adopted a stage name. He was Groucho, Groucho Marx. His brothers were Harpo, Chico and Zeppo.
The Marx brothers went on to star in 14 movies, including the classics �The Cocoanuts� and �Animal Crackers.� In 1949 Grocho moved to the new medium of television and flourished as the mustachioed, ad-libing, cigar-smoking, eyebrow-raising host of �You Bet Your Life,� a quiz show that ran through 1961.
The Nacogdoches mule story seems almost too good to be true, reading suspiciously like a total fabrication on the part of some whiskey-swilling if creative Hollywood press agent. But there�s evidence that Groucho and his brothers really did get upstaged by an East Texas mule.
First reported in a widely published 1930 newspaper story with a New York dateline, �Runaway Mules Gave Marx Bros. Cue to Comedy,� Groucho later told the tale himself in his memoir.
A final piece of at least circumstantial evidence is the fact that the fictional republic in the 1933 Marx Brothers� hit movie �Duck Soup� was called Fredonia. That, of course, was the name of a real-life if short-lived republic founded in Nacogdoches by filibusterers in 1820. And even if Groucho hadn�t known about that, a major thoroughfare called Fredonia Street intersects Main Street downtown not far from the opera house where he had played only a couple of decades before.
Now known as the Nacogdoches Art Center, the old opera house still stands at 329 E. Main. Built in the 1880s and remodeled considerably over the years, the place hasn�t seen a vaudeville act, not to mention a runaway mule, in a very long time.


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The Penn Record
The Penn Record News
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania: Actions Taken on March 11
By The Penn Record | Mar 19, 2019
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity on March 11 in the suits below:
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania: Actions Taken on March 11
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity on March 11 in the suits below:
Court activity on March 14: Teodori Enterprises LP vs Falcons Restaurant Group LLC
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity in the suit brought by Teodori Enterprises LP against Falcons Restaurant Group LLC, 1110 Falcons Food LLC, Ohio Valley Bistro Inc. and Shamsuddin Charania on March 14: 'Clerk's Office Quality Control Message Re 1 Notice Of Removal. Error: Party Did Not File Disclosure Statement As Required Pursuant L.r
Case activity for Safeco Insurance Company of Illinois vs Stephen Moretti on March 14
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Safeco Insurance Company of Illinois against Stephen Moretti and Eric Craven on March 14:
Court activity on March 13: Joseph W. Harris vs Wright Medical Technology Inc.
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity in the suit brought by Joseph W. Harris and Carla E. Harris against Wright Medical Technology Inc., Wright Medical Group Inc. and Microport Orthopedics Inc. on March 13: 'Complaint Against Microport Orthopedics, Inc., Wright Medical Group, Inc., Wright Medical Technology, Inc. (filing Fee, Including Ad
Case activity for Safstor Real Estate Co. LLC vs 4890 Summerdale Associates LP on March 13
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Safstor Real Estate Co. LLC against 4890 Summerdale Associates LP on March 13:
Case activity for Michelle Wagner vs Midwest Automation LLC on March 11
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Michelle Wagner and Jason Wagner against Midwest Automation LLC on March 11:
March 7: U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania docket for contract cases
The following contract-related cases were on the docket in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania on March 7. All case details are allegations only and should not be taken as fact:
Case activity for Willard Wilson vs Usaa Insurance Company on March 14
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Willard Wilson against Usaa Insurance Company on March 14:
Case activity for Aetna Inc. vs Matthew James on March 12
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Aetna Inc. and Aetna Life Insurance Company against Matthew James and Leale Inc. on March 12:
Court activity on March 13: Michelle Wagner vs Midwest Automation LLC
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity in the suit brought by Michelle Wagner and Jason Wagner against Midwest Automation LLC on March 13: 'One Summons Issued As To Midwest Automation Llc. Forwarded To: Jesse M. Cohen, Esq. On 3/13/2019 (dmc, )'
Case activity for Angel Pantoja Alameda vs TW Construction Inc. on March 15
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Angel Pantoja Alameda and Jaime Marin Perez against TW Construction Inc. on March 15:
Court activity on March 11: Geraldine Mills vs Universal Property and Casualty Insurance Company
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activity in the suit brought by Geraldine Mills against Universal Property and Casualty Insurance Company on March 11: 'Complaint Against Universal Property And Casualty Insurance Company (filing Fee, Including Administrative Fee, $400, Receipt Number 0315-5059034), Filed By Geraldine Mills. (attachments: # 1 C
Case activity for Pauline Harris vs Safety Bus Service Inc. on March 13
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Pauline Harris against Safety Bus Service Inc. on March 13:
Case activity for Printing, Publishing, and Media Workers Sector of the Communications Workers of America vs Communications Workers Of America on March 15
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Printing, Publishing, and Media Workers Sector of the Communications Workers of America against Communications Workers Of America on March 15:
Case activity for Annamarie Cattie vs Sarabeth Sabella on March 13
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Annamarie Cattie against Sarabeth Sabella on March 13:
Case activity for Brahima Diakite vs Firemen's Insurance Company of Washington, D.C. on March 13
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Brahima Diakite against Firemen's Insurance Company of Washington, D.C. on March 13:
Case activity for James Mckelvia vs Howmedica Osteonics Corp. on March 12
The U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by James Mckelvia and Frances Mckelvia against Howmedica Osteonics Corp., Stryker Corp. and Stryker Sales Corp. on March 12:
Case activity for Nicholas Vincent vs Progressive Insurance Company on March 13
The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania reported the following activities in the suit brought by Nicholas Vincent against Progressive Insurance Company on March 13:


