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Iowa State 2021-22 track & field schedule released
The Iowa State Indoor and Outdoor Track and Field season is getting closer day by day.
Cyclones add staff to track and field
The Iowa State track and field squad made an addition to its staff with the hiring of former decathlete Kurtis Brondyke as an assistant coach.…
Cailie Logue lands on CoSIDA Academic All-District team
Iowa State takes pride in the performance of its athletes during and outside of competition. Track and field and cross country runner Cailie L…
Sudbury adds new members to track, cross country staff
Iowa State's Director of Track and Field and Cross Country Jeremy Sudbury announced two new staff members will be joining the Cyclones' staff …
Bor wins steeplechase title, qualifies for Tokyo Olympics
Former Iowa State All-American athlete Hillary Bor qualified for his second consecutive Olympics on Saturday by winning the men's 3,000-meter …
Jeremy Sudbury named newest director of track, cross country squads
Iowa State track and field and cross country Assistant Coach Jeremy Sudbury had his position upgraded Friday, as he was named the Cyclones' ne…
Martin Smith released as director of track and field, cross country
Track and field and cross country Head Coach Martin Smith was released by the Iowa State Athletics Department on Wednesday after eight years as the director of the Cyclone program.
Distance runners earn All-American honors to close out NCAA Championships
Iowa State track and field concluded its events at the NCAA Outdoor Championships on Friday in Eugene, Oregon. The Cyclones had two athletes competing in two events on the track at Hayward Field to close out the season.
Cyclones qualify 10 athletes for the NCAA Championships
Updated Jun 5, 2021
The conclusion of the 2021 season is on the horizon for the Iowa State track and field team, as the Cyclones prepare to compete in one last meet at the NCAA Outdoor Championships. Iowa State's contingent will consist of 10 athletes competing in eight events in Eugene, Oregon.
Kiptoo records distance double, Cyclones qualify six more to NCAA Championships
The Iowa State track and field team wrapped up the NCAA West Prelims on a high note, as the Cyclones had six more athletes qualify for the NCAA Championships in Eugene, Oregon.
Remainder of NCAA West Prelims postponed to Saturday
Day three of the NCAA West Preliminary meet ended on a soggy note, as none of the running events were able to be completed due to a lightning delay. Hosts Texas A&M confirmed Friday evening that the remainder of the events will be Saturday.
Seniors secure qualifying spots to open NCAA West Prelims
The Iowa State track and field squad commenced the NCAA West Preliminary Meet on Wednesday in College Station, Texas. The Cyclones started the postseason at E.B. Cushing Stadium on the men's side, with 12 athletes competing in six events.
Cyclones secure 22 bids in NCAA West Preliminary Meet
The postseason is on the horizon for the Iowa State track and field squad as the NCAA announced the qualifiers for both the East and West Preliminary meets Thursday. The Cyclones will enter 22 bids in 13 different events across the men's and women's teams to the West Prelims, which are set to take place in College Station, Texas.
Distance runners clinch titles to close out Big 12 Championships
The Iowa State track and field team wrapped up the Big 12 Outdoor Championships on Sunday in pouring rain at the R.V. Christian Track in Manhattan, Kansas. The Cyclone men ended up finishing as runner-up to Texas in the men's standings with 144 total points while the women finished eighth with 57 points.
Kiptoo breaks Big 12 record, Cyclones qualify athletes for finals
Day two of the Big 12 Outdoor Championships saw the Iowa State track and field squad continue to collect points for their respective teams, as a total of thirteen athletes finished their preliminary or final events in scoring position.
Throwers, distance runners bag medals on Day 1 of Big 12 Championships
The Iowa State track and field team kicked off the Big 12 Championships on Friday, taking on the conference's best at the R.V. Christian Track in Manhattan, Kansas. The Cyclones had 13 athletes in total score points, while both the men's and women's teams finished first and second respectively in the team standings.
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Iowa State track and field have personal records at Razorback Invitational
The Iowa State men's and women's track and field teams came out of the Razorback Invitational with personal records as the teams pre…
PHOTOS: Iowa State Classic
The Cyclones hosted the annual Iowa State Classic Feb. 12 and 13 at the Lied Rec Center.
Big 12 Outdoor Track & Field Championships | All Days
The ISU men's and women's track and field teams hosted the Big 12 Outdoor Track and Field Championships this past weekend at the Cyc…
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Meet older women in Anzoategui on our website that was tailored for an older generation of daters looking to meet in a more comfortable setting. On Mature Date you'll find that we specialize in dating over 40, meet single women or men that live in the same city as you and registration is free. Click a city within Anzoategui from the list below or scroll to the left to view profiles of mature women directly.


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Grupa permutacji – grupa wszystkich permutacji ustalonego zbioru skończonego z działaniem składania pełniącym rolę działania grupowego (i tożsamością jako elementem neutralnym; element odwrotny dany jest jako permutacja odwrotna). Liczba elementów (tj. rząd) grupy permutacji zbioru -elementowego wynosi  (zob. silnia).

Grupy permutacji były punktem wyjścia teorii grup: zaczęto je badać w związku z poszukiwaniem ogólnych rozwiązań równań algebraicznych. Grupy symetryczne o więcej niż dwóch elementach nie są przemienne (abelowe), a o więcej niż czterech elementach nie są rozwiązalne: zgodnie z teorią Galois jest to powód, dla którego równania algebraiczne stopnia większego niż cztery nie mają rozwiązań ogólnych (tzw. twierdzenie Abela-Ruffiniego).

Ogólnie każdą grupę można rozumieć jako grupę permutacji elementów zbioru, na którym została określona (tzw. twierdzenie Cayleya): w związku z tym wszystkie wyniki dotyczące grup permutacji dotyczą również dowolnych grup skończonych.

Nazewnictwo i oznaczenia
Grupy permutacji bywają nazywane również grupami symetrycznymi, choć termin ten należy raczej traktować ogólnie; niektóry autorzy "grupami permutacji" nazywają podgrupy właściwe grupy symetrycznej (tu: wszystkich permutacji danego zbioru). Niekiedy używa się również nazwy grupa bijekcji (funkcji wzajemnie jednoznacznych), jednak zwykle nazwa ta odnosi się do grup przekształceń dowolnych zbiorów (w tym nieskończonych).

Zwykle grupy permutacji zbioru -elementowego oznacza się symbolem  grupy bijekcji zbioru  oznaczane są często  choć stosuje się też inne oznaczenia, np. ,  dla grup bijekcji, czy   dla grupy permutacji.

Przykłady
Jeśli  jest zbiorem pustym, to istnieje jedno trywialne uporządkowanie tego zbioru:  (permutacja pusta). Gdy  jest zbiorem jednoelementowym, to grupa permutacji znowu zawiera wyłącznie tylko permutację trywialną  Jeżeli  jest zbiorem dwuelementowym, to istnieją tylko dwie permutacje tego zbioru:  (tożsamość) oraz  (transpozycja).

Zobacz też
 permutacja

Uwagi

Przypisy

P

cs:Symetrická grupa

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Anna Marie Delaney, CEO of Offaly County Council
Major local think tank on jobs future in Offaly
An emergency conference in Tullamore to stem job losses resulting from planned Bord na Mona closures will get under on Tuesday April 30 next.
Chief executive of Offaly County Council, Anna Marie Delaney will be present at the meeting planned for the Bridge House Hotel in Tullamore at 11am, as will Bord Na Mona representatives and trade unions.
The aim of the meeting is to tackle the issues surrounding climate change, and build a "just transition" between the fossil fuels industry and attracting more eco-friendly companies into the region.
International speakers from Germany and Scotland will also be on hand to discuss their approach to solving the jobs crisis when similar situations affected their own economies.
"The midlands has always had an issue with employment and investment," says Macdara Doyle, Irish Congress of Trade Unions. "When Bord na Mona wind down, we need to put in place a new system, attract investment, create jobs, retrain people or else there will be inevitable decline in this region," he states.
"Offaly and the council have a strong interest in this, they see this as a major issue. Offaly and the midlands in general will be majorly affected by this. "It's to ensure that there is no significant job losses or economic change. Communities must benefit," he continues. "We do not want it to go like the 'Rust Belt' of America where industries just pulled out and walked away.
"And it can be done. If you look at the Spanish coal mining industry, unions have just ensured major investment as coal mining companies wind down, so it can work if it is done right.
"Ireland has signed the Paris Agreement, that binds us to a contract and unless we meet our targets we will face big fines.
"So we have to make the transition but this conference is all about harnessing that transition and making sure it is equitable for everyone in the community.
"Bord na Mona will be taking a major hit so you have to put alternatives in place, you have to put those systems in place, retraining, attracting new investment, job creation, to make the transition as smooth as possible so that communities in Offaly don't lose out.
"We will have speakers from Germany and Scotland who will be speaking about their experience on Just Transition. The State has a role to play as well because this will affect workers right across the country."
Among the speakers are Dave Moxham, the Deputy General Secretary of the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC), a position he took up in 2009.
Dave has policy responsibility for the public sector and voluntary sectors, employment rights, energy and climate change, civil justice, and courts reform. He represents the STUC on the Scottish government's Just Transition Commission.
Patricia King ICTU; Jan Philipp Paprotny, German DGB union federation; Sébastien Storme, International Trade Union Confederation's Just Transition Centre.
John MacNamara is Head of Commercial and Regulatory Affairs at Bord na Móna will be present, as will Timmy Dooley of Fianna Fail; Brian Stanley Sinn Féin; Marcella Corcoran Kennedy Fine Gael; Sean Sherlock Labour Party; Eamon Ryan Green Party; Bríd Smith Solidarity/People Before Profit; Paul Goldrick-Kelly Nevin Economic Research Institute (NERI); and Willie Noone Siptu.
- Tackling Climate Change and Building a Just Transition Model in Ireland will get underway in the Bridge House Hotel, Tullamore from 11am - 3pm. Registration from 10.15am.
Offaly can lead the way on biodiversity says Green candidate

