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Letters, March 21, 2013
Matt Adams
Published: 9:39 AM March 21, 2013 Updated: 6:05 PM December 14, 2020
Bedroom tax hits low income earners
SIR - I was working full time with no benefits until I was made redundant at the end of 2012. I was lucky enough to get another job at aged 58 but the hours were less and, therefore, had to claim housing benefit and now get some help with my rent and council tax. This now means I will have to pay this "bedroom tax" or move.
I cannot see how I am going to afford to pay this as I am already living on a low income. I also don't want to leave my home.
If I hadn't been made redundant this would not have affected me. This is just another example of this government's unfair treatment of people who are already struggling to make ends meet. At the same time they are giving the highest earners a reduction in income tax. They defend themselves by saying the people on a low income will also be better off as they won't pay any tax if they earn under £10,000. As they don't pay much tax on their low income I can't see they will be much better off anyway.
This is going to be a nightmare for disabled people also. This tax must be stopped and replaced by something that is fair to everyone. Something that includes those in government doing their fair share to help the economy out of their own pockets. These are the people who can afford it!
MS C MARSHALL
Drakes Drive, St Albans
NIMBYs or not?
SIR – The No Oaklands Housing Action Group (NOHAG) campaigners are now beginning to realise that they are likely to get more houses than they might have if the Strategic Local Plan (SLP) had been accepted; the SLP that they railroaded last November, encouraged initially by Geoff Churchard, who is up for re-election as county councillor in May!
At the very initial stages of NOHAG in October last year when residents "en masse" attended a Sandridge Parish Council meeting they expressed their views against the SLP. I replied that without the plan they were likely to get more than the planned 250 a year. It now seems likely that my prediction will happen but I take no delight in that; I was merely hoping that they would consider their intentions very carefully.
They disregarded the advice of district councillor, Beric Reed, at their public meeting, who amplified what I had said and explained the whole SLP.
We were telling the truth about the situation not playing politics!
What a pity that they ignored us and instead took advice from Geoff Churchard and others, whose activity was simply to garner votes.
NOHAG's original objection was at least based upon a reasoned argument about Green Belt, infrastructure and sustainability, even if one disagreed with the premise.
However, now seeing a threat looming they have descended into NIMBYism and have revealed their true colours and for NOHAG more houses are OK so long as it's not near them.
Suddenly they are not actually a No Oaklands Housing Action Group but a no housing on a "part of Oaklands near me" group
Why not move the building of houses to another bit of Oaklands land? Suddenly they are not against building on the Green Belt but not on Green Belt near me!
Suddenly the green corridor into the city can be compromised but not near me! Suddenly they are not worried about clogged up roads elsewhere but not roads near me! Suddenly building of houses will be sustainable if they are not near me!
The local residents close to their proposed site are not likely to put up any resistance NOT like us!
The children living in their proposed site could get to school in Colney Heath. So they could from the site now proposed.
It is suggested that the cost to taxpayers of the Green Belt review and the housing target reassessment will be at least half a million pounds!
Whilst this is being done, developers will crawl all over us with applications.
Even if they are all turned down by SADC they will go to appeal with all the attendant costs that will bring to us taxpayers.
I strongly support the development of Oaklands College which has added new facilities already, presumably with the money gained from the sale of land in the city. This college will give education and training to many more young people in this area to equip them for life.
I went to the exhibition mounted at the beginning of March by the college and Taylor Woodrow and have sent in a response form, which includes some critical comments, especially in the case of affordable housing, which I felt was too non specific.
Before NOHAG was set up a resident in Sandpit Lane asked me if I supported the SLP. To my yes answer he retorted that he wouldn't vote for me again; He hadn't bought a house in Sandpit Lane opposite a field to have it overlooked by other houses. I called that NIMBYism and he agreed !
Will Geoff Churchard now support the new proposal by NOHAG, in a political colleague's patch? You bet not and if he does he will then be denying all the political reasons the Lib Dems voted in support of a motion which scuppered the SLP.
LYN BOLTON
Sandridge Parish Councillor
SIR – I could not allow your headline of March 14 regarding the proposed housing scheme at Oaklands College to go unchallenged.
Why do you feel it is appropriate to refer to those who are objecting to this scheme as NIMBYs, when in the same edition you offer support to so many other campaign groups who are objecting to unreasonable developments across the county (Luton Airport expansion, the Hatfield incinerator and the rail freight terminal to name just some)? The term NIMBY is generally regarded as a derogatory one, applying to someone who is objecting on unreasonable or selfish grounds and I find it to be insensitive and patronising.
PAUL MOFFATT
Chestnut Drive, St Albans
SIR – I read your newspaper every week, and am astounded at the amount of carping that goes on in your columns. I have never seen so much NIMBYism in one district – if it's not Green Belt or airport expansion it's building a rail exchange depot.
Don't you people know jobs are of the essence? We need them to get out of the financial mess we are in. I lived in Elstree for over 30 years and I am aware of how much jobs are needed. Stop thinking of yourselves NIMBYs – think of the people who need jobs!
C GRAY
Elizabeth Gardens
Stanmore, Middlesex
Inaccuracy in Colts' development bid
SIR – On your correspondence pages in recent weeks, the question of democracy in local council affairs has been was raised by several readers. Alan Bunting (March 7) referred to the Harpenden Town Council planning meeting where a three-person committee was deemed to have voted in favour of Colts FC's proposal to develop a huge area of local farmland into an 11-pitch football ground.
I also attended the meeting and was shocked that the decision was effectively decided by the committee chairman, Cllr Michael Ellis. His vote favouring the proposal was supported only conditionally by the two other councillors entitled to vote at the meeting. A fourth councillor, John Chambers, who was not a voting member on the night, spoke strongly against the 32-acre New Farm development. All these objections and general uneasiness about the proposed planning application were swept aside by Cllr Michael Elis without due discussion. He appeared to be intent on recommending it to St Albans District Council regardless of clear breaches in local planning laws which had been brought to the committee's attention in documents submitted before the meeting and by those who spoke in objection to the proposal at the meeting.
The committee made its decision after listening to presentations by interested parties on both sides of what has become a deeply contentious issue over the future of a large area of countryside. Mr John Davey, echoing the concerns of many of the 730 Harpenden residents who have signed a petition objecting to the New Farm proposals, questioned the "overriding need" for a change of use from agricultural land to playing fields, as required in planning legislation. He also highlighted the unavoidable traffic problems in accessing the site, especially by teams from the West Herts League via the two mile long single-track country lane.
In response, Bob Trevor, chairman of Colts FC, stated that Colts have, "only one or two teams playing in the West Herts League". This statement was heard by the many residents who were present but who had no opportunity challenge it at the meeting.
In fact the real number of Colts teams that play in the West Herts League is nearer to TWENTY, significantly higher than the "one or two" that Mr Trevor claimed. The impact on the tight, country lanes to the west of the new farm site will be to see significantly increased traffic flows on match days leading to dangerous levels of traffic movements for cyclists, joggers, horse riders, walkers and other car users that already make use of the lanes.
This crucial inaccuracy in Mr Trevor's presentation may well have influenced the HTC planning committee's decision to support the Colts proposals, which throws the fairness, indeed the democracy, of the town council decision into even greater doubt.
MR AND MRS T STURGEON
Roundwood Lane, Harpenden
Planning plagued by party politics
SIR – Planning permission for new houses is a matter which arouses strong feelings in St Albans, as building new dwellings here is lucrative and common. But a few months ago the Lib/Lab/Green alliance prevented the district from creating a 'Local Plan', in which the district would have to nominate a small area where development could take place, and as a 'trade off', the rest of the district would be safe from development.
Seventy per cent of councils accross the country have created a local plan, to protect their patch from "free for all" development, but St Albans has not been able too.
The difficulty is, that whenever a designated development site is identified, the Liberal Democrat activists tip toe around houses nearby, express "outrage" at the plan, and promise to vote against the proposals in exchange for votes. So now we don't have a 'plan' and developers can build practically anywhere they like in the district.
A useful financial sideline for councillors is that they can work as 'consultants' for building companies, helping them overcome the 'hurdles' in the way of getting planning permission, they can charge up to £20K per case!
So now councillors and builders from accross the country can work with building companies to target and build on any site in St Albans, because we are one of the few without a Local Plan.
It's now open season on building in St Albans, thanks to the Lib/Lab/Green alliance.
MATTHEW PECK
Hadleigh Court, Harpenden
Pain of disabled parking fees
SIR – Hospital parking charges for disabled people are a tax on ill health.
Disabled people have to attend hospital on a much more regular basis, it also takes them longer to access services.
They are also at a disadvantage not being able to use public transport. I therefore fail to see how the hospital trust maintained this is fair and equality to everyone. It is more like discrimination and victimisation for being disabled.
It should also be noted when the Pathology department is moved from Hemel Hempstead Hospital as is in the process, those who have to attend for blood tests on a regular basis (as I do myself) will have a much longer waiting time to have blood taken, parking will become quiet costly for everyone, who has to attend this department.
With regard to free transport between the three hospitals this was a condition on centralising services.
It is interesting there is "no comment" from our MPs, either Anne Main or Peter Lilley, on this subject.
ANASTASIA INSLEY
Stanton Close, St Albans
SIR – Before the hospital manager brings in charging for disabled parking I would like her to consider the folllowing scenario.
A 70-plus lady patient (still fortunate to able to drive) has driven herself to the hospital for an appointment with Maple Physio – located on the third floor of Runcie wing.
It is an inclement day, raining in buckets and our patient is unable to find a parking space in the first bay and has the same bad luck in the next bay but third time lucky she finds one vacant space at the far end of bay three.
Grasping her walking stick (or perhaps elbow crutches) she batttles some 80 yards or so against the elements and manages with her gnarled rheumaticy fingers to pay for a parking ticket which she then has to return the 80 yards to put on her car windscreen. It is now raining harder than ever and she can't manage to put up her umbrella on her 100-plus yards trek to Outpatients. And once there she still has 200 yards or more to struggle to the lift up to Maple Physio.
I suggest that to inflict such needless and painful experiences on the unfortunate members of our society suffering from disabling illnesses is hardly the care and compassion they should receive from our health service providers.
But if, as appears, the manager is hellbent on exploiting these patients may I suggest that she finds some easier way for them to pay their fees – for example ticket machines which can be accessed from the driver's seat or perhaps even books of pre-paid tickets .
I rest my case.
PHILIP WEBSTER
Townsend Drive
Sainsbury's in the spotlight
SIR – I was appalled to read your telling feature in this week's Herts Advertiser concerning Mark Rolfe at the hands of his employer, Sainsbury's.
Until recently, my family were regular shoppers in the Everard Close store but even if we had continued with our loyal custom, we would have taken it elsewhere purely by virtue of the circumstances as reported in the feature.
Neither my wife nor myself know Mark or his family but as frequent food shoppers over the years, have always found it a hard job to find any young person willing to stick around in any supermarket for a period of time able to give that good old-fashioned customer service that most people used to get routinely and which I used to pride myself on delivering when I worked many years ago under one of St Albans' most successful retailers, Miss Marjory Boarer, former owner of the Milletts chain.
Sadly, Miss Boarer is no longer with us but if she were, and although not one shy of tearing a strip or two off of an errant employee, I am sure she would be appalled as a person known for giving people a chance; preferring to employ square pegs to fit round holes than the norm.
Disabled people or those with long-term health issues already face huge disadvantages in the workplace with the huge influx of eastern European and other migrant workers willing to work for less than the minimum or at the minimum wage as well as employers callously exploiting today's terrible economic circumstances by wielding the threat of the axe over employees' heads if they don't work 10 hours unpaid overtime a week, commit to swap their soul for work or sacrifice family life in favour of the workplace. In short, treating them worse that something found of the bottom of one's shoe.
Fortunately and although it doesn't seem like it now, economic cycles happen to come in waves and when jobs start to peak again as they surely will (if the deluge of Bulgarians and Romanians set to invade our shores next January don't nab them first!), people like Mark Rolfe and all the other genuinely hard working but disaffected employees who find themselves at the end of unfair treatment either by virtue of genuine health circumstances as reported, or because an employer feels they can simply just get away with it, will be able to rise up and swivel a middle finger to their recalcitrant bosses.
