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Posted on 8 de August de 2016 8 de August de 2016 by fmpdea
This post is divided in 5 sections that provide a chronological account of the known history of the Goths, ranging from their transfer to the Western Roman Empire's province of Gallia Narbonensis, through to their conquest of Hispania, until the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. It is best understood as following this other post about the origin of the Goths, the last in a series of posts about the history of the goths (check this, this, this and this post) and is divided in the following sections:
The first section then describes the movements of the Goths in the 33 years of the reign of Theodoric between 418 and 451, his appeasement of the Romans, the civil war between Johannes and Galla Placida in the aftermath of Constantius III's death, the rivalries between Aetius, Bonifacius and Felix, the conquest of Carthage by the Visigoths and the Hunnic invasions of Attila.
The second section considers the reigns of Theodoric II and Euric, the Visigothic consolidation and conquests of Hispania between 451 and 484CE facilitated by the struggle for power between the Roman aristocracy, the western army, the Visigoths and the Eastern Empire that culminated in the collapse of Roman power in the West.
The third section covers the period between 484 and 700 and reviews the reign of Alaric II, his interaction with Clovis, the end of Visigoth hegemony in Gaul, the influence of Ostrogothic elites, the conquest of Hispania and the rising instability of Visigothic Kingdom, which became plagued by coups and regicides.
The next section considers the Ummayad Invasion of Hispania, the establishment of Al-Andalus and the collapse of Visigothic power between 672CE and 824CE.
The last section briefly reviews Reconquista and the period of 824CE onwards
The most interesting observation I make is the dichotomy between the continued the stability of one side against the instability of its opponent. The stability of Gothic leadership during the period of 408 to 501 contrasts with the chaotic disorder that underlies the collapse of Roman authority in the West as well as with the sequence of regicides that takes place after the death of Theodoric the Great Amal. While Theodoric II and Euric held the Goths together between 453 and 484, Rome sees a quick succession of Emperors. Petronius Probus follows Valentinian III, only to be himself followed by Avitus, who ends up replaced by Majorian, himself followed by Libius Severus, before the last push of Anthemius (sponsored by Leo), who is succeeded by Olybrius , Glycerius and Julius Nepos. However, the stability with which the Gothic kings were able to rule their kin disappears with the arrival of the Ostrogothic Theodoric the Great Amal and his competing elites, the wars of Justinian, the Byzantine foothold in southern Hispania and the rise of Islam.
Theodoric I's reign (418 – 451): Consolidation amid a Collapsing West
Wallia was succeeded by a bastard of Alaric, Theodoric I, who reigned for 33 years in the unstable period between 418CE and 451CE. After the relative calm of the beginning of his reign between 418 and 421CE, the death of Emperor Constantius III created once again the instability among western Roman ranks necessary to facilitate the consolidation of Gothic holdings in Aquitania I and Novempopulania.
Shortly before Honorius death, the emperor appears to have had a falling out with his sister that pushed her to flee towards Constantinople. Thus, when he died, his general and officials split between those who supported Valentinian III, the son of Emperor Constantius III and Galla Placidia and those who supported the Anician-sponsored Johannes (423-425CE). We can easily deduce that Castinus, the most powerful man in the west at the time of Honorius' death, was in favour of Johannes . We also know that Bonifacius was in favour of Valentinian III. We also know for a fact that Flavius Aetius was in favour of Johannes. Moreover, the survival and subsequent rise of Flavius Felix means that he was probably in favour of Valentinian III, if not neutral. This leaves Asterius as uncertain. Heather seems to assume he sided against Castinus , which is not necessarily the same as siding with Valentinian III, so he remains uncertain.
The rise of Johannes led to the successful invasion by Ardaburius and his son Aspar from the Eastern Roman Empire, the death of Johannes, the exile of Castinus and the recruitment of Aetius' Huns in 425CE. The result was to consolidate the struggle for power around Aetius, Flavius Felix and Bonifacius. Interestingly, Theodoric I's rule (418CE-451CE) tracks the reign of Valentinian III(419CE-455CE) quite closely.
Based on this instability, Theodoric I is recorded as having made 3 efforts at expansion:
Within Gaul he attempts to capture Narbo in 426CE and then in 436CE but is stopped
by Aetius first, and then
by Litorius the second time.
He also moved to assist the Roman Genereal Vitus in 442CE against the Suebi in Gallaecia.
Interestingly, in none of these instances was he able to make any territorial gains. Theodoric I, while long-lived did not really distinguish himself much by his conquests. Clearly this was not for lack of trying. His attempts to take Narbo clearly coincide with the internal struggles between Aetius and Flavius Felix (425CE-430CE) and between Aetius and Bonifacius/Sebastianus (432CE). Theodoric I's inability to take advantage of the fall of North-Africa to the Vandals in 435CE and the ease with which Valentinian III/Aetius agreed to peace, highlights how the focus of western Roman operations was in Gaul rather than Africa. It also highlights that the effect of that loss was not immediate and that the Empire was quite happy to give up the region in exchange for (non-credible) tribute (cash payments).
Where Theodoric I's reputation was built was during the 451CE Battle of Chalons, also known as the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, where his sacrifice and that of the Goths assisted Aetius in repelling the apparently invincible Attila the Hun. In the course of the battle and following the death of his father, it appears (or at least chroniclers of the time recorded it so) that Thorismund, Theodoric I's eldest son, led a cavalry charge that tipped the Battle of Châlons in favour of the Romano-Gothic alliance. In the aftermath of his father's death during the battle, Thorismund ruled the Visigoths from 451 to 453, when he was killed by his brother Theodoric II.
Theodoric II/Euric, Consolidation and the Hispanic Expansion (451-484CE)
Following the death of Valentinian III in March 455, the abandonment of Marcian left the choice of a new emperor in the hands of the local factions. At this time there were three factions within the western empire:
The Italian senatorial elites were the landowners and so controlled the majority of economic resources to feed the empire, particularly after the fall of Carthage in 439. They also held a virtual monopoly over the bureaucracy of the empire. After the death of Valentinian IIIand during the reign of Marcian (450-457), the ties between the east and the west started to also erode due to the end of dynastic connections between the two royal houses, which lined the eastern court's interests with those of the Roman senators.
The traditional Roman army as it had existed in the time of Stilicho and Constantius III, although diminished seems to have maintained a semblance of hierarchical stability and army loyalty to its generals (to the extent that this applies throughout the history of the Roman Empire).
The Visigoths were able to leverage on their military might and territorial holdings in Aquitania to expand their domain. Due to their vicinity to the Gallo-Roman aristocracy, the Goths were often able to play on their dislike of Italian elites and coerce them into joining their cause. The case of Avitus is a clear example of this.
Roman elites probably led by their most illustrious and wealthy members, the Anicii, were the first ones to get their way. They managed to get their man, Petronius Maximus, over the choice of the is palace guards (Maximianus) and the Army (Majorian). However his rule was short-lived ( 75 days between 17 March – 31 May 455). Having failed to gain the support of the Eastern Empire, he made Avitus his magister militum and sent him over to Tolosa to get the support of the Visigoths. However, he married Valentinian III's widow and cancelled her wedding to Huneric the son of Genseric, who had conquered Carthage in 439. In revenge the Vandals moved on Rome to sack the city. When the news arrived to Rome, the emperor, without an army to protect him decided to flee. Abandoned by his guards he was eventually caught by a mob who supposedly killed him on the spot.
The Visigoths were the second faction able to get its way. Upon hearing the news of Petronius Maximus death, Theodoric II acclaimed his guest Avitus as his own choice of emperor whom he elevated on 9 July 455. In a very thinly veiled attempt to extend his dominions, he then moved to reconquer Hispania on behalf of the Roman Empire. The last Roman representatives in Hispania that I have been able to find out about are
Asterius, who successfully campaigns in Hispania with the Visigoths in 419 and 420 on behalf of Constantius III.
The stability brought about by these endeavours are undermined by the instability that follows the death of Constantius III and the civil wars of Johannes and Valentinian III. Although the Alans are destroyed and the Vandals move south towards Carthage, the Suevi stayed in Gallaecia. As with every other fact about this period, our knowledge of Roman presence in Hispania at this stage is a very patchy. Andevotus was a dux of Baetica who was defeated by Rechila in 438. Censorius was a Roman comes sent to act as an ambassador to the Suevi in 442 and was killed by Agiulf in 448; Asteryus (a magister utriusque militae who fought against the Bagaudae in 441). Thus, from 441 onwards, all we can say for a fact is that the Rechila and the Bagaudae hold sway over Hispania.
Thus, when Theodoric II moves onto Hispania, his main opposition is from among the Suevi, which he is able to defeat after taking Narbo.
Avitus was a member of the Gallo-Roman aristocracy and had on occasion visited Theodoric during the reign of Valentinian III to serve as as a hostage or an intermediary between the Romans and the Visigoths. He had been an embassador of the defeated Gallo-Roman aristocracy to Constantius III after the downfall of Constantine III and Jovinus. He had been a hostage of and intermediary between the Visigoths and the Romans in 425/6. He joined the army and participated in Aetius' campaigns against the Jutungi (430/1) and the Norics and against the Burgundians (436) in Gaul and may have been appointed as magister militum per Galliae in 437 before being made Praetorian Prefect for Gaul in 439. He retired in 440 and only came back to intercede with the Visogoths to fight with the Romans against the Huns at Chalons in 451 after which he disappears once again until Petronius Maximus recalls him. He appears to have been altogether powerless so that having become familiar with him, the Goths felt comfortable using him.
However, although not as short as that of Petronius Maximus, Avitus' rule was short-lived (1 year and 3 months between July 455 and October 456). That which made Avitus a good choice for the Visigoths and the Gallo-Romans made him undesirable to the Roman army and the Italian senators. Majorian and Ricimer had been side-lined by the appointment of Remistus as magister militum and the appointment of Gallo-Romans to staff the imperial administration of Avitus certainly displease the Italian senators, according to MacGeorge (2003:191-2). Once the Gothic regiment that he had been provided with by Theodoric II left, it was only a matter of time before Ricimer and Majorian moved against Avitus with the support of the Italian senators. Clear about the power dynamics at play, the Roman establishment still had enough vitality to make a push against the Visigoths.
The remaining military elite of the West was made up of Aetius' generals, including Majorian, Ricimer, Marcellinus (in Dalmatia), Nepotiamus and Aegidius (in Gaul). As MacGeorge (2003:196) argues, "the period immediately after [the defeat of Avitus at] Placentia, during which Majorian and Ricimer consolidated their positions, is very obscure (…)". However, Sidonius describes the two as being united in "bonds of affection". When Majorian (457-461) was chosen as Emperor first by the army's acclamation in April 457 and then confirmed ratified by the Roman Senate in December 457, he seems to have had a strategic plan for restabilising the empire that included putting up a fight against Vandal raids in Italy, asserting imperial authority over (southern) Gaul, reconquering Hispania and take Carthage back the Vandals. While he was successful in the first three of these endeavours, the same is not true of the last and most important one of all. He recruited large amounts of barbarian mercenaries into the Roman army and built two navies to face off against the Vandals and appears to leave Ricimer in charge of Italy. With the help of Aegidius and Nepotiamus, Majorian campaigned in Gaul against the Visigoths and the Gallo-Romans of Lugdunum (Lyon) who had allied themselves with the Burgundians under Gundioc. The Goths of Theodoric II were defeated at the Battle of Arelate while the Gallo-Romans were pacified by a tax reduction rather than punished through arms. I
MacGeorge (2003:204-9) offers a good discussion of the campaign of Majorian into Spain in May 460 and how he ultimately failed to cross over to Africa because of the foresight of Geiseric who was able to uncover and take his fleet before Majorian's forces could board it. MacGeorge (2003:209-14) then discusses how and why following this failure, Majorian returned to Italy in 461, only to be intercepted by Ricimer's forces, who deposed and killed him. Failure and waste of resources on the scale that Majorian had just suffered was not acceptable.