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Let down your hair and have some fun with TOS! Wear a costume to our Welcome Reception. Prizes will be given out for best costumes. It's the perfect opportunity to socialize with old friends and foster new relationships – don't miss out!
Drink tickets will be provided for meeting attendees* and guest tickets are available for purchase.
There're a limited number of tickets available on a first-come, first-serve basis. So don't be late for class!
TOS Poster Tours are scheduled each day in the exhibit hall and will feature stops at top posters. So embark with TOS leadership on this scientific exploration of new and innovative research and breakthroughs! First come, first served at the "MEET HERE FOR POSTER TOURS" sign.


This pamphlet has a unique interest in that it is written by a man who took an active part in the Russian revolution and who also has a profound knowledge of the theoretical side of the various revolutionary movements. It has the advantage, therefore, of combining theoretical knowledge with practical experience.
Our comrade G. Maximov as a scholar and a revolutionist, has rendered a distinguished service to the anarchist movement. He is the author of a number of books, pamphlets, and articles interpreting various phases or anarchism and has lectured extensively on the subject. A comprehensive work by him on the teachings of Bakunin is soon to be published.
For more than a half century, there have been two main opposing schools of revolutionary thought. Both can agree on the necessity of abolishing capitalism and private property but they are irreconcilable on the matter of structure of the revolutionary society.
The followers of Karl Marx believe in centralization and authority, a powerful state which shall guide the revolution and the new social order. The Anarchists of whom Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin have been leading exponents insist that the state as well as capitalism must go. They believe in a free federated society with its members organized in self governing groups, factories, mills, consumers, cooperatives, etc., these groups cooperating by mutual agreement with the maximum possible freedom for all. The Anarchists have always predicted that should the Marxist idea ever prevail it would mean the defeat of economic emancipation and the substitution of Socialist bureaucrats and politicians for our present masters. In his magnificent work "The Great French Revolution" Kropotkin showed that the French Revolution was stifled by a party dictatorship and that the masses were robbed of the benefits they were to achieve.


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Anne Z. Gascoigne
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Obituary of Anne Z. Gascoigne
Please share a memory of Anne to include in a keepsake book for family and friends.
Anne Z. Gascoigne, age 102, of Penn Yan, NY passed away on Thursday, February 17th, 2022 at the Penn Yan Manor Nursing Home. Anne was born in Geneva, NY on May 17th, 1919, the daughter of the late, Charles and Lena (Bowen) Ouimette. She worked for Sharon Optical in Geneva and for the Seneca Army Depot during WWII. Following the war she was employed at Sampson Naval Base, then at the CanandaiguaVA Hospital and at the NYS Rent Control Office in Geneva. Anne was predeceased by her husband, Lewis Gascoigne on May 10th, 1988; and her cousins, Marjorie Ferguson and Robert Bowen. Anne is survived by a distant cousins and many wonderful and supportive friends. At Anne's request there will be no prior calling hours or service. A private interment will be at Lakeview Cemetery, Penn Yan, NY. In lieu of flowers, memorial donations may be made in her memory to the Humane Society of Yates County, PO Box 12, Penn Yan, NY 14527. Memories of Anne may be shared with her family and friends at townsendwoodzinger.com
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MEADVILLE, Penn. – The Meadville, Pennsylvania, KOA Campground is celebrating its 40th year of serving campers in Northwest Pennsylvania in 2018.
The campground location, currently owned by Tim and Robyn Chilson, has a long history that predates its time as a camping facility.
The McClemens family originally purchased the land from the Holland Land Company in 1893, and built a homestead and barn on the site in 1914, in an area known at that time as McClemens Flats.
In 1945, the Roae family purchased the property and turned the farm into an auction barn and built ponds for a fish hatchery, where they raised and sold flathead minnows for fishing in Pymatuning Lake. In 1978, they turned the auction barn and farm into Brookdale 1914 Campground, taking the name directly from the date on the old red barn and the brook that runs through the center of the property.
The Chilsons said people still come in and ask if there used to be a big barn with roller skating in the loft at the campground. The barn served as the main building complex for the campground until it burned down in 1984. Several campers helped rebuild the main building, which serves the local community and campers with a mini-mart store. The building also houses a recreation hall, game room, restrooms, showers, and laundry facility for the camper's use.
In 1983, the campground had only 60 campsites. The Smorey family added another 100 sites to the campground prior to the Chilson family purchasing the campground in October 1999.
The Chilsons have continued to expand the campground, adding ten 50-amp sites, two Deluxe Cabins, a Camping Cabin, a mini golf course, a Jumping Pillow, new playgrounds, and sewer service to all seasonal campsites and 23 additional overnight campsites, Wi-Fi, and cable TV to all full-hookup overnight and seasonal campsites.
In 2010, the Chilsons joined Kampgrounds of America, adding their park to North America's largest and best known camping organization. KOA now has more than 500 campgrounds across the United States and Canada. According to owner Tim Chilson, the campground will continue to evolve to meet the needs of campers and RVers.
Meadville KOA is rated in the top of campgrounds nationally. In addition, camper reviews have helped the Chilsons achieve the KOA Founder's and President's Awards again for 2018. "We're already booking this year for many of our summer and holiday weekends. We have campers who stay with us every season who have their sites already reserved, and the phone is still ringing," Chilson said.
In addition, Chilson said that their seasonal camper numbers are up, but there are still a few seasonal sites available for 2018.
The campground will be hosting a 40th Birthday Celebration Weekend on June 9.
While June 9th is the "official" campground party, Chilson said he and his staff plan to celebrate all summer long.


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Q: Cyclic subgroups in $S_4$ Question: Show that there are cyclic subgroups of order $1,2,3 \ \text{and} \ 4$ in $S_4$ but $S_4$ does not contain any cyclic subgroup of order $ \geq 5$. (Note: I suppose $S_4$ are all permutation groups of length 4.)
My attempt: Obviously $S_4$ contains the cyclic subgroups of order $1,2,3 \ \text{and} \ 4$ since $S_4$ is of order $4$. Notice that a subgroup of $S_4$, take length 3, is closed under the operation and $S_3$ is  also closed under taking inverse (I could show this if needed and I could show for the rest too).
For the next part, it is obvious that $S_4$ will not in any way ADD an element to it's permutation no matter how many times you apply the operation...
Am I going in the right direction here?

A: Hints:
1) We can write every permutation in $\;S_n\;$ as a product of disjoint cycles.
2) The order of a product of disjoint cycles is the lowest common multiple  of the cycles' orders
3) Thus, in $\;S_4\;$ the maximal order an element can have is four ($\;4\;$ ) .

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Calling Through the DNA Wire: A Newly Discovered Genetic "Switch"
TOPICS:DNAGeneticsWeizmann Institute of Science
By Weizmann Institute of Science August 27, 2021
Illustration. Credit: Yuval Robichek, Weizmann Institute of Science
Proteins communicating through the DNA molecule constitute a newly discovered genetic "switch."
Proteins can communicate through DNA, conducting a long-distance dialogue that serves as a kind of genetic "switch," according to Weizmann Institute of Science researchers. They found that the binding of proteins to one site of a DNA molecule can physically affect another binding site at a distant location, and that this "peer effect" activates certain genes. This effect had previously been observed in artificial systems, but the Weizmann study is the first to show it takes place in the DNA of living organisms.
A team headed by Dr. Hagen Hofmann of the Chemical and Structural Biology Department made this discovery while studying a peculiar phenomenon in the soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis. A small minority of these bacteria demonstrate a unique skill: an ability to enrich their genomes by taking up bacterial gene segments scattered in the soil around them. This ability depends on a protein called ComK, a transcription factor, which binds to the DNA to activate the genes that make the scavenging possible. However, it was unknown how exactly this activation works.
(l-r) Dr. Nadav Elad, Dr. Haim Rozenberg, Dr. Gabriel Rosenblum, Jakub Jungwirth and Dr. Hagen Hofmann. Twisting a rope from one end. Credit: Weizmann Institute of Science
Staff Scientist Dr. Gabriel Rosenblum led this study, in which the researchers explored the bacterial DNA using advanced biophysical tools – single-molecule FRET and cryogenic electron microscopy. In particular, they focused on the two sites on the DNA molecule to which ComK proteins bind.
They found that when two ComK molecules bind to one of the sites, it sets off a signal that facilitates the binding of two additional ComK molecules at the second site. The signal can travel between the sites because physical changes triggered by the original proteins' binding create tension that is transmitted along the DNA, something like twisting a rope from one end. Once all four molecules are bound to the DNA, a threshold is passed, switching on the bacterium's gene scavenging ability.
"We were surprised to discover that DNA, in addition to containing the genetic code, acts like a communication cable, transmitting information over a relatively long distance from one protein binding site to another," Rosenblum says.
A 3D reconstruction from single particles of bacterial DNA (gray) and ComK proteins (red), imaged by cryogenic electron microscopy, viewed from the front (left) and at a 90 degrees rotation. ComK molecules bound to two sites communicate through the DNA segment between them. Credit: Weizmann Institute of Science
By manipulating the bacterial DNA and monitoring the effects of these manipulations, the scientists clarified the details of the long-distance communication within the DNA. They found that for communication – or cooperation – between two sites to occur, these sites must be located at a particular distance from one another, and they must face the same direction on the DNA helix. Any deviation from these two conditions – for example, increasing the distance – weakened the communication. The sequence of genetic letters running between the two sites was found to have little effect on this communication, whereas a break in the DNA interrupted it completely, providing further evidence that this communication occurs through a physical connection.
Knowing these details may help design molecular switches of desired strengths for a variety of applications. The latter may include genetically engineering bacteria to clean up environmental pollution or synthesizing enzymes to be used as drugs.
"Long-distance communication within a DNA molecule is a new type of regulatory mechanism – one that opens up previously unavailable methods for designing the genetic circuits of the future," Hofmann says.
Reference: "Allostery through DNA drives phenotype switching" by Gabriel Rosenblum, Nadav Elad, Haim Rozenberg, Felix Wiggers, Jakub Jungwirth and Hagen Hofmann, 20 May 2021, Nature Communications.
The research team included Dr. Nadav Elad of Weizmann's Chemical Research Support Department; Dr. Haim Rozenberg and Dr. Felix Wiggers of the Chemical and Structural Biology Department; and Jakub Jungwirth of the Chemical and Biological Physics Department.
Dr. Hagen Hofmann is the incumbent of the Corinne S. Koshland Career Development Chair in Perpetuity.
Using DNA To Convert Carbon Dioxide Into Valuable Products
A New Twist on DNA Origami: Meta-DNA Structures Transform the DNA Nanotechnology World
MIT Researchers Devised a Way To Program Memories Into Bacterial Cells by Rewriting Their DNA
Scientists Have Finally Sequenced the Complete Human Genome – And Revealed New Genetic Secrets
The Hunger Games: Scientists Uncover the Secret of the Hunger Switch in the Brain
DNA Is Just One Among Millions of Possible Genetic Molecules – Clues for Origin of Life & Search for Extraterrestrial Biology
Surprising Arrangement of DNA in the Cell's Nucleus Revealed by Novel Imaging Method
1 Comment on "Calling Through the DNA Wire: A Newly Discovered Genetic "Switch""
Chris Dyanov | August 28, 2021 at 3:36 pm | Reply
The facts are facts, but the interpretation is a bit SciFi. There is no DNA-molecule "communication" in this case, but a well-know structural change interpretation. If there are 4 protein binding sites in a relatively moderate proximity (i.e., within up to ~5000 base-pairs), all 8 DNA sites (4×2 as 1 for each DNA strand) have the ability to self-pair as well as most-likely can form complex 3-4-more strands binding complexes. As normal, these pairings "dissolve" when proteins are bound utilizing the same hydrogen bonds that thereby leads to more or all protein binding-sites become available to protein attachment. That's all – no long-distance "communication" in fact and nothing uncommon other than what are known principles for the past 40 years.


Even though he has a Super Bowl ring and all of the athletic talent in the world, Andre Cooper is just another rookie when it comes to learning the nuances of the Arena Football League.
The Orlando Predators have coveted Cooper since he came out of Florida State in 1997, but Cooper was able to explore more lucrative options in the NFL. After having bounced around for three years in the NFL, Cooper (6 feet 2, 215 pounds) hopes to catch on as a two-way player in the 50-yard indoor league.
"It's been difficult at times," said Cooper, who had never even seen an Arena game until last Wednesday night, when the Preds bused to Tampa to watch the Tampa Bay Storm-Dallas Desperados exhibition. "In the arena game, everything happens so much faster. It seems like you only have half as much time to react on defense; otherwise, you're going to get beat."
In his AFL debut Saturday night in Indianapolis, Cooper had a hand in the Predators' 67-65 come-from-behind exhibition win over the Indiana Firebirds. On the game's final play, he managed to tip a pass from backup quarterback Jermaine Alfred that teammate Rodney Brown caught for a game-winning 27-yard touchdown.
"Andre really got up there on that play," Preds Coach Fran Papasedero said. "If you can't catch the ball in that situation, you're supposed to try and tip it. He did a good job of keeping the ball alive and Rodney caught the pass. Hopefully, this will help teach our new guys that you're never out of the game."
Cooper was USA Today's state football player of the year as a senior at Jacksonville Beach Fletcher in 1992. That same year, he was runner-up in Florida's Mr. Basketball voting after being named the state's Class 5A player of the year. "But being from the state of Florida, I knew that I had to play football once it came time to go to college," Cooper said.
Cooper was a four-year football letterman for the 'Noles and twice was an All-ACC performer. He ranks seventh in FSU history with 132 receptions, 11th with 1,930 receiving yards and fifth with 24 touchdown catches. As a junior, he caught 71 passes for 1,002 yards and a school-record 15 touchdowns.
"Andre is a great athlete, but it takes time to learn our game," Preds quarterback Jay Gruden said. "He's going to have to get used to playing on a shorter field and learn how to work the angles. But I don't think there's any question that he can be a big target for us to throw to on slants down by the goal line."
Winning seems to follow Cooper wherever he plays. As a freshman at FSU in 1993, he was a member of the school's first national championship team. Later that school year, Cooper lettered on a Seminoles basketball team that made it to the NCAA Tournament. He concentrated on football from there on out.
The winning ways continued in the NFL. In 1998, Cooper was on the roster of the world-champion Denver Broncos, earning a Super Bowl ring. With Denver in '99, Cooper had the only NFL receptions of his career (nine for 98 yards in 10 games), but the Broncos cut him before the 2000 season.
The Arizona Cardinals signed Cooper to their practice squad and allocated him to the Rhein Fire in NFL Europe last summer. But the Cards cut him before the season, and he remained out of football for a year.
"I know a lot of people think I should be mad for being released, but the three years that I spent in the NFL were the best years of my life," Cooper said. "I went over to the NFL Europe last year, but it was sort of a disadvantage because while I was over there playing, there were other guys back in training camp [with the Cards], learning the plays and learning the system."
In addition to learning a new game, Cooper finds himself competing with AFL veterans Cliff Dell and Junior Lord for the Preds' combination wide receiver/linebacker position.
"One of the things I like about Andre is he came in here humble," Papasedero said. "He's not one of those arrogant guys who think they can come in here and take over just because he played in the NFL.
"He realizes that he has a lot to learn and even though playing linebacker is not his natural position, he's not afraid to stick his helmet in there and hit somebody."


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CION Investments Announces that the CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund has Reduced its Fees
In an effort to continue to provide investors with unparalleled value, CION announces that the CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund has reduced its fees.
CION Investments extends its commitment to investor-first solutions by announcing that the CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund is reducing the management fee to 1.25% and incentive fee to 15%.
"Our goal is to provide investors with unparalleled value and better structured investing options that individuals need and deserve. We believe these changes will only enhance the value we aim to provide investors," said Michael A. Reisner, co-CEO of CION Investments.
As the demand for income options outside of traditional fixed income continues to grow, the CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund is a dynamic core income solution that has the flexibility to invest in various liquid and illiquid asset classes across the global credit spectrum. The fund's flexible strategy leverages the full breadth of the Ares credit platform and seeks to identify the best relative opportunities in both normal and volatile markets.
About CION Investments
CION Investments is a leading manager of alternative investment solutions designed to redefine the way individual investors can build their portfolios and help meet their long-term investment goals. With more than 30 years of experience in the alternative asset management industry, CION strives to level the playing field. CION currently manages CION Investment Corporation, a leading non-traded BDC, and sponsors, through CION Ares Management, CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund, a globally diversified interval fund.
About Ares Management Corporation
Ares Management Corporation is a publicly traded, leading global alternative asset manager with approximately $125 billion of assets under management as of September 30, 2018 and 18 offices in the United States, Europe, Asia and Australia. Since its inception in 1997, Ares has adhered to a disciplined investment philosophy that focuses on delivering strong risk-adjusted investment returns throughout market cycles. Ares believes each of its three distinct but complementary investment groups in Credit, Private Equity and Real Estate is a market leader based on assets under management and investment performance. Ares was built upon the fundamental principle that each group benefits from being part of the greater whole.
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CION Ares Diversified Credit Fund:
1 The public offering price is equal to the NAV plus an upfront sales charge of up to 5.75% for Class A, 4.25% for Class L, 3.00% for Class W and offering costs of up to $0.25 per share. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Please see the current prospectus, as amended and supplemented, for more information including, but not limited to, annual fund expenses.
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June 28, 2017 Bureaucracy, Business, CIty commission, Development, Downtown, Government, West Palm Beach.
Commissioner Paula Ryan said she'd fielded 700 emails on the hot-button issue. The mayor said she also had a folder filled with inquiries.
Problem was, the commission hadn't been filled in so there wasn't much they could say on the matter — the mayor's Development Services staff had been treating it as an administrative matter* at this stage and planned to bring it to the commission in the months ahead, after going through the Planning Board and Downtown Action Committee.
At Commissioner Shanon Materio's request, Muoio this week agreed to schedule a mayor-commission work session on the plan, which would allow developer Related Cos. of New York to build a 25-story office tower on a site near the waterfront now limited to five stories.
It was Related that came up with the idea, but the city took the ball and ran with it, citing a shortage of first-class office towers with which to attract employers.
Since spot-zoning — changing the zoning to favor a specific parcel, even if at odds with current zoning — isn't Kosher, Related proposed that the city create a whole Okeechobee Boulevard business district that would include its site near the First Church of Christ, Scientist.
Materio said the point of her request was to slow the approval process down a bit, so commissioners, the city's policy-making body, can have a better sense of where the administration is headed before the plan goes to the other boards.
"We have no idea right now of what is being put together," she said.