text:
Before the round
Round Overview
Strategies for predicting
Where football meets mathematics
Live predictions 11
Inter to get back to winning ways at Empoli
Empoli FC vs Inter Milano Preview 27/10/2021
26 October 2021 | Serie A | Preview
@Forebet
On Wednesday night, reigning Italian champions Inter Milan visit Empoli, as the visitors look to get back to winning ways in Serie A.
Empoli really have enjoyed an inconsistent start to their Serie A campaign, as they currently sit ninth place after taking 12 points from their opening nine league outings in the Italian top-flight.
A 4-2 win at Salernitana ended a mini two-game losing streak for the home team in Serie A.
The game saw Empoli's poor recent defensive run continue, as they have now conceded at least two goals in their previous four league outings.
The upside for the neutral to their leaky defence is that Empoli games usually provide good entertainment due to their high-scoring nature, as five of their previous seven league outings have produced over 2.5 goals.
Empoli have a woeful recent home record in Serie A, as the Azzurri have lost four of their last five league matches on home soil.
Aurelio Andreazzoli's team have also conceded at least two goals in each of their previous five home matches in the Italian top-flight.
A 1-1 draw against Juventus last time out means that the reigning champions are third place in the table, ten points behind both league leaders Napoli and arch-rivals Milan.
The draw against the Bianconeri in their last league outing means that the Nerazzurri have won just one of their previous four league outings. However, Inter have also lost just one of their previous ten outings in the Italian top-flight.
The visitors have a slightly inconsistent recent away record in Serie A, although they have won three of their last five league games on their travels.
Forebet predicts that the Nerazzurri will record a victory in a high-scoring encounter to get back to winning ways.
Empoli FC Inter Milano 27/10/2021 20:45
7.40 5.25 1.43 1 1 -1
AS Roma Genoa 05/02/2022 15:00
Inter Milano AC Milan 05/02/2022 18:00
Fiorentina Lazio 05/02/2022 20:45
OVERALL TABLE PTS GP W D L GF GA +/-
Inter Milano 53 22 16 5 1 53 17 36
SSC Napoli 49 23 15 4 4 43 16 27
AC Milan 49 23 15 4 4 47 25 22
Atalanta Bergamo 43 22 12 7 3 44 26 18
Juventus FC 42 23 12 6 5 34 21 13
AS Roma 38 23 12 2 9 40 30 10
Lazio 36 23 10 6 7 46 39 7
Fiorentina 36 22 11 3 8 41 30 11
Hellas Verona 33 23 9 6 8 43 38 5
Torino FC 32 22 9 5 8 30 21 9
Sassuolo Calcio 29 23 7 8 8 39 38 1
Empoli FC 29 23 8 5 10 37 47 -10
Bologna FC 27 22 8 3 11 29 37 -8
Spezia Calcio 25 23 7 4 12 24 42 -18
Udinese Calcio 24 22 5 9 8 31 36 -5
Sampdoria 20 23 5 5 13 29 41 -12
Venezia FC 18 22 4 6 12 20 40 -20
Cagliari Calcio 17 23 3 8 12 22 44 -22
Genoa 13 23 1 10 12 20 45 -25
Salernitana 10 22 3 2 17 14 53 -39


text:
Q: Origin and name of HTML tag alike unicode numbers within less-than greater-than characters I sometimes see unicode numbers that look like
<U+062A>

