text:
Nagpal; Paramvir Singh ; et al. March 29, 2018
CROWD-SOURCED PASSIVE POSITIONING AND CALIBRATION
A method and system for deploying a calibrated positioning map of an area. The method, executed in a processor of a server computing device, comprises receiving, at a memory of the server computing device, a first set of fingerprint data acquired within the area by a plurality of mobile devices, generating, using the processor, a distribution of calibrated data points based at least in part on the first set of fingerprint data, the calibrated data points representing respective positions within the area, receiving, at the memory, a second set of fingerprint data acquired by at least one additional mobile device, processing, using the processor, the second set of fingerprint data and the calibrated data points to generate an updated distribution of calibrated data points, and when the updated distribution exceeds a predetermined threshold density of calibration data points, deploying the updated distribution as the calibrated positioning map of the area.
Inventors: Nagpal; Paramvir Singh; (Markham, CA) ; Hamidifar; Saeedeh; (Richmond Hill, CA) ; Huberman; Sean; (Guelph, CA)
Nagpal; Paramvir Singh
Hamidifar; Saeedeh
Huberman; Sean
Assignee: MAPSTED CORP
Filed: September 25, 2017
62495876 Sep 28, 2016
Current CPC Class: H04W 4/04 20130101
International Class: H04W 4/04 20060101 H04W004/04
1. A method for deploying a calibrated positioning map of an area, the method executed in a processor of a server computing device and comprising: receiving, at a memory of the server computing device, a first set of fingerprint data acquired within the area by a plurality of mobile devices; generating, using the processor, a distribution of calibrated data points based at least in part on the first set of fingerprint data, the calibrated data points representing respective positions within the area; receiving, at the memory, a second set of fingerprint data acquired by at least one additional mobile device; processing, using the processor, the second set of fingerprint data and the calibrated data points to generate an updated distribution of calibrated data points; and when the updated distribution exceeds at least one of a predetermined and a dynamically updated threshold density of calibration data points, deploying the updated distribution as the calibrated positioning map of the area.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the area is an indoor area within at least one of a shopping mall, an airport, a warehouse, a university and an at least partially enclosed building.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein acquisition of the first and second sets of fingerprint data is automatically triggered at respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices upon an event occurrence, the event occurrence consisting of at least one of redeeming a coupon, scanning a barcode, using of an RFID tag, and based on a proximity beacon wireless signal.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein acquisition of the first and second sets of fingerprint data is automatically triggered upon the event occurrence at any one of a predetermined set of fixed positions within the area.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the fingerprint data is acquired using a sensor device of respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the sensor device is at least one of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a barometer, and a wireless signal strength sensor.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the fingerprint data includes at least one of an orientation, a magnetic field strength and direction, a received wireless signal strength, a barometric pressure, and a position within the area for respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the fingerprint data, as acquired by respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices, further includes respective time-stamps, whereby the orientation, the magnetic field strength and direction, the received wireless signal strength, the barometric pressure, and the position data include correlations in accordance with the respective time-stamps.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the processing to generate the distribution of calibrated data points comprises: matching the fingerprint data based at least partly on the correlations; amalgamating the matched data from respective ones of the plurality of mobile devices into a cumulative calibration dataset; and generating, based on the cumulative calibration dataset, the distribution of calibrated data points mapped to respective positions within the area.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein a density determination algorithm establishes the predetermined threshold density based on validating the updated distribution of calibrated data points as sufficient for deploying as the calibrated position map of the area.
11. A server computing system for deploying a calibrated positioning map of an area, the server system comprising: a processor; a memory storing a set of instructions, the instructions executable in the processor to: receive, at the memory, a first set of fingerprint data acquired within the area by a plurality of mobile devices; generate a distribution of calibrated data points based at least in part on the first set of fingerprint data, the calibrated data points representing respective positions within the area; receive, at the memory, a second set of fingerprint data from at least one additional mobile device; process the second set of fingerprint data and the calibrated data points to generate an updated distribution of calibrated data points; and when the updated distribution exceeds at least one of a predetermined and a dynamically updated threshold density of calibration data points, deploy the updated distribution as the calibrated positioning map of the area.
12. The server computing system of claim 11 wherein the area is an indoor area within at least one of a shopping mall, an airport, a warehouse, a university and an at least partially enclosed building.
13. The server computing system of claim 11 wherein acquisition of the first and second sets of fingerprint data is automatically triggered at respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices upon an event occurrence, the event occurrence consisting of at least one of redeeming a coupon, scanning a barcode, using of an RFID tag, and based on a proximity beacon wireless signal.
14. The server computing system of claim 13, wherein acquisition of the first and second sets of fingerprint data is automatically triggered upon the event occurrence at any one of a predetermined set of fixed positions within the area.
15. The server computing system of claim 11 wherein the fingerprint data is acquired using a sensor device of respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices.
16. The server computing system of claim 15 wherein the sensor device is at least one of an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a barometer, and a wireless signal strength sensor.
17. The server computing system of claim 11 wherein the fingerprint data includes at least one of an orientation, a magnetic field strength and direction, a received wireless signal strength, a barometric pressure, and a position within the area for respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices.
18. The server computing system of claim 17 wherein the fingerprint data, as acquired by respective ones of the plurality and the at least one additional mobile devices, further includes respective time-stamps, whereby the orientation, the magnetic field strength and direction, the received wireless signal strength, the barometric pressure, and the position data include correlations in accordance with the respective time-stamps.
19. The server computing system of claim 18 further comprising instructions executable in the processor to: match the fingerprint data based at least partly on the correlations; amalgamate the matched data from respective ones of the plurality of mobile devices into a cumulative calibration dataset; and generate, based on the cumulative calibration dataset, the distribution of calibrated data points mapped to respective positions within the area.
20. The server computing system of claim 11 wherein a density determination algorithm establishes the predetermined threshold density based on validating the updated distribution of calibrated data points as sufficient for deploying as the calibrated position map of the area.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/495,876, filed Sep. 28, 2016, and hereby incorporates said U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/495,876 filed Sep. 28, 2016 in the entirety herein.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
[0002] Users of mobile devices are increasingly using and depending upon indoor positioning and navigation applications and features. Seamless, accurate and dependable indoor positioning can be difficult to achieve using satellite-based navigation systems when the latter becomes unavailable or sporadically available, such as within enclosed or partly enclosed urban infrastructure and buildings, including hospitals, shopping malls, airports, universities and industrial warehouses. To address this problem, indoor navigation solutions increasingly rely on sensors including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers which may be commonly included in mobile phones and other mobile devices. However, inertial navigation sensor-based solutions are often not suitable due to error accumulation resulting from inherent susceptibility of the sensors to sensor draft and bias.
[0003] FIG. 1 illustrates, in an example embodiment, a system for generating and deploying a calibrated positioning map of an area.
[0004] FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of a computing and communication mobile device for data collection using the mobile device.
[0005] FIG. 3 illustrates an example architecture of a server computing device for generating and deploying the calibrated positioning map.
[0006] FIG. 4 illustrates, in an example embodiment, a method of operation of a positioning calibration system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION
[0007] Among other benefits and technical effect, embodiments provided herein alleviate the bottleneck imposed by a fingerprint calibration mapping process as a prerequisite to deployment of indoor navigation and positioning solutions, and enable more rapid deployment, and easier scalability, of an indoor navigation solution by utilizing a crowd-sourcing based alternative approach.
[0008] The majority of indoor navigation systems require some form of system calibration prior to going live upon deployment. The most typical type of calibration for positioning, also referred to herein as navigation, is fingerprinting. The term fingerprint, variously referred to herein as calibration fingerprint and fingerprint data, in one embodiment constitutes any combination of time-correlated, individual measurements of received wireless communication signal strength information, magnetic field information (strength, direction) or barometric pressure information at known, fixed locations within an area, including an indoor area. In other words, a fingerprint includes a correlation of sensor and signal information (including, but not necessarily limited to wireless signal strength, magnetic or barometric information inertial sensor information) at a given instance in time, at a unique position along a sequence of positions that constitute a navigation path traversed by the mobile device. Additionally, given that sampling times and sampling rates applied to particular device sensors may be different, the signal and sensor information as measured may be time-averaged across particular periods of time, with the time-averaged value being used to represent the signal information at any given instance of time within that particular period of time in which the signal information is time-averaged.
[0009] In order to ensure sufficiently high accuracy of an indoor positioning or navigation solution, many individual fingerprint measurements must be taken at many locations within an area during the fingerprint calibration and mapping process. Since each such measurement may typically take at least several minutes at each location or position, the fingerprint calibration and mapping process therefore constitutes a highly labor- and time-intensive, expensive limiting barrier to deployment and scalability of indoor navigation solutions.
[0010] More specifically, in the crowd sourcing-based approach, users may be provided an indoor positioning mobile device application, and may be encouraged to walk around the area of interest, such as an indoor shopping mall. At various known, fixed locations within the area, events, also referred to herein as occurrence events, may be triggered and logged. Based on the logged data, an offline estimation of the user trajectory may be determined, and corresponding to known fixed locations, fingerprint measurements may be correlated with respective indoor locations along a trajectory, or trajectory segments, along which a user's mobile device traverses while within the area. As more trajectories from numerous other users are accumulated and logged, the averaging of user results may be used to accomplish a fingerprint mapping of the area or region.
[0011] In particular, the crowd sourcing based embodiments described here advantageously avoid the need for tedious and expensive specially-purposed, dedicated calibration fingerprint mapping, and result in a more accurate calibration fingerprint map representation of the targeted environment. Users incentives, for example, may be offered, to encourage random mobile device users to participate using their mobile device indoor navigation application. Among other technical effects and benefits of the efficient, easy-to-deploy, scalable crowd sourced-based solution to indoor navigation calibration described herein, utilizing known fixed locations within the target area or building allows for more accurate interpolation and reconstruction of the user's mobile device trajectory, or a trajectory segment, resulting in a more accurate construction of fingerprints and associated fingerprint map, than can be provided by a dedicated calibration mapping of wireless beacon signal strengths, for example.
[0012] One or more embodiments described herein provide that methods, techniques, and actions performed by a computing device are performed programmatically, or as a computer-implemented method. Programmatically, as used herein, means through the use of code or computer-executable instructions. These instructions can be stored in one or more memory resources of the computing device. A programmatically performed step may or may not be automatic.
[0013] One or more embodiments described herein can be implemented using programmatic modules, engines, or components. A programmatic module, engine, or component can include a program, a sub-routine, a portion of a program, or a software component or a hardware component capable of performing one or more stated tasks or functions. As used herein, a module or component can exist on a hardware component independently of other modules or components. Alternatively, a module or component can be a shared element or process of other modules, programs or machines.
[0014] Some embodiments described herein can generally require the use of computing devices, including processor and memory resources. For example, one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented, in whole or in part, on computing devices such as servers, desktop computers, mobile devices including cellular or smartphones, laptop computers, wearable devices, and tablet devices. Memory, processing, and network resources may all be used in connection with the establishment, use, or performance of any embodiment described herein, including with the performance of any method or with the implementation of any system.
[0015] Furthermore, one or more embodiments described herein may be implemented through the use of instructions that are executable by one or more processors. These instructions may be carried on a computer-readable medium. Machines shown or described with figures below provide examples of processing resources and computer-readable mediums on which instructions for implementing embodiments of the invention can be carried and/or executed. In particular, the numerous machines shown with embodiments of the invention include processor(s) and various forms of memory for holding data and instructions. Examples of computer-readable mediums include permanent memory storage devices, such as hard drives on personal computers or servers. Other examples of computer storage mediums include portable memory storage units, flash memory (such as carried on smartphones, multifunctional devices or tablets), and magnetic memory. Computers, terminals, network enabled devices (e.g., mobile devices, such as cell phones) are all examples of machines and devices that utilize processors, memory, and instructions stored on computer-readable mediums. Additionally, embodiments may be implemented in the form of computer-programs, or a computer usable carrier medium capable of carrying such a program.
[0016] FIG. 1 illustrates, in an example embodiment, positioning calibration system 100 for generating and deploying a calibrated positioning map of a given area, including but not limited to an indoor area. Positioning calibration server 101, also referred to herein as server 101, includes positioning calibration logic module 105, and is communicatively connected via communication network 104 to a plurality of computing and communication mobile devices 102a-n, also referred to herein as mobile device(s) 102a-n. Mobile devices 102a-n include fingerprint data collection logic module 106, which in one embodiment, may be included in an indoor positioning, or indoor navigation, software application downloaded and installed at individual ones of mobile devices 102a-n.
[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates an example architecture of computing and communication mobile devices 102a-n used for fingerprint data collection. As used herein, the term mobile device 102 refers to any singular mobile device among mobile devices 102a-n. In one embodiment, mobile device 102 may correspond to, for example, a cellular communication device (e.g., smartphone, tablet, etc.) that is capable of telephony, messaging, and/or data computing services. In variations, mobile device 102 can correspond to, for example, a tablet or a wearable computing device. Mobile device 102 may include processor 201, memory 202, display screen 203, input mechanisms 204 such as a keyboard or software-implemented touchscreen input functionality, barcode, QR code or other symbol- or code-scanner input functionality. Mobile device 102 may include sensor functionality by way of sensor devices 205. Sensor devices 205 may include any of inertial sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope), magnetometer or other magnetic field sensing functionality, and barometric or other environmental pressure sensing functionality. Mobile device 102 may also include capability for detecting and communicatively accessing wireless communication signals, including but not limited to any of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, and GPS signals. Mobile device 102 further includes the capability for detecting and measuring a received signal strength of the wireless communication signals. In particular, mobile device 102 may include location determination capability such as by way of GPS module 205, and communication interface 206 for communicatively coupling to communication network 104, such as by sending and receiving cellular data over data channels and voice channels.
[0018] Fingerprint data collection logic module 106 includes instructions stored in memory 202 of mobile device 102. In embodiments, fingerprint data collection logic module 106 may be included in a mobile device navigation application program stored in memory 202 of mobile device 102 for acquiring fingerprint data within an area by any of plurality of mobile devices 102a-n. The area may be an indoor area within a shopping mall, an airport, a warehouse, a university, or any at least partially enclosed building. Acquisition of the fingerprint data may be automatically triggered at respective ones of mobile devices 102a-n upon an event occurrence. The event occurrence may consist of a user of mobile device 102 redeeming a promotion coupon at a merchant within a shopping mall, scanning a barcode, using an RFID tag, or upon the mobile device 102 becoming present at specific predetermined locations within the area. The occurrence event may be also based on detecting a proximity beacon wireless signal, in some examples. Acquisition of the fingerprint data by a user's mobile device 102 may thus be automatically triggered upon the event occurrence at any one of a predetermined set of fixed positions within the area.
[0019] In this manner, a user of mobile device 102 may, in effect, passively assist in the positioning calibration process by acquiring fingerprint data, then allowing uploading or other transfer of the acquired fingerprint data to server 101 for further processing. The fingerprint data may be acquired at least in part using sensor devices 205 of the mobile devices, including but not limited to an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a barometer, and a wireless signal strength sensor. The fingerprint data may include any one of orientation data, a magnetic field data including strength and direction, received wireless signal strength data, barometric pressure data, and also GPS location data at a position within the area for respective mobile devices.
[0020] As the fingerprint data acquired at mobile device 102 is time-stamped and the data collection via fingerprint data collection logic module 106 operates in a distributed manner, the fingerprint data may be cached on the local memory 202 and subsequently batch transferred as a compressed data file for post-processing at positioning calibration server 101, in some embodiments. Fingerprint data collection logic module 106, in effect, operates to pre-process fingerprint data and extract key features which can assist in the mobile device 102 trajectory reconstruction during the post processing step at server 101. The pre-processing step at fingerprint data collection logic module 106 may include counting the number of steps taken by a user of mobile device 102, estimating the step length of each step, estimating the heading direction for each step, as well as, recording the time-averaged and time-stamped magnetic field information and wireless radio signals, and monitoring for, and logging, occurrence of any triggered event/tag-based data that enables the trajectory of mobile device 102 to be best matched a physical map of the area that includes known fixed objects at unique locations.
[0021] FIG. 3 illustrates an example architecture of a server computing device 101 for generating and deploying the calibrated positioning map. Server 101, in an embodiment architecture, may be implemented on one or more server devices, and includes processor 301, memory 302 which may include a read-only memory (ROM) as well as a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, display device 303, input mechanisms 304 and communication interface 305 for communicative coupling to communication network 104. Processor 301 is configured with software and/or other logic (such as from positioning calibration logic module 105) to perform one or more processes, steps and other functions described with implementations, such as described by FIGS. 1 through 4 herein. Processor 301 may process information and instructions stored in memory 302, such as provided by a random access memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, for storing information and instructions which are executable by processor 301. Memory 302 also may be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions to be executed by processor 301. Memory 302 may also include the ROM or other static storage device for storing static information and instructions for processor 301; a storage device, such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, may be provided for storing information and instructions. Communication interface 305 enables server 101 to communicate with one or more communication networks 104 (e.g., cellular network) through use of the network link (wireless or wired). Using the network link, server 101 can communicate with computing devices 102a-n.
[0022] Calibration logic module 105 of shared transport server 101 may include instructions stored in RAM of memory 302, and includes fingerprint data acquisition module 305, calibration module 306, and calibrated positioning map module 307. Processor 301 uses executable instructions stored in fingerprint data acquisition module 305 to Processor 301 uses executable instructions stored in fingerprint data acquisition module 305 to acquire fingerprint data within the area by a plurality of mobile devices 102a-n. The area may be an indoor area within a shopping mall, an airport, a warehouse, a university, or any at least partially enclosed building. In embodiments, the fingerprint data, as acquired from mobile devices 102a-n, further includes respective time-stamps, whereby the orientation, the magnetic field strength and direction, the received wireless signal strength, the barometric pressure, and the position data can be time-correlated for any given position along a trajectory or trajectory segment of the mobile devices, in accordance with the respective time-stamps. Additionally, when the sampling times and sampling rates applied to particular ones of device sensors 205 are different, the signal and sensor information as measured may be time-averaged across particular periods of time, with the time-averaged value being used to represent the signal information at any given instance of time within that particular period of time in which the signal information is time-averaged.
[0023] Processor 301 uses executable instructions stored in calibration module 306 to generate a distribution of calibrated data points based at least in part on a first set of fingerprint data, the calibrated data points representing respective positions within the area, which may be an indoor area, in embodiments. The term "position" as used herein refers to a coordinate location, and may be expressed in local or global (X, Y) coordinate terms. In some embodiments, the coordinates may further include a Z coordinate representing a height, for example associated with a given floor within a multi-floor building, and thus expressed in (X, Y, Z) coordinate terms. Further processing, via the instructions constituting calibration module 306 executable in processor 301, may apply for a second set of fingerprint data and the calibrated data points to generate an updated distribution of calibrated data points. The processing to generate the distribution of calibrated data points may include matching the fingerprint data based at least partly on the correlations, amalgamating the matched data from respective ones of the plurality of mobile devices 102a-n and any additional mobile devices into a cumulative calibration dataset. Then generating, based on the cumulative calibration dataset, the distribution of calibrated data points mapped to respective positions within the area.
[0024] Calibration module 306 operates in post-processing of the fingerprint data at server 101. Specifically, the ability to accurately post-process the user data to identify trajectories or trajectory-segments of the mobile devices 102a-n in which time-stamped user positions are known with sufficient reliability. Then, by linking the known time-stamped user positions with the time-stamped measured sensor devices 205 data, calibration data points are formed. As more users cumulatively enter the system, the accumulative amalgamation of crowd-sourced, multi-users' calibration points forms a distribution over the targeted area, such as an indoor area of a shopping mall.
[0025] Processor 301 uses executable instructions stored in calibrated positioning map module 307 to deploy the updated distribution as the calibrated positioning map of the area, upon the updated distribution exceeding a predetermined threshold density of calibration data points. A density determination algorithm may be applied, in one embodiment, to establish the predetermined threshold density based on validating the updated distribution of calibrated data points as sufficient for deployment, representing the calibrated position map of the area. In another embodiment, the threshold density for deployment may be dynamically determined, and dynamically updated, based on updating at least one of the density of calibration data points and the consistency amongst the calibration data points relative to a neighboring area contiguous with the target area. Dynamically updating the threshold density in the latter manner allows the system to automatically detect and correct potential calibration inconsistencies prior to deploying the calibrated positioning map of the area. The density determination algorithm may be employed in conjunction with an artificial neural network to validate when a sufficient number of fingerprint calibration data points have been collected and accumulated for specific areas or regions within the areas. In particular, this process can also assist in identifying pedestrian traffic patterns and traffic densities for particular areas and times within the area or the shopping mall, as well as to provide the capability to assess whether or not a sufficient amount of data has been collected to complete the calibration process. In the present embodiment, the one-time artificial neural network processing initializes the fingerprint data. Moreover, based on the artificial neural network processing, a dynamic incremental fingerprint updating scheme may be employed to dynamically maintain up-to-date fingerprint calibration data sets.
[0026] FIG. 4 illustrates, in an example embodiment, a method of operation of positioning calibration system 100. In describing examples of FIG. 4, reference is made to the examples of FIGS. 1-3 for purposes of illustrating suitable components or elements for performing a step or sub-step being described.
[0027] Examples of method steps described herein are related to the use of positioning calibration server 101, variously referred to herein as server 101, for implementing the techniques described herein. According to one embodiment, the techniques are performed by positioning calibration logic module 105 of server 101 in response to the processor 301 executing one or more sequences of software logic instructions that constitute calibration logic module 105. In embodiments, calibration logic module 105 may include the one or more sequences of instructions within sub-modules including fingerprint data acquisition module 305, calibration module 306 and calibrated positioning map module 307. Such instructions may be read into memory 302 from machine-readable medium, such as memory storage devices. Execution of the sequences of instructions contained in fingerprint data acquisition module 305, calibration module 306 and calibrated positioning map module 307 of calibration logic module 105 in memory 302 causes processor 301 to perform the process steps described herein. In alternative implementations, at least some hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of, or in combination with, the software logic instructions to implement examples described herein. Thus, the examples described herein are not limited to any particular combination of hardware circuitry and software instructions.
[0028] At step 410, receiving, at fingerprint data acquisition module 305 of memory 302 of the server computing device 101, a first set of fingerprint data acquired within the area by a plurality of mobile devices 102a-n. The area may be an indoor area within a shopping mall, an airport, a warehouse, a university, or any at least partially enclosed building. Acquisition of the first and second sets of fingerprint data may be automatically triggered at respective mobile devices upon an event occurrence. The event occurrence may consist of a user redeeming a coupon at a merchant within a shopping mall, scanning a barcode, using an RFID tag, or may be based on accessibility of a proximity beacon wireless signal, in some examples. Acquisition of the fingerprint data by a user's mobile device may thus be automatically triggered upon the event occurrence at any one of a predetermined set of fixed positions within the area. In this manner, a user of mobile device 102 may, in effect, passively assist in the positioning calibration process by acquiring fingerprint data, then allowing uploading or other transfer of the acquired fingerprint data to positioning calibration server 101 for further processing. The fingerprint data may be acquired using sensor devices 205 of the mobile devices, including but not limited to an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a magnetometer, a barometer, and a wireless signal strength sensor. The fingerprint data may include any one of an orientation, a magnetic field strength and direction, a received wireless signal strength, a barometric pressure, at a position within the area for respective mobile devices.
[0029] In embodiments, the fingerprint data, as acquired from the mobile devices, further includes respective time-stamps, whereby the orientation and other inertial sensor data, the magnetic field strength and direction, the received wireless signal strength, the barometric pressure, and the position data can be time-correlated with respect to any given position along a trajectory or trajectory segment of the mobile devices, in accordance with the respective time-stamps. Additionally, given that sampling times and sampling rates applied to particular ones of device sensors 205 may be different, the signal and sensor information as measured may be time-averaged across particular periods of time, with the time-averaged value being used to represent the signal information at any given instance of time within that particular period of time in which the signal information is time-averaged.
[0030] At step 420, generating, using the instructions of calibration module 306 executed in processor 301, a distribution of calibrated data points based at least in part on the first set of fingerprint data, the calibrated data points representing respective positions within the area, which may be an indoor area, in embodiments. The term "position" as used herein refers to a coordinate location, and may be expressed in local or global (X, Y) coordinate terms.
[0031] At step 430, receiving, at fingerprint data acquisition module 305 of memory 302, a second set of fingerprint data acquired by at least one additional mobile device.
[0032] At step 440, processing, via the instructions constituting calibration module 306 executable in processor 301, the second set of fingerprint data and the calibrated data points to generate an updated distribution of calibrated data points. The processing to generate the distribution of calibrated data points may include matching the fingerprint data based at least partly on the correlations, amalgamating the matched data from respective ones of the plurality of mobile devices 102a-n and any additional mobile devices into a cumulative calibration dataset, and then generating, based on the cumulative calibration dataset, the distribution of calibrated data points mapped to respective positions within the area.
[0033] At step 450, using the executable instructions of calibrated positioning map module 307, when the updated distribution exceeds a predetermined threshold density of calibration data points, deploying the updated distribution as the calibrated positioning map of the area. In another embodiment, the threshold density for deployment may be dynamically determined, and dynamically updated, based on updating at least one of the density of calibration data points and the consistency amongst the calibration data points relative to a neighboring area contiguous with the area. Dynamically updating the threshold density in the latter manner allows the system to automatically detect and correct potential calibration inconsistencies prior to deploying the calibrated positioning map of the area. A density determination algorithm may be applied, in one embodiment, to establish the predetermined threshold density based on validating the updated distribution of calibrated data points as sufficient for deployment representing the calibrated position map of the area.
[0034] It is contemplated for embodiments described herein to extend to individual elements and concepts described herein, independently of other concepts, ideas or system, as well as for embodiments to include combinations of elements recited anywhere in this application. Although embodiments are described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments. As such, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. Furthermore, it is contemplated that a particular feature described either individually or as part of an embodiment can be combined with other individually described features, or parts of other embodiments, even if the other features and embodiments make no mention of the particular feature. Thus, the absence of describing combinations should not preclude the inventor from claiming rights to such combinations.


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You can download the list of references in the BibTeX format.


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You have such an amazing soul Domo. You are such a blessing to those who truly need he - Donielle (10 months ago)
$Susieramos131 i love you!! Happy birthday wick!! - Susie (10 months ago)
happy birthday Rihanna hope it\'s a good one :) x - Dave (10 months ago)
quietasitskept
He deserves it for conjuring up an image of him dancing to Rihanna\'s \'Birthday Cake\' - quietasitskept (10 months ago)
HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO MY PISCES QUEEN/BAD ASS/ FAV TEEN MOMMA ! Me, you and share the same sign which means ALOT. - Mila (10 months ago)
happy birthday! Thought I d drop my favorite Rihanna gif for you - Mikey (10 months ago)
cazeza
rihonnas: Happy Birthday Robyn Rihanna Fenty (February 20th, 1988) - cazeza (10 months ago)
Bethadair13
Happy birthday to your sis! When are you going to do some more jams with ? - Bethadair13 (10 months ago)
You underestimated greatly
Drake- Ratchet Happy Birthday The Weeknd- False Alarm Rihanna- Photographs J Cole- Mr. Nice Watch Jhene Aiko- OLLA - You underestimated greatly (10 months ago)
Bryan Buchanan
Birth *month* is right. Happy late birthday to you, too! - Bryan Buchanan (10 months ago)
Happy birthday month to all the out there - Jackson (10 months ago)
IsaiahJaay
Alexa play BDay by Tank Alexa play Ratchet Happy Birthday by Drake Alexa play Birthday Song by 2 Chainz Ale - IsaiahJaay (10 months ago)
Ineffable
Kinda hurt that Rihanna hasn t told me happy birthday yet - Ineffable (10 months ago)
Rachael Kiragu
Happy birthday . || . Played you \'Birthday Cake\' by . & . - Rachael Kiragu (10 months ago)
#THEJUMPOFF
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #THEJUMPOFF (10 months ago)
#GMITM
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #GMITM (10 months ago)
#CCHBR
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #CCHBR (10 months ago)
#IgnitionDRIVE
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #IgnitionDRIVE (10 months ago)
#IgnitionHomie
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #IgnitionHomie (10 months ago)
#JSWR
As requested by . || . on AIR Np \'Birthday Cake\' . . Happy B - #JSWR (10 months ago)
Marc Beauchamp
Belated Happy Birthday to you Rihanna and you are terrific in Oceans 8 ! - Marc Beauchamp (10 months ago)
pat loves bts !
BTS JUSTIN BIEBER AND RIHANNA COMING BACK ON THE SAME MONTH! WOW APRIL IS REALLY MY MONTH! Happy Birthday To Me! - pat loves bts ! (10 months ago)
s.morgan (they/them)
Last night this girl I know to be a lesbian sang the song Cake by Rihanna but instead of singing and I want to lic - s.morgan (they/them) (10 months ago)
TeddyCartier
Happy Birthday ALWAYS BEEN that person i look to when it comes to producing! Hay a sway bday and keep vi - TeddyCartier (10 months ago)
Breakaway Running
Happy Birthday to Breakaway team member Jacob!! Honestly one one the nicest dudes you will ever meet. He also loves - Breakaway Running (10 months ago)
granzotto frederic
Happy women s d\'ay & m\'y birthday - granzotto frederic (10 months ago)
Simz
!!!!!!!! Y all !!!!!! Rihanna sent me to come deliver this message to you personally She says i mus - Simz (10 months ago)
Austin Evans
Happy bday to the one and only !!! dude is a complete savage and needs to tour with Rihanna asap - Austin Evans (10 months ago)
Irina D.Dolamic
Happy birthday - Irina D.Dolamic (10 months ago)
Rihanna will celebrate her 32 yo birthday in 1 months and 0 days!
Send your greetings to her now!
Share HappyBday.to/Rihanna on
31 years old (Born on February 20, 1988)
Singer, songwriter; She is famous from Pon De Replay(2005) / Umbrella.
Def Jam's contract offer was so strong that Rihanna turned down meetings with other major record labels. (tv.com) She sold a million copies worldwide of her debut Music of The Sun. (tv.com) Rihanna was chosen as one of People Magazine's annual 100 Most Beautiful People in May 2007. (tv.com) Whenever Rihanna visits Barbados, the first place she goes to is the beach. (tv.com) She has two younger brothers Rorrey and Rajad.
Rihanna's Best Moments
Fun Facts About Rihanna
The choreography for Rihanna's videos Pon De Replay and If It's Lovin' was done by Fatima Robinson. (tv.com)
Rihanna has put up her own foundation called "Believe" to help sick children get medical treatment, school supplies, and toys. (tv.com)
In February 2008, it was revealed that Barbados was creating a national holiday to honor Rihanna. Rihanna accepted the honor and put on a free concert for her fans. (tv.com)
Rihanna worked with Maroon 5 on a song called If I Never See Your Face Again. (tv.com)
Born to a biracial Barbadian father Ronald Fenty and a black Guyanese mother Monica Fenty.
Her musical influences include Dancehall, Pop, Reggae, and Soca. (tv.com)
Her second album, A Girl Like Me, debuted at #5 in the United States. (tv.com)
She had a cameo role in Bring It On 3: All or Nothing. (tv.com)
Christina Milian was originally asked to record S.O.S. (written by Jonathan Rotem) by Def Jam but she declined. Rihanna was then offered to record it. (tv.com)
Rihanna is tutored 15 hours a week. (tv.com)
Her third album is titled Good Girl Gone Bad and was released on June 5, 2007. The first single is Umbrella featuring Jay-Z. (tv.com)
Stated in an interview that her friend and former Island Def Jam record label artist Fefe Dobson was someone that she admired and looked up to. Having a fellow black artist writing, singing, and performing the music she truly loves.
Her album A Girl Like Me, was leaked onto the internet via illegal download sites. (tv.com)
Attended Combermere which is a sixth form school similar to technical school in America.
Her father, Robert Fenty, is Bajan and her mother, Monica Fenty, is Guyanese. (tv.com)
Rihanna is the official sponsor for the Barbados Tourism Agency. (tv.com)
She is of African, Creole and Guyanese descent. (tv.com)
Performed Hero at her school's talent show
Won a beauty pageant at her school.
She has a few tattoos, including a Pisces sign behind her right ear and music notes on her right foot. (tv.com)
She attended Charles F. Broome Memorial School and Combermere School, which is a sixth form school similar to technical school in the United States. (tv.com)
Her single, Take a Bow, remained in the Top 10 songs on iTunes for about a month in June 2008. (tv.com)
Rihanna came out with a new album called Good Girl Gone Bad: Reloaded on June 17, 2008. It contains all of the songs from Good Girl Gone Bad and 3 bonus songs, Take a Bow, If I Never See Your Face Again (with Maroon 5), and her brand new single, Disturbia. (tv.com)
Rihanna says that the thing she misses most about Barbados is the food.convention center in Japan as part of the Live Earth concert. (tv.com)
Her musical inspirations include Alicia Keys, Beyoncu00e9 Knowles, and Mariah Carey.
Rihanna is a big fan of Whitney Houston. (tv.com)
The only Rihanna song not available on CD is "Bring It Back". It might've been a demo or just unreleased on CD. (tv.com)
In her song Don't Stop the Music, she samples a part of the Michael Jackson song Wanna Be Startin' Something from his Thriller album. (tv.com)
She is 5 feet 8 inches (1.72 meters) tall. (tv.com)
While she was a child, Rihanna's mother, a professional make-up artist, did not allow her to use beauty products. Ironically, she grew up to became the spokesperson for Cover Girl cosmetics. (tv.com)
In the 2007 Teen Choice Awards, Rihanna won in the category "Choice Music: R&B Artist". (tv.com)
She once said she would risk her life for her mother and her brother. (tv.com)
Her song Unfaithful, a slow ballad very different from Rihanna's earlier work, addresses the feelings of guilt a girl faces as she cheats on her boyfriend. (tv.com)
Ranked #8 on the Maxim magazine Hot 100 of 2007 list.
Her musical inspirations include Alicia Keys, Beyoncu00e9 Knowles, Mariah Carey, Sean Paul, Luther Vandros, Shaggy, DC, and Diana Ross. (tv.com)
She claims that her dark skin color faded away because she spends so much time traveling in cold countries. And yes this is probably true because in countries where she tours such as France, Belgium and parts of the US aren't particularly sunny. (tv.com)
Was signed to Def Jam Records
Rihanna enjoys watching the show Entourage. (tv.com)
Over the years, Rihanna has been placed on several celebrity magazine and online "Top" lists, including:
#86 on AIM's 100 Hottest Brunettes
#57 on AIM's Celebs Under 25
#15 in Maxim's Hot 100 Women in 2008
#78 on Notarized: Top 100 Videos of 2007 for her music video featuring Ne-Yo "Hate That I Love You"
#8 in Maxim's 2007 Hot 100 List
#1 in a poll conducted by AntiBloat to find the "Sexiest Celebrity Stomachs" in July of 2008 (tv.com)
In 2006, Rihanna received two Video Music Award nominations for "Best New Artist" and "Viewer's Choice" for S.O.S.. (tv.com)
Rihanna's favorite fashion designers are Zac Posen and Dsquared. (tv.com)
Won a Beauty Pageant contest at her school
In February 2008, she teamed up with H&M and Designers Against Aids (DAA) to promote the so-called "Fashion Against Aids". It is meant to raise awareness about the disease to teens. (tv.com)
Rihanna doesn't smoke (tv.com)
Sampled "Wanna Be Startin` Somethin` " by Michael Jackson from his " Thriller" album in her song "Please Don`t Stop the Music".
In the Philippines, If It's Lovin' That You Want became Rihanna's first #1 single. (tv.com)
She won the Miss Combermere Pageant in 2004 at her school. (tv.com)
Rihanna performed her songs "Pon de Replay", "SOS", "Unfaithful", "Shut Up and Drive" and "Umbrella" on July 7th, 2007 at the Makuhari Messe convention center in Japan as part of the Live Earth concert. (tv.com)
Born to a black/Irish Barbadian father Ronald Fenty and a black Guyanese mother Monica Fenty.
She has two brothers Rorrey and Rajad. (tv.com)
She banned fans from bringing umbrellas to her U.K. concerts because she does not want anyone getting hurt if the fans try to copy her dance moves with the umbrellas when she performs her song Umbrella. However, this was not on her own accord, the venues said it was 'a safety risk' as she said on the Jonathan Ross show in London. (tv.com)
Rihanna has a turtle and a Pomeranian named Marley. (tv.com)
Unfaithful is based on a relationship Rihanna had when she was 14-years-old. Her relationship "was not physical" though. (tv.com)
Her second album A Girl Like Me recently reached platinum. (tv.com)
Rihanna is friends with Chris Brown. (tv.com)
Rihanna says she had much more control over her new album "Good Girl Gone Bad" than she did in "A Girl Like Me". (tv.com)
If Rihanna didn't have a music career, she would like to go into psychology. (tv.com)
Rihanna's favorite subjects were chemistry and math. (tv.com)
At the 2007 American Music Awards, Rihanna was chosen as the Favorite Female Artist for Soul/R&B category. (tv.com)
Rihanna and the band, Fall Out Boy, sang "Shut Up and Drive," which was a song by Rihanna. (tv.com)
The lead single off her album A Girl Like Me, "S.O.S." was recorded for her recent endorsement deal with Nike. (tv.com)
Rihanna won as Cosmopolitan Magazine's Ultimate Mistress of Music for 2007. (tv.com)
She has worked with Sizzla, Rupee, J-Status, Memphis Bleek, and Kardinal Offishall on duets. (tv.com)
She worked with Ne-Yo on her sophomore album, A Girl Like Me. (tv.com)
Her obvious talent impressed Def Jam Records CEO Jay-Z enough for the label to sign her to a 6 album contract at the young age of 16. (tv.com)
On A Girl Like Me, We Ride is her favorite song. (tv.com)
Performed Mariah Carey`s "Hero" at her school`s talent show.
Her second album, A Girl Like Me, was released less than eight months after her debut album, Music of the Sun. (tv.com)
She toured as an opening act for Gwen Stefani in 2006 to promote her own album. (tv.com)
She is the new face of Cover Girl. (tv.com)
She's addicted to shopping and owns over 100 pairs of shoes. (tv.com)
In 2006, Rihanna landed several endorsement deals, including ones for Nike and J.C. Penney. (tv.com)
Rihanna doesn't eat Mexican, Indian, Japanese, or Chinese food. Instead, she snacks on local fruit and lots of water to keep healthy. (tv.com)
She was discovered by music producer Evan Rogers while he was vacationing in Barbados with his wife Jackie. (tv.com)
Rihanna's biggest pet peeve is when people are dishonest. (tv.com)
She won four honors at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards including Female Artist of the Year. (tv.com)
Aside from her singing voice, Rihanna gets awards for her legs-they're even insured for a million dollars. She admits that she has to work out regularly to make them look fit. (tv.com)
She and Christina Aguilera helped launch the new colors of the LG Chocolate phones. (tv.com)
Rihanna's favorite hangout spot in Barbodos is the boatyard. (tv.com)
e.g.: grumpy cat, poem, Rihanna, hugs, kiss you, xoxo, smile, friendship, love, Jesus, OMG, beautiful, cute, funny, sexy, gorgeous, dude, biatch, holy shit
How Did You Know Rihanna & Your Message to her *

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After closing out the regular season with a pair of losses, the Glencoe Brewers began the Region 7C playoffs this week against Waconia.
Glencoe its best-of-three series versus the Lakers at Vollmer Field on Tuesday, July 24, after the Chronicle went to press.
Game 2 is scheduled for 7:30 p.m. Thursday in Waconia. If necessary, a deciding contest is slated for 2 p.m. Sunday in Waconia.
The Brewers wrapped up their regular season with a 7-15 overall record and a 5-12 mark in Crow River Valley League play after dropping its final two pre-playoff contests last week.
Glencoe lost 5-1 in a non-league game at Belle Plaine on Tuesday, July 17. The hosts took the lead for good in the second inning, with the Brewers scoring just once in the eighth inning on a home run by Paxton Jordahl.
Jordahl and Brody Bratsch had two hits apiece to pace their squad's seven-hit attack.
Starting pitcher Alex Romano took the loss, despite allowing just two hits and two earned runs as Glencoe committed six errors in the game.
The Brewers recorded three more errors in a 6-2 defeat to visiting Winsted in the regular-season finale.
Starting pitcher Jaime Paumen allowed just two earned runs over six innings with nine strikeouts, but was tagged with the loss.
Bratsch drove in both of Glencoe's runs, with Cameron Chap and Derek Weber each scoring once in the contest.


text:
On Desperate Ground by Hampton Sides
On Desperate Ground by Hampton Sides was an excellent book about U.S. Marines in the Korean War being surrounded in the mountains by a much larger force of Chinese troops and fighting their way back to safety.
Sides details how in 1950, General Douglas MacArthur, Commander of all U.S. and U.N. troops in the Far East, had the Marines make a push across the 38th parallel separating North and South Korea, with the goal of going all the way to the Yalu River separating North Korea from China. MacArthur's belief was that Chinese wouldn't enter into the war and the hubris on the part of he and his Chief of Staff, Major General Ned Almond, resulted in a force led by some twenty-thousand men of the First Marine Division commanded by General Oliver Prince North being flanked by what was likely several hundred thousand Chinese soldiers.
Much of the fighting in the mountains took place in sub-zero temperatures around the Chosin Reservoir, with a single 100 mile road there from the coast, and the Chinese trapping the Marines in the mountains, letting them progress up the road and then blowing bridges behind them. It was a remarkable escape, aided heavily by the Marines building an airstrip in the mountains at Hagaru, replacing a blown-out bridge to safety by flying in and dropping multi-thousand pound bridge pieces, the rescuing of men from the frozen-over reservoir, and by a battalion of 450 Marines who went overland to come to the aid of a company of Marines, Fox Company, who would have otherwise almost certainly have been all killed or captured. The tales of individual heroism was compelling reading, with those featured in the book along with General North including Sergeant Robert Kennemore, Lieutenant John Yancey, Private Hector Cafferata, Private Jack Chapman, Lieutenant Chew-Een Lee, Navy pilots Ensign Jesse Brown and Lieutenant Thomas Hudner, Private Ed Reeves, and Lieutenant Colonel John Partridge, who oversaw the building of both the bridge and airstrip.
The book in the beginning makes mention of Sun Tzu's notion that there are nine different kinds of battle, and that "the final and most distressing type is a situation in which one's army can be saved from destruction only by fighting without delay, a situation that Sun Tzu calls 'on desperate ground,'" and after the war, causality numbers stated by the Pentagon had the battle at and around the reservoir pegged at some 750 Marines killed, with 3,000 wounded and 200 missing, and the Chinese forces having an estimated 30,000 killed and 12,500 wounded. Overall, it was noted that 33,000 Americans died fighting in the Korean War, 180,000 Chinese troops, and 2.5M Korean citizens, and Sides in the book tells the story of this particular battle via a combination of deep reporting and narrative tales of individual heroism in the face of close to insurmountable odds.
Labels: book review, Hampton Sides, On Desperate Ground
The Library Book by Susan Orlean
Bad Blood by John Carreyrou
The Dinosaur Artist by Paige Williams


Cake Nest started when we noticed family and friends gathering in our kitchen whenever we got the mixing bowl out. In those days few cakes made it as far as being decorated, let alone out of the kitchen. Often all we had to show for a day's baking were a few sweet crumbs licked from sticky fingers. The more we baked, the more other people seemed to love our cakes and we got so much pleasure from it we began to experiment… From zingy lemon sponge to bittersweet espresso cake and who knows how many versions of the classic carrot cake (it had to be perfect!). We measured, mixed and baked our hearts out. The more we made, the more people wanted them and so Cake Nest was born.


Spurred by a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court not to hear an appeal by New York Times reporter James Risen – which could result in Risen going to jail or being fined for not naming his source – media organizations stress that now is the time to pass a federal shield bill.
More than 70 news organizations – the Reporters Committee included – sent a letter to the Senate majority and minority leaders earlier this week, urging them to schedule a vote on the shield bill.
A federal shield law would offer protections for journalists who are asked to testify in court or to hand over their notes.
Many states have shield laws and offer varying protection: some offer absolute protection for anonymous sources, while others offer only qualified protection, so that a journalist can be forced to testify under certain circumstances (such as when the information cannot be obtained elsewhere and it is essential to the case). The proposed federal shield law would offer a qualified privilege.


text:
Q: Why is $\mid e^{2 \pi ixh}-1\mid = 2 \mid sin(\pi xh)\mid $? I cant prove or see why this is true ;
$\mid e^{2 \pi ixh}-1\mid = 2 \mid sin(\pi xh)\mid $
help!

A: Hint: Take $e^{\pi ixh}$ common and use
a) $\sin(u) = \frac{e^{iu}-e^{-iu}}{2i}$
b)$|e^{iu}|=1$

A: Hint:
$$|e^{2\pi ixh}-1| = |e^{\pi ixh}||e^{\pi ixh} - e^{-\pi ixh}|.$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
Max R. Langham, Thomas M. Krummel, Lazar J. Greenfield, David E.M. Drucker, Thomas Tracy, Dawn G. Mueller, Anthony Napolitano, Barry V. Kirkpatrick, Arnold M. Salzberg
Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
From 1981 through 1986, 8 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia required herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was employed in 7 after they met local criteria predictive of 95% mortality. These criteria were an alveolar-postductal arterial oxygen gradient greater than 600 mm Hg for 12 hours or hemodynamic instability. Four of these 7 patients had unremitting hypoxemia after herniorrhaphy (no "honeymoon" period), 3 of whom survived. One additional patient died, producing a mortality of 29%. ECMO used for 68 to 241 hours (mean, 163 hours) provided reliable oxygenation in all. Deaths resulted from disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding, and bleeding and pulmonary failure after ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus. Complications occurred in 6 patients and included bleeding (3), hernia recurrence (3), and air embolism (1). Follow-up ranging from 1 year to 6 years after discharge of the 5 survivors shows normal growth and development in 4. The reported mortality without ECMO following congenital diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life ranges between 60 and 80%. While bleeding may present problems, survival of newborns with refractory hypoxemia after diaphragmatic repair has improved with ECMO.
Annals of Thoracic Surgery
Herniorrhaphy
Air Embolism
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
Langham, M. R., Krummel, T. M., Greenfield, L. J., Drucker, D. E. M., Tracy, T., Mueller, D. G., ... Salzberg, A. M. (1987). Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 44(3), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62064-4
Langham, Max R. ; Krummel, Thomas M. ; Greenfield, Lazar J. ; Drucker, David E.M. ; Tracy, Thomas ; Mueller, Dawn G. ; Napolitano, Anthony ; Kirkpatrick, Barry V. ; Salzberg, Arnold M. / Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias. In: Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1987 ; Vol. 44, No. 3. pp. 247-252.
@article{36ab496c7a504e68a5417e3f4ee30a36,
title = "Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias",
abstract = "From 1981 through 1986, 8 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia required herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was employed in 7 after they met local criteria predictive of 95{\%} mortality. These criteria were an alveolar-postductal arterial oxygen gradient greater than 600 mm Hg for 12 hours or hemodynamic instability. Four of these 7 patients had unremitting hypoxemia after herniorrhaphy (no "honeymoon" period), 3 of whom survived. One additional patient died, producing a mortality of 29{\%}. ECMO used for 68 to 241 hours (mean, 163 hours) provided reliable oxygenation in all. Deaths resulted from disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding, and bleeding and pulmonary failure after ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus. Complications occurred in 6 patients and included bleeding (3), hernia recurrence (3), and air embolism (1). Follow-up ranging from 1 year to 6 years after discharge of the 5 survivors shows normal growth and development in 4. The reported mortality without ECMO following congenital diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life ranges between 60 and 80{\%}. While bleeding may present problems, survival of newborns with refractory hypoxemia after diaphragmatic repair has improved with ECMO.",
author = "Langham, {Max R.} and Krummel, {Thomas M.} and Greenfield, {Lazar J.} and Drucker, {David E.M.} and Thomas Tracy and Mueller, {Dawn G.} and Anthony Napolitano and Kirkpatrick, {Barry V.} and Salzberg, {Arnold M.}",
journal = "Annals of Thoracic Surgery",
Langham, MR, Krummel, TM, Greenfield, LJ, Drucker, DEM, Tracy, T, Mueller, DG, Napolitano, A, Kirkpatrick, BV & Salzberg, AM 1987, 'Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias', Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62064-4
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias. / Langham, Max R.; Krummel, Thomas M.; Greenfield, Lazar J.; Drucker, David E.M.; Tracy, Thomas; Mueller, Dawn G.; Napolitano, Anthony; Kirkpatrick, Barry V.; Salzberg, Arnold M.
In: Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Vol. 44, No. 3, 01.01.1987, p. 247-252.
T1 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
AU - Langham, Max R.
AU - Krummel, Thomas M.
AU - Greenfield, Lazar J.
AU - Drucker, David E.M.
AU - Tracy, Thomas
AU - Mueller, Dawn G.
AU - Napolitano, Anthony
AU - Kirkpatrick, Barry V.
AU - Salzberg, Arnold M.
N2 - From 1981 through 1986, 8 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia required herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was employed in 7 after they met local criteria predictive of 95% mortality. These criteria were an alveolar-postductal arterial oxygen gradient greater than 600 mm Hg for 12 hours or hemodynamic instability. Four of these 7 patients had unremitting hypoxemia after herniorrhaphy (no "honeymoon" period), 3 of whom survived. One additional patient died, producing a mortality of 29%. ECMO used for 68 to 241 hours (mean, 163 hours) provided reliable oxygenation in all. Deaths resulted from disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding, and bleeding and pulmonary failure after ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus. Complications occurred in 6 patients and included bleeding (3), hernia recurrence (3), and air embolism (1). Follow-up ranging from 1 year to 6 years after discharge of the 5 survivors shows normal growth and development in 4. The reported mortality without ECMO following congenital diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life ranges between 60 and 80%. While bleeding may present problems, survival of newborns with refractory hypoxemia after diaphragmatic repair has improved with ECMO.
AB - From 1981 through 1986, 8 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia required herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was employed in 7 after they met local criteria predictive of 95% mortality. These criteria were an alveolar-postductal arterial oxygen gradient greater than 600 mm Hg for 12 hours or hemodynamic instability. Four of these 7 patients had unremitting hypoxemia after herniorrhaphy (no "honeymoon" period), 3 of whom survived. One additional patient died, producing a mortality of 29%. ECMO used for 68 to 241 hours (mean, 163 hours) provided reliable oxygenation in all. Deaths resulted from disseminated intravascular coagulation and bleeding, and bleeding and pulmonary failure after ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus. Complications occurred in 6 patients and included bleeding (3), hernia recurrence (3), and air embolism (1). Follow-up ranging from 1 year to 6 years after discharge of the 5 survivors shows normal growth and development in 4. The reported mortality without ECMO following congenital diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in the first 8 hours of life ranges between 60 and 80%. While bleeding may present problems, survival of newborns with refractory hypoxemia after diaphragmatic repair has improved with ECMO.
JO - Annals of Thoracic Surgery
JF - Annals of Thoracic Surgery
Langham MR, Krummel TM, Greenfield LJ, Drucker DEM, Tracy T, Mueller DG et al. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Following Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1987 Jan 1;44(3):247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62064-4


text:
Universal Credit rollout 'exceptionally challenging' for landlords
Universal Credit Rollout
Written by Bill Irvine
RLA trainer, housing benefit and Universal Credit Rollout (UC) expert Bill Irvine returns with news of the full service rollout of the Government's Universal Credit Rollout scheme and warns of challenging times for landlords as they guide tenants through the new process.
"The DWP has released details on the next stage in the "digital" or "full service" Universal Credit Rollout, identifying each of the Jobcentre areas planned to progress to the full blown service between now and September 2018.
The announcement puts to bed any remaining doubts that the rollout was being further delayed or even shelved by Theresa May's new government.
The DWP hasn't provided much more by way of information, but if you wish to check when your own area is expected to go live, examine the list here.
Clearly this is a critically important announcement, as it will allow you, with some degree of certainty, to initiate talks with the DWP and your local council(s) for the hopefully, smooth transition to the full service.
It should also provide ample time for you to prepare contingency plan and ensure staff are sufficiently knowledgeable about the new scheme, including its many nuances, to offset any potential problems encountered by staff and tenants alike.
The digital system removes the "gateway" conditions, which have so far limited awards (400,000 to October, 2016) to mainly single claimants, so, when full service is activated in your area, expect to see a spike in the number and type of claimants, including families, single parents, people with disabilities, those who secure jobs with low earnings etc.
The digital system also operates under different rules with claims being made – in the majority of cases – online, whereas current claims are mainly processed by DWP staff in Jobcentres.
Assuming the DWP adopts a similar approach to what's happened so far, you can expect the transition to result in the DWP focusing, first and foremost, on "new" claims from newly unemployed; claimants who lose their legacy benefit, due to a change in circumstances, or claimants who move address to a full service area.
Once that initial exercise is complete, the migration process of forcing people over to Universal Credit will happen on a phased basis.
This latter stage also involves the complicated, but critically important process of "transitional protection" – i.e. ensuring existing claimants, at the point of transfer, are no worse off, moving to Universal Credit.
The expansion of the roll-out will prove exceptionally challenging for social and private landlords alike, as you'll be expected to support tenants through the new process, with little support from the DWP or indeed local advice agencies, already swamped with welfare reform issues.
No doubt, DWP will issue more details over the next few weeks. If they do, I'll update you."
Blog Post from Residential Landlords Association


One of the most common questions asked regarding real estate investing is, "how do I get started?" or "what do I need to know?" Real estate investing can sound like rocket science to beginners or to those who have never even thought about real estate. What a lot of people don't know is ordinary people who invest in real estate just once can be very successful and benefit from their investment their entire lives. Investing does not require a degree or a lot of prior knowledge, and the resources today make investing very feasible. Let's examine what is actually required for one to invest.
You don't have to be a math expert but understanding positive cash flow is the core of the calculations that you will come across. Positive cash flow means income is more than expenses and that should be made priority when investing. To figure this, you'll have to be aware of all the expenses that could come up with an investment property – maintenance, vacancies, insurance, HOA fees, property tax, mortgage, etc.
There are many other figures to be aware of. If someone proposes investing in a property with a 3% cash on cash return, an investor should know to walk away from such a deal. Differentiating good deals from bad ones takes time and practice, but it's good to know what are the acceptable averages for cap rate, cash on cash return, price to rent ratio, etc.
A lot of investors know how to create excel sheets and calculate these figures for themselves but don't be frightened – not every investor does this. Since spreadsheets are becoming outdated, you can use investment property calculators which generate these figures automatically – saving a lot of time and confusion.
An investor doesn't have to know the ins and outs before investing but know when is the right time to buy or sell. When buying or selling, know what to expect based on the market conditions. For example, investors who bought properties solely for appreciation were unsuccessful during the recession and market crash. Knowing market behavior and such patterns does not only act as risk management, but is also the best way to learn about real estate investing.
Understanding the dynamics of an area is also important, like knowing which areas are in high demand. This means inquiring about neighborhood amenities, job market, transportation, home prices, rental rates, etc.
With any investment, comes risk. With real estate, it's usually economy related. Not much that can be done about that but if the cards are played right, an investor can maintain income during an economical crisis.
Other risks include getting bad tenants or being unable to pay mortgage payment and having to foreclosure. Fortunately, these risks are a lot more manageable.
Networking is absolutely key for real estate investors, especially for beginners. You will need a network of different team members to gain new opportunities, assistance, and knowledge. Learning from the experienced is the best way to learn after hands-on learning. As an investor, you will be required to make different decisions, ranging from banking to renovating. It's a lot easier if you already have a team to consult.
Know how to properly communicate when screening and managing tenants. Since legal compliance is a big part of being a landlord, know how to be firm with tenants when necessary. Having proper communication skills is also important when it comes to negotiating closing costs or hiring labor.
Management can go under this point, as well. A lot has to be managed as an investor. The property has to be maintained, tenants have to be accommodated, payments have to be tracked, etc. If an investor does not want take all of this on, they will need to hire assistance which also has to be properly managed.
Real estate investing is not just buying properties, renting, and selling. It does require understanding consumer behavior and demands. If you're trying to appeal to a certain demographic, such as college students, know what they're looking for in a property and if you're able to provide it. What kind of amenities are such tenants going to look for? Are they going to be able to pay rent? If you're renting out a single-family home to a family, they're going to take schools and crime rate into consideration. Off-campus students, however, are going to look at public transportation and proximity to universities and amenities.
Real estate requires investors to continue learning about the market trends and about their own investment through observing. Of course real estate is not a get-rich-quick scheme so patience is required. It will take time looking for resources, deals, making the investment, and managing, but the rewards are worth it.
What other skills do real estate investors need? What's something someone can do to prepare for investing? Leave us a comment and let's chat!
What are the pros and cons of a real estate open house?
Should My First Home Be an Investment Property?


European model shown for illustration purposes only. [*]Retail and [**] Sale price based on st#'s 353100 / 364410 / 34171X / 450190 with a MSRP of $44,590 / $73,250 / $54,940 / $37,400 includes freight & PDI ($2,095), tire levy ($25), Doc Fee ($495), environmental levy ($100), LED entry lights ($200), Audi Care ($945), floor mats, trunk liner, & wheel locks ($398). Taxes, licence, insurance and registration are extra. [*]Retail and [**] Sale price based on st#'s 44890 / 468000 with a MSRP of $72,390 / $65,950 includes freight & PDI ($2,095), tire levy ($25), Doc Fee ($495), environmental levy ($100), LED entry lights ($200), Audi Care ($1,035), floor mats, trunk liner & wheel locks ($398). Taxes, licence, insurance and registration are extra. [*]Retail and [**] Sale price based on st# 381100 with a MSRP of $68,140 includes freight & PDI ($2,095), tire levy ($25), Doc Fee ($495), environmental levy ($100), LED entry lights ($200), Audi Care ($1,485), floor mats, trunk liner, & wheel locks ($398) and exterior ceramic coating ($3,500). Taxes, licence, insurance and registration are extra. Retailers are free to set individual prices and charge administration fees, which may change the APR or the price of the vehicle. Please visit Audi Victoria for full details. Offers expire April 30th, 2019. Offers are subject to availability and may be cancelled or changed without notice. Certain conditions apply. See Audi Victoria for details. "Audi","A3". "A4","A5", "A6","S3","Q3","Q5","Q7","SQ5","RS3", "etron", Vorsprung durch Technik", and the four rings emblem are registered trademarks of AUDI AG. ©2019 Audi Canada. To find out more about Audi, visit Audi Victoria. DL4991427 #31246.


The intelligence layer of our platform, known as Sky, works as the brain of your Hammett home to provide levels of convenience that you never imagined possible. Over time, your smart home system tracks your habits and self-adapts to fit your routines. With the addition of the Vivint Smart Home app, you can even maintain total control of your home when you are not there. Whether you're in search of a simple way to trim down your energy cost, you want to be able to lock and unlock your garage from smartphone or tablet, or you want to protect your property from intruders, we've got you covered.
Thanks to our commitment to convenience and affordability, it's easier than ever to upgrade your home to a high-tech fortress. We provide a free one-on-one consultation so that you get the smart home of your dreams, customizing your system to fit the needs of your house. Vivint Smart Home Pros will perform a free full-service, professional installation for Hammett homeowners (regularly $199), so you can enjoy the safety and security of this amazing smart home system immediately. Give us a call today and see just how much more convenient, safer, cheaper, and more relaxed your life can be.


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Oppilotech awarded Innovate UK grant to expand model of outer wall of bacteria
London, UK, 26th April 2018 / Sciad Newswire / Oppilotech Ltd, a biopharmaceutical company founded to develop safe, first-in-class, antibacterial therapies, announced today it has been selected for funding by Innovate UK – the UK's innovation agency.
Oppilotech has been taking a systems biology approach to building a detailed, sophisticated, experimentally validated, computational network model of the outer wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for many of the hard-to-treat infections and include pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The funding will be used to:
Expand the model to incorporate peptidoglycan – a key constituent of bacterial cell walls
Incorporate 3D spatial elements that can simulate entry and activities of antibacterial agents across the cell wall
Utilise the model to select first-in-class viable drug targets that will form the basis for the development of the next generation of antibiotics
The 12-month project is in partnership with Prof Waldemar Vollmer from Newcastle University – a world-leading expert on bacterial cell wall biology.
John George, PhD Co-founder/CSO of Oppilotech and Reader at Leeds Beckett University, commented, "We are all aware of the growing antibiotic resistance crisis and the need for the development of novel classes of antibiotics. This funding will expand our understanding of how the outer wall of Gram-negative bacteria is assembled and reveal new insights into how this wall can be disrupted. This will form the basis for the development of the next generation of antibiotics. We'd like to thank Innovate UK for providing this vital funding that will go towards developing solutions to the antimicrobial resistance crisis."
The power and utility of the model has already been employed for Oppilotech's OPT-200 programme: an early-stage first-in-class antibacterial R&D programme targeting the synthesis of LPS - an important component of the outer wall.
Oppilotech Ltd
Ajay Mistry PhD, Founder/CEO
T: +44(0)7881 811 739
E: ajay.mistry@oppilotech.com
Sciad Communications, Media Relations
Deborah Cockerill / Emma Pickup / Juliette Craggs
T: +44(0)20 7470 8801
E: oppilotech@sciad.com
About Oppilotech Ltd
Oppilotech is a science-led biotech company focused on the discovery and development of first-in-class antibacterial compounds against drug resistant organisms. The company is taking a systems biology approach to build one of the most detailed, accurate, computational network models of bacterial cell envelope (including LPS, peptidoglycan & phospholipids components) biogenesis that has ever been assembled. The model provides valuable insights into selecting the most viable drug targets. The company intends to take the antibacterial programmes derived from the model into the clinic. Visit www.oppilotech.com
About Innovate UK
Innovate UK is the UK's innovation agency. It works with people, companies and partner organisations to find and drive the science and technology innovations that will grow the UK economy. For-further-information visit https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/innovate-uk


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Sparks over Power Grid Cybersecurity
A new measure aims to protect the networks that control electric power distribution throughout North America. But not everyone is juiced over plans to hold utilities accountable to tight security practices. The organization responsible for keeping electricity flowing throughout the United States and Canada took its first serious step this week to shoring up cybersecurity on the Byzantine computer networks that control electric power distribution. That portions of the power grid are vulnerable to hack attack has been known since at least 1997, when a six month vulnerability assessment by the White House's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee found basic security flaws in the computerized systems that control generators, switching stations and electrical substations. Among other things, the committee reported that operational networks controlling critical portions of the grid were accessible through electric companies' corporate LANs; some digital circuit breakers could be remotely tripped by anyone with the right phone number; and fixed passwords for remote vendor access went unchanged for years. Full Story


Sepia latimanus Quoy & Gaimard 1832, the Broadclub Cuttlefish. Red Sea and widely in the Indo-Pacific. To about twenty inches in length (500 mm.!), one of the largest cuttlefishes. N. Sulawesi photo by Rob Bray.
Genus Seriatopora Lamarck 1816, Bird's Nest, Needle, Brush Coral. One of the easiest of genera to pick out amongst the stony corals, with thin, pointed branches and the family's easily seen verrucae. N. Sulawesi pic, 09.
Squid egg mass, N. Sulawesi 09.
Sepiateuthis lessoniana Lesson 1830. Bigfin Reef Squid. Recognized by its long body-length finnage. Found near the surface to 100 meters. Indo-Mid-Pacific; Red Sea to Hawai'i. N. Sulawesi, Indonesia pic.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mineral Point has been fortunate to attract several new small retail businesses in the past year. This Saturday, when you come to town for Small Business Saturday here are some of the new faces and places to explore.
We'll start at the top of High Street and work our way down.
The Glimmering Prize, 265 High Street (formerly the Pfotenhauer Law Firm) offers an interesting array of vintage, collectibles, objects and adornments. This shop and studio of Lorraine Reynolds (shown at left) will be open every weekend from now until the end of the year.
Windy Ridge Pottery, 262 High Street (see Windy Ridge Blows Into Town) is the downtown outlet of potters Joe and Christie Cole. Their locally crafted, everyday pottery makes a perfect gift for any occasion.
Robert Clements Studio, 237 High Street is an art gallery showcasing Robert's photography and many fish assemblages, carvings, and fish on sticks. Robert is shown at left holding a fish that is no longer available because I purchased it, but he has many more to choose from.
Sugar Row, 234 High Street, is the working studio and gallery of painters Lorna Fillipini and Clyde Paton, in the newly remodeled building that had been M Studio for many years. They will not be open this Saturday, but plan to be open for the December 3rd Gallery Night when they will feature the work of Bill Grover.
Cyndy's Fudge and Ice Cream Shop, 231 High Street (see Fudge, and Ice Cream, and Pie Oh My!) serves up homemade fudge and pies. They also offer ice cream and other treats.
Deeconstruct, Recycled Fun – 214 High Street (see New Addition to High Street — Dee Construct) is the recycling assemblage emporium of Dee Hooks. Her shop also carries antiques, vintage goods and supplies for other mixed media artists.
Ainsley Anderson and Sharon Rowe have transformed their antique shop at 315 Commerce Street. It is now called Driftless Kids, an adorable little shop focusing on toys, books and puzzles for kids. They also still have some antiques. Get there now before those are all gone.
Popolo Pizza 20 Commerce Street, (read We The Popolo) is a perfect pizza destination if you like hand-tossed pizza baked in a wood burning oven. If you have not met owners Sean Henninger and Wendy Dueling who moved here from Milwaukee over the summer, stop down and say hi.
While this Saturday is a good excuse to check out these new businesses and pop up stores (and to visit all your old favorites) the fact is you don't need a holiday to get out and support the small businesses of Mineral Point.
Here in Mineral Point it's more like Small Business Everyday.
This entry was posted in People and tagged Clyde Paton, Cyndy's Fudge, Deconstruct, Driftless Kids, Laura Cisler, Lorna Fillipini, Recycled Fun, Robert Clements Studio, Small Business Saturday, Sugar Row, The Board Shoppe. Bookmark the permalink.


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Best Cloud Storage
Mobile Industry
Why Estonia pioneered digital identity
By Ott Vatter 03 September 2019
Empowering citizens from around the globe to start businesses in Estonia
(Image credit: Republic of Estonia)
Ott Vatter is the Managing Director at E-Residency.
Estonia topped a poll of the most digitally advanced nations this year, according to research conducted by global community network InterNations. They praised Estonia for offering expats and digital nomads the ability to live a more connected life, and hence a better work-life balance.
Comparatively, the UK did not make it into the top 10, despite the fact that UK tech firms have received record-breaking investment over the last year, according to Tech Nation. Meanwhile, the rest of the world is looking up at Estonia, a small country of just 1.3 million people, to provide digital solutions. The country is home to more tech unicorns - private companies valued at $1bn or more - per capita (more than any other small nation in the world).
The e-Residency programme, a government initiative introduced in 2014 that encourages non-Estonian entrepreneurs to start businesses in Estonia (and by extension the EU), is just one part of the Estonia's digital strategy. European countries are currently faced with technology developing far beyond the capabilities of their infrastructure, but Estonia, being a small country with a digitally forward-thinking government, welcomes the change.
Inside Singapore's National Digital Identity programme
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Where did it all start?
Although we could look back to Estonia's declaration regarding internet access being a human right as the beginning of our journey to becoming the most advanced digital nation, we have to consider the nation's history as a country that fought for its independence from the soviet bloc, to ascertain why such rapid development took place.
According to Ott Jalakas, the COO and co-founder of Estonian tech company Lingvist, the lack of investment in technology during the Soviet era meant that by the time they began to modernise in the 1990s, their base infrastructure was more advanced than that of other countries. This meant that subsequent innovation has been based off of much more modern systems - databases in the UK and other countries are based off of 1980s architecture, whereas everything began in the 1990s for Estonia so they skipped over the tech that was deployed back in the 80s.
Fast-forward to 2014, Estonia introduced an e-Residency programme, which tells the tale of its digital rise. E-Residency is a government-issued digital identity and status that provides access to Estonia's e-services and a transparent business environment for companies and micro-businesses to work over the internet as part of the EU.
Now nearing its five-year anniversary, e-Residency has grown to become a community of nearly 60,000 digitally empowered citizens from around the globe. Over 6,000 business have been started as a result of the initiative, and millions of pounds have been contributed to the Estonian economy, demonstrating how being digitally advanced has opened doors for Estonia to become more self-sufficient and make a name for itself amongst some of the other European power-houses.
It's initiatives like this that will give people more freedom in the years to come. Borderless and flexible working will be far easier with a digital ID that permits people to work anywhere, and thanks to Estonia leading the charge and bringing this digital ID program to the world stage, companies and organisations have the chance to give their employees more flexibility, which will no doubt lead to more productivity and success for their respective workforces. With 89% of businesses and employees finding flexible working a big motivator for their productivity, giving workforces more access to this type of working will be crucial going forward.
Estonia has already seen the beneficial economic impact of introducing the e-Residency programme. As e-Residents often work across borders, they have also been great in spreading Estonia's cultural values to the wider world, and have been instrumental in the rise in e-Residents we've observed worldwide. Estonian President Kersti Kaljulaid has now also unveiled a roadmap for "e-Residency 2.0", which will further improve the offering for entrepreneurs, and include more ways for e-Residents to enjoy Estonian culture.
Inspiring other countries to innovate
Other governments are following suit , learning lessons from the Estonian success story. Recently Dubai unveiled its 50-year charter which includes plans to create virtual economic zones where people elsewhere in the world can obtain digital identities, much like the Estonian e-Residency model. Lithuania have also announced a similar programme, with intentions to give people from overseas access to Lithuania's public and commercial services.
A universal desire for a more connected world can bring countries together by promoting borderless working through programmes such as e-Residency, serving a unified rather than divided global mission. It's only a matter of time until the UK offers its own version of e-Residency in order to export its business environment and culture – and ultimately make more friends around the world.
An ode to the rankings, Estonia could not simply leave the programme as it was created. Development and indulgence in new tech and digital entities is what makes this nation a front runner and a nation to be exemplified, which is why Estonia will continue to innovate and transform the way businesses and individuals around the world operate.
Also check out the best VPN services of 2019


When naming acids, there are several guidelines that must be followed. The rule for naming acids depends on whether the anion contains oxygen. If the anion does not contain oxygen, acid is named with prefix hydro- and suffix -ic to the root of element. If the anion does contain oxygen, the name is formed from root name of central element of anion or anion name, with a suffix of -ic or -ous. When anion name ends in -ate, the suffix -ic is used.
So this segment let's go ahead and talk about how to name acids. So right after that I'll go ahead and say that I've been a Chemist for quite a long time, so I just kind of have an understanding of how to do acids. What I'm going to show you here are the basic rules for knowing how to do it and over time it will become more of second nature to you but in the meantime it's just going to have to be become something that you memorize. So I'll give you a few examples here and then you're going to want to go back and do them a few times and do a few different ones so that you can get your level of comfort up.
So let's recall that acids produce proton ions when dissolved in water. So H+ ions and that an acid can be thought of as a molecule with one or more H+ ions attached to an anion. And so basically, then when we're talking about the rules for naming acids, it's going to depend on whether or not the anion contains oxygen. So that's kind of a good trigger point. Remember that whether or not the anion contains oxygen will help you to remember how to name your acid. So let's go with the first rule.
So if the anion does not contain oxygen then the acid is named with the prefix hydro and the suffix ic attached to the root of the element. So the one example I have here is H2S which is dihydrogen sulphide and so when we dissolve it in water, then we'll get the acidic form of that and it will be named hydro for the prefix and then the root, right, is sulphur and then the ic on the end. So we get hydrosulphuric acid from H2S.
So the second rule is that when your anion contains oxygen, the acid name is formed from the root of the central element of the anion or the anion name with the suffix of ic or ous. So let's distinguish between whether or not you get the ic or whether or not you get the ous. So when the anion name ends in ate, then you get the suffix ic. So a couple of examples. H2SO4. So the anion of H2SO4 is SO4 2-. A quick recall here is you might be wondering how I remembered that SO4 is a 2-, has a 2- charge. Well, I know for sure that H has a +1 charge and there are two of them. So that means that SO4 must have a 2- charge. It's the simple way to remember if you don't always remember the charges on your polyatomic anions. Okay. So this sulphate ion is the anion of H2SO4. So, and it ends in ate, so that means we are going to replace it with ic once it becomes an acid. So H2SO4 is sulphuric acid.
We also have HNO3 for which the anion is NO3-. Again here I have one proton, so that means that the charge of my polyatomic must be -1. To get an overall zero charge. So nitrate. Here for the anion will turn into nitric acid, with the ic ending. Another quick thing since we're still talking about acids that you'll remember is that H2SO4 is a diprodic acid. It can lose two protons in solution versus HNO3 is a monoprodic acid. Just a quick aside.
So, the last part of this rule is that when your anion name ends in ite, the suffix ous is used. So a couple of examples. H2SO3 for which the anion is SO3 2-. We name that sulphite. So then the acidic form of H2SO3 is sulphurous acid. And then last but not least here. HClO, this is a chlorine and one oxygen which has the anion of ClO- which is a hypochlorite and so that would give us hypochlorous acid. So within this naming of acids, there are about 10 or 15 pretty common strong acids that you'll probably nee dto know and understand how to name. And I encourage you to look those up and work on that skill.


People who know me know that I always read the reviews first before I buy any product. This is to ensure that I know what I will be getting.
Not only that, I also read the reviews of other coffee makers. So I know that what I got is the best for me.
That is why I urge people to read the reviews first before buying any product.