The Third Thursday Poetry and Coffee morning allows word lovers to meet and enjoy poetry in a relaxed group.
Come along to Eat At Martins 6 Caryota Ct, Coconut Grove in Darwin at 10am on the third Thursday of the month to enjoy poetry and coffee with some other poetry lovers. Read a work of your own, or a favourite by someone else – there's no criticism, just enjoyment!
Repeats April, May, June, August, September, October, and November 2019 on the third Thursday of the month. Free entry.


Yesterday was a lazy afternoon - as opposed to my usual intense activity-filled ones. I woke up around 5:00pm, and got out of bed at maybe 6:00pm.
By 8:00pm I was ready for the day, and meandered down to the Oakridge Cheesecake Factory, where I started to have a nice, relaxed dinner with the laptop.
Then Paula called. She has a new karaoke person coming in for a few Tuesdays and Fridays (though apparently she won't be permanent), and I'd either never written down, or never gotten final confirmation for her first day.
And they couldn't figure out how to hook into the bar video.
If you've never had to do phone tech support for Paula, be very, very happy. Fifteen minutes and 20 different tries at wording the same thing later, it was working.
So I gulped down my chicken piccata, and made my way to Mountain View.
It was so cute. The KJ's named Julie, though her friend Dana is the one that can work the equipment. She does have 4 remote mics, which is cool, though I'm not sure how long they're going to last (If you shake them slightly, you can hear a rattling sound through the speakers). Looks like the set she bought is probably the Vocopro UHF-5805. Again, they work reasonably well, and the sound reproduction is quite decent, but Vocopro isn't known for lasting very long.
The most amusing thing, though, is her player - she has a single disc CD/DVD player which takes forever to load, so it can take more than a minute of silence between songs as they load the new disc, wait for it to be recognized, then select the track number using the remote.
Granted, I worked for years with a single disc system. But for some reason CD/DVD systems take a lot longer to decide what kind of disc is inserted.
But whatever. They're nice people, their book, though not particularly large, isn't all that small, either, and they definitely have the right attitude - they just want people to have fun.
They're also where my missing book went - Paula apparently loaned it to them. Good to know.
It actually was a fairly busy night. They brought in their own little crowd, about 6 people singing oldies. I haven't heard that much Patsy and Frank in a while. But on top of that, the magazine sales crew from Sunday came in. The whole crew this time, including the girls.
They're really nice kids, though still kind of annoying in their, well, normalcy. Terry kept high-fiving me, apparently for the purpose of high-fiving someone. Dave wouldn't give up the mic, again. Though it was kind of fun singing Boyz in the Hood with him.
The girls sang I Will Survive and Baby Got Back - as a group, of course.
Actually, since he kept insisting on calling her his Old Lady, for all I know they're married.
Though I do have to say one thing - just as I was leaving, Dave hi-jacked the mic again, and had Latoya recite a poem of hers from memory. A piece she wrote about addiction recovery.
It was breathtakingly beautiful, both in writing and delivery.
So again, they're a really nice group of kids, and, like all people, have hidden and unexpected sides. I still won't be able to recognize a single one of them in a couple of weeks.
bluize was bartending, and moonshae is in town for the week, so I got to say hi to her. Kris was... in a mood. I'm not certain what's going on, but I haven't heard her rant this disjointedly since she quit. For whatever reason, she left early, leaving Paula holding down the bar.
Good thing the kids were drinking beer.
I left there a little after 1:30am, and made my way home, where I picked up timenchanter, who'd spent almost all day watching Buffy, and took him out to Carrows for some nutrition. I was still recovering from dinner, so I just had a slice of pie.
Heck, I'm still recovering from dinner.
Then home, and some sleep, somewhat marred by the aforesaid dinner. I don't remember the dreams much, but I do know they were odd, and dark. Creatures lurking in huge subterranean... libraries?
On the noise front: I grabbed my connecting cables while I was there, and examined them pretty closely. All the solder joints seem perfectly fine. Dammit. I'm still going to do a couple of things to the system, but I'll be showing up with my speakers again, tomorrow, just in case.
Tech support. HAHAHA it's usually moral support.
"Oh, she has an RCA connector. OK, have her hook it to the front of the VCR. The VCR. On the shelf. On the front. There are connectors on the front left. Now lower the channel to L2. Nothing's happening? Does the panel say 'DVD' or 'VCR'. Does. the. panel. say. DVD. or. VCR? DVD? OK, press the round button to the right of the panel. OK, what does it say now? What. does. it. say. now? VCR? Good! Now lower the channel to L2. Not channel 2, but L2. OK, is it working? No? What does it say? C002? That's channel 2. Lower it to L 2. Is it working? what does it say? 1? Press the channel down but one more time. One. More. Time. What does it say? L2? Good! Is it working? Yes! Good, I'll be in later."
Of course, it actually took a lot longer than that. But you get the idea.
Paula talked to a friend of hers who's been doing karaoke for a few months now, and got her to come in for a few Tuesdays and Fridays.
So the bar'll be open next Tuesday as well, but not likely after that.
How about puma? Puma concolor? mountain lion(ess)? panther?
I dunno, the last time I called someone a lioness the subject was clearly flattered.
But again, that was done with respect and recognition of just how sharp the claws and teeth are, and recollection of Kerry Sieh's story of helping his geology expedition partner back to medical aid after he got between a puma and her cubs.


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Have All This: Saturday Art Adventures!
begin in April at Orenda Springs in Marcellus, NY.
The adventures will be held on Saturdays in April, May and June from 9am-noon.
Kids will develop confidence in their creative abilities, experiment with different mediums and learn how to bring natural materials into their art making.
See the "Events" page to get the nitty gritty details but let me tell you, this setting is kid-heaven!
There are fish to kiss and frogs to find, what could be better?


text:
Diamond Head () - британський хеві-метал-гурт, сформований 1976 року в місті Стоурбрідж (Англія). Колектив був одним із очільників руху Нова хвиля британського важкого металу (NWOBHM), і є натхненником творчості таких гуртів як Metallica і Megadeth.

Історія групи

Рання історія (1976-1984)
Брайан Татлер (Brian Tatler) і Дункан Скотт (Duncan Scott) разом почали писати музику на початку 1976 року. Брайан грав на дешевій fuzz-гітарі, а Дункан на олов'яних банках з-під бісквітного печива. У Татлер був плакат з обкладинкою альбому  Філа манзанеро (Phil Manzanera), випущеного в 1975 році під назвою «Diamond Head», і він був упевнений, «що це непогана назва для групи». Але потрібен був вокаліст. Вони влаштували прослуховування деяких шкільних приятелів. Хтось із них згадав, що чув, як Шон Харріс (Sean Harris) співає в автобусі «Be Bop A Lu La». Брайан попросив Шона виконати що-небудь і після першої ж пісні запросив в команду. Колін Кімберлі (Colin Kimberley), який товаришував з Брайаном з початкової школи, став останньою необхідною групі учасником.

Перша демозапис була зроблена в 1978 році на студії в Киддермінстер е. Використовувалася вона для організації концертів. Копія була відправлена Джеффу Бартону (Geoff Barton) з «Sounds». Музика зробила належне враження, і Бартон, додавши групу в список улюблених, організував інтерв'ю. Постійні концерти зіграли свою роль - Diamond Head відкривали виступи AC/DC і Iron Maiden. На початку 1980 року група створює компанію «Diamond Head Music», як засіб для самофінансування. Перший сингл «Shoot Out The Light», що містить на зворотному боці «Helpless» записаний на «Happy Face Music».

Потім вони записують платівку, що стала їх першим офіційним альбомом. Як і четвертий вініл Led Zeppelin, він не отримав офіційної назви і згадується зазвичай як « White Album» або «Lightning To The Nations». Спочатку була виготовлена тисяча копій з порожньою білою обкладинкою. На всіх копіях були автографи кожного учасника колективу. Отримати таку пластинку можна було або на концерті, або поштою за три з половиною фунта стерлінгів. На обкладинці наступної тисячі копій був видрукуваний список пісень - сім класичних композицій, серед яких «Am I Evil?», «The Prince» і «Sucking My Love».

Наступним записом став сингл «Sweet And Innocent» з платівки «White Album», друга сторона містила нову пісню «Streets Of Gold». Ще дві нові композиції були записані в студії «DHM Records» і вийшли подвійним синглом «Waited Too Long» і «Play It Loud». Дванадцятидюймовий міньйон «The Diamond Lights», що вийшов незабаром після цього, крім уже відомої «It's Electric» містив три нових пісні «We Will not Be Back», «Diamond Lights» та «I Do not Got».

Наприкінці 1981 року група підписує договір з «MCA Records». Їхньою першою спільною роботою став міні-альбом «Four Cuts» з композиціями «Call Me», «Trick Or Treat», «Dead Reckoning», а також зміненої «Shoot Out The Lights». Другий роботою став сингл «In The Heat Of The Night», записаний перед альбомом «Borrowed Time». Подвійний сингл з концертними версіями «Play It Loud» і «Sweet And Innocent» був зведений в червні 1982 року з записи в клубі «Zig-Zag Club». На вінілі було і інтерв'ю учасників групи.

Через кілька тижнів Diamond Head чудово відіграли на «Reading Festival». У програмі були як старі, так і нові пісні. «Жива» версія «Sucking My Love» пізніше була випущена на міньйоні «Out Of Phase». І навіть 10 років по тому її можна було почути в ефірі BBC. В кінці вересня 1982 року вийшов альбом «Borrowed Time», що дістався в британських чартах до 24 місця. У жовтні та листопаді пройшло 12-денне турне по королівству в підтримку нового альбому.

У 1983 році на світ з'явився сингл «Makin 'Music», який повинен був стати попередником однойменного альбому. Однак альбом вийшов під назвою «Canterbury». Під час запису альбому гурт залишили Дункан Скотт і Колін Кімберлі. Коліна змінив Мерв Голсуорсі (Merv Goldsworthy), хоча кілька треків на платівці записані ще з Кімберлі. Роббі Франс (Robbie France) сів за барабанну установку. Перші 20 тисяч копій альбому вийшли з дефектом - голка перестрибувала перший трек. Це не могло не позначитися на продажах. Зрештою альбом зайняв в чартах 32-ю позицію.

Слідом вийшов другий «Кентерберійський» сингл групи «Out Of Phase», на зворотному боці містив пісню «Kingmaker». Влітку 1983 року група відіграла на «Donnington Rock Festival» і відразу після цього прийняла в свої ряди клавішника  Джоша Філіпса-Горса. У вересні команда завершила спільне з Black Sabbath європейське турне. І в жовтні відіграла серію концертів на підтримку альбому «Canterbury».

У 1984 році Diamond Head готується до випуску четвертого альбому «Flight East», але «MCA» розриває з ними контракт. Після невдалої спроби менеджера групи укласти контракт з «MIDEM», група розпадається.

Знову разом. Дев'яності (1991-1994)
Склад зібрався знову, щоб разом з Metallica зіграти «Helpless» і «Am I Evil?» На одному з їх шоу в Бірмінгемі.

У наступному році Брайан і Шон відтворюють команду з барабанщиком  Карлом Вілкокс (Karl Wilcox) і басистом Едді Мухом (Eddie Moohan). Граючи тільки новий матеріал, гурт завершив невеликий тур по клубам Великої Британії під псевдонімом «Dead Reckoning». Стало очевидним, що Diamond Head повернулися. На студії були записані пісні, які повинні були бути в міні-альбомі «Rising Up». Замість цього тільки два треки вийшли на дванадцятидюймовими диску. «Wild On The Streets» з'явилася ще в 1978 році, але раніше так і не була доопрацьована і записана. «Can not Help Myself» з'явилася на звороті синглу.

Далі були два тривалих клубних туру. Під час запису альбому «Death and Progress» Кейос був замінений  Пітом Вуковічем (Pete Vukovic). До альбому доклали руку і знамениті гості - Дейв Мастейн (Dave Mustaine) з Megadeth грав і брав участь в зведенні композиції «Truckin'». Тоні Айоммі з Black Sabbath додав в «Starcrossed» відмінне соло.

Перед виходом альбому команда відкривала шоу Milton Keynes Bowl 5 червня 1993 року, де грали Megadeth і Metallica. Їх же фанатам було продано більше 50 тисяч копій альбому. Це шоу в 1994 році було випущено під назвою «Evil Live». Запис включала і деякі треки з «Death And Progress». Саме ж шоу стало останнім для Diamond Head на довгі 7 років.

Новий виток історії (2000-2004)

У 2000 році Харріс і Татлер реформували групу з гітаристом Флойд Бреннаном і провели серію коротких акустичних концертів, в тому числі слот підтримки з Budgie, яка закінчилася виходом Acoustic EP. Група почала турне і знову робить повний електричний шоу з Муханов і Вілкокс назад в групі. У цьому турі Diamond Head грали свій перший концерт в США. Група повернулася в студію, щоб записати новий альбом під назвою Host, проте група закінчила в розбіжності, як Харріс побажав альбом висовуватися під новим ім'ям, як почати нове життя. Після декількох років Татлер і група терпить творчі бажання Харріса, Diamond Head і Шон Харріс, нарешті, пішли різними шляхами. Хоча Харріс випустив прес-реліз на BLABBERMOUTH.NET [9], що говорить, що, наскільки він був стурбований тим, він має таке ж право у зв'язку з назвою Diamond Head, як будь-хто інший, і що, наскільки він був стурбований , що він все ще був в групі.

Офіційна дискографія

Студійні альбоми
 1980 -  Lightning to the Nations
 1982 -  Borrowed Time
 1983 -  Canterbury
 1993 -  Death and Progress
 2005 -  All Will Be Revealed
 2007 -  What's in Your Head?
 2016 -  Diamond Head

Концертні альбоми
 1992 -  The Friday Rock Show Sessions / Live at Reading
 1994 -  Evil Live
 2000 -  Live - In the Heat of the Night
 2006 -  It's Electric

Сингли і міні-альбом и
 1980 -  Shoot Out the Lights
 1980 -  Sweet and Innocent
 1981 -  Waited Too Long / Play It Loud
 1981 -  Diamond Lights
 1982 -  Four Cuts EP
 1982 -  In the Heat of the Night
 1982 -  Call Me
 1983 -  Makin 'Music' '
 1983 -  Out of Phase  1983 -  Sucking My Love  1993 -  Wild on the Streets / I Can not Help Myself  2002 -  First Cuts Acoustic EP ''

Склад
 Нинішній склад
 Брайан Татлер - соло-гітара, бек-вокал  (1976-1985, 1991-1994, 2000-наш час)
 Едді муха -  бас  (1991-1992, 2000-наші дні)
 Карл Вілкокс - ударні  (1991-1994, 2002 наші дні)
 Енді Ебберлі - ритм-гітара  (2006-наш час)
 Расмус Андерсен - вокал  (2014 наші дні)

 Колишні учасники
 Дункан Скотт - ударні  (1976-1985)
 Шон Харріс - вокал, ритм-гітара  (1976-1985, 1990-1994, 2000-2004)
 Колін Кімберлі -  бас, бек-вокал  (1978-1983)
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\section{Introduction}

The study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) has been revolutionized by the
discovery of extremely well-localized x-ray, optical and radio
transients (Costa et al 1997, van Paradijs et al 1997, Frail et al
1997).  Follow-up of the optical transients (OTs) has shown that GRBs
come from cosmological distances (Metzger et al 1997b).  One notable
early result of this follow-up is that the OT host galaxies have
generally been near twenty-fifth magnitude in the visible, for those
cases in which a host galaxy has been detected (which is the majority
with OTs; references in Table~\ref{tab:thelist}).  Five of these host
galaxies now have redshifts $z>0.8$ (Metzger et al 1997a, Djorgovski
et al 1998e, Djorgovski et al 1999, Kulkarni et al 1998, Bloom et al
1999).  The question considered here is: {\em How do the flux and
redshift distributions of the GRB hosts compare with the predictions
of simple models?}

It has been surprising to many that bright GRBs, which have a
``euclidean'' number-flux relation suggesting that they are local, are
not correlated on the sky with local, bright galaxies (Schaefer 1998,
Band \& Hartmann 1998).  This lack of association has been termed the
``no-host problem.''  Although authors in the no-host literature have
generally assumed that the GRB luminosity function is narrow, the lack
of correlation at the bright end has suggested, even prior to the
recent redshift determinations, that the typical GRB intrinsic
energies are very great.  The approach taken here is complementary; it
is to compute several different host galaxy flux probability
distribution functions under the simplest possible assumptions about
GRB probability as a function of host galaxy luminosity and redshift,
and detectability as a function of redshift.  The distribution
functions are compared with the observations of GRB hosts.

Unfortunately, the association of each GRB with its host requires
several steps: The burst is first localized to an accuracy of half to
several arcminutes by an x-ray camera.  An OT must be discovered in
the x-ray error box, sometimes with the help of a prior radio
detection.  Finally, the OT must decay sufficiently to allow a search
for an underlying galaxy.  It may not be coincidental that many of the
hosts have $R\approx 25$~mag, comparable to the detection limit of a
few hours' integration on a large telescope.  It is at least possible
in one or two cases that the currently associated galaxy is not the
host but rather a brighter, foreground galaxy at the sky position of
the OT by chance.  This problem may be compounded by the arcsec seeing
in ground-based telescope images.  Despite these caveats, for the
purposes of this work, the conventionally believed associations of
x-ray transients with GRBs, OTs with x-ray transients, and host
galaxies with OTs, will all be accepted with fawning credulity.  As
will, of course, the hypotheses that GRBs are cosmological in origin,
and that they are associated with normal galaxies.

Table~\ref{tab:thelist} lists the GRBs with associated OTs and the
positions and extintinction-corrected magnitudes of their host
galaxies.  Magnitudes have been corrected for extinction, and
redshifts are given where known.  The OT detection associated with GRB
971227 is unconfirmed and its field was therefore not searched
exhaustively for a host galaxy.  This non-detection has little impact
on the results because, as will be shown below, the limiting magnitude
of the search does not put an interesting constraint on its host
galaxy, even if the OT detection is good.  The host galaxies of GRBs
980326 and 980329 have uncertain magnitudes.  The hosts may not be
detected, because the light attributed to the hosts may in fact be
coming partly from the OTs, even in the latest images.  The measured
fluxes really ought to be treated as upper limits (Bloom \& Kulkarni
1998, Fruchter 1999, Pian, private communication).  GRB 980425 is
excluded from the analysis because, as will be shown below, it is an
outlier at the $10^{-4}$ level in all reasonable models.  GRB 980425
must represent a distinct class of bursts.  Finally, the association
of GRB 980613 with its host galaxy is uncertain, because there is a
possibility that no OT was detected at all in this case (Thorsett \&
Metzger, private communication).

An $(\Omega_M,\Omega_{\Lambda})=(0.3,0.0)$ world model is adopted,
except where noted, and all results are independent of the Hubble
constant.  Magnitudes are given in the $R$ band relative to Vega, with
$R=25$~mag corresponding to $R_{\rm AB}=25.25$~mag or
$f_{\nu}=0.29~{\rm \mu Jy}$.

\section{Fiducial models}

Our procedure is to compare several fiducial models with the data
and then discuss the effect of variations in these models on the
comparison.  The emphasis is on minimizing the total number of
assumptions.

In all models, we assume that the probability of a GRB ``going off''
in a particular galaxy, at a particular epoch, is proportional to that
galaxy's broad-band luminosity.  In the star-formation-rate (SFR)
models, it is assumed that the total comoving rate density (number per
unit comoving volume per unit time) at which GRBs are produced at any
particular epoch is proportional to the total comoving star formation
rate density $\dot\rho(z)$ at that epoch.  A by-eye fit was performed
to the $\dot\rho(z)$ measurements of Connolly et al (1997); this fit
is shown in the second panel of Figure~\ref{fig:inputs}, it has
$\dot\rho(z)\propto z^{0.90}$ at redshifts $z<1.0$, $z^{0.00}$ at
$1.0<z<2.5$, and $z^{-0.38}$ at $z>2.5$.  In the total-stellar-density
(TSD) models, it is assumed that the comoving rate density is
proportional to the total number density of stars which have been
formed since the beginning of cosmic time, the integral of the star
formation rate density $\int\dot\rho(z)\,dt$.  Finally, in the
constant per comoving volume (CCV) model, the comoving rate density is
the same at all epochs.

At least some GRBs and OTs can be detected to very high redshift
(Kulkarni et al 1998).  Unfortunately, the detection function $p_{\rm
detect}(z)$, or probability of GRB (and X-ray and OT) detection as a
function of redshift $z$, is unknown empirically and impossible to
compute theoretically because it depends not only on the sensitivities
of the detectors but on the distribution of intrinsic gamma-ray, x-ray
and optical properties of the bursts, along with the quality and
consistency of x-ray and optical follow-up observations.  Although it
is somewhat unconventional to pack all of the uncertainties about the
multivariate gamma-ray, x-ray, and optical GRB luminosity functions
and detector and follow-up sensitivities into the single function
$p_{\rm detect}(z)$, it greatly reduces the total number of
assumptions and clarifies the model-dependence of the results.
Studies of the GRB luminosity function which are consistent with the
observed GRB number counts and redshifts suggest that $p_{\rm
detect}(z)$ is a weak function of $z$, falling by only a factor of a
few from $z=1$ to $z=3$ (Krumholz, Thorsett \& Harrison 1998).
Indeed, at least one burst with an associated OT has been associated
with a redshift 3.4 host galaxy (Kulkarni et al 1998), and it is
plausible that GRB 980329 is at $z\sim 5$ (Fruchter 1999).  In any
event, as discussed below, we find that the results are only
significantly affected if $p_{\rm detect}(z)$ is very strongly
weighted towards low redshift (corresponding to a GRB or X-ray or OT
luminosity function very strongly weighted towards low-energy bursts).
For the purposes of the fiducial models it is simply assumed that
$p_{\rm detect}(z)\propto (1+z)^{-1}$ over the redshift range $0<z<5$
and $p_{\rm detect}(z)=0$ at $z>5$, as shown in the top panel of
Figure~\ref{fig:inputs}.  The function $p_{\rm detect}(z)$ varies
slowly out to $z=5$ because the gamma-ray bursts are not assumed to be
standard candles; this analysis allows the luminosity function to be
very wide without in fact specifying its width or shape.  At $z>5$
$p_{\rm detect}(z)$ vanishes because Lyman limit absorption will
obscure OTs and host galaxies in the $R$ band.  As will be seen below,
the results do not depend very strongly on the assumed form of $p_{\rm
detect}(z)$.

We assume that all observations of hosts are performed in the R band.
Thus the observing band in the frame of the host will vary with
redshift.  To maintain independence of world model, the characteristic
luminosity $L^{\ast}$ appearing in the Schechter (1976) form of the
luminosity function is input in the form of the apparent magnitude
$R^{\ast}$ to which it corresponds at each epoch, which is the
directly observed quantity.  In practice, the $R^{\ast}(z)$ employed
is equivalent to $\log L^{\ast}$ evolving from $36.5$ (in $\nu
L_{\nu}$ in $h^{-2}\,{\rm W}$) at $z=0$ to $40.0$ at $z=5$ in an
$(\Omega_M,\Omega_{\Lambda})=(0.1,0.0)$ universe.  (This is not the
default cosmology, but this form for $R^{\ast}(z)$ is simply a
parameterization of the observational determinations, with the
$(0.1,0.0)$ world model used for consistency with Pozetti et al 1998).
This form of $R^{\ast}(z)$ is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:inputs} and is
consistent with all measures of luminosity function evolution to
$z\sim 1$ (Lilly et al 1995, Ellis et al 1996, Hogg 1998) and at
$z>2.5$ (Pozzetti et al 1998).  As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:inputs},
the faint-end slope parameter $\alpha(z)$ is chosen to be flat
($\alpha=-1.00$) in the local Universe (eg, Loveday et al 1992, Lilly
et al 1995, Ellis et al 1996, Hogg 1998) and slightly steeper
($\alpha=-1.30$) at high redshifts $2.5<z<5$ (Pozzetti et al 1998) and
steeper still ($\alpha=-1.75$) in between at redshifts $0.6<z<2.0$.
This $\alpha=-1.75$ epoch is required to make the steep number counts,
which show $d\log N/dm=0.3$ in the $R$ band at the faint end (Hogg et
al 1997), and in the redshift interval $0.6<z<2.0$ there are not yet
strong direct constraints on this slope (Lilly et al 1995, Ellis et al
1996, Hogg 1998), so this $\alpha(z)$ model, shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:inputs}, is consistent with all observations.  This
model is only arbitrary in the choice of redshift interval for the
$\alpha=-1.75$ epoch; some such epoch is required in all natural
models of the faint galaxy counts.

In the SFR models, the GRB probability will not be strictly
proportional to a galaxy's broad-band luminosity but rather to its
star formation rate.  At high redshift, the observed visual luminosity
is a very good measure of star formation rate, because observed visual
is emitted in the rest-frame ultraviolet.  This is less true in the
local Universe where star formation is at least somewhat weighted
towards lower-luminosity galaxies (Small et al 1997).  This effect is
not strong and therefore does not greatly affect the results but means
that the number of bright ($R<22$) hosts predicted by this procedure
may be slightly higher than in a more accurate representation of the
SFR model.

\section{Fiducial results and comparison with data}

The host galaxy flux and redshift distribution predictions of the
fiducial models are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fluxdist}, along with the
observed host galaxy magnitudes and redshifts.

The models are compared with relative likelihoods $\cal L$ of
obtaining the observed host galaxy magnitudes given the model.  The
likelihoods are computed by multiplying together the differential
probability $f(m)$ (probability per unit magnitude) evaluated at each
observed host magnitude value, and the integral of $f(m)\,dm$ from
$m_{\rm lim}$ to $\infty$ for the magnitude limits on GRBs 971227,
980326 and 980329.  Unfortunately, likelihoods are only relative, not
absolute.  The relative likelihoods for the fiducial SFR,TSD,CCV
models are $1.00:0.12:0.57$.

Although clearly all three models are consistent with the observed
host-galaxy magnitude distribution, both the likelihoods and the
appearence of Figure~\ref{fig:fluxdist} suggests that the TSD model is
slightly disfavored relative to SFR and CCV.  The likelihood test is
not applied to the redshift distribution because there is great
uncertainty in the redshift identification probability as a function
of magnitude and redshift, which may dominate the shape of the
observed redshift distribution.  However, under the assumptions about
redshift identification probability with which
Figure~\ref{fig:fluxdist} was made, it appears that the host-galaxy
redshift distribution also slightly disfavors the TSD model.

In all three models, the probability of finding a $z<0.008$ GRB among
a sample of 11 GRBs is less than $10^{-4}$, strongly suggesting that
GRB 980425, if associated with supernova 1998bw, represents a distinct
class of GRBs, and justifying its exclusion from the analysis.  It is
worthy of note that this argument for a second class of GRBs makes no
reference to the intrinsic energetics of GRB 980425 and is therefore
qualitatively different from previous arguments (Kulkarni et al
1998b).

It is clear from Figure~\ref{fig:fluxdist} that even with much larger
number of GRB host observations it will be very difficult to
distinguish the SFR from the CCV using the magnitude or redshift
distributions.  Previous claims to the contrary (Totani 1998) are
based on an unrealistic assumption that GRBs are close to standard
candles.  The SFR and CCV models make very similar predictions because
the comoving rate densities only differ significantly at low redshift,
where there is not much comoving volume, and at high redshift, where
the time dilation $(1+z)$ factor which comes into rate calculations
and the declining $p_{\rm detect}(z)$ both effectively reduce the
contribution to the total GRB rate.  The two hypotheses will be
readily distinguishable by investigating the spectral properties of
the associated hosts; the SFR models predict bluer and more
emission-line-dominated galaxies than an average sample.  It does
appear that the majority of GRB hosts do show signs of fairly active
star formation (Kulkarni et al 1998, Metzger et al 1997a, Fruchter et
al 1998); there may already be enough information about host galaxies
to distinguish these models.  Another simple hypothesis which would
make very similar predictions to the SFR is that the comoving rate
density is proportional to the evolving number density of quasars (eg,
Schmidt, Schneider \& Gunn 1995).

Previous no-host studies have claimed to rule out interesting GRB
models with limits on host galaxies in the range 13 to 23~mag
(Schaefer 1998, Band \& Hartmann 1998), but such studies do not
strongly constrain the GRB models presented here.  There may be no
contradiction, because the previous literature on the no-host problem
is primarily concerned with very bright bursts, and, a narrow or
standard-candle GRB luminosity function usually has been assumed.  The
present analysis, which does not specify a GRB luminosity function but
allows it to be very wide, is not capable of making different
predictions for the host galaxies of bursts with different observed
fluences.  This analysis sacrifices that capability in order to avoid
making unnecessary assumptions.

\section{Variation with inputs}

Not surprisingly, the predictions do not depend strongly on cosmology.
In an $(\Omega_M,\Omega_{\Lambda})=(1.0,0.0)$ universe, the
SFR,TSD,CCV models have likelihoods $1.00:0.06:0.45$.  In an
$(\Omega_M,\Omega_{\Lambda})=(0.4,0.6)$ universe, they have
$1.00:0.12:0.57$.

Unfortunately, the results do depend somewhat on the choice of $p_{\rm
detect}$, the least well-constrained of the model inputs.  If $p_{\rm
detect}(z)=1$ is adopted, the SFR,TSD,CCV models have likelihoods
$1.00:0.23:0.58$.  If $p_{\rm detect}(z)=(1+z)^{-3}$ is adopted, they
have $1.00:0.03:0.23$.  Weighting $p_{\rm detect}(z)$ towards high
redshift improves the success of the TSD model relative to the SFR and
CCV models, because the TSD rate density itself is weighted towards
low redshift.  However, $p_{\rm detect}(z)=1$ is clearly an
unrealistic model; it says that GRBs (and x-ray transients and OTs)
are equally easy to detect at all redshifts!  Conversely, strong
weighting of $p_{\rm detect}(z)$ towards low redshift improves the
success of SFR and CCV relative to TSD.  Even in the $p_{\rm
detect}(z)=(1+z)^{-3}$ models, the probability of finding a $z<0.008$
GRB among this sample of 11 is still very small.

There is some debate about the rise of the star formation rate density
with cosmic time at high redshift, since the measurements are subject
to possible incompleteness and uncertain dust extinction corrections
(eg, Pettini et al 1998).  This uncertainty is not important here; if
the rise in the star formation rate with time at $z>2.5$ is replaced
with a constant value equal to the value at $z>1.0$ (which may more
accurately represent the true situation, Steidel \& Adelberger,
private communication), the likelihoods for the SFR,TSD,CCV models
become $1.00:0.20:0.64$.  It is worthy of note that this change makes
the SFR and CCV models even more difficult to distinguish than in the
fiducial case.

The uncertain high-redshift faint-end slope of the galaxy luminosity
function does affect the results.  If it is changed to
$\alpha(z)=-1.75$ for all redshifts $z>2.0$, which is probably still
consistent with the existing $z\sim 3$ galaxy observations (Pozzetti
et al 1998), the SFR,TSD,CCV models have likelihoods $1.00:0.29:0.41$.
The relative success of TSD is improved when the luminosity function
is made more dwarf-rich.  However, the fraction $F_{>28}$ of hosts
predicted to be at $R>28$~mag (ie, extremely faint) becomes large.
Quantitatively, as the $z>2.5$ value of $\alpha$ ranges from $-1.0$ to
$-1.75$, $F_{>28}$ for the SFR,TSD,CCV models ranges from $F_{>28}=
0.21,0.19,0.17$ to $0.34,0.22,0.35$.  If the faint end of the galaxy
luminosity function really is steep at high redshift, and either the
SFR or the CCV hypothesis is close to correct, it is possible that
some of the current GRB host galaxy identifications or photometric
measurements are in error, since very few optical observations are
sensitive to 28~mag.

In all these models, a large fraction of host galaxies have extremely
small intrinsic luminosities.  Even if such galaxies are as common as
the extrapolated galaxy luminosity functions suggest, they may not
host GRBs.  For example, in neutron-star--neutron-star merger
scenarios, very low-mass galaxies do not gravitationally bind kicked
neutron-star binaries (Bloom, Sigurdsson \& Pols 1998a).  For this
reason it might be sensible to implement a low-luminosity cutoff to
the galaxy luminosity function.  With a cutoff at $10^{-2}\,L^{\ast}$
the SFR,TSD,CCV models have likelihoods $1.00:0.04:0.58$, and
$F_{>28}$ drops to 0.030,0.0068,0.044.  Furthermore, the dependence of
the results on the faint-end slope of the luminosity function at high
redshift disappears almost entirely.

\section{Summary}

The expected distribution of GRB host galaxy fluxes and redshifts are
predicted, assuming reasonable GRB comoving rate density models and
that at any epoch, GRB probability is proportional to host galaxy
luminosity.  The analysis makes fewer assumptions than previous
studies.  In particular, it makes no assumption of a narrow GRB
luminosity function.  The agreement between the models and the data,
for reasonable choices of model parameters, is very good.  Of the
three models considered, the TSD fares worst, although it is by no
means ruled out.  The SFR and CCV models make very similar predictions
for the host galaxy magnitude and redshift distributions, so those two
models will have to be distinguished with observations of host-galaxy
star-formation rates.

We do not find a classical no-host problem, in the sense of a lack of
local, bright galaxy hosts, although as stated above, the present
analysis does not make different predictions for bursts of different
fluences.  There may be some suggestion that GRBs do not occur in
extremely low-luminosity host galaxies, because, when no cut-off is
applied to the luminosity function at low luminosity, the models
predict a significant fraction of GRB hosts below the detection limits
of typical surveys.  Of course it is possible that up to three of the
current hosts fall into this category in the current sample of GRBs
with OTs.

One conclusion of this work is that GRB 980425, associated with the
low-redshift supernova 1998bw, must be a member of a distinct class.
In all models, the probability of finding a $z<0.008$ GRB among a
sample of 11 GRBs is less than $10^{-4}$.

It is notable that in the models presented here, many GRBs and their
hosts lie in the redshift range $1.3<z<2.5$, where galaxies are very
hard to identify with visual spectroscopy, even on large telescopes.
Either infrared spectroscopy or the ultraviolet capabilities of the
Hubble Space Telescope may be necessary to obtain the redshifts of
these GRBs.

{\em A note on history: The first version of this paper was submitted
when all known GRB host magnitudes (except GRB 980425) were in the
range $24.4<R<25.8$~mag.  At that time, the largest discrepancy
between the observations and the models was that the width of the
observed magnitude distribution was much narrower than the prediction
of any model.  Since then, three host magnitude measurements (971214,
980326, and 980613) have been significantly revised (Odewahn et al
1998, Bloom \& Kulkarni 1998, Metzger et al private communication),
and two new host magnitudes (980703 and 990123) have been measured
(Bloom et al 1998c, Fruchter et al 1999), greatly improving the
agreement between the models and the data.}

\acknowledgements We thank John Bahcall, George Djorgovski, Fiona
Harrison, Shri Kulkarni, Steve Thorsett and Eli Waxman for useful
discussions, Holger Pedersen for results in advance of publication,
and Jochen Greiner for maintaining his comprehensive GRB website.
Support for DWH was provided by Hubble Fellowship grant
HF-01093.01-97A from STScI, which is operated by AURA under NASA
contract NAS~5-26555.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Pure Maple Syrup has been one of life's best kept secrets. Its unique flavour has been enjoyed in North America for hundreds of years. Some of our favourite maple recipes are below! The first 4 recipes are thanks to Kellie MacLean and her cooking demo at the 2008 OMSPA Summer Tour!
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Melt butter in a 1- to 1 1/2-quart heavy saucepan over moderate heat. Add syrup and salt, then boil, without stirring, until mixture registers 300°F on thermometer, 15 to 20 minutes.
Pour syrup over pecans and popcorn, stirring briskly with heat proof spoon. Immediately spread popcorn in baking pan. Cool completely, then break into bite-size pieces.
1. Par-bake pie crust: Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Line pie refrigerated pie shell with foil or parchment paper and fill with pie weights or dried beans. Bake 10 to 12 minutes or until beginning to set. Remove foil with weights and bake 15 to 18 minutes longer or until golden. If shell puffs during baking, press it down with back of spoon. Cool on wire rack. Lower temperature to 300 degrees.
2. Prepare filling: In a medium saucepan over medium-high heat, reduce maple syrup by a quarter, 5 to 7 minutes. Stir in cream and bring to a simmer. Remove from heat.
3. In a medium bowl, whisk together egg yolks and egg. Whisking constantly, slowly add cream mixture to eggs. Strain mixture through a fine-mesh sieve into a cup or bowl with pouring spout. Stir in salt, nutmeg and vanilla.
4. Pour filling into crust and transfer to a rimmed baking sheet. Bake until pie is firm to touch but jiggles slightly when moved, about 1 hour. Let cool to room temperature before serving.
Split ladyfingers lengthwise and use them to line the bottom and sides of an 8×8 inch dish. Stir together coffee and 1/3 cup maple syrup until smooth. Spoon mixture over ladyfingers.
* In a large bowl, beat together cream cheese, sour cream and 1/2 cup maple syrup until smooth. Fold in whipped topping. Spread mixture over soaked ladyfingers. Cover and chill 15 minutes.
Dust with sifted cocoa just before serving or top with a sprig of mint and a fresh strawberry/raspberry.
• Please note: In my demonstration, I used the following pastry cream recipe as a filling (instead of the recipe above…although it's very nice also). I added 1 block of cream cheese, sweetened with ¼ cup of maple syrup to the chilled pastry cream to give it a little tartness.
• I also layered my tiramisu….fingers, then pastry cream, fingers, pastry cream, and a little whipped cream on top.
1. In a heavy saucepan, stir together the milk and 1/4 cup of sugar. Bring to a boil over medium heat.
2. In a medium bowl, whisk together the egg yolks and egg. Stir together the remaining sugar and cornstarch; then stir them into the egg until smooth. When the milk comes to a boil, drizzle it into the bowl in a thin stream while mixing so that you do not cook the eggs. Return the mixture to the saucepan, and slowly bring to a boil, stirring constantly so the eggs don' t curdle or scorch on the bottom.
3. When the mixture comes to a boil and thickens, remove from the heat. Stir in the butter and vanilla, mixing until the butter is completely blended in. Pour into a heat-proof container and place a piece of plastic wrap directly on the surface to prevent a skin from forming. Refrigerate until chilled before using.
Bring butter and syrup to a boil.
Toss into dry ingredients until well coated. Spread mixture onto parchment lined cookie sheet. Bake at 325 F for approx 30 minutes until golden brown (to ensure the mixture is 'dry').
Heat sugar/syrup to a simmer (allow all water to evaporate) and add cream. Leave on low heat, and stir to combine. Allow to simmer on low for up to 5 minutes, so as to not burn the mixture. Serve warm or chilled.
Refrigerate up to 4 days, or freeze for up to 2 months.
Sprinkle half of the cinnamon sugar mixture on half of one sheet of the puff pastry dough. Fold plain side of dough over onto sugar side and press with a rolling pin until it reaches it's original height (about ¼ inch).
Cut dough in 1/3 " strips and twist each end in opposite direction.
Bake at 400F for approx 15-20 minutes until golden brown.
Combine oatmeal and milk and let stand 10 minutes. Add Worchester sauce, mustard, and beat in the egg. Mash the luncheon meat and add, mixing thoroughly, then form into 10 balls. Place in a greased baking dish in 375 degree oven to bake for 30 minute3s before adding sauce. Make sauce by combining the last five ingredients and simmering for 10 minutes; discard cloves before pouring over ham balls. Continue baking for 15 minutes more, basting twice. Serves 5.
Arrange 1 lb. skinless sausage in a shallow pan. Cover with small amount of water (enough to keep meat from sticking). Cook in moderate over 325 degrees for about 10 minutes. Remove from oven, pour maple syrup over the sausage, just enough to cover. Place lid over pan and return to oven until sausage is tender. Cover may be removed for the last few minutes in order to allow the meat to brown.
1 pound of small carrots (10-16) cut in 1/8′ diagonal slices. Cook in boiling salted water for 6-10 minutes. Drain. Melt 2 tablespoons butter in skillet, add 2 tablespoons maple syrup, 2 tablespoons rye, and carrots. Cook over low heat about 5 minutes, until liquid is absorbed. Shake frequently.
Sprinkle salt over popcorn. Cook butter, syrup and the sugar to 275 degrees. Pour over popped corn, stirring constantly. Dip hand in cold water and shape into balls.
Cover and blend on high speed for 20 seconds.
Beat cooked pumpkin or squash smooth. Sift into this mixture, cornstarch, cinnamon, nutmeg, sugar and salt. Mix thoroughly. Add melted butter or margarine, milk and maple syrup and mix. Stir beaten eggs into filling. Pour into 9-10″ pie shell and bake 15 minutes. At 450 degrees and then lower oven to 325 degrees and continue baking for 40 minutes. Or until done.
Mix your favourite Golden Cake mix, place in the pan and add peeled and cored apple slices, over this sprinkle sugar and cinnamon mixture. Bake until done and serve with MAPLE SAUCE.
Bring both to boiling and add mixture of 2 tblsp. Cornstarch and water to make a thin paste. Cook until sauce thickens and clears.
Good on Cottage Pudding, Ice Cream, or apple pie.
Sift flour, salt, and baking powder; add oatmeal and nuts. Mix well and set aside. Cream shortening, add eggs and beat until light and fluffy. Add Maple Syrup, vanilla and mix well. Combine all ingredients. Drop by tsp. onto greased cookie sheet. Bake at 400 degrees for 12 minutes.
Blend well together the peanut butter and shortening; beat in the brown sugar and Maple Syrup. Add egg and beat well. Sift flour with baking soda, baking powder, and salt. Add to first mixture, beating thoroughly. Turn out on floured board and divide in half. Shape each half into a roll about 2 inches in diameter. Wrap well in waxed paper and chill overnight. Cut in slices about ¼ inch thick and place on an ungreased baking sheet. Bake in 350 degree oven for about 12 min., or until light golden brown. Makes about 4 dozen.


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Sushmita Sen posted a video on Instagram where the actress is seen learning some heavy duty Kathak dance steps and we are in awe of her. Watch video!
Thanks to social media, Sushmita Sen keeps treating her Instafam to a host of pictures and videos from her life and while on some occasions, we are given Sushmita's candid selfies, on other occasions, Sushmita treats her fans to some loved-up posts with boyfriend Rohman Shawl. And today, this diva decided to share a video wherein Former Miss Universe is seen learning some difficult Kathak dance steps.
Alongside a video of Sushmita and her dance trainer, Sush's caption read, '#12345 A simple count that can lead to such happiness, poise, awareness, balance, rhythm & grace This beautiful soul @pritam_shikhare who I consider as both my Maa & Guru, always takes me back to basics, a source that is pure & divinely childlike!! A place where I twirl & laugh, dancing with abandonment to the sound of 12345!!! I love you Pritam Maa, keep spreading your infectious positive energies, the world needs it!!! #sharing #happiness #love #ayearofcelebrations #25years #missuniverse1994 #indiaI love you guys!!!!' Here, Sushmita looks gorgeous in a simple white ethnic wear and the red dupatta adds to the glam.
A few days back, Sushmita and her family attended the wedding of SS Rajamouli's son Karthikeya and Pooja in Jaipur and Rohman had also accompanied them to the wedding. And for all those who don't know, Sushmita Sen and Rohman Shawl met at a fashion show several months ago, and soon after, the couple started dating and the two don't shy away from showing their love for each other on social media. Since Sushmita and Rohman have been going strong, Rohman has even bonded with Sushmita's daughters.