Where do they come from and what is the official name of this representation?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Woman's "sunflower" costume dress made of synthetic fabric and cotton net. The costume includes a semi-fitted bodice, white cotton net skirt, brown net shawl with a cluster of three fabric sunflowers, and a hat of overlapping cloth fabric petals with inner copper wire supports. Joan Thomson George made this costume to wear while parading with the drill team for the Order of the White Shrine of Jerusalem, a Masonic women's organization. She carried a Kansas flag during these parades.


text:
A Salvage Bazaar
By Daniel Hays Posted on November 27, 2018
"Costco East," exclaimed a woman gleefully as she pulled away with her latest finds from the home exchange area at the East Hampton Town
Recycling Center.
Fridays and Saturdays, the town lets residents drop off useable items they don't want, but others might. The home exchange area with a metal roof and giant columns near the dump exit attracts people waiting eagerly to see what they can salvage.
On a recent rainy Friday, the area bustled with happy scavengers like Pete Kazura, a 76-year-old retired schoolteacher, who marvels at what he and others can retrieve. That day, he said, he watched one family scoop up a Stickley brand chest of drawers worth $2000.
"It's amazing what comes in here," said Kazura, ticking off items such as signed first edition books, volumes with cash hidden in the pages, paintings, and jewelry. Among his past finds, a set of Bose speakers and an inflatable bounce house for his grandkids.
By Kazura's count, there are 20 to 30 regulars who share "a lot of camaraderie." He said he had never seen any fights over items because "people get along great." The facility is self-policing as there are no town employees assigned there.
"We help each other here," explained "Joe," a 66-year-old self-described abstract artist, who declined to give his last name. "I do art, so I'm looking for stuff I can use."
"Look," he exulted, showing off a cardboard box filled with slim artist brushes and paint.
Like Joe, many people sought anonymity. "I don't want to be known as a dump queen," explained one woman. "It helps when you have a truck with an eight-foot bed," she confided as she loaded up some discarded light fixtures.
Earlier, a large panel truck pulled up and workmen began unloading items being emptied from a house that had been sold. Wooden furniture in spotless condition, a brass bed shining like new, and a half dozen metal chandeliers were all up
for grabs.
Off the water because the day's weather was too nasty, fisherman Clint Bennett, 60, of East Hampton said, like many on the scene, he had stopped in "to see what's here." Bennett said he wished the exchange was also open Sunday when "a lot of good stuff goes over the wall."
After 3 PM, anything not taken is scooped up by a payloader and
disposed.
The entire recycling center is closed Wednesday. Craig Fick, a labor crew leader at the center, said he would love to see the area open more frequently, but it would require more personnel than the 19 the operation has now.


text:
Jimmy Martin is a former 7 time US National Champion in judo, and a two-time Olympian for judo.  He is a former Black Belt Magazine Competitor of the year for Judo.

References

American male judoka
Olympic judoka of the United States
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games medalists in judo
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
Judoka at the 1983 Pan American Games
Sambokas at the 1983 Pan American Games


text:
Q: Anonymous SQL/PL Block with multiple selects and inserts How can I run this SQL PL block and insert at the same time.  I tried and its not working at all.  I am new in the coding, just got off school and this is my first job, please help me.
Select a.col1,a.col2, a.col3, a.col4, b.col5
from Table1 a
Join Table2 b on a.col1 = b.col1

insert into mass table col1, col3, col4
     values ('1', '3', '4')
insert into Report Table col2, col5
     values('10','20')
insert into Check_log table col1, col2, col3, col4, col 5 error msg, successful, duplicate
     values('1','3', '4','10', '20','failed to load', '', '')

Select b.col1,b.col2, c.col3, c.col4, c.col5
from Table1 b
Join Table2 c on a.col2 = b.col2

insert into mass table col1, col3, col4
       values ('2', '80')
insert into Report Table col3, col5
       values('3','20')
insert into Check_log table col1, col2, col3, col4, col 5 error msg, successful, duplicate
       values('1','3', '4','10', '20','', 'Successful', '')

Select f.col1,d.col2, d.col3, f.col4, d.col5
from Table1 d
Join Table2 f on f.col3 = d.col3

insert into mass table col1, col1, col4
       values ('1', '4')
insert into Report Table col2, col3
       values('10','3')
insert into Check_log table col1, col2, col3, col4, col5 error msg, successful, duplicate
       values('1','3', '4','10', '20','', '', 'duplicate')


text:
NEWS: Will Netflix soon offer VR content?
Netflix and thrill?
Netflix might already be your go-to spot for TV and film streaming content, but soon the service might be welcoming users into a full 3D immersive world of virtual reality. Speaking at the Mobile World Congress 2016 this week, Netflix VP of Product Innovation Chris Jaffe said, "Right now, with virtual reality, we think virtual reality has a great place in gaming, and we're very interested in where it could go in storytelling."
Netflix already have a VR app for the Samsung Gear VR, in which users can sit in, and look around, a virtual environment while watching 2D Netflix content on a screen. However, this could mean that soon the streaming service might be offering real VR content and full 3D, 360 degree shows. This blows our tiny minds.
Imagine standing in the middle of one of Dare Devil's gruesome fight scenes, or sitting next to Frank Underwood as he turns to you to deliver a monologue in House of Cards. Awesome.
Visit https://www.netflix.com/gb/


My nephew Zachary was recently on television for the Fourth of July. Although I published this separately on my Facebook page, I wanted to share with the rest of the family and friends that visit/view my blog.
And here is a link to the shared 120MB Video File on my OneDrive.
No problem Dad, I know that Facebook is not your thing, so I wanted to make sure you got to see this.
Dad, I have included a link to the 120MB original video file, you can click on the link and download it.


text:
Trends that defined 2021: Redding businesses on the move and upsizing
Michele Chandler | Redding Record Searchlight
While 2021 wasn't a banner year for new business openings in Shasta County, some companies did debut as the region emerged from pandemic-related restrictions.
A bigger trend appeared to be for existing establishments to expand or settle into new locations.
One of those companies, internet retailer Adventure Challenge, took on its sixth site in downtown Redding a few months ago, on the corner of Market and Tehama streets.
With 100 employees, Adventure Challenge is looking to eventually consolidate all its workers in a single location, founder and president Bryant Ellis said.
"Hopefully next year, we get a nice, big place," Ellis said.
Who took over Plant Daddy store?: Former Pier 1 building ready for new business
Founded in Redding in 2018, the business produces and sells different books containing scratch-off sections listing activity ideas designed to entertain families, individuals, couples or friends. People's cravings for connection during the pandemic helped fuel the company's sales all over the world, he said.
Since its start, the company's revenue has topped $100 million, he said. That growth helped Ellis land on the latest Forbes "30 Under 30 Retail & Ecommerce" list.
Health care centers open new spaces
Some health care businesses established new digs in 2021.
Hill Country Health and Wellness Center opened a new campus in July that consolidates its various operations around the city and also includes housing for homeless youths.
Located on a formerly vacant lot at 1201 Industrial St., Hill Country Center of Hope is behind the U.S. Post Office and the Redding Adventist Academy.
Hill Country CEO Lynn Dorroh said the organization's youth housing fourplex, next to the clinic, is partially full with students from the California Heritage Youthbuild Academy and Shasta College.
The group's Gold Street Medical Clinic and CARE Center remain open in downtown Redding, Dorroh said.
Hill Country's Lake Boulevard medical clinic, Eureka Way dental clinic and Market Street counseling center have all closed and moved to the Center of Hope.
Dorroh said the new facility created 17 new full-time jobs since it opened, among them medical and dental providers, behavioral health specialists and front office workers. Hill Country expects to add about 20 more positions in 2022, she said.
In December, the state-of-the-art complex Redding VA Outpatient clinic opened at 3455 Knighton Road.
VA Health Center news: State-of-the-art Redding VA Outpatient clinic opens on Knighton Road
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs awarded a $14.4 million lease for the Knighton Road clinic, which is across the street from the Redding Veterans Home.
The new clinic employs 225, including 27 physicians and nurse practitioners. Officials expect the facility to serve about 15,000 patients annually through its primary and specialty medical care as well as mental health services.
Living the dream: Johannessen on new VA Clinic: 'This is a dream I had'
New businesses applications rise, but ...
All this comes as the U.S. Census Bureau reported in December that new business license applications surged in late 2020 and in early 2021, according to North State economist Robert Eyler.
But the number of new businesses that actually opened in the northern part of the state appears to have failed to match growth expectations, Eyler said.
The latest release of Census Bureau's Business Formation Statistics data shows that nearly 1.4 million applications have been filed to form new businesses that are likely to hire employees through September of 2021 — the most through the third quarter of any year on record, the agency said.
Seasonally adjusted business application and formation numbers also rose throughout the western United States in November, according to a census report.
"There has not been this new explosion of businesses in net," Eyler said of what he's learning anecdotally. "You're seeing more business license applications, but not necessarily more businesses, in the classic sense. Generally, you've got to imagine that people are still relatively reticent to jump in and start a new business in this environment, which still has a lot of uncertainty in it."
Why are new companies harder to find locally?
Eyler said some suggest that many of the business license applications came from people who moved in from out of the region, brought their businesses with them and are now self employed here.
In fact, official year-end figures could show a net small decrease in the total number of businesses in the North State, Eyler said.
Coming our way: Here's why 2022 will be another big year in downtown Redding
Eateries are among the sectors appearing to hold steady.
Several new restaurants have opened in Shasta, Tehama and Butte counties, even though pandemic restrictions limiting indoor dining numbers have hurt the industry.
The new dining destinations that have opened are probably "filling some niches that otherwise are being left behind, either by restaurants that maybe are in decline because their business model had to change," Eyler said.
Case unresolved: Mystery still surrounds unsolved dog attack in Bella Vista
Some entrepreneurs are banking that Redding is also ready to read, as two independent, locally-owned bookstores set up shop.
Word up: Bookstores bring a love of reading to downtown; Lucky's Deli's new spot
Shop Around the Corner Books opened in early December at 1430 Butte St. just west of Market Street Uniforms.
And Bargain Books & More, which opened in May 2020, recently relocated to 2146 Pine St.
According to the Record Searchlight's David Benda, owners of both bookstores believe the ebook fad is now fading while interest in old-school books are experiencing a revival with millennials now embracing vintage clothing and vinyl record collections.
Yoga business takes root in Redding
Lingering economic uncertainty didn't stop Redding resident Lilla Taylor from renting a downtown space in August to locate Simply Rooted, her fitness-focused business that also includes an event space.
The yoga teacher and certified personal trainer founded a mobile yoga business in 2019, traveling to various places to put on parties. Seeing the revitalization happening in downtown Redding, she said she jumped when the location on Yuba Street became available.
"I stumbled across this location and just saw potential ... and knew this would be just the perfect spot downtown," she said.
In addition to yoga classes, line dancing, boxing lessons and renting out the social distancing-friendly space for weddings and parties, "we're just kind of expanding slowly," she said.
The pandemic has continued to cause problems for some companies that want to expand, including Valley Ace Hardware at 1350 Hartnell Ave.
The store was poised to open a new 9,450-square-foot Ace equipment rental and outdoor garden center next to their store in 2021. That new building is now nearly complete.
It's underway: Ace Hardware expanding; Jolly Giant 40-plus years
But there have been "supply chain" issues that hurt their ability to get needed parts, display shelves and equipment, said Remington Martin, son of Ace store owner Todd Martin.
"All those things have been backlogged. It took months just to get our fixtures in. All those things kind of put a pause on getting open," Remington Martin said.
All the needed parts have finally arrived, he said. After completing the building's interior, he said they hope to open in early February and will look to hire about eight more employees.
This story looks at some of the new and expanding businesses in Redding. If you know of more, please get in touch with Michele Chandler at michele.chandler@redding.com.
Michele Chandler covers city government and housing issues for the Redding Record Searchlight/USA Today Network. Follow her on Twitter at @MChandler_RS, call her at 530-225-8344 or email her at michele.chandler@redding.com. Please support our entire newsroom's commitment to public service journalism by subscribing today.


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"Shutdown Bangkok" and the end of the "Good Old Days"?
Drama queen! The shops didn't look closed to me. He refused to drive us past the tail end of a road block and we had to walk to our hotel from there. (ahh, shame, I hear you say) We're staying here because it's very close to the shopping mall where we always come to buy silk, but it's also plum in the commercial centre of the city and so very close to one of the "Shutdown" sites.
In the "good old days" we used to buy from the stalls in the basement of a department store called Narayan Phand where we could get Burmese sequinned embroideries, textile hangers made from old loom parts, hand made paper notebooks, jackets made from soft and subtle antique silk ikat, and wide luxurious shawls of thick slubby silk. After many years of it being threatened, finally everyone was moved out to the Pratunam Centre a block away, and the building has been turned into a Big C Supermarket. Shopping at the new Pratunam Centre wasn't so good; some of the old stall holders had decided to call it a day but our old suppliers Royal Thai Silk, Koreena and Marie Silk were still there amongst the mass produced fashion wholesalers. We stayed faithful, popping in on our Bangkok transit days and loading scarves and jackets into rucksacks before getting the plane home or dragging big grey plastic bags to the post office.
Now just to confuse and disorientate us Pratunam has had a facelift and changed its name to the Palladium Centre, but we track it down eventually through the road blocks. All this "shutdown" seems to have affected more than the traffic: the weather has gone all pleasant and the Big Mango is positively cool! I'm just not used to fresh air in Bangkok – where's that heavy humid heat that should descend on you whenever you move out into the street?
There are still a few familiar faces around at the Palladium but nearly everyone seems to be suffering from "customer fatigue" or is it "shutdown grumpiness"? And the good stuff is just not there any more. It's now well nigh impossible to find decent jackets in the old "mutmi" ikat silk. I admit it was always a trial to sift through the rails – a lovely fabric would catch the eye but be ruined by the awful garment it was made into – with superfluous frills or horrid rosettes or a daft collar. But now that the silk fabric has become so rare, these abominations seem like sacrilege. However there's still some nice fabrics to find if you dig around and we are encouraged by a small pile of beautiful ikat scarves. We probably buy more and pay more than we should, but these may be the last and it seems silly to walk away from them.
Shopping done, we can take in a bit of "protest tourism" and wander up familiar roads made totally strange by the absence of cars, the pop up tents and the crowds of makeshift stalls selling "Shutdown Bangkok" accoutrements. The Thais do love an excuse to set up a market and here's another one – protest whistles, plastic clappy hands, hats, headbands, flags, armbands, and t-shirts by the thousand, all in the blue, white a red of the Thai national flag and the protesters, colours. I very much doubt the "Occupy London" campaign got their merchandising act together as fast as this.
We wander through peaceful scenes of elderly ladies kipping down in see-through pop-up tents, protesters sitting on plastic mats and eating at canopied canteens, and past the big screens showing a live relay of the speakers on a big stage set up near the Erawan junction ahead. When we get there I am delighted to see that "Gaysorn Plaza" has been forced to close. It's one of my least favourite "shopping malls", not just because of its crap name but for the soulless international rich-git brand name shops in it.
Now it's had to close because there is a bloody great stage right in front of it and revolution or at least reform is being spouted outside its very doors. Ha! The mood is light and totally non-threatening. The protesters themselves are serious and determined, but others seem to be there for the crack, to see what the fuss is about, to buy a T shirt or blow a whistle and cheer the speeches. Strangest of all; there is not a copper or a soldier to be seen anywhere. At all.
How long is it going to last? How long can anti government protesters just set up camp at key road junctions in the centre of a capital city without the baton charges, water cannon, tear gas or rubber bullets which would ensue in London, Beijing, Istanbul, or Cairo, or indeed the all-out brutality which has been the response to anti Government protest in Syria, Libya, Burma and Bahrain? In Thailand it seems the famous tolerance and laid back approach extends to civil disobedience too. At least for the time being.


The start was prompt on 2.00pm, thanks to the PRO Peter (Collie). There were 5 boats in from 23-34ft in length. At these lengths, a few feet in lengths matter. And when skippers are experienced, stealth and cunning come into play.
In a nor-easter, the pin end of our line (just south of Clarke Is) is heavily favoured, but it is a bit tricky, for this end of the line is only just free of the lee of the Island. Maybe because the smaller boats are more manoeuvrable their skippers find it easier to avoid the lee, avoid being early and start at speed. In the event, Corinna (an Endeavour 24) won the start, just upwind from Umbakumba (a 26ft-er) with T&T (a Hood 23) close behind. G-Force (30 ft) and Sanity (a 34ft Jenneau) both started late, further down the line, though at speed.
Downwind was a chance for attacking. Corinna hoisted a spinnaker, then G-Force; but not Umbakumba, who fell back to fourth. On T&T we fought hard to stay in touch, a respectable last. To do that, we goose-winged successfully, and the little boat ran comfortably and fast, but not fast enough to catch the kites. At the Shark Island mark we all had to gybe; only G-Force seemed to struggle, for - though their kites took a while to fill on both G-Force and Corinna, the reset after the gybe was faster on the smaller boat, and she claimed back second place.
Deck work on T&T was good, and we made up good ground on the final leg; but not enough to challenge for a spot. We need to get the spinnaker up!
T&T - who must get their crews spinnaker-ready.
We race next on March 3.