Astronomers have spent decades looking for something that sounds like it would be hard to miss: about a third of the "normal" matter in the Universe. New results from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory may have helped them locate this elusive expanse of missing matter. From independent, well-established observations, scientists have confidently calculated how much normal matter — meaning hydrogen, helium and other elements — existed soon after the Big Bang. In the time between the first few minutes and the first billion years or so, much of the normal matter made its way into gas and objects such as stars and planets, observed in the present-day Universe. The problem is that when astronomers add up the mass of all the normal matter in the present-day Universe about a third of it can't be found. (This missing matter is distinct from the still-mysterious dark matter.) One idea is that the missing mass gathered into gigantic strands or filaments of warm (that is, temperature less than 100,000 Kelvin) gas and hot (as in hotter than 100,000 Kelvin) gas in intergalactic space. These filaments are known by astronomers as the "warm-hot intergalactic medium" or WHIM. They are invisible to optical light telescopes, but some of the warm gas in filaments has been detected in ultraviolet light. Using a new technique, researchers have found new and strong evidence for the hot component of the WHIM based on data from Chandra and other telescopes. They used Chandra to look for and study filaments of warm gas lying along the path to a quasar, a bright source of X-rays powered by a rapidly growing supermassive black hole. This quasar is located about 3.4 billion light years from Earth. Their work revealed an absorption line from oxygen expected to be present in a gas with a temperature of about one million Kelvin. By extrapolating from these observations of oxygen to the full set of elements, and from the observed region to the local Universe, the researchers report they can account for the complete amount of missing matter. If this result is confirmed, one of the biggest puzzles in modern astrophysics could be solved.
The Chandra X-ray Center has prepared a platter of cosmic treats from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to enjoy. This selection represents different types of objects -- ranging from relatively nearby exploded stars to extremely distant and massive clusters of galaxies -- that emit X-rays detected by Chandra. Each image in this collection blends Chandra data with other telescopes, creating a colorful medley of light from our Universe. Let's look at the offerings. E0102-72.3 is a supernova remnant produced by a massive star that exploded in a nearby galaxy called the Small Magellanic Cloud. X-rays from Chandra have helped astronomers confirm that most of the oxygen in the universe is synthesized in massive stars. The amount of oxygen in the E0102-72.3 ring shown here is enough for thousands of solar systems. This image also contains optical data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the Very Large Telescope in Chile. Located about 4 billion light years from Earth, Abell 370 is a galaxy cluster containing several hundred galaxies. Galaxy clusters are the largest objects in the Universe held together by gravity. In addition to the individual galaxies, they contain vast amounts of multimillion-degree gas that emits X-rays, and dark matter that supplies most of the gravity of the cluster, yet does not produce any light. Chandra reveals the hot gas in a combined image with optical data from Hubble. Also known as NGC 6523 or the Lagoon Nebula, Messier 8 is a giant cloud of gas and dust where stars are currently forming. At a distance of about 4,000 light years from Earth, Messier 8 provides astronomers an excellent opportunity to study the properties of very young stars. Many infant stars give off copious amounts of high-energy light including X-rays, which are seen in the Chandra data. The X-ray data have been combined with an optical image of Messier 8 from the Mt. Lemmon Sky Center in Arizona. Look just below the middle of the three stars in the belt in the constellation of Orion to find the Orion Nebula, which can be seen without a telescope. With a telescope like Chandra, however, the view is much different. In this image, X-rays from Chandra reveal individual young stars, which are hot and energetic. When combined with radio emission from the NSF's Very Large Array, a vista of this stellar nursery is created that the unaided human eye could never capture. The Triangulum Galaxy, a.k.a., Messier 33, is a spiral galaxy about 3 million light years from Earth. It belongs to the Local Group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. Chandra's X-ray data (pink) reveal a diverse range of objects including neutron stars and black holes that are pulling material from a companion star, and supernova remnants. An optical image by amateur astronomer Warren Keller shows the majestic arms of this spiral galaxy that in many ways is a cousin to our own Milky Way. This composite image contains the aftermath of a giant collision involving four separate galaxy clusters at a distance of about 3.5 billion light years. Officially known as Abell 2744, this system is also referred to by astronomers as "Pandora's Cluster" because of all of the different structures found within it. This view of Abell 2744 contains X-ray data from Chandra showing hot gas, optical data from Subaru and the VLT, plus a map depicting the total mass concentration in the cluster, using optical data. Most of the cluster's mass is dark matter. Those of us at the Chandra X-ray Center wish you a wonderful 2019 and another year of excitement and discovery.
Chandra Image Collection (Archives 2018) A platter of cosmic treats from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. From relatively close exploded stars to distant, massive galaxy clusters. Each image blends Chandra data with other telescopes. Creating a colorful medley of light from our Universe. E0102-72.3: The debris from an exploded star. Abell 370: A gigantic galaxy cluster billions of light years away. Messier 8: A region of star formation. Orion Nebula: One of the most famous nebulas in the sky. Messier 33: A spiral galaxy like our own Milky Way. Abell 2744: Where four galaxy clusters collide. Wishing you a very Happy 2019 from the Chandra X-ray Observatory.
Hubble is Back - and so is Chandra!
On October 16, 2017, astronomers excitedly reported the first detection of electromagnetic waves, or light, from a gravitational wave source. Now, a year later, researchers are announcing the existence of a cosmic relative to that historic event. The discovery was made using data from a host of telescopes including NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. The object of the new study, called GRB 150101B, was first reported as a gamma-ray burst detected by Fermi in January 2015. This detection and follow-up observations show that this new object shares remarkable similarities to the neutron star merger and gravitational wave source discovered by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, and its European counterpart Virgo in 2017 known as GW170817. The latest study concludes that these two separate objects may, in fact, be related. The researchers think both GRB 150101B and GW170817 were most likely produced by the same type of event: the merger of two neutron stars. This is a catastrophic collision that generated a narrow jet, or beam, of high-energy particles. The jet produced a short, intense burst of gamma rays, a high-energy flash that can last only seconds. This was followed by an afterglow in optical light that lasted a few days and X-ray emission that lasted much longer. Scientists think both of these events involved kilonovas, that is, powerful explosions that release large amounts of energy and can produce elements like gold, platinum and uranium. Understanding these explosions helps astronomers trace our cosmic ancestry. There is still a lot to learn about these events, but Chandra is poised to help in this new era of combined gravitational wave and electromagnetic investigations into our Universe.
Astronomers have used data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to capture a dramatic image of an enormous tail of hot gas. This tail stretches for more than a million light years behind a group of galaxies that is falling into the depths of an even-larger cluster of galaxies. Discoveries like this help astronomers learn about the environment and conditions under which the Universe's biggest structures evolve. Galaxy clusters are the largest structures in the Universe held together by gravity. While galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of individual galaxies, the lion's share of mass in a galaxy cluster comes from hot gas, which gives off X-rays, and unseen dark matter. How did these cosmic giants get to be so big? Scientists have discovered that one way galaxy clusters grow is by capturing other galaxies with their extraordinarily powerful gravity. Abell 2142 is a galaxy cluster that contains hundreds of galaxies immersed in giant reservoirs of multi-million-degree gas. A wide-field view including Chandra data shows that a much smaller group of galaxies is plummeting toward the center of Abell 2142, adding to the enormous heft of this cluster. Behind this diving galaxy group, astronomers found a remarkable long tail of X-rays that extends for hundreds of thousands of light years. This tail formed when hot gas from the group of galaxies falls is stripped off into Abell 2142, much like leaves from a tree in the fall during a strong gust of wind. The shape and length of the tail tells astronomers about certain properties in the system, such as the strength of the magnetic fields that may be wrapping about the tail. Galaxy clusters have been one of Chandra's most compelling targets over its nearly two decades of operations in space. Scientists look forward to studying many more in the years to come.
Astronomers have used data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to make heads and tails of a fascinating galactic system. Abell 2142 is a galaxy cluster, one of the largest structures in the Universe, containing hundreds of galaxies and huge amounts of hot gas. Chandra captured a smaller galaxy group, with a handful of galaxies, plummeting toward Abell 2142. Behind this diving galaxy group is a long tail of X-rays extending for over a million light years. By studying this system, astronomers can learn more about how the Universe's biggest objects have collided and grown over billions of years.
Since 1937, astronomers have puzzled over the curious variability of a young star named RW Aur A, which is located about 450 light years from Earth. Every few decades, the star's optical light has faded briefly before brightening again. In recent years, astronomers have observed the star dimming more frequently, and for longer periods. Using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, a team of scientists may have uncovered what caused the star's most recent dimming event: a collision of two infant planetary bodies. Once the planets were destroyed, the debris would have fallen onto the star, generating a thick veil of dust and gas. This would have temporarily obscured the star's light, explaining the dimming astronomers have seen. Computer simulations have long predicted that planets can fall into a young star, but scientists have never before observed that before now. If this most recent study is correct, it would be the first time that astronomers have directly observed a young star devouring a planet. Because the X-rays come from the hot outer atmosphere of the star, changes in the X-ray spectrum — the intensity of X-rays measured at different wavelengths — over these three observations were used to probe the density and composition of the absorbing material around the star. The team found that the dips in both optical and X-ray light are caused by dense gas obscuring the star's light. The observation in 2017 showed strong emission from iron atoms, indicating that the disk contained at least 10 times more iron than in the 2013 observation during a bright period. The researchers think the excess iron was created when two planetesimals, or infant planetary bodies, collided. If one or both planetary bodies are made partly of iron, their smash-up could release a large amount of iron into the star's disk and temporarily obscure its light as the material falls into the star. This discovery gives insight into the processes affecting the development of infant planets. Undoubtedly, astronomers will continue to study this fascinating object with Chandra and other telescopes.
For decades, astronomers have watched as the star RW Aur A has faded and brightened in optical light. RW Aur A is a few million years old and relatively close to Earth at a distance of 450 light years. Recently, they watched as the star dimmed more frequently and for longer periods of time. To investigate this mystery, a team of scientists used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study it using a different kind of light: X-rays. The X-rays provided evidence that the most recent dimming was caused by the destruction of a young planet that was then devoured by a star. This would be the first time that anyone has seen such an event and would help astronomers better understand how infant planets develop.
The spectacular merger of two neutron stars that generated gravitational waves announced last fall likely did something else: birthed a black hole. This newly spawned black hole would be the lowest mass black hole ever found. A new study analyzed data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory taken in the days, weeks, and months after the detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, or LIGO, and gamma rays by NASA's Fermi mission on August 17, 2017. While nearly every telescope at professional astronomers' disposal observed this source, known officially as GW170817, X-rays from Chandra are critical for understanding what happened after the two neutron stars collided. From the LIGO data astronomers have a good estimate that the mass of the object resulting from the neutron star merger is about 2.7 times the mass of the Sun. This puts it on a tightrope of identity, implying it is either the most massive neutron star ever found or the lowest mass black hole ever found. The previous record holders for the latter are no less than about four or five times the Sun's mass. The Chandra observations are telling, not only for what they revealed, but also for what they did not. If the neutron stars merged and formed a heavier neutron star, then astronomers would expect it to spin rapidly and generate a very strong magnetic field. This, in turn, would have created an expanding bubble of high-energy particles that would result in bright X-ray emission. Instead, the Chandra data show levels of X-rays that are a factor of a few to several hundred times lower than expected for a rapidly spinning, merged neutron star and the associated bubble of high-energy particles, implying a black hole likely formed instead.
Neutron stars are the ultra dense cores of massive stars that collapse and undergo a supernova explosion. This neutron star is located within the remains of a supernova — known as 1E 0102.2-7219 (E0102 for short) — in the Small Magellanic Cloud, located 200,000 light years from Earth. E0102's neutron star is different from most others because it has both a low magnetic field and does not have a star in orbit around it. Its remnant is also unusual because it contains high levels of oxygen like two other well-known supernova remnants, Cassiopeia A and Puppis A. These oxygen-rich supernova remnants are important for understanding how massive stars fuse lighter elements into heavier ones before they explode. Future observations of E0102 at X-ray, optical, and radio wavelengths should help astronomers understand the origin of this lonely neutron star.
A distant and lonely neutron star has been discovered outside the Milky Way galaxy for the first time. Neutron stars are the ultra-dense cores of massive stars that collapse and undergo a supernova explosion. 1E 0102.2-7219 is a supernova remnant, the stellar debris field left behind after the giant star exploded. Data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes points to a celestial bull's eye where the neutron star was found. Unlike many other neutron stars, this one has a very low magnetic field and no stellar companion. Astronomers will continue to observe this object at X-ray, radio, and visible light wavelengths to learn more about this cosmic oddity.
In some ways, star clusters are like giant families with thousands of stellar siblings. These stars come from the same origins — a common cloud of gas and dust — and are bound to one another by gravity. Astronomers think that our Sun was born in a star cluster about 4.6 billion years ago that quickly dispersed. By studying young star clusters, astronomers hope to learn more about how stars — including our Sun — are born. NGC 6231, located about 5,200 light years from Earth, is an ideal testbed for studying a stellar cluster at a critical stage of its evolution: not long after star formation has stopped. The discovery of NGC 6231 is attributed to Giovanni Battista Hodierna, an Italian mathematician and priest who published observations of the cluster in 1654. Sky watchers today can find the star cluster to the southwest of the tail of the constellation Scorpius. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has been used to identify the young Sun-like stars in NGC 6231, which have, until recently, been hiding in plain sight. Young star clusters like NGC 6231 are found in the band of the Milky Way on the sky. As a result, interloping stars lying in front of or behind NGC 6231 greatly outnumber the stars in the cluster. These stars will generally be much older than those in NGC 6231, so members of the cluster can be identified by selecting signs of stellar youth. The Chandra data, combined with infrared data from the VISTA telescope, have provided the best census of young stars in NGC 6231 available. By studying this cluster and others like it, astronomers hope to better understand our Sun's origins and our shared cosmic ancestry with stars across the Galaxy.
Astronomers think that our Sun was born in a cluster of stars about 4.6 billion years ago that quickly dispersed. Studying other stellar clusters helps scientists better understand how stars — including our Sun — are born. NGC 6231 is a relatively nearby cluster in the Milky Way galaxy with thousands of stars. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has been used to identify the young Sun-like stars in NGC 6231, which have, until recently, been hiding in plain sight. By combining X-rays from Chandra with infrared data, astronomers have compiled the best census to date of the stars in NGC 6231.
Winter often brings many intense and powerful storms, with cold fronts sweeping across many parts of the globe. There are, however, even bigger weather systems. For example, astronomers have discovered cold fronts in space that are millions of light years in extent and older than the Solar System. For example, researchers used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study a cold front located in the Perseus galaxy cluster that extends for about two million light years, or about 10 billion billion miles. Galaxy clusters are the largest and most massive objects in the Universe that are held together by gravity. In between the hundreds or even thousands of galaxies in a cluster, there are vast reservoirs of super-heated gas that glow brightly in X-ray light. The cold front in the Perseus cluster consists of a relatively dense band of gas with a "cool" temperature of about 30 million degrees moving through lower density hot gas of about 80 million degrees. The enormous cold front formed about 5 billion years ago and has been traveling at speeds of about 300,000 miles per hour ever since. The cold front has not only survived for over a third of the age of the Universe, but it has also remained surprisingly sharp and split into two different pieces. Astronomers expected that such an old cold front would have been blurred out or eroded over time because it has traveled for billions of years through a harsh environment of sound waves and turbulence caused by outbursts from the huge black hole at the center of Perseus. Instead, the sharpness of the Perseus cold front suggests that the structure has been preserved by magnetic fields that are wrapped around it. Perseus is the same cluster where astronomers use Chandra to discover sound waves with a note of B-flat 57 octaves below middle-C plus a giant wave about twice the width of the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomers will continue to use Chandra and other telescopes to study this fascinating galaxy cluster.
Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study a gigantic and resilient "cold front" in the Perseus galaxy cluster. This cold front consists of a band of gas with a "cool" temperature of about 30 million degrees moving through lower density, 80-million-degree gas. Scientists determined this cold front spans about 2 million light years, moves at speeds around 300,000 mph, and formed some 5 billion years ago. Not only has it survived for so long, the cold front has also remained surprisingly sharp and split into two different pieces. This suggests that magnetic fields are wrapped around the cold front, which formed before the birth of our Solar System, preserving it.
A new visualization provides an exceptional virtual trip — complete with a 360-degree view — to the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
The Earth is located about 26,000 light years, or about 200,000 trillion miles, from the center of the Galaxy. While humans cannot physically travel there, scientists have been able to study this region by using data from powerful telescopes. A new visualization, based on data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes, lets viewers explore the Milky Way's center. In this 360-degree movie, viewers can see powerful winds from giant stars around the Galaxy's supermassive black hole. Scientists are using this visualization to examine the effects from the black hole on its stellar neighbors.
Dark matter is the mysterious and pervasive substance that constitutes most — about 85% — of the matter in our Universe. Although scientists have made progress in better understanding dark matter, the true nature of this invisible material remains elusive. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory plays an important role in the search to learn about dark matter. One way that astronomers have used Chandra to investigate dark matter has been through the study of a mysterious signal seen in the X-ray data. In 2014, astronomers reported they found a spike of intensity at a very specific energy in Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the hot gas in the Perseus and other galaxy clusters. This spike, or emission line, is at an energy of 3.5 kiloelectron volts, or keV (pronounced "kay-ee-vee"), and could not easily be explained as emission from known elements. Therefore, one possibility was that this line was produced by dark matter particles. Naturally, determining the true nature of dark matter would be a huge discovery. And as Carl Sagan famously said, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Therefore, astronomers have been working hard both to replicate the initial results and also provide explanations for all of the observations connected to this original finding. Now a new team of astronomers has provided an innovative interpretation of the observations surrounding this 3.5 keV line. They propose that there is another mechanism at work, namely the absorption of X-ray light by mystery particles. If this is true, then it's possible that the 3.5 keV line may, in fact, be produced by dark matter particles. While these ideas need to be confirmed with future observations, it may be that the prospect of determining the nature of the darkest of matter may never have been more so bright.
Where do most of the elements essential for life on Earth come from? The answer: inside the furnaces of stars and the explosions that mark the end of some stars' lives. Astronomers have long studied exploded stars and their remains — known as "supernova remnants" — to better understand exactly how stars produce and then disseminate many of the elements on Earth and throughout the cosmos. Cassiopeia A, or Cas A for short, is one of the most intensely studied of these supernova remnants. A new image from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory shows the location of different elements in the remains of the explosion: silicon, sulfur, calcium, and iron. Each of these elements produces X-rays within narrow energy ranges, allowing maps of their location to be created. Astronomers also see the blast wave from the explosion in the form of the blue outer ring. X-ray telescopes such as Chandra are important to study supernova remnants and the elements they produce because these events generate extremely high temperatures — millions of degrees — that remain even thousands of years after the explosion. This means that many supernova remnants, including Cas A, glow most strongly at X-ray wavelengths that are undetectable with other types of telescopes. Chandra's sharp X-ray vision helps astronomers not only determine what elements are present in Cas A, but also how much of each there is. For example, Cas A has dispersed about 10,000 Earth masses worth of sulfur alone, and about 20,000 Earth masses of silicon. The iron in Cas A weighs about 70,000 times that of the Earth, and astronomers detect a whopping one million Earth masses worth of oxygen being ejected into space from Cas A, equivalent to about three times the mass of the Sun. Chandra has repeatedly observed Cas A since the telescope was launched into space in 1999. It will continue to do so, revealing new information about the dense core left behind in the center of Cas A, details of the powerful explosion, and specifics of how the important debris is ejected into space.
