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Herbert Adolphus Miller: "The Psychological Limits of Eugenics." Popular Science Monthly (1914) 84: 390-396.
This document has been included as part of work on the history of Old World Traits Transplanted by W. I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and Herbert Adolphus Miller.
Herbert Adolphus Miller. "The School and the Immigrant. Cleveland Ohio: The Survey Committee of the Cleveland Foundation (1916).
William Isaac Thomas with Robert Ezra Park and Herbert Adolphus Miller. Old World Traits Transplanted. New York Henry Holt (1921).
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The Psychological Limits of Eugenics
Herbert A. Miller
Professor of Sociology, Olivet College
THE rapidity with which the eugenic idea has spread is little short of wonderful, and its value can not be overestimated. However, this value has been not only and not chiefly for what it has claimed for heredity, but for the attention it has turned towards sanitation and hygiene.
This is a time of great social unrest and any panacea which offers to solve our problems is eagerly embraced. Eugenics has volunteered for the service, which accounts, in part, for its rapid spread. A second reason is its simplicity. Only one principle is required to dispose of all problems. In this connection Dr. C. A. L. Reed says:
So vigorous, aggressive and all-pervading have become the demands upon the "science of being well born," that many have come wrongly to think that there is no problem other than heredity in the great problem of race culture.[1]
It is the object of this paper to show that even if a perfect eugenic system were in vogue, practically every social problem which we are now trying to solve would still remain, and I wish also to urge that in spite of what good it may have done, it has also done a very great harm in diverting attention from the really fundamental problems which underlie the question of race improvement.
The cocksureness of the eugenist is illustrated by the following quotation from Alexander Graham Bell:
The individuals have the power to improve the race, but not the knowledge what to do. We students of genetics possess the knowledge but not the power; and the great hope lies in the dissemination of our knowledge among the people at large.[2]
In similar strain, but more comprehensive and more confident, we find Davenport saying in a magazine article:
To the eugenist heredity stands as the one great hope of the human race, its savior from imbecility, poverty, disease, immorality.[3]
Let me quote further from Davenport's book, "Heredity in Relation to Eugenics."
Man is an organism—an animal: and the laws of improvement of corn and of race horses hold true of him also. Unless people accept this simple truth and let it influence marriage selection, human progress will cease.[4]
Perhaps the best definition of feeble-minded would be: "deficient in some socially important trait," and then the class would include also the sexually immoral, the criminalistic, those who can not control their use of narcotics, those who habitually tell lies by preference, and those who run away from home and school.[5]
A settlement worker in New York City inquired into the meaning of a particularly unruly and criminalistic section of his territory and found that the offenders came from one village in Calabria known as the "home of brigands. "[6]
The implication here is that the germ plasm in Calabria is bad. Finally, comparing the influence of the criminals who were sent to Virginia from England he says :
Soon better blood crowded into Virginia to redeem the colony. Upon the execution of Charles I. a host of royalist refugees sought an asylum here and the immigration of this class continued even after the Restoration. By this means was enriched a germ plasm which easily developed such traits as good manners, high culture and the ability to lead in all social affairs traits combined in a remarkable degree in the first families of Virgin�a.[7]
Please remember that I am not denying a great deal of good in this movement, but too little attention has been given to either psychology or sociology by the eugenists, and unjustifiable conclusions have been drawn. The vogue of these conclusions is likely to delay progress by putting our thinking back twenty years, since which time the sociologists have been patiently building up the data of social psychology.
After the theory of evolution had been pretty thoroughly understood, the Spencerian idea of its universal application was eagerly appropriated. It was simple and comprehensive. If we found a condition of social inferiority the explanation was, "a lower stage of evolution." A race was less enlightened and thus proved its biological inferiority. It was a fine case of reasoning post hoc ergo pro pier hoc. In my opinion the reasoning in the quotations I have just given is of the same sort. "A band of brigands, a bad heredity." No one would be more glad than the sociologist to find a simple explanation of social phenomena, but there is none, and, to the minds of most sociologists, I venture to say that, instead of being the one hope, eugenics barely touches the problem of fundamental race improvement, although it has a definite place.
In 1893 Huxley in his lecture on "Evolution and Ethics" sounded the warning against making too close connections between the physical and the social values. He said:
There is a fallacy ... in the notion that because on the whole plants and animals have advanced in perfection of organization by means of the struggle for existence, and the consequent survival of the fittest, therefore, men in society, men as ethical beings, must look to the same process to help them towards perfection.... Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another, which may be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the survival of those who may happen to be the fittest (in the respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain), but of those who are ethically best .[8]
The eugenist would say that he is in full agreement with that statement, but he seems to think that the inheritance of these ethical qualities follows the same laws as the inheritance of biological qualities. Man may be bred for qualities just as the race horse is bred, but he may not then fit social conditions any better than a race horse fits plowing. It is of interest and biological value to discover the verification of Mendel's law in the inheritance of eye color and stature, but it has no more social significance than whether Mendel's giant or late peas tasted the better. Many of the other data collected belongs in the same class. They belong to the world of description, while good and bad belong to the world of appreciation and value and are subject to entirely different laws. This is the idea which no one seemed to understand, offered by Dr. Richard C. Cabot last fall at the meeting of the Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis, when he insisted that there is no necessary relation between "the rules of sanitation and the commands of morality.."[9]
For purposes of argument I am willing to grant that imbecility and some diseases are sufficiently pathological to justify some eugenic measures, though some brief could be made for even the feeble minded, but every other one of Dr. Davenport's catalogue I will not grant. Consider some of them: "poverty, sexually immoral, criminalistic, those who can not control the use of narcotics, liars, and those who run away from home and school, good manners, high culture." A few of these may be related to imbeciles, but so far as they constitute social problems only a very small per cent, of them are the result of biological abnormality, and yet they represent conditions that seriously handicap race improvement.
Please keep this list in mind while we turn to another consideration. There are two technical terms in sociology which are gaining increased significance. They are social control and mores. The latter is one of the methods of the former. Mores was the word used by the late Professor Sumner, of Yale, to indicate the mental and moral environment into which a child is born and which he accepts as ultimate intellectual and moral authority. The widest variety of racial and social expressions must be explained by means of this post-natal psychological in-
(393) -heritance. Professor Ames, of Chicago, indicates something of the process of its acquirement:
Every human being, if he is to live at all, is, from infancy, surrounded and cared for by persons. These persons fit into and help constitute a social group. The child is nourished, sheltered, guided and disciplined by this human environment. All objects and influences are mediated by the persons near him. His very sensations are determined and modified by them.[10]
The old-time evolutionist and the modern eugenist alike make little of social control in their effort to make clear the biological control of social processes. To them environment is merely external.
Let us now turn briefly to the list quoted from Davenport: Poverty is a problem, but we may ask in the words of Professor Cooley, of Michigan :
What shall we say of the doctrine very widely, though perhaps not very clearly, held that the poor are the "unfit" in course of elimination? ... The' truth is that poverty is unfitness, but in a social and not a biological sense. That is to say, it means that feeding, housing, family life, education and opportunity are below the standards that the social type calls for, and that their existence endangers the latter in a manner analogous to the presence of inferior cattle in a herd endangers the biological type.... But since the unfitness is social rather than biological, the method of elimination must also be social, namely, reform of housing and neighborhood conditions, improvement of the schools, public teaching of trades, abolition of child labor and the humanizing of industry.[11]
The subject of sexual immorality is absorbing our attention these days. Flexner says that it
plainly is absurd to speak as if women took to prostitution simply because they were marked out fora vicious life by innate depravity or even forced into it by economic pressure.[12]
If this kind of immorality were inherent we should, according to their own confessions, begin with the elimination of the greatest moral teacher of the early church, St. Augustine, and the greatest stimulator of modern social ideals, Count Tolstoy. The sex mores of Russia today are very different from those of America, and from those of Tolstoy's youth, and from what they will be a generation hence, all without the slightest help from eugenics, solely by the psychic force of social control. To be sure a part of the prostitutes are feeble minded, but even they are prostitutes largely as a result of the mores of their group and the commercial demand for their services.
As to the criminalistic, Lombroso with great pains made an anthropological description of the criminalistic type, but scarcely a criminologist in Europe or America to-day accepts his conclusions, and the modern science of penology is based on the system of social control.
The same is true of the use of narcotics. With the exception of the few diseased who need special care, drunkenness is the product of group mores. The most drunken people in the world are undoubtedly the husky Russian peasants.
When it comes to lying by preference, I fear that none of us would escape, though most of us have painfully learned another way, while our yellow newspaper reporters still remain.
And as for running away from home and school, we might say that every normal boy has the tendency, and there are excessive cases like that of Mr. S. S. McClure, who tells us in his autobiography that he barely escaped being a tramp, in spite of which fact he has done some things for race improvement.
We need no germ plasm to explain the difference between "the first families of Virginia" and the poor white trash. That is exactly the sort of thing that mores explain.
But there are much more fundamental obstacles to race progress than these, and I can see no way in which eugenics can help them. Such forces as social classes, race prejudice, industrial strife, the social and economic position of women, are psychological problems of fundamental importance.
Social classes are not born, they are made. In this connection Lester F. Ward, the leading American sociologist, said:
A certain kind of inferiority of the lower classes to the upper is admitted. There is a physical inferiority and there is inferiority in intelligence. This last is not the same as intellectual inferiority. Their physical inferiority is due entirely to the conditions of existence. As a subject race, as slaves, as overworked laborers or artisans, as an indigent and underfed class, their physical development has been arrested and their bodies stunted.... Their unequal intelligence has nothing to do with their capacity for intelligence. Intelligence consists in that capacity together with the supply of information for it to expend itself upon. We see, therefore, that both kinds of inferiority of the lower classes are extraneous and artificial, not inherent and natural.[13]
And again in this same connection, showing the intimate relation of classes to improvement, he says that what we need is not more ability, but more opportunity, and he estimates that if the opportunity could be made for existing ability by the abolition of social classes, the increase in the efficiency of mankind would be at least a hundredfold.
It is hardly conceivable that the breeding of the race-horse type of man will accomplish such a multiplication. We have ability enough; we only need to pry loose what we have.
Race prejudice belongs in the same category as social classes. The existence of a race is primarily caused by accidental signs which serve for identification plus the prevailing attitude towards the people bearing the signs. As Professor Ross says:
"Race" is the cheap explanation tyros offer for any collective trait that they are too stupid or too lazy to trace to its origin in the physical environment, the social environment or historical conditions.[14]
In this discussion I would like to substitute "heredity" for "race" and let the quotation read:
"Heredity" is the cheap explanation tyros offer for any collective trait that they are too stupid or too lazy to trace to its origin in the physical environment, the social environment or historical conditions.
When in a Battle Creek restaurant I saw the sign " Colored Patronage not Desired," my sympathy for the Negro enabled me to feel something as he feels, and I can assure you that the depressing force of a public opinion that approves of such discrimination is more influential on the race expression than a very large variation in the germ plasm. W. E. B. DuBois has described this form from the inside in his " Souls of Black Folk" where he says:
They must perpetually discuss the Negro problem, must live, move, have their being in it, and interpret all else in its light or darkness. From the double life that every American Negro must live as a Negro and as an American, as swept on by the current of the twentieth century while struggling in the eddies of the fifteenth—from this must arise a powerful self-consciousness and a moral hesitancy which is almost fatal to self-confidence.... To-day the young Negro. of the South who would succeed can not be frank and outspoken, but rather he is daily tempted to be silent and wary, politic and sly.... His real thoughts� his real aspirations must be guarded in whispers; he must not criticize, he must not complain. Patience and adroitness must, in these growing black youth, replace impulse, manliness and courage. . . . At the same time, through books and periodicals, discussions and lectures he is intellectually awakened. In the conflict, some sink, some rise." [15]
When we remember that more than ten per cent. of the population of the United States belong to this class, we can feel that human progress can not proceed without limit until we have modified our race mores. The sad thing about it is the popular view that the race question is to be explained on biological grounds, and that any race except that to which we have been born is on a lower stage of evolution. We condemn them without trial. Wherever there is white contact with Indians the whole attitude is permeated with the idea that there is no good Indian but a dead one, and their efforts to change their conditions always comes face to face with this prejudice. Much of our immigrant problem is of the same sort. We condemn them in toto, as the brigands of Calabria were condemned in the quotation given. Lord Byron expressed the force of other men's opinion when he said:
I made men think I was what I was not, and I became what they thought me.
We can not escape the great and unjustified discouragement that will come to those we suspect do not belong to the race-horse type. The door of hope is closed to them, while the race horses can not fail to get
(396) a self-satisfied snobbishness that will make the discouraged plow horse stop in the middle of the furrow. In the same way, registered human pedigrees will inhibit the common stock from making its contribution.
The eugenists have a good deal to say about immigrants. Among the Polish immigrants in America we have a great disproportion of criminals. In the Cook County jail in Chicago they are altogether out of proportion to any other nationality, and the same thing is true in the Detroit House of Correction. The Bohemians, who belong to the same race stock and live in adjoining territory in Europe, have very few criminals, and in Austria there are fourteen cases of litigation among Poles to one among Bohemians. The Polish immigrants are 31.6 per cent. illiterate, and the Bohemians, 3 per cent. The Poles are probably the most devoted to the church and the Bohemians the most rabid freethinkers of all our immigrants. The social problems arising from these facts have nothing whatever to do with biological inheritance.
Now let us consider the classic example of bad heredity, the Jukes family. Almost everything that is said about the Negro can also be said about them. They lived in New York in the nineteenth century, but they were not a part of it. They were socially ostracized, and built up mores among themselves that had no part in the current civilization. It is barely possible that they averaged mentally inferior to their more socialized neighbors, but the sociologist does not need the inheritance of base characteristics to explain their criminality, prostitution and poverty.
If eugenics succeeds in establishing in the popular mind the tremendous social value of heredity that it is trying to establish, it will overthrow a mass of valuable work of the last decade which has been pointing the way to a fundamental solution of many of our social problems. What if certain people do stand higher on the Binet tests than others; it is yet to be proved that that indicates elemental social value. Psycho-physical parallelism may prevail, but that does not necessarily include psycho-physico-social parallelism.
The position of women has been created in much the same way as races and classes. Alfred Russel Wallace in his last book, " Social Environment and Moral Progress," puts the cart in this eugenic matter where it belongs. He says that when social justice shall have been established and women are free to choose their mates without the artificial conditions that now prevail, then natural selection will take care of itself. I myself am convinced that as a move for race improvement, the equal suffrage of women, with the eventual consequent assumption of intellectual and moral responsibility and economic independence, would be infinitely more valuable than all the eugenic laboratories in the world.
We should use all the forces of science in dealing with pathological conditions, but an attempt at artificial selection of mental and moral characteristics is aiming in the wrong direction.
Lancet-Clinic, January 3, 1914.
Journal of Heredity, January, 1914, P1. 1.
C. B. Davenport, Pop. Sci. Mo.
P. 1.
P. 183.
D. Appleton and Company, pp. 80, 81.
See The Survey, October 25, 1913.
Psychological Bulletin, VIII., p. 407.
C. H. Cooley, "Social Organization," pp. 294, 296.
Abraham Flexner, "Prostitution in Europe," quoted from The Survey, January 17, 1914.
Publications of the American Sociological Society, pp. 7, 8.
" Social Psychology," p. 3.
"Souls of Black Folk," p. 203, McClurg, 1903.
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Film Review: Blade Runner 2049 (2017) - USA
October 09, 2017 • Andrew Chan • Blade Runner 2049 • Harrison Ford • Ryan Gosling
Blade Runner 2049 (2017) - USA
Reviewed by Andrew Chan
Deeply philosophical and will probably be further elevated with future repeated viewings, the sequel to the 1982's classic is most certainly epic. The tale of the human condition, the question of what makes us human are prominently questions raises smartly by the original Blade Runners. In this saga, we get some answers, but often shown the possibilities and choices as we need to dig deeper and deeper into our own existence to truly understands. To call this a great film will be an understatement as it leaves you yearning and thinking and all in a deep and meaningful profound manner. Denis Villeneuve is taking us on a visual and insightful journey.
Ryan Gosling has come a long way since "Crazy Stupid Love" and recent "La La Land" Oscar fame. Here, he is a replicant and one that's certainly stands out with complex emotions hidden benefit. They are not suppose to show feelings or any sort of remorse, but Gosling channels a younger Harrison Ford, equally charismatic and full of on screen appeal. With the long running time and overtly focus on his character, Gosling does an impressive job in keeping the audience on their toes. Likewise, we get a reinvented Harrison Ford as the older Deckard, effective as he may be, the smaller billing a passing of baton of sorts. Ana de Armas who plays the CGI lover impresses as it further question what makes us more human than human. The scene where she combined with the replicant sex worker is both diverting and illuminating to watch.
All in all, the first film redefined the sci-fi genre to amazing effect and created a classical status cult following. Blade Runner 2049 can almost be a standalone affair, equally fresh and provide a world for the audience to keep dreaming, questioning and exploring our true appreciation of humanity and what makes us essentially us. Films that makes us explore our surroundings and be more aware will also receive a higher status. This is one of those film that will undoubtedly be further understood through repeated viewings. As to whether it will stand as classical as the original, only time will tell. There is a lot to take in.
I rated it 5/5
Coming soon on Steel book Blu Ray at: NeoFilmShop.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Grand County History Stories
Business/Industry
Grand County Colorado
History Article Library
Explore the History & Culture of Grand County Colorado
Whether you're just stopping by for a visit and some inspiration from the past or you're doing serious research, we're glad you're here. You'll find over 200 articles on a variety of topics - browse and enjoy!
Have an idea for an article or want to contribute one? Send us a note on the contact form.
This website was initiated by the Community Alliance of Libraries, Museums and Schools (CALM) in 2004 and is currently managed by the Grand County Historical Association for the benefit of the Heritage Coalition of Grand County. For more information, email Dede Fay at dedefay@hotmail.com.
Articles to Browse
Topic: Towns
The settlement of Radium, on the north bank of the Colorado River in Gore Canyon, was established in 1906, when railroad construction of the Denver and Salt Lake Railroad brought in foreign workers, typically Swedes, Greeks, and Italians. After the rail lines were built, livestock was shipped out and vegetables such as potatoes, peas, and lettuce were grown and picked at the last minute so they could be shipped while still fresh.
Originally the land was homesteaded by the Murgrage and Hoyt ranch families. Railroad passenger service during the winter months was scheduled only three times a week each way but even then, couldn't always get through. Nonetheless, the "Try Weakly Railroad" service was better transportation than anything residents had ever had before.
The name of Radium was suggested by Harry S. Porter because of the radioactivity found in his mine. The nearby Radium Copper Mine was a large copper producer at one time.
Maintainance workers for Union Pacific, current owners of the railroad, are still based at Radium.
Grand Lake Yacht Club
Topic: Leisure Time
Grand County often attracts adventurous spirits who prefer its splendid isolation to Wal-Mart and fast food. Others, who never make the leap of faith to live here, enjoy it as a familiar playground, returning regularly to enjoy its vast mountain ranges and unlimited outdoor opportunities.
It has to come many as a surprise to learn that Grand Lake, Colorado - nestled next the Continental Divide at over 8,300 feet elevation - has had a yacht club for over one hundred years! When this adventure began, back in 1902, there was only a stage road into the southeast corner of Grand County over Berthoud Pass. Grand Lake is situated next to the entrance of Rocky Mountain National Park, at the far northeast corner of the county, with the rugged backbone of the continent directly to the north and east. At the turn of the twentieth century, it was a summer vacation spot with few full-time residents. Summer visitors and full-time residents alike recognized the grandeur of the their surroundings, and Grand Lake very early became a summer home to many of Denver's elite, and the summer business they brought helped support the local economy.
It was a few enthusiastic Denverites with a keen interest in Grand Lake and sailing who organized the Grand Lake Yacht Club over 100 years ago. The founders included Richard Crawford Campbell, who married Senator Thomas Patterson's daughter and became the business manager of his father's newspaper, the Rocky Mountain News; William Henry Bryant, a Denver lawyer who was active in both sailing and Colorado politics; J. Fermor Spencer, a close friend of Mr. Bryant and long-time treasurer of the club; and William Bayard Craig, who enjoyed a broad education and had been the Chancellor of Duke University before he became interested in "acquiring land in Colorado." By the end of 1902, according to Denver papers, "the first bona fide yacht club between the Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean" was in operation.
An atmosphere of excitement and pageantry swept over Grand Lake during the early Regatta weeks, when the Yacht Club held its annual races. In Denver, The Friday Evening Times proclaimed during August of 1904, "Yachting season is here", and went on to describe the "enthusiastic cottagers gathered on shore" around Grand Lake to cheer for the yachts. In 1907, Regatta week included yacht racing as well as foot races, donkey races and bronco busting. When the yacht races ended, the boat captain who won the most races had earned the Colorado Cup.
The Grand Lake Yacht Club's small sailing fleet during Regatta week - three days of racing during mid-August - sometimes included only a handful of boats during its first decade or so. Still, according to one observer, "the organization has more spirit to the square foot than I ever saw exhibited before." Races on the first day of Regatta week, 1905, illustrate the enthusiasm well. In the hotly contested first race of Regatta week, Robert Campbell's Highball, built in Racine, Wisconsin, tossed her two-man crew into the icy waters of Grand Lake when she capsized while running in second place. Shortly after, the third place yacht, Duchess, went over too, leaving the Chicago-built Dorothy II captained by Commodore Bryant the first and only boat to cross the home buoy.
Today, Dorothy O'Donnell O'Ryan, Commodore Bryant's granddaughter, maintains her family's summer home in Grand Lake. In 2002, she published Sailing Above the Clouds: An Early History of the Grand Lake Yacht Club, which chronicles the club's first 50 years. Her Colorado roots go back to Colorado territory's last, and the state of Colorado's first Governor, John Long Routt, who was appointed by President Grant in 1875, the year before Colorado became a state. Knowing the early history as she does, and the difficulties inherit with mountain transportation, O'Ryan marvels at "the logistics" of bringing sailboats built in Racine, Wisconsin or Chicago, Illinois over the Continental Divide into Grand County, Colorado by rail and stage road.
Home-built crafts, both crude and highly crafted, competed as well. Many of the first home-built boats were modified rowboats, "with homemade sails and masts." Observing the annual Regatta week in August of 1904, though, Arthur Johnson called attention to "the Jessica, a 16-foot boat belonging to the vice-commodore and built at Grand Lake" that sported "a sail that would have done credit to a venturesome Lipton on the high seas."
If a sailboat in Grand Lake during 1904 "done credit to a venturesome Lipton," Sir Thomas Lipton himself returned the favor tenfold in 1912. It so happened in 1912 that Lipton was traveling by train across the United States and would pass through Denver on his journey. Probably, Sir Thomas had met the well-traveled and enthusiastic yachtsman, William H. Bryant (Grand Lake Yacht Club Commodore) at the New York Yacht Club. Continued correspondence between the two resulted in the Grand Lake Yacht Club inviting Sir Thomas to the Denver Club for dinner in December of 1912, sponsored, of course, by the Grand Lake Yacht Club. Before he left that evening, flattered by the warm welcome he received, Lipton had proffered a silver cup to the Grand Lake Yacht Club.
Lipton became a yachting icon during the early 20th century. His sportsmanship was nearly unparalleled in the sport and he spent most of 30 years and millions of dollars trying to win the America's Cup. Thoroughly devoted to yachting as a sport and highly capable in the art of advertising, Lipton spread his Lipton Cups "around the globe" to promote the sport and himself. His gift to the Grand Lake Yacht Club energized the young organization.
Today, the boathouse of the Grand Lake Yacht Club still reminds visitors and members of the organization's heritage. Built in 1912 by Grand County pioneer Preston Smith on land donated by fellow pioneer Jake Pettingell, the lakefront log structure sits in the midst of magnificent mountain scenery, with the dramatic peaks of the Continental Divide to the west and north and the Never Summer mountain range to the west.
As the club matured, it began to offer more races to more members and guests throughout the summer season. The original Regatta week still exists as the most important, and festive, event. Races were added, though, in 1912 with the Adams Cup; in 1914, the Lipton Cup was incorporated; in 1923, the inventor of the Sunshine Lamp (which Coleman Lanterns later bought out) presented the Hoffstot Cup; and in 1925, Dorothy Bryant O'Donnell offered the Bryant Cup in honor of the late first Commodore, W. H. Bryant. Well over 20 cups or trophies now highlight the Grand Lake Yacht Club's season. Throughout its evolution the Club has remained as unique as the dramatic physical environment that surrounds it and the people who envisioned and created it.
Ute Legend of Canyons
Topic: Indian Legends
Major John Wesley Powell was in the first party to make a recorded climb of Pikes Peak in 1868. Later, he would lead the first expedition of the Green and Colorado (Grand) Rivers. He was very interested in the Indian tribes that he encountered and later became head of the new U.S. Bureau of Ethnology. He recorded this legend as told by the Utes on his first visit to the Colorado mountains, during his Pikes Peak climb.
A chief of the Utes mourned the death of his beloved wife, and his grief was so deep, that no one could console him. Then the Great Spirit, Ta-Vwoats, appeared to him and promised to take him southwest to where he could see where his wife had gone, if he would promise to grieve no more.
Ta-Vwoats rolled a magical ball before him and it crushed mountains, earth and rocks, making a trail to the land of the afterlife. Following the ball was a rolling globe of fire which the Great Spirit and the chief followed. At last they were in the happy land where all was blessed with plenty and joy. This was where the chief's wife had gone and he was glad to see it.
When they returned, Ta-Vwoats told the chief that he must never travel that trail again during life and warned all the people against it. Knowing that those who had lost their loved ones would be tempted to make the journey, Ta-Vwoats rolled a river into the canyons so that no one could enter.
Topic: Community Life
Article contributed by Abbott Fay
German Prisoner of War camps existed in Fraser and Kremmling during the wartime years of 1945-1946 The Fraser camp provided much needed labor for lumber production while the Kremmling camp shipped cut ice by rail, mostly to the Grand Junction area.
In Fraser, some 200 prisoners loaded an average of 25,000 feet of lumber on rail cars every day. They were quick learners; doing all phases of the work, from horseshoeing to bookkeeping. For their hard work, they were paid 75 cents a day, which they could spend at their Post Exchange. The prisoners in the Fraser area were were sometimes rewarded with trips to the local movie theater. They were also allowed to form a dance band utilizing homemade instruments and were permitted to bake special German pastries.
Examples of the beautiful inlay woodworking skills of the prisoners are on display at the Grand County Museum in Hot Sulphur Springs.
R.C. Black, Island in the Rockies, Pruett Publishing, 1969
Article contributed by Scott Rethi
Of all the leisure time activities available to the pioneers, dancing
was the favorite. Dances were held in grand hotels that remained from the mining boom, such as the Fairview House and The Garrison House in Grand Lake.
Quadrilles, a type of square dance, were popular at the time. A
fiddler would provide the music and serve as the caller. These parties would start in the evening and last all night. The formidable temperatures and great traveling distances were incentive for getting the most out of every gathering.
Winter Sports have also always been a popular pastime. Skiing was introduced to the region during the winter of 1883. Snowshoeing and sleigh rides were also enjoyed.
1882 officially brought the arts to the Grand Lake area when the Dramatic Society was organized. A production of the
well-known comedy "Our Boys" was the premiere performance.
Mary Lyons Cairns, Grand Lake: The Pioneers & The Olden Days, Renaissance House Publishers, 1971
Jacob Pettingell - An interview from 1931
Topic: Voices of Middle Park
Transcribed by Dan Nolan
In 1880, Jacob Pettingell moved to Grand County at the age of 20. He spent the rest of his life here serving as postmaster, notary public, insurance agent, abstracter, legal counsel, justice of the peace and county clerk. The following is part of an interview conducted by his son-in-law Victor Frey in 1931.
Company of soldiers
"When I came here, there was a company of U.S. soldiers camped at the old Barney Day ranch; this ranch is a few miles below Parshall, Colo. I think they left that fall. The Meeker Indian Massacre was in '79 and these soldiers were sent here in anticipation of further trouble. In addition, the government sent Springfield rifles to all settlers with ammunition. We were curious about these new guns and went up on the hill to try them out; before we realized it, we had used up about all the ammunition. At this time some of the Utes came to Sulphur and vicinity to hunt and fish, and to trade.
Both fish and game were very plentiful in the early '80s. On account of severe weather, the settlers usually laid in their winter's supply of grub early in the fall. At this time they would take several loads of game out to Empire and Georgetown, trading same for grub and provisions. C. H. Hook, who ran the stage, would pay 25 cents per pound for fish, taking it out to market and selling it for 50 cents per pound. Some persons made as high as $15 per day by fishing. There were no state game laws then.
Town of Kremmling
Around 1880 or 1881, there was one little store and a building or two, located across the River (Muddy Cr.). This store belonged to a man named Kremmling. About 1891, John Kinsey laid out the town of Kinsey City. Later, Kremmling moved his store and post office across the river to this townsite and the name was changed to Kremmling, Colo. There were some ranches in this locality and some of the ranchers names were Bill Kindell, Tracey Tyler, Jim Hetherley, and Dr. Hillery Harris.
Williams Fork
There was only about one ranch here owned by Joe Coberley. There was, of course, no town of Parshall.
Town of Grand Lake
Old man Wescott lived here; a family by name of John Shafer and Ike Burton. Hot Sulphur Springs had been the county seat and headquarters for supplies for all the mines up Bowen Gulch. Grand County included all of Jackson County at that time. About 1881, when the mining boom commenced up Bowen Gulch where the towns of Lulu, Gaskill and Teller City sprang up, they decided to move the county seat to Grand Lake since this was much closer. The county seat remained there until 1888 when it was moved back to Hot Sulphur Springs. The old town of Gaskill was located at the mouth of Bowen Gulch; Lulu was about three miles above Squeaky Bob's ranch, now the Phantom Valley Ranch; while Teller City was on the other side of the ridge in North Park.
Sandy Campbell and Jim Bowen were the first prospectors. The price of silver was high, and most of these mines were for silver. These mining towns sprang up around 1880-81. I originally came west to spend about three months in Middle Park, hunting and fishing, but when the mining boom struck this locality, I became interested. I grubstaked two men; later I took up a claim above the old Wolverine mine for silver and mined for 7 or 8 years. It was a paying proposition while silver was up in price but on account of the long freight haul and drop in price, the mine was later abandoned. Estimated population during boom days: Gaskill 150; Lulu 200; Teller City from 1,200 to 1,500. It was claimed that Teller City had 27 saloons. My personal recollections are that they might have had as many as 20 at one time.
The Famous Foot Race
About once a month, the miners would all come down to Grand Lake for celebrations. There is no use to say that considerable liquor was disposed of. During the winter of 1882 a man named Sharp had been working at the Wolverine mine; he had beat them all at foot racing early that spring when the snow went off; these miners thought they had a world beater at foot racing. While down at Grand Lake on a monthly celebration, they were all bragging about this man Sharp. At this time Harley McCoy was living at Grand Lake and he spoke up and said he had a man named Montgomery who could beat Sharp in a foot race. Sharp went into training at Gaskill; Montgomery at Grand Lake. Bets were originally around $100 and increased to nearly $8,000 on this proposed foot race. The race was pulled off July 4 on the main street of Teller City. Montgomery won the race by about 7 feet and Sharp kept right on running to the end of Main Street, then out into the timber. There was a horse tied there for him and a man waiting to divide up the swag—Sharp was never seen again. The gang at the Wolverine mine took their defeat like good sports, the other bunch paying for all they could eat and drink for a number of days.
The Mock Trial
Usually there was quite a bit of fun and excitement during the mining boom, but once in a while the boys would get a little lonesome on Sundays. This was one of those particular Sundays when they craved a little excitement. There was a tourist and his party who had come in from around Boulder to fish and hunt. The boys confided in the judge and they arrested this man by an old location certificate and he was charged with horse stealing (a pretty serious offense in those days).
They held open court and the house was packed, not only with local people, but about 20 tourists were present. The defense attorney spent much of his time describing the wonderful scenery around Grand Lake and Colorado in general. The prosecuting attorney prosecuted hard and produced a witness who claimed he actually recognized the accused man and stated there was no doubt but what he was the guilty party. About the time the jury was to have the case, it was framed that I should commence a heated argument across the room with Gil Martin. When I jumped up and called Martin a liar, he opened fire with blank cartridges across the room: I commenced returning the fire. There was a great commotion, people actually jumping out thru the windows and a wild scramble thru the doors. The frightened defendant escaped into the timber. It rained all that afternoon. We later succeeded in convincing his partner that it was a joke, so he finally brought the defendant in that night, dripping wet and still badly frightened. They all pulled out of Grand Lake before morning.
First Courthouse
This was a small frame building about 12' x 14', one room. It has been moved and is now one of the cabins belonging to the Corner Cupboard. The Commissioners then let a contract to Tom Johnston to build a new court house with jail behind, as quickly as possible. There was a sawmill at Grand Lake and plenty of lumber. Johnston put on a large crew; they started in one morning; the next day they moved into the new court house building. Johnston put up this building in a little over one day, sufficiently for them to move in and use it. This building is now John Zick's restaurant building.
The commissioners were Barney Day, Webber and Mills, an attorney from Teller City. The sheriff was Chas. Royer and under-sheriff Bill Redman. Cap Dean was the clerk pro-tem. Mills and Webber had been close friends but had a falling out over the Republican State Convention the year before and since then had become bitter enemies. It is reported that there had been differences between Barney Day and the sheriff and under-sheriff.
The commissioners met at Grand Lake on July 3, 1883; they all agreed to adjourn until July 4 because Mills had an important case in court that day. Mills went to court but Day and Webber went to the Nickerson House and held a commissioners meeting there. At this meeting they raised the amount of bonds for county officers, making same so high they knew none could comply. As I recall, the sheriff's bond was around $50,000. This caused the sheriff and under-sheriff to throw in with Mills. The next day was Fourth of July and many people were shooting out into the lake, there being considerable noise. Cap Dean, Barney Day and Webber left the Young Hotel (where I was also stopping) and started down town. No one knew just what did happen or who fired the first shot. There were some extra shots in that direction: someone thought they saw a man fall to the ground; we all ran down to the spot which was about 500 yards from the Young Hotel.
Mills was lying in the road; Barney Day part way in the water; both Dean and Webber had been carried into the hotel. Day and Mills died instantly, while Webber lived until around 2 A.M. the next morning. I sat by his bedside. Cap Dean lived 4 or 5 days although he was shot to pieces. I sat beside Dean's bed and asked him who did the shooting and he replied that he did not care to say. Later, he described one tall man with a handkerchief over his face who attacked him and it fit the description of Bill Redman. It was thought that Mills opened up the attack by firing his rifle. The sheriff and undersheriff both escaped. They first came to Sulphur and tried to organize a posse but the people seemed to mistrust them and they left the country. Later, Chas. Royer, the sheriff, committed suicide. Bill Redman had been a great pal of Royer's and when he picked up a paper reading about Royer, he also committed suicide. Therefore, this cost the lives of 6 men.
Firsts in Grand County:
The First Newspaper
The Middle Park Times was founded in 1881 at Grand Lake by John Smart and George Bailey. They called it the Grand Lake Prospector. It was moved to Sulphur in 1889 and called the Grand County Prospector. One day, in 1890, I walked into the newspaper office and was talking to Willard Minor, then running the paper. I told him that I thought Grand County Prospector was a h-l of a name for a county newspaper and suggested they change this name to "Middle Park Times." They took this action and the paper has been known by this name from then on. About 1897, I bought out this paper and edited it for three years.
The First Auto
It was a Thomas Flyer driven from Denver to the Grand Hotel at Sulphur by Harold Brinker, who later on became a famous race driver. This was in 1905. It caused no end of excitement in our small town. Brinker kindly took several of the young people for a ride out to the old horse race track. My daughter, now Mrs. V. H. Frey, was one of the persons and she often mentions the thrill that first auto ride gave her. The car was driven in over the old Berthoud Pass road.
The First Train
In the fall of 1905 the tracks were laid as far as Hot Sulphur Springs and at this time the first train came in two sections; there were about 1,000 people with a band. The community gave a barbecue and fish fry.
This was contracted for by my friend Mr. Chapin and myself, and finished in the year 1905. I ran same for a number of years. The first Forest Service office was located in this building and J. C. Stahl was the Supervisor. Later the forest office was moved to Fraser; it was there a short time, then moved back to Hot Sulphur Springs.
From May 10, 1880 to the present time, February 7, 1931 I have watched the following towns spring up in Grand County: West Portal, Fraser, Tabernash, Granby, Grand Lake, Parshall, and Kremmling. The Williams Fork locality has also settled up. The old mining towns of Gaskill, Lulu and Teller City came, and then died away. Ranches have developed over most of the county. Stock raising, both sheep and cattle, has become a fixed industry. The county, during this time, has shipped out an enormous amount of timber. Like elsewhere, the auto has developed rapidly and we have many miles of splendid mountain pass roads. There is an abundance of fish and game, although not so plentiful as the early days. Every town in Grand County is growing slowly but surely, with the possible exception of one railroad town. Grand County is well off financially and it has the very brightest prospects for future prosperity.
What was it like to live in Grand County in the 1800's or the early 1900's? Click on the drop down menus and find out about community life in the "olden days."
Chauncey Thomas: 'Sage of the Rockies'
Topic: Biographies
In 1900, while visiting in Washington, D.C., Chauncey Thomas, a nephew of William and Elizabeth Byers, wrote 'Snow Story, or Why the Hot Sulphur Mail was Late'. When the great British author, Rudyard Kipling, read the piece, he pronounced it the 'best short story by an American'.
The opening paragraph of the 'Snow Story' reads as follows: 'Berthoud Pass is a mighty pass. It is the crest of a solid wave of granite two miles high, just at timberline. Berthoud is a vertebra in the backbone of the continent. It is the gigantic aerial gateway to Middle Park, Colorado - - a park one-fifth as large as all England. The mail for this empire is carried by one man, my friend Mason.' The story goes on to describe Mason's winter trip over Berthoud Pass into Middle Park where he encountered extreme winter blizzard conditions, an avalanche and Salarado.
Chauncey Thomas, a native son of Colorado Pioneers, was born in Denver in 1872 and died there in 1941. At the age of three, Chauncey suffered his first loss. 'The light went out of my left eye forever. A pair of scissors did it', he said. At age nine he received his first weapon, a .22 caliber revolver, and promptly shot himself in the foot. No matter. Forever after, firearms fascinated him.
He attended Gilpin and East Denver High School where he was a military cadet, but except for military drill and mathematics, school interested him very little. After graduation and college attendance at Golden, Colorado and Lake Forest, Illinois, he found his way to New York City. Here, he worked as an editor for well-known magazines - McClure's, Muncey Publications, and Outdoor Life (among others) and hobnobbed with the likes of Ida B. Tarbell, S. S. McClure, Jack London and Frederic Remington. He returned to his home town and occupied himself more and more with Denver's historic past.
On the night of September 23, 1941, in his garret room at 1340 Grant Street, he took up a scrap of paper and wrote: 'stroke--agony'.The next morning a neighbor found him, pistol in hand, dead. Two years later, at Berthoud Pass on a mountain that bore his name, Chauncey Thomas was honored. Dr. LeRoy Hafen the Colorado State Historical Society's historian and the Colorado Historical Society dedicated a monument to him on which was inscribed, Chauncey Thomas: Sage of the Rockies.
Excerpts of this article are courtesy of Colorado Historical Society & Grand County Historical Association. The publication 'Snow Story, or Why the Hot Sulphur Mail was Late', written by Chauncey Thomas, is available in the History Stores at Cozen's Ranch Museum and Pioneer Museum
Picnics, Games and Socials
There were many games and leisure time activities enjoyed by the early settlers in Middle Park. Among the most common adult games were gambling games such as crap-shooting. Poker in almost all its forms was also very popular. Some saloon poker sessions would go on for entire weekends. Parlor games often included Blind Mans Bluff, which has a history dating from ancient times. Charades, dating from the 1770's was recorded in at least one pioneer diary. Marbles and Jacks were common children's games.
Some of the more athletic pursuits included swimming, which was very popular in the summer and during winter at the Hot Sulphur Springs. Contests of croquet and horseshoes were played at almost all the resorts and dude ranches. Several times, the Middle Park Fair Horseshoe Champion went on to compete at the Colorado State Fair, and in 1920, a local winner went on to the World Championships held in Minnesota.
All sorts of tag games were invented, including a version called "Fox and Geese" played in the snow fields of winter. A variation which is rarely seen today was called "Statues". In this game, "it" would whirl each player around and then release him or her. However the released one landed, that position had to be held totally motionless (as a statue). After all the players had been cast off into statues, "it" would pass among them looking for even the slightest motion, even to the blink of an eye. As "it" caught a victim in movement, the victim then had to join "it" to pass among the statues, often taunting and teasing to elicit a movement, until only one statue remained. The final statue became "it" for the next round.
Rope jumping, hop scotch, sleigh riding, skiing and ski-jouring have all been mentioned in letters, diaries and newspaper accounts. Potluck picnics were frequent in the summers. Ranch families would meet on Saturday nights in the school house for dancing. At church celebrations there was almost always a cake-walk and donated box lunches were auctioned off.
In additional to fishing and hunting, rodeos gradually replaced informal races and other private ranch contests. One of the first rodeos in the nation was held at Deer Trail in Colorado in 1869. By the end of the century, almost every ranching area in the state had at least one rodeo a year.
As for musical entertainment in those days before phonographs or radios, many people would perform at public and private gatherings. Violinist, often self-taught, would play with other instrumentalists in what were called "hoe downs". Mountain men often carried mouth harps for self-entertainment or impromptu performances for other trappers and Indians. Accordianists were very popular at polka dances and the Jew harp was another common musical instrument.
On long lonely treks, some travelers would sing, not only for pleasure, but to scare away predatory animals. Some ladies cultivated excellent singing voices and were often accompanied by piano music. Pianos were more common in homes a century ago than they are today. For households without a capable musician, there were player pianos, which made music from rolls of perforated paper to reproduce popular and classic tunes.
Story-telling was an art for some talented individuals, who were the highlight feature at many gatherings. Some stories ended on a humorous note; other were mysterious or even scary. Conversation was also considered a form of entertainment. Women's sewing bees were welcomed for the gossip opportunities as well as the craftsmanship.
Essentially, there was much more individual participation and carefully planned intermingling in those days than the more passive entertainment (TV, video games, movies, etc.) of today.
Sources: Merlyn Simmonds Mohr, The New Games Treasury, Boston, 1997
Gertrude Hollingsworth, I Rember Fraser, Fraser, CO
Luela Pritchett, Maggie By My Side, Steamboat Springs, CO 1976
Candy Moulton, A Writers Guide to Everyday Life in the Wild West, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1999
Robert C. Black, Island In the Rockies, Boulder, CO 1969
Mountain Men and Trappers
Many noted fur trappers and traders are reported to have been familiar with the headwaters of the Grand (Colorado) River as early as the 1820s. Among them were Thomas Fitzpatrick, Jim Beckwurth, Christopher "Kit "Carson, Henry Fraeb and Peter Sarpy.
Louis Vasquez built a trading fort on the South Platte River and ventured into what is now Grand County to trade with the Utes. A pass east of Berthoud Pass is named for him and his trading post was located at the site of modern Winter Park. His partner, Andrew Sublette, also came across the Divide to trade in Grand County, as well as Ceran St. Vrain, whose fort was near modern Platteville.
26 year old Tom Smith was with a group of trappers who entered the northern part of Grand County in 1827, where they were attacked by either Ute or Arapahoe Indians. Tom was hit in the leg by an arrow, splitting the bone and creating a life threatening infection. Amputation was needed but none of the party had the nerve to perform the operation. So Tom took a butcher knife and amputated his own leg. As "Pegleg Smith" Tom later became noted as one of the greatest horse thieves in the West, but was never prosecuted.
The beaver trade was essentially over by the 1840s as silk replaced beaver pelt as the stylish material for top hats. In 1842, famed traveler Rufus Sage came over Muddy Pass into Middle Park, but recorded almost no hunting activity there. On the other hand …fishing was great! His party caught over 50 pounds of trout in one morning.
Noted mountain man Jim Bridger and another guide, Joseph Chatillon, let the infamous Sir George Gore on an extravagant hunting expedition in Middle Park. Despite the senseless slaughter of thousands of game animals, Gore has been immortalized with a mountain range, canyon and pass named for him.
One of the earliest of the mountain men to discover what was to become Grand County arrived in the Fraser Valley as early as 1860, soon after gold was discovered in Colorado. Charley Utter, known as "Colorado Charley", was considered the prototype of rough trappers and traders. He was unique, though, in that he insisted on taking a bath every day, whether in the hot springs or beneath frigid waterfalls. In 1864, Charley was one of the first to make use of Berthoud Pass driving cattle that he raised at Troublesome Creek. His home was host to various adventurers who came to explore the prospects of Middle Park. He would eventually work with the famous Buffalo Bill Cody, appearing in "Wild West" shows.
When Kentuckian Beverly D. William spent some time in Grand County, he realized the Grand River was originally named the Colorado. As a Washington delegate from the newly organized "Jefferson Territory" (as this area was known at the time), he was instrumental in getting the named changed to the "Colorado Territory", although the river was called Grand River until 1921.
Carl Ubbulode, Maxine Benson & Duane Smith, A Colorado History, Pruett Press, 1972
Agnes Spring Wright, Colorado Charlie, Wild Bill's Partner, Pruett Press, 1968
Hazel Gresham, North Park, Self Published, 1975
R.C. Black, Island in the Rockies, Pruett Publishing Co., 1969
Abbott Fay, To Think That This Happened In Grand County, Grand County Historical Association, 1999


text:
OFF-WHITE Set To Release Firetape 2017 Fall/Winter Collection
Paulette Pineda December 3, 2017
I'm sure at this point, OFF-WHITE is all you've been hearing about in latest fashion news. In sequence to the brand's highly anticipated OFF-WHITE x Nike sneaker collab, which was…
JAY-Z To Be Honored at the 2018 Grammys
Jelani November 19, 2017
JAY-Z has had an outstanding 2017 campaign and looks to bring in 2018 with a bang too, as he is set to receive another highly, well-deserved award from the Grammy's. It has been annou…
SoundCloud is Saved!
Courtney Wallen August 19, 2017
This July, SoundCloud laid off 40% of its employees and shut down two offices which led to reports that the popular streaming service would not last until the end of the summer. Although SoundCloud…
Chris Brown Teams Up For a Lethal Collab
Chris Brown shocked fans as he dropped a lethal collaboration with Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black last week. "Pills and Automobiles" is the newest release from the R&B …
Highlights Of Florida Supercon 2017
Victoria Farrell August 8, 2017
The 12th annual Florida Supercon was the biggest event Florida had ever seen. Cosplayers, Otakus, comic book geeks, sci-fi lovers, k-pop fans and much more, united to express their love for their f…
Steve Aoki's New Album KOLONY Features Hip-Hop Collaborations!
tucmagatl July 26, 2017
Grammy-nominated Dj, Steve Aoki, has teamed up with some of the biggest names in hip hop for his new album Kolony. Kolony features artist such as ILoveMakonnen, Lil Yachty, Migos, 2 Chainz, Lil Uzi…
Former NFL Player Creates Film On Natural Hair
Matthew A. Cherry has taken his talents off the football field and onto the big screen. After stints with the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Cinncinatti Bengals, the former NFL player left the league…
NEW MUSIC MONDAYS
Jeff Chery Releases "Show You Off" #NewMusicMondays
Jarius Tommillson July 17, 2017
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French Montana Releases, "Jungle Rules"
French Montana has finally released his newest work, "Jungle Rules" and it was worth the wait. The addictive single, "Unforgettable" featuring Swae Lee really sets the pace …
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Shakira begins her world tour this fall supporting her new album "El Dorado," the singer's 11th album. The tour starts with a European run in November, and the North American leg of the tour kicks …


text:
La Torre Goldman Sachs, también conocida como 200 West Street, es la sede mundial de Goldman Sachs situada en el Bajo Manhattan. El edificio tiene 226 metros de altura y 43 plantas, y abrió en octubre de 2009 en el barrio Battery Park City de Manhattan. Está localizado en la calle West, entre las calles Vesey y Murray. Está al lado del World Financial Center y los Hoteles Conrad, al otro lado del Edificio Verizon, y opuesto diagonalmente al lugar del World Trade Center y al One World Trade Center.

El rascacielos fue diseñado por Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, y recibió la certificación Leed Gold.

Características
El edificio incluye un sistema de aire acondicionado en falso suelo respetuoso con el medio natural. El aire acondicionado para los ocupantes es suministrado por muchas torres de aire ambiental situadas en el espacio de los ocupantes que lanzan aire a 17 °C hacia una cámara del suelo. Este sistema de aire bajo el suelo provee a los usuarios la capacidad de controlar la temperatura de su espacio así como mejorar la ventilación y su efectividad. Cuando se produce la rotación del edificio, el traslado de la estación de trabajo puede realizarse más fácilmente y con menor coste y menos derroche de productos.

Construcción
La construcción de los cimientos del edificio comenzó en 2005 y se encontró con varios problemas antes de su conclusión a finales de 2009. El 14 de diciembre de 2007, se rompió la cuerda de nailon de una grúa, dejando caer una carga de 7 toneladas. Aplastó dos camiones en el suelo y un arquitecto en el interior.  El arquitecto, Robert Woo, podría no volver a caminar. Las obras fueron detenidas durante varios días por violaciones de seguridad.

El proyecto fue detenido por las autoridades de Nueva York después de que ocurriera un accidente de construcción el 17 de mayo de 2008. Una pieza de metal de 76 x 76 cm cayó dieciocho plantas hasta un campo de baloncesto vecino donde jugaban unos niños, aunque ninguno fue herido. La Ciudad emitió una orden de paralización del trabajo y citó al contratista general, Tishman Construction, por cinco infracciones. El trabajo continuó en los meses posteriores.

Los primeros empleados llegaron en octubre de 2009. El edificio ocupa 200.000 m² e incluye seis grandes plantas comerciales. La sede de Goldman Sachs estaba anteriormente en el 85 de la calle Broad, y la planta comercial principal estaba en One New York Plaza

Financiación
Lo construido en la zona resultó afectado por los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001, el proyecto recibió 1000 millones de dólares en Liberty Bonds. El artista Julie Mehretu, creó un mural de  de largo por  de altura para el vestíbulo de entrada, por $ 5 millones.

Galería

Véase también
30 Hudson Street en Jersey City, Nueva Jersey
Anexo:Rascacielos en Nueva York
Anexo:Rascacielos en Estados Unidos
Anexo:Rascacielos más altos del mundo

Referencias

Enlaces externos
in-Arch.net: Antecedentes del proyecto

Rascacielos de Estados Unidos de 2009
Rascacielos de oficinas de Manhattan
Edificios con acreditación LEED
Edificios de oficinas de Estados Unidos de los años 2000
Rascacielos de Estados Unidos entre 200 y 249 metros

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The concept is simple - if you weigh in over 16 pounds, then you will receive a check. For example, if we have 95 teams and only 5 teams weigh in 16lbs, then we will only pay 5 places. If 25 teams weigh in 16lbs, then we will pay 25 places. It is still a tiered payout where the larger the stringer, the more money you will win.
This format gives everyone a benchmark to shoot for, and you'll know for certain at the end of your day of fishing whether or not it's worth your time to go weigh your fish.


June 5, 2014 – Merrick, NY – Ally Marcello, one of the world's most sought-after fashion designers, announced today that she is planning on unveiling her newest collection in her hometown of Merrick, NY this month.
Marcello was born and raised in Merrick and moved to Los Angeles right out of high school to begin her career in fashion design. She is now the principal of Sweeties Suits, a trendy bathing suit line for teenagers and young adults.
Marcello and her team will be scouting the beaches over the next few weeks in an attempt to find cast some Long Islanders as amateur models for her next ad campaign.
Marcello and her team will be in the area from June 10, 2014 until June 17, 2014. Marcello plans to stay with her parents at their home in Merrick.


text:
using System;
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    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides formatting services for the <see cref="Reference"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class ReferenceFormatter : ICustomFormatter
    {
        #region "Singleton"
        private ReferenceFormatter() { }

        private static volatile ICustomFormatter instance;
        private static readonly object syncRoot = new object();

        public static ICustomFormatter Instance
        {
            get
            {
                lock (syncRoot)
                {
                    return instance ?? (instance = new ReferenceFormatter());
                }
            }
        }
        #endregion

        public string Format(string format, object arg, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
        {
            // [BBB [c:[vv-],-],-];

            List<string> rangeStrings = new List<string>();

            Reference reference = (Reference)arg;

            string result = string.Empty;

            int currentBook = -1;
            int currentChapter = -1;
            int currentVerse = -1;

            IEnumerable<Reference> refs = reference.HasSubReferences ? reference.GetSubReferences() : new Reference[] { reference };

            foreach (Reference r in reference.GetSubReferences())
            {
                if (r.FirstVerse.BookNumber == currentBook && r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber == currentChapter)
                {
                    if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber && r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber == r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber && r.LastVerse.VerseNumber == r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 2
                        result = r.LastVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber && r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber == r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 3
                        result = r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + "-" + r.LastVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 6
                        result = r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + "-" + r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.LastVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // See test 7
                        result = r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + " - " + r.LastVerse.ToString();
                    }
                }
                else if (r.FirstVerse.BookNumber == currentBook)
                {
                    if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber && r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber == r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber && r.LastVerse.VerseNumber == r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 4
                        result = r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber && r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber == r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 5
                        result = r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + "-" + r.LastVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else if (r.LastVerse.BookNumber == r.FirstVerse.BookNumber)
                    {
                        // See test 8
                        result = r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + "-" + r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.LastVerse.VerseNumber.ToString();
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // See test 9
                        result = r.FirstVerse.ChapterNumber.ToString() + ":" + r.FirstVerse.VerseNumber.ToString() + " - " + r.LastVerse.ToString();
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    // See test 1
                    result = r.ToString();
                }

                if (currentBook != -1)
                {
                    if (r.FirstVerse.BookNumber != currentBook)
                        result = "; " + result;
                    else
                        result = "," + result;
                }

                rangeStrings.Add(result);

                currentBook = r.LastVerse.BookNumber;
                currentChapter = r.LastVerse.ChapterNumber;
                currentVerse = r.LastVerse.VerseNumber;
            }

            return string.Join("", rangeStrings);
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides formatting services for the <see cref="Range"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class RangeFormatter : ICustomFormatter
    {
        #region "Singleton"
        private RangeFormatter() { }

        private static volatile ICustomFormatter instance;
        private static readonly object syncRoot = new object();

        public static ICustomFormatter Instance
        {
            get
            {
                lock (syncRoot)
                {
                    return instance ?? (instance = new RangeFormatter());
                }
            }
        }
        #endregion

        public string Format(string format, object arg, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
        {
            // TODO: add funtionality to create short strings: "Genesis 1-6" or "Matthew-John"

            string verseFormat = "BBB c:v";

            Range r = arg as Range;

            if (r.Start != null && r.End != null)
            {
                if (r.Start.BookNumber == r.End.BookNumber && r.Start.ChapterNumber == r.End.ChapterNumber && r.Start.VerseNumber == r.End.VerseNumber)
                {
                    return r.Start.ToString(verseFormat, formatProvider);
                }
                else if (r.Start.BookNumber == r.End.BookNumber && r.Start.ChapterNumber == r.End.ChapterNumber)
                {
                    return r.Start.BookName + " " + r.Start.ChapterNumber + ":" + r.Start.VerseNumber + r.Start.Suffix + "-" + r.End.VerseNumber + r.End.Suffix;
                }
                else if (r.Start.BookNumber == r.End.BookNumber)
                {
                    return r.Start.BookName + " " + r.Start.ChapterNumber + ":" + r.Start.VerseNumber + r.Start.Suffix + "-" + r.End.ChapterNumber + ":" + r.End.VerseNumber + r.End.Suffix;
                }
                else
                    return r.Start.ToString(verseFormat, formatProvider) + " - " + r.End.ToString(verseFormat, formatProvider);
            }
            else
                return base.ToString();
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Provides formatting services for the <see cref="Verse"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class VerseFormatter : ICustomFormatter
    {
        #region "Singleton"
        private VerseFormatter() { }

        private static volatile ICustomFormatter instance;
        private static readonly object syncRoot = new object();
        private const string _defaultFormat = "BBB c:vs (t)";

        public static ICustomFormatter Instance
        {
            get
            {
                lock (syncRoot)
                {
                    return instance ?? (instance = new VerseFormatter());
                }
            }
        }
        #endregion

        public static string DefaultFormat
        {
            get
            {
                return _defaultFormat;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Converts the value of a specified object to an equivalent string representation using specified format and culture-specific formatting information.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="format">A format string containing formatting specifications.</param>
        /// <param name="arg">An object to format.</param>
        /// <param name="formatProvider">An object that supplies format information about the current instance.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// The string representation of the value of <paramref name="arg"/>, formatted as specified by <paramref name="format"/> and <paramref name="formatProvider"/>.
        /// </returns>
        public string Format(string format, object arg, IFormatProvider formatProvider)
        {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();

            Verse verse = (Verse)arg;

            if (format == null)
                format = DefaultFormat;

            for (int i = 0; i < format.Length; i++)
            {
                if (i < format.Length && format[i] == '\\')
                {
                    sb.Append(format[i + 1]);
                    i += 1; // charater is escaped
                }
                else if (i + 2 < format.Length && format[i] == 'B' && format[i + 1] == 'B' && format[i + 2] == 'B') // BBB - Capitalized name of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.BookName);
                    i += 2;
                }
                else if (i + 1 < format.Length && format[i] == 'B' && format[i + 1] == 'B') // BB - Capitalized long abbreviation of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.LongBookAbbreviation);
                    i += 1;
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'B') // B - Capitalized short abbreviation of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.ShortBookAbbreviation);
                }
                else if (i + 2 < format.Length && format[i] == 'b' && format[i + 1] == 'b' && format[i + 2] == 'b') // bbb - Lower case name of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.BookName.ToLower());
                    i += 2;
                }
                else if (i + 1 < format.Length && format[i] == 'b' && format[i + 1] == 'b') // bb - Lower case long abbreviation of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.LongBookAbbreviation.ToLower());
                    i += 1;
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'b') // b - Lower case short abbreviation of book
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.ShortBookAbbreviation.ToLower());
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'c') // c - Chapter number
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.ChapterNumber);
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'v') // v - Verse number
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.VerseNumber);
                }
                else if (format[i] == 's') // s - Verse suffix
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.Suffix);
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'n') // n - Name of scripture
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.ScriptureName);
                }
                else if (i + 1 < format.Length && format[i] == 't' && format[i + 1] == 't') // tt - Name of scripture translation
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.TranslationName);
                    i += 1;
                }
                else if (format[i] == 't') // t - Lowercase translation of scripture translation
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.TranslationAbbreviation.ToLower());
                }
                else if (format[i] == 'T') // T - Uppercase translation of scripture translation
                {
                    sb.Append(verse.TranslationAbbreviation.ToUpper());
                }
                else
                {
                    sb.Append(format[i]);
                }
            }

            return sb.ToString();
        }
    }
}


The new revised and expanded edition of The Creek in Our Backyard: a practical guide for habitat restoration by Robert Whyte was launched on 9 June as part of SOWN's 'Weed Timber Expo'.
More than 30,000 copies of The Creek in Our Backyard: a practical guide for habitat restoration have been printed for distribution throughout South-East Queensland.
With Federal Government support, the new edition of The creek in our backyard has been expanded to 60 pages and broadened to include all of South-East Queensland, including extensive plant lists for all creek zones, including aquatics. With support and advice from SEQ Catchments, the new edition is aligned to the South East Queensland Ecological Restoration Framework Project.
"For the first time in my life I feel I want to give it a go. The articles are inspiring, the advice clear and practical."
"What a superb little booklet, well-written, beautifully laid out both visually and textually, flows right along like a good, gurgling, healthy creek."


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/Horace and Formalists
Horace and Formalists
Essay by Banghua Deng • April 18, 2019 • Essay • 374 Words (2 Pages) • 55 Views
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2019-04-17 By Deng Banghua
Horace, known as a faithful follower of Aristotle in relation to imitation, prescribes more strict and systematic rules for poesis. In his "Art of Poetry", picking up where Aristotle had left, he proceeded to chart down authoritative practice in respects of unity, simplicity, fitness of characters and language, decorum, etc., of which language part has evidently contained the core seed of "defamiliarization", a term refined by the formalist Shklovsky in Russia more than one thousand years later.
In essence, both Horace and Shklovsky (one of the representative of Formalists), though by different terms, tilt for the novel effect arising from unconventional ways in treatment of works. Nonetheless, they do part from each other at some points when they are more subtly scrutinized.
Initially, as inspiration goes, Haroce's endorsement of untraditional language almost equals a reasonable response to the law of nature, which predestines the cycle of life and death and thus dictates the forever replacement of new to old. Whereas, Horace insists that such legitimate license for creation should be carried out with moderation. For Shklovsky, however, he seems to be immoderately motivated to address the inescapable automatization of our senses, because no matter how striking a diction may appear to be when it is applied this way for the first time, he observes it as ceasing to spark off lustre and vitality when it repeates itself in the same fashion over and over. More importantly, formalists the like claim that de-automatization can be achieved in a more extensive scale of new ways. That is, apart from old words in alternative contexts or use of newly coined words, formalists also welcome any other unfamiliar or strange device which will serve to make the familiar object unfamiliar and difficult. Lastly, formalists differ from Horace because they clearly rank the principle of creating a "vision" above that of conveying the meaning when attending an object. They overtly champion impediment and enlongation in the process of perception, holding that it should be deferred long enough as to lead to the final goal of renewal and enrichment of the reader's reading and perception experience. After all, formalism is set on the belief that perception itself is the aesthetic end.
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There are 10 low income housing apartment complexes which contain 410 affordable apartments for rent in Shelby County, Texas. Many of these rental apartments are income based housing with about 352 apartments that set rent based on your income. Often referred to as "HUD apartments", there are 124 Project-Based Section 8 subsidized apartments in Shelby County. There are 58 other low income apartments that don't have rental assistance but are still considered to be affordable housing for low income families.
Shelby County is a County in Texas with a population of 25,725. There are 9,396 households in the county with an average household size of 2.72 persons. 27.56% of households in Shelby County are renters.
The median gross income for households in Shelby County is $37,756 a year, or $3,146 a month. The median rent for the county is $568 a month.
From 1988 to 2007, 5 low income apartment communities containing 150 rental apartments have been constructed and made affordable to low income persons in Shelby County by the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program.
For example, the expected household size for a two bedroom apartment is 3 people. Using the table above, the maximum income for a 3 person household at 60% of the AMI in Shelby County is $30,540 a year, or $2,545 a month. To determine the maximum rent in the table below we multiply the monthly maximum income, $2,545 by 30% to get a maximum rent of $764 a month.
Timpson 2 The HUD funded Public Housing Agencies that serve Timpson are the Housing Authority of Timpson and Deep East Texas Regional Housing Authority.
Center 4 The HUD funded Public Housing Agencies that serve Center are the Housing Authority of Center and Deep East Texas Regional Housing Authority.
Tenaha 1 The HUD funded Public Housing Agencies that serve Tenaha are the Housing Authority of Tenaha and Deep East Texas Regional Housing Authority.
Joaquin 3 The HUD funded Public Housing Agency that serves Joaquin is the Deep East Texas Regional Housing Authority.
Huxley 0 The HUD funded Public Housing Agency that serves Huxley is the Deep East Texas Regional Housing Authority.


text:
Nafessa Williams, Naomi Ackie, Clarke Peters
Contains scenes with drug misuse, domestic abuse, discrimination, sex references, language
Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance With Somebody is a powerful and triumphant celebration of the incomparable Whitney Houston.
Whitney Houston: I Wanna Dance With Somebody is a powerful and triumphant celebration of the incomparable Whitney Houston. Directed by Kasi Lemmons, written by Academy Award nominee Anthony McCarten, produced by legendary music executive Clive Davis and starring BAFTA Award winner Naomi Ackie, the film is a no-holds-barred portrait of the complex and multifaceted woman behind The Voice. From New Jersey choir girl to one of the best-selling and most awarded recording artists of all time, audiences are taken on an inspirational, poignant - and so emotional - journey through Houston's trailblazing life and career, with show-stopping performances and a soundtrack of the icon's most beloved hits as you've never heard them before.
Don't you wanna dance?
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