It might not cure workplace disaffection or bring a company to its knees but in a world where unions represent an extinct dinosaur of the past, it will sure be an act of catharsis that brings warmth to one's soul. I thank you!
BARRY CASHIN
Green Lane, St Albans
SIR – We as St Albans residents should not be surprised by this branch's attitude: they have a history of poor customer care and above all hubris, as you will be aware following your honest and fair articles over the past few years with regards to my unresolved case (Mr Izzard was handcuffed and falsely accused of shoplifting at this branch of Sainsbury's).
I would advocate patronising somewhere else!
DAVID IZZARD
Holywell Hill, St Albans
SIR – I refer to your article in the Herts Advertiser of March 14, with regard to Sainsbury's and their treatment of a store colleague's levels of sickness absence.
I am myself a colleague at the St Albans store and write with empathy towards Mr Rolfe's issues.
I have mental health issues which I have had since 1993 and still receive daily treatment under the supervision of my GP.
Firstly, I am not suggesting in any way that Sainsbury's are a bad employer, quite the opposite.
However I do feel it necessary to give a view with regard to colleagues with disabilities and long-term health issues and the disciplinary procedures used in dealing with sickness absence which could quite rightly be regarded as Draconian.
Whilst it is reasonable to assume that several short periods of absence would give cause for concern in monitoring absence, I agree with Mr Rolfe in that people with disabilities don't stand a chance in Sainsbury's disciplinaries because if you have a disability you have to manage that, and you also have to manage intervening illness(es) such as hospital surgery, flu, etc.
This then increases your absence count much quicker than a non-disabled person and you are always going to be further along the disciplinary process. It would be far better to treat an absence due to a disability separately when determining action to be taken due to health related absence.
I do not believe that giving disciplinaries to colleagues who have a disability a supportive step in managing absence levels, especially after they have agreed a phased return to work, which I have done in the past and have cut my hours to enable me to manage my health issues more effectively.
I hasten to add that Sainsbury's disciplinary procedures are not exclusive to the St Albans store as I would assume it is corporate policy.
ROBERT GODDEN
Holyrood Crescent, St Albans
Why are we still kept in the dark?
SIR – Emerging from a long and dark winter I have to comment on the impact of street lighting restrictions after midnight.
I have been disconcerted at occasionally walking around streets in designated areas at 12-12.30am – a pretty normal time for getting back home – and indeed driving into darkened streets.
But comments from younger people ring true, that they really feel frightened – particularly girls – not only walking but even in taxis where they feel vulnerable being dropped off in darkness. Many youngsters of course end up returning from London after midnight.
And it is not just security issues – in the pitch black, pavements and potholes can be missed. On one occasion I was caught unawares by a cyclist who had no reflective protection.
I cannot understand why a simple pragmatic answer to this, given the continuing need for economies, is to simply shift the street lighting shutdown to 1am. It would help a lot of people. It would be interesting to know the authorities' response to this compromise suggestion and also to learn of other people's reflections (forgive the pun) on their experience of winter lighting timings.
GRAHAM DUXBURY
Long Buftlers, Harpenden
A last word on pedestrianisation
SIR – I would like to make two comments on the matter of pedestrianisation of Lower High Street in Harpenden.
In your paper of Thursday last, Michael Weaver, district councillor, makes mention of a meeting with local shops and county officials. Michael states that "quite rightly those that had stated their opposition... had to provide genuine evidence of the effect pedestrianisation would have on their business".
Can I ask why? Why did they have to do this? Why is it incumbent on those who live and/or work in the town to have to build a case to oppose a lunatic idea?
Surely it is for those who want to impose a scheme that alters the status quo to prove their case? This is/was a truly daft idea, with no foundation, which nobody wanted, to correct a problem that does not exist.
It is sad (and a little bit frightening) that some councillors are so far out of touch with the thoughts of the majority of local people.
Can I ask when the similar meeting took place with local residents and county officials? How were town residents advised of the date/time and location of this meeting? I assume that this meeting did take place as the views and opinions of the residents are surely worth, at least, as much as anyone else. In fact who else, other than those of us who live and/or work in Harpenden, had a right to a view and why?
VICTOR LOWRY
Amenbury Lane, Harpenden
Health implications of loneliness
SIR – Did you know that loneliness is as bad for our health as smoking 15 cigarettes a day? It is twice as harmful for us as obesity and is associated with increased rates of heart disease and dementia. It also has a destructive impact on our quality of life.
In Hertfordshire, around 18,000 older people will be lonely all or most of the time. Despite this, the public health implications of loneliness and isolation in older age are still to be fully recognised by those allocating resources in our health system in Hertfordshire.
I encourage everyone to learn more about this issue by visiting the website of the Campaign to End Loneliness (www.campaigntoendloneliness.org.uk) and get involved in the Hertfordshire Loneliness Harms Health campaign.
SEEMA KENNEDY
Gainsborough Avenue, St Albans
Collection was breaking the law
SIR – The First Lieutenant of the St Albans Sea Cadets has misinterpreted my letter in the Herts Advertiser.
I was not "offended" at all; the girls he used to obtain funds were offending – they were breaking the law.
St Albans district council issues licences for people to collect for various charities – they do not issue begging licences.
I recall it was a cold winter's day but that seems to be based on whether one is wearing a winter's coat or short-sleeved blouses.
I was concerned about the girls' welfare.
MISS L BARWELL
Old Watling Street, Flamstead
Transparency in planning advice?
SIR – Recently investigative journalism by the national press has discovered that nationally councillors have been working on behalf of developers and other organisations by giving them advice on how best to get through planning procedures. This has been happening throughout the country and members of the three main political parties have been involved.
Apparently the councillors concerned have said that this is perfectly legal so long as they declare an "interest" at council/planning meetings. Some have been paid as much as £20,000 for the advice they have given!
It is surprising that this type of activity is considered to be legal, but it is certainly morally wrong as councillors are elected to look after the interests and wellbeing of their areas and constituents, not feather their own nests.
I do not know whether or not any Herts county or St Albans district councillors have been engaged in this activity but with the county council election due in a few weeks we need to have the situation clarified.
We need to know from every county and district councillor whether or not they have been involved in this activity or intend to be in the future. This information should also be available from candidates who are not sitting councillors.
Councillors are not known for their eagerness to give details of their own activities, so perhaps this newspaper could also investigate the situation.
KEN SHUTTLEWORTH
Reynards Way, Bricket Wood
School places crisis must be tackled
SIR – I write following your article of March 14 which highlighted 15 Harpenden children who have not been able to obtain a place at any of the town's secondary schools. This represents the beginning of a shortfall in secondary school places which is forecast to escalate significantly in the years to come and which requires immediate action by Herts County Council.
In the past five years, there has been a large increase in the number of primary school places required in the Harpenden area. The number has increased by well over 150 children, equivalent to an entire additional secondary school intake. This increase has yet to filter through to the secondary system.
Herts County Council and Harpenden residents need to come to terms with the fact that a new secondary school is urgently needed to support Harpenden, Wheathampstead, Redbourn and other surrounding villages.
Herts County Council has been aware of this shortfall for some years and they therefore need to bring forward their plans to the town for consultation so that a new school can be built to prevent many more children having to be bussed all over the region to distant schools.
The Harpenden Parents Group has campaigned to ensure the right primary schools in town are expanded to meet the growing demand for school places. We are extending our campaign to secondary schools and urge others, especially parents of primary school children, to join our group and to campaign for the council to address the secondary school place issue.
It must be acknowledged by all in Harpenden that this is no small undertaking. The recent intense debate over the Colts development exemplifies the difficulty in bringing forward new development, especially in Green Belt areas.
The current need is most acute in the south of Harpenden and this is where the focus should be.
The council must bring forward a number of options for dealing with the issue and a proper debate in the town must occur since a new school may well require a Green Belt location and this may not be an easy solution for many to accept. However, the children already live in the area and something needs to be done and done soon to address this significant issue.
BEN BARDSLEY
Chairman, Harpenden Parents Group
Overstone Road, Harpenden
Complete confusion at the car park
SIR – Beware all motorists who use the main St Albans Station Way MS Car Park. Last March I paid First Capital Connect and NCP for an annual permit that is valid until March 30, 2013.
But recently I have had four parking contravention notices from the new contractor APCOA, despite having a copy of the valid NCP permit on display. So far APCOA have cancelled the first notice. I am waiting for confirmation they are cancelling the others. Hopefully they will stop issuing new ones.
There seems to be a 'handover' issue between FCC, NCP and APCOA about those motorists who hold a valid permit at the point of changeover of the contract.
The honest motorist who has a contract to park at the station is the one being put to the inconvenience of challenging each notice wrongly served on their vehicle. I wonder how many other residents are suffering a similar fate?
PETER SWINGLER
Flavian Close, St Albans
Fears for Clarence Park's future
SIR – In his letter (Herts Advertiser, March 7) about the proposed changes to the trust deed for the Clarence Park recreation ground, Cllr Chichester-Miles says that he "simply wants to update the deed so that it is fit for purpose in 2013 and beyond." If these changes were no more than a tidying-up, altering the archaic 1894 wording, it is unlikely anybody would mind. Unfortunately, the proposed legal changes are very much wider than that, and the committee of the Civic Society is very concerned about them.
The proposals include:
• "Commercial activities which are ancillary to or support the trust purposes". This looks a very broad definition, which could include any commercial activities the trustees wanted, spreading across the Park.
• "Power to enter into management agreements, special purpose vehicles, joint ventures with third parties." These are sweeping powers, and raise the question as to why they are needed for a public recreation ground. What "joint ventures with third parties" are in mind? Above all, why would one need "special purpose vehicles" (SPV)? You may wonder what an SPV is. It's probably sufficient to say here that the banks thought SPVs were a very good idea (partly to avoid regulation and capital requirements) until it all went wrong, and they were at the heart of the disaster.
• "Power to permit clubs, societies and organisations... to erect buildings and provide equipment." Again, this is very broad, with no restriction on building in the park if the trustees approve.
It is good to hear from Cllr Chichester-Miles that the trustees are "not planning major redevelopment ... or the introduction of new commercial activities". However, this misses an important point. The proposals give sweeping powers to the trustees for the future. We do not know who the trustees will be in five or 10 years time, and we do not know if they will take the same line.
This raises another issue. It seems that the trustees are councillors from whichever political party runs St Albans council at the time.
However, there are many potential conflicts of interest between councillors and trustees, particularly over revenue and expenditure. The trustees have to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries (i.e. St Albans citizens), not the council or a political party.
The Civic Society would like to see the trustees include users of the park and other non-political bodies.
MALCOLM HOLLIDAY
St Albans Civic Society
Another case of history repeating?
SIR – The main message of the UKIP front page advert about the forthcoming County Council elections (March 14) is spot on!
"What happened in Eastleigh two weeks ago could happen in St Albans."
It's great that UKIP recognises the merits of electing hard-working Liberal Democrats with a strong record of service to the community. That's what happened in Eastleigh, and that's what will happen in St Albans on May 2 if local residents take UKIP's advice.
ANTHONY ROWLANDS
Liberal Democrat Councillor for Ashley Ward
St Albans City and District Council
A question of liability
SIR – If a cyclist injures a pedestrian on a "shared" pavement, is St Albans District Council liable?
Perhaps I shouldn't ask.
PN CULLINGFORD
Cunningham Avenue, St Albans
No tat this week thanks!
SIR – Thank you for publishing such an interesting and enjoyable mix of letters this week (Herts Advertiser, March 14). It was so refreshing to read through them and notice that each one did not feel the need to insert vulgar hasty comments about the people or the subject they were talking about.
These certainly weren't 'tat' or uninteresting letters. Better than the re-hashed letters about empty shops, etc.
JOYCE MCRAE (Mrs)
Woodland Drive, St Albans
Grateful thanks for community's help
SIR – While risking sounding a little like an Oscar speech, can I just express my sincere thanks to The Co-op, Simmons Bakeries, Black Iris Flowers and Chestnut Hairdressers, plus kind neighbours and my family for their valued support when I was left without power in sub-zero temperatures for five days recently.
MRS PJ BUCKINGHAM
High Oaks, St Albans


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Debate: International Criminal Court
What are the pros and cons of the ICC? Should the US and other countries join?
The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression, although it cannot currently exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression.
The Court came into being on 1 July 2002 — the date that its founding treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, entered into force — and it can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date. As of November 2008, 108 states are members of the Court; A further 40 countries have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute. However, a number of states, including China, Russia, India and the United States, are critical of the Court and have not joined. The Court can generally exercise jurisdiction only in cases where the accused is a national of a state party, the alleged crime took place on the territory of a state party, or a situation is referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council. The Court is designed to complement existing national judicial systems: it can exercise its jurisdiction only when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute such crimes. Primary responsibility to investigate and punish crimes is therefore left to individual states. This debate asks whether the International Criminal Court is a good idea. The debate received renewed attention in the United States, during the 2008 elections, as president Barack Obama has indicated that he may engage the United States in the ICC.
Based on International Criminal Court
1. What are the pros and cons of the ICC? Should the US and other countries join? |
3. Stability: Is the ICC a valuable tool in ensuring stability? | | | |
4. War crimes: Does the ICC help fight genocide and war crimes? | | | |
5. International law: Does the ICC advance international law? Is this good? | | | |
6. Historical roots: Does the ICC complete the process initiated at Nuremberg? | | | |
7. Checks and balances: Does the ICC have sufficient checks and balances? | | | |
8. Universal jurisdiction: Is this ICC principle legitimate? | | | |
9. Jurisdiction: Does the ICC have the right amount of authority/jurisdiction? | | | |
10. Aggression: Does the ICC have an appropriate definition of "aggression"? | | | |
11. Politicization: Can politicization of ICC prosecutions be avoided? | | | |
12. Servicemen: Does the ICC protect or threaten service men and women abroad? | | | |
13. Leaders: Is the ICC right to subject all leaders to the courts? | | | |
14. Sudan: Has the ICC helped or hurt in Sudan? | | | |
15. America: What are the arguments specific to America? Should it join? | | | |
16. Pro/con sources | | | |
18. References |
19. Motions |
20. In legislation, policy, and the real world |
21. See also on Debatepedia |
23. Books |
Stability: Is the ICC a valuable tool in ensuring stability?
Cooperation in ICC and rule of law is best overall for stability Dennis Kucinich. "The US Administration and the ICC". Common Dreams. 9 Dec. 2004 - "There are many in our United States government who do understand that Peace can only be obtained through international cooperation and adherence by all nations to high principles. We know that, as a matter of the survival of the human race, unilateralism must yield to multilateralism. [...] Each of us has the responsibility and the gift to work within our sphere to construct a world where all may survive and thrive in peace and justice. [...] We must work tirelessly for ratification or accession to the Rome Statute."
ICC can balance need for justice and practical peace "Justice or expediency in Sudan?; The International Criminal Court". The Economist. 19 July 2008 - "Only this week Indonesia and Timor-Leste published a report blaming the Indonesian army for the atrocities committed in the former East Timor. But, to keep the peace, there is no hint of bringing anyone to trial. None of the big shots who oversaw apartheid ever faced serious punishment. Till recently, dictators who ordered thousands of "disappearances" in Latin America's dirty wars were allowed to slip into easeful retirement. Terrorists in Northern Ireland and Palestine have been forgiven their crimes in return for desisting. Such decisions are never easy: just ask the victims. But the hunger for peace will occasionally trump the appetite for justice if forgiveness and amnesty are the only way to end wars or move societies from dictatorship to democracy [...] Where does that leave the high hopes that accompanied the creation of the ICC ten years ago? Still strong, we believe. Examples of justice denied do not mean that this noble enterprise is doomed to fail [...] A court on its own cannot bring either peace or justice."
UN SC can block ICC prosecutions for security reasons Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "The Security Council can block prosecutions indefinitely if needed for reconciliation or peace."
ICC justice offers more lasting peace than ad hoc courts Amnesty International. The International Criminal Court, Fact Sheet - "The ICC ensures that those who commit serious human rights violations are held accountable. Justice helps promote lasting peace, enables victims to rebuild their lives and sends a strong message that perpetrators of serious international crimes will not go unpunished."
ICC needed for new global problems Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "Opponents of the ICC refuse to recognize that in today's interdependent world all major problems are global and require global solutions. Binding international rules have become necessary and are accepted universally to protect the common interest. The prevention of massive crimes against humanity deserves equal protection of universal law."
Case-by-case approach is superior to ICC in crises John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "it is by no means clear that "justice" as defined by the Court and Prosecutor is always consistent with the attainable political resolution of serious political and military disputes. It may be, or it may not be. Human conflict teaches that, much to the dismay of moralists and legal theoreticians, mortal policy makers often must make tradeoffs among inconsistent objectives. This can be a painful and unpleasant realization, confronting us as it does with the irritating facts of human complexity, contradiction, and imperfection [...] Accumulated experience strongly favors a case-by-case approach, politically and legally, rather than the inevitable resort to adjudication. Circumstances differ, and circumstances matter. Atrocities, whether in international wars or in domestic contexts, are by definition uniquely horrible in their own times and places."
ICC may interfere with the work of the UN Security Council John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "Under the UN Charter, the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The ICC's efforts could easily conflict with the Council's work. Indeed, the Statute of Rome substantially minimized the Security Council's role in ICC affairs. While the Security Council may refer matters to the ICC, or order it to refrain from commencing or proceeding with an investigation or prosecution , the Council is precluded from a meaningful role in the ICC's work. In requiring an affirmative Council vote to stop a case, the Statute shifts the balance of authority from the Council to the ICC."
ICC causes tyrants to cling to power to avoid prosecution "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "[Some] argue that the perception of U.S. commitment to the rule of law has little effect on countries where human rights abuses are most rampant. Despots like Cambodia's Pol Pot or Iraq's Saddam Hussein have not weighed possible future legal ramifications before committing massive crimes.98 Under this view, the establishment of the ICC might have the unintended effect of hardening the resolve of ruthless tyrants who may feel they have nothing to gain by giving up their power."
ICC rules of war make war more tolerable and likely Gary T. Dempsey. "Reasonable Doubt: The Case Against the Proposed International Criminal Court". CATO Institute. 16 July 1998 - "there is no evidence that holding war crimes trials reduces the number of threats to international peace and security. If anything, the opposite is true: making war less atrocious makes it more likely. The creation of war crimes courts, he concludes, seems really 'to have been aimed at making lawyers the 'guardians' of a violent society, in which war is all right as long as it is played by rules to which the concerned lawyers can agree."
War crimes: Does the ICC help fight genocide and war crimes?
ICC is the best tool for fighting genocide and war crimes Roger Cohen. "A Court for a New America". New York Times. 3 Dec. 2008 - "After the terrible decade of the 1990s, with its genocides in Bosnia and Rwanda and the loss there of a million lives while the United States and its allies dithered, it is unconscionable that America not stand with the institution that constitutes the most effective legal deterrent to such crimes [...] The International Criminal Court has filed charges against alleged war criminals in Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda and Sudan since it started work in 2002. The first trial, involving a Congolese warlord, Thomas Lubanga, is set to begin in January."
ICC and rule of law help deter war crimes and genocide Amnesty International. The International Criminal Court, Fact Sheet - "[The ICC] will serve as a permanent deterrent to people considering these crimes. In most cases in the last 50 years, international mechanisms to prosecute people accused of these crimes have been set up only after the crimes were committed"
The ICC has proven very effective "Let the child live; International Criminal Court". The Economist. 27 Jan. 2007 - "Aged four-and-a-half, the tribunal is proving a lustier infant than many predicted. Its prosecutors have delved deeply into horrible wars in Congo, Sudan and Uganda. The court's first trial—of Thomas Lubanga, a Congolese warlord, accused of using children as soldiers—is due to start later this year. The first indictments for the mass killings in Sudan's Darfur region are expected next month. Five leaders of Uganda's rebel Lord's Resistance Army have already been indicted. One has since been killed, but the other four face trial when caught. An investigation into atrocities in a fourth, as yet unnamed, country is due to be announced soon."
The ICC is less effective due to US opposition "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "The perceived U.S. willingness to hold U.N. peacekeeping missions hostage to U.S. demands for immunity from the ICC may deepen the rift between the United States and allies that support the ICC. The withholding of military assistance and other economic aid to members of the ICC may also be seen as an effort to coerce countries to refuse to ratify the Rome Statute or to sign an Article 98 agreement, which could appear to some as undermining the ICC and negating the Administration's stated intent to respect the decisions of other countries to join the ICC."
Deterrence theory untenable; ICC will not deter John R. Bolton, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "ICC will not help deter the danger of the ICC may lie in its potential weakness rather than its potential strength. The most basic error is the belief that the ICC will have a substantial deterrent effect against the perpetration of crimes against humanity. Behind their optimistic rhetoric, ICC proponents have not a shred of evidence supporting their deterrence theories. In fact, they fundamentally confuse the appropriate roles of political and economic power, diplomatic efforts, military force, and legal procedures. Recent history is filled with cases where even strong military force or the threat of force failed to deter aggression or gross abuses of human rights. ICC proponents concede as much when they cite cases where the "world community" has failed to pay adequate attention, or failed to intervene in time to prevent genocide or other crimes against humanity. The new Court and Prosecutor, it is said, will now guarantee against similar failures."
ICC is too ineffective to deter war crimes John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "deterrence ultimately depends on perceived effectiveness, and the ICC fails badly on that point. The ICC's authority is far too attenuated to make the slightest bit of difference either to the war criminals or to the outside world. In cases where the West in particular has been unwilling to intervene militarily to prevent crimes against humanity as they were happening, why will a potential perpetrator feel deterred by the mere possibility of future legal action? A weak and distant Court will have no deterrent effect on the hard men like Pol Pot most likely to commit crimes against humanity. Why should anyone imagine that bewigged judges in The Hague will succeed where cold steel has failed? Holding out the prospect of ICC deterrence to the weak and vulnerable amounts to a cruel joke."
ICC is only a tool for protecting interests of powerful states. The ICC like the UN security council will become only a tool for protecting the rights and deeds of a few countries. Genocide in many regions is a problem indeed but the war crimes in Iraq and Afghanistan were never discussed in an international forum. Can this ICC actually check war crime in those countries? Obviously no! How can the US, for instance, join a court that will point out its own crimes? Even before attacking Iraq, the UN was made a tool to attack and not a place to have discussions and to avert war. Since its useless to create such a court in which propaganda, lobbying and influence of power will have the major role, the plan should be abandoned.
International law: Does the ICC advance international law? Is this good?
ICC advances universal rights and international law Kofi Annan, Former U.N. Secretary-General at the signing of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court - "The establishment of the Court is still a gift of hope to future generations, and a giant step forward in the march towards universal human rights and the rule of law."[1]
Crimes under ICC are already prohibited by international law "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "Some ICC supporters have asserted that the crimes covered by the Rome Statute are already prohibited under international law either by treaty or under the concept of "universal jurisdiction" or both; therefore, all nations may assert jurisdiction to try persons for these crimes. The ICC, they argue, would merely be exercising the collective jurisdiction of its members, any of which could independently assert jurisdiction over the accused persons under a theory of 'universal jurisdiction'"
ICC courts uphold individual rights and due process Wes Rist. "The Conservative Case for the International Criminal Court Six Years In". Jurist. 10 Dec. 2008 - "Finally, there are some valid due process concerns relating to the operation of the Rome Statute. While the process provisions of the Rome Statute (Article 67, among others) are not exact copies of US constitutional protections, they hardly create the possibility of an unfair or impartial trial. In fact, the rights spelled out for defendants throughout the entirety of the Rome Statute are some of the strongest criminal defendant protections put in place for any international tribunal and they certainly rise to the level of meeting the judicial guarantees provided for by the Geneva Conventions and international human rights laws such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights."
ICC acts only if nat. courts can't; preserves const. rights Wes Rist. "The Conservative Case for the International Criminal Court Six Years In". Jurist. 10 Dec. 2008 - "Ultimately, should the US government or conservatives in general have any specific concerns about the due process or Constitutional protections (or lack thereof) afforded by the Rome Statute, the solution is simple: conduct an investigation or trial domestically so that there is no reason for the ICC to become involved. In fact, as mentioned previously, a proactive investigation by the US creates a statutory bar to involvement by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor."
ICC acts only if national courts cannot; preserves sovereignty National courts have priority over ICC courts on all matters, including war crimes. Only if they fail can the ICC step in. This means that the ICC hardly impedes on national sovereignty at all, serving, rather, and role of "complementarity".
Without a constitution, ICC cannot adequately protect rights John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "The ICC does not, and cannot, fit into a coherent, international structural "constitutional" design that delineates clearly how laws are made, adjudicated or enforced, subject to popular accountability and structured to protect liberty. There is no such design, nor should there be. Instead, the Court and the Prosecutor are simply "out there" in the international system. Requiring the United States to be bound by this treaty, with its unaccountable Prosecutor and its unchecked judicial power, is clearly inconsistent with American standards of constitutionalism. This is a macro-constitutional issue for us, not simply a narrow, technical point of law."
ICC can second-guess national prosecution terminations/denials "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "Many U.S. opponents of the ICC express concern that the ICC will be able to second-guess a valid determination by U.S. prosecutors to terminate an investigation or decline to prosecute a person. It is not uncommon for unfriendly countries to characterize U.S. foreign policy decisions as 'criminal.' The ICC could provide a forum for such charges."
The ICC lacks democratic accountability to voters John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "Never before has the United States been asked to place any of that power outside the complete control of our national government without our consent [...] In the ICC's central structures, the Court and Prosecutor, these sorts of political checks are either greatly attenuated or entirely absent. They are effectively accountable to no one. The Prosecutor will answer to no superior executive power, elected or unelected. Nor is there any legislature anywhere in sight, elected or unelected, in the Statute of Rome. The Prosecutor is answerable only to the Court, and then only partially, although the Prosecutor may be removed by the Assembly of States Parties."
ICC authority impedes foreign policy flexibility "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "ICC opponents, however, may point out that if individuals are charged for conduct related to carrying out official policy, the difference between asserting jurisdiction over individuals and over the nation itself becomes less clear. After all, it is arguably the policy decision and not the individual conduct that is actually at issue. The threat of prosecution, however, could inhibit the conduct of U.S. officials in implementing U.S. foreign policy. In this way, it is argued, the ICC may be seen to infringe U.S. sovereignty."
Historical roots: Does the ICC complete the process initiated at Nuremberg?
ICC completes historic process starting with Nuremberg Trials Rebecca Roe. "The U.S. should embrace the international justice system". Seattle Times. 20 Sept 2007 - "The ICC, established in 2002, has a distinguished history. The permanent court arose from several temporary or ad hoc courts including Nuremberg (1945-1949), International Criminal Tribunal Yugoslavia (ICTY, 1995 to present), ICT-Rwanda (ongoing in Arusha, Tanzania) and Special Court Sierra Leone (SCSL, 1994-ongoing). The international courts prosecute genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, systematic rape, child soldiering and similar atrocities."
Judge Philippe Kirsch, President of the International Criminal Court. "Applying the Principles of Nuremberg in the ICC". Keynote Address at the Conference "Judgment at Nuremberg" held on the 60th Anniversary of the Nuremberg Judgment. 30 Sept. 2006 - "I have emphasised how the International Criminal Court is the continuation of the Nuremberg trials. It took nearly fifty years for the Nuremberg participants' vision of a permanent successor to their efforts to be established. Now, we have that permanent court. The establishment of the ICC is the natural continuation of the Nuremberg legacy."
ICC is not historically comparable to the Nuremberg tribunal Gary T. Dempsey. "Reasonable Doubt: The Case Against the Proposed International Criminal Court". CATO Institute. 16 July 1998 - "It is common for proponents of the ICC to argue that it will function like a permanent Nuremberg tribunal.2 In fact, the city of Nuremberg, where 21 Nazis stood trial for their role in the deaths of more than 20 million people, is mounting a serious campaign to be the permanent home of the proposed court.3 Yet according to John R. Bolton, former assistant secretary of state for international organization affairs, the Nuremberg comparison does not withstand close inspection: "Whenever the idea of a war crimes tribunal is raised, Nuremberg is the model invariably cited. But an international criminal court [will be] nothing like Nuremberg."4 Consider how the Nuremberg trials actually worked. They followed the unconditional military and political surrender of the Axis powers. Prospective defendants were already in custody, and extensive documentary and physical evidence was readily available. Moreover, the Allies shared a common vision of what the postoccupation government should look like, and the defeated peoples endorsed the legitimacy of the war crimes process. Simply reciting that history shows how different Germany and the Nuremberg tribunal were from contemporary cases, like Bosnia and the Yugoslavia tribunal."
Checks and balances: Does the ICC have sufficient checks and balances?
UN Security Council can check/veto ICC prosecutions Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "Administrative and budgetary controls are clearly defined. Without its own police force, the court must depend upon the Security Council to enforce its decisions. Enforcement can be vetoed by any of the five privileged Permanent Members, including the U.S. Kissinger's reference to the 'unlimited discretion' of the prosecutor is unfounded. Many safeguards are written into the statute. A court that acts arbitrarily or seeks to abuse its limited powers will soon cease to exist."
Potential judicial mistakes don't justify opposing ICC Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "In every democratic society it is unavoidable that some unjustified complaints may be lodged for political or other nefarious purposes. It is also inevitable that some judgments may go awry and some judges may be incompetent or worse. That is no reason to abolish courts or to refuse to accept new courts where needed."
ICC lacks separation of powers and checks and balances John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "The American concept of separation of powers, imperfect though it is, reflects our settled belief that liberty is best protected when the various authorities legitimately exercised by government are, to the maximum extent possible, placed in separate branches. So structuring the national government, the Framers believed, would prevent the excessive accumulation of power in a limited number of hands, thus providing the greatest protection for individual liberty. Continental European constitutional structures do not, by and large, reflect a similar set of beliefs. They do not so thoroughly separate judicial from executive powers, just as their parliamentary systems do not so thoroughly separate executive from legislative powers. That, of course, is entirely Europe's prerogative, and may help to explain why Europeans appear to be more comfortable with the ICC's structure, which closely melds prosecutorial and judicial functions in the European fashion."
ICC prosecutors are given too much power in deciding cases Henry Kissinger. "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction: Risking Judicial Tryanny". Foreign Affairs. Aug. 2001 - "The independent prosecutor of the ICC has the power to issue indictments, subject to review only by a panel of three judges. According to the Rome statute, the Security Council has the right to quash any indictment. But since revoking an indictment is subject to the veto of any permanent Security Council member, and since the prosecutor is unlikely to issue an indictment without the backing of at least one permanent member of the Security Council, he or she has virtually unlimited discretion in practice."
Universal jurisdiction: Is this ICC principle legitimate?
ICC advances principal universal jurisdiction on war crimes Amnesty International. "The Globalization of Justice" - "Universal jurisdiction is the principle that every country has an interest in bringing to justice the perpetrators of the most grave crimes, no matter where the crime was committed, and regardless of the nationality of the perpetrators or their victims. The Pinochet case is the most well-known universal jurisdiction case."
Universal Jurisdiction was never a legal principle Henry Kissinger. "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction: Risking Judicial Tryanny". Foreign Affairs. Aug. 2001 - "The doctrine of universal jurisdiction asserts that some crimes are so heinous that their perpetrators should not escape justice by invoking doctrines of sovereign immunity or the sacrosanct nature of national frontiers [...] The very concept of universal jurisdiction is of recent vintage. [...] It is unlikely that any of the signatories of either the U.N. conventions or the Helsinki Final Act thought it possible that national judges would use them as a basis for extradition requests regarding alleged crimes committed outside their jurisdictions. The drafters almost certainly believed that they were stating general principles, not laws that would be enforced by national courts."
Jurisdiction: Does the ICC have the right amount of authority/jurisdiction?
ICC brings order to a past of ad hoc tribunals Amnesty International. The International Criminal Court, Fact Sheet - "it will have a much wider jurisdiction than existing ad hoc tribunals. For example, the work of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda have been limited to crimes committed in a particular territory, while crimes committed in other territories have not been addressed"
ICC has advanced provision for reparations and non-repetition Amnesty International. The International Criminal Court, Fact Sheet - "the Statute [of the ICC] contains advanced provisions for the protection of victims from retraumatization, and the Court may order a convicted person to provide reparation, in the form of compensation, restitution, rehabilitation, satisfaction, guarantees of non-repetition and any other type of reparation the Court deems appropriate."
ICC will not have retroactive jurisdiction over past war crimes Ian Williams. "Immune from prosecution". Salon. 16 June 2000 - "The ICC won't have retroactive effect, so it will only be able to try future criminals, and only after 60 countries have ratified it."
The ICC has gained widespread acceptance globally.
The ICC's authority is vague and over-reaching John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "As to the former, the ICC's authority is vague and excessively elastic, and the Court's discretion ranges far beyond normal or acceptable judicial responsibilities, giving it broad and unacceptable powers of interpretation that are essentially political and legislative in nature. This is most emphatically not a Court of limited jurisdiction. Crimes can be added subsequently that go beyond those included in the Rome Statute. Parties to the Statute are subject to these subsequently-added crimes only if they affirmatively accept them, but the Statute purports automatically to bind non-parties, such as the United States, to any such new crimes. It is neither reasonable nor fair that these crimes would apply to a greater extent to states that have not agreed to the terms of the Rome Statute than to those that have."
ICC will continually expand jurisdiction over national sovereignty Gary T. Dempsey. "Reasonable Doubt: The Case Against the Proposed International Criminal Court". CATO Institute. 16 July 1998 - "the court threatens to diminish America's sovereignty, produce arbitrary and highly politicized "justice," and grow into a jurisdictional leviathan. Already some supporters of the proposed court want to give it the authority to prosecute drug trafficking as well as such vague offenses as "serious threats to the environment" and "committing outrages on personal dignity." Even if such expansive authority is not given to the ICC initially, the potential for jurisdictional creep is considerable and worrisome."
The ICC is a large and expensive bureaucracy
Aggression: Does the ICC have an appropriate definition of "aggression"?
All UN members can vote on ICC definition of "aggression" "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "ICC supporters may argue that all States Parties will have the opportunity to vote on a definition of aggression after the treaty has been in effect for seven years, which definition must comport with the U.N. Charter, thereby preserving the role of the U.N. Security Council.37 The ICC, under this view, is merely providing a forum for trying persons accused of committing "aggression" under international law."
ICC adopts an unacceptably vague definition of "aggression" John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "Numerous prospective "crimes" were suggested at Rome and commanded wide support from participating nations, such as the crime of "aggression," which was included in the Statute, but not defined. Although frequently easy to identify, "aggression" can at times be something in the eye of the beholder. For example, Israel justifiably feared in Rome that certain actions, such as its initial use of force in the Six Day War, would be perceived as illegitimate preemptive strikes that almost certainly would have provoked proceedings against top Israeli officials."
UN ICC members cannot agree on a definition of "aggression"
Politicization: Can politicization of ICC prosecutions be avoided?
ICC has strong controls for politicization and abuse Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "[Henry Kissinger] accuses the ICTY of allowing 'prosecutorial discretion without accountability' - ignoring all the controls that exist to prevent abuse."
The ICC risks heavy politicization of prosecution Henry Kissinger. "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction: Risking Judicial Tryanny". Foreign Affairs. Aug. 2001 - "Another grave issue is the use in such cases of extradition procedures designed for ordinary criminals. If the Pinochet case becomes a precedent, magistrates anywhere will be in a position to put forward an extradition request without warning to the accused and regardless of the policies the accused's country might already have in place for dealing with the charges. The country from which extradition is requested then faces a seemingly technical legal decision that, in fact, amounts to the exercise of political discretion -- whether to entertain the claim or not."
Servicemen: Does the ICC protect or threaten service men and women abroad?
ICC helps protect captured servicemen abroad Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001 - "Kissinger's misperceptions about current international law lead him to the erroneous conclusion that if the U.S. dos not ratify the ICC treaty Americans will be outside its reach and hence protected from malicious accusations. He fails to notice that without the protective shield of binding international law and institutions to enforce it, the military captive is completely at the mercy of his captors [...] Outstanding American international legal experts, including ten former Presidents of the American Society of International Law and the American Bar Association have, after careful study, concluded that it would be in the best interests of the United States and its military personnel for the United States to accept the proposed ICC as quickly as possible. The same conclusion was reached in 2000 by outstanding professors of the Harvard law School after a careful study by leading military and legal experts assembled by the venerated American Academy of Arts and Sciences."
ICC can try servicemen only if domestic courts do not Wes Rist. "The Conservative Case for the International Criminal Court Six Years In". Jurist. 10 Dec. 2008 - "The possibility that American servicemen and women and political and military leaders could be held up to scrutiny for their actions is not a new one. It has been enshrined in American law from the foundation of the country under the Articles of War and later the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The ICC merely adds the opportunity for the prosecution of individuals who might have escaped the domestic system of justice. If there is enough evidence that the prosecutor for the ICC could even consider an investigation of a US political or military official for the crimes set out in the Rome Statute, then American conservatives should already have been at the forefront of the call for a domestic investigation. Since the principle of complementarity in Article 17 of the Rome Statute prohibits the ICC from initiating an investigation when a domestic judicial system has already addressed the issue, an American investigation into our own "dirty laundry" would prevent any ICC jurisdiction."
ICC puts national servicemen abroad at risk of prosecution President George W. Bush said in the first term of his administration: "The United States cooperates with many other nations to keep the peace, but we will not submit American troops to prosecutors and judges whose jurisdiction we do not accept.… Every person who serves under the American flag will answer to his or her own superiors and to military law, not to the rulings of an unaccountable International Criminal Court."
Article 98 agreements help protect US citizens from ICC John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "As the ICC comes into being, we will address our concerns about the ICC's jurisdictional claims using the remedy laid out for us by the Rome Statute itself and the UN Security Council in the case of the peacekeeping force in the former Yugoslavia. Using Article 98 of the Rome Statute as a basis, we are negotiating bilateral, legally-binding agreements with individual States Parties to protect our citizens from being handed over to the Court. Since the European Union's decision in September to permit its member states to conclude Article 98 agreements with the United States, our negotiators have been engaged in bilateral discussions with several EU countries. In the near future we will also be holding discussions on the issue with several countries in the Middle East and South Asia. Our ultimate goal is to conclude Article 98 agreements with every country in the world, regardless of whether they have signed or ratified the ICC, regardless of whether they intend to in the future. These agreements will allow us the necessary protections in a manner that is legally permissible and consistent with the letter and spirit of the Rome Statute."
US Article 98 does not seek to undermine the ICC "Frequently Asked Questions About the U.S. Government's Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court (ICC)". State Department. 30 July 2003 - "The U.S. Government (USG) proposed agreement undercuts/attacks the ICC.
Our draft agreement is fully consistent with the Rome Statute. Article 98 of the Statute expressly contemplates such agreements.
During the UN Security Council debate on protections for peacekeepers from the ICC, countries that are leading proponents of the court urged us to make use of Article 98 agreements as a means of addressing our concerns about the court."
Leaders: Is the ICC right to subject all leaders to the courts?
ICC targets the worst war criminals, not global leaders David Scheffer. former US Ambassador at Large for War Crimes Issues (1997-2001). "The US and the International Criminal Court Then and Now". Jurist. 16 July 2008 - "In Washington many lost sight of the court's aim to bring to justice political and military leaders who orchestrate massive atrocity crimes against thousands in lawless regions where national justice fails."
The innocent have nothing to fear from the ICC. Countries such as the United States have avoided joining the ICC out of concern for protecting its leaders from prosecution. Yet, the ICC is established only to prosecute the worst war criminals in fairly clear-cut cases. Therefore, unless the US or other countries plan on protecting war criminals in their midst, they have nothing to fear from the ICC.
ICC wrongly allows prosecution of legitimate leaders John R. Bolton. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002 - "We are considering, in the Prosecutor, a powerful and necessary element of executive power, the power of law-enforcement. Never before has the United States been asked to place any of that power outside the complete control of our national government without our consent. Our concern goes beyond the possibility that the Prosecutor will target for indictment the isolated U.S. soldier who violates our own laws and values by allegedly committing a war crime. Our principal concern is for our country's top civilian and military leaders, those responsible for our defense and foreign policy. They are the ones potentially at risk at the hands of the ICC's politically unaccountable Prosecutor, as part of an agenda to restrain American discretion, even when our actions are legitimated by the operation of our own constitutional system."
Opposing ICC is not about protecting guilty, but sovereignty National governments that oppose the ICC, such as the United States, are not attempting to protect guilty nationals, but preserve their national sovereignty to try these individuals.
Sudan: Has the ICC helped or hurt in Sudan?
US opposition to ICC impairs action and justice in Sudan Roger Cohen. "A Court for a New America". New York Times. 3 Dec. 2008 - "it is in Sudan that the incoherence of American policy toward the court has been most evident. The United States is against impunity for the genocidal crimes in Darfur, yet it is not a member of the court seeking to prosecute those responsible [...] The court has issued arrest warrants for a former Sudanese government minister, Ahmad Harun, and for Ali Kushayb, a leader of the government-backed janjaweed militia. In July, it requested an arrest warrant for Omar Hassan al-Bashir, the Sudanese president, on charges of genocide, but judges are still reviewing whether to push ahead with the prosecution [...] When I asked Brooke Anderson, Obama's chief national security spokeswoman, about policy toward the court, I received this e-mail response: 'President-elect Obama strongly supports the I.C.C.'s efforts to investigate and prosecute those responsible for atrocities in Sudan.'"
ICC war crime charges damaged diplomacy in SudanDavid B Jr Rivkin and Lee Casey. "The ICC's Blow to Peace Hopes in Darfur". Wall Street Journal. 23 July 2008 - "Luis Moreno-Ocampo, the prosecutor for the International Criminal Court (ICC), has just made a mistake that will make it harder to help people suffering in Darfur. Last week, he filed charges against Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. [...] There is no doubt that terrible crimes have been committed in Darfur. But the international community has been unwilling to use military force to stop the atrocities, and this indictment takes Darfur's second-best hope for peace -- a diplomatic settlement -- off of the table."
America: What are the arguments specific to America? Should it join?
Joining ICC will renew American leadership in international law Roger Cohen. "A Court for a New America". New York Times. 3 Dec. 2008 - "I can think of no better place for President-elect Barack Obama to start in signaling a changed American approach to the world, and particularly its European allies, than the International Criminal Court."
Opposing ICC sends signal US doesn't care about War Crimes Rebecca Roe. "The U.S. should embrace the international justice system". Seattle Times. 20 Sept 2007: "The absence of U.S. participation in the ICC is an embarrassment. [...] To stand idly by is to suggest the slaughter of thousands of innocent people is not a moral transgression worthy of our time and effort."
The US cannot help reform the ICC unless it joins Without ratifying the Rome Treaty, the US cannot participate in reforming and improving the ICC how the US sees fit, voting on such things as its definition of "aggression".
US double standard in trying only foreigners in ICC Ian Williams. "Immune from prosecution". Salon. 16 June 2000 - "Other nations' delegations are aghast at what many frankly call the hypocrisy of the American position. After all, Congress vociferously wants international trials for prosecutions of Slobodan Milosevic and Saddam Hussein, not to mention Foday Sankoh from Sierra Leone, the leaders of Khmer Rouge from Cambodia and the Hutu genocide instigators from Rwanda -- and if they could get their hands on him, Moammar Gadhafi of Libya would certainly be dragged before the court [...] So committed is the United States to the principle of trials for all that it sent an army to Panama to bring back President Manuel Noriega to put him in the dock in Miami. But there is one major exception to this principle. We can try who we like, but don't anyone try to try one of ours. For the sake of that, the U.S. delegation is prepared to let a whole rogues' gallery run loose."
Double standard in War on Terror and US legal complaints to ICC "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "The current U.S. policy about the use of military tribunals in the war against terrorism could lead to suggestions of a double standard on the part of the United States with respect to procedural safeguards in war crimes trials."
Opposition to ICC impaired US coalition-building for War on Terror Emma Bonino. "International Criminal Court Phobia". World Press Review. Apr. 2002 - "The resistance of the U.S. government to support the creation of an International Criminal Court has placed Washington at odds with 139 signatory nations and added a sharp bone of contention to its attempts at building a cohesive anti-terror coalition."
Bush opposed ICC to protect its actions in War in Iraq Dennis Kucinich. "The US Administration and the ICC". Common Dreams. 9 Dec. 2004 - "The Administration has told the American people that it refuses to participate in the ICC in order to protect our troops from being brought to the Hague. [...] It is more likely that those whose protection the administrators seek wear not the uniform of our nation, but the business suits of top civilian government officials who wrap themselves in the flag and hide behind the troops while insisting upon impunity for the deadly consequences of their own political decisions."
ICC is very unlikely to prosecute US War in Iraq "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "A recent determination by the ICC's Chief Prosecutor seems to demonstrate a reluctance to launch an investigation against the United States based on allegations regarding its conduct in Iraq."
US is most likely to be targeted by ICC "U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court". Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006 - "The ICC's flaws may allow it to be used by some countries to bring trumped-up charges against American citizens, who, due to the prominent role played by the United States in world affairs, may have greater exposure to such charges than citizens of other nations."
US does not believe it is above the law in opposing ICC "Frequently Asked Questions About the U.S. Government's Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court (ICC)". State Department. 30 July 2003 - "Why does the U.S. think its people should be above the law?
The U.S. does not seek to put its people "above the law," rather we want to ensure that our nationals are dealt with by our system of laws and due process.
We as a nation believe in justice and the rule of law, and in accountability for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and have vigorously pursued the highest standards in this regard.
We accept the responsibility to investigate and prosecute our own citizens for such offenses should they occur. Our policy is to encourage states to pursue credible justice within their own institutions, consistent with their responsibilities as sovereign states.
We object, however, to the investigation or prosecution of our citizens by the ICC, whose jurisdiction we have not consented to and which lacks necessary safeguards to ensure against politically motivated investigations and prosecutions."
US believes in international law and prosecuting War Criminals "Frequently Asked Questions About the U.S. Government's Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court (ICC)". State Department. 30 July 2003 - "How can the United States oppose prosecuting war criminals? [...] We do not oppose prosecuting war criminals. We have consistently led the effort to strengthen international justice and accountability."
Pro/con sources
Roger Cohen. "A Court for a New America". New York Times. 3 Dec. 2008
"Let the child live; International Criminal Court". The Economist. 27 Jan. 2007
"Justice or expediency in Sudan?; The International Criminal Court". The Economist. 19 July 2008
Amnesty International articles in support of the International Criminal Court
Amnesty International. The International Criminal Court, Fact Sheet
Wes Rist, Adjunct Professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law. "The Conservative Case for the International Criminal Court Six Years In". Jurist. 10 Dec. 2008
David Scheffer. former US Ambassador at Large for War Crimes Issues (1997-2001). "The US and the International Criminal Court Then and Now". Jurist. 16 July 2008
Benjamin B. Ferencz, J.D. Harvard 1943 and a Former Nuremberg War Crimes Prosecutor. "Response to Henry Kissinger's essay 'The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction'." 2 July 2001
"The International Criminal Court - a historic development in the fight for justice" 4 Oct. 2002
Dennis Kucinich. "The US Administration and the ICC". Common Dreams. 9 Dec. 2004
Human Rights Watch articles in support of the International Criminal Court
Human Rights Watch, FAQ on the International Criminal Court
Philippe Sands and Julian Brookes. "Lawless World". Mother Jones. 19 Dec. 2005
"Citizens for Global Solutions Applauds Senator McCain's Support of the International Criminal Court". Citizens for Global Solutions. 28 Jan 2005
Ian Williams. "Immune from prosecution". Salon. 16 June 2000
Emma Bonino. "International Criminal Court Phobia". The World Traveler. Apr. 2002
Rebecca Roe. "The U.S. should embrace the international justice system". Seattle Times. 20 Sept 2007
Lloyd Axworthy, "The New Diplomacy: The UN, the International Criminal Court, and the Human Security Agenda". Address delivered at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 25 Apr. 1998
The Coalition for an ICC
Crimes of War Project
"Africa; Urged to Support International Criminal Court". Africa News. 7 June 2007
Paul D. Marquardt, "Law Without Borders: The Constitutionality of an International Criminal Court," 33 Colum. J. Trans. L. 74, 76 (1995).
John R. Bolton, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security. "The United States and the International Criminal Court". Remarks to the Federalist Society. 14 Nov. 2002
John R. Bolton, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security. "American Justice and the International Criminal Court". Remarks at the American Enterprise Institute. 3 Nov. 2003
Henry Kissinger. "The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction: Risking Judicial Tryanny". Foreign Affairs. Aug. 2001
"U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court" Congressional Research Service. 29 Aug. 2006
"Frequently Asked Questions About the U.S. Government's Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court (ICC)". State Department. 30 July 2003
Gary T. Dempsey. "Reasonable Doubt: The Case Against the Proposed International Criminal Court". CATO Institute. 16 July 1998
David B Jr Rivkin and Lee Casey. "The ICC's Blow to Peace Hopes in Darfur". Wall Street Journal. 23 July 2008
Brett D. Schaefer. "Overturning Clinton's Midnight Action on the International Criminal Court". Heritage Foundation. 9 Jan 2001
Steven Voigt. "An exposition on the International Criminal Court -- its antagonism to constitutional due process and a just". Renew America. 15 Aug. 2005
Ron Paul. "A Court of No Authority". Texas Straight Talk. 8 Apr. 2002
Statement by Mr. Dilip Lahiri, Additional Secretary (UN). "Explanation of vote on the adoption of the Statute of the International Criminal Court". Embassy of India. 17 July 1998
Professor Alfred P. Rubin. "Dayton, Bosnia and the Limits of Law". National Interest. Winter 1996/97
Jason Ralph (2007). Defending the Society of States. Why America Opposes the International Criminal Court and its Vision of World Society, Oxford University Press. ISBN 10: 019921431X
This House Believes that the US Should Not Support the International Criminal Court
This House Believes that the Creation of the ICC is a Crime
In legislation, policy, and the real world
See also on Debatepedia
Wikipedia: United States and the International Criminal Court
Bob Egelko. "Presidential candidates diverge on U.S. joining war crimes court". San Francisco Chronicle. 2 Jan 2008
"The International Criminal Court at Work: Challenges and Successes in the Fight against Impunity". Conference Report. 21 Sept 2007
Belinda Olivares-Cunanan. "Pros and cons of joining ICC". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 2 Oct. 2008
ICC Resources at the University of Chicago Library
World Tribunal on Iraq
An Introduction to the International Criminal Court : William A. Schabas
For Humanity : Richard J. Goldstone
Crimes of War : Roy Gutman
The International Criminal Court : William Driscoll
Retrieved from "http://dbp.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_International_Criminal_Court"
Categories: Debatabase | International politics | Political systems | International Criminal Court | International law | United Nations | International organizations | International treaties | International | United States | Bush administration

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Cruyff Football Platform
The way of playing
Albert Capellas
Hendrik Johannes Cruijff (Amsterdam, 25 April 1947 – Barcelona, 24 March, 2016), known as Johan Cruyff, was a former Dutch footballer and coach.
He won the Ballon d'Or three times, in 1971, 1973 and 1974 and he was the master of the football philosophy known as Total Football. He is widely regarded as one of the great players in association football. In 1999, Cruyff was voted European Player of the Century.
After his retirement as a player in 1984, Cruyff became highly successful as manager of Ajax and later FC Barcelona. After his retirement from coaching he initiated the Cruyff Foundation, Cruyff Institute, Cruyff Classics, Cruyff Football and Cruyff Library.
You can read about his personal accomplishments, Cruyff as a player and Cruyff as a trainer.
"Football is simple but it is difficult to play simple"
Cruyff Football
Cruyff Football is the official heir and worldwide guardian of Johan Cruyff's football legacy. Johan Cruyff is synonymous to innovation. Always surprising and never dull. Turning disadvantages into advantages. Creating something out of nothing. Using each other's qualities to come out stronger. Matching freedom with responsibility. Giving chances to youth. Helping those in need. And entertaining the fans.
Mission and action
Tecnifutbol Academy is the company that has the rights to offer football services under Cruyff's Football Methodology and with the technological support of Cruyff Football Platform.
Playing football inspired by Johan Cruyff's philosophy.
Copyright © 2020 – Possession Football All Right Reserved
Join our mailing list to receive the latest news, webinars, offers and updates from our team.
In compliance with the current data privacy legislation we inform you as follows regarding the processing of your personal data: Data Controller: Possession Football, S.L. (B67165035). Purpose: Your data are required to solve your questions, and to provide pre-contract information. Legal basis: Your express consent and the execution of pre-contract services. Recipients: Personal data shall not be communicated to any other person or entity, unless to our suppliers, if required by law or by judicial authorities. Your personal data shall not be the object of any cross-border processing of data. Storage: We will keep your personal data as long as they may be required to be in contact with you. Exercise of rights: You may withdraw your consent, as well as exercise the rights of access, rectification, erasure, limitation, object to processing, and portability by sending an email to info@possessionfootball.com, or a letter to the postal address Calle Doctor Ferrán, 14, P.1, Pta. 2, 08440, Cardedeu (Barcelona). You may also file a complaint with the Spanish Data Protection Agency at: www.aepd.es More info in Privacy Policy


A bill to amend the Solid Waste Disposal Act to direct the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to establish a hazardous waste electronic manifest system.
11:21 AM EDT Received in the House.
September 27, 2008 Referred to the Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials.
September 27, 2008 Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.
September 27, 2008 Message on Senate action sent to the House.
September 26, 2008 S.AMDT. 5672: Amendment SA 5672 agreed to in Senate by Unanimous Consent.
September 22, 2008 Committee on Environment and Public Works. Reported by Senator Boxer without amendment. With written report No. 110-478 .
September 22, 2008 Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 1039.
September 22, 2008 Committee on Environment and Public Works. Reported by Senator Boxer without amendment. With written report No. 110-478.
July 31, 2008 Committee on Environment and Public Works. Ordered to be reported without amendment favorably.
June 10, 2008 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Environment and Public Works.


margine gramineo patulos incinctus hiatus.
colligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis.
The word "antrum" (line 3) means ____________.
The word "antrum" comes from "antrum, antri," which means, in this case, a cave.
The word "arcum" in line 6 should be translated __________.
The word "arcum" comes from "arcus, arcus," the word for a bow (as in a bow and arrow). This word could possibly be translated as arch as well, but that does not make much sense due to the context (woods/forest) and the association with the word "duxerat," a word often used to describe the action of drawing the string of a bow.
The word "artem" in line 4 translates as _____________.
The word "artem" comes from "ars, artis," which is the word for a skill or art.
What is the meaning of the word "fons" in line 7?
The word "fons" comes from the word "fons, fontis" and is the word for a fountain.
et se tam celerem cursu miratur in ipso.
The word "comitum" (line 1) comes from the word meaning ____________.
The word comitum comes from the word comes, comitis, which is the word for a companion or associate.
The word "latus" in line 2 means ____________.
The word "latus" comes from "latus, lateris" and means the side/flank of something.
The word "spatium" in line 10 means __________.
The word "spatium," which comes from "spatium, spatii," means space (as in an area or extent of time).
The word "comas" in line 5 means __________.
The word "comas" comes from "coma, comae," which means hair.
The word "velamine" (line 7) comes from the word meaning __________.
The word "velamine" comes from "velamen, velaminis," which means a veil or covering.
tendit et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur.
usque fuit nullosque invenit motibus ignes.
The word "oras" in line 2 translates as ___________.
The word "oras" comes from "ora, orae," which means the shore. Do not confuse this word with the word for mouth, which is "os, oris."
University of North Carolina at Asheville, Bachelor in Arts, Classics. Dalhousie University, Master of Arts, Classics.


text:
package org.apache.camel.component.aws2.msk;

import org.apache.camel.RuntimeCamelException;
import org.apache.camel.spi.Metadata;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriParam;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriParams;
import org.apache.camel.spi.UriPath;
import software.amazon.awssdk.core.Protocol;
import software.amazon.awssdk.services.kafka.KafkaClient;

@UriParams
public class MSK2Configuration implements Cloneable {

    @UriPath(description = "Logical name")
    @Metadata(required = true)
    private String label;
    @UriParam
    private KafkaClient mskClient;
    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String accessKey;
    @UriParam(label = "security", secret = true)
    private String secretKey;
    @UriParam
    @Metadata(required = true)
    private MSK2Operations operation;
    @UriParam(enums = "HTTP,HTTPS", defaultValue = "HTTPS")
    private Protocol proxyProtocol = Protocol.HTTPS;
    @UriParam
    private String proxyHost;
    @UriParam
    private Integer proxyPort;
    @UriParam
    private String region;
    @UriParam(defaultValue = "false")
    private boolean pojoRequest;

    public KafkaClient getMskClient() {
        return mskClient;
    }

    /**
     * To use a existing configured AWS MSK as client
     */
    public void setMskClient(KafkaClient mskClient) {
        this.mskClient = mskClient;
    }

    public String getAccessKey() {
        return accessKey;
    }

    /**
     * Amazon AWS Access Key
     */
    public void setAccessKey(String accessKey) {
        this.accessKey = accessKey;
    }

    public String getSecretKey() {
        return secretKey;
    }

    /**
     * Amazon AWS Secret Key
     */
    public void setSecretKey(String secretKey) {
        this.secretKey = secretKey;
    }

    public MSK2Operations getOperation() {
        return operation;
    }

    /**
     * The operation to perform
     */
    public void setOperation(MSK2Operations operation) {
        this.operation = operation;
    }

    public Protocol getProxyProtocol() {
        return proxyProtocol;
    }

    /**
     * To define a proxy protocol when instantiating the MSK client
     */
    public void setProxyProtocol(Protocol proxyProtocol) {
        this.proxyProtocol = proxyProtocol;
    }

    public String getProxyHost() {
        return proxyHost;
    }

    /**
     * To define a proxy host when instantiating the MSK client
     */
    public void setProxyHost(String proxyHost) {
        this.proxyHost = proxyHost;
    }

    public Integer getProxyPort() {
        return proxyPort;
    }

    /**
     * To define a proxy port when instantiating the MSK client
     */
    public void setProxyPort(Integer proxyPort) {
        this.proxyPort = proxyPort;
    }

    public String getRegion() {
        return region;
    }

    /**
     * The region in which MSK client needs to work. When using this parameter,
     * the configuration will expect the lowercase name of the region (for
     * example ap-east-1) You'll need to use the name Region.EU_WEST_1.id()
     */
    public void setRegion(String region) {
        this.region = region;
    }

    public boolean isPojoRequest() {
        return pojoRequest;
    }

    /**
     * If we want to use a POJO request as body or not
     */
    public void setPojoRequest(boolean pojoRequest) {
        this.pojoRequest = pojoRequest;
    }

    // *************************************************
    //
    // *************************************************

    public MSK2Configuration copy() {
        try {
            return (MSK2Configuration)super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            throw new RuntimeCamelException(e);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A Metrics-Based Approach to Enhance the Software Quality: A Case Study.
An Integrated Approach towards improving Information Flow through the relationship between ERP & ERP-II.
A Conceptual Study on the SaaS Based Delivery Model for Business.
A common platform for understanding stakeholders' needs and desires.
Web Mining - A key to improve business on web.


This instrument comes only with a manufacturers Certificate of Conformity.
Simply pushing a button will give you the option of PAT Test mode: Class I and II, IEC Lead test mode or Power Socket mode.
This instrument comes with a 'manufacturer's certificate of conformity'. It is important to understand that this does NOT constitute a 'calibration certificate'. A certificate of conformity merely states that the equipment has been designed and produced to meet the requirements of its intended application.
Where calibration of an instrument is possible we will offer this as a separately purchasable item and may be selected from the drop-down box above. You will be sent a full traceable calibration certificate produced in our laboratory and applied with your details as required.
The large LCD display shows the test results values as well as a PASS or FAIL indication. This piece of portable appliance testing equipment is battery powered and lightweight to enable quick and efficient portable appliance testing.
ApplianceTest DLPT1 is one of the fastest, most compact PAT Tester available, providing accurate measurements of Earth Bond, Insulation, Leakage and mains outlet condition.
The ApplianceTest DLPT1 portable appliance tester is ideal for all application where comprehensive and regular testing as required.
The unique design of the ApplianceTest DLPT1 incorporates our "Zap" technology which ensures accurate and repeatable measurement where other testers struggle to provide reliable readings.
An inbuilt socket tester allows the user to ensure that the mains supply has been correctly wired.
Available for both Apple iOS and Android, ApplianceTEST Mobile Di-log's new mobile app makes manually recording data quicker and easier when using the ApplianceTEST DLPTx series of PAT Tester. Scan barcodes, tag image, risk assess site, enter results & send via PDF or export data to CSV and with the optional Bluetooth printer, print your labels.
Di-Log Test Equipment offers a comprehensive range of test equipment from a voltage indicator to 18th Edition and Thermal Imaging to portable appliance testing kits. All Di-Log instruments are designed and manufactured to the highest quality specification and you can be assured that all manufacturing processes adhere to internationally recognised standards. Di-Log instruments are accurate, safe and rugged – you won't find a better balance between cost and fitness for purpose.
The PrimeTest 50 manual PAT tester is battery powered and handheld to allow for fast and efficient testing, earthed appliance, double insulated appliance or mains cord test.
The GT400 PAT Tester from Beha-Amprobe is extremely easy to use. Measuring earth ground and insulation resistance, as well as current.
The Seaward PrimeTest 100 official ISS custom Kit. Simple to use PAT tester with actual test readings supplied with everything you need to get PAT testing straight away including a FREE calibration.
Megger PAT120 Hand-held battery operated portable appliance tester. Three models available in the range.
Measures both current and voltage. Meets required standards as both a current and voltage tester. Includes batteries and measuring tips.