Kimberly Arcand, CfA, Visualization Lead for NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory; Tom Sgouros, Manager of the Brown University Virtual Reality Lab Objects in space are rather far away. The Moon is our closest celestial neighbor at nearly a quarter million miles from Earth, and the nearest star, our Sun, is 93 million miles away. These extreme distances mean that it's usually impossible to touch real objects in space (meteorites that fall to the ground notwithstanding). But now, thanks to data from some of our favorite observatories, anyone can hold a dead star in their hand. Here's how. Arcand, of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, will talk about the process of creating the first data-based 3D model and print of an exploded star. At the end of Arcand's talk, she will be joined by Tom Sgouros, a researcher with and on virtual reality at the Brown University Center for Computation and Visualization. Arcand and Sgouros have worked together to develop software, using Occulus Rift technology, allowing observers virtual first-hand experience of a supernova remnant like never before. Original music by Mark C. Petersen, Loch Ness Productions. Used with permission. Animations used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
On Earth, people at very high latitudes sometimes enjoy the spectacular light shows known as the auroras, also called the northern or southern lights. Our planet is not, however, the only world to experience auroras. For some time, scientists have observed high-energy auroras on Jupiter in the form of ultraviolet and X-ray light. A new study using data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton shows that the auroras on Jupiter are significantly different than those on Earth. Scientists have discovered that Jupiter's auroras behave independently of one another at each pole. This is unlike Earth, where the northern and southern lights tend to mirror one another. To understand how Jupiter produces its X-ray auroras, researchers plan to combine new and upcoming X-ray data from Chandra and XMM-Newton with information from NASA's Juno mission, which is currently in orbit around the planet. If scientists can connect the X-ray activity with physical changes observed simultaneously with Juno, they may be able to determine the process that generates the Jovian auroras. There are many questions this new X-ray study pose: how does Jupiter's magnetic field give particles the huge energies needed to make X-rays? Do these high-energy particles affect the Jovian weather and the chemical composition of its atmosphere? Can they explain the unusually high temperatures found in certain places in Jupiter's atmosphere? These are the questions that Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Juno may be able to help answer in the future.
A new study reveals the auroras -- a.k.a. the northern or southern lights – on Jupiter behave mysteriously. X-ray observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton showed something surprising. Unlike on Earth, the auroras on Jupiter at each pole act independently of one another. This is causing scientists to revisit their ideas for how Jupiter's auroras are generated. In the future, scientists plan to combine data from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and the Juno spacecraft, which is currently orbiting Jupiter. They hope this reveals the source of this high-energy light show on the fifth planet from our Sun.
As astronomers discover more planets outside the Solar System, they are examining what conditions can foster or stifle the habitability of planets. A new study suggests that X-rays emitted by a planet's host star may provide critical clues to just how hospitable a star system could be. A team of researchers used data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton to look at the X-ray brightness of 24 stars with masses similar to the Sun that were at least a billion years old. Since stellar X-rays mirror magnetic activity, X-ray observations can tell astronomers about the high-energy environment around the star. In the new study the X-ray data from Chandra and XMM-Newton revealed that stars like the Sun and their less massive cousins calm down surprisingly quickly after a turbulent youth. This is good news for the future habitability of planets orbiting Sun-like stars, because the amount of harmful X-rays and ultraviolet radiation from stellar flares striking planets in orbit around them would be less than scientists used to think. Astronomers will continue to look at many factors that they think play into the habitability of planets around the thousands of exoplanets that have been discovered. Studies like these show that X-rays can play a critical role in the ultimate question of where life might exist elsewhere in the Universe.
Scientists are using X-rays to determine the hospitability of stars for life on exoplanets. Data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton were used to study 24 stars like our Sun that were at least one billion years old. They found these older stars had lower levels of X-rays — and hence magnetic activity — than other types of stars. This relatively calm is good news for life trying to form on planets around these stars. Astronomers will continue to look at different properties, including X-rays, to assess the best place to look for life outside our Solar System.
IC 10 is a galaxy about 2.2 million light years from Earth undergoing a period of intense star formation. Observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory reveal over 100 sources that glow in X-rays. Of these, about a dozen are systems where a black hole or neutron star is in orbit with a young, massive companion star. These systems, called X-ray binaries, are interesting because some of them could become sources of gravitational waves in the future. Astronomers using Chandra and other telescopes will continue to study X-ray binaries to better understand how they behave.
In biology, "symbiosis" refers to two organisms that live close to and interact with one another. Astronomers have long studied a class of stars — called symbiotic stars — that co-exist in a similar way. Using data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes, astronomers are gaining a better understanding of how volatile this close stellar relationship can be. R Aquarii is one of the best known of the symbiotic stars. Located at a distance of about 710 light years from Earth, its changes in brightness were first noticed with the naked eye almost a thousand years ago. Since then, astronomers have studied this object and determined that R Aqr is not one star, but two: a small, dense white dwarf and a cool red, giant star. Occasionally, enough material will be pulled from the red giant onto the surface of the white dwarf to trigger thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen. The release of energy from this process can produce a nova, an asymmetric explosion that blows off the outer layers of the star at velocities of ten million miles per hour or more, pumping energy and material into space. Since shortly after Chandra launched in 1999, astronomers began using the X-ray telescope to monitor the behavior of R Aquarii. Chandra's data have provided new information about the details and timing of the explosions that occur in R Aquarii. Continued close monitoring of R Aquarii with Chandra and other telescopes in the future should give scientists more insight into this unusual stellar system.
R Aquraii is an unusual star system located about 710 light years from Earth. It contains a white dwarf in orbit with a pulsating red giant star. Because of differences in temperature and gravitational strength, the white dwarf pulls the outer layers toward it. Occasionally, enough material accumulates on the white dwarf's surface to trigger a thermonuclear explosion. Scientists using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have been studying these explosions. They are learning just how complex and volatile this stellar relationship can be.
A Wave in the Perseus Cluster 200,000 Light Years Across.
A wave spanning 200,000 light years is rolling through the Perseus galaxy cluster, according to observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory coupled with a computer simulation. The simulation shows the gravitational disturbance resulting from the distant flyby of a galaxy cluster about a tenth the mass of the Perseus cluster. The event causes cooler gas at the heart of the Perseus cluster to form a vast expanding spiral, which ultimately forms giant waves lasting hundreds of millions of years at its periphery. Merger events like this are thought to occur as often as every three to four billion years in clusters like Perseus.
On February 24, 1987, astronomers in the southern hemisphere saw a supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This new object was dubbed "Supernova 1987A" and was the brightest stellar explosion seen in over four centuries. Chandra has observed Supernova 1987A many times and the X-ray data reveal important information about this object. X-rays from Chandra have shown the expanding blast wave from the original explosion slamming into a ring of material expelled by the star before it exploded. The latest Chandra data reveal the blast wave has moved beyond the ring into a region that astronomers do not know much about. These observations can help astronomers learn how supernovas impact their environments and affect future generations of stars and planets.
Astronomers have observed a large black hole consuming the remains of a destroyed star for an unusually long period of time.
There are billions of galaxies throughout the Universe and they come in different shapes and sizes.