Following the death of Majorian, the Roman Empire folds onto its Italian self and what central authority had been re-established elsewhere suffers the ravages of abandonment. As always, because power hates vacuum, the absence of Roman authority created opportunities for expansion from other forces. Ricimer's appointment of Lybius Severus appears to have not been met by the support of any of the other Roman military leaders (Aegidius, Nepotiamus and Marcellinus ). Thus he had to seek support from the Visigoths, which was achieved in exchange for granting Theodoric II the much-coveted Gallia Narbonensis in 462. This appears to have triggered a revolt of Aegidius in Gaul who may have allied himself with the Franks under Clovis' father Childeric and the Bretons under Riothamus to contain the advance of the Goths at Orleans while also dealing with Saxon raids and Arbogast in Trier. Meanwhile, Marcellinus who had been left by Majorian in Sicily to deal with Vandal raids had some success but retired to Dalmatia to better liaise with Leo I in Constantinople. Finally, we know that Nepotiamus together with Sunieric the Goth defeated the Suevi at Scallabis and Lucus Augusta. Nepotiamus appears to have been captured by forces loyal to Theodoric II in the early 460s in Hispania. While it is not possible to say with any certainty who held what, the capture of the only high-ranking Roman General in Hispania in the after-math of Majorian's death and the defeat of Visigoths at Orleans suggests a substantial if tentative expansion of Visigothic dominions during the last years of the reign of Theodoric II, coinciding with the reign of Lybius Severus.
With the murder of Theodoric II by Euric (466-484) and the rise of the latter to the throne of the Visigoths, the Goths begin to expand, filling the gap left by the twilight of Rome. Although Rome had one last breath of strength during the reign of Anthemius (467-472CE), this is more of a short-lived sigh.
The failure to capture Carthage at the battle of Cape Bon in 468 effectively bankrupts the west (and almost the east), destroys any hopes of reuniting the territories lost since 408 under a single Roman authority and postpones any hopes of reconquest of Vandal Africa for another 60 years until Belisarius. Anthemius' further attempts at curtailing the advance of Euric resulted in defeat sometime after 470 when the emperor also sentenced to death a Roman senator, Romanus, allied with Ricimer, with whom he had never had good relations, which precipitated his own death in 472. Ricimer replaced Anthemius with by Olybrius, but the two died shortly thereafter, in August and December of the same year, respectively. Ricimer is replaced as military hegemon by his nephew, Gundobad who elevates Glycerius (473-474) to the purple, before moving on to better pastures as the king of the Burgundians from 473 to 516. Glycerius himself is ousted by Julius Nepos who is the last legitimate claimant to the West Roman throne, contrary to common belief. Orestes, eventually forced Nepos to flee and appointed his own son as the last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus (475-476). Inevitably, Orestes inability to get lands for his soldiers from the Roman senators gets him killed and Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer (433-493) who rules Italy de facto but official on behalf of Julius Nepos, until the Ostrogoths of Theodoric the Great Amal take over Italy on behalf of the eastern empire between 493 and 554.
Amid this chaos, Euric (466-484) and his Visigoths have not been wasting time. On the contrary, Euric consolidates the gains that Theodoric II made, defeats Riothamus in 470 (this Riothamus may have been a Roman contemporary called Ambrosius Aurelianus and the inspiration for King Arthur) and is recognised by the eastern emperor Zeno as independent king in 475. His codification of Visigothic law in 471 (Codex Euricianus) is a significant sign of legalistic continuity between Late Antiquity and the Dark ages.
Alaric II, Clovis, Ostrogothic influences in the Visigothic Kingdom and decline: 507-700
Euric is succeeded by Alaric II (484-507) who rules over the largest expanse of Visigothic territory. However, he has the misfortune of being a contemporary of the Salian Frank king Clovis, whose family had also been fighting with and against the Roman Empire for generations. After the conquest of the Ripuarian Franks at some undisclosed date, Clovis defeats the Romans of Syagrius at the Battle of Soissons, the Alemmani (at the Battle of Tolbiac in 496), and Gundobad's Burgunds (although not definitively) at Dijon in 500. Expanding southwards, Clovis eventually defeats the Visigoths at the 507 battle of Vouille, where Alaric II is killed. Prior to this, in 506, Alaric II had provided for the first revisions to Euric's legal codes, contained in the Breviary of Alaric (506).
The areas in shades of orange in the map below show the Visigothic kingdom at its largest expanse during the reign of Alaric II. The area in dark orange corresponds to the original Aquitanian territory received from Constantius III, the intermediate orange area south of the Pyrenees is the reduced Hispanic kingdom after the 507 battle of Vouille.
With the death of Alaric II, his infant son Amalaric (511-531) succeeded him, under the guardianship of his maternal grand-father Theodoric the Great Amal, king of the Ostrogoths. This period is marked by the reacquisition of Aquitania and a range of territories lost to Clovis in 507, thanks to the support of Theodoric's Ostrogoths.
Although the death of Theodoric the Great Amal in 526CE marks the end of Ostrogothic-Visigothic coordination, there seems to be a seemless integration of the Ostrogothic leaders sent by Theodoric to the Visigoths that speaks to the profound similarities between the two peoples, despite more than 100 years of separation.
The death of Alaric II also appears to signal the beginning of a period of internal struggle for power among the Visigoths.
Five years after the death of Theodoric one of those generals, Theudis, murders the unpopular Amalaric and rules until 548. It is worth noting that Theudis is a contemporary of the Byzantine conquest of the Vandal Kingdom (523-530) and the first phase of the (Ostro)gothic wars (535–554) by Byzantium, a period of crisis for the Ostrogoths.
Theudis is also killed and succeeded by Theudigel, one of his generals, who rules for 1 year between 548 and 549.
Theudigel himself is murdered at a banquet and is succeeded by Agila.
Agila (549-554) then faces rebellions from the city of Cordoba, whose Catholics opposed what may have been his relatively outspoken Arianism, and from Cantabrian landowners who elect their own self-governing senate.
Upon Agila's defeat by the Cordoban rebels, Athanagild opens a new front against the king in 551, defeating him in Seville. It is likely that, as Isidore of Seville argues, Athanagild called on the Byzantines for assistance (rather than it being Agila calling for Byzantine assistance as Jordannes says) given that upon their arrival in 552 the balance appears to have tipped in favour of Athanagild. However, this is not completely clear as the Byzantine intervention of 552 seems to have been mainly focused on the conquest of Provincia Spaniae.
The rules of Theudigel (548-549), Agila (549-554) and Athanagild (554-557) coincide with the last phase of the (Ostro)gothic wars (535–554).
Athanagild's (554-567) rule was mainly concerned with the containment of Byzantine incursions from their foothold in the south. To this extent he was successful, even if he was unable to recapture Provincia Spaniae. The image below show the Visigothic kingdom in 560, during the rule of Athanagild (554-567), after Justinian's conquest of the Vandal Kingdom (523-530), Justinian's 552 conquest of Provincia Spaniae and of the (Ostro)gothic wars (535–554).
5 months after the natural death of Athanagild's in567, he is succeeded by a Visigothic noble called Liuva who is elected at Narbonne in Septimania, probably on account of Frankish threats. His reign is short and he dies of natural causes to be replaced by his brother, Liuvigild (568-586), who reforms the laws of the Visigothic Kingdom (Codex Revisus) to henceforth treat the Romans and the Visigoths as equal in The remaining 150 years witness the consolidation of Visigothic rule in Hispania. The rule of Liuvigild is characterised by the quasi-total conquest of the Iberian peninsula, save for the remaining Byzantine holdings in Spania. The map below shows the result of these conquests in 586
There are three fundamental developments taking place in the Iberian peninsula after the death of Liuvigild:
His son Reccared (586–601), finally converts from Arianism to the Chalcedonian Catholic Christianity of his Hispano-Roman subjects in in 587, through the intervention of the brothers (Saints) Isidore of Seville and Leander of Seville.
Between 610 and 619, the Visigoths go on the offensive against Byzantine Spania, during the reigns of Witteric (603-610), Gundemar (610-612) and Sisebut (612-621), until in 624 Suintila (621-631) brought the whole of the Iberian Peninsula Visigothic rule.
Finally, from 631 until the 672, the kingdom is successively plagued by civil wars. Suintila is overthrown by Sisenand in 631.Sisenand (631-636) himself faced the rebellion of a certain Iudila. Tulga (640-642), son of Chintila (636-639) (successor of Sisenand) faced the rebellion of Chindasuint (642-653) who overthrew him and implemented a range of reforms to the civil administration of the kingdom. He was succeeded by his son Recceswinth (649-672), who had to deal with Basque rebellions.
The Ummayad Invasion and Al-Andalus: 672-824
By 700 the Goths held the whole iberian peninsula as well as the old Roman province of Septimania, in Gallia Nargonensis.
However, since 672, there had been arab raids on the coast of Baetica. The problem remained and worsened during the reigns Wamba (672-680), Erwig (680-687), Egica (687-702), his son and co-ruler Wittiza (694-710) and Roderic (710-712), who killed his predecessor.
The situation takes a turn to the worst from 711 onwards when a (mainly) Berber force of 12,000 soldiers sponsored by the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and led by Tariq Ibn Ziyad landed in Spain.
There appear to be 3 decisive points in the conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom:
The Battle of Guadalete in 711/712 marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania at the hands of the Berber army of Ṭariq ibn Ziyad. The lead up to this battle and the manner in which the Berber army came to cross the straight of Gibraltar suggests that Roderic's behaviour and hubris may have caused his downfall.
The Battle of Covadonga in 718 or 722, was a small battle, considered relatively unimportant by Umayyad leaders but the survival of Visigothic lords led by Pelagius created the necessary leadership for the beginning of the reconquista to take place from Asturias.
The year of 732 marks the end of the independent Duchy of Aquitaineat the Battle of the River Garonne where Odo of Aquitaine is defeated by the Berbers. It also marks the end of the Umayyad expansion at the Battle of Poitier where Charles Martel led an alliance of Frankish lords to stop the Berber advance led by Abd Ar-Rahman Al Ghafiqi.
The Reconquista and the end of the Visigoths : 824 onwards
The Muslim conquest took close to 77 years to conclude, but by 788 the Umayyad Caliphate had completely obliterated the Visigothic kingdom, except for some few remnants. However, with some help from the Franks, these remnants created the roots for the rebellion that became the centuries long effort known as the Reconquista. To the North, the fiefs in Asturias that survived thanks to the efforts of Pelagius eventually expanded into the counties of
Castilla (850) and
Leon in 911
To the East, the Marches of Gothia and Hispania set the roots for
the Frankish County in Barcelona after 801, and
the Kingdom of Pamplona/Navarre from 824 and Aragon from 1035.
Of course, by the time the Reconquista was over, the world was very different and the Goths as an ethnic group native to the Iberian Peninsula no longer existed as such. The last discernible evidence of a Gothic culture is from an obscure community along the Crimean peninusla attested in the 18th century and of which very little is known. Paradoxically these would have been the Goths that never migrated into the Roman Empire. Winners are sometimes short-lived but they leave a memory, while the descendants of the defeated often disappear into the crowd of their invaders.
The history of the Goths is extremely insightful in my opinion. It speaks to the chaos of historical events, the internal (politics) and external (geopolitics) centrifugal forces driving migration, conquest, consolidation, integration and decline. While there are plenty of interesting legal, military, economic and political issues, there is nothing much heroic once the historical record is stripped of its religious and nationalistic propaganda.
The Goths did not defeat the Roman Empire. There was no decisive battle. The Romans and the Vandals defeated the Roman empire. This was not achived due to any particular weakness of the Roman Empire or particular superiority of the Vandals. It was a continuous 5 generation-long (Stilicho, Constantius, Aetius, Majorian and Anthemius) where the leaders of each stage came to slowly accept an increasingly reduced scope of action, which culminated with the loss of Carthage and the failure at Cape Bon. The Goths, much as the Franks and the Vandals were able to take advantage of Rome's internal instabilities between each of these rulers by expanding their holdings. However, much remained the same. The elites remained Gallo- and Hispano-Roman as can be seen in St Isidore and in St Remigius conversions of their respective suzerains.
Similarly the Goths fall was not the fault of a particularly exceptional ability among the Berbers that conquered them as much as due to the division of the Goths. A similar issue with division can be found plaguing al-Andalus at the end of the Reconquista, as was the case at the end of the Roman Empire.
The conclusion in my opinion is that it is neither markets, nor race (although perhaps racism), nor necessarily enemies that destroy a state or statelet, but often it is the internal divisions of that very state that undermine its survival.
Tagged Abd Ar-Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Aegidius, Aetius, Anthemius, Asturias, Attila, Attila the Hun, Avitus, Battle of Cape Bon, Battle of Covadonga, Battle of Guadalete, Castilla, Charles Martel, Clovis, Count Bonifacius, Count Marcelinus, County of Barcelona, Euric, Flavius Felix, Geiseric, Gothic Wars, Goths, Gundobad, Hispania, Isidore of Seville, Julius Nepos, Justinian, Leon, Majorian, Marches of Hispania, Odo, Ostrogoths, Pelagius, Petronius Maximus, Ricimer, Roderic, Rome, Syagrius, Tariq ibn Ziyad, Theodoric Amal, Theodoric I, Theodoric II, Umayyad Caliphate, Valentinian III, Visigothic Kingdom, Visigoths


TORONTO — This summer, as Toronto observes Canada and Ontario's 150th birthdays, the AGO will present an ambitious contemporary exhibition that critically explores three urgent questions through the eyes of artists working across Canada: where has Canada come from, what is it now, and where is it going?
Opening on June 29, 2017, with a free sneak peek on June 28 at 6 p.m., Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood is a multimedia exhibition that will feature over 35 new and recent artist projects by established and emerging artists from across the country, including Xiong Gu and Yu Gu, Robert Houle, Meryl McMaster, Seth, Esmaa Mohamoud, Ed Pien and Shuvinai Ashoona, and many others. Addressing the mistakes and omissions of the past, redress and reclaim history, the exhibition will take over the entire fourth floor of the AGO's Contemporary Tower, but will also break out of those walls within the AGO—and onto the streets of Toronto.
In the captivating photo series Wanted, artists Camille Turner and Camal Pirbhai repurpose authentic 18th-century fugitive slave ads printed in Canada, which featured detailed descriptions of the slave's clothing. Those outfits are replicated and modeled in this photo series, creating the effect of a high-fashion spread that wouldn't look out of place in a glossy magazine or on a billboard. In fact, one image from Wanted will be taking over a digital billboard on the north side of the Eaton Centre at Yonge-Dundas Square on July 3, lasting throughout the month. The billboard will direct onlookers to the hashtag #RewardWanted.
The entire Wanted series will also be captured in a magazine-like catalogue, which will be available for purchase at shopAGO, as well as an extensive catalogue for Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood, featuring writings by Andrew Hunter, Dr. Charmaine Nelson, Anique Jordan, Rosie Spooner, Quill Christie, Rachelle Dickenson and Srimoyee Mitra. Also available will be Shuvin Ashoona: The Polar World, a new commissioned comic by the leading contemporary Inuit artist with text by Andrew Hunter.
"Like a number of commissioned projects in Every. Now. Then., Wanted should make us all uncomfortable. The artists have found a way to position the atrocities of slavery in Canada into a contemporary context, which encourages us all to ask questions of where and how we see the residues of this history lingering today," said Anique Jordan, Research Assistant and associate curator for Every. Now. Then.
Lisa Hirmer's Weather Watchers, a windsock/sculpture will stand on the top of the AGO's roof, continuing her exploration of Canada's obsession with weather, and winter in particular, amidst anxieties around global warming and the human influence on weather patterns.
A projection of Jeff Thomas's photo composite work The Imposition of Order, commissioned for Every. Now. Then., will be projected onto the front exterior of the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts at 27 Front Street in a partnership with the Luminato Festival. It will remain on display from June 14 -25.
Three more large-scale images by Jeff Thomas will be displayed in the AGO's street-facing window space, both near the front entrance on Dundas Street and on the building's east side on McCaul Street.
Complementary programming to Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood will include two AGO First Thursday programs (July 7 and Sept. 6, 2017); a public, ticketed talk with curator Andrew Hunter and artists Syrus Marcus Ware, Michael Belmore, Lisa Hirmer and Charmaine Lurch; and community outreach programs coming in the fall of 2017 curated by Anique Jordan.
Every. Now. Then: Reframing Nationhood is the anchor of the AGO's ambitious Canada 150 program, which also features a range of exhibitions, installations, digital initiatives and special programs. AGO Members will see this exhibition for free. Click here for more information on membership benefits.


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Stand Up for Student Mental Health
Childhood Diseases
Epilepsy/Seizure Disorder
Water Testing in Peel Schools

Does your child /teen have an intense sports or arts training and competition schedule that makes it difficult to attend school regularly? The Peel District School Board's Peel Region High Performers Program offers flexible timetabling to accommodate student athletes and artists with demanding practice, competition, rehearsal and/or performance schedules.
Peel Region High Performers Program is offered at Britannia Public School (grades 4 to 5), Dolphin Sr. Public School (grades 6 to 8) and Mississauga Secondary School (grades 9 to 12). Students will have the opportunity to participate in school activities and will be supported as they work towards meeting the expectations of the Ontario curriculum. Students' learning programs will be determined based on each individual's training schedule and education needs.
To qualify for the program, high-performing students must be recommended by a coach, agent or instructor who can verify the students' levels of competitiveness, training hours and schedules.
Applications for the 2020-21 school year are now open
Please note that weekly system maintenance updates take place every Sunday between 12 to 6 a.m. You may experience technical difficulties with the application link during this time.
Applications dates
Application opens:
Monday, Nov. 11, 2019 at 8:30 a.m.
First round acceptance offers issued: Monday, Jan. 13, 2020 by 3:30 p.m.
First round offers accepted by: Tuesday, Jan. 21, 2020 by 3:30 p.m.
Schools will continue to accept applications after the first round of offers have been made. However, in order to be considered for the next school year, it is strongly advised that all applications be submitted by the Spring as acceptances are issued based on the availability of space in each grade level.
What are we looking for in the applications?
Students who live in Peel Region will be offered spots first. We will not be assessing academic performance. When reviewing the applications, board staff will look for:
coach/instructor's reference letter, which indicates:
level of performance (regional, provincial or national level)
competition schedule, if known
coach/instructor's certifications/credentials
student submission – why they believe they should attend the program
Learning Skills from the student's last report card; not assessing academic performance – if Learning Skills are not on your child/teen's report card, please provide their report card with a note
There is no cost to attend the program. There is an application fee of $40.
Transportation is not provided for students in the Peel Region High Performers Program. If students have been accepted into the high performers program and they live within the school boundary, they are eligible for busing only if they meet the distance criteria outlined in Policy 39 - Transportation.
Important notice for current PRHPP students:
Students who are already enrolled in the program and moving to the middle school (Britannia Public School to Dolphin Sr. Public School) or the secondary school (Dolphin Sr. Public School to Mississauga Secondary School) will not be required to re-apply.
We ask that students share their intentions with their guidance counsellor and provide a new letter from their coach/organization.
Contact the school by email:
Britannia Public School
Mississauga Secondary School
No quick links.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Polyamide Market
Polyamide Market by Type (Polyamide 6, PA 66 & Bio-Based & Specialty Polyamide), Application (Engineering Plastics & Fiber) - Global Analysis & Forecast, 2019-2030
Report ID : 66 | Published Date : Apr 2019 | Pages : 150 | Region : Global | Report Code : CM-6
Polyamide Market Overview and Introduction
The global polyamide market was valued at over US$ 25.0 Bn in 2018 and is anticipated to grow at a healthy CAGR during the forecast period of 2019-2030.
Polyamide (PA) commonly known as nylon is a polymer substance made-up of multiple and long molecules in which the units are linked by amide groups. It is one of the largest engineering thermoplastic material (ETP). Polyamide is used in various application segments, such as automobile, electronic, packaging, consumer goods, and films among others. Growth of polyamide market is mainly driven by, rise in demand from automobile industry, electronics and packaging applications segment. It is majorly used in these three applications. These three applications are likely to grow at a healthy rate. Eventually, polyamide will also have a promising future. Furthermore, shift in trend towards the production of bio-based polyamide and growing R&D initiative in the field is projected to offer immense opportunities for the market players. However, stringent government guidelines are likely to act as barrier in growth of the market in Europe and North America regions. Rising production of bio-based polyamide is projected to off-set this challenge.
Polyamide Market by Types
The polyamide market is segregated as polyamide 6, polyamide 66 and bio-based & specialty polyamide. The bio-based & specialty polyamide is further sub-segmented as polyamide 11, polyamide 12, polyamide 46, polyamide 6/10, polyamide 6/12, Ppa (Polyphthalamide) and others. In 2018, polyamide 6 accounted for the largest share of the overall market. The growth of polyamide 6 market is driven by rising demand from automobile, electronics and food applications. Moreover, bio-based & specialty polyamide segment is anticipated to be the fastest growing segment during the forecast period. Supportive government regulations, rise in health awareness and fluctuating prices of raw materials are factors spurring the market growth for this segment.
Polyamide Market by Application
The polyamide market is segregated as engineering plastics and fiber. Engineering plastics is further sub-segmented into automotive, industrial/machinery, electrical & electronics, consumer goods & appliances, packaging/film and others. Fiber is further sub-segmented into textile, industrial, carpet and staple. In 2018, engineering plastics segment dominated the market. Engineering plastics are majorly used in automobiles, electrical & electronics, consumer goods and packaging/film applications. As these end use industries is witnessing growth. The demand for engineering plastics will in turn witness high growth in coming years.
Polyamide Market by Regions
Asia Pacific accounted for the largest share of the market in 2018 and projected to retain its position over the forecast period. This growth is driven by rising demand for polyamide from varied applications. China is the major contributor towards the growth of Asia Pacific polyamide market. North America is projected to witness healthy growth over the forecast period of 2019-2030. The market is projected to witness growth owing to rise in demand for polyamide from automobiles and electronics applications.
Polyamide Market Prominent Players
R&D in the field of bio-based polyamide production is the major strategy adopted by the market players. Similarly, manufacturers are investing heavily in these R&D activities. Honeywell International Inc., Formosa Group, Du Pont de Nemours and Company, BASF SE, and Li Peng Enterprise Co. are some of the leading players present in this market. Other prominent players in this market are Royal DSM N.V., Solvay SA, Arkema SA H, Lanxess AG and Asahi Kasei Corporation.
Currency Used for the Study
Assumptions/Limitations of the Study
Import & Export Analysis
Pricing Assessment
Winning Imperatives (Top Success Factors Assessment)
Global Polyamide (PA) Market - Analysis & Forecast, By Type (Volume & Value Assessment)
Bio-Based & Specialty Polyamide
Polyamide 11
Polyamide 6/10
Ppa (Polyphthalamide)
Global Polyamide (PA) Market - Analysis & Forecast, By Application (Volume &Value Assessment)
Industrial/Machinery
Consumer Goods & Appliances
Packaging/Film
Global Polyamide (PA) Market - Analysis & Forecast, By Region (Volume &Value Assessment)
North America Polyamide Market
North America, By Country
North America Analysis & Forecast, By Type
North America Analysis & Forecast, By Application
Europe Polyamide Market
Europe, By Country/Region
Europe Analysis & Forecast, By Type
Europe Analysis & Forecast, By Application
Asia Pacific Polyamide Market
Asia Pacific, By Country/Region
Rest of Asia Pacific (RoAPAC)
Asia Pacific Analysis & Forecast, By Type
Asia Pacific Analysis & Forecast, By Application
Rest of the World (ROW) Polyamide Market
Rest of the World, By Country/ Region
Rest of the World Analysis & Forecast, By Type
Rest of the World Analysis & Forecast, By Application
Agreement, Partnership & Collaboration
Product Development, Product Launch and Product Deployment
Formosa Plastics Corp.
Solvay SA
Honeywell International, Inc.
Asahi Kasei Corporation
E.I. Dupont De Nemours & Company
Invista S.A.R.L
Arkema SA H
Lanxess AG
*Financial details might not be captured in case of privately-held companies or for companies that do not report this information in public domain


The Children's Museum of Denver at Marsico Campus is the perfect place to host your next event, combining beautiful views and sophisticated spaces with a touch of whimsy and imagination. With a refined 1,500 sq. ft. of indoor space, your guests will be captivated by the panoramic view of downtown Denver and your exclusive use of our outdoor terrace. Complete with ample free parking, full A/V capabilities and a delicious selection of caterers, the Children's Museum is the perfect event space for all of your wedding, conference, party and fundraiser needs!
Green Practice Desc: The Children's Museum of Denver is currently implementing an internal Environmental Management System based on ISO 14001 standards. Our current practices include: Museum-wide recycling program; Reusable materials collection from the community for our Assembly Plant exhibit; Use Low-VOC paints, coatings and carpets; Publicly educate around recycling with signage; Changed out over half of our lighting to CFLs. There will be much more to list in the near future as we continue to execute the EMS.
Description The Skyline Gallery is a beautiful 1,500 square feet indoor space, which includes exclusive use of the 1,500 square foot outdoor terrace with amazing panoramic views of downtown Denver. It provides banquet capabilities for up to 100 people seated (200 for cocktails) and includes the use of our tables and chairs, as well as a kitchen for your caterer. Dress up the room for wedding rehearsals, receptions and anniversaries, or add whimsical decorations for parties and graduations. We also offer dedicated spaces for corporate and smaller group meetings. The Plaza holds upwards of 500 people and can accommodate staging and tenting for all of your event needs. Take your event to the next level by renting out the entire Museum after hours, which includes private use of all of our interactive exhibits!


exertion, state of decay, debilitation, danger.
called by her entrance into her spell.
token barricades against her avenging fleet.
intensity of desire to emote, expel.
Demolish leering jokesters. Smash smug detractors.
I whirl into icy wind; blow you away!
concentration on an inner mapping for full effect.
lump, she quietly declares intermission.
I emit a round of stunned applause, her adoring audience.
reanimate, to take refreshment of more simple energy.
an apple, her water bottle and sketchpad.
seems to shine with almost ethereal innocent grace.
Intermission over, I take my turn on stage.
singing silly phrases, laughing into each other's laughing face.
each other's outline, become a dance of contented silence.


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Coming Race Wars, The (Expanded Edition): A Cry for Justice, from Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter
by William Pannell, Jemar Tisby
Narrated by Terrence Kidd
William Pannell
In the wake of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Fuller Seminary theologian William Pannell decried the then-popular sentiment among white evangelicals that racism was no longer an urgent matter. In The Coming Race Wars? he meticulously unpacked reasons why our nation-and the church-needed to come to terms with our complicity in America's racial transgressions before we face a more dire reckoning.
With his blunt assessment of our social condition, Pannell's 1993 book sparked controversy. Critics dismissed him as alarmist. Back then, Pannell was among a scant number of Black evangelical leaders who called the evangelical church to account on issues of racial justice. Now, nearly thirty years later, his words are as timely as ever. Some would even argue that the "race war" has arrived.
In The Coming Race Wars: A Cry for Justice, from Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter, Pannell revisits his provocative message with an expanded edition that connects its message to current events. With a new introduction by bestselling historian Jemar Tisby (The Color of Compromise) and a new afterword by Pannell, this compelling, heartfelt plea to the church will help listeners take a deeper look at the complexities of institutional racism and the unjust systems that continue to confound us.
EChristian, Inc.


Delayed transfer of care figures for West Sussex are at their lowest point in more than three-and-a-half-years, according to the latest figures available (November, 2018).
Working with NHS colleagues, social care staff play an important role in helping keep the number of patients whose discharge from hospital is delayed as low as possible.
In West Sussex, these teams have helped maintain delayed transfer of care levels below the national minimum set by government for five out of the last six months.
Ensuring the right onward care or care package is in place for patients who are ready to be discharged from hospital is vital, both for the wellbeing and recovery of the patients who no longer need acute hospital care and for ensuring there is sufficient hospital capacity for those who need to be admitted.
Achieving the statutory minimum for 'delayed transfers of care' requires a huge team effort across adult operations, adult hospital teams, brokerage, commissioning and contracting and as a result of these co-ordinated efforts the November, 2018, level was the lowest level since April, 2015, down to 336 'delayed days' against a national target of a minimum of 517 'delayed days'.
Cabinet member for adults and health, Amanda Jupp, said: "It is great news that we have been able to support so many people to find suitable onward care when they are ready to leave hospital.
We are very aware that the pressure on acute hospitals continues year round and that this good work needs to continue, so we are doing all we can to help manage this pressure.
"In the short-term, we are about to invest in further care and support at home. As the year progresses, work will be carried out jointly with our health partners, on the Step Up Step Down programme to develop Home First services, which will get more people out of hospital and into their own home, rather than into another bed.
Director of operations (resilience) at Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Jeannie Baumann, said: "We welcome the support West Sussex County Council provides, helping patients to be safely discharged from hospital once they are medically fit to leave.
"As an acute care provider, we have a duty to ensure our beds are occupied only by people in need of acute hospital treatment, and so we encourage patients to accept the first offer that enables them to leave hospital.


You can choose one of the six Switzerland tours.
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We combine the advantages of package holidays with friendly atmosphere of private tours. Small groups save your time. Your tour around this fascinating alpine land begins now!


text:
Talk Nation Radio: Dahr Jamail takes us Beyond the Green Zone
June 14, 2007 / By Dahr Jamail
Dahr reads a few paragraphs from his book Beyond the Green Zone, Dispatches from an unembedded journalist in occupied Iraq. Beyond the Green Zone is published by Haymarket books and is scheduled for release this October. This is the drama behind his coverage, the stories of the Iraqi people, the truth about the dangers he and others faced when hastening to cover events in Baghdad and other cities such as Baquba and Fallujah.
In his introduction to the book Dahr writes, "There are roughly 27 million people in Iraq. Each of them has their own story about what has happened to their country during the U.S. occupation. Their stories define them, and us. They belong in our history, our memory, our perceptions about the future." We also discuss the vast US embassy under construction in Iraq, long term U.S. policy there, and how the New York Times got it wrong about Fallujah even in their review of a London play about the Iraqi city.
U.S. Losing Ground Through Tribal Allies
Incendiary Weapons Are No 'Allegation'


A little over half an hour's drive from the city of Zaragoza (host city to the International Expo 2008), in northern Spain's Aragon region, lays the pretty village of Fuendetodos. Settled within a shallow valley, the tightly packed sandstone houses and church tower form a scene of pastoral bliss within the rugged and untamed beauty of the Aragonese Llanos, or plains. A picture of rural charm, with cobblestone streets separating stone cottages dressed in ivy and bougainvillaea, this delightful village is the birthplace of Francisco Goya, one of Spain's most famous painters of the 18th and 19th centuries.
Art lovers from around the world come to see the little cottage where the celebrated artist was born, and visit the art gallery dedicated to his memory, where younger generations of Spanish artists are now displayed. Last 30th March 2007, during the yearly commemoration of this fantastic artist's birth, a scale model of the Museum of Contemporary Engravings of Fuendetodos was launched. In this ceremony the museum received more than 500 engravings that will increase its batches of works. This museum is a project designed by the architects Beatriz Matos and Alberto Martínez and it consists of a wonderful building with a surface area of more than 5,200 square metres, house of the modern engraving studio and several galleries aimed to exhibit originals, both in temporary and permanent exhibitions.
It will also include the Interpretation Centre of Goya, a library and an auditorium. Fuendetodos has currently more than 1,500 engravings and its batches of works continue to grow. Its situation is the first thing to recommend Casa Goya; ensconced within the quaint ivy-covered sandstone walls of Fuendetodos, the home looks like it has come straight off the pages of a book on the prettiest villages. Settled upon its leafy terrace as you enjoy one of a variety of picture perfect views it does indeed conjure up images rural idyll personified. The quaint charm of this home fits right into its surroundings yet belies a comfortable, spacious home that enjoys modern luxuries and amenities.
Above all, however, Casa Goya is a home of infinite character and variety, offering the occupant an artistic and cultured setting in which to live. This home, with its split levels, mezzanine galleries and attractively shaped windows that look out onto tree-covered terraces and sleepy village squares is made for those who draw inspiration from their living environment. Rustic in style, the home features a cozy living room with fireplace and sloping wood-beamed ceiling. The four bedrooms reflect the same country style, characterized by such features as skylights and sloping ceilings, and bordered by two elegant bathrooms. Spacious yet homely, the house features thick stone walls that keep the heat out in summer and the warmth in during winter.
In a place like Fuendetodos, which has become a classic artists' retreat, spacious sky lit studios add a typical touch, although such areas can also be used more conventionally as studies or children's play rooms. While originally a residence, the property can also become a rural or country hotel in an excellent and sought-after location, thus becoming an excellent investment opportunity together with the art gallery. The art gallery Casa Goya's link to art is made indelible by the art gallery that belongs to this property. Bordering the home itself, the 200m2 gallery is a charming facility that featured modern facilities such as heating, lighting and alarm system. Whether seen as a business and source of income or as a source of pride, it makes this one of the most iconic homes in a village characterized by art-and allows the occupant to own a home that is truly one of a kind.


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by John Lees on February 23, 2015 at 8:05 am
Chapter: Chapter 1: Legacies
Characters: Alex Thomas, Bill Finney, The Corpse, The Standard
And here we have the first appearance of The Corpse, another popular character in the series. If the original Gilbert Graham Standard was an icon of the Silver Age, the Alex Thomas iteration of The Standard is more representative of 90s excess, with his busy costume design and the pouches. The Corpse represents another, darker aspect of superhero comics that came to the fore during the 90s.
With the original rise of Image Comics, we got a whole new wave of heroes, inspired by the darkness that came to the superhero comics of Marvel and DC in the late 80s but pushing it to a whole new blood-drenched extreme. It seems like for a period, our classic heroes were cast into the shade in favor of uber-violent, gun-toting, borderline psychotic "anti-heroes" with names like BLOODRAVEN and KYLLBASTARD (not actual character names, to my knowledge) who would sooner eviscerate their enemies than put them in jail. The Corpse is very much my answer to that phase of superhero history. And Jon Rector portrays that beautifully, right down to the flowing, shredded Spawn-style cape.
Jon's not the first person to draw The Corpse, however. The first person to design the character was…. umm… me. Way back in 2009, I took part in Tyler James' 30 Characters Challenge, where you draw a character for each day of the month of November, and come up with a story for them. Now, I'm no artist (as you'll see below), but it seemed like a fun exercise to do, so I jumped in and gave it a go. And here is entry 21, both the picture and the character bio, presented for your viewing pleasure:
The Standard isn't the only superhero in Sky City. There's also The Corpse. Of course, not everyone would agree that The Corpse is a superhero. Many, particular amongst Sky City's police department, would call him a dangerous vigilante, a wanted criminal, even a serial killer. But it cannot be denied that the recent decline of supervillains in the city has something to do with The Corpse. After all, he's been killing them all.
Though The Corpse is a master martial artist, with access to a wide range of weaponry, he has no superpowers. All the same, he is more feared by the criminal underworld than even The Standard, because while The Standard has a strict no-kill rule, The Corpse goes out of his way to execute lawbreakers.
Nothing is known about his identity or his background. It is speculated that perhaps his whole family was murdered by gangsters when he was a child, and he has dedicated his life to avenging their death. Or perhaps it's simply the fact that he's only 5'7" tall and has a tiny cock that has left him perennially pissed off at the world.
Awesome to see how many characters from the 30 Characters Challenge actually made it to the comic page. Honestly, seeing this now makes me want a CORPSE one-shot… bad!
Jonathan Rector
And I would love to draw the shit out of that book.
And I'd sell crack to grannies to get more Jonathan Rector comics!
And neither of you want to see a KYLLBASTARD revival?


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1. For the cases that no power supply is available.
3. Rotates the power plug to the lock position and connects it to the wall socket or connection panel.
4. Connects the adapter connector to the laptop and startup the laptop.
Notes: Adapter plug means the part of the adapter which is connected with the socket while adapter connector refers to the part connecting the laptop. The adapter works properly if the laptop power indicator is lit up.


text:
The Man Who Helped 4000 Domestic Violence Victims, And Freed Around 3500 Bonded Labourers
Koshika Mira Saxena Mira Saxena
23 Dec 2016 10:21 AM GMT
Editor : Koshika Mira Saxena Mira Saxena
Lenin Raghuvanshi, a Dalit Rights activist and a crusader for human rights has been conferred with M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award 2016 in Bangalore, Karnataka on December 21.
Dr Lenin was unanimously selected by a panel of Jury comprising Akbar Mirza Khaleeli (former Ambassador of India to Iran and other countries, Board of Trustee of VIM), Justice Santosh Hegde ( Former Judge of Supreme Court of India) and Dr Cherian Thomas (Secretary and Trustee of VIM and Director of Ecumenical Christian Centre).
Dr Lenin was born in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh on 18 May 1970. Being raised in a higher caste Hindu family, the complexities of caste always bewildered him.
Speaking to The Logical Indian, Dr Lenin said that he was influenced by his grandfather Shanti Kumar Singh who was a freedom fighter. His parents Smt Savitri Devi and Shri Surendra Nath inspired him after he realised the grim reality of the Dalit community in India. Having a supportive family brought him close to social activism. He embarked on the journey to focus on the cause of the discrimination.
At the age of 23, he became the president of the United Nations Youth Organization Uttar Pradesh, and this exposure helped him understand the problems of casteism. He worked towards the upliftment of people from lower castes.
Determine to provide a voice to the people; Dr Lenin founded People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights (PVCHR) in 1996. It is a membership-based human rights movement in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It ensures fundamental rights for marginalised communities in India. He started this alone, and now there are more than 400 people working towards this cause.
He said that during all these years of work he has noticed many changes. Women are voicing their opinions, and inclusive work environments are being created where people from all castes and backgrounds are working together. And this, he feels is a great step forward.
He also said that initially, his team and he would reach out to marginalised communities and victims of violence to help. Now, with the change in the society, people want to raise their voices. They come forward and seek help from the team.
Dr Lenin's organisation has so far helped 4000 domestic violence victims, rescued around 5300 of people from torture, and freed around 3500 bonded labourers.
He feels that the next twenty years will see a remarkable change in the country, given the rate at which we are improving every day.
Being averse to the idea of the caste system, Dr Lenin is on a quest to build a caste-free India. With his passion for his work, he has become a symbol of nonviolent resistance amongst Dalits fighting for upliftment and dignity.
Dr Lenin's wife Shruti has always been a pillar of strength for him and works for the same organisation.
Dr Lenin has also received ACHA Star Peace Award from Association for Communal Harmony in Asia USA 2007 and Gwangju Human Rights Award from Foundation of South Korea and International Human Rights Prize of the city of Weimar.
Writer, social worker, book addict, love kids and cooking. Believes in spreading smiles.


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Home | Army | Would it be good if Germany won WW1?
Would it be good if Germany won WW1?
Would there be ww2 if Germany won WW1
What if allies lost WW1
Would Germany have won WW1 if the US
How big could Germany's army be after ww1
Did Germany deserve the blame for ww1?
How long did Germany think WW1 would last
What would happen in Europe if Germany won WW1?
Is Germany allowed to have an army after WWII
Is WW1 pointless
Who lost the most after WW1?
Could World War 1 been avoided?
Why didn't Germany use tanks in WW1
Could WW1 have ended earlier
Is the US technically still in WW1
Did Germany have a better chance of winning WW1 or ww2
How did Germany feel about losing WW1
Why was Germany so weak in WW1
Why was Germany so powerful after WW1
Who had the largest army in ww1
Why was the German army so strong
How much money did Germany have to pay after WW1?
How did Germany feel about WW1
What did Germany think us in WW1
Who said war to end all wars
Did ww1 solve anything
What if Germany left the euro
How Strong Is Germany in WW1
What if the UK stayed out of WW1
How strong is Germany now
Who helped rebuild Germany after ww2
Why is Japan not allowed to have a military
If Germany had won on the Western Front, it would have acquired some French territory and maybe Belgium. The Germans probably wouldn't have been able to enjoy their victory for long.
Originally Answered: If Germany won WWI was the WWII going to happen ? Very likely. If Germany won the war, then the issues resolved after World War 1, would still be intact and somehow that issues would be needed to be resolved.
The exhausted Allies would have had to negotiate some kind of settlement with Central Power forces occupying almost all of what is now Ukraine, Poland, and the Baltic republics in the east; most of Romania and Yugoslavia in Southern Europe, as well as a bit of Italy; and almost all of Belgium and most of northeast
Would Germany have won World War 1 if America didn't supply the Entente? Yes. The American food supplies allowed Britain and France to draft millions of farmers into their armies. Without these troops, the Germans would have won the war of attrition on the Western Front.
The German army was restricted to 100,000 men; the general staff was eliminated; the manufacture of armoured cars, tanks, submarines, airplanes, and poison gas was forbidden; and only a small number of specified factories could make weapons or munitions.
The largest share of responsibility lies with the German government. Germany's rulers made possible a Balkan war by urging Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia, well understanding that such a conflict might escalate. Without German backing it is unlikely that Austria-Hungary would have acted so drastically.
In August 1914 German Emperor Wilhelm II famously promised to his departing troops that they would return before the autumn leaves fell. Yet most of Europe's military chiefs did not, in fact, expect a short war. The Chief of the German General Staff had predicted a struggle lasting between 18 months and two years.
What is this? Nations like France and Belgium may have ceased to exist and their imperial holdings would have become part of the German Empire. Great Britain would have likely survived any attempt at invasion but would have remained isolated on the global stage, and her empire slowly chipped away by the Central Powers.
See also Who is Turkey an ally with?
Following the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, firm restrictions were placed on the German military, most notably, the entire army was restricted to just 100,000 men, while the navy was reduced to just 15,000 men.
The world was a nastier place after the war than before it. It was a sad, pointless war, for which we're still paying a price. A hard-hearted peace treaty and a ravaged economy produced a "lost generation" of young Germans and led directly to the rise of Hitler and an even uglier worldwide conflagration.
Answer and Explanation: Germany lost the most land as a result of World War I. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Germany was stripped of 13% of its European territory.
Answer and Explanation: The date of World War I could have been avoided had the Archduke not been assassinated, but it is not clear that the war itself was unavoidable.
The German General Staff did not have enthusiasm for tanks but allowed the development of anti-tank weapons. Regardless, the development of a German tank was underway. The only project to be produced and fielded was the A7V, although only twenty were built.
Once U.S. support turned tangible, it helped force an end to the war much sooner than anticipated. Indeed, before the Germans exhausted their reserves in the 1918 spring offensives, even the U.S. Army anticipated that the war might last into 1919.
America Never Agreed to the Final Terms of World War I
America signed, but never ratified, the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I.
The Germans were very close to winning WWI in the later stages of the conflict. The Germans had already won WWII in the early stages of the conflict. They were on the way to losing shortly thereafter. By 1917, Germany was in a difficult position, but they had almost achieved victory.
At the end of World War I, Germans could hardly recognize their country. Up to 3 million Germans, including 15 percent of its men, had been killed. Germany had been forced to become a republic instead of a monarchy, and its citizens were humiliated by their nation's bitter loss.
Germany failed to succeed in World War One because of three main reasons, the failure of the Schlieffen plan, nationalism, and the allies' effective use of attrition warfare.
Germany didn't suffer devastation(especially industry and coal mines) like that of France and Belgium. They got severe penalties and suffered some losses from the treaty of Versailles but their industrial and demographic potential still made them the continent's largest industrial power.
When World War I broke out in 1914, the Russian Empire had the world's largest standing army, with approximately 1,400,000 soldiers on active duty.
In September 1939 the Allies, namely Great Britain, France, and Poland, were together superior in industrial resources, population, and military manpower, but the German Army, or Wehrmacht, because of its armament, training, doctrine, discipline, and fighting spirit, was the most efficient and effective fighting force
See also Who is above SAS?
The Treaty of Versailles didn't just blame Germany for the war—it demanded financial restitution for the whole thing, to the tune of 132 billion gold marks, or about $269 billion today.
Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers of Germans began to associate with the political left, such as the Social Democratic Party and the more radical Independent Social Democratic Party which demanded an end to the war.
"The prevailing opinion in Germany before our entry into war, was, that American was a money hunting nation, too engrossed in the hunt of the dollar to produce a strong military force.
The Great War, which consumed much of Europe and its colonial outposts from 19, was no exception. H.G. Wells called it the "war that will end war," which later morphed into "the war to end all wars." Wells coined this phrase in a Times editorial.
World War I was incredibly destructive. But perhaps most tragic of all, the "war to end all wars" ultimately did nothing of the sort, as both the conflict and its aftermath sowed the seeds for a second—and even deadlier—world war just two decades later.
The country's exports would immediately become more expensive, which would have a negative effect on the balance of trade with the rest of the world. Cheaper imports would put additional pressure on domestic manufacturing industries.
When the First World War broke out, Germany fielded about 3,822,450 men – the second largest army in the world, outnumbered only by the Russian army.
So strategically, if Britain had not gone to war in 1914, it would still have had the option to intervene later, just as it had the option to intervene after the revolutionary wars had been under way for some time." It was remarkable, he said, that Britain intervened on land so early in 1914, when quite unprepared.
For 2023, Germany is ranked 25 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. The nation holds a PwrIndx* score of 0.3881 (a score of 0.0000 is considered 'perfect'). This entry last reviewed on 01/05/2023.
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George C.
According to Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, Japan renounces the right to resolve disputes with other countries by military means. In addition, after World War II, Japan banned the recruitment of troops.
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text:
About KMP-DMC Destinations
What we offer References Contacts
The official language of the Russian Federation is Russian. It is spoken all over the country and is studied at all Russian schools as a native language. Russian belongs to the Slavic language family which includes Ukranian, Belorussian, Slovenian, Polish etc. The Russian language uses Cyrillic alphabet, which contains 33 letters.
Since Russia is a huge country it climate varies greatly, from cold arctic in the north of Siberia to sub-tropical in the south, by the Black Sea. The climate of the northern part of European Russia is moderate continental. In the central part it is mostly continental. In the south of Russia the climate is sub-tropical. In the area of the Ural Mountains and Siberia the climate is continental with cold winters and relatively warm summers. In the northern part of Siberia the climate is arctic and sub-arctic.
220 volts AC, 50Hz.
International calls from Russia: you dial 00-7 and the code of the city. The area code for Moscow is 495 or 499.
1 Rouble (RUR) = 100 Kopeks. Cash notes are in denominations of RUR 1000, 500, 100, 50 and 10. Coins are in denominations of RUR 10, 5, 2 and 1. Foreign currencies are not accepted in the shops, restaurants, museums etc.
Currency exchange must be carried out through official bureaus or authorized banks (working hours: Mon-Fri 9.30 — 17.30). All transactions must be recorded on the currency declaration form which is issued on arrival. It is advisable to keep all exchange receipts. Large shops and hotels offer their own exchange services. Euros and Dollars in perfect condition are the easiest currencies to exchange.
Major credit cards, such as American Express, Visa and Diners Club, are accepted at large hotels and at foreign currency shops and restaurants, but Rubles are preferred. Credit card companies will give details regarding acceptability and other services that might be available.
Travellers' cheques are not accepted in Russia
Picture taking
Some monasteries and museums do not allow taking pictures inside of the buildings, some charge extra money (picture permits are not included). Please, consult your guide concerning picture taking. It is prohibited to take pictures of military objects, locks, bridges, tunnels.
Nowadays there're a lot of taxi operators in all big cities. In the airports it's easy to find it. In the city it's better to ask the restaurant or the hotel to call one.
The tipping is not obligatory, upon person's own decision. The official rate of tipping at cafes and restaurants is 5-10% of the amount. Concerning the taxis if the price is already negotiated, you do not need to leave tips to the driver. Of course, bargaining is possible, but usually with street vendors and taxi drivers.
Mon — Fri 9:00 — 18:00 (or 10:00 – 19:00)
Working hours for shops
Mon — Sun 10:00 — 22:00
Nowadays small food kiosks which sell snacks are widely spread in big Russian cities. They offer sandwiches, salads and drinks. In small cities and villages and also during train stops at small stations one can observe local people selling handmade pies (pirozhki) with different fillings as well as smoked fish and ice-cream. Non-alcoholic drinks can be sometimes purchased in the street as well.
Fast food cafes have developed very quickly in modern Russia. Every big city has got a great variety of fast food restaurants. One can find famous world chains such as Mcdonald's, KFC, PizzaHut, etc, as well as Russian fast food cafes.
Nowadays in big cities there are plenty of cafes and restaurants which represent traditional Russian cuisine as well as cuisines of other countries. You can find restaurants, representing almost all the countries of the world, you name it - Australian, Asian, Armenian, American, Belorussian, Hungarian, French, Greek, Italian, Georgian, Jewish, Mexican, European, Chinese, Korean, German, Tatar, Turkish, Japanese, Ukrainian, etc.
While staying in big cities of Russia, like in most other countries, one should be attentive in the streets, in metro, etc. In public places, especially in public transport, you should be careful and alert.
© 2016 KMP-DMC
About KMP-DMC Why Russia?	What we offer KMP DMC team	References Contacts
Thanks for your request. We'll come back to you soon.


text:
The original story can be found at http://www.bpnews.net/11522/natl-education-assoc-low-key-about-homosexuality-task-force
Nat'l Education Assoc. low key about homosexuality task force
by John Rossomando, posted Wednesday, August 15, 2001 (17 years ago)
WASHINGTON (BP)--The National Education Association is silent about a task force that it formed to determine how to integrate homosexual themes into public school curriculums while working to "reduce and eliminate intolerance and insensitivity toward gays and lesbians in our society," according to an Aug. 15 CNSNews.com report. The NEA's "Gay and Lesbian Issues Task Force" was established at the July NEA convention for the purpose of avoiding a drawn-out debate over homosexual issues on the convention floor.
Then NEA backed off a pro-homosexuality measure known as the "New B" resolution at its convention. The draft resolution called for the development of curriculum and institutional materials along with programs designed to meet the needs of homosexual faculty members and students.
NEA spokeswoman Kathleen Lyons indicated Aug. 14 that the NEA will not talk with the press about the Gay and Lesbian Issues Task Force until the group actually produces its report in February 2002. Lyons, instead, chose to release remarks made by NEA President Bob Chase explaining the NEA position.
"[The] resolutions committee [withdrew] Resolution 'New B,' and instead [called] for the establishment of a task force to look at the issues relating to sexual orientation in a thorough and meaningful way," Chase said in the statement. "Let me be clear: in no way is the NEA backing away from the important issues raised by the resolution.
"We will not allow our policy or our discussions to be dictated by any outside group, particularly those that wish to demagogue on the issue instead of focusing on the needs and problems of these students and educational employees," he continued. "This task force will expand the scope of the inquiry.
"[The] NEA has a responsibility to our members and to our students to ensure that they teach and learn in a safe, supportive environment, and we fully intend to live up to that responsibility," Chase said.
The opposition of religious conservatives continues to raise the NEA's ire in the debate over homosexuality. The teacher's union charges that enforcing a biblical version of morality undermines the safety of public school students.
"Some critics want the public schools to be an agent of moral doctrine, condemning children and adults when they are not in accord with biblical precepts," Chase said in the statement. "We believe it is impossible to create a safe haven for children -- [making them] physically safe and emotionally secure -- while condemning their beliefs."
Religious conservatives dispute the NEA's claims that it is a neutral organization seeking what is best for America's public school students.
"The NEA is solidly behind one side of an extremely controversial issue, the homosexual debate," said Peter LaBarbera, senior policy analyst for the Culture and Family Institute. "Most parents don't think that the subject of homosexuality needs to be taught in schools.
"Parents don't want their kids fed homosexual propaganda," LaBarbera said. "They are concerned about the morality of homosexuality, and many are [also] concerned about the health effects [of homosexuality]."
Despite the NEA's desire to appear neutral, LaBarbera said the union continues to push the homosexual rights agenda.
"They are directly in the fray. In fact, the NEA [is] sponsoring the Human Rights Campaign's annual dinner," LaBarbera said. The Human Rights Campaign is one of the nation's leading homosexual advocacy groups.
LaBarbera charged that the NEA does not care about whether introducing homosexuality into the public school curriculum is fair because the union is wedded to the homosexual movement.
"They are going to push it [homosexuality] in the curriculum, which means that every time that a little kid learns about Eleanor Roosevelt, they will learn that she was supposedly a lesbian. This is the kind of garbage that [will] be brought into the curriculum under the auspices of tolerance, and diversity," LaBarbera said.
"The NEA does not want to be perceived as a gay activist group, [but] that is exactly what they are and have become."
Rossomando is a staff writer with CNSNews.com. Used by permission.


FIXYOURTHINKING.COM / Need a brain? Borrow mine!: John C. Dvorak / Jason D. O'Grady separated at birth???
John C. Dvorak / Jason D. O'Grady separated at birth???
The owner of O'Grady's PowerPage has gone off the deep end.
There is no longer a place for comments on the site.
Then of course Jackwhispers, brought you this report two weeks back.
In probably the most surprising move in the announcement of the new iPods yesterday Apple has unbundled the FireWire cable in favor of (Gasp!) USB. Has Steve Jobs lost his mind?
Apple invented the Grammy award-winning FireWire (a.k.a. IEEE 1394, iLink) and has been bundling it with every Mac since the Power Mac G3 "Blue & White." Apple even turned a blind eye to USB 2.0 in their first few products released after the faster USB standard was available, presumably to push their "better and faster" FireWire.
When Apple announced the new iPod minis and Photos they also announced lower prices dropping the iPod Photo from US$499 (40GB) and US$599 (60GB) to US$349 (30GB) and US$449 (60GB) an apparent drop of US$150 until you realize that they also unbundled not only the FireWire cable (US$20) but also the the Dock (US$40) and the A/V cable (US$20) as well, bringing the actual price drop to more like US$70.
Apple's attention shift toward PC customers lately is more than a little disturbing. The company appears to care more about converting PC users to Macs than they do about their loyal customer base. It has been suggested several times that Apple doesn't even attempt to market their products to existing Mac users anymore because they've already "got" them and like sheep, they'll just continue to buy.
The switch from FireWire to USB in the iPod box, Apple's iMac commercials ("from the people that brought you the iPod"), January's iPodWorld Expo (ahem, Macworld Expo) and a spate of litigation against its greatest fans and advocates are more signs that Apple has forsaken its loyal base and is instead only focused on new business.
This almost seems to be a John C Dvorak column filled in like a mad lib.
Go2Mac.com has been publishing news daily since December 2001 - almost six years - and is your definitive source for news and rumors on PowerBooks, iBooks and mobile technology.
That was written in October of 2004 ... mind explaining how December 2001 to October 2004 is almost six years?
Does anybody know anything else about this?
Can we leave out the politics??


You can't order anything directly from us, however we supply lots of major retailers, independent shops and online stores. Please check our stockist list to find your local retailers. If there's something in particular that you're hoping to see, we'd recommend calling the retailer or contacting us first, to check whether it's on display.
Our products meet or exceed all the relevant British and European safety standards.
Our courier usually delivers between 8am – 6pm, then they should contact you on the day of delivery to give you a 3 hour slot. If you haven't received a timeslot or haven't received your parcel in the slot you were expecting, please call us on 01692 408802.
If the box is damaged and the courier driver is still there, you can refuse to accept the delivery and mark the paperwork to say that the parcel has been damaged. If you have already signed and accepted the delivery, please call us on 01692 408802.
Yes. We sell replacement parts for our products, including fittings packs, highchair harnesses, and parts for furniture. Please call us on 01692 408802 to check prices and stock.
Most of our product instruction leaflets are available to download here. If you can't find the one you're looking for, or if you need any advice to help with assembly, please call 01692 408802.
It's important for us to know if you're having problems with an East Coast product. Please contact us here by email or phone, including the details of where you purchased the product.


Male facelift necklift in Los Angeles by Aaron Stone MD creates a more youthful looking man.
A face-lift neck lift plastic surgery is an operation that elevates and redrapes the facial skin and muscles to eliminate laxity and sagging via incisions around the ears. Time and gravity take their toll. Tissues lose their youthful tone and sag. A face-lift can't stop this aging process. What it can do is "set back the clock," improving the most visible signs of aging by removing excess fat, tightening underlying muscles, and redraping the skin of your face and neck, thereby removing jowls and tightening a flabby neck or turkey neck. A facelift – necklift can be done alone, or in conjunction with other procedures such as a forehead lift, eyelid surgery, or nose reshaping. The procedure does not address fine aging lines on the lips or cheeks which are more effectively treated with botox, chemical peel, dermabrasion or laser resurfacing. It does however diminish nasolabial folds or laugh lines as can be seen in my patients' photos.
The subperiosteal facelift is a more aggressive lift that separates the facial muscles from the bones and raises them to a higher level where they reattach. It is particularly effective in shortening the aged elongated upper lip.
This male patient had a facelift necklift with forehead lift and upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasties, cosmetic eyelid surgery. Specific problems that need to be accounted for in facelift for men as opposed to women in performing a facelift are receding hairlines, the greater visibility of scars around the ears and the presence of facial hair. In this case a forehead lift was performed by excising skin between the naturally occuring horizontal forehead lines. Deeper facial fat was grafted over the bone rim under the eye thereby softening the lower eyelid cheek junction margin. The entire midface soft tissue was elevated using a subperiosteal approach where all the tissues are lifted and then reattach to the facial bones at a higher level. This is evident in the increased dental show visible while in facial repose, shortened upper lip and the redistribution of facial fat into a more youthful shape. The incision around the ear is made in an omega shaped fashion so that facial beard growth does not occur directly over the ear and the scar is almost invisible even with shorter hairstyles or male pattern baldness. This natural younger look is important for male executives wanting to stay competitive in today's job market. These after photos were taken 2 years after the surgery which proves the results are lasting not fleeting.
Facelift Necklift Suberiosteal Facelift plastic surgery can enhance your appearance and your self confidence. Realistic expectations are important to be happy with any surgery. As each patient is an individual, different results can be expected in each patient.
In severe cases of facial aging with deep nasolabial folds and marionette lines and large platysmal bands in the front of the neck there is no alternative to classical facelift surgery. For milder cases that are more options everyday. Currently the most popular alternatives are radiofrequency treatments like Thermi and Inmode. These require multiple treatments over a number of weeks without any downtime and can be combined with fat grafting or dermal filler injections. Although they can improve things they are not equivalent or a substitute for surgery and most certainly not an alternative to subperiosteal facelift.
The risks after subperiosteal facelift are the same as those after standard facelift but since it is a more aggressive surgery the possibility is greater that a risk will occur especially to the muscles and nerves.
The benefits are a younger looking you. Some patients look 10 or 20 years younger after surgery especially after the subperiosteal approach.
The head is kept elevated, no lying flat or head down position, for 1 week. You should not even bend over to tie shoe laces. You cannot do vigorous or strenuous physical activity for 2 weeks, even jogging at 1 week can cause a problem. You should not keep your neck in an overly flexed or extended position for 3 weeks. Most of the bruising resolves in 2 to 3 weeks. However swelling takes longer to resolve after subperiosteal facelift. It takes about 4 weeks for the muscles to begin to reattach so swelling does not resolve until 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. Normal activities & work may be resumed within 6 to 8 weeks after a subperiosteal lift.


text:
Q: CDH 6.2 - add new host error: dpkg-query: no packages found matching cloudera-manager-agent I am tring to add a new host.
but it fails with this message at the end "dpkg-query: no packages found matching cloudera-manager-agent"
The following is the "/tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/scm_prepare_node.log" on the failing host:
using SSH_CLIENT to get the SCM hostname: 10.4.34.22 37758 22
opening logging file descriptor
###CLOUDERA_SCM### SCRIPT_START
###CLOUDERA_SCM### TAKE_LOCK
BEGIN flock 4
END (0)
###CLOUDERA_SCM### DETECT_ROOT
effective UID is 1000
BEGIN which pbrun
END (1)
BEGIN sudo -S id
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
END (0)
Using 'sudo ' to acquire root privileges
###CLOUDERA_SCM### DETECT_DISTRO
BEGIN grep 'Ubuntu' /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS"
END (0)
BEGIN grep DISTRIB_CODENAME /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_CODENAME=xenial
END (0)
BEGIN echo DISTRIB_CODENAME=xenial | cut -d = -f 2
xenial
END (0)
###CLOUDERA_SCM### DETECT_SCM
BEGIN host -t PTR 10.4.34.22
Host 22.34.4.10.in-addr.arpa. not found: 3(NXDOMAIN)
END (1)
BEGIN which python
/usr/bin/python
END (0)
BEGIN python -c 'import socket; import sys; s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET); s.settimeout(5.0); s.connect((sys.argv[1], int(sys.argv[2]))); s.close();' 10.4.34.22 7182
END (0)
BEGIN which wget
/usr/bin/wget
END (0)
BEGIN wget -qO- -T 1 -t 1 http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/public-hostname && /bin/echo
END (4)
###CLOUDERA_SCM### REPO_INSTALL
Checking https://archive.cloudera.com/cm6/6.2.0/ubuntu1604/apt/dists/
Checking https://archive.cloudera.com/cm6/6.2.0/dists/
Using
installing repository file /tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/repos/ubuntu_xenial/cloudera-manager.list
repository file /tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/repos/ubuntu_xenial/cloudera-manager.list installed
installing apt keys
BEGIN sudo apt-key add /tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/customGPG
OK
END (0)
installing priority file /tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/ubuntu_xenial
priority file /tmp/scm_prepare_node.vQZe0yDf/ubuntu_xenial installed
###CLOUDERA_SCM### REFRESH_METADATA
BEGIN sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Reading package lists...
END (0)
BEGIN sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Hit:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease
Reading package lists...
END (0)
###CLOUDERA_SCM### PACKAGE_INSTALL cloudera-manager-agent
BEGIN sudo dpkg -l cloudera-manager-agent | grep -E '^ii[[:space:]]*cloudera-manager-agent[[:space:]]*'
dpkg-query: no packages found matching cloudera-manager-agent
END (1)
BEGIN sudo apt-cache show cloudera-manager-agent
E: No packages found
END (100)
cloudera-manager-agent must have Version=6.2.0 and Build=968826, exiting
closing logging file descriptor

Note that:

*

*both the master node and the new host node run ubuntu 16

*Public Cloudera Repository

A: Can you try installing the Cloudera agent manually on each node(when the number of nodes are less):
$ sudo apt-get install cloudera-manager-agent cloudera-manager-daemons

On every cluster host, configure the Cloudera Manager Agent to point to the Cloudera Manager Server by setting the following properties in the /etc/cloudera-scm-agent/config.ini
$ sudo service cloudera-scm-agent start

Make sure JAVA is installed in all the nodes
For some reason the sources.list.d file becomes empty after running the manager on these nodes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Fairmont ist eine Stadt in West Virginia, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Ihr Spitzname ist die freundliche Stadt. Sie ist der County Seat des Marion County.

Gemäß dem Stand 2010 hat Fairmont 18.704 Einwohner.

Geografie
Bei Fairmont entsteht der Monongahela River durch den Zusammenfluss von Tygart Valley River und West Fork River. Der Buffalo Creek, ein Nebenfluss des Monongahela Rivers, fließt durch den nördlichen Teil der Stadt.

Gemäß dem US Army Corp of Engineers ist Fairmont, das durch binnenländische Wasserstraßen erschlossen ist, die am weitesten vom Ozean entfernte Hafenstadt der USA. Laut dem United States Census Bureau hat die Stadt eine Fläche von 21,2 km², wovon 20,3 km² Land und 0,9 km² Wasser ist.

Geschichte
In der mündlichen Geschichte wird es angedeutet, dass 1808 Boaz Fleming jährlich nach Clarksburg zog, um die Steuer von seinem Bruder Harrison County und seine eigene Steuer von Monongalia County zu zahlen. Als er in Clarksburg bei einem gesellschaftlichen Ereignis war, besuchte er seine Kusine Dolley Madison und beklagte sich über diese sehr lange jährliche Reise. Dolley Madison schlug ihm vor, sein eigenes County zu machen, um damit er nicht jährlich so eine lange Reise machen muss. Nach sechs Jahren versuchte Boaz Fleming Unterschriften für ein neues County, mit dem vorgeschlagenen Name Madison County (Dolley Madison und ihrem Mann James Madison zu Ehren) zu sammeln. Diese Petition hatte keinen Erfolg, ausreichende Unterstützungen zu bekommen. Dann konzentrierte er sich auf die Bildung eines Städtchens. 1819 wurde eine Straße von Clarksburg nach Morgantown gebildet. Sein Bauernhof war auf einem Gebiet zwischen diesen Städten und war ein guter Rastplatz für die Reisenden. Er gründete die kleine Stadt 1819 auf der westlichen Seite des Monongahela-Flusses. Diese Stadt wurde am 19. Januar 1820 als Middletown eingetragen.

Er ist nicht klar, ob die Stadt wegen ihrer Lage zwischen Clarksburg und Morgantown oder wegen der Herkunftsstadt der ersten Frau von Boaz Fleming, die Middletown, Delaware war, mit diesem Namen genannt wurde. 1842 schlug William Haymond vor, dass der Name der Stadt zu Fairmont(fair=schön + mount=Berg) geändert wird, weil die Stadt eine schöne Aussicht auf den Monongahela-Fluss hatte. Dieser Name wurde 1843 von der Virginia General Assembly eingetragen.

Flugplätze
Fairmont Municipal-Frankman Field ist ein Flugplatz der Sportluftfahrt. Er befindet sich rund 4 km südwestlich der Stadt.

Statistik
Gemäß dem Stand 2000 leben 19097 Einwohner, 8447 Haushaltseinheiten und 4671 Familien in Fairmont. Die Stadt hat eine Bevölkerungsdichte von 2438,5 Personen pro mile2(941,7 km2). Die rassische Zusammensetzung der Stadt ist 90,16 % Weiße, 7,26 % Afroamerikanisch, 0,28 % Indianer, 0,61 % Asiatisch, 0,20 % andere Rassen, 1,49 % Mischling, 0,82 % Lateinamerikanisch.

21,4 % der Haushaltseinheiten haben Kinder unter 18 Jahre alt. 40,2 % der Haushaltseinheiten sind verheiratete Paare, 11,7 % haben weibliche Haushälterin mit keinem Mann, 44,17 % sind keine Familien, 36,4 % bestehen nur aus einer Person und 16,8 % sind einsam lebende Personen, die mehr als 65 Jahre alt sind. Die durchschnittliche Haushaltsgröße ist 2,83.

18,4 % der Einwohner sind unter 18 Jahre alt, 14,9 % sind von 18 bis 24, 24,1 % sind von 25 bis 44, 22,2 % sind von 45 bis 64 und 20,4 % sind 65 oder älter. Das durchschnittlicher Alter der Einwohner ist 39 Jahre alt. Das durchschnittliche Einkommen für einen Haushalt ist 25628 $ und für eine Familie ist 37126 $. Männer haben ein durchschnittliches Einkommen von 27944 $ und Frauen 20401. Das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen der Einwohner ist 16062 $. Ungefähr 12,6 % der Familien und 20,1 % der Bevölkerung sind unter der Armutsgrenze.

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Reeve M. Bailey (1911–2011), Ichthyologe und Hochschullehrer
 Frank Kendall Everest, Jr. (1920–2004), Luftwaffenoffizier
 Aretas B. Fleming (1839–1923), Politiker
 Johnnie Johnson (1924–2005), Rock 'n' Roll-Musiker
 Alan Mollohan (* 1943), Politiker
 Doris Piserchia (1928–2021), Science-Fiction-Autorin
 Mary Lou Retton (* 1968), Kunstturnerin
 Nick Saban (* 1951), Footballtrainer

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Gemeindegründung 1819

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia