This Privacy Statement only applies to the Texas Lottery Services Portal website (the "LSP website").
This Privacy Statement does not describe the privacy and security practices or the content that may take place on other websites, including those linked to or from this website.
This website is operated by IGT Global Solutions Corporation dba IGT Solutions Corporation in the State of Texas ("IGT") and operated on behalf of the Texas Lottery.
Your use of the LSP website is also subject to the Texas Lottery LSP Terms and Conditions.
We reserve the right to revise this Privacy Statement from time to time. Please check this Privacy Statement frequently. For any changes to this Privacy Statement, we will update the "Last Updated" date accordingly.
We collect information related to your identity, demographics, contacts, preferences, postal & email addresses, and financial information, as well as credentials that you consent to provide when you register for a retailer account to this website, apply or renew for a lottery license, and manage your profile information.
We collect information about secondary user identity, role, and contact details along with your retailer ID and location that you have added to your retailer account.
We collect data of your activities with us using cookies.
We strive to limit the amount of PII we collect from you.
We may use your information, for instance, to respond to your request, process a lottery license application, verify your eligibility, protect the integrity of the website, comply with applicable laws or communicate information that may be useful to you.
We may also anonymize, combine or aggregate any of the data we collect through the LSP website and via Google Analytics to improve your web experience or for analyzing usage statistics and trends.
We will not use your PII for purposes that are incompatible with the purposes for which we originally received it without your express consent.
We may retain your PII as long as you are registered and 3 years after the termination of your lottery license and a zero dollar balance, or as required by law, including Texas Records Retention laws and rules.
The information you provide may be subject to the terms of the Texas Public Information Act, Texas Government Code, Chapter 552, https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/og/open-government.
We will not sell or lease your PII to third parties without your consent.
We may disclose your PII to other affiliates and service providers who work on our behalf.
We may disclose your information to other entities in the event we go through a business transition as your information might be among the assets transferred.
We may disclose your PII when we believe that disclosure is necessary to protect our rights, the website integrity, or to respond to a request from a public authority or legal process.
We strive to ensure the accuracy of your PII and we maintain physical, logical, and procedural safeguards in compliance with the industry security best practices to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of your PII in our custody and management.
To use this website, you consent to the collection and processing of your PII as set forth in this Privacy Statement.
You can unsubscribe to this website at any time; however, we may not be able to provide you with the service you requested.
You have the right to view or get a copy of the data we hold about you as well as request changes, if you believe that any information we are holding is inaccurate or incomplete.
PLEASE READ THESE TERMS & CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING, OR USING THE TEXAS LOTTERY SERVICE PORTAL. By downloading, installing, or using the Texas Lottery Service Portal ("LSP"), you acknowledge that you have read and understand these Terms & Conditions ("Terms & Conditions") between you and the Texas Lottery Commission and the developer of the LSP, IGT Global Solutions Corporation dba IGT Solutions Corporation in the State of Texas (collectively referred to as "we," "our," or "us"), and that you agree to be bound by its terms and conditions.
We reserve the right to modify these Terms & Conditions at any time. Such modifications shall be effective immediately upon notice to you, which may be given by any means including, without limitation, by posting a new Terms & Conditions at https://tx-lsp.lotteryservices.com/lsptx/public/lotteryhome. These Terms & Conditions were last modified on September 6, 2018.
Click here to view the Privacy Statement. It is located at https://tx-lsp.lotteryservices.com/lsptx/public/lotteryhome.
Subject to these Terms & Conditions, we grant you, for the period during which you are a licensed retailer of the Texas Lottery and an authorized user of the LSP, a limited, royalty-free, fully paid-up, non-transferable, non-exclusive, revocable license to view and use the LSP to communicate information to us regarding your licensed retailer account (the "License"). The License does not allow you to use the LSP on any device that you do not own or control, and you may not distribute or make the LSP available over a network where it could be used by multiple devices at the same time. You may not rent, lease, lend, sell, redistribute, or sublicense the LSP. You may not copy (except as expressly permitted, if at all, by these Terms & Conditions and the Usage Rules), decompile, reverse engineer, disassemble, attempt to derive the source code of, modify, or create derivative works of the LSP, any updates, or any part thereof (except as and only to the extent any foregoing restriction is prohibited by applicable law). Any attempt to do so is a violation of our rights or the rights of our licensors. You may not use this LSP for any purpose which would be (a) contrary to our business interest, or (b) to our actual or potential economic disadvantage in any respect, including using the LSP to develop a competing application. We reserve all rights not specifically and expressly granted under the License.
The LSP is licensed, not sold. The License confers no title to or ownership in the LSP and should not be construed as a sale of any rights in or to the LSP. We may terminate, change, suspend, or discontinue any aspect of the LSP, including the availability of any features of the LSP, at any time and in our sole discretion.
Any unauthorized use of this LSP may terminate the license granted herein in our sole discretion. No person may use this LSP in violation of these Terms & Conditions to circumvent lottery prize eligibility requirements under State or Federal law, including the administrative rules of the Texas Lottery.
All content posted to this LSP or the Texas Lottery website by users must conform to the TLC Social Media Guidelines and Comment Policy to the maximum extent possible.
You agree to comply with all laws, rules, and regulations applicable to your use of the LSP. In addition, you represent and warrant that (i) you are not located in a country that is subject to an applicable government embargo, or that has been designated by an applicable government as a "terrorist supporting" country, and (ii) you are not listed on any applicable government list of prohibited or restricted parties.
All trademarks, service marks and other commercial symbols (collectively, the "Marks") used in connection with the LSP are the exclusive property of us, our affiliates, or our third-party licensors. These Terms & Conditions do not authorize you to use the Marks, and you agree not to use any of the Marks in any manner without the prior written consent of the appropriate party, which consent may be withheld in the sole discretion of the appropriate party. Unauthorized use of the Marks may be a violation of federal or state trademark laws.
The LSP is protected by copyright laws and international treaties. All materials contained in the LSP are the copyrighted property of us, our affiliates, or our third-party licensors. Except for your informational, personal, non-commercial use as authorized above, you may not use, modify, reproduce, distribute, transmit, republish, display, market, export, translate, transmit, merge, modify, transfer, adapt, loan, rent, lease, assign, share, sub-license, or otherwise make available to any third party the content, design, or layout of the LSP, or any components thereof, without our express written permission.
The LSP may contain links to websites or other applications published by other content providers. These other websites or applications are not under our control, and you acknowledge and agree that we are not responsible for the accuracy, collection and use of your information, copyright compliance, legality, decency, or any other aspect of such websites or applications or the content displayed on or through them. The inclusion of such a link does not imply our endorsement of any such website or application or the content displayed on or through it or any association with its operators, and we disclaim all liability with respect to such linked websites, including but not limited to your access to and/or use of the same.
When you provide information about yourself to us, you agree to: (a) provide accurate, current, and complete information about yourself; and (b) maintain and promptly update such information to keep it accurate, current, and complete. If you provide any such information that is untrue, inaccurate, or incomplete, or we have reasonable grounds to suspect that such information is untrue, inaccurate, or incomplete, we have the right to suspend or terminate any account you establish in connection with your use of the LSP and refuse any and all current or future use of the LSP or any portion thereof.
Please be aware that the State of Texas has laws to ensure that the state government is open and transparent. The public has a right to access records and information possessed by the state. These laws apply to information collected by or for the Lottery. We collect and retain information as required by Texas Records Retention laws (Government Code, Section 441.180 et. seq.) and rules. Different types of information are required to be kept for different periods of time. The Texas Lottery is subject to the terms of the Texas Public Information Act, located in Texas Government Code, Chapter 552, which provides public access to certain government records. More information regarding open government laws can be found at: https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/og/open-government. For more information regarding the use of your personally identifiable information, please see the Texas Lottery LSP Privacy Statement.
The LSP may permit or require you to register or obtain a password prior to permitting access to certain products or services available through the LSP. You acknowledge and agree that you are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your registration information and password, and for all uses of your registration information, account, and/or password.
In no event will IGT or the Texas Lottery be responsible for any damages, including and without limitation, direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or exemplary damages or expenses arising from the erroneous entry or communication of information, whether by a user, a feature of the user's device, feature of the LSP, or us, including our affiliates, and/or respective employees, contractors, agents, officers, and directors. It is the user's sole responsibility to ensure that any information entered into or communicated by this LSP is accurate.
The LSP is not intended for use by persons under eighteen (18) years of age. Individuals under such age are strictly prohibited from using the LSP, submitting any personally identifiable information or using the offered services in any way.
You agree to defend, indemnify and hold harmless us, our affiliates, and our respective employees, contractors, agents, officers, and directors from all liabilities, claims, and expenses (including reasonable attorneys' fees) that arise out of or are related to your use of the LSP, your violation of these Terms & Conditions, or your violation of any third-party rights.
These Terms & Conditions shall be governed by the laws of the State of Texas without regard to the conflicts of laws rules of any jurisdiction. Every dispute concerning the interpretation or effect of these Terms & Conditions and/or your use of the LSP must be resolved in the state or federal courts situated in the State of Texas, Travis County. You agree to the personal jurisdiction, subject matter jurisdiction, and venue of these courts.
You acknowledge that any breach or threatened breach of these Terms & Conditions may result in irreparable harm for which damages would not be an adequate remedy, and, therefore, in addition to our rights and remedies otherwise available at law, we shall be entitled to seek immediate equitable relief, including injunctive relief, as appropriate. If we seek any equitable remedies, we shall not be precluded or prevented from seeking remedies at law, nor shall we be deemed to have made an election of remedies.
If any provision of these Terms & Conditions is held unenforceable or invalid under any applicable law or is so held by applicable court decision, such unenforceability or invalidity will not render these Terms & Conditions unenforceable or invalid as a whole, and such provision will be changed and interpreted so as to best accomplish the objectives of such unenforceable or invalid provision within the limits of applicable law or the applicable court decisions.
Any waiver by us of a breach of any provision of these Terms & Conditions shall not operate as or be construed to be a waiver of any other breach of such provision or of any breach of any other provision of these Terms & Conditions. Any waiver must be in writing. Failure by us to insist upon strict adherence to any term of these Terms & Conditions on one or more occasions shall not be considered a waiver or deprive us of the right to insist upon strict adherence to that term or any other term of these Terms & Conditions. These Terms & Conditions shall not constitute a waiver of any Sovereign Immunity on behalf of the Texas Lottery or the State of Texas, generally.
We reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to terminate your access to all or part of the LSP, with or without notice, for any reason or no reason, including without limitation your violation of these Terms & Conditions.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding the accessibility of this application, please send an email to accessibility@lottery.state.tx.us or review the Accessibility Statement of the Texas Lottery Commission at http://www.txlottery.org/export/sites/lottery/Misc/Accessibility.html.
The Texas Lottery designs its games and products to be a fun form of entertainment. We encourage players to Play Responsibly. For resources to help with problem gambling, please visit the Play Responsibly page on our website.
These Terms & Conditions were last updated on September 6, 2018.


text:
Keeping Remote Workers Productive, Now & Beyond the COVID-19 Crisis
Smart productivity solutions can help businesses facilitate uninterrupted work and enhance the user experience for remote workers.
Amresh Singh & RK Kuppurao
June 2, 2020 - 864 views
To learn more, please visit our Digital Systems Practice
During the initial weeks of the COVID-19 crisis, businesses were pressured to quickly tackle the first major hurdles of managing the employee experience for remote workers: setting up laptops, apps and tech tools; defining new processes; and making sure videoconference accounts and collaboration software worked effectively from remote locations. It's one thing to have the technology in place, however, and quite another to optimize the organization for remote work, especially when it's mandated on short notice.
A consistent and seamless user experience can be achieved only when productivity and performance remain high. Unfortunately, many businesses lack the robust tools and platforms needed to provide undisrupted service to all remote workers, who are already hampered by a lack of structured routines.
In such times of volatility, here are the most important resources needed to support remote workers and keep productivity high:
Reliable and secure access to business applications. Many organizations have considered virtualizing desktops and applications to enable remote system access. However, setup can be complex and costly. Given that COVID-19 has necessitated remote work, many businesses are seeking a simplified solution that fits well within an OpEx cost structure.
Desktop as a service (DaaS) is a viable alternative for organizations looking to leverage a virtual infrastructure without the associated complexity. With DaaS, remote workers can use virtual workstations to access the same image from anywhere, anytime and on any device securely. For example, Amazon Web Services (AWS) saw customers scale up their use of Amazon WorkSpaces to support their move to a largely remote workforce. In fact, the company has reported a 10-fold increase in urgent customer scale-up requests for its DaaS system since the outbreak began.
Before the COVID-19-related lockdowns began, we worked with a leading healthcare analytics and technology company to quickly scale its remote workforce from 100 to 2,000. The company also needed to minimize capital expenditures while meeting rigorous security and privacy regulations for health-related data. We built a highly secure infrastructure to support all 2,000-plus user desktops and 250 applications cost-effectively in less than six months using AWS Cloud and Amazon WorkSpaces.
Application streaming. When employees are geographically distributed and using disparate devices, it's critical to provide uninterrupted access to desktop applications. However, application performance may vary across desktops, due to factors such as computer speed, available storage space, etc. Many organizations also deal with sensitive and confidential information, which requires stringent security intervention similar to the office/on-premise environment.
Organizations are turning to application streaming to resolve these issues. This approach enables applications and data to be stored centrally in the cloud and securely streamed through encryption to local devices. Applications can be managed and updated centrally to ensure all users have the same version, without the need for manual updates. At the same time, organizations can scale rapidly without spending a lot of effort acquiring, provisioning and operating the required infrastructure.
Educational institutions are prime candidates for application streaming solutions, with the move toward online classes. These institutions need to ensure that every student has remote access to classes and needed online course materials/modules.
Reliable unified communications. To continue meeting and collaborating with coworkers and customers, remote workers have been using a combination of digital channels (text, phone, videoconferencing) and devices. The infrastructure to support videoconferencing should be robust enough to ensure reliable performance, security, bandwidth and scalability to avoid frozen screens, hazy video quality, dropped audio, echoing and so on.
Businesses are increasingly relying on unified communication solutions (such as Amazon Chime), inexpensive high-bandwidth internet connectivity and affordable devices with high-quality audio and video. They're also increasingly adopting chat and instant messaging software to enable frequent and fast communication between individuals, small groups and departments. Messaging applications have taken on greater importance than ever during the COVID-19 crisis, as they have become a pervasive way of communicating while working from home.
Staying Prepared for the Future of Work
Remote work will continue to be the norm, even as countries and states gradually allow more businesses to re-open. Businesses that adopt smart productivity solutions now will not only facilitate uninterrupted work in the near term but will also enhance the user experience for their employees in the months and years to come.
To learn more, please visit us at our cloud enablement website.
See our COVID-19 resources page for additional insights and updates.
in Digital Systems amazon chime, application streaming, AWS, cloud, cloud enablement, COVID-19, desktop as a service, pandemic, remote workers, unified communications, virtual desktops, work from home
Amresh Singh
Amresh Singh is a leader for the global Digital Workplace Services practice in Cognizant Infrastructure Services. He has more than 18 years of experience working... Read more
RK Kuppurao
RK Kuppurao is a Partner Solutions Architect at AWS. He works with customers and partners to provide guidance on AWS architecture best... Read more
Meeting the WFH Crunch with Remote Manageability, In or Out of Band
Accelerated Cloud Migration Is Essential to Surviving the COVID-19 Crisis – and Beyond
Five Considerations for Creating a Contactless Workplace

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tag: Elizabeth l
Early Tudor Palaces and Country Houses
Early Tudor Palaces and Country Houses 1485-1550 Compton Wynyates "The delightful red-brick manor house of Compton Wynyates in Warwickshire, was begun by Edmund Compton in 1481, just prior to the accession of the House of Tudor. Edmund's sturdy but good-looking country home was given some elegant editions, including porch and some towers by his…
Read more Early Tudor Palaces and Country Houses
The Troubled Life of Mary I of England
Birth: 18 February 1516, Greenwich Palace Father: Henry VIII Mother: Katherine of Aragon Accession: 19 July 1553 Coronation: 1 October 1553 Husband: Philip II of Spain (m. 25 July 1554) Preceded by: Edward VI Succeeded by: Elizabeth I "The Pearl of the Realm" In history, Mary Tudor is best known as "Bloody Mary." She�was so…
Read more The Troubled Life of Mary I of England
Was Anne Boleyn Painted From Elizabeth l?
From what I understand, after her execution, all images and symbols of Anne Boleyn were destroyed. �That is the very reason why I'm opening this discussion. Was this portrait of Anne Boleyn painted from this portrait of her daughter? They look so similar to me. ��� � � � � � � � � �…
Read more Was Anne Boleyn Painted From Elizabeth l?
History of Elizabeth l: 1533-1549
"The birth of Elizabeth on 7 September 1533 was a bitter disappointment to Henry Vlll and Anne Boleyn, who had desperately wanted a son. Nonetheless, until she was two and a half years old the baby enjoyed the title of'princes' and lived in her own household, where she had precedence over her half-sister Mary. In…
Read more History of Elizabeth l: 1533-1549
Katherine Parr, Queen of England (Guest Article)
Katherine Parr, Queen of England by Susan Abernethy After the disastrous marriage to Catherine Howard, Henry probably just wanted a wife who could nurse him through his various ailments and not cause him any trouble. Henry did not actively seek a wife at this time but he was soon to find the perfect match in…
Read more Katherine Parr, Queen of England (Guest Article)
Great Houses – The Age of Gloriana
The reign of Elizabeth I (the last Tudor monarch) is often associated with a golden age in English history – The age of Gloriana. Burghley House "Sir William Cecil built his extravagant 'prodigy house' on the Burghley estate, which his father, Richard Cecil, had purchased after it had been seized from Peterborough Abbey on the…
Read more Great Houses – The Age of Gloriana


Exclusive Tahitian Pearls at SelecTraders: Our tahitian pearl necklace consists of tahitian pearls in a size of 8.5 - 10.9 mm. These round pearls have overtones shining in the brilliance of green-blue. This pearl strand is approx. 18 inches in length. Tahitian pearls are of unique character. Hundreds of tahitian pearls must be assorted to find similar ones. Don´t hesitate to ask for more pearl strands with these exclusive tahitian pearls. The completed strand will be finished with your choice of 14k clasp (see picture). Delivery time for this custom-made necklace is about 1 week. Please see all details for exclusive tahitian pearls below the pictures.
Selectraders customers receive a pearl certificate, customised for the individual piece of exclusive tahitian pearl jewellery. It describes all features of your pearl strand. We specify in detail: type of pearls (for example: tahitian pearls), quality, shape, size, colour and shades, as well as diamonds and precious metal used. Each customer will receive all necessary information about the chosen piece of pearl necklace. Therefore, Selectraders customers become pearl lovers and pearl experts.
Many vendors specialise in pearl jewellery of lower quality and price - easily identified, because these pearls show a lot of imperfect surfaces.
Selectraders emphasizes on offering nearly perfect, immaculate south sea pearls. These pearls are hard to find - only 1-5% of one entire harvest meet the standards required. Our customers acquire top quality at unbeatable prices. Unlike the common jewellery trade, we source our pearls from our own pearl farm and purchase excellent quality from other pearl farmers directly. Therefore, we eliminate intermediary trade, which enables our customers to save 300% or even 500% (exclusive tahitian pearls- retail price: £6000). Selectraders customers benefit from these price differences. Since our customers are satisfied with their purchase, 30 % of them recommend Selectraders to friends and family. Happy customers are our best advertisement.


Holistic Healers Directory, www.hhdirectory.com is pleased to announce that their newest member, Mimi Solaire, accomplished yoga professional, has released her latest DVD, Deep Stretch, Yin Yoga with Mimi Solaire.
#1 Back Stretches- 20 mins.
#2 Legs and Hips- 20 mins.
#3 Neck and Shoulders- 20 mins.
There is also a bonus session of ten minutes of challenging poses. It's a complete workout to release tension and stress and maintain vitality at any age.


text:
namespace AngleSharp.Dom
{
    using AngleSharp.Attributes;
    using AngleSharp.Browser.Dom;
    using AngleSharp.Dom.Events;
    using System;

    /// <summary>
    /// The interface for a browsing window element.
    /// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window
    /// </summary>
    [DomName("Window")]
    public interface IWindow : IEventTarget, IGlobalEventHandlers, IWindowEventHandlers, IWindowTimers, IDisposable
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a reference to the document that the window contains.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("document")]
        IDocument Document { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the location of the current document.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("location")]
        [DomPutForwards("href")]
        ILocation Location { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets if the window has been closed.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("closed")]
        Boolean IsClosed { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the status of the window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("status")]
        String? Status { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the name of the window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("name")]
        String? Name { get; set; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the height of the outside of the browser window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("outerHeight")]
        Int32 OuterHeight { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the width of the outside of the browser window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("outerWidth")]
        Int32 OuterWidth { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the horizontal distance of the left border of the user's
        /// browser from the left side of the screen.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("screenX")]
        Int32 ScreenX { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the vertical distance of the top border of the user's browser
        /// from the top side of the screen.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("screenY")]
        Int32 ScreenY { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the proxy to the current browsing context.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("window")]
        [DomName("frames")]
        [DomName("self")]
        IWindow? Proxy { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the user-agent information.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("navigator")]
        INavigator? Navigator { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Closes the window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("close")]
        void Close();

        /// <summary>
        /// Opens a window to show url, and returns it. If a window exists with
        /// the provided name already, it is reused.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="url">The URL to open initially.</param>
        /// <param name="name">The name of the new window.</param>
        /// <param name="features">
        /// Determines the rendering of the new window.
        /// </param>
        /// <param name="replace">
        /// Can be used to remove whatever page is currently open from the
        /// session history.
        /// </param>
        /// <returns>The new or reused window.</returns>
        IWindow Open(String url = "about:blank", String? name = null, String? features = null, String? replace = null);

        /// <summary>
        /// Stops the current document from being loaded.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("stop")]
        void Stop();

        /// <summary>
        /// Focuses the current window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("focus")]
        void Focus();

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes the focus from the current window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("blur")]
        void Blur();

        /// <summary>
        /// Shows the messagebox with the given message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="message">The message to display.</param>
        [DomName("alert")]
        void Alert(String message);

        /// <summary>
        /// Opens a confirmation box with the provided message.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="message">The message to display.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// True if the message has been confirmed, otherwise false.
        /// </returns>
        [DomName("confirm")]
        Boolean Confirm(String message);

        /// <summary>
        /// Opens the print dialog for the current window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("print")]
        void Print();

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the history of the current window.
        /// </summary>
        [DomName("history")]
        IHistory? History { get; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Indeed! Here is a collection of videos that show how and why some civilisations have soared and fallen. While theories abound in explaining these, we can see an underlying thread of resource overuse beyond sustainable realms, leading societies to an eventual state of demise. If modern civilisation were to survive as we know it today, we must be humble enough to understand and learn from the foibles of those who have trodden before us, however distant in the past.
VIDEO 1: Alexandra Cousteau describes an alternative theory to the commonly held view of the decline of ANGKOR WAT, CAMBODIA ; that of invasion by enemies.
VIDEO 3: The NAZCA CIVILISATION, PERU is well known for the mysterious carvings in the desert of animals and birds of gigantic proportions which are clearly visible from air. One well know theory behind their disappearance is that a big El-Nino storm hit them circa AD 500, but Discovery News reported that it might well be due to their cutting down of the forest of Huarango trees. Devoid of the forest to stabilise the soil and protect them from El-Nino, the area soon became a desert. A similar situation is now occuring in the south of Peru.
VIDEO 4: The little known civilisation called MOCHE Northern PERU existed around 2000 years ago. Remnants of the gigantic mud brick pyramids they built remain to this day, as do the elaborate aqueducts that help them survive the desert environment by transporting water. But having created a successful civilisation in the middle of a desert, what led to their downfall? Scientists try to unearth the mystery.
VIDEO 5: JARED DIAMOND's explanation of his five point framework for why societies collapse and what we can do to prevent it.
What about Modern Civilisation…well, that's us! Michael Pollard gives a brilliant visual protrayal of the "Timeline for Civilisation's Collapse" with three underlying crises, namely, the Economic and Political crisis, Energy Crisis and the Ecological Crisis in order.
If you have links to other similar stories from ancient history, do feel free to share.
Is all lost then? Are we in the brink of civilisation collapse from which there is no return? In the next part, I'll outline where the hope lies, and the models to restructure civilisation.


text:
Stockpile Security
Marking and Tracing of SALW
Collection and Awareness Raising Campaigns
EUSAC 2014 - 2016
Arms Exports Control
Collection and Awareness Raising
Festo me zemër
Security of Stockpiles
Stockpile Reduction
Marking, Tracing, and Registration of SALW
Celebrate with Your Heart
Hear out the Voices of the Victims
Let's Make Moldova Safer
Don't Shoot but Love
"Celebrate with your heart" - Social Media Campaign in Kosovo* about Dangers of Celebratory Gunfire
Kosovo* Police, with support of UNDP SEESAC, is conducting a social media campaign during the month of August to raise awareness about the dangers of celebratory gunfire, especially during family gatherings and weddings. The campaign's Facebook and Instagram pages Festo me zemër (Celebrate with your heart), aim to increase the public safety of the people of Kosovo by abiding to the Law on Weapons and to learn about dangers of unsafe use, handling and storing of firearms and its potential impact on families. For more information please visit www.seesac.org
With the funds secured through the Council Decision 2013/730/CFSP, in support of SEESAC disarmament and arms control activities in South East Europe on 9 December 2013, European Union is supporting institutions of Kosovo in their efforts to combat proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW). The decision was made within the framework of the EU Strategy to Combat the Illicit Accumulation and Trafficking of SALW and their Ammunition which identifies the Balkans and South-East Europe as regions particularly affected by the excessive accumulation and spread of SALW.
* References to Kosovo shall be understood to be in the context of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
Festo me zemer
Slavi srcem


If you haven't read Part One of this trip report. that link will take you there. Or scroll down! Anyway one with the story, which finds me at Rattlesnake Lake State Park 20 miles from the Snoqualmie Tunnel but resolved to go on.
I lingered just long enough to drink some Gatorade, eat a granola bar and grab a map. The map indicated 20 miles to the Tunnel, then of course the 2 miles through it. So 44 miles round trip from here and it was already after four in the afternoon. I knew I was pushing it and that if I did this I'd be riding back in the dark, If I made good time I could be back here before 8 pm, which would be pretty deep twilight, especially with the heavy cloud cover. I nearly abandoned at this point, but this was as far as I had made it earlier this summer and I had to complete this trip. Riding through the Snoqualamie tunnel is one of those things that every PNW cyclist needs to do once, like the STP and riding the San Juan Islands. I also knew the odds were low that I'd make it back here this summer, so I pressed on. As I was heading out a group of cyclists came down the Iron Horse trail on their way to the Snoqualmie trail. This is interesting as the other times I've been here I saw few or no other cyclists. On the first half of this trail I would see a many of them, all returning to Rattlesnake Lake. At one point I passed a group of around eight off road unicyclists! I have to admit that made me grin and feel a lot better about the effort I was expending.
The rain came and went and finally I man'd my way the last few miles and made it to the tunnel entrance. It was raining good and hard now as can be seen by that picture. I had been slow coming up and was really pushing the clock so I hurried on. I turned on my E6 and headed into the tunnel which rapidly became absolute darkness. Not to far in I thought I saw a light ahead but it shortly disappeared so I had it pegged as a reflection. Riding in such darkness is pretty strange, it is hard to keep a straight line with no other reference points but your patch of light ahead. My Schmidt Dyno-hub/E6 performed really well in this situation and I was glad I had such a light. The tunnel was bone chillingly cold and with my wet clothes this was an issue. I rode as fast as I could trying to warm up but I was chilled through. Occasionally drops of ice cold water would fall on me shocking me with the intense cold. Less then half way I estimate I passed two people on foot with their dog that were the source of the light I had seen earlier. They had turned it off as they saw me as I provided enough light for them to see by. I kept riding with a mumbled greeting and soon the darkness swallowed them up. The tunnel just went on and on, cold, wet and luckily flat and decently surfaced (though still gravel). Eventually I saw the light at the end of the tunnel and came to the end. This was fairly abrupt as I think there must be a bit of a bend in this direction. I parked my bicycle at the end and stayed just long enough to take pictures and venture a bit out the other end. It was 7pm and I knew I wouldn't even make it back to Rattlesnake Lake before nightfall.
it was serious gloaming now and I was seriously pushing it myself.
food. Rarely have I been so happy to come into a town.
I loaded up with water and in need of real food I got some bread and cheese which I proceeded to eat in the QVC's Starbucks cafe. Needing calories I also ate some gas station donuts – Hostess raspberry filled donuts. While I have moved on from such crappy food in general, I do have a fond place in my heart for these. My dad used to only get these at the start of long road or fishing trips when we'd get up at literally the crack of dawn. I almost never eat these now but occasionally, and usually on road trips, they become necessary. And they were essential now. I really can't recall the last time I'd had these, but they turned out to be pretty flavorless, and I did have to eat the whole box. Luckily I had a lot more miles to go 🙂 I was pretty short on energy at this point, I had ridden 92 miles now of which more then 50 were on gravel trails and had climb the height of Snoqualmie Pass. I recalled a post from Kent Peterson extolling the virtues of the Starbucks "Double Shot" energy drink when in need of a serious pick me up. I was in need so I downed one of those and while I like my coffee black and hot I found this amazingly satisfying. Soon afterwords I refilled my water bottles, deposited my remaining food in my pannier, made sure all my blinkers were on and visible and headed out.
roads, mostly with good shoulders, but also a decent amount of traffic.
of the route to Fall City. At one point during this part of the ride I was chased by a pair of dogs. I tried Wille Weir's technique of making yourself look big and barking back at the dogs, in order to establish yourself as alpha dog. It didn't seem to work so I just poured it on and left them behind. I'm not a fan of dogs, no cyclist is really, but I was glad to see they didn't get hit by any car before they gave up the chase.
The Fall City-Redmond Road is a road I often find myself on at the end of a tiring day of riding. This was the latest I'd ridden it but it is a pretty familiar road to me. It has fast traffic and a steady stream of but it has a wide shoulder for most of it (there are these short bits where barriers almost force you into the traffic) but it is a straight shot into Redmond. At night there was less traffic but always some and always it seems at the worst time. How is it that you can go miles on a road with no traffic and then the first time you say a car in ages there is another one going the other direction at just the right time so the car passing you can move over? That seems to happen far beyond statistically probably amounts. Again my lights served me well and it really was just a head down keep on pushing. The end of this road as it comes into Redmond is a frightening combination of road work and a couple of climbs followed by more road work and a fast descent in heavy traffic. The road edge comes and goes and traffic cones and barricades block your path at inopportune moments. But I survived all of this and made it into Redmond in good time. A bank mounted clock informed me that it was 11:30 which was much earlier then I had figured I'd be there. I figured there was a good chance that it was denying Daylight Savings time but I just couldn't be sure without stopping and checking my phone. I wanted to get home so I figured I'd find out when I get there.
Read Part One of this trip report and check out my Flickr gallery from this ride and my gallery of this route on my cycling site.


text:
31 Jan 2023 - 9 Rejab 1444 Ishak 20:33 Subuh 5:56
Achieving a "Progressive Muslim Community" amidst diverse orientations of Islam.
[Event has ended]
Sat, 17 July 2010, 9 am - 1 pm | Malay
Grand Hyatt Singapore
Centre for Research on Islamic and Malay Affairs (RIMA)
Professor Abdullah Saeed, Professor Azyumardi Azra
Fees: Free Admission with Refreshments
RIMA (Centre of Research for Islamic and Malay Affairs), in collaboration with Association of Muslim Professionals (AMP), will be organizing an Islamic seminar on July 17th 2010 (Sat). This year, the theme centers on "Progressive Malay Muslim Community". Thus, we would like to take this opportunity to invite you to this seminar. In the spirit of research and critical academic studies, we hope you could join us and engage the speakers in a passionate dialogue.
The Malay MPs in Singapore had formed the Community Leaders' Forum (CLF) aimed at building A Community of Excellence. This entails helping the Malay/Muslim community in Singapore keep up with the progress towards modernity, while retaining a deep sense of pride in its Malay heritage and culture, and the Islamic faith. The Malay/Muslim community's goal of becoming a community of excellence requires every member of the community to play his/her part. The Community of Excellence is one that is self-reliant, creative, confident and progressive. However, one of the challenges towards achieving a progressive community is the existence of multiple orientations of Islam, along the spectrum of traditionalism on one end, and liberalism on the other. What does it mean to be 'progressive' and how can we achieve a Progressive Muslim Community in a society where there are a multiple orientations of Islam.
Seminar Topic : Achieving a "Progressive Muslim Community" amidst diverse orientations of Islam.
Date: July 17th, 2010, Saturday
Please drop your namecard at the reception counter
Venue: Hibiscus Ballroom, Level 3
Grand Hyatt Singapore (Orchard Road)
10 Scotts Road, Singapore 228211
For more info please browse: www.rima.sg
Please RSVP by 10th July 2010 to [email protected], [email protected]
*Admission is free, refreshments provided.
Proposed format: Three speakers will do 30-40 minute presentations, followed by two hours of Q & A
The Centre for Research on Islamic and Malay Affairs (RIMA) is a subsidiary of the Association of Mu...
Professor Abdullah Saeed
Sultan of Oman Professor of Arab & Islamic Studies, University of Melbourne, Australia Director, As...
Professor Azyumardi Azra
Professor of history and Director of Graduate School, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University, ...
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Elon Musk Is a Business 'savant,' but 'his Gift Is Not Empathy,' According to His Brother Kimbal
Elon Musk runs two of the world's most innovative and valuable tech companies — but you may not want to be his assistant.
The 50-year-old SpaceX and Tesla CEO is a business "savant," but his "gift is not empathy with people," his brother and longtime business partner Kimbal Musk told Time Magazine earlier this month.
The savant claim is hard to deny. By Elon Musk's own token, both Tesla and SpaceX were much more likely to fail than succeed when each first launched in the early 2000s. Yet Tesla's market value is $1.1 trillion as of Monday, and SpaceX was most recently valued at $100.3 billion in October — helping the tech magnate cement his status as the world's richest person, with a net worth of $274 billion, according to Bloomberg.
But that largesse doesn't appear to extend to his interpersonal skills, a claim echoed repeatedly in recent years by friends, foes and Musk himself.
"I reinvented electric cars and I'm sending people to Mars in a rocket ship," the billionaire said in May while hosting NBC's "Saturday Night Live." "Did you think I'm also going to be a chill, normal dude?"
In 2015, author and journalist Ashlee Vance published a 400-page biography of Musk — and told Vice that Musk has "the weirdest kind of empathy."
"He doesn't have a lot of interpersonal empathy, but he has a lot of empathy for mankind," Vance said. "I think he has a completely different set of emotions than the average person does."
Research shows that empathetic bosses can make most employees feel significantly more productive and engaged. In a survey published by New York City-based workplace nonprofit Catalyst earlier this year, 61% of respondents with "highly empathic senior leaders" said they felt consistently innovative at work, compared with only 13% of other respondents.
Similarly, 76% of people who said they had a caring boss reported feeling "often or always engaged" at work, compared with just 32% of those with "less empathetic" bosses.
Musk seems to fit into that latter category. For years, he's said that space exploration and travel are essential to humanity's survival, and that electric vehicles can help combat climate change. But some employees and ex-employees say they're forced to endure toxic, damaging workplaces to work on those potentially world-changing projects.
After Musk was named Time's Person of the Year earlier this month, former SpaceX engineer Ashley Kosak wrote an op-ed for online publication Lioness alleging that she was sexually harassed during her tenure, and that Musk helped create the workplace atmosphere responsible for it.
"Elon makes promises he doesn't hold himself accountable to, shifts the goalpost constantly, unnecessarily strips resources from people who are working themselves to the brink of burnout, and then sends threatening messages to remind them that their efforts will never be adequate," Kosak wrote.
After the op-ed's publication, four other ex-SpaceX employees reported separate workplace harassment stories to The Verge.
Similar allegations exist at Tesla, where production assistant Jessica Barraza sued her employer last month over "rampant sexual harassment" and "nightmarish conditions" at the company's Fremont, California-based plant. Six other women have since filed similar lawsuits, many of them directly blaming Musk for Tesla's workplace culture, according to the Washington Post.
Neither SpaceX nor Tesla immediately responded to CNBC Make It's request for comment.
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Elon Musk: 'I'll be surprised if we're not landing on Mars within five years'
Elon Musk: CEO is a 'made-up title,' so he's Tesla's 'Technoking' instead
Original Source: cnbc.com


CHELAN – Supporters of the Brewster Boys and Girls Club (BBGC) are invited to attend an Evening on the Veranda fundraiser at the Siren Song Estate Winery, 635 South Lakeshore Road in Chelan, from 5-7 p.m. Sunday, May 21. There will be an assortment of appetizers and wine. Twenty-five percent of all wine purchases will be matched to benefit BBGC. Space for the fundraiser is limited, so interested attendees are encouraged to RSVP to BBGC Director, Brian Paine at bpaine@bgcsc.org or call (509) 689-1192.


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Q: Index of first differing element without loop I have two lists say
A = [1,3]
B = [1,3,5,6]

I want to know the index of the first differing element between these lists (2 in this case).
Is there a simple way to do this, or do I need to write a loop?

A: You can use following generator expression within next() function using enumerate() and zip() function:
>>> next(ind for ind,(i,j) in enumerate(zip(A,B)) if i != j)
2

A: Perhaps the loop you mentioned is the most obvious way, not necessarily the most pretty. Still every O(n) complexity solution is fine by me.
lesser_length = min(len(A), len(B))
answer = lesser_length # If one of the lists is shorter and a sublist,
                       # this will be the answer, because the if condition
                       # will never be satisfied.
for i in xrange(lesser_length):
    if A[i] != B[i]:
        answer = i
        break

range instead of xrange in Python3. A generator would be the best way given that you don't know when the difference between lists will occur.(In Python2, xrange is generator. In Python3, xrange became the regular range() function.)
A list comprehension is also viable. I find this to be more readable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Australian delegate initiated this session. He pointed out that the main developments are summarised in Australia's submission. The comments here are limited to the main points.
First, Australia now has new legislation and open market access. All entry barriers have been removed to all parts of the industry. Second, economic and competition regulation will be handed over to the competition regulator, i.e., the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Previously, there was an industry-specific regulator, Austel. Now all those functions concerning competition and economic regulation will be performed by the general competition regulator. The central reason is that Australia wanted to instil a competition culture into the regulation of telecommunications, rather than have an industry-specific regulator pursuing regulatory goals in isolation from wider competition-policy goals. Similar decisions have been made in the electricity and gas sectors (at least at the national level).
There remains, however, quite a lot of technical regulation that needs to be carried out. This is being carried out by a new agency, the Australian Communications Authority. It has responsibility for licensing new telephones and a range of other technical issues. These were previously carried out by Austel. These technical operations have been combined with the technical functions of the Spectrum Management Agency. In broad terms, the competition regulator also has some oversight over those technical decisions made by the Communications Authority, when those technical decisions have an effect on competition.
Regarding the actual legislation, from 1991-1997, there was a very detailed, descriptive, somewhat interventionist, regime for telecommunications. That has been removed. Instead, regulation has been shifted over to the general competition statute, the Trade Practices Act. However, it has been recognised that there is some need, at least for a few years, to have some special provisions regarding telecommunications.
The first special provisions concern access. The Australian Trade Practices Act was amended to have a general law for resolving access disputes, whether they relate to the communications sector (including telecommunications and post) or the energy sector (such as electricity or gas) or the transport sector (airports, rail etc.). Because there are, however, special features about telecommunications (such as the need for any-to-any connectivity), there is a special set of provisions relating to access disputes and how they are to be resolved under the Trade Practices Act.
The second significant legislative change in the Trade Practices Act is in regard to what might be called monopolisation, Â'abuse of dominanceÂ' or Â'market powerÂ'-type provisions. There are, of course, provisions in the Act relating to the abuse of market power, but, with respect to telecommunications, they have been slightly strengthened in a couple of ways, without departing from competition policy concepts. For those with a detailed interest, for example, the purpose test in issues of market power has been strengthened - it is now sufficient that there can be established that there is an anticompetitive effect of the behaviour of the monopolist. The other change is that is that for most breaches of the Trade Practices Act, it is necessary for the regulator to go to the courts to prove that there has been a breach of the law. That process can take many years if there is resistance by the other side and if they wish to appeal decisions up the line of appeals. Here, in the context of telecommunications an attempt has been made to reverse this situation. The competition regulator can now issue a notice, finding that certain behaviour is anticompetitive and in breach of the law. If that behaviour continues, there can be fines of up to $10 million or $1 million per day that the behaviour continues, so long as the regulator can prove its case in court. This is a kind of Â'reverse onusÂ' which attempts to speed up the processing of these decisions.
There are a few other provisions in the legislation that set out rules about tariff filing, record-keeping, international rules of conduct, access to the radio communications spectrum, and so on. One of the other interesting features of the new law is that the regulator has the full range of weapons available to it to deal with the industry. There are now greater possibilities for an integrated policy-making approach. For example, at the present time, perhaps the single most important matter occurring is that the regulator is using the merger provisions of the Trade Practices Act to regulate a proposed merger between the dominant telecommunications company, Telstra and what would be the dominant pay television company. This is an example of the integrated approach to policy that can occur when you bring together the industry-specific regulatory functions with the general functions available under competition law.
Regarding market developments, for many years, Telstra was the monopoly. In 1992 Australia deregulated the value-added sector of the market. In basic carriage services we allowed a second entrant called Optus. In other words, there was a regulated duopoly from 1991-1997. That restriction has been removed and others can now enter the market.
Probably the most interesting development in that market is that Optus has decided to roll out a cable network, initially for the whole of Australia, but, having spent several billion dollars, it was then matched, door-to-door, by the incumbent monopolist. There is now a roll-out covering half of the country by these two telecommunications operators. However, they have both decided that this is an expensive form of competition and have both slowed down their roll-out.
Decisions will have to be made concerning access terms and conditions. In order to provide a complete telephone system in competition with the monopolist the new entrant is seeking access to the network of the incumbent. The ACCC will have to arbitrate the price of that access agreement at some point.
These companies are also heavily involved in pay television, because there was no pay television in Australia until recently. The original idea of the new entrant was that it would be able to offer a cheap telephone service and a pay television service. The incumbent monopolist, Telstra also decided to go into the television industry and started to buy up sports rights, and films from Hollywood and so on. There is also a battle going on to gain control of satellite communications.
On mobile phones, up until recently there have been licenses granted to three operators. Now there is open entry into that part of the industry. Going back to local telephony, Optus has had profound technical difficulties getting its new telephone service going. As a result, although there is a cable passed everyone's house, the local telephone service is not working for technical reasons. It is imagined that it will start working fairly soon.
In regard to spectrum access for mobile services, around 1991 sufficient frequency was made available for three operators to provide a full-line mobile service in Australia. There are now three fully-fledged mobile operators. From 1997, it was decided that unrestricted entry should apply to mobile services. At the same time, an auction of further mobile spectrum, is being held. The government is still struggling with decisions as to what additional spectrum shall be made available because there are other conflicting uses of the space. The government also probably has financial motives in regards to the rules for this auction of spectrum. At the moment, the government has made a preliminary decision, but there have been some concerns expressed and it has backed off. It will now take a few more months over its decision. It looks like there will be room for one more full-line operator and, as well, there will be opportunities for people to operate services in some areas of Australia, while having the opportunity of providing the customer full-service through the access laws.
To date having three mobile operators has not produced as competitive a market as anticipated. They have all been doing very well in profit terms. That might be an indication that there could be more competition than there seems to be at present.
Japan was then given an opportunity to present developments in Japan. This past June a package of telecommunications deregulation measures was passed by the Diet. The legislation includes, among other things, the following three changes. First, NTT will be divided into a holding company (including R&D activities), two regional service companies (which are supposed to provide universal service in Japan) and a long distance company. Second, the provisions of the laws that have restricted international service will be abolished. Third, amendments to the telecommunications law in order to secure fair competition between NTT and new entrants to the market (including access to the existing network of NTT) will be implemented as soon as possible.
Regarding the evaluation of these changes from the viewpoint of the competition, it is noted that if the holding company controls all the activities of its subsidiaries, nothing will change. However, although there is a need for a further review in order to bring about further deregulation of pricing, it is hoped that this legislation goes some distance to promote competition in the telecommunications sector in Japan.
Regarding mobile services, currently NTT has a subsidiary which provides mobile telephone services. A reduction of the shareholding of NTT in this subsidiary is being discussed in Japan.
The UK delegate then updated the Working Group on three developments in Britain. The first is that, because of the level of competition, the retail price cap which previously applied to all BT's services has been offset so that it now only covers prices paid by residential customers - in fact the 80% lowest spending residential customers. In the case of businesses and larger residential customers there is sufficient competition to BT from a large number of operators. Large customers now have a choice, for example, of Mercury, a company called Energis (which uses the national grid infrastructure to lay out to its network), high-capacity broadband operators (particularly operating in the city of London), cable operators, radio fixed access plus a range of indirect-access operators. It was decided that it is no longer appropriate, for these large customers, that BT should remain price-capped.
Another development has been in international facilities. There was previously an international telecommunications duopoly, restricting provision of international services over a company's own facilities, to BT and Mercury. The government announced in July 96 that it was planning to end this duopoly and it has now done so. Today there have been 58 licenses awarded for the provision of international services over facilities which are owned and managed by the licensee. In doing that, the international market for telecommunications in the UK has been liberalised, 12 months ahead of the deadline set for competition in Europe.
Third, the introduction of the Fair Trading Condition in licenses. It had already been incorporated into BT's license and the international facilities licenses that have been introduced. It will now be introduced into other operator's licenses. Basically, it prohibits the licensee from engaging in anticompetitive practices, including abuse of a dominant position, and any concerted practices, where there is an appreciable effect on competition. It works in much the same way as competition law, but will be written directly into the license.
The US delegate reported that the biggest development in the US has been the passage, in February 96, of the new Telecommunications Act. In that Act, Congress determined that changes in the marketplace and new technological innovations have made competition possible in local markets and expressed its preference for competition over regulation in those markets. At the time of the passage of that the Act many long distance and cable companies misjudged how quickly they would be able to get into the local markets. They raised expectations that have not been met. There were hearings last month in Congress on this matter. It is the position of the Justice Department that there is not a need for changes in the law at this time. In fact, this transition from decades of regulated monopolies will take a long time. It will take a long time, for example, to get the interconnection charges precisely right.
The Act foresees three possibilities for local competition. First, the creation of new facilities. This would involve a need for new entrants to interconnect their networks to have calls completed, since the vast majority of the subscribers would at the outset remain on the network of the incumbent and be using its local loops. For the foreseeable future, until we get new technology which allows new competition to enter, this local loop will remain the single means of obtaining access to residential customers. For this reason there is a lot of blustering and litigation relating to access charges. The second means of getting into local competition is through unbundling of existing services that the incumbents are providing. Incumbents are required to unbundle these services and provide them individually so that new entrants can re-package them and provide new packages of services that did not previously exist. The third method of entering the local markets is through resale of the existing facilities.
We foresee that there will be three major steps needed for getting competition in local markets into effect, which are already underway but are not completed. The first is establishing new rules for the transition to competition. The Act requires incumbent local carriers to provide interconnection, unbundle their networks and lease the unbundled elements at cost-based rates, and resell their retail services at wholesale rates. The FCC issued rules for pricing of interconnection, unbundled elements and resale, but these rules were challenged in the courts, and the Eighth Circuit decided that the state Public Utility Commissions had the responsibility for setting these pricing rules to implement the Telecommunications Act, rather than the FCC. The FCC did, however, uphold many of the FCC's rules for local competition in areas other than pricing. The DOJ was disappointed that the court ruled as it did, since the DOJ had supported the basic economic concepts in the FCC's cost rules for efficient pricing. Many states have now come up with similar cost rules on their own, but a significant minority have yet to develop any rules or have acted inconsistently with the FCC's and DOJ's positions. The United States has asked the Supreme Court to consider the Eighth Circuit's decision on the pricing rules.
The second step is ensuring compliance with the rules. Here, one of the critical factors was section 271 of the Act, which is the part of the Act which spells out how the Bells can enter into long distance competition. There is a 14-point checklist that they are required to meet, to show that there is, in fact, local competition existing or the possibility of local competition, to allow them into long distance competition. It the strong belief of the DOJ that they should not be allowed to enter long distance competition until there is a permanent demonstration that local competition is either occurring or can occur, that is, that the local market is fully and irreversibly open to competition. The Justice Department has a critical role in advising the FCC in this area. There have been four applications as of December 1997 by the Bells to enter long-distance markets, in the states of Oklahoma (by SBC), Michigan (by Ameritech), and South Carolina and Louisiana (both by BellSouth). The DOJ has opposed all four applications because the local markets in those states, for a variety of reasons, are not yet fully and irreversibly open to competition and the statutory competitive checklist has not been met; in addition, in Oklahoma the DOJ opposed the application on the ground that the SBC had not met the legal preconditions of having an operational business and residential facilities-based competitor, or the absence of any request for interconnection by such a potential competitor. The FCC has denied the Oklahoma and Michigan applications, on the grounds urged by the DOJ, and has yet to act on South Carolina (due Dec 29, 1997) or Lousiana (due Feb 4, 1998). The Ameritech Michigan application was the closest to complying, and there was the most local competition in that state, although overall it was still quite small even there, with aggregate market shares of competitors only about 2%. Nationwide, there are few states with any residential facilities-based competition (Michigan did have some), and the aggregate market shares of competitors are still small. There are over $100 billion in revenues in local markets in the U.S., but competitors of the Bells and other incumbent carriers have only about $2 billion of those revenues. There are now hundred of interconnection agreements reached between potential competitors and the Bells and other incumbent carriers, and requests for agreements have been made in all states. Significant investments are being made by potential entrants in a number of states, and we expect that, once the Telecommunications Act's requirements are fully complied with, the local market will open up in many areas of the country.
The last step is the continued enforcement of the antitrust laws, after these rules are in place and the incumbents are complying with them. In that connection, the DoJ experience has been with a couple of mergers, one of which was very controversial - the Bell Atlantic and NYNEX merger. This was a merger involving to competitors which were right next to reach other. In fact, the line separating them went through metropolitan New York City. It was believed by many people that these were two companies that would be significant potential competitors. It was the conclusion of the DOJ that because of the number of other potential competitors, including long distance carriers with established brand names and recognition, that were seeking to enter these very lucrative markets, there would be great difficulty in winning a case challenging these mergers. Therefore, the DOJ allowed the merger to proceed. The FCC had greater concerns about the merger but found that these concerns could be addressed by imposing a number of conditions on Bell Atlantic/NYNEX to ensure that they did, in fact, open their local markets to the other potential competitors, so it did not block the merger either.
The Spanish delegate was then invited to make several comments concerning developments in telecommunications in Spain which are summarised as follows. First, Spain will liberalise this sector starting from 1 December 1998. Second, there is a new entrant providing basic telecommunications services. Third, there are two GSM operators. Another licence will be granted next year to operate a DCS-1800 service. Fourth, licenses have been issued for cable communications. Fifth, communication by satellite has already been liberalised and the public service conditions have been removed. Sixth, a new general telecommunications law has been introduced into Parliament to completely adapt the EC Directive into Spanish law, (i.e., non-discriminatory interconnection, transitional numbering standards and so on). Access to the Internet has been entirely liberalised. Data transmission services were liberalised several years ago. Finally, Spain has established an independent regulatory body called the Telecommunications Market Commission.
The Finnish delegate reported that since November 1995, Finnish telecommunications legislation has undergone many changes. The first amendment came into force in August 1996., when the telecommunications Act was revised. Following the revision, the owners of all the telecommunications network are required to provide access to each other. At the same time, Â'needs testingÂ' for operating licenses were abolished. Customer fees were no longer provided for in the telecommunications Act. The potentially restrictive effect of customer fees on competition are now controlled by the general competition law. In mid-1997, the Telecommunications Market Act, which cancelled the previous Act, became effective. It contains some very significant changes. The possibility for telecommunications companies to profitably lease each other's telecommunications connections were improved. The construction of mobile telecommunications networks remains licensed. The construction of other than mobile telecommunications networks only requires a notice to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. Telecommunications companies are under an obligation to separate telecommunication network and service operations. This is in order to improve the control of cross-subsidisation. An unofficial English translation of the current telecommunications legislation is available on the Internet page of the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications.
The delegate went on to say a few words about changes in market structure. The purpose of the revisions to the legislation has been to improve competition conditions in the Finnish markets. Most problematic has been the extending of competition in local telecommunications operations to small customers. Service operators also have had some initial problems, mainly due to the pricing of the network employed by the network operators. The penetration of mobile services in Finland is the highest in the world at around 33%-35%, according to some estimates. Mobile telecommunications services provided by several operators using the GSM 1800 technology will be in general use in the beginning of 1998. New operators (mainly catering for business customers) have entered the market. The market share of the new operators is so far, rather modest, but the resulting competitive pressure is considerable. Several well-known international alliances and foreign operators operate in Finland, including Global One, Unisource and RSL Com. TeleNordia. In addition, Swedish Telia has, at the beginning of October, purchased the entire capital stock of Telivo. Prior to the acquisition, Telia owned 75% of Telivo's shares; the remaining 25% was held by Imatran Voima, the Finnish state-owned energy company.
The Korean delegate then introduced the recent competition developments in the field of telecommunications in Korea. First, since 1996 new entrants to the telecommunications service markets were selected and the Telecommunications Business Act was revised, based on the three major policy directions. Korea has revised the Telecommunications Business Act to include a new licensing system that provides potential entrants opportunities to enter the telecommunications industry once per year. The Act also regulates fees and the scope of activities and has also strengthened the organisation and function of the Korean Communications Commission. The Telecommunications Business Act was also revised to reflect the content of the WTO Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications. The revised Act allows a package of new services, including tele-marketing, call-back services and Internet. Moreover, the revised Act permits entry to the market, if the new entrants satisfy certain conditions. Finally, the Act has raised the limits on foreign shareholdings in Korean enterprises other than the Korean Telecommunications Company to 45% by the year 2001. In June 1996, the selection of the new entrants was distinctive in that it was conducted on a large-scale and that it included for the first time considerable new services such as Personal Communications Services, cordless telephone and radio data communications, etc. Selection of the new entrants in June 1997 was notable for the new entrants in the field of private leased-line communications, trunk radio systems and paging, as well as in local telephony.
The Norwegian delegate reported that Norway has experienced much the same developments in the telecommunications as other European countries. As a member of the EEA, Norway is following the EC directives on competition in telecommunications sector. It has thus introduced competition into all telecommunications services except infrastructure and public switched voice telephony. They are preparing for competition in these areas from 1 January 1998. The Ministry of Transport and Communications has just released for comment the necessary changes in telecommunication law. When the whole market is open to competition, we expect competition on alternative infrastructures including, amongst others, the private networks of the electricity companies.
During the on-going consultations over the changes in the telecommunications law the competition authorities have raised questions about the organisation and supervision of this market. Today the Post and Telecommunications Authority handles both technical and competition issues, in accordance with the Telecommunications Law. At the same time the Norwegian competition authority regulates competition in the sector according to the Competition Act. In other words, both Authorities have responsibilities for the supervision of competition in this sector. There is, for instance, overlapping competence on the issue of access fees and other economic questions. This situation might be confusing for the telecommunications companies and creates a need for considerable co-ordination between the two authorities. The Norwegian competition authority and the Ministry of National Planning and Co-ordination have expressed the opinion that competition issues should be the responsibility of the Competition Authority alone. This will not be the result from day one of the new regime but we will continue this discussion.
Some steps were taken on the first of March this year. At that time the Ministry of Planning and Co-ordination (which is the Ministry in charge of competition policy in Norway) was given responsibility for handling complaints on actions taken by the Post and Telecommunication Authority in matters of competition. Before the first of March this was the responsibility of the Ministry of Transport and Communication. The reason responsibility was transferred was that the Ministry of Transport and Communication is the owner of the incumbent TeleNord. It is likely that TeleNord will be one of the parties in most competition cases and it would be invidious that the owner of the incumbent should take decisions in these cases. There is not much experience with this new arrangement, but the belief is that the Ministry of Planning and Co-ordination will handle these cases in a more competition-minded away than the Ministry of Transport and Communications.
At this point Mexico asked two questions. Mexico is also implementing a process of opening the telecommunications sector to competition. This process covers not only long distance services but also local basic telephony. These questions are particularly for the Australian delegate. In Australia, special regulation on the incumbent company was applied in 1991. Mexico would like to know if, after six years of duopoly, whether this regulation is still necessary to guarantee competition. In what sense has this regulation proved to be efficient? Second, as regards interconnection charges, Mexico would like to know if Australia has applied interconnection charges on a equal basis to all services seeking to interconnect to the local network, or if there is a differentiation of the interconnection tariffs for each different kind of service.
The French delegate then explained the latest developments in the telecommunications sector in France. The opening to competition of the monopoly, already underway, will be complete as from 1 January 1998. In 1996, Parliament adopted a new law on the regulation of telecommunications. This law created an independent administrative authority, the Â'Telecommunications Regulatory AuthorityÂ'. This authority is particularly responsible for regulation of the terms and conditions of interconnection and with resolving any related disputes. In addition, the jurisdiction of the French Competition Authority (the Conseil de la Concurrence) over competition issues in the telecommunications sector was confirmed.
The first agreements relating to the development of alternative network infrastructures have been reached. The public authorities are encouraging the development of several of these competing networks. Finally, in the mobile telephony sector, competition has intensified following the licensing of a third operator. In addition, France Telecom, who before 1990 was an Â'administrationÂ', followed by a Â'public establishment (Â'établissement publiqueÂ'), and finally converted into a limited liability company (a Â'société anonymeÂ') was recently partially privatised.
The Canadian delegate then noted one or two developments in Canada. At the last Working Group discussion of telecommunications Canada gave a presentation on developments up until 1995. At that time Canada referred to a decision of their regulator (the Canadian Radio and Television Communications Commission) which, in 1992, allowed facilities-based competition on long distance communications services. We think that, on balance, that has been a success and that the benefits of long distance competition have provided an impetus for the government to encourage competition and to reduce regulation across the full range of communications services. This transition to competitive markets is being facilitated by reform of the regulatory framework: Rate of return regulation for telecommunications carriers has been eliminated in favour of price caps for monopoly services. There has been a substantial rebalancing of local and long distance telecommunications rates and, in addition, a framework for regulatory forbearance based on competition policy principles has been adopted for telecommunications and the distribution of broadcasting services. Although the transition to fully competitive markets is not yet complete, it is well on its way. Virtually all the sectors of the telecommunications and distribution of broadcasting services are open, or are in the process of being opened to competition.
The delegate continued with one or two developments specific to the telecommunications area. First, in terms of long distance, Canada now has a long distance sector characterised by an open-entry regulatory model based on equal access and a state of competitive entry that includes firms aligned with large U.S. carriers such as Sprint and AT&T, the development of alternative facilities and an active resale markets, substantial price reductions for consumers, significant market share gains by new entrants from the incumbent telephone companies and growth in the overall market with improved customer services. The competition bureau is of the view that the market for long distance services is now sufficiently competitive for the CRTC to consider forbearing from regulation of the services and the rates of incumbent telephone companies. A hearing was recently held by the CRTC at which the competition tribunal argued in this direction. They are awaiting a decision of the commission, sometime in November and December.
In the area of local services, a significant decision was issued 1 May 1997. The CRTC issued a framework for introducing competition into local telecommunication services. The decision encourages the development of facilities-based competition amongst wireless, cable, competitive access providers and telephone companies. This decision contains a number of key elements including number portability and equal access; mandated interconnection of service providers; unbundling of certain essential facilities and some other facilities deemed Â'near facilitiesÂ'; resale, on commercial terms, with no mandated discounts; and finally, a creation of a portable subsidy for residential services and high-cost areas. As the present time, the Commission is in the process of approving tariffs associated with the local competition decision and it is attempting to resolve technical issues, including the number portability question, standards and administration. The target date for completing much of this process is January 1998. Observers expect that initial entry into local telecommunications will occur in business markets and that it will take at least two years, and perhaps longer, for effective facilities-based competition to develop in residential, rural, local markets. However, they have been a number of positive developments. New entrants have installed facilities and registered with the Commission as competitive local exchange carriers. These potential competitors include wireless service providers, cable companies, long distance carriers and grass-roots local exchange entrants.
Replying to Mexico, Australia made the following comments. First, one of the main lessons of 1991-97 was that to let one new entrant into the market and to have a duopoly produced limited effects on competition. There was a tendency for the second entrant to price just a little below the prices of the incumbent and so there wasn't as much competition as would have been liked. From now on, there is unrestricted entry and open competition. On the question of asymmetric regulation, the first thing top note is that there is an access law, designed to have competitive effects. The approach to pricing is based on a long run incremental cost. In general, the aim of the new law is to have a general competition law that is applicable easily and evenly to all players. However, where a player, and especially an incumbent, is found to have market power, there are restrictions on its use of market power, which are very similar to the restrictions you find under any system of regulation of monopolies. There is a law about the abuse of dominance. There are also some price restrictions in monopoly areas. However, the aim is to put these rules into a general competition policy framework. Regarding interconnection, there are differences for different kinds of services. The ACCC has published certain decisions in this area, most of which are on the Internet.
Germany also responded to Mexico's question concerning interconnection prices. First, the delegate noted that a new telecommunications act in Germany was put into effect on 1 January 1997 as was as described in the last report of Germany. There is a movement towards the opening of competition in the field of telecommunications, especially for voice telephony which will start on 1 January 1998. The regulator will be established from that date. At the moment, the tasks of the regulator are carried out by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications. One of the first decisions of the interim regulator will relate to interconnection prices for those companies which want to start with voice telephony on 1 January 1998. Of course, they will have to rely upon the local loop of the incumbent (German Telecom). They already have long distance cables of their own, (as part of the electricity network, or the telecommunications network of the German railway system, both of whom are establishing businesses in the telecommunications market).
The problem is to develop strategies and prices for those newcomers with regard to voice telephony from 1 January 1998. German Telecom insisted upon an average access price of about six or 7 pfennigs per minute. This was an average price which was, in practice, differentiated for distance, for time schedule and so on. This was alleged to be excessively high for the newcomers. They appealed to the regulator who tried to determine what is the proper price. As German Telecom wasn't able to present a reasonable cost accounting system to prove their costs, to demonstrate that the costs are justified, the regulator went back to a concept that has been developed in antitrust procedures, the concept of the comparison market. Here, the regulator took into account the prices of 10 other national companies offering telecommunication services. They took the average of the price of those 10 companies, ending up with the price of 2.8 pfennigs, with necessary differentiation between time and distance - less than half the price claimed by German Telecom. The Cartel Office was asked for an opinion on this price (such consultation is required under the Telecommunications Act to keep a form of unity between the sector-specific and general competition law). The Cartel Office regarded the appropriate price as the average of the cheapest three suppliers of telecommunications services. This produced a price of 1.7 pfennigs, even lower than the price decided by the regulator. There are obviously many ways to come up with a price for interconnection services. This was not a cost-based approach, but a price determined on the basis of international comparisons. The decision was appealed to the courts, but, the decision has application immediately, so new entrants can start operating, although there is a risk that, in a couple of years, the courts will determine that the price should be higher or lower. There is, therefore, a certain amount of insecurity for the newcomers, but this risk is almost inevitable.


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Project:Start launches Refugee Life Upgrade
by Kirsten McKimmey on April 18, 2018 in Press Releases
DALLAS-Project:Start, a refugee resource center supported by Texas Baptists, works to connect refugees in Dallas with the resources they need to find stability. Currently, thousands of refugees live within just a three-mile stretch of the North Dallas neighborhood called Vickery Meadow where over 30 different languages are spoken.
With the decrease in a number of refugees arriving to the United States, Project:Start Refugee Resource Center has a unique opportunity to minister to refugees that have already been in the country for a few years. This new endeavor is called "Refugee Life Upgrade."
Refugee Life Upgrade is a series of workshops and seminars which will address the vast needs and challenges refugees are facing. Beginning in April, workshops led by industry professionals will educate refugees about the next steps in their lives and careers.
"The Refugee Life Upgrade workshops represent an exciting demonstration of the power of collaboration within the Church," said Catrina Dawson, special projects consultant for Unite Greater Dallas. "Many of the local churches involved have been faithfully serving the refugee community in Dallas for years. With the decrease in resettlement, they have recognized the need to help refugees and immigrants to build their best life in our community and are committed to providing the tools to help them do so."
Refugee Life Upgrade will take place at the Gaston Christian Center in Dallas on April 7, April 28, May 26 and June 30. All workshops will be from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. and will include a free lunch.
Topics include insurance, banking and credit scores, getting a job and buying a house and will be presented by some Dallas' best presenters and businesspeople of those respective industries.
"Just because someone has been in the United States for a few years does not mean they have all their issues resolved or questions answered," said Leonid Regheta, director of Project:Start. "On the contrary, families need more advice now more than ever about how to build and upgrade their lives in this new country."
He continued, "Ever since we started our work, refugees have been coming to Project: Start asking about how to improve their lives in the United States. We are hoping to reach hundreds of families through Refugee Life Upgrade series of workshops to help them do just that: improve and upgrade their lives in Texas."
For more information, contact Leonid Regheta, director of Project:Start, at (817)773-1097 or Catrina Dawson, special projects consultant for Unite Greater Dallas, at (561)252-1654.
Read more articles in: Press Releases
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< 2018 >>


Here are some observations from the May 22nd WSLCB Board Caucus.
Board Member Russ Hauge attended a meeting of law enforcement agencies, associations, and task forces organized by the Department of Justice and the US Attorneys for Western and Eastern Washington (transcript, audio).
The meeting did not result in any policy or positional changes by the federal government, but enabled networking and demonstrated cooperation.
The Washington Traffic Safety Commission presented a graph purporting to show cannabis found in the deconstruction of traffic fatalities. Member Hauge recounted how he called out flaws in the reported data.
Board Member Hauge attended the biannual Regulator's Roundtable in Denver (transcript, audio).
The WSLCB's compacts with tribal governments are garnering attention from state regulators as a uniquely successful aspect of Washington's marketplace.
WSLCB Chair Jane Rushford suggested Board Member Ollie Garrett represent the WSLCB Board at the next Regulator's Roundtable.
Board Member Garrett discussed her desire to encourage minority participation in the Washington marketplace (transcript, audio).
Feedback at Board Meetings and the Cannabis Advisory Council is encouraging Member Garrett to investigate setting up a working group.
Chair Rushford stated that enhancing licensee applicant business acumen was outside the scope of the WSLCB's remit, but the Department of Commerce could help.
Chair Rushford and Member Hauge believe the WSLCB needs to better understand and potentially limit production in Washington state before considering opening up licensing again, wherein any kind of equity program would then become applicable.


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As part of the University of San Diego School of Law, CAI's academic program includes courses and clinical training of USD law students in child advocacy.
CAI's academic program consists of two parts. First, the substantive course Child Rights and Remedies, taught in the fall semester, is a survey course which covers a variety of issues of concern to child advocates. Students study principles in dependency and delinquency law, tort issues relevant to children, criminal law, current constitutional issues affecting children's rights, and more. Released in 2019, the Fourth Edition of the course text, Child Rights and Remedies by Robert C. Fellmeth and Jessica K. Heldman, provides a comprehensive examination of how law and policy affect the lives and futures of children.
Second, students who have completed or are taking Child Rights and Remedies are eligible to participate in the Child Advocacy Clinic, a unique program that gives law students experience in representing children and/or working on policy issues vital to children's interests. Child Advocacy Clinic offers three different clinical opportunities:
Dependency Clinic. USD Law students are placed with attorneys from Children's Legal Services of San Diego, where they assist attorneys in the representation of abused and neglected children in Dependency Court proceedings. Alternatively, student may also be placed with attorneys from Dependency Legal Services of San Diego, representing parents, or with the San Diego Office of County Counsel, representing the San Diego child welfare agency. Dependency Clinic students are exposed to a wide variety of experiences, such as interviewing clients and witnesses; presenting evidence during bench trials; preparing briefs and memoranda; participating in settlement conferences; conducting field work with investigators; and making court appearances as necessary and appropriate.
Delinquency/At-Risk YouthClinic. Working under the supervision of attorneys and staff from the San Diego County Public Defender's Juvenile Unit, interns advocate on behalf of delinquent youth in order to ensure the youth receive the appropriate educational, mental health, physical health, and other services they need while they are under the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court. Interns review comprehensive case files of youth to identify areas of need and then advocate on the youth's behalf with regard to issues such as school discipline, special education services, school placement, mental health assessments and services, and health care needs, in order to protect the youth's rights with regard to those matters and to address underlying issues that might be contributing to the youth's delinquency.
Policy Clinic. USD Law students work with CAI professional staff on state and federal legislative or regulatory advocacy, impact litigation, research or public education projects. Past policy projects have included research, analysis, and advocacy on the following issues:
states' implementation of CAPTA's public disclosure requirement regarding cases of abuse or neglect resulting in a child's death or near death
the need to increase foster family home rates to ensure a better supply of well-qualified foster parents
the lack of school nurses and related health care professionals in California schools
CAI-sponsored foster care reform legislation
streamlining the appeals process in dependency court proceedings
requirements for offering reunification services to parents
children's rights in the educational setting
California's child care inspection requirements
children's health insurance, specifically eligibility and enrollment patterns
special education accountability and financing
domestic violence and its impact on children
a proposed parenting curriculum
environmental threats facing children
the integration of services for emotionally disturbed children
the unconstitutionality of a legislative proposal to authorize the public courtroom paddling of juvenile graffiti offenders
the unmet legal needs of children in the courts
the role of substance abuse in dependency court action
USD Law students have the unique opportunity to graduate with a Concentration in Child Rights, which affords them the opportunity to study and collaborate with renowned faculty, practitioners and policymakers who play leadership roles in legal and policy issues at local, state and national levels.
For more information about CAI's academic program, email or call CAI at 619-260-4806.
For information about the USD School of Law, please visit its website or call 619-260-4528.
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