A fast-moving pulsar appears to have punched a hole in a disk of gas around its companion star and launched a fragment of the disk outward at a speed of about 4 million miles per hour.
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has taken deep exposures of two nearby energetic pulsars flying through the Milky Way galaxy. The shape of their X-ray emission suggests there is a geometrical explanation for puzzling differences in behavior shown by some pulsars. Pulsars - rapidly rotating, highly magnetized, neutron stars born in supernova explosions triggered by the collapse of massive stars- were discovered 50 years ago via their pulsed, highly regular, radio emission. Pulsars produce a lighthouse-like beam of radiation that astronomers detect as pulses as the pulsar's rotation sweeps the beam across the sky. Since their discovery, thousands of pulsars have been discovered, many of which produce beams of radio waves and gamma rays. Some pulsars show only radio pulses and others show only gamma-ray pulses. Chandra observations have revealed steady X-ray emission from extensive clouds of high-energy particles, called pulsar wind nebulas, associated with both types of pulsars. New Chandra data on pulsar wind nebulas may explain the presence or absence of radio and gamma-ray pulses. The four-panel graphic shows the two pulsars observed by Chandra. Geminga is in the upper left and B0355+54 is in the upper right. In both of these images, Chandra's X-rays, colored blue and purple, are combined with infrared data from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope that shows stars in the field of view. Below each data image, an artist's illustration depicts more details of what astronomers think the structure of each pulsar wind nebula looks like. For Geminga, a deep Chandra observation totaling nearly eight days over several years was analyzed to show sweeping, arced trails spanning half a light year and a narrow structure directly behind the pulsar. A five-day Chandra observation of the second pulsar, B0355+54, showed a cap of emission followed by a narrow double trail extending almost five light years. The underlying pulsars are quite similar, both rotating about five times per second and both aged about half a million years. However, Geminga shows gamma-ray pulses with no bright radio emission, while B0355+54 is one of the brightest radio pulsars known yet not seen in gamma rays. A likely interpretation of the Chandra images is that the long narrow trails to the side of Geminga and the double tail of B0355+54 represent narrow jets emanating from the pulsar's spin poles. Both pulsars also contain a torus, a disk-shaped region of emission spreading from the pulsar's spin equator. These donut-shaped structures and jets are crushed and swept back as the pulsars fly through the Galaxy at supersonic speeds. In the case of Geminga, the view of the torus is close to edge-on, while the jets point out to the sides. B0355+54 has a similar structure, but with the torus viewed nearly face-on and the jets pointing nearly directly towards and away from Earth. In B0355+54, the swept-back jets appear to lie almost on top of each other, giving a doubled tail. Both pulsars have magnetic poles quite close to their spin poles, as is the case for the Earth's magnetic field. These magnetic poles are the site of pulsar radio emission so astronomers expect the radio beams to point in a similar direction as the jets. By contrast the gamma-ray emission is mainly produced along the spin equator and so aligns with the torus. For Geminga, astronomers view the bright gamma-ray pulses along the edge of the torus, but the radio beams near the jets point off to the sides and remain unseen. For B0355+54, a jet points almost along our line of sight towards the pulsar. This means astronomers see the bright radio pulses, while the torus and its associated gamma-ray emission are directed in a perpendicular direction to our line of sight, missing the Earth. These two deep Chandra images have, therefore, exposed the spin orientation of these pulsars, helping to explain the presence, and absence, of the radio and gamma-ray pulses.
Beyond the Light: Seeing is believing and what we observe stargazing or looking at photographs convinces us it's real. But there's more to the universe than meets the eye. Beyond what the eyes can see exists a hidden universe. An INVISIBLE Universe... If a recognizable person appears in this video, use for commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the endorsement by NASA employees of a commercial product, process or service, or used in any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this video is used in advertising and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release.
More space news and info at: http://www.coconutsciencelab.com - what happens when astronomers use Chandra to take a long look at the same patch of sky? That's the question the project known as the Chandra Deep Field-South is designed to answer. Since Chandra was launched in 1999, the telescope has repeatedly observed the same region. Today, the observing time spent looking at this region totals over 7 million seconds. That's more than 81 days! Please rate and comment, thanks!
What happens when astronomers use Chandra to take a long look at the same patch of sky? That's the question the project known as the Chandra Deep Field-South is designed to answer. Since Chandra was launched in 1999, the telescope has repeatedly observed the same region. Today, the observing time spent looking at this region totals over 7 million seconds. That's more than 81 days! There are many things that astronomers can learn by using Chandra to make this ultra-deep X-ray image. Perhaps first among them is what is happening with black holes in the early Universe. For example, the latest Deep Field image lets astronomers explore ideas about how supermassive black holes grew about one to two billion years after the Big Bang. Using these data, researchers showed that these black holes in the early Universe grow mostly in bursts, rather than via the slow accumulation of matter. The researchers also detected X-rays from massive galaxies at distances up to about 12.5 billion light years from Earth. Most of the X-ray emission from the most distant galaxies likely comes from large collections of stellar-mass black holes within the galaxies. These black holes are formed from the collapse of massive stars and typically weigh a few to a few dozen times the mass of the Sun. By combining the Chandra Deep Field with observations from other telescopes including Hubble, scientists can continue to probe some of the most important questions in astrophysics.


Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) have gotten a bad rap. These nutritious, flavor packed cole crops have been vilified in children's books and TV. But these miniature cabbage looking vegetables are extremely tasty if eaten freshly picked. And the best way to get them freshest is by growing Brussels sprouts in your garden.
How Do You Grow Brussels Sprouts?
The basic way how to grow Brussels sprouts is much like how you would grow cabbage or kale. Brussels sprouts are a cole crop and like many vegetables in that group, they grow better in cool temperatures.
Because Brussels sprouts take so long to mature, your best bet is to plant them in midsummer summer so that they reach full maturity in the cool fall months. Plan to put them in your garden about 3 months before the first frost for your area.
You are also better off growing Brussels sprouts from transplants rather than from seeds planted straight into the garden. This will allow the seedlings to develop in a cooler shaded environment and they will have a better chance of surviving the warmer weather outside.
Plant your Brussels sprouts about 36 inches apart in nitrogen rich soil. Growing Brussels sprouts need plenty of nutrients and water. Never let your Brussels sprout bed become too dry as this will stress the plants and result in a poor harvest. Water is vital to a good crop.
Once your Brussels sprout plant has matured, it will look like a tall green tower with knobs and leaves. The knobs will be the Brussels sprouts you eat. Once the knobs have reached about 1 – 1 1/2″ wide and are firm when you squeeze them, they are ready to harvest. When harvesting Brussels sprouts, work from the bottom of the plant up. The bottom sprouts will be ready first.
Use a sharp knife and cut the ready Brussels sprouts off the vertical main stem.
We hope that this has help you learn more about how to grow Brussels sprouts. Growing Brussels sprouts in your garden is both rewarding and delicious.


Paul on Lets Talk Radio - Paul Golden M.D.
Paul Golden MD is interviewed by Atlanta's Let's Talk radios host Alecia Hill. Listen to Paul's story and his many years of dealing with bipolar disease while a practicing physician.
Click Here to listen to Paul Golden's interview on Let's Talk radio.


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Rob Liefeld Comments On Recent 'Deadpool 2' Rumors; Says Fans Should Trust Tim Miller
by Michael Bezanidis on August 18, 2016
Last week, Mashable's Jeff Sneider revealed that Kyle Chandler's name is being floated around for the role of Cable in Deadpool 2, which will begin filming next year. We're not entirely sure if Chandler is still up for the role, but that hasn't stopped fans from sharing their thoughts on the news. Needless to say, a lot of people like him while others don't, but now Rob Liefeld, the man who created Deadpool, Cable and many of these characters, has weighed in on the matter.
In a video on Nerdy Pop, Liefeld made it clear that he has no idea if Chandler is indeed the frontrunner to play Cable, but he explained why director Tim Miler and 20th Century Fox would be lucky to have someone like him in the movie:
"I don't know Kyle Chandler. I don't know him. I don't know if he's ever going to play Cable, but we would be so lucky to have an actor as talented as Kyle Chandler, who has been in Martin Scorsese movies… Kyle Chandler is one of the best actors in Hollywood. People trip over themselves to work with him. If, by chance that rumor was true and the production was lucky enough to get somebody as talented as him, I would just trust in the people that gave you Deadpool to figure that out for the best."
The artist also urged fans to calm down and trust Miller, Ryan Reynolds and the rest of the creative team behind the sequel:
"I would just say, everybody calm down. My whole thing, I would have #TrustInTim, trust in Tim Miller the fantastic director, and trust in Ryan [Reynolds] our producer and genius performer, and Simon [Klingberg], and Rhett [Reese], and Paul [Wernick]. That's what I would say."
You can check out the video below.
What do you guys think? Do you agree with Liefeld's comments on the matter? As always, be sure to sound-off your thoughts in the comment section below.
Source: Nerdy Pop (via Screenrant)
Michael Bezanidis
Michael is the Managing Editor of Heroic Hollywood. When he's not playing video games, he's usually writing about film and television.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text: O'Melveny secured a favorable settlement for Beach Point in a dispute stemming from a loan of more than US$73 million provided to real estate company Variant Holding Company, LLC to finance the acquisition of various apartment complexes around the United States. Beach Point sued in California state court after Variant defaulted on the loan. Discovery revealed that Variant had used shell entities, kick back arrangements, and forged documents to abscond with loan proceeds intended for capital expenditures on the apartment complexes. Variant also was skimming proceeds off the top of the sales of certain properties that were otherwise due to Beach Point under the loan agreement. The scheme resulted in the diversion of millions of dollars to Variant and its management at Beach Point's expense. Variant responded by filing for bankruptcy in the District of Delaware, temporarily staying the California litigation and the foreclosure auction. O'Melveny then immediately filed a motion for the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee to take over control of Variant. The US Department of Justice joined in the request for a trustee, citing the overwhelming evidence of fraud that O'Melveny had amassed and presented. On the eve of the trustee motion hearing, Variant agreed to oust current management and appoint an independent board of managers and a chief restructuring officer to oversee the sale of its assets. Variant also agreed to pay Beach Point US$78 million plus interest from the proceeds of the sales.


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A journey to Rajasthan with Vivek Singh
by Nancy Anne Harbord 09 October 2015 09 October 2015
We continue our exploration of Indian regional cuisine, this time with chef Vivek Singh, executive chef of The Cinnamon Club restaurant group. Here in interview, he takes us through the culinary riches the various peoples of Rajasthan have to offer and the history and adversity that have shaped the cuisine.
View more from this series:
Regions of India
Nancy Anne Harbord
Specialising in vegetarian food, Nancy has cooked her way around Europe and now writes full time for publications and her blog, Delicious from Scratch.
Vivek Singh moved from India to London in 2001, opening his first restaurant, The Cinnamon Club, the same year. Two more venues – Cinnamon Kitchen and Cinnamon Soho – followed over the next decade, and Singh is now executive chef of the successful restaurant group. His ancestors came from Rajasthan and Singh spent three years living in the region before he travelled to the UK. He told us what he loves about the area and its people, as well as taking us on a culinary tour of the dishes and ingredients of Rajasthan, and the influences that have moulded them.
He told us: 'I absolutely loved the time that I spent there. I have many fond memories and a real respect for the traditions of the region – how the spirit of the people endures. Rajasthani cuisine, as well as the terrain, culture and people, is very rich, with vibrant colours. There are also lots of forts and palaces, home to royal households.' The region's history is one of royalty and warrior princes and princesses, with the original inhabitants of Rajasthan undertaking many battles with the Afghan Moghuls during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Singh told us: 'There were long expeditions, with people sometimes living hard, nomadic lives. Quite often you would find the same people having access to the most ridiculous, aspirational luxuries part of the year (it would not be out of place to find caviar or Champagne), then living an extremely basic existence, just surviving off the land, at other times. The terrain is difficult – it is extremely hot with very little growing there, very little vegetation at all. Adversity, both in terms of what can be grown and the lifestyle of living outside, has shaped the food into the rustic, hearty, gutsy cuisine you can experience today.'
A nomadic lifestyle meant a staple such as ghee, which can last for months, was very commonly used.
A young man prepares goat milk infused with saffron in his street food stall in Bikaner, Rajasthan.
'The people and chefs are incredibly resourceful. They have very few ingredients – onion, some dried vegetables and lentils, yoghurt, very basic spices, some chilli – and with this they are able to create so many different types of dishes, over and over again. People learn to adapt. Goat milk is used in the region, as is goat meat. When you have less vegetation and lead a nomadic lifestyle, moving around with big herds of cattle is very complicated. But goats are more easily manageable, they don't need much grass and can nibble on any roots, so they require less space, less effort, less looking after. Ghee is also commonly used in Rajasthani cooking; it is an ultra clarified butter that is cooked for much longer, until it has absolutely no water or moisture left in it. Properly made ghee lasts forever, it never goes off, so when you're living outside with little refrigeration, ghee is a very reliable cooking ingredient.'
