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Cross-sectional and prospective mediating effects of dietary intake on the relationship between sedentary behaviour and body mass index in adolescents
Elly A. Fletcher ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3958-95991,
Karen E. Lamb1,
Sarah A. McNaughton1,
Sarah P. Garnett2,
David W. Dunstan1,3,4,5,6,7,8,
Louise A. Baur2 &
Jo Salmon1
Cross-sectional evidence suggests TV viewing, but not objectively-measured sedentary time or bouts of sedentary time, is consistently associated with body mass index (BMI) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake is a potential mediator of these relationships. The aim of this study was to explore the cross-sectional and prospective mediating effects of dietary intake on the association of sedentary behaviour with BMI z-score (zBMI) in a cohort of Australian adolescents.
Cross-sectional and prospective analyses were conducted in adolescents aged 12–15 years participating in the 2002/03 (baseline) and 2004/05 (follow-up) Nepean Growing Up Study. The independent variables were television (TV) viewing, an objective measure of total sedentary time and average sedentary bout duration, and the outcome variable zBMI. Using the Sobel-Goodman method with bootstrapping, mediation analyses were conducted examining three dietary components (discretionary foods, sugar-sweetened beverages [SSB] and takeaway foods) as mediators of associations between TV viewing and zBMI (n = 259) and between total sedentary time and average sedentary bout duration with zBMI (n = 140).
No significant cross-sectional or prospective total or direct associations were observed for TV viewing, total sedentary time and average sedentary bout duration with zBMI. However, TV viewing was positively associated with consumption of takeaway foods cross-sectionally (β = 0.06; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12), prospectively at baseline (β = 0.07; 95% CI 0.01 to 0.12) and prospectively at follow-up (β = 0.10; 95% CI 0.04, 0.16), and average sedentary bout duration was inversely associated with SSB consumption both cross-sectionally (β = −0.36; 95% CI -0.69 to −0.02) and prospectively at baseline (β = −0.36; 95% CI -0.70 to −0.02). No mediation effects were identified.
TV viewing, total sedentary time and bouts of sedentary time were not associated cross-sectionally or prospectively with adolescents' zBMI, and three elements of dietary intake (e.g. intake of discretionary foods, SSB and takeaway foods) did not mediate this relationship. The role of dietary intake and sedentary behaviour in relation to adolescent health requires further clarification.
Adolescent obesity is a major public health concern. The combined rates of overweight and obesity among adolescents have increased over the last two decades worldwide [1]. In the United States, the proportion of obese adolescents has risen from 10.5% in 1988–1994 to 20.6% in 2013–2014 [2]. Australia has experienced similar increases with almost one in three adolescents currently overweight or obese [3]. Given that obesity tracks from adolescence to adulthood [4], it is imperative to understand the lifestyle risk factors associated with adolescent obesity, particularly prospectively, in order to inform effective interventions.
Sedentary behaviour – defined as any waking behaviours characterised by low energy expenditure (< 1.5 METS) while in a sitting or reclining posture – has emerged as a new research focus for obesity prevention [5]. High amounts of television (TV) viewing, a common leisure-time sedentary behaviour, during adolescence have both immediate and long-term health consequences, including a higher risk of obesity [6]. However, there are inconsistent associations between total time spent in sedentary time [7, 8], or time spent in periods, or 'bouts', of sedentary time [9], and indicators of adiposity (e.g. BMI, waist circumference) in adolescents.
One potential behavioural mechanism that could explain why TV viewing has more consistent associations with body mass index (BMI) when compared to total or bouts of sedentary time in adolescents, is an increase in energy-dense, nutrient poor foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). For example, TV viewing has consistently been reported to be associated with a higher energy intake, and an increased consumption of discretionary foods, SSB, and fast food/takeaway foods in adolescents [10], whereas few studies have reported associations between objectively-measures of sedentary time with dietary intake [11, 12]. In addition, no study to date has explored whether prolonged bouts of sedentary time are related to dietary intake among adolescents. The latter is important as studies with adults have shown that, independent of how much total sedentary time is accumulated, those with fewer interruptions in sedentary time (i.e., prolonged bouts) have poorer cardiometabolic health profiles [13].
A systematic review examining whether associations between sedentary behaviour and health outcomes in adolescents were independent of dietary intake found TV viewing, screen time and overall sedentary time were positively related to BMI, independent of dietary intake [14]. The systematic review also identified very few studies had specifically examined the mediating role of dietary intake in the TV viewing and BMI relation; with only two studies (out of the 21 studies identified) exploring this and reporting no mediation effects [15, 16]. However, a major limitation of both of these studies was their cross-sectional design which limits causal inference. Whereas, a longitudinal design would allow both the temporal order of associations to be examined and many other aspects of a mediation model to be explored.
Against this background, the primary aim of the study was to explore both the cross-sectional and prospective mediating effects of the consumption of discretionary foods, SSB and takeaway foods on the association between TV viewing and BMI z-score (zBMI) in a cohort of Australian adolescents, and to examine whether these findings differ when total sedentary time and sedentary bout duration are examined. The secondary aims of the study were to explore the individual associations between the sedentary behaviour variables (TV viewing, sedentary time and sedentary bout duration) and dietary intake variables (discretionary foods, SSB and takeaway foods), as well as their associations with zBMI. Based on the existing evidence, we hypothesised that consumption of discretionary foods, SSB and takeaway foods would partially mediate the cross-sectional and prospective association between TV viewing and zBMI, but would not mediate the cross-sectional or prospective association between total sedentary time and sedentary bouts with zBMI.
In 2002/03 (baseline), 348 adolescents aged 12–13 years participated in the Nepean Kids Growing-Up Study. The adolescents were originally part of a birth cohort study (the "Nepean Study") which involved 2314 infants born between 1989 and 1990 at the Nepean Hospital (western Sydney, Australia). Written consent was obtained from the parent or guardian and assent from the adolescent. The Ethics Committees of The Children's Hospital at Westmead and Wentworth Area Health Service gave ethical approval. Full details about the original study and eligibility criteria have been previously published [17]. Briefly, the study involved adolescents attending the clinic at Nepean Hospital, where they had their height and weight measured and completed a questionnaire on their demographics and physical activity levels, and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Afterwards, adolescents wore an accelerometer for 7 days during all waking hours. In 2004/05, the adolescents were recontacted and invited to participate in the follow-up study. In total, 63 adolescents were unable to be contacted or withdrew from the study, leaving 285 adolescents participating at both time points.
Outcome variable (zBMI)
Height and weight were measured at both time points by a trained research assistant and study dietitian at the clinic. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight was measured without shoes and in light clothing to the nearest 0.1 kg with electronic scales (Wedderburn, Summer Hill, NSW, Australia). Height and weight were used to calculate each participants' BMI and zBMI was determined using the age- and sex-specific CDC 2000 reference data [18]. Overweight and obesity was determined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria [19]. In all analyses, zBMI was treated as a continuous variable.
Independent variables (sedentary behaviour)
Adolescents completed a self-report questionnaire on their time spent watching TV (hours/day) on a usual school day (Monday to Friday) and a usual weekend day (Saturday and Sunday). The questionnaire has previously been shown to have good to excellent reliability (percentage agreement = 70%–99%) [20]. To calculate average daily hours spent watching TV over a usual week, daily weekday TV hours was multiplied by five and daily weekend TV hours was multiplied by 2, then summed together and divided by seven.
Sedentary time was measured objectively by an ActiGraph AM-7164 accelerometer (ActiGraph Inc., Florida). At both time points, adolescents were asked to wear the monitor on their right hip during all waking hours for 7 days, except when bathing, swimming and sleeping. Data were downloaded in 1-min epochs and non-wear time was defined as at least 20 min of zero counts. Sedentary time was defined as all wear-time minutes with an average activity count of ≤100 counts per minute (cpm), and was standardised for wear time using the residual method [21]. Average sedentary bout duration was calculated by summing all uninterrupted minutes ≤100 cpm, and then taking the midpoint of all sedentary bouts that lie on the accumulation curve for each individual [22]. Analyses were limited to participants who had ≥8 h of wear time on ≥3 week days and ≥7 h of wear time on ≥1 weekend day [23].
Mediating variables (dietary intake)
Usual dietary intake was measured using a 56-item semi-quantitative FFQ, which was developed based on data from the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey [24]. Adolescents were asked to report how often they ate certain foods and beverages (either in times per week or per day) over the previous 7 days. The 8-item frequency response scale was converted to times per week as follows: 1) "not consumed last week" = 0; 2) "consumed once last week" = 0.143; 3) "consumed 2–3 times last week" (average number used) = 0.357; 4) "consumed 4–6 times last week" (average number used) = 0.714; 5) "consumed once a day" = 1; 6) "consumed 2 times a day" = 2; 7) "consumed 3 times a day" = 3; 8) "consumed 4–6 times a day" (average number used) = 5. For the analyses, a combination of food and beverage items were summed together to create three dietary mediators at both time points: 1) frequency of consuming discretionary foods, which included any savoury or plain biscuits, sweet pastries, cakes, doughnuts, chocolate, confectionary, and potato chips; 2) frequency of consuming SSB, which included non-diet soft drink, non-diet cordial and fruit juice and not sweetened milk drinks or energy drinks; and 3) frequency of consuming takeaway foods, which included savoury pastries (e.g. meat pies and sausage rolls), hamburgers, pizza, hot chips and spring rolls/dim sims. The FFQ was tested for reproducibility and overall showed fair to excellent reliability for sweet snacks (ICC = 0.61), savoury snacks (ICC = 0.63), SSBs (ICC = 0.77), and fast food (ICC = 0.44). Frequency of consuming discretionary foods and frequency of consuming SSB were multiplied by 7 to convert to times per day. Participants with missing data for any of the dietary items listed were excluded (n = 2). In all analyses, the dietary mediators were treated as continuous variables.
Covariates
The covariates considered for the analyses included age at baseline, sex, maternal education (an indicator for family socioeconomic status), pubertal status and accelerometry-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) collected at baseline. Maternal education was collapsed into three categories: "low" (some secondary education or less); "medium" (completing secondary school, an apprenticeship or technical certificate); and "high" (university or tertiary qualification). Pubertal status was self-assessed using the 'Tanner Stages' of breast development and commencement of menses (girls) and pubic hair and genitalia (boys) [25]. For analyses, participants were categorised as early puberty, mid-pubertal, late-pubertal and post-pubertal. Accelerometry-measured MVPA at baseline was calculated based on the Freedson accelerometer age-cut points [26] and considered as a covariate for the analyses involving sedentary time and sedentary bouts with zBMI.
As shown in Fig. 1, to be included in the analyses involving TV viewing and zBMI, participants were required to have complete data for age, sex, maternal education, pubertal status, dietary intake and TV viewing at baseline, and complete data for zBMI at baseline and follow-up (n = 259). To examine the association of total and bouts of sedentary time, dietary intake and zBMI, separate analyses were undertaken from a subsample of participants who met the previous inclusion criteria as well as meeting the accelerometry inclusion criteria at baseline (n = 140). Prior to the main analyses, all variables were checked for normality. Discretionary foods, SSB and takeaway food intake at baseline were not normally distributed and were log-transformed.
Flow diagram of participants for analyses
Analyses were conducted using Stata/SE v14.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, 2015). Figure 2 illustrates two theoretical models of the cross-sectional and prospective mediation pathways examined [27]. For all mediation analyses, the Sobel-Goodman mediation method with bootstrapping with 5000 replications was used to estimate standard errors and 95% confidence intervals [28]. For the cross-sectional analyses, only baseline variables were used to test the following associations: 1) association between the independent variable and the mediator (a-coefficient pathway); 2) association between the mediator and the outcome variable, adjusting for the independent variable (b-coefficient pathway); 3) total association between the independent variable and outcome variable (c-coefficient pathway); 4) direct association between the independent variable and outcome variable, accounting for each mediator (c′-coefficient pathway); and 5) indirect association (e.g. mediating effect) of the mediator on the independent variable and outcome variable. For the prospective analyses, similar pathways were tested. However, dietary intake at baseline and dietary intake at follow-up were examined separately as potential mediators in the associations between the independent variable at baseline and the outcome variable at follow-up. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, pubertal status and maternal education, with objectively-measured MVPA adjusted for in the analyses involving total and bouts of sedentary time with zBMI. The prospective analyses were additionally adjusted for zBMI at baseline. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 for all statistical tests.
Theoretical diagram of the cross-sectional (Model 1) and prospective (Model 2) mediation pathway
Overall, 259 and 140 adolescents were included in the TV viewing and zBMI, and the sedentary time and zBMI analytic samples, respectively (Table 1). Those excluded in the TV viewing and zBMI analyses had mothers with a lower maternal education and those excluded in the sedentary time and zBMI analyses were older, had a lower maternal education and had a higher proportion of overweight participants (Additional file 1: Tables S1 and S2 in the online supplement file).
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants included in analyses
Associations between TV viewing, dietary intake and zBMI
Cross-sectionally
There was no evidence of total or direct cross-sectional associations of TV viewing with zBMI (Table 2). A small, positive association was observed between hours spent watching TV per day and frequency of consuming takeaway foods each week (a-coefficient pathway); with each additional hour of TV viewing, adolescents consumed an additional 0.06 serves (95% CI 0.01 to 0.12; p < 0.05) of takeaway foods each week. An inverse association was also observed for consuming discretionary foods each day and zBMI (b-coefficient pathway); with each additional serving of discretionary foods consumed each day, zBMI was lower by −0.39 units (95% CI -0.65 to −0.13; p < 0.01). None of the dietary variables were significant mediators of the cross-sectional association of TV viewing with zBMI.
Table 2 Cross-sectionala and prospectiveb associations of dietary intake (mediator), TV viewing (independent) and zBMI (outcome) (n = 259)
Prospectively
There was no evidence of total or direct prospective associations between TV viewing at baseline and zBMI at follow-up. Similar to the cross-sectional associations, a positive prospective association was observed between hours spent watching TV per day and frequency of consuming takeaway foods each week at baseline and at follow-up. For example, for each additional hour of TV viewing, adolescents consumed an additional 0.07 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.12; p < 0.05) serves of take-away foods each week at baseline, and an additional 0.10 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.16; p < 0.05) serves of take-away foods each week at follow-up. However, no significant association remained for any of the dietary variables consumed at baseline and at follow-up with zBMI at follow-up (b-coefficient pathway). None of the dietary variables were significant mediators of the prospective association between TV viewing and zBMI.
Associations between total sedentary time, dietary intake and zBMI
There was no evidence of total or direct cross-sectional associations for total sedentary time (hours/day) and zBMI, or between total sedentary time and any of the dietary mediators (a-coefficient pathway) (Table 3). An inverse association was observed between frequency of consuming discretionary foods per day and zBMI; with each additional discretionary food consumed each week, zBMI was lower by −0.42 units (95% CI -0.77 to −0.07; p < 0.05) (b-coefficient). There were no significant mediating effects for any of the dietary variables in the cross-sectional association of total sedentary time with zBMI.
Table 3 Cross-sectionala and prospectiveb associations of dietary intake (mediator), sedentary time (independent) and zBMI (outcome) (n = 140)
Total sedentary time at baseline was not significantly associated with zBMI at follow-up, accounting for mediation by dietary intake at baseline and at follow-up. No significant associations were also observed for any of the total, direct and indirect pathways, nor with the a-coefficient and b-coefficient pathways.
Associations between average sedentary bout duration, dietary intake and zBMI
No significant total or direct cross-sectional associations were observed for average sedentary bout duration (minutes/day) with zBMI (Table 4). Average sedentary bout duration was inversely related to frequency of consuming SSB each day (a-coefficient pathway); with each additional minute spent in a sedentary bout, the frequency of consuming SSB was lower by nearly half a serve each day (β = −0.36, 95% CI -0.69 to −0.02; p < 0.05). An inverse association was also observed for frequency of consuming discretionary foods each week and zBMI (b-coefficient pathway); with each additional discretionary food consumed each week, zBMI was lower by −0.42 units (95% CI -0.77 to −0.06; p < 0.05). None of the dietary variables significantly mediated cross-sectional associations of sedentary bout duration with zBMI.
Table 4 Cross-sectionala and prospectiveb associations of dietary intake (mediator), sedentary bouts (independent) and zBMI (outcome) (n = 140)
When examining the prospective associations between average sedentary bout duration at baseline and zBMI at follow-up, no significant total or direct associations were observed. However, a significant inverse association remained for average sedentary bout duration with frequency of consuming SSB at baseline (β = −0.36; 95% CI -0.70 to −0.02; p < 0.05), but not at follow-up for the a-coefficient pathways. No significant associations were observed for the b-coefficient pathways or mediating effects.
This study found no evidence of direct or indirect associations for TV viewing, total sedentary time and average sedentary bout duration with adolescents' zBMI, either cross-sectionally or prospectively. Although some of the dietary variables were independently associated with TV viewing, average sedentary bout duration and zBMI, none of the dietary variables significantly mediated the relationships between the sedentary variables and zBMI cross-sectionally or prospectively.
The null finding for the association of TV viewing with zBMI in the current study is in contrast to previous studies in youth that have consistently shown significant and positive associations both cross-sectionally [6] and prospectively [29, 30]. The differences in findings could be attributed to the homogeneity of the current sample being examined, with higher than average number of hours spent watching TV [31] and a lower zBMI compared to the population average [32]. The null association for total sedentary time and average sedentary bout duration with zBMI is supported by some previous studies [8, 33,34,35], but not others [7]. Research examining accelerometer-measured sedentary time with health indictors among children and youth appears to be mixed; it is unclear whether an association exists in only some populations or if there are inconsistencies in measuring sedentary time and/or the analytical approaches undertaken.
The positive association observed for TV viewing with the consumption of takeaway foods, both cross-sectionally and prospectively is consistent with previous research [36, 37]. This link could be partially explained by the large extent of TV advertising of foods high in fat and energy during peak times when children and adolescents are likely to be watching TV [38]. In contrast, no evidence of an association was observed for total sedentary time with any of the dietary variables. The null finding is consistent with previous literature in youth [11, 12] where, compared to TV viewing, fewer significant associations are observed for total sedentary time with elements of a less healthy diet. The null finding could be due to the measure used to capture total sedentary time. For example, accelerometers measure all time spent being sedentary, and thus may capture times where adolescents may not be eating/drinking (e.g. sitting in school, sitting in the car). In addition, due to accelerometers being unable to determine posture (e.g. standing still versus sitting), time spent standing may have been included in total sedentary time and thus may diminish the opportunity to engage in an eating occasion. Unexpectedly, the study found higher sedentary bout duration was inversely associated with a lower consumption of SSB, both cross-sectionally and prospectively. One possible reason for this could be due to the adolescents not breaking up their sedentary time in order to retrieve a SSB from another room (e.g. the kitchen, school canteen). However, given the current study is one of the first to examine individual associations between sedentary bout duration and dietary intake, further research is urgently needed in this area.
In contrast, the cross-sectional, inverse association found for discretionary foods with zBMI, and the null finding for SSB and takeaway foods is in contrast with previous studies that have found positive associations for unhealthy dietary intake with BMI [39, 40]. Our findings could be a consequence of under-reporting, where overweight or obese children and adolescents have been found to under-report their energy intake by 20–40% [41]. Alternatively, it is possible that some participants in the current study with a higher zBMI may have changed their behaviour by decreasing their discretionary food intake over time as a strategy to manage their weight.
Only one other study has explored the prospective associations between TV viewing, dietary intake and BMI; however, that study examined a younger population of pre-school children aged 0–5 years over a 2-year period [42]. In contrast to the current study, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al. reported a significant positive association between TV viewing and BMI that was bi-directional, with those children characterised with high amounts of TV viewing having higher BMI, and children with higher BMI watching a greater amount of TV. In addition, that study reported the prospective associations between TV viewing and BMI among 4 year olds were mediated by discretionary foods and soft drink consumption [42]. The differences in findings between the current study and previous study could be contributed to the different study populations and dietary mediators being examined, and that the previous study only examined TV viewing and BMI. Thus, further prospective studies are needed to explore whether dietary intake mediates the relationship between various sedentary behaviours (both subjective and objectively measured) and health indicators (e.g. BMI, metabolic syndrome).
To our knowledge, the current study is the first to examine both the cross-sectional and prospective mediating effects of dietary intake on the association between sedentary behaviour and zBMI in an adolescent population, and the first to examine this using objective measures of sedentary time. Other strengths include adjustment for a variety of confounders, including maternal education and adolescent pubertal status, and examining the dietary mediators (discretionary foods, SSB, takeaway foods) separately in all models. Limitations of the study include participants self-reporting their dietary intake using an FFQ and hours spent watching TV, and the low sample size for mediation analyses. In addition, the semi-quantitative FFQ used in the current study was limited with the number of healthy food items included (e.g. fruit and vegetables) and did not have information on portion sizes. There were also differences in those that were included and excluded in the analysis of this study and thus may limit the representative of the findings. Further, the data presented in the current study was collected more than a decade ago and thus the behaviours reported in the study may not reflect the contemporary sedentary and dietary behaviours adolescents are engaging in today.
In conclusion, despite identifying some significant associations between TV viewing and average sedentary bout duration with frequency of consuming takeaway foods and SSB, and between frequency of consuming discretionary foods and zBMI, no significant associations were observed for any of the sedentary behaviour variables with zBMI, either cross-sectionally or prospectively. In addition, none of the dietary variables were found to be significant mediators of the associations between sedentary behaviour and zBMI. Given the unacceptably high levels of adolescent overweight and obesity, further studies are warranted to elucidate the complex relationships between TV viewing, sedentary time, dietary intake and health indicators.
Cpm:
Counts per minute
FFQ:
Food frequency questionnaire
MVPA:
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
SSB:
Sugar-sweetened beverages
zBMI:
Body mass index z-score
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Carson V, Janssen I. Volume, patterns, and types of sedentary behavior and cardio-metabolic health in children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:274.
Ekelund U, Luan J, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Griew P, Cooper A. Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2012;307(7):704–12.
Collings PJ, Wijndaele K, Corder K, Westgate K, Ridgway CL, Sharp SJ, Atkin AJ, Bamber D, Goodyer I, Brage S, et al. Prospective associations between sedentary time, sleep duration and adiposity in adolescents. Sleep Med. 2015;16(6):717–22.
Barr-Anderson DJ, Larson NI, Nelson MC, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M. Does television viewing predict dietary intake five years later in high school students and young adults? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6:7.
Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer DR, Story MT, Wall MM, Harnack LJ, Eisenberg ME. Fast food intake: longitudinal trends during the transition to young adulthood and correlates of intake. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(1):79–86.
Kelly B, Halford JCG, Boyland EJ, Chapman K, Bautista-Castaño I, Berg C, Caroli M, Cook B, Coutinho JG, Effertz T, et al. Television food advertising to children: a global perspective. Am J Pub Health. 2010;100(9):1730–6.
Rosenheck R. Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk. Obes Rev. 2008;9(6):535–47.
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274–88.
Collins CE, Watson J, Burrows T. Measuring dietary intake in children and adolescents in the context of overweight and obesity. Int J Obes. 2010;34(7):1103–15.
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Skouteris H, Hardy LL, Halse C. The associations between TV viewing, food intake, and BMI. A prospective analysis of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Appetite. 2012;59(3):945–8.
The authors would like to thank Dr. Vanessa Shrewsbury for collecting the data and her work on the project. We would like to thank all the families that generously donated their time to participate in this study.
The Nepean longitudinal study was funded by The Children's Hospital at Westmead Grant Research Scheme, a National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant #206501 and Meat and Livestock Australia. SAM is funded by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship Level 2, ID1104636 and was previously funded by an ARC Future Fellowship (2011-2015, FT100100581). DWD is funded by NHMRC Senior Research Fellowship (APP1078360). JS is funded by a NHMRC Principal Research Fellowship (APP1026216). This work was also partially funded by an OIS grant from the Victorian State Government and a National Health & Medical Research Council, Centre of Research Excellence grant (APP1057608).
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article has not been approved to be made publicly available by the ethics committees. To require information about the content and analyses of the dataset, contact Sarah Garnett: sarah.garnett@health.nsw.gov.au
Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia
Elly A. Fletcher, Karen E. Lamb, Sarah A. McNaughton, David W. Dunstan & Jo Salmon
The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
Sarah P. Garnett & Louise A. Baur
Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
David W. Dunstan
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
Elly A. Fletcher
Karen E. Lamb
Sarah A. McNaughton
Sarah P. Garnett
Louise A. Baur
Jo Salmon
JS, LB, and SG were involved in the conception and design of the study. EF carried out the data analysis with statistical guidance from KL. EF led the writing of the article, with contributions from authors KL, SM, JS, LB, SG, and DD. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Elly A. Fletcher.
Ethical approval was provided by the Ethics Committees of The Children's Hospital at Westmead (Project No: 2001/095) and Wentworth Area Health Service (Registration No 2001/065). Written consent was obtained from the adolescent's parent or guardian and each adolescent signed a study agreement form.
Supplement file. Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants included in the TV viewing and zBMI analyses compared to those excluded in the analyses. (PDF 29 kb)
Fletcher, E.A., Lamb, K.E., McNaughton, S.A. et al. Cross-sectional and prospective mediating effects of dietary intake on the relationship between sedentary behaviour and body mass index in adolescents. BMC Public Health 17, 751 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4771-0
Television viewing
Sedentary behaviour
Energy balance-related behaviors

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: The subspace sum of a point and a closed subspace is closed In projective geometry, a polarity is a map $\ell\mapsto\ell^\perp$ on the subspaces of $\Bbb P$ satisfying the axioms:

*

*$\Bbb P^\perp=0$

*$\ell\subseteq m\implies m^\perp\subseteq\ell^\perp$

*If $P$ is a point, then $P^\perp$ is a hyperplane (i.e. there is a point $Q\notin P^\perp$ with $Q+P^\perp=\Bbb P$) and $P^{\perp\perp}=P$.

A subspace $\ell$ is called closed if $\ell^{\perp\perp}=\ell$. (Note that this usage of "closed" may not have anything to do with the topological meaning, and ${}^\perp$ may not be an orthogonal complement.)
I am stuck trying to show that if $\ell$ is closed and $P$ is a point, then the subspace sum $\ell+P$ is closed.
Suppose $\ell+P\subsetneq \ell+P+Q\subseteq(\ell+P)^{\perp\perp}$ for some point $Q$. Then $(\ell+P)^\perp=(\ell+P+Q)^\perp$, but this doesn't seem to lead anywhere else fruitful. This can also be written as $m\cap P^\perp=m\cap(P+Q)^\perp$ where $m=\ell^\perp$.
Note that this question is similar, but involves the topological/limit definition of closed, whereas here I have only the axioms of this wannabe orthogonal projection operator available.
These statements are used without proof in this paper, on p. 10.

A: There are various facts to check first.

*

*Clearly $\ell\subset \ell^{⊥⊥}$ for all subspaces.

*Moreover we also have for all subspaces $\ell_1,\ell_2$ the equality
$$
(\ell_1+\ell_2)^⊥= \ell_1^⊥\cap \ell_2^⊥.
$$
In fact, clearly $(\ell_1+\ell_2)^⊥\subset \ell_1^⊥\cap \ell_2^⊥$, so assume that $P\in  \ell_1^⊥\cap \ell_2^⊥$. Then
$$
P\in \ell_1^{\bot}\quad \Rightarrow\quad \ell_1\subset\ell_1^{\bot\bot}\subset P^\bot,
$$
and similarly $\ell_2\subset P^\bot$. Then $\ell_1+\ell_2\subset P^\bot$ and so
$P=P^{\bot\bot}\subset(\ell_1+\ell_2)^⊥$, as desired.

*If $P,Q$ are points and $P\notin Q^\bot$, then $P+Q^\bot=\Bbb{P}$. Indeed, since $Q^\bot$ is a hyperplane, there exists a point $R\notin Q^\bot$ such that
$R+Q^\bot=\Bbb{P}$. But then $P\in R+q$ for some $q\in Q^\bot$. Since $P\ne q$, we obtain $R\in P+q$, hence
$$
\Bbb{P}=R+Q^\bot\subset P+q+ Q^\bot=P+Q^\bot.
$$

*For any subspace $\ell$ and any two points $P,Q$ with $P\in \ell\setminus Q^\bot$, we have
$$
\ell=\ell\cap Q^\bot+P.
$$
In fact, by 3. we have $\Bbb{P}=Q^\bot+P$. Now assume $X\in \ell$, then $X\in q+P$ for some $q\in Q^\bot$. But if $X\ne P$, then $q\in X+P$, and since $P,X\in\ell$, we obtain $q\in \ell$. Hence $q\in\ell\cap Q^\bot$ and so
$X\in q+P\subset \ell\cap Q^\bot+P$, as desired.

*Now assume that $\ell$ is closed. We want to prove that $\ell+P$ is closed. If $P\in\ell$, there is nothing to prove.  Else
$\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥\ne \ell^⊥$ (since $\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥= \ell^⊥$ implies
$\ell^⊥\subset P^⊥\ \Rightarrow P\in\ell$) and so
$$
\ell^⊥=\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥+Q
$$
for some $Q\in \ell^⊥\setminus P^⊥$. But then, by 2.,
$$
\ell=(\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥+Q)^⊥=(\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥)^⊥\cap Q^⊥.
$$
On the other hand, since $P\notin Q^⊥$, we also have
$$
(\ell+P)^{⊥⊥}=(\ell+P)^{⊥⊥}\cap Q^⊥+P.
$$
From $(\ell+P)^⊥=\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥$ we deduce $(\ell+P)^{⊥⊥}=(\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥)^⊥$
and so
$$
(\ell+P)^{⊥⊥}=(\ell^⊥\cap P^⊥)^⊥\cap Q^⊥+P=\ell+P.
$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Samsung presented its first ever Android smartphone named GALAXY Beam that features a video projector, back in February at the Mobile World Congress 2012 in Barcelona, Spain. The innovative gadget designed by Samsung Electronics is available across the globe in select markets.
Galaxy Beam or Samsung GT-I8530 smartphone is equipped with a dual-core NOVAThor U8500 processor, features a 4-inch WVGA touch display and runs on Android 2.3 Gingerbread OS. Built into a 12.5mm thick body, the DLP Pico projector offers the posibility to easily project videos on the go anytime, anywhere.
Galaxy Beam received its first OTA (over the air) software update a couple of weeks ago and it seems its now available in the United Kingdom via retailers. At Clove UK, Samsung GT-I8530 costs £426, at Expansys UK it available at a cheaper price only £390, while at CarPhone Warehouse you can obtain in for free on a £31 monthly plan.


Welch was born in Englewood, New Jersey. Her father was of indigenous American and African-American ancestry, and her mother of Scottish and Irish descent. Welch was raised in a Baptist church and found her love for singing in the church choir.
As a young girl, she had dreams of going to school to become a social worker, but later chose the career of a professional singer. Her career started in New York in 1922 but she moved to Europe in 1929, where she spent the rest of her life.
In 1931, Welch had included in her cabaret act the new song "As Time Goes By," almost a dozen years before it achieved screen fame in Casablanca. During World War II, she remained in London in spite of the Blitz. She entertained the armed forces along with many other artists. After the war, she began to appear in West End theatre shows, and continued on both television and radio. She also had a series of one-woman shows until 1990.
Her final performance was in 1996, for a television documentary during which she sang "Stormy Weather" at the age of 93. Welch died in 2003 at 99.


Discovering the right company for web design in The Village, not an easy task. Our job is to keep the process simple so you can focus on building your business.
Our team utilizes three very effective steps – uncover, propose, design. The first step in designing a website is to understand your company and where you stand in relation to the competition in The Village Oklahoma. This allows us to see where the industry has set the bar and how we can one-up that standard. Next we will email you a proposal. The last step in the process is web design. Our clients are able to monitor the development of the design as our team begins development from day one. This allows for our clients to request minor changes as we progress through the development process. This also gives us the opportunity to make sure that the client is fully satisfied with the final design. Once your design is completed, we offer training, hosting plans, security and tech support for every website we design.
We design your website so that people in The Village can find you when they search Google.
We have developed a wide variety of websites, some right here in The Village, Oklahoma. Take a look through our web design portfolio. You'll see a variety of businesses in a wide range of industry categories. From oil & gas companies to soccer clubs. From non-profits to city districts.


If a text includes new-line characters (the character you type when hitting the return key) to wrap long lines, the text uses hard line wraps.
If the text only uses new-line characters in the end of paragraphs, i.e. lets long lines flow to the end of the application window, it uses soft line wraps.
By hard-wrapping you impose your preferred line width upon me. By avoiding hard-wrapping you allow me to soft-wrap at whatever line-width I want.
quite annoying and definitely harder to read.
If I read a PDF-version of your document and want to jump to the corresponding point in the latex document I want to be able to search for a sequence of words. This will be impossible if the sequence of words has a hard-wrap somewhere in it.
…it might be hard to go back!
As far as I know there is no way of easily going back to "soft-wrap" or "long lines".


text:
AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath
N.G. Bruijn, de
Selected Papers on Automath
R.P. Nederpelt, J.H. Geuvers, R.C. Vrijer, de
North-Holland Publishing Company
Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics
597620Final published version, 358 KB
Bruijn, de, N. G. (1994). AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath. In R. P. Nederpelt, J. H. Geuvers, & R. C. Vrijer, de (Eds.), Selected Papers on Automath (pp. 275-281). (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics; Vol. 133). North-Holland Publishing Company.
Bruijn, de, N.G. / AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath. Selected Papers on Automath. editor / R.P. Nederpelt ; J.H. Geuvers ; R.C. Vrijer, de. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Company, 1994. pp. 275-281 (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics).
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Bruijn, de, NG 1994, AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath. in RP Nederpelt, JH Geuvers & RC Vrijer, de (eds), Selected Papers on Automath. Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics, vol. 133, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp. 275-281.
AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath. / Bruijn, de, N.G.
Selected Papers on Automath. ed. / R.P. Nederpelt; J.H. Geuvers; R.C. Vrijer, de. Amsterdam : North-Holland Publishing Company, 1994. p. 275-281 (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics; Vol. 133).
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Bruijn, de NG. AUT-SL, a single line version of Automath. In Nederpelt RP, Geuvers JH, Vrijer, de RC, editors, Selected Papers on Automath. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company. 1994. p. 275-281. (Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics).


They're the natural super foods we're told to eat more of.
Like many health conscious parents... mum Kelli was feeding her daughter Seven, plenty of fruit and vegies thinking she was doing the right thing.
"I was getting very frustrated, very short tempered, I was upset a lot of the time because I couldn't deal with her behaviours and I was embarrassed to go out… I had one of 'those' children when we went shopping," says Keli.
Breakfast was always a battle for mum Sally and her two boys.
"As a parent you think perhaps they're tired or irritable the honey caused really irritable behaviour in one of my sons and so he'd annoy the other one, first thing in the morning he'd have honey on his cornflakes," says Sally.
She too thought her kids were just misbehaving... That was until she was told their behaviour might have something to do with their diet.
"I just thought oh well that's how my children are they just get hyped up and have tantrums and looked at it and it ticked all the boxes. I realized wow it's not them it's food that's causing the tantrums, sleep problems the irritability"
"Salicylates are natural food chemicals that are part of plants and they are there to protect the plant," explains food intolerance expert Sue Dengate.
"Citrus and berries, plums and prunes, of the fruit, they are some of the worst, and then for the vegetables, tomatoes, mushrooms, avocado, I mean it's really bad news but that's the way it is," says Sue.
According to her, it's the salicylates in these healthy foods that may have very unhealthy side effects for the intolerant.
"I had no idea, I thought there was a behavioural problem, but after starting the elimination diet and then the low salicylate diet, I realised that this was the most likely cause of the issues we were having," says Kelli.
While Seven's father strongly believes her behaviour is unrelated to her diet... Kelli says she's noticed a huge difference since cutting out the fruit and vegetables that were high in the natural chemical.
"She was easy to settle, she was helpful, she would actually stop and listen when you tried to explain something to her or ask her to do something," says Kelli.
Sally also eliminated salicylates.... Sticking to those foods considered to be fail safe.
"Red delicious apples and Pears are fine, and then with the vegetables, brussel sprouts and swedes and potatoes are good one's," says Sally.
"They don't get upset, everything's fine, they sleep better, they have less anxiety," says Sally.
"In our experience most people who are affected by salicylates don't know about it," explains Sue.
While it's more common in children, some adults, particularly women, can also suffer from the same intolerance.
"I can get an emotional reaction to them so I can get quite grumpy and depressed I also get a physical reaction I can get eczema, dry lips and that sort of thing," says Kassandra.
"Extreme… my poor husband had to live with ridiculous reactions to things, extreme reactions, so he'd do something quite minor and I'd go off at him," says Kassandra.
Even preventing her from working.... But after seeing a dietician she discovered her poisoned chalice.
"Citrus, like lemon, orange, those sort of things, from a vegetable perspective just about everything's an issue so broccoli, cauliflower," explains Kassandra.
While the colour has been taken out of her diet... It's been put back into her life.
"I have a life again so I'm back at work which is wonderful news, I don't have the emotional highs and lows that I used to have, my husband says I'm much more tolerable to be around," says Kassandra.
"Most people say they used to be my favourite foods, I know what they do to me, I'm not going to eat them again," says Sue.


A few brief notes before the post. First of all, despite the fact that I am about to talk about some hard parts of pregnancy, I am NEVER not grateful. I do not take it for granted that I have gotten pregnant four times and so far have had three live and healthy babies. I know that is not everyone's happy story and I have heard many of your stories and prayed with and for you as well. Knowing that I even have a pregnancy, difficult or no, is a blessing, despite the fact that this may sound whiny to some of you. Which brings me to my second point: I am about to talk about some things that are difficult for me. I don't write it because I want to vent or because I am trying to drum up a lot of "we love you's" or throw myself a pity party. I am writing very honestly about this because I know that there are other women out there who might be feeling some of these same things. Many of whom have it MUCH worse than I do. But better or worse, I think there is something special that happens when you know you're not alone, when you know you have a community or even one other person who can say, "I know," and mean it. I write this for you.
That has to be one of the most overused phrases (both in movies and in real life) for pregnancy. Like any cliched phrase, there is some truth to it. Often pregnancy does result in a sort of glow. Sometimes from joy and sometimes from hormones and the sheer miracle (and it is a miracle) of your body growing another living person. Other times that glow is just the sheen of sweat because that beautiful pregnant woman has been vomiting all morning.
Last week, I found myself almost crying in the dressing room of a Target in Orlando. I stood there, alone, looking at myself in the mirror. I don't tend to look in the mirror that often while pregnant. I don't feel like I've got a glow. (Click to Tweet) What I do have is a tendency to gain more weight that's recommended, to swell up in the third trimester as soon as it gets warm outside. I get comments like, "Due any day now?" consistently when I'm 30 weeks pregnant. Surprised looks when I say, "Nope. Three months to go." I avoid mirrors during pregnancy.
But after the move I couldn't find bathing suits before our trip to Florida. So I grabbed a few tops to try on, a few bottoms, and a few athletic shorts just in case I couldn't handle bathing suit bottoms. I tried on a few things and I looked, really looked in the mirror. There was no glow. Instead, there were legs, ankles, and feet that had swollen up on the car ride, despite frequent stops. That stayed swollen in the 80-90 degree heat. I had no ankles. I had no knees. Just swollen, enormous legs.
And now that we have come home from our trip, I have developed pregnancy mask, a discoloration of the skin pigments. It's in my face, making me look like I have a dirty forehead and cheeks, and worst of all, a mustache. Just slight, but enough that it's noticeable. I look dirty. I don't feel beautiful, or even pretty.
You can acknowledge a struggle and still be grateful. (Click to Tweet) You can be honest that you are miserable vomiting every day all day, but still be very joyous at the cause of your sickness. I cannot wait for this pregnancy to be over not only to hold a sweet and precious miracle baby, but also so I can reclaim what is left of my pregnancy-wrecked body. (For after four pregnancies, it surely is wrecked.) Yet I am so glad to have had this chance, this miracle, this baby inside me.
I write this knowing that there are some women out there who, for whatever reason, struggle to feel beautiful while pregnant. Who hear about this glow they should have and yet don't feel it. Who see other women who seem to be breezing through pregnancy and wonder why it is not so easy. I'm sure NO woman really breezes through a pregnancy, though there is a wide spectrum of how women are affected. I hope that this might bring some sense of encouragement, camaraderie, community. No two pregnancies are alike, but you are not alone. And it is okay to struggle even in the joy of something so miraculous and wonderful.
Is pregnancy a time when you feel beautiful? Do you feel the pressure to have some kind of elusive "glow"? Or are you longing to be pregnant even with the challenges? I'd love to hear from you in the comments about your experiences.
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Yes yes yes. To all of this! I grew way to big way to fast as well. I didn't get the swelled feet until the last week or so.. but I know its horrible. And I avoided mirrors as well. I try hard not to ask any pregnant women if they are due any day either.. thats just a recipe for disaster.
I can sooo relate! I am pregnant with my 3rd after having twins last year and I feel like my body is wrecked times 2. My body confidence fluctuates hourly! Thank you for posting something so real, and for pointing out that just because there are some struggles during pregnancy doesn't mean that we aren't grateful for the miracle of pregnancy and childbirth.
Thanks for visiting! I can't imagine the havoc twins would wreak on the body! One at a time does enough for me. Congrats though and I appreciate you reading!
I'm currently about 33 weeks pregnant for the first time ever and I love the fact that I can be pregnant because I know even in my friendship group there are ladies who can't for whatever reason. I've been fortunate that I've not really had sickness and things like that. I had superhuman smell for a little while which meant that going in the kitchen some days was agonising. One particular time I walked through the door turned on my heels and told the boys that I needed them to go and do whatever it was I was going to do because something was making me want to throw up. In the last few weeks I've had heartburn – one day I thought it was going to set fire to my ears it was that high up in my chest but it seems to have died off and if needed I have the indigestion tablets to hand – either that or a huge glass of cold milk which seems to help too.
I think those women who go to awards shows and on the cat walk while pregnant must go home and put on their sweat pants and just collapse on the sofa to chill for the rest of the week lol. My husband works for a charity and they had their first market stall at the food market yesterday – somehow I ended up helping nearly all day – thankfully as part of my help they provided me with a chair so I could sit down between customers (or just give instruction from the seat as I did for the last two hours or so).
I currently have the fun of swollen ankles – I thought I could get away with living in flip flops but it's not been quite warm enough to potter around in them (and my not so nice toe nails put me off too lol. Normally they are covered in nail polish to hide them but oh yeah! reaching my toes is getting harder and harder – and I wouldn't inflict them on anyone else lol).
But I am thankfully for every fidget, whether it's like now at 7pm or whether it's in the middle of the night when I'm trying to sleep – sometimes I complain but deep down I'm grateful that those fidgets keep happening.
The superhuman smell!!! I almost threw an air freshener out the window on the highway once because the smell in the car was making me heave. 🙂 I love the fidgets (now insanely strong movements) and those are the things that bring me joy when I'm feeling down about my feet and ankles or my sciatic nerve is killing me. Congrats to you and hope you get through the rest easily!
I've had three children and I'm pretty sure the ankles and other swellings, get worse with each child! I looked like I was having twins too – -You are definitely not alone. But you're a little bit wrong too – you ARE beautiful, even when you don't feel like it. 🙂 I'm sure it took some bravery to post this, but it was worth it. Good job!
Def worse each time. I gain less weight with each, but started heavier with each, so yeah. Ugh! Thanks for the encouraging words!
I kept fainting. So I feel for you, girl! But God is showing us in so many ways that the move was a good choice (one of them being the fact that Kendall McFaddin lives around the corner and our husbands work together!). But now we are somewhat settled and I'm looking at a smiling 9 week old baby…and I have pretty much forgotten the pains of pregnancy and a third c-section. Maybe that is the most miraculous of God's baby blessings–the ability to be so consumed by love that you can forget the horrors of pregnancy! So good luck and know you have prayers coming from many different directions.
Yep, with my last pregnancy, I threw up every. single. day. until I was 38 weeks along. Let's not even talk about how much it hurt to walk.
Our culture really does a swell job of setting women up to feel bad when they don't have this magical experience around pregnancy-childbirth-babies-and-nursing.
It's such a shame, because we should be allowed to experience That Which We Experience. And not: That Which We Are Expected to Experience. When our reality doesn't match up with the expectation, we don't talk about it, b/c we feel like we're somehow defective if we're not just glowing and swoony with joy all the time. And really, the only thing that helps is TALKING ABOUT IT. True of people who hate pregnancy, who are not able to have "all-natural" childbirths, who experience post-partum depression, who can't (for a variety of reasons) nurse.
Uh, baby just woke up. Stepping down from soapbox now.
It's funny how every pregnancy is different too. With my first, my son, I honestly had never felt more alive or pretty in my life. I was hardly sick, my skin and hair looked nicer than it ever had and I was so proud of my bump and only gained the recommended weight. Cue baby girl 12 months later. I was so sick the first trimester, so tired the whole time, I had pregnancy acne (for real why would there be such a cruel thing) gained weight and swelled up like a balloon and my luscious hair was limp and actually immediately began to fall out once I delivered- and continued to do so and my hair is still not the same. So yes, pregnancy can be both beautiful and ugly at the same time and both a source of absolute joy and source of upset simultaneously. Why? Because life and the miracle of it are not one dimensional. Beautiful and honest post.
Def some of mine were easier than others, but all with the swelling as soon as it got hot outside. "Because life and the miracle of it are not one dimensional." <--- YES!!!
I'm 32 Weeks pregnant with our 1st and I have been WAITING for this magical glow everyone talks about pregnant women have! 🙂 My hair is thicker but more unruly than ever, and my hand, feet and ankles are so swollen!!! After trying for almost 2 years I'm so grateful to be pregnant like you said but why wouldn't I look like Natalie Portman!?!?!
I totally identified with this post, almost word for word! I know the exact feeling of not wanting to be ungrateful, but I really don't enjoy being pregnant. I gain too much weight, don't take any pictures, and try to ignore strangers comments (which is impossible). With my first pregnancy my were so swollen my flip flops didn't fit. My second pregnancy I was 9 days overdue, in August, in a Houston. I had to carry a hanky and forgo all makeup because I literally had sweat dripping off my face for 3 months.
I love that you keep things real on your blog, thanks for sharing the good and the bad!
Thank you!!! I've received the twin comments stared at my feet with tears in my eyes and feel sorry for myself over the stretch marks I have now received. I realize how lucky I am but this is hard it is not easy and thank you for making it ok to say.
This is wonderful. My fourth (and final planned) son to come home is 3 weeks old. Although I would not consider my other pregnancies easy, the joy of becoming a mother carried me through my three term pregnancies with little misery recognizable in public. Even my miscarriage was early leaving many unaware that it even happened. This last one really beat me up (especially combined with the worst winter in recorded history). I started avoiding social commitments because I just couldn't deal with my friends and acquaintances asking the same series of questions and making the same comments on how big and uncomfortable I looked for the last 20 weeks of my pregnancy. Being the last one I REALLY just wanted to enjoy every minute and felt guilty and ungrateful every time the pregnancy got the best of me. I look at my son now and would do it again with thinking twice, but I definitely understand where you are coming from.
I love what you said when you never know how vain you are until it's stripped from you. Totally true! I recently had an appendectomy which left me with two scars and wrecked my belly button. I never knew I cared what my belly button looked like until it changed!
Thank you! Thank you for writing this. I am pregnant with my 4th son & you have written exactly how I feel. I am a personal trainer, I know good nutrition like the back of my hand. Being vain is a part of my job, and yet everytime I get pregnant, I look like a slob. I gain weight at astonishing amounts. My hair & skin look dull & unclean, no matter what I do. And wear I gain weight on my body makes clothes, even maternity, look awkward. I am in the same boat as you. I love that I feel this sweet little boy growing stronger everyday, his kicks and jabs make me laugh out loud at times. But looking in the mirror & not recognizing your own face because your nose is swollen 3 times its normal size, or catching a glimpse of your growing rear end & muffin top makes it hard to feel beautiful while you are doing a beautiful job of making a life inside you. You want to tell people "I don't always look like this!" Thank you for giving a voice to the cause, because I know for a fact that you aren't alone!
Thank you so much for this! I came across this on Pinterest and glad I read it. I'm pregnant with my second baby, my current baby is 7 months old. It was a bit overwhelming since my first was so difficult. I feel exactly like you did, everything you said. It's hard to even tell your friends how you feel because you feel like you constantly have to say "I'm very grateful, but…" . So again, thank you for this.
Came across your post.. and exactly the read I needed today.. 21 weeks and I feel like I popped out over night. Not comfortable in my skin at all and trying my best to enjoy the blessings..


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This is what $1.3 million worth of classic Chevy trucks looks like
By Chris Chin October 26, 2017
If you're a fan of the world-renowned Barrett-Jackson auction or simply a fan of vintage Chevrolet trucks, then you probably noticed that some customized classic Chevy trucks crossed the block, only to sell for some hefty prices.
But if you missed the last couple Barrett-Jackson auction, don't worry. Chevy thought it would be a good idea to take a look back on some of the most expensive customized classic Chevy trucks ever to be sold at Barrett-Jackson in lieu of the auction last week. If you have a liking to some vintage Chevrolet trucks, particularly ones with a few mods, then you will love seeing these examples that sold for as much as some houses.
1971 Chevrolet C10 Custom
Kicking off the list is this 1971 Chevrolet C10 Custom Pickup, which sold in 2014 for $110,000. It was originally donated to the Austin Hatcher Foundation for Pediatric Cancer. The C-10 then underwent an extensive restoration and was rebuilt with a list of new bits and pieces. Under the hood sits an LS3 crate motor with 430 horsepower, a four-speed 4L65-E automatic, Ridetech air suspension, a Be Cool cooling system, and custom body panels from Goodmark Industries.
1959 Chevrolet 3100 Custom
Next up is this 1959 Chevrolet 3100 Custom, which went in exchange for $121,000 when the final hammer smacked down in Scottsdale, Arizona. Rebuilt and modified from the ground up, it features a reinforced chassis with four-link suspension, a chromed-out 3.70 rear Detroit Truetrac differential, and a white leather interior with aftermarket air conditioning.
1960 Chevrolet El Camino Custom
The Chevrolet El Camino is one of those trucks with a big cult following. More car than truck, the El Camino offered utilitarian practicality without the cumbersome driving experience of a truck … sort of. This specific example went for $126,500 in Palm Beach, Florida just this year. Everything was extensively refurbished or customized. Under the hood sits a GM ZZ 502 cu in crate V8 with a Ram Jet fuel injection system, and a completely custom leather interior.
Dating back to the 2006 Barrett-Jackson auction in Scottsdale, this 1955 3100 Custom sold for $132,000. Believe it or not, there is some inflation missing when compared to 2017, with $132,000 in 2006 equaling about $164,300 in 2017 dollars. With a custom Kandy Orange exterior with a fully done-up tan leather interior, this 3100 was named as one of the top 50 trucks of the decade by Street Trucks Magazine. It also won various awards prior at Boyds Pro Pick in Scottsdale as well as other Super Chevy shows.
1955 Chevrolet Cameo Custom
This 1955 Cameo Custom crossed the 2013 Scottsdale auction, ringing in the invoice at $143,000, only to be sold for $132,000 a year later at the Las Vegas auction. With a two-tone Titanium Grey and Lipstick Red paint theme, and a completely redesigned interior with Dakota Digital VHX gauges, a tricked-out Kenwood stereo, and Billet Specialties wheels, it certainly is a truck to remember.
1957 Chevrolet C-6 Custom Pickup
One of this custom Chevy truck's claim to fame is that it took around 7,000 man-hours and a whole bunch of custom fabricated parts to make this 1957 C-6 Custom a reality. Once completed, it crossed the Las Vegas 2011 auction and sold for a solid $148,500. It features an LS3 402 cu in V8, a full C6 Corvette suspension setup, and a six-speed transaxle with Air Ride suspension. It won an award at SEMA for the best GM Design in 2009 and the Mothers Choice Award in 2010.
1957 Chevrolet Cameo
This bright orange Cameo crossed the Scottsdale auction in 2007, selling for a cool $159,500. Busting out the inflation calculator again and that's close to $194,500 in 2017 money. It's party piece, aside from the Orange Pearl Paint, is a Big Block Chevy crate motor with 500 horsepower and a 400 four-speed automatic transmission with Electric Overdrive. The interior was also redone with leather all around, a refurbished original air conditioning system, power steering, power disc brakes, power windows, and a decked-out 400-watt stereo.
Just this past year at the Scottsdale auction, this 1950 3100 Custom reeled in $205,700 when the hammer came down. Its chassis was extensively modified by TCI with independent front suspension and other tweaks. Powering this beast is a Chevy Performance Hot Cam LS3 crate motor good for around 500 horses, mated to a 4L65E automatic transmission. Of course the interior was also reworked with a new dash design, a custom-made bench seat, headliner, and door panels.
Last but not least is this 1957 3100 Custom, colloquially known as "Quicksilver." This took the 2014 Barrett-Jackson Cup winner, It sold for a whopping $214,500. That is almost as much as a brand-spankin' new Aston Martin DB11. With a price like that, it means some special things happened while being rebuilt from the ground up. Everything on the truck was supposedly handmade, from the remolded body panels, to the 540-hp Big Block V8. Hence, it's probably why it was named as "one of the finest truck builds of all times."
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The school P.S. CHITHAI is located in the area CHITHAI of GOREA KOTHI. P.S. CHITHAI is in the SIWAN district of BIHAR state. P.S. CHITHAI GOREA KOTHI was establised in the year 1962. The management of P.S. CHITHAI is Dept. of Education.
P.S. CHITHAI is a Primary only school. The coeducation status of P.S. CHITHAI is Co-Educational. The residential status of P.S. CHITHAI is No. and the residential type of P.S. CHITHAI is Not Applicable. The total number of students in P.S. CHITHAI GOREA KOTHI is 151. The total number of teachers in P.S. CHITHAI GOREA KOTHI is 3. The total number of non teaching staff in P.S. CHITHAI is 0. The medium of instruction in P.S. CHITHAI is Hindi.
The total number of class rooms in P.S. CHITHAI is 4. The total number of other rooms in P.S. CHITHAI is 2. The total number of black boards in P.S. CHITHAI is 5. The total number of books in the library of P.S. CHITHAI is 0. The total number of computers in P.S. CHITHAI GOREA KOTHI is 0. The student teacher ratio of P.S. CHITHAI GOREA KOTHI is 50.00000. The student classroom ratio of P.S. CHITHAI is 38.00000. The pass percentage of P.S. CHITHAI is 100.00000. The percentage of students who scored first class in P.S. CHITHAI is 35.71000.


Although it seems like a new health-food craze, chia is actually one of the oldest. Chia is a traditional food in Central and South America, famously a staple of the Aztec warriors. This Salvia hispanica is in the mint family and makes white or purple flowers. The edible seed is renowned for its high content of omega fatty acids, protein, fiber, antioxidants, and vitamins and minerals. Chia seeds are gluten-free, too. So what can chia do for you?
Alpha-linoleic acid. This is an essential fatty acid that gets turned into the familiar DHA and EPA found in salmon. Alpha-linoleic acid has been shown to lower cholesterol in rats fed "bad" diets.
Reduction of blood sugar levels after eating.
Though these studies used rodents as test subjects and not humans, they give us a window into the health potential of these little seeds.
When studied in humans, taking chia reduced appetite for several hours after eating, making chia a useful addition to any natural weight-loss plan. Note that chia won't make you lose weight all by itself; eating healthy food and sticking to an exercise plan will.
Some of the unusual places you might find chia these days?
So how can you enjoy some chia seeds?
It's easy to enjoy chia. You can toss the seeds in smoothies and cereal, sprinkle them over salads, or add them to a spice rub. When mixed with water and left to stand for 30 minutes, chia forms a gel. You can mix this with cocoa powder for dessert. Chia sprouts go well in salad as well.
Just as with any new food supplement, test a small amount of chia first to make sure that you are not allergic. Then, enjoy your new ally in healthy eating!
The pH professional health care team includes recognized experts from a variety of health care and related disciplines, including physicians, attorneys, nutritionists, nurses and certified fitness instructors. This team also includes the members of the pH Medical Advisory Board, which constantly monitors all pH programs, products and services. To learn more about the pH Medical Advisory Board, click here.


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Medindia » Drug News
Aurobindo Receives Approval from USFDA for anti-AIDS drug
by Medindia Content Team on July 3, 2006 at 11:16 AM
AIDS patients, the world over, can heave a sigh of relief following the nod of approval from the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) for the world's first anti-AIDS cocktail drug for use as a single dose.
The drug manufacturer, Hyderabad-based bulk drugs major Aurobindo Pharma, has made combined anti-retro virals (ARVs) — Retrovir (zidovudine), Epivir (lamivudine) and Viramune (nevirapine) into a single three-in-one fixed dose drug.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognizes the three drugs as the first line of therapy for AIDS and they constitute about 50% of drug therapy against the disease.
Therefore the combination of the three drugs as a single tablet will result in fewer dosages as well as side-effects making life much easier for patients. Otherwise these patients have to consume about 20-30 pills a day for the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in treating AIDS.
With the US FDA approval means the drug can be sold immediately in over 15 countries as part of the $15 billion US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) programme.
Besides this, since the combination drug has now become a new drug it can receive new drug approval (NDA) and sold in the US markets, once the patents on the individual components expire. The combined market for these three drugs is estimated at a whopping $5 billion annually in the US alone.
The patents for these drugs in the US market expire in 2009 and 2010.
According to Lanka Srinivas, director, Aurobindo Pharma, 'This is indeed a major milestone for Aurobindo and, in fact, the whole country. What is further significant is that this is the first triple combination filing approved by the US FDA and, in fact, the first one ever filed.'
Lanka added that Aurobindo is targeting over $100 million in total revenues from the export of ARVs next year from the current $60 million.
<< Cadbury Dismisses Rumors of Withdrawal of More Products
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Researchers Recommend to Prescribe Aspirin Based on Benefit-to-Risk Ratio
Drug Toxicity Signature Drug Toxicity


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Q: How to remove blank space in bash script with oracle query I am writing bash script to get list of IDs from 1 table.
example:
OracleExec ()
{
OUTPUT=`sqlplus -s "$LOGON" << EOF
WHENEVER OSERROR EXIT 1
WHENEVER SQLERROR EXIT 1
SET HEADING OFF
SET AUTOCOMMIT ON
SET SERVEROUTPUT OFF
SET LINESIZE 2200
SET TRIMSPOOL ON
SET COLSEP ""
$SQL_QUERY
EXIT
EOF`
}

    SQL_QUERY="select from id1, id2 form table_a;"

    OracleExec

exit 0

Once I executed this script I am getting the expected data but with blank spaces like:
ID1                        ID1
ID2                        ID2

The question is how to remove space between those 2 columns. I am not able to find which SET parameter will allow doing that.
Can you pls advise ?
Thank you

A: If you're using a recent version of SQL*Plus you can do:
set markup csv on delimiter ' ' quote off

That uses a space as a delimiter, and stops it putting double-quotes around string values.


Bike Walk Connecticut issued the following alert to members of the House of Representatives on May 31, after the Senate passed SB 191 the previous night.
Please Raise and Pass SB 191, the Vulnerable User Bill-- This Year!
With just 6 days left in the 2013 legislative session, Bike Walk Connecticut urges you to raise and pass SB 191, the Vulnerable User bill. Now that the Senate has passed the bill, it's up to you! The cycling and pedestrian community is highly committed to seeing this bill passed this year.
SB 191 Encourages Safety. Safer Conditions Encourage More Cycling and Walking. By raising awareness of the rights of cyclists and pedestrians to share the road and creating penalties for reckless driving that kills or injures vulnerable users, SB 191 will create safer conditions for everyone. Safer conditions encourage more people to get around by bike or on foot -- and that's good public policy.
Adopting SB 191 Will Make Connecticut a More Bike-Friendly State. It's also the first order of business on Connecticut's Bicycle Friendly Report Card, issued by the League of American Bicyclists. Connecticut is becoming more bike friendly, moving up in rank from 20th place in 2012 to 18th place in 2013. We can do better though, and we should.
Being More Bike-Friendly is Good for Economic Development, the Environment, and Public Health. Being more bike-friendly is good for our environment, good for our health, and good for our pocketbooks. It's also good for the state's economy. Cycling is good for tourism. It's also a key ingredient in transportation-oriented development, vibrant communities and thriving, resilient commercial districts, and in attracting and retaining younger workers and the creative class who insist on realistic transportation options beyond the car.
The Fourth Time's the Charm. This is at least the fourth year the Vulnerable User bill has come before the legislature. Every year the bill has enjoyed broad bipartisan, bicameral support. The Vulnerable User bill is good public policy. Let's make this the year we pass it.
Thank you for working together for a more bikeable, walkable Connecticut.


OLD PARKED CARS.: 1986 Acura Integra LS.
Oh my goodness. I can't even begin to describe how 80s-cool this car is. Makes me want to wear a teal sport jacket and skinny tie.
Same as Dave. This thing reeks of 80's. Now all it needs is TURBO badges everywhere. That louver is GIANT.


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Veterans: RMV Offers Free Duplicate License
One of the Association's primary legislative goals is to enhance the pension benefits of our veterans in recognition of their service and sacrifice for our country. During the current (2017-2018) legislative session, we continue to push for enactment of H1435 and S1393 that increase the veterans' minimum pension from $300 to $1,000. Ed Note: While S1393 was introduced by Senator Vinny de Macedo (R-Plymouth) H1435 was introduced for us by Representative Jerald Parisella
Critics Ignore How Public Pensions Benefit U.S. Taxpayers, NCPERS Finds
August 15, 2017: Public pension plans are resilient, pose little burden on taxpayers, and stimulate the U.S.
Association Announces New Discount Program
Zebit is Online Resource Exclusively for Members
MAY 23, 2016: Our Association has some exciting news that I would like to be the first to share with you.
As you know, in addition to our advocacy work for public retirees, we also seek ways for members to save money through exclusive discount programs. Due to the success of these programs, retirees have asked that we offer more ways for members to save.
You asked. We listened.
STATE BOARD BEGINS TO PAY ERIP RETIREES
Work Continues On Remaining Applications
On August 31, approximately 600 former state employees, who retired under the Employee Retirement Incentive Program (ERIP), will be receiving their first pension payment, retroactive to June 30, 2015. According to the ERIP law (Chapter 19, Acts of 2015), the State Retirement Board had 120 days (4 months) from the date of retirement (June 30) to issue pensions to the ERIP retirees.
Early retirement plan drawing fewer applicants than predicted
By Joshua Miller Globe Staff June 09, 2015
Governor Charlie Baker's early retirement plan is on pace to draw fewer applicants than his administration predicted, a gap that could prompt state government layoffs later this year.
Auto & Homeowner Insurance Discount Announced
Members Can Save at Least 6% Off Arbella Premium
MAY 2015 VOICE: Last year the Association began exploring the possibility of offering discount programs to members. Our first such program, a discounted BJ's Wholesale Club membership, was unveiled in December and proved a great success.
Since then, we've listened to the requests of members and have worked to develop new programs.
Membership Reminder: BJ's Discounts Now Available
Offer Extended Through June 30th!
JUNE 5, 2015: Mass Retirees is happy to announce that our exclusive discount program with BJ's Wholesale Club has been extended through June 30, 2015. Retirees must be a dues paying Mass Retirees member in order to qualify for the program.
More Mass Retirees Discount Programs In The Works
MAY 2015 VOICE: For those members with insurance needs outside of Massachusetts, the Association is now in the process of establishing a similar discount program with national insurance providers.
Baker's early retirement plan could see House vote this week
By Joshua Miller
Globe Staff March 23, 2015
In a boost for a key part of Governor Charlie Baker's budget plan, Speaker Robert A. DeLeo Monday backed a pension-sweetening early retirement program that Baker proposed to help close a gnawing state budget gap.
DeLeo said the House of Representatives intends to vote as soon as this week on the plan, which works to entice thousands of state workers to retire early by offering them a chance to boost their pensions by crediting them with up to five additional years of age or work.
Early Retirement Proposal Under Legislative Review
Baker Plan Limited in Scope
MARCH 9, 2014: Last week, Governor Charlie Baker proposed the first early retirement incentive (ERI) plan in nearly twelve years as a means to avoid potential layoffs of some 4,500 state executive branch employees.


This presentation template 45153 is complete compatible with Google Slides. Just download PPTX and open the theme in Google Slides. Such a wonderful template will present the project in the most beneficial light as well as demonstrate significance of career growth and development. Numbers, depicted on the slide, are made of gold, silver and bronze representing leading positions, while red carpet symbolizes constant improvement and recognition. Recommended to innovative companies, sport clubs.


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Man Pleads Guilty to Aiding & Abetting Making False Statement During Gun Acquisition
Post by NHGF [Feed] » Sun Mar 08, 2020 1:17 pm
Don't Lie For The Other GuyCONCORD, MA – -(AmmoLand.com)- Jacob Dionne, 22, of Manchester, pleaded guilty in federal court to aiding and abetting the making of a false statement during the attempted acquisition of a firearm, United States Attorney Scott W. Murray announced today. According to court documents and statements made in court, on September 11, 2017, a federally licensed firearms dealer located in Hooksett contacted ATF agents about a possible straw purchase by a female. The store did not go through with the sale and described the vehicle that the female left in. ATF agents subsequently observed the vehicle on Hooksett Road in Hooksett. Dionne was one of the people in the vehicle. The female admitted that Dionne asked her to buy a firearm, and stated that he offered to pay her $200 and fill her gas tank for making the purchase. The female agreed to purchase a firearm and Dionne gave her his credit card to make the purchase. While at the licensed firearms dealer, evidence showed Dionne spoke to the female and pointed to the handgun display. The female admitted that she completed paperwork and falsely stated that she was buying the firearm for herself. In fact, she was purchasing the firearm for Dionne. Dionne was prohibited from acquiring firearms at the time of the attempted purchase. Dionne is scheduled to be sentenced on June 12, 2020. "Federal firearms laws exist in order to keep firearms out of the hands of criminals and those who cannot lawfully possess guns," said U.S. Attorney Murray. "Those who seek to evade federal law by lying in order to purchase guns, or by getting others to do so, will be identified and prosecuted. Enforcing these laws will help to reduce crime and keep our community safe." This matter was investigated by the Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives and the Manchester Police Department. The case is being prosecuted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Debra M. Walsh. The case is part of ATF's Project Safe Neighborhoods initiative, which is a federally-funded program intended to reduce gun violence through law enforcement training, public education, and aggressive law enforcement efforts to investigate and prosecute gun-related crimes. Boston Field Division Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ATF is the federal law enforcement agency responsible for investigating violations of the federal firearms and explosives laws and regulations. More information about ATF and its programs can be found at www.atf.gov.


The West Seattle Totems Junior Rifle Team is part of the West Seattle Sportsmen's Club. We have excellent coaches and the teens compete locally, regionally and nationally. Several of our shooters have gone on to shoot for college teams and some have earned scholarships.
Participation is open to those age 10 to 20 years old, but our Coaches have the discretion to decide if your child is ready to take direction and handle firearms safely. This is to ensure the safety of all participants.
To find out more or join, please email the Totems on our contact page or come down when they are practicing. Our Juniors typically practice from 4:30 pm to 8:30 pm on Wednesday nights, but please check our calendar to make sure they are shooting that night.