The Rajput warriors loved hunting game, so there is a long tradition of cooking these meats in Rajasthan. More common meats, poultry and some freshwater fish are also used, but Singh says 'equally, Rajasthan has a very rich and diverse tradition of vegetarian cuisine, with hundreds of varieties of dishes from very few ingredients.' The Marwari people, themselves strict vegetarians, are a trading community that originated in Rajasthan. Singh tells us: 'There is a saying in India, 'You will be able to find the Marwari even where a bullock car can't reach', meaning where there is no access and no road. These traders have excellent business sense and spread themselves all over the country. When these people travelled in the olden days, often by camel, they were away from home for long periods of time and would miss their home-cooked food. Their eating houses, known as Marwari bhojnalaya, sprung up all along the path of their trading routes, which in practice was almost everywhere, bringing their simple, inexpensive, meat-free cuisine to every part of India.'
A tiny vegetable shop in the streets of Jaipur, selling fresh produce from nearby Rajasthani farms.
Singh tells us that the food of the region is savoury, spicy and sour, with a lot of chilli typically used. He cooked us two dishes to showcase the delights of this cuisine – one featuring rabbit, a meal with its roots in the nomadic warriors of yesteryear; and one vegetarian, a popular street snack in Rajasthan. 'Khad khargosh is a spiced rabbit leg, wrapped in bread. In the past, when hunters would kill a rabbit or hare, they would season it with plenty of spices, like garam masala or cloves, or tenderise it with something like papaya juice. They would then wrap the meat in bread, wrap that parcel in leaves and cover the whole thing with clay. They would dig a hole in the desert and bury this package, returning after a hunting expedition to find the whole thing baked and cooked through in the heat of the sand. Through the clay, the leaves and the bread, the rabbit is baked long and slow. This dish shows the ingenuity and adaptability of these people, and their spirit of hunting and living off the land.'
Rajasthan has a very rich and diverse tradition of vegetarian cuisine, with hundreds of varieties of dishes from very few ingredients.
Banana chilli filled with fenugreek, raisin and bitter gourd in a chickpea batter
Khad Khargosh (rabbit cooked in a pit)
His Deep-fried banana chilli with potato and fenugreek is an elaborate version of a well-loved snack in Rajasthan, mirchi vada (chilli fritter). Vivek Singh told us: 'It can be bought on the street all day and symbolises India's relaxed, unstructured all-day dining. In India, people have been snacking for hundreds of years and there are no real set times for meals. That street ethos is the second story that I am telling, through my chilli fritters. Big, fat chillies are filled with spiced potato then dipped into gram (chickpea) flour batter and deep-fried, low and slow. For this meal I am serving the fritters with Ker sangri, a traditional bean and berry delicacy from Rajasthan which pays homage to their sensibility of simple cooking and using the same ingredients again and again.'
Vivek Singh paints a vivid picture of life in Rajasthan over the eras and the people who built a culinary legacy, despite the deprivation they battled daily. The role of the Rajput warriors who forged Rajasthan is equally fascinating, as is the breadth of the dishes they mastered. Another insight into the unique characteristics of India's regional cuisines and their almost infinite variety.
A journey to Chettinad with Alfred Prasad
by Nancy Anne Harbord
A journey through time in Calcutta
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ROBOKASSA is a service to arrange payments on the website, in the on-line shop, in social networks.
Using a credit card on the Internet is implemented so as to ensure maximum security of the data entered by the client, which minimizes the risk of fraud. Each replenishment of the ROBOKASSA account by Visa/MasterCard credit cards is thoroughly tested by the system, which further enhances the payments safety.
As stated in the Public offer (PDF, 428 KB), the system does not support sexual services and services that are contrary to universal moral principles.


But hiring a good lawyer isn't cheap. So your thought process may have brought you to the realization that what you need is some kind of self defense insurance.
After all, you insure your house, your car, and even your health. So self defense insurance is a sound and prudent idea. But is it enough?
Here's the truth about insurance: it is illegal for any insurance policy to reward criminal activity.
That makes perfect sense. No one wants to give criminals big fat insurance checks. Unfortunately, this also means that even if you follow every law and act responsibly, when you shoot someone in self defense, you can't collect a cent from any policy until you are found not guilty in a court of law or the case is dropped.
In other words, while you may get a self defense insurance policy with the intention of paying for your own defense, you'll have to pay a lawyer, and handle all other expenses, out of your own pocket. Either that or you'll have to hit up family members in a big way and call in every favor you've ever done for friends since you were a toddler.
Only after the smoke clears do you have any chance of collecting on the insurance policy to pay off your debts.
As more and more Americans buy guns, more and more self defense insurance products are appearing around the country. But they all suffer from the same fatal flaw.
That's something you should keep in mind if an insurance agent tries to sell you a self defense insurance policy. And that's why Second Call Defense offers you not only insurance protection but also provides cash benefits up-front for expenses such as an attorney retainer and bail bond.
Our unique membership program is set up to protect you from out-of-pocket expenses. In fact, we pioneered the concept which is why our membership is proving to be incredibly popular with prepared gun owners coast-to-coast.
Now don't misunderstand. If it's a choice between having no protection whatsoever and having a self defense insurance policy that reimburses you only after the fact for expenses you rack up in a legal battle, for goodness sake get the policy! Something is better than nothing.
Just remember that insurance alone cannot help with upfront expenses. Self defense comes with enough surprises without being startled by that little nugget of truth.


1858 'Ten Nights in a Barroom,' a melodrama about the evils of drink, opened at the National Theater in New York City.
1859 At the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City, the first elevator in an American hotel began operation.
1902 Fannie Merrit Farmer opened Miss Farmer's School of Cookery in Boston, Massachusetts.
1955 Hail falls to a depth of 1 foot in Rushmore, Minnesota.
2004 The French Parliament passed a bill to combat obesity among French youth. The bill bans junk food and soft drink vending machines in French schools, and requires health warnings or an alternate tax on snack food and soft drink commercials. The provisions become effective in September, 2005.


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NEW PAGE AND PROGRAM IN DEVELOPMENT
Tutorial and Exercises in Critical Reading and Thinking: ichnfm.org/4
Developed by Dr Alex Vasquez
Free access: This free program includes video tutorials and text documents that can be used by all teachers/programs to help train students and doctors in critical reading and thinking.
PDF transcripts are available in the section "teaching documents" from https://ichnfm.academia.edu/AlexVasquez
Videos can be viewed, streamed, shared, and downloaded from https://vimeo.com/drvasquez
Goal (enabling objective): To advance participants' ability to read and think critically.
Goal (global objective):
Personal (participants): Enhanced success in various aspects of life via communication, performance, and social decisions
Societal: More rational social decisions, less vulnerability to fear, racism, demagoguery, unnecessary war, disease-mongering and marketing-hype
Personal (me): I hope that eventually I won't have to read through a mountain of insanity every time I view the news or read comments in social media
Importance: Critical reading and thinking impact every single aspect of a person's life as well as our collective life as a society and the survival of our species as humanity. Beyond survival, we have to be able to read-think critically if we are to read-think-write-perform accurately in our lives (comfort and survival) and jobs (most of us have to perform at our jobs and we are more successful when we think and "output" at a higher level
"Respect for the truth and concern for the truth: these are among the foundations [and necessities] of [human] civilization." Dr Henry Frankfurt, Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Princeton University https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1RO93OS0Sk
How to use: This program can be used either within the context of an academic course or can be used "ad lib" by students and professionals desiring to enhance their critical reading/thinking/writing abilities. As such, users are welcome to use the materials as they wish; however, the most obvious means by which to gain the most from these materials is recommended below:
Read/access the original work being critiqued: Hyperlinks are provided to the original works.
Make notes or a (semi)formal evaluation of the work: Document your own opinion in writing.
Access the critique in video/text format: Hyperlinks are provided to the final critiques
Compare your critique with the one provided: Do you agree with the critiques? Did you find other fallacies or mistakes? Does the overall value of the paper override the errors? For the errors/fallacies identified, do you evaluate them as:
Types of errors: Honest errors or Strategic errors:
Severity of errors:
Minor errors: overall conclusion is still valid
Gross errors: invalidates the main conclusions
Conflicts of interest:
Who paid for the publication? What is the obvious/direct conflict of interest?
Was the money "white washed" through a medical organization or research university?
What does the journal gain from publishing this information?
Payments to the Journal: Note that major medical journals sell official reprints of drug-friendly publications for millions of dollars to drug companies that then use the document to promote sales of their featured product. "A large trial published in a major journal has the journal's stamp of approval (unlike the advertising), will be distributed around the world, and may well receive global media coverage, particularly if promoted simultaneously by press releases from both the journal and the expensive public-relations firm hired by the pharmaceutical company that sponsored the trial. For a drug company, a favourable trial is worth thousands of pages of advertising, which is why a company will sometimes spend upwards of a million dollars on reprints of the trial for worldwide distribution. The doctors receiving the reprints may not read them, but they will be impressed by the name of the journal from which they come. The quality of the journal will bless the quality of the drug." Smith R (2005) Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies. PLoS Med 2(5): e138. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020138
Payments to the Editors/Reviewers: Note that Editors are sometimes paid by drug companies, such as for example at the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Quite likely, and given the huge sums of money to be gained by an editor that approves a drug-friendly article, a journal reviewers/editors could "approve" an article for publication and then receive payment from a drug company for their "service to academia."
Is the document available for free from the publisher?
Who paid the institution that paid the authors?
Openness/ease/transparency/clarity of data:
Was critical data hidden from the source document?
Was additional information "openly hidden" in "supplementary documents" separate from the actual publication?
Did the authors use "scientific-sounding mumbo-jumbo" to confuse the topic? Example of nonsense: "Changes in dietary composition within prevailing norms can affect physiological adaptations that defend body weight. " JAMA. 2004 Nov 10.1001/jama.292.20.2482
Copyright © 2013-2021 by International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine. ICHNFM@gmail.com. Terms of Use/Sale, About. International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine ® periodically hosts the International Conference on Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine ® and publishes International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine ® Note that in 2022 the previous email addresses (owned by Google) ending in ichnfm.org have been replaced with ICHNFM@gmail.com


MINNEAPOLIS, Nov. 18, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- SPS Commerce, Inc. (Nasdaq:SPSC), a leading provider of on-demand supply chain management solutions, announced today that it intends to offer 750,000 shares of its common stock in an underwritten public offering pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement. In connection with the offering, the Company has granted to the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 112,500 additional shares of common stock from the Company to cover any over-allotments.
Net proceeds from the offering are expected to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including potential acquisitions.
Stifel is acting as sole book-running manager in the offering, William Blair, Canaccord Genuity, JMP Securities and Needham & Company, LLC are acting as lead managers, and Craig-Hallum Capital Group, Northland Capital Markets and Barrington Research Associates are acting as co-managers.
The offering is being conducted pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on file with the Securities and Exchange Commission. A prospectus supplement relating to the offering will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. When available, copies of the prospectus supplement and the accompanying base prospectus relating to the offering may be obtained from Stifel at One Montgomery Street, Suite 3700, San Francisco, CA 94104, or by calling (415) 364-2720.
This press release shall not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities of SPS Commerce, and there shall not be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to the registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.
SPS Commerce (Nasdaq:SPSC) is a leading provider of on-demand supply chain management solutions and the Retail Universe community, providing integration, collaboration, connectivity, visibility and data analytics to thousands of customers worldwide. We provide our solutions through the SPS Commerce platform, a cloud-based software suite that improves the way suppliers, retailers, distributors and other customers manage and fulfill orders. Implementing and maintaining supply chain management software is resource intensive and not a core competency for most businesses. The SPS Commerce platform utilizes pre-built trading partner integrations to eliminate the need for on-premise software and support staff, which enables our supplier customers to shorten supply cycle times, optimize inventory levels, reduce costs and satisfy retailer requirements.
This release contains certain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding our expectations regarding the completion and anticipated proceeds of the public offering. These statements are based on management's current expectations and accordingly are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. Actual results and the timing of events may vary materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements due to various important factors, including, without limitation, risks and uncertainties related to our business and the satisfaction of the conditions of the closing of the public offering. More detailed information about those factors is set forth in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the preliminary prospectus relating to the proposed offering and our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K. We are under no obligation (and expressly disclaim any such obligation) to update or alter our forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Northland Capital Markets is the trade name for certain capital markets and investment banking services of Northland Securities, Inc., member FINRA/SIPC.


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      <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-protobuf</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>api-common</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
      <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>proto-google-common-protos</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-google-common-protos</artifactId>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>proto-google-cloud-dialogflow-cx-v3beta1</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>proto-google-cloud-dialogflow-cx-v3</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
      <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax-grpc</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax-httpjson</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.threeten</groupId>
      <artifactId>threetenbp</artifactId>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Test dependencies -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
      <version>4.13.2</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.cloud</groupId>
      <artifactId>google-cloud-core</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-google-cloud-dialogflow-cx-v3beta1</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-google-cloud-dialogflow-cx-v3</artifactId>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Need testing utility classes for generated gRPC clients tests -->
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax</artifactId>
      <classifier>testlib</classifier>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax-grpc</artifactId>
      <classifier>testlib</classifier>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
    <groupId>com.google.api</groupId>
      <artifactId>gax-httpjson</artifactId>
      <classifier>testlib</classifier>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  <profiles>
    <profile>
      <id>java9</id>
      <activation>
        <jdk>[9,)</jdk>
      </activation>
      <dependencies>
        <dependency>
          <groupId>javax.annotation</groupId>
          <artifactId>javax.annotation-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>
      </dependencies>
    </profile>
  </profiles>

  <build>
    <plugins>
      <plugin>
          <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
          <artifactId>flatten-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
  </build>
</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub