The adventurous, twisting and turning, and sometimes tumbling journey called life, one day, leads writer George Hruby, alone in the moment … with Napoleon Bonaparte.
Sometimes, we need to become lost before we can find what we are looking for. Sometimes, we find something … that we were not even looking for. Thus, the day that I found myself alone in the rain with a man named Napoleon Bonaparte. The moment lost in time across nearly two hundred years found us both with each other in this one single moment. A moment where a 45-year-old man, but five-foot-five atop his white horse, would ride away from me to his destiny at a place called Waterloo. How could I have ever imagined such a moment … with such a man … a world icon … a legend … a tragedy.
Somehow, through circumstance, I ended up as this rolling stone …. rolling across the world. Rolling through time and lost civilizations. Somehow, the universe just kept me on this path where I have found myself alone in the moment, under extraordinary coincidences and circumstances, and; suddenly thrust into a single, intimate moment inside their lives. Lives of those that the world only knows through the pages of history books, movies, … and legends. Why it was that my lone path would be made to cross theirs in such a moment, I cannot say. But, the moment when it happens, is a sacred one between you and them … and with your very soul.
Like many living in France, my winters found me in the Alps at the ski resorts. While those with me skied, I however, ….. went walking instead. As I did not ski, I went for the enjoyment of exploring new places and experiences while my friends enjoyed their skiing.
Thus, in this one week, I found myself in a place in southeastern France called Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur. A popular ski resort up in the Alps, I spent several days discovering the old nearby village.
I found myself watching so many people enjoying skiing. The ski lifts. The restaurants and pubs. Sleigh rides. And yet, I could not but help wonder as all these sites and sounds swirled around me, the reason this small medieval village ever found its way here in the first place.
I could not help but wonder of once-upon-a-time, a couple thousand years before, of how the Romans came across these very mountains, along a road that now laid below me on the valley floor below. Somehow, most people have not the slightest clue of such things. Perhaps most people simply are born without a flair for nostalgia? I am not one of those.
Many days here were filled with extreme cold and snow, as well as rain and fog. Clouds that were always moving fast on the winds. Indeed, if the winds broke open a hole in the dark storms that prevailed, you were allowed to see the Alps in the most magnificent and breathtaking views given under the heavens. Where the sun bathed the mountain tops in all of their glory. Where greens and blues, and grays and browns all seem to come together in one beautiful mosaic.
I enjoyed exploring the old village I was in including going in every store, market, and restaurant that was there. Exploring. And of course, seeing and studying the old medieval buildings of the village including its old market square where remnants of it still stood in the snow and rain.
Every day here, I decided to take a different road leading out of the village. Walking out by myself into another adventure, I never knew where I was going or what I would see, experience, or discover.
One day for example, I wandered upward from the village. I hiked for hours on a serpentine road winding up into the mountains. I saw small clusters of houses built upon their older versions, some dating back to medieval times. Soon however, all the houses seemed to disappear. The entire hike found me in total aloneness. No cars came or went on this road. No people were seen or heard from any of the houses along the way. The silence of the white covered forest was broken by the sounds of snow falling off of tree branches, a falling pine cone, the calls of bright blue birds, and running water through crystal clear streams.
At a certain point, I saw a dirt road in the snow and slush, and decided to explore where it went. It was atop of mountain of its own. It went winding through a forest along the edge of the mountain top, revealing a large drop off the edge of the road facing outward. Completely alone, I trudged through the snow, enjoying the evergreens and once-in-a-while, and of course, the brightly colorful birds that seem to keep me company. Some had shades of bright yellow, some of bright blue, and yet others in red. Big pine cones laid all about on the ground.
Suddenly the road opened up to an opening which ended the road with a circular dead-end. And to my left was to my amazement, a small church, a small cross at the top of it, out here in the middle of nowhere. It now sat here in front of me, surrounded by a wall.
I was amazed that a cemetery could be so high up in the Alps. So high above all the villages below. Up here where the dead laid so alone. So away from the living. A part of the forest and the peaks of the Alps.
Alone, I spent time with all of them in this tiny cemetery. Walking in the snow, I visited each and every gravestone, taking in each one's own story. Indeed, some of the gravestones dated back centuries. Back to times when things were much different then. The old were buried here as were the infants, and as were men and women of every age group. Some were married, and some not. But, all ending up right here in this lonely, quiet, peaceful, and tranquil spot on earth. Way up high here in the Alps.
Each day like this was filled with discoveries during this week. As I headed down later this day back to the village, I looked down into the valley below. I decided that my next day of exploring would be going 'down' the mountains, instead of up. I would explore the valley down below.
On this particular day, the rain fell and the cold tried so hard to get through the clothes and jacket I wore. My wool ski cap was pulled down the sides of my head to keep my ears warm. I tried to figure out my way down the mountain from the village to the valley below among a world of white and fast moving clouds that darted through and between the buildings all around.
I was struck by seeing on street-after-street, the signatures of history in this village through stone and wood remnants of its past. Serpentine streets led me pass buildings dating back to the middle-ages, while others from the 1700's and 1800's; and then intermingled with modern homes in a nearby neighborhood. The side of the mountain was indeed checkered with periods of humanity that had crossed this village in the Alps through the strings of time.
The distance between Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur and La Fare-en-Champsaur was not even half-a-mile but the distance from my ski-lodge was over four miles. Taking my time however, I managed to eventually work my way down to the valley below.
I suddenly found myself standing in the middle of a bridge looking down upon the Le Drac River. With heavy snow along its banks, it flowed fast. In the rain, my plastic rain hood from my jacket was now pulled tightly over my head. I took in the majestic beauty of the Alps now on both sides of me. Even with dark gray, fast moving clouds, rain, and patches of fog, what I could see was so incredibly beautiful and breath-taking.
Getting across the bridge, I was suddenly on the other side of the river, in La Fare-en-Champsaur. The small one-street town laid to my right but I decided to walk straight up a street leading into where some of the residents of the town lived. One house had a backyard with lots of animals including a cow. Several cages contained various fowl including one with a huge rooster. It was multicolored and a giant. It was a breed of chicken I had never seen anywhere else in the world. I was amazed.
When I had seen enough of the neighborhood, I slowly wandered back down to the two lane highway called Highway-85 leading into La Fare-en-Champsaur. I decided to go walk into town and explore what stores they may have had open. It was lunch time.
I found that the highway was quiet with hardly a car going by. No people were outside at all in the rain and cold. They were all in the small town's one opened restaurant that had swirls of steam and smoke coming from chimneys and vents atop its roof. Not one store did I find open. So 'French' to be closed for business at lunch time, I thought. I had seen enough.
I started walking back towards the bridge when I suddenly saw in front of me, alongside this highway, a tall, thin monument. It was on the same side of the road as the river. On its top was an eagle and in the middle, the effigy of a man and a few words written below in French. I slowly read it. It was so cold. The rain dripped off of my face as I read. Once or twice, I used my hand to wipe the water away from my eyes just so I could see, to read the words.
It was at this moment that my breath got taken away. When I was done reading, I looked down at my watch. Then I looked back up at the plaque.
And so, on this very day, at almost this same very hour, Napoleon Bonaparte stopped his horse exactly where I was at. It was a cold, snowing, and rainy day on and off that March 6th in 1815. Exactly as it was this very day for me. This man atop his white horse was now accompanied by nearly 1000 men. They were on a forced march to nearby Grenoble. There, they expected battle with French forces garrisoned there. It was here that the man upon his white horse decided to give his men a rest.
Trying to muster some food and warmth for his men, he would spend the day here just as I was.
Legend said that his oldest Grenidier named Gentillon, who came from this village was allowed by Napoleon to go in advance of the column so that he could meet with his peasant father and kiss him before he continued on north.
It was also said that during this day, Napoleon ventured across the river and up to the same village from where I had come. It was said that he entered the market just as it was closing. That although the mayor did not like him, the men in the village loved Napoleon and offered to ring the bell in order to help recruit more men to come fight for him.
That night, Napoleon stayed in a small lodge located up above La Farie-en-Champsaur before moving on the next morning.
I stood there in the rain along Highway-85, in front of that monument. I looked at the inn across the street thinking of the one that was there in 1815. I thought of this one street town that day so long ago. The villagers crowding around Napoleon. The column of hundreds of men marking through. Officers upon their horses. Equipment being pulled along in wagons and carts. The snow, the rain, the cold, and the fog and fast-moving clouds that seem to speed through the air.
I thought of the timeless Le Drac River that had witnessed the Romans ride by and now was witness to Napoleon on this day in 1815. I thought of what was still here …. and what was no longer. How rivers and stone prevail while humans are but spirits upon the winds of time. We are all ghosts.
I stood there and imagined this 45-year-old man upon his horse that day exactly where I was standing. If only he could have seen his future. If only he could have known this day what lay in wait for him. This man who in his early twenties, as a young military officer in the French Army, amazed all. He was a Brigadier-General by the age of twenty-four. He had fought wars his entire life. It was all that he had ever known. He became Emperor of France by 1804.
He would be at the walls of Grenoble by the next day. Instead of a battle with French soldiers there, Grenoble's 5th Regiment gladly joined Napoleon's march to Paris to take back the throne as its Emperor.
And, although burned down later in history in 1871, he would arrive at the Tuileries Palace in Paris by March 20th , 1815. The palace had once stood across the street from where the glass pyramid entrance to the Louvre now stands.
As Napoleon Bonaparte rode away from where I was standing, this same day in March of 1815, he would ride into world history and infamy just months later at the Battle of Waterloo on Sunday, June 18th with over 200,000 men. He had no idea what was coming his way on this one day …… March 6th of 1815.
As he rode out of this small one street town that day, just months later, after the Battle of Waterloo, he would be forced to abdicate his throne. He would then be exiled again. This time, to the island of St. Helena where he would spend the rest of his life until his death in May of 1821 at the age of 51.
While many people may go looking for Napoleon in such places as museums, palaces, and military academies, …. for me, this is where I found him in his truest form. And for me, in a most intimate setting. Where it was just him and I on March 6th, in the rain, snow, and cold of La Fare-en-Champsaur.
I walked away in the rain that day, reminded that we are all but …. fragments of time.


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Cramer: These 10 Sectors Make Up for Letdown in Autos, Retail
Changes in economy have shored up weak areas.
Jul 05, 2017 | 03:18 PM EDT
Stocks quotes in this article: ORLY, AAP, AZO, LOW, HD, UNH, ANTM, HUM, CNC, LMT, NOC, GD, BA, UTX, HON, AMZN, WFM, FDX, UPS
Sometimes you have to wonder how the heck this market can stay up at these elevated levels when two of the most important sectors, autos and retail, just can't get out of their own way. Today's no different.
It makes sense to be concerned. We are a service economy with much of it revolving around what we purchase. Today's another reminder as we see whole portions of the auto sector get smashed and the retailers again on the ropes.
The papers are filled with the dramatic decline in auto sales year over year. That's historically been a terrible auguring of things to come. Then today we got the complete collapse of the auto parts retailers led by O'Reilly Automotive (ORLY) , a very reliable company, where management had been expecting 3% to 5% growth in same-store sales but instead they will only be up about 1.7%. That's a gigantic miss, one that caused the company to pre-announce weak earnings and drove the stock down almost 20%, an extreme move, and no doubt a chilling overreaction. But that's how this market has reacted to any retail weakness. We got a real domino effect with the stock of Advance Auto Parts (AAP) plummeting more than 11% and AutoZone (AZO) falling about 9%. That's incredibly strong stuff and, when taken with the slower sales, tends to indicate that the consumer's not spending on cars, period. O'Reilly tried to pin the weakness on weather, but it's obvious there's been some sort of structural challenge to this industry that has led to dramatic declines in what was a very steady group for years and years.
These declines were so ferocious that they rolled over to the aisles of Home Depot (HD) and Lowe's (LOW) , as they are considered to have an auto component. And, speaking of dominos, retail weakness in those stocks quickly spread through the contagion of retail ETFs and again the entire group got clobbered.
For the longest time, this kind of concentrated selling could bring the entire market down, given how linked auto and retail sales are to the entire business of America.
But it hasn't been the case this time around.
Because there have been some fundamental changes in the U.S. economy that have allowed the market to blossom without the traditional spurs of retail sales and autos.
To be specific, I see 10 sectors that are responsible for much of the recent advance, and it's worth it to go over them to explain why this market's looking past what has normally been its own Achilles heel.
The 10? Healthcare, travel and leisure, capital goods, oil and gas derivatives, stay-at-home generation, defense, aerospace, housing, banks and e-commerce.
How do I know these? I spend a huge amount of time analyzing the 52-week-high list, and stocks from these sectors either routinely dominate them or have been showing up a great deal of late, making me more sanguine than I would normally be and allowing me not to overlook the auto and retail weakness but put it in a more positive light.
First, there's a major change occurring in how individuals spend their time and money. We have all no doubt gotten sick of the term "experiential" as a reason why people do things, but we can't roll our eyes on such an important trend. There's a sense, particularly among the younger generation, that they don't have much of a yen for material goods. Instead, they want to see and do things. Some of this is no doubt a part of the selfie generation. Basically, they want to take pictures of themselves and post them on Facebook or Instagram. Some of it is from baby boomers who truly feel they have everything they need and want to see the world. Whatever, travel and leisure stocks, everything from hotels and time shares to airlines and cruises, live on the new-high list and with good reason: They all seem to have endless runs of better-than-expected earnings and these industries employ a huge number of people.
We always fret about runaway healthcare bills. They are a fact of life and we all accept that our healthcare system is brutally inefficient. Nevertheless, the medical device, insurance, hospitals, medical records, biotech and prescription drug businesses just keep going great guns. The stalling of the healthcare reform efforts in Congress has just made it even better for the likes of the United Healths (UNH) and the Anthems (ANTM) and the Humanas (HUM) and Centenes (CNC) . They are the huge winners, the Trump trade for 2017 for certain.
We've gotten a surge in capital-goods companies' earnings and I think that's directly related to improving business worldwide. Many of our cap-goods companies realized years ago that they had to diversify away from a slowing United States, and they spread their wings to Europe and Asia and all sorts of emerging markets. It turned out to be a poorly timed diversification strategy -- until, that is, this year. With the rest of the world in recovery mode, heavy-equipment makers are experiencing a nirvana moment.
We know the oil and gas industry is in the dumps. But the companies that use our newfound natural resources, mainly the plastics companies, are experiencing an amazing renaissance. With the cheapest feed stock in the world, the chemical companies that make plastics are seemingly unstoppable.
The consumer's staying at home more than ever. That's because home entertainment has never been better. Whether it be Netflix or video games, or any other diversions that make television only a small part of the menu, it draws people away from going out to retailers and, instead, watching and eating at home.
The world's a more dangerous place and we are doing less to help others in danger than ever before, except, of course, selling them weapons. Our allies plus our own defense budget make for solid earnings prospects from the Lockheeds (LMT) and Northrops (NOC) and General Dynamics (GD) of the world. North Korea's a factor, too.
Closely linked to the defense bull market is that of aerospace, as they often overlap. There's a tremendous order book for all the aerospace companies, something Boeing's (BA) endlessly crowing about, and that's been fantastic for the likes of United Tech (UTX) and Honeywell (HON) and a bunch of smaller suppliers. The orders seem to be accelerating, hence the rapid advance in stock prices.
Housing is an industry that punches above its weight. It accounts for only about 10% of consumer spending, but the demand for housing is off the charts vs. the supply, hence why the overall housing start numbers aren't that strong but the homebuilders endlessly hit the 52-week-high list. That's the same for the businesses that sell into home improvement retailers, even if it doesn't extend to the retailers themselves.
The reason they don't extend? The power of e-commerce, meaning Amazon (AMZN) . With the addition of Whole Foods (WFM) to the fold, Amazon has become almost its own separate category. But there are whole complexes of companies and businesses that are involved in getting product to you, everything from last-mile provider XPO Logistics XPO, to all of the data farm and distribution-center REITs to FedEx (FDX) and UPS (UPS) . It's not all zero sum.
Finally, there is a new addition to the list: the banks. A combination of a commitment by the Fed to raising rates despite low inflation -- something that I thought was affirmed by the Fed minutes released today -- and new rules that allow more capital to be returned to shareholders has created a kind of instant bull market in the group. That's always good for business.
So, it's true, autos and traditional retail may be weak. But these 10 sectors can justify an awful lot of strength, certainly enough to make it possible for the stock market to plow higher even without the usual suspects helping to do the powering.
Action Alerts PLUS, which Cramer co-manages as a charitable trust, has no positions in the stocks mentioned.
TAGS: Investing | U.S. Equity | Transportation | Consumer Discretionary | Financial Services | Healthcare | Energy | Entertainment | Markets | E-Commerce | Stocks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jewish Theological Seminary, The
Judaic Studies - Doctorate
The Graduate School of JTS is boasts the largest, most comprehensive graduate programs of advanced Judaica in the Western Hemisphere with world-renowned faculty and extensive research facilities including the leading library of North America. Jewish Stu
Area, Ethnic & Cultural Studies
The Graduate School of JTS is boasts the largest, most comprehensive graduate programs of advanced Judaica in the Western Hemisphere with world-renowned faculty and extensive research facilities including the leading library of North America. Jewish Studies at JTS will provide you the opportunity to engage with Jewish texts, broadly defined, in their original languages and deepen your knowledge of the larger context that informs the Jewish experience. The Graduate School offers specializations in: Ancient Judaism, Bible and Ancient Semitic Languages, Interdisciplinary Studies, Jewish Art and Visual Culture, Jewish History, Jewish Literature, Jewish Thought, Jewish Gender and Women's Studies, Liturgy, Medieval Jewish Studies, Midrash and Scriptural Interpretation, Modern Jewish Studies, Social Work and Jewish Professional Leadership, and Talmud and Rabbinics.
Additional Program Information
Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools


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>> the pte-lp-encodings in an array per base page size.
>> to enable THP on ppc64.
> make it "large page" in the comment for them.
> MPSS.  We will need to return multiple entries in that case.
I did that as a the follow up patch.
> not the base page size.
Yes, that 9 should be LP_BITs.
> the correct actual page size.
> me like it needs fixing).
But that will also need fixing as you suggested above.
>> -			DBG(" %d: shift=%02x, sllp=%04lx, avpnm=%08lx, "
>> +				DBG(" %d: shift=%02x, sllp=%04lx, "
> invalid actual page sizes to -1.


text:
Eric McCandless/Walt Disney Television/Getty Images
Alex Trebek is the true #JeopardyGOAT
Last night around 7pm, I found myself channel surfing. Not scrolling through Netflix. Channel surfing, through the 20-or-so local stations my parents get at their house in the Midwest, where I'm visiting.
It's a familiar and soothing routine. It takes me back to my high school days, when we still got a weekly TV guide delivered with the Sunday newspaper. I mentioned those paper TV guides to my mom, while Googling the local station lineup on my phone… How long had it been since they'd been around the house? Somewhere between a decade and two?
Back to the channel surfing. My mom commandeered the remote and briefly paused on ABC. Jeopardy! was just starting. Yes. Cozy. Perfect.
Then she moved on to local news coverage of Iran bombing US military bases in Iraq. Trump was talking, and it was the opposite of cozy. I plead with my mom to please go back to Jeopardy! There's too much Trump in the world right now. We needed Alex Trebek.
She flipped back to ABC. On TV, Trebek was introducing the three all-star contestants vying for the title of "Greatest of All Time." The primetime tournament is a matchup of the three biggest winners in Jeopardy! history: Ken Jennings, whose 74-game winning streak in 2004 has never been beat; James Holzauer, who holds the record for highest payday in a single game ($131,127); and Brad Rutter, who's earned the most money playing Jeopardy! overall — $4 million total. Whoever wins three double-headers first takes home the title. To my amusement, the hashtag #JeopardyGOAT flashed onscreen from time to time.
The nerdy male whiteness on TV was nearly blinding. But the first round whizzed by, and the dudes didn't miss a single clue. Jennings and Holzauer were neck and neck from the start, and a whole hour of Jeopardy! flew by like I'd been watching Succession. In the end, the 2004 longtime champ squeaked past the 2019 betting whiz. Jennings won the first night with a combined total of $63,400, just $200 ahead of Holzauer's $63,200. Poor Rutter bet everything he had on the second Final Jeopardy and got it wrong, leaving him with a meager $10,400 from his first game in the end.
Somewhere along the way, I started to wonder whether #JeopardyGOAT was a sneaky way to give Trebek a grand sendoff, without making a big thing of it. All the contestants wore purple ribbons, in support of pancreatic cancer research and the host's recent health struggle. Trebek shared he was diagnosed with stage four of the disease in a video last March. In it, he joked he had no choice but to beat pancreatic cancer, "because under the terms of my contract, I have to host Jeopardy! for three more years."
Jeopardy! on YouTube
Trebek kept taping Jeopardy! all spring while undergoing chemotherapy, including during Holzauer's winning streak. In an interview with CBS Sunday Morning in May, he described summoning the strength to keep working, even when crippling stomach pain left him writhing on the floor of his dressing room between tapings.
In early summer, Trebek's prognosis was looking good. The chemo seemed to have worked. But follow-up immunotherapy did "diddly squat," Trebek said, and he learned he'd need another round of treatment in the fall. He still returned to work hosting Jeopardy! in late August.
In early October, Trebek did an interview with Canadian network CTV News and reflected on his mortality. "I'm not afraid of dying," he said. "I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life […] if it happens, why should I be afraid of that?"
Just before the new year, Trebek sat down with ABC News and opened up further: "I have learned something in the past year and it's this: We don't know when we're going to die," he said. "Because of the cancer diagnosis, it's no longer an open-ended life, it's a closed-ended life because of the terrible [...] survival rates of pancreatic cancer."
Pancreatic cancer is truly vicious. Only 9% of patients diagnosed with stage four, like Trebek, live another five years. The disease killed my great-uncle in about a week a decade ago. It also claimed the life of my great-aunt in a month a few years ago. They were two of the most energetic, vivacious people I'd ever known — a lot like Trebek.
The Jeopardy! host also spoke with ABC News about his inevitable exit from the show. Trebek said he'd stay on "as long as my skills have not diminished," but acknowledged the process had already begun. He was cagey about when his last day would be, but said he already knows what he'll say when the time comes.
"It'll be a significant moment for me," he said. "But I've kind of, in my mind, rehearsed it already, and what I would do on that day is tell the director, 'Time the show down to leave me 30 seconds at the end. That's all I want.' And I will say my goodbyes and I will tell people, 'Don't ask me who's going to replace me because I have no say whatsoever. But I'm sure that if you give them the same love and attention and respect that you have shown me...then they will be a success and the show will continue being a success. And until we meet again, God bless you and goodbye." I'm not crying, you're crying.
Trebek's cancer battle isn't particularly unique. But the pain and discomfort of watching him approach death is certainly amplified by the fact that he's a beloved TV personality. Trebek's voice and visage is beamed into homes every night, and for a lot of people, he's a beloved teacher figure — sort of like the Rupert Giles of Jeopardy! — nudging his contestants towards brilliance and gently chastising them when they get it wrong.
The battle to be named "Greatest of All Time" will wage on for the rest of this week, perhaps into next. Trebek might announce his retirement at the end of it. The network certainly wanted to sneak in a last big tournament before the beloved host does decide to leave. But in my book, the title has already been won. The #JeopardyGOAT couldn't possibly be anyone other than Alex Trebek.


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TMC backs hotel bookings surge in 2013
More good news for the hotel sector this morning as Carlson Wagonlit Travel UK reported solid bookings in 2013.
Yesterday we reported UK hotel bookings and occupancy levels had exceeded expectations of analysts at accountancy firm PricewaterhouseCoopers.
CWT today told Buying Business Travel its hotel figures revealed a similar picture for the first quarter, but that bookings in Q2 and Q3 picked up more pace.
Nigel Turner, director of programme management and business development at Carlson Wagonlit Travel, said by the final quarter bookings were up by as much as 10% year on year.
"Hotel bookings bounced back from a slow start in the first quarter to a healthy mid-year with strong final quarter bookings," he said.
"This displayed real confidence from organisations as business travellers were back out on the road.
Turner said in 2014 he expected to see the use of review sites to continue growing among business travellers.
"They will continue to socialise their experiences as much as when travelling for leisure.
"Also blurring the lines between leisure and business is the trend for hotels to change their offering to meet the needs of the new business traveller – room service is out, and open plan lobbies where you can work and meet with colleagues, have breakfast, a drink or get a snack will become even more popular," he said.
London, Edinburgh and Manchester were consistently the most popular UK destinations for business travellers 2013.


We'll cover the materials of a quality running track in this blog.
Let's take a look at what comprises each of these layers.
The running track's sub-base is the layer is the compacted dirt/soil and the crushed rock base.
The sub-base is the foundation for everything that is built on top of it so a properly designed and installed base is very important in determining the life span of the all-weather surface regardless if it is asphalt or concrete.
It is very important that the base is the proper depth for the soils on site and that it gets compacted to industry standards. This will insure that the asphalt or concrete surface placed on top will hold up for a long time. This will prevent premature cracking as well.
When you see a 20 plus year old track with no cracks in the asphalt or concrete surface you know the base was installed to industry standards.
The most common surface used for the running track oval is asphalt. The oval can be built using inner and outer concrete curbs, and slot drains can be incorporated along the inside edge for drainage.
The high jump aprons and runways for the pole vault and long and triple jumps events are built using asphalt and or concrete. Concrete tends to hold up better for these events.
Black Base Mat: This system is comprised of mixing 1-3mm rubber granules with a poly binder and paving it in place on the track at ½"/13mm depth. This is the entry level track surface. A Base Mat is permeable which allows water to pass through the mat. This is an entry level High School system.
Poly Structural Spray: The Base Mat System mentioned above should have a Structural Spray applied on top as the wear course to protect the Base Mat from wear, spike damage and to add UV protection from the sun to keep the Base Mat from getting hard from being exposed to the elements. A Structural Spray consist of mixing pigmented binder with .5-1.5 EPDM rubber granules and then is spray applied to the Bae Mat or as a maintenance coating to an older Base Mat or Base Mat Structural Spray. Many track companies do not propose or install this to the Base Mat during the initial installation to keep the costs down. A Base Mat should at the very latest have a Structural Spray added with in the first five years of its life to keep the base mat from getting hard and cupped out in the lanes from spike damage. A Structural Spray is also permeable. A Structural Spray is used as a maintenance coating to tracks when they need to be refurbished.
Base Mat Structural Spray (Impermeable): This system does not allow water to penetrate through the system. It is comprised of the Base Mat which is then sealed with a squeegee applied two component Poly Pore Sealer material that when cured makes the base mat 100% water proof or impermeable so no water can pass through the mat. The system is then covered with two coats of Poly Structural Spray. This system is impermeable and has a finished depth of ½"/13mm. This is a High School and small College system.
Sandwich System: This system is an impermeable system comprised of a paved in place Poly Base Mat and then it is sealed with a two component Poly Pore Sealer to completely seal the base mat. The finished top coat is called a Flood and Chip and is comprised of squeegeeing out a two part poly binder. As the binder is being applied 1-3mm EPDM rubber granules are then broadcast into the wet two component poly binder. After the cost is cured the excess rubber is swept up and recycled. This system can also get sealed and varnished for longer wear and UV protection. This is both a high end high school and college level track system.
Full Pour: This system is usually installed at the college and division one university level but can be found at some high schools as well. This system can come in several different formulations but generally consists of two or three coats of two component urethane with or without granulated rubber installed and with a variety of optional seal coats that can be applied on top of the finished full pore coating. The layers are squeegee-applied in liquid form.
In part 3 of our series on "How to Install a Quality Running Track", we'll discuss the role application technique plays in installing a quality running track.


text:
package jcomposition.example.diamond;

public class GameObjectWithDiamond extends GameObjectWithDiamondBase {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Elegant Nightwing Costume Kids – Costumes are just a means to alter the picture that shows for a spriteso you are in a position to change how it appears during the match without having to make a completely new copy. Inventing a costume that nobody has can be exceedingly catchy. Costumes you see in the store are ordinarily made of inexpensive, mass-produced synthetic substances. You're prone to possess a one-of-a-kind costume should you select a rare and imperiled species. ]@ All you will need is a superb costume! The matching costumes will even allow your teammates to stick out from the crowd, and it will be simpler to spot the rest of your team should you become separated. There are three kinds of people when it comes to Halloween costumes.
Your costume has to be fastened with a belt that is tied around the waste. Primarily, it's important to see that you don't even have to put on a costume in order to change functions.
There are various kinds of costume lenses on the market. When you get costume contact lenses it's essential not to overlook that they're a device you're putting in your eyes. Cut holes facing the eyes so you can see properly. You are creating the visual appeal of the film. As soon as you've got a concept of what costume you'd like we'll place you in contact with the Atelier and they're likely to contact and verify details with you straight. Like an superb smile, your selection of jewelry enhances or detracts from your overall appearance and that's why it is essential to exercise great care and caution in regards to accessorizing.
Looking for costume fans or historical collectors may be lots of fun if you see what you're searching for. Buying silver jewelry on the internet is growing more popular in the United Kingdom however there are a couple of precautions any on-line shopper needs to keep in mind for a means to produce the experience a happy one. Another massive aid if buying silver jewelry on the internet is having the capability to purchase with a credit card. Additionally, there are many sites and auctions where you could find any kind and kind of costume jewelry to go with just about any outfit you have.
A wig may be your very best bet here. When you are opting for dreadlock wigs, then you can purchase brownish or black costume wigs to present your costume a genuine appearance or alternatively, you can choose colored dreadlocks. There are 3 types of hot wigs which might be worn for plays or parties. When you get costume wigs, you would like to take decent care of them so they last longer. Costume wigs have an extremely intriguing history. Then pin both ends to the back of the shoulders and your hooded gown should be complete.
The jewellery you used then is quite similar to what's referred to as costume jewelry, although you're wholly grown, there continue to be numerous ways that costume jewelry may induce you to truly feel like a princess. Now precisely the same jewelry can be known by the saying style jewelry. Costume jewelry is a great choice of accessory if you would like to make a style and look that is original and distinctive. Costume jewellery began in the 1930s, they were made to match specific outfits which were popular throughout that time. For instance, if you need to acquire the earrings with crystals, then you've got a lot of options to pick one. For example a simple beaded necklace can draw attention away from the laundry and earn a style that's highly desirable.


BMW is making a bold push for electric cars, but CEO Harald Krueger said it's not enough to just go electric.
In a Monday interview with Automotive News, Krueger said the next addition to its electric i series car line, the iNext, will have self-driving capabilities.
Automobile Mag first reported in August that BMW was working on Project iNext: the German automaker's commitment to release an all-electric car with self-driving capabilities by 2021. By 2025, the Project iNext car will be fully autonomous.
Krueger's remark speak to a larger trend in the automotive industry. As Business Insider's Matt Debord points out, more companies are going all-in on self-driving tech. It offers a solution to traffic congestion and automobile accidents. It will also mean fewer cars on the road, which could help slow global warming. The tech behind self-driving cars also seems to be accelerating faster than battery chemistry.
General Motors said its fleet of self-driving cars will be electric and launch on the Lyft platform. GM has invested $500 million in Lyft and acquired self-driving start-up Cruise Automation. Tesla also recently introduced the hardware being built into the Model X, Model S, and future Model 3 that will improve Autoilot and allow Tesla's electric cars to be fully driverless.
BMW said it will launch its self-driving vehicles in China in 2021. The company is working with Mobileye, a former Tesla Autopilot supplier, and Intel to develop its self-driving vehicles. BMW is also working to complete a ride-sharing program for driverless cars by 2021, Wired reported.
BMW will also roll out the first electric version of its Mini car in 2019, followed by an electric version of its BMW X3 in 2020, Bloomberg reported.


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Young Track Squad Aiming For CBC Repeat
By Jim Dabbelt
Coming off a CBC championship season, the Tecumseh girls track team was focused on going after the repeat as possibly the favorites.
Now, head coach Mark Holbrook is looking for some younger kids to step due to some injuries and other situations with some of their key athletes this spring.
Out of action this season will be thrower Macy Berner and record holding hurdler Audrey Diller, while Jasmine Hassell is trying to return next month from an ACL suffered in soccer, and one of the top pole vaulters in the league Faith Legg is not running track this year.
"We are young and decimated with injuries," Holbrook said. "But it is the largest roster we have had for a long time, 75 total, and it's usually in the 40s."
"31 of the 75 kids are freshman which makes us a lot younger and inexperienced. Half of the roster are freshman or sophomores."
Even with so many young kids, Holbrook has liked what he has seen so far in the preseason.
"We do have some newcomers and it has been a great energy with these kids," he said. "Since we are so young these kids are working so hard to get spots. The atmosphere is great, but it is a bit hectic for the coaching staff with so many kids getting but we are getting used to it."
Holbrook said the expectations are still there for the girls, despite the youth. Even on the boys side, he feels a better year is ahead for Tecumseh.
"Our goal for the girls is winning the county and that is on our radar," the coach said. "We are prepping to fill the right spots to repeat as champs."
"On the boys' side, we lost two key people to graduation but they will be more competitive than in the past. They were third in the CBC last year, and we have a goal for second. The girls goal is to repeat.
Leading the way for the boys team will be distance runner Garrett Gemmaka, a junior who was a regional qualifier last year.
"He is our leader on that side," Holbrook said. "We will go as he goes in distance. He is a leader in practice, and we expect regionals for him. Ethan Adams also comes over from baseball this year as a junior, and he is right there with Garrett. He is a great addition to the program."
In sprints, watch for newcomer Lucan Rodgers, a sophomore who did not run last year. Also junior Shane Gray will be a key 400 runner.
Junior Quinton Kruizovich is returning from last year, and will likely be one of the main runners and 300 hurdles. Also out for the first time is senior Clay Mastin, who is expected to contribute.
In the field events, junior pole vaulter Simon Herbert returns as the county champion and third in the CBC. Seniors Brock Watson and Brenden Barger return in shot put, and both are four year throwers.
For the girls, Jenna Diller is their top returning distance runner, as the sophomore was a regional qualifier as a freshman. She will run the two-mile along with senior Natalie Allen, who has contributed since she was a freshman.
The sprints are where the Arrows will be gaining a lot of their points, as their top two runners Jaci Rife and Kylee Mastin both return as sophomores.
"Jaci has a lot of expectations on her shoulders, breaking four records as a freshman," Holbrook said. "She qualified for regionals in both the 100 dash and 400 as a freshman. I think she had a good learning experience last year and her goal is to get to state or stand on the podium at regionals."
"Kylee is another regional qualifier as a freshman in the 800, her and Jaci provide the work ethic for everyone.
In the pole vault, junior Sidney Maxwell was third in the county last year, and placed in the CBC.
For the girls, Holbrook feels they could be the hunters in the CBC instead of the hunted even as defending champions.
"It is going to be interesting with Jamari (McDavid) gone for the sprinters, and with Lauren Carter back at Bellefonmtaine, they could be the team to beat," Holbrook said. "Jonathan Alder is really an unknown but they do have some good distance runners, as does Shawnee."
"For the boys, Alder is again unknown, but I think they have some good distance runners. Still Bellefontaine is on top, they ran away with it last few years, and have a lot of kids back."
*Tecumseh will host their Invitational on Saturday at the track. Joining the Arrows will be Dayton Christian, Greenon, Graham, Shawnee, Northwestern, Fairborn, Miami East, Emmanuel Christian, and Columbus Centennial. The meet begins at 11AM.


something weird is about to happen.
weird because technology is just, weird.
i was going through my GIANT portfolio of paper paintings that dates back to 2011 and thinking i need to have a studio sale. only my studio is my dining room and not a studio at all. plus what about the people not in atlanta? they should benefit from half priced original art.
besides the majority of my clients and collectors aren't even in atlanta.
so if you are interested you have to follow me on instagram.
set your clocks friends! tomorrow morning at 11AM EST the small works Instagram sale begins. here's how it will work- I will post an image of the work along with the size, medium, name, original price and sale price. if you want to purchase the work put sold with your email address in the comments. you will be sent a paypal invoice that will include shipping ($6) (if you are international please add "intl" to your comment. you will be charged $10 for shipping) you will have 24 hours to pay for your invoice or it will be cancelled and the painting resold. TIP- put sold immediately then follow up with an additional comment that includes your email! this is all first come first serve.#jaasale --------- the next sale of medium sized works will be on Friday at 11AM EST. details later today. the large works sale will take place on Saturday same time.
there will be 3 individual sales.
the small works sale tomorrow (thursday) at 11 AM EST which consists of 3 sizes: 8.5 x 11, 9 x 12 and 11 x 15.
the medium size works sale friday at 11 AM which consists of 3 sizes: 14 x 17, 18 x 24 and 19 x 24.
and the large works sale saturday at 11 AM EST which consists of 1 size: 22 x 30.
just a small sample of the available works.
so tell your art-needing friends!


Changing the Manual Transmission Fluid in a 1997 Honda Civic?
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How to Change Automatic Transmission Fluid on a Honda Civic?
How to Replace the Transmission Fluid on a 2001 Honda Civic?
How to Fill a 1991 Honda Civic With Transmission Fluid?


text:
Carriera
Dal 2012 milita in NHL con i Dallas Stars. In precedenza ha giocato in AHL con Texas Stars (2012-2013), Chicago Wolves (2011-2012) e Providence Bruins (2010-2011) ed in ECHL con Reading Royals (2010-2011), mentre ad inizio carriera ha vestito le casacche degli Chicoutimi Saguenéens (2006-2010).

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


"Who am I and what do I want?" are questions that inevitably arise when we are at a crossroads in life or on a path of self-contemplation.
We may take a philosophical stance in wanting to understand what life is all about. Am I the result of my past, we may ask ourselves, the product of my circumstances? Is life about who I am or what I do? Does my personality define me, or is it DNA and the country, the place in which I was born that determine the choices I make? Do I create life from the inside or in response to what happens to me?
People in transition look for clarity.
Some people, no longer satisfied with the status quo or stuck in a negative situation, feel an urge for deeper self-knowledge and new choices. Others get interested as the result of an awakening or a sudden shift in consciousness. Sometimes a significant change in circumstances may force someone to redefine their basic stance in life (the sudden loss of a loved one, an unexpected setback, a move overseas).
The past weeks we have shared several pieces here on the Embrace Transition blog that address the theme of self-discovery, each exploring in their own way and within the context of their unique themes.
In The Beauty of Emptiness Damon Farry writes: "Realize that in essence we are nothingness, we are emptiness. But that this emptiness is magnificent. It's only when we strip back all preconceived notions and concepts that we see something beautiful – that nothingness is actually everythingness".
Purposeful, transformational self-inquiry requires an open mind, ready to look at one's self without judgement and be willing to accept a different outlook and the possibility of making new choices.
For this, we have to create space. If our heads are full of preconceived ideas about our past, psychological makeup and typical behaviors, a soul-searching quest could provide mere lip-service to restless feelings. We have to empty the pot, so to speak, so that we may discover all that we are and all that is possible.
We must recognize and acknowledge our nothingness, so that we may experience our everythingness, as Damon so beautifully points out.
Hari Tahil and Asandra talk about the importance of turning inwards.
During transitional periods we are typically more inward focused than usual. Intuitively most people will want to create some distance from the demands of daily life and the external world they participate in. They will seek out conversations centered around the purpose of life (their own) and in which they feel safe to discuss feelings or ask for advice. The outside world may become more of a source for information and less of a benchmark for self-definition. Rather the inside world a "well of wisdom", the key to knowing our "true path".
If we're able – or at least willing – to move beyond the labels and stories we bought into and turn inwards for answers, such questions could set us onto a meaningful path of self-discovery, one that opens doors to new realms of possibility, a new experience of life, a fresh starting point.


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The wow effect of Arcade Fire's Reflektor
It's more or less a week that I'm listening constantly to Reflektor, Arcade Fire's last issue. And I'm doing this cause it's been almost said everything intelligent-like on this, especially considering the strong attention all the scene has given to each anticipation the Canadian band has spread through all sources. From my side, I want to share just a few words about what I think of and the feelings this album is giving to me. Right now, i'm still listening to it in order to be part of this and spread the real feeling out.
First of all, my congratulation goes to the strong effort and the special marketing attention that Merge Records is been able to offer: a catwalk with no cats, an exhausting wait. But in the end, I don't mind the wait and finally here comes the Arcade Fire's masterpiece: Reflektor.
Going straight to the point, Reflektor is a wow record, and now i'm totally addicted to it. Since the title track Reflektor, the turning point is clear and outstanding. Cleverly it's not just a breakthrough in AF's production, it's more an evolution in their path. The lines which Butler and Chassagne, who are married, sing are sophisticated, well balanced and perfectly integrated onto a new context where David Bowie, one of Arcade Fire's first and biggest fans, has taken a part with a quick and intense cameo just like coming out from 1975, Fame style.
Going ahead, it's notable the groove of We Exist as well as the reggae style in Flashbulbes Eyes and the haitian drumming of Here Comes The Night Time. AF don't play any up&down rock'n'roll hit but with Normal Person they're so good in playing it, it's not the fastest lap – just for comparing it with a race – neither the victory lap but for sure it's the one without which it's impossible to get the top step of the podium.
The new co-producer – James Murphy of LCD Soundsystem – interacts and plays all along AF's production making sense to all the new structures the band adds to the old, simple and effective ones easily recognizable in You Already Know, when approaching the end of the first half of this monumental project: 1 band, 2 albums, many sounds and feelings.
Last but not least, Joan Of Arc reminds all the force of the early punk rock melodies, here Chassagne's voice is so Blondie style with a french touch that only Canadian girls can give to.
Impressive, this is just the first part of the whole work and – believe me – this is a superior record just as it is until now.
A new album, a new theme, new the swing too, definitely a new "thing" starts with disc two which moves its steps from and around the Greek myth of Eurydice – the rapture, the separation and the reunion of the nymph, Eurydice, with his musician Orpheus. All starts again from Here Comes The Nigh Time II, clothed in a new look.
In the distance an intense drumming introduces Awful Sound (Oh Eurydice) which basically captures a Pink Floyd mood for later on coming the duo suite to the end with It's Never Over (Oh Orpheus), the funk version of the myth sung by Eurydice-Chassagne for his Orpheus-Butler.
The elegant beat of Porno is the relaxing moment for taking a breath and moving towards the end whole project through the syncopated and full of meaning Afterlife – here below the video as tribute to Marcel Camus' film Black Orpheus, and the perfect closure with the intense Supersymmetry, where Murphy's touch is really relevant for a great conclusion
75 minutes after the beginning you get the end of this great piece of art among big themes like life, mortality and the romantic love which is a dominant theme like the love between music and the listener who simply I am.
From you Undercover Agent,
PjLuca
Category : Pop, Indie & More
Tags : afterlife, Arcade fire, Black Orpheus, Blondie, David Bowie, Eurydice, flashbulbes, greek myth, here comes the night time, James Murphy, Joan Of Arc, LCD Soundsystem, Marcel Camus, normal person, Orpheus, post punk, Punk, Reflektor, rock, rock and roll, supersymmetry, we exist
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Конфликтоло́гия — междисциплинарная область знания, изучающая закономерности зарождения, возникновения, развития, разрешения и завершения конфликтов любого уровня. Конфликтология развивается в тесной связи с философией, социологией, психологией, историей, правом, этикой, экономикой, менеджментом и рядом других наук. В зависимости от ориентации исследования конфликт изучается как проявление социальной диалектики (макроуровень), как фактор развития социальной системы и социальных отношений (мезоуровень), как отражение в психике и сознании людей социальных противоречий и разногласий (микроуровень).

Решение определённого круга проблем, вызывающих зарождение конфликта, может способствовать преодолению тех трудностей, которые уже обозначились в связи с определением сущности конфликта, объекта и предмета конфликтологии.

История возникновения
Одним из основоположников общей теории конфликта был Карл Маркс, разработавший учение о противоречии и развивший модель революционного класса и социального изменения. В дальнейшем основные положения его учения о конфликте сформулировал американский социолог Дж. Тернер.

Однако как наука конфликтология берёт начало в середине XX в. с книгой германо-американского социолога Льюиса Козера «Функции социального конфликта», положившего в основу своих заключений выводы немецкого философа начала XX в. Георга Зиммеля, и работой германо-британского социолога Ральфа Дарендорфа.

Главный вывод Зиммеля, который отметил Льюис Козер — это то, что конфликт является формой социализации. «Конфликт, так же как и сотрудничество, обладает социальными функциями. Определённый уровень конфликта отнюдь не обязательно дисфункционален, но является существенной составляющей как процесса становления группы, так и её устойчивого существования».

Георг Зиммель писал: «Одни только филистеры могут полагать, что конфликты и проблемы существуют для того, чтобы быть разрешёнными. И те, и другие имеют в обиходе и истории жизни ещё другие задачи, выполняемые ими независимо от своего собственного разрешения. И ни один конфликт не существовал напрасно, если время не разрешит его, а заменит его по форме и содержанию другим». Таким образом, он выдвинул концепцию конфликта как «защитного клапана»: конфликт служит клапаном, высвобождающим чувство враждебности, которое, не будь этой отдушины, взорвёт отношения между антагонистами. Конфликт не всегда дисфункционален по отношению к системе, в которой он возникает; часто конфликт необходим для её сохранения. Конфликт служит установлению и поддержанию самотождественности и границ обществ и групп. Функция конфликта, по Козеру, заключаются в установлении и поддержании групповой идентичности, а конфликт с другими группами способствует упрочению идентичности группы и сохранению её границ в отношении окружающего социума. То есть конфликт выполняет группосохраняющюю функцию в той мере, в какой регулирует системы отношений.

Основания для конфликтов существуют в любом обществе, но социальные структуры различаются по дозволенным способам выражения антагонистических требований. «Возможно, конфликт является отцом всех вещей, то есть движущей силой изменений, но конфликт не должен быть войной и не должен быть гражданской войной», — писал Ральф Дарендорф. По мнению Дарендорфа, конфликты могут быть более или менее интенсивными и более или менее насильственными, но их регулирование является решающим средством уменьшения насильственности; регулирование конфликтов делает их контролируемыми, «и их творческая сила ставится на службу постепенному развитию социальных структур».

Теоретические основы
Наиболее распространены два подхода к пониманию конфликта. В первом конфликт определяется как столкновение сторон, мнений, сил, то есть весьма широко. При таком подходе конфликты возможны и в неживой природе. Понятия «конфликт» и «противоречие» фактически становятся сопоставимыми по объёму. Второй подход заключается в понимании конфликта как столкновения противоположно направленных целей, интересов, позиций, мнений или взглядов оппонентов или субъектов взаимодействия. Здесь предполагается, что субъектом конфликтного взаимодействия может быть либо отдельный человек, либо люди и группы людей.

Под социальным конфликтом понимается наиболее острый способ развития и завершения значимых противоречий, возникающих в процессе социального взаимодействия, заключающийся в противодействии субъектов конфликта и сопровождающийся их негативными эмоциями по отношению друг к другу. Если субъекты социального конфликта противодействуют, но не переживают при этом негативных эмоций (например, в процессе дискуссии, спортивного единоборства), или, наоборот, переживают негативные эмоции, но внешне не проявляют их, не противодействуют друг другу, то такие ситуации являются предконфликтными. Противодействие субъектов конфликта может разворачиваться в трёх сферах: общении, поведении, деятельности. Противодействие заключается в общении или действиях с целью выражения несогласия с оппонентом, блокировки его активности или нанесения ему материального (морального) ущерба.

Под внутриличностным конфликтом понимается выраженное негативное переживание, вызванное затянувшейся борьбой структур внутреннего мира личности, отражающее противоречивые связи с социальной средой и задерживающее принятие решения.
В основе любого конфликта лежит противоречие, которое играет системообразующую роль как для различных видов конфликта, так и для различных уровней их изучения.

На сегодняшний день исследования конфликта ведутся в рамках военных наук, искусствоведения, истории, математики, педагогики, политологии, правоведения, психологии, социобиологии, социологии, философии и некоторых других (например, психиатрии и экономики). Люди, органы управления имеют дело с целостными реальными конфликтами, а не с отдельными их психологическими, правовыми, философскими, социологическими и другими аспектами.

Эти соображения обосновывают необходимость выделения самостоятельной науки — конфликтологии. Объектом её комплексного изучения являются конфликты в целом, а предметом — общие закономерности их возникновения, развития и завершения. Конфликтологию должны интересовать два типа конфликтов: с участием человека (внутриличностные и социальные) и зооконфликты. К основным видам социальных конфликтов относятся: межличностные конфликты, конфликты «личность — группа», конфликты между малыми, средними и большими социальными группами, международные конфликты между отдельными государствами и их коалициями.
Центральным объектом конфликтологии являются социальные конфликты, а их ядром — межличностные. Исследование межличностных конфликтов, менее сложных среди других социальных конфликтов, может вскрыть основные причины конфликтного взаимодействия. Социальные конфликты тесно связаны с внутриличностными конфликтами. Поэтому понимание мотивов социальных конфликтов будет затруднено без изучения тех процессов, которые происходят в психике и предшествуют конфликтному поведению человека.
Каждая из одиннадцати частных конфликтологических наук имеет свой предмет в объекте общем для этих наук. Это та часть, сторона, тот уровень объекта, которые исследует данная наука. Однако и сама конфликтология не в состоянии описать и объяснить конфликты во всей их полноте.

Конфликты — неисчерпаемый объект познания, о котором нельзя узнать абсолютно всё. Поэтому предметом конфликтологии являются те закономерности, стороны, характеристики конфликтов, которые в состоянии исследовать наука на данном этапе своего развития. Объект конфликтологии — гораздо более консервативное образование по сравнению с предметом. Объект может изменяться в результате своего собственного развития, кроме того, его границы могут уточняться в связи с более глубоким проникновением науки в суть исследуемых явлений. Объект конфликтологии — социальные, внутриличностные и зооконфликты — в обозримом будущем вряд ли претерпит существенные изменения.

Конфликтогенез
Конфликтогенез — это процесс возникновения и развития современных конфликтных форм общества, накладывающих отпечаток, а нередко прямо детерминирующих направленность и содержание эволюции в целом. Конфликтогенез представляет собой непрерывный диалектический процесс зарождения, развития и модернизации существующей социальной реальности через своё ядро — конфликт.

Единая теория конфликта

Теоретический базис
Единая теория конфликта (ЕТК) — направление теории анализа и разрешения конфликтов, интенсивно развиваемое петербургским исследователем д. филос. наук В. А. Светловым с начала нынешнего столетия.

Основным мотивом, побудившим к разработке ЕТК, послужил тот факт, что современная конфликтология не отвечает ни одному требованию, предъявляемому к научным теориям. Она разделена на множество ничем, кроме общего названия, не связанных друг с другом частных конфликтологий (политическую, экономическую, юридическую и т. д.), не имеет универсальных законов, точно очерченного круга решаемых проблем и специализированных методов их решения. Она использует понятие конфликта, основанное на здравом смысле; её выводы умозрительны и большей частью не общезначимы. Она замкнута исключительно на проведении переговоров и посредничестве, не имея серьёзного теоретического обоснования этого вида деятельности. Она игнорирует существование социально-психологических концепций, анализирующих конфликты в своих специальных терминах, — теории когнитивного баланса Ф. Хайдера, когнитивного диссонанса Л. Фестингера, структурного дисбаланса Ф. Харари и их многочисленные модификации и модернизации, объединившиеся в настоящее время в одно общее направление «Социальный сетевой анализ». Наконец, она пренебрегает не только математическим обоснованием своих выводов, но и адаптированными для массового применения методами и компьютерными программами моделирования и анализа конфликтов — классической теорией игр и её модификациями, теорией анализа конфликтов К. Хайпеля и его группы, теорией драмы Н. Ховарда и его единомышленников.

Математический базис ЕТК состоит из понятий, методов и теорем тех теорий, которые необходимы для создания и анализа рабочей (исследовательской) модели конфликта. Прежде всего, это понятия, методы и теоремы теории графов, теории вероятностей, логики высказываний, теории игр (и её разнообразных модификаций). Расширение сферы применения ЕТК приводит, как правило, к расширению её математического базиса.

Теоретический базис ЕТК образует универсальная модель конфликта — обобщающее все виды нелогических противоречий определение конфликта вместе с множеством теорем о его свойствах и свойствах его альтернатив — синергизма и антагонизма. Объединение универсальной модели конфликта с математическим базисом порождает единую теорию конфликта в собственном смысле: ЕТК = МБ u УМК, где МБ — математический базис, УМК — универсальная модель конфликта.

В зависимости от целей исследования ЕТК позволяет выбрать и построить необходимую рабочую модель конфликта, с её помощью выявить и оценить структурные, сетевые, динамические, теоретико-игровые и иные особенности возникновения, развития и разрешения анализируемого конфликта. На этом этапе главная функция ЕТК состоит в том, чтобы оказать исследователю эффективную помощь в конструировании рабочей модели конфликта, оценке её валидности, выяснении её объяснительных и предсказательных возможностей, разработке стратегий управления разрешением конфликта, эмпирической проверке полученных теоретических выводов

Разрешение межгрупповых конфликтов
Разрешение конфликта в ситуации расхождения во мнении относительно определённого вопроса, как правило, осуществляется между двумя (или более) конфликтующими сторонами с участием человека, или группы, которая считается нейтральной в обсуждаемом вопросе. Часто случается, что последнее условие оказывается необязательным, когда посредник — группа или человек, которые пользуются уважением у всех противостоящих сторон. Разрешение конфликтов может включать примирение, посредничество, арбитрирование или судебный процесс.

Все эти методы нуждаются во вмешательстве третьей стороны. Метод разрешения, который происходит непосредственно между участниками спорного процесса, называется переговорами. Переговорный процесс, можно сопоставить с традиционным видом торга, где интересы сторон сводят на нет рабочие отношения, которые имеют место. Принципиальные переговоры, отдают важность, как взаимным интересам, так и деловым отношениям.

Возможно избежать конфликта фактически не прибегая к его разрешению, добившись взаимного осознания сторонами того, что их мнения расходятся, но на данный момент времени нет необходимости прибегать к дальнейшим действиям. В некоторых случаях, например в демократиях, расхождение во мнении может даже оказаться искомым результатом, таким образом, обнажая проблему, а тем самым давая возможность другим сформировать свою точку зрения: в таком случае стороны могут договориться расходиться во мнениях.

Виды межгрупповых конфликтов:
1. Экономические конфликты
2. Политические конфликты
3. Национальные конфликты

Возможно также справиться с конфликтом, не избегая, но и активным образом не решая его — см. управление конфликтом.

Конфликты у животных
Социальная жизнь животных сложна и многообразна. Человеку пока ещё очень мало известно о закономерностях взаимодействия животных. Внутривидовые конфликты также отличаются большим разнообразием. Однако конфликты трёх типов происходят гораздо чаще других. Кратко рассмотрим их особенности.

1. Конфликты как борьба животных за жизненные ресурсы

Существование отдельного животного, семьи животных или другого сообщества решающим образом зависит от обеспеченности их жизненными ресурсами. К основным жизненным ресурсам относятся территория, пища, источник воды и др. При недостатке или определении принадлежности жизненного ресурса между животными могут возникать конфликты, связанные с борьбой за обладание дефицитным ресурсом. В этологии наибольшее количество исследований посвящено борьбе животных за обладание определённой территорией. Такая борьба часто называется территориальным поведением животных.

Большинство видов животных делят жизненное пространство между собой, метят границы своей территории и защищают их. Территориальное поведение животных представляет собой систему различных форм активности животных, направленных на присвоение и использование определённого пространства (земли, воды, воздуха), которое обеспечивает выполнение всех или основных жизненных функций. В случае нарушения территориальных границ и попадания животного на «чужую» территорию может возникнуть конфликт между «хозяином» территории и «нарушителем».

Участки территории могут быть индивидуальными и групповыми, принадлежащими сообществу животных: семье, стае, стаду. Соответственно территориальные конфликты могут быть между двумя животными или между их группами. О занятости участка территории «хозяин» оповещает голосом, демонстративным показом самого себя, у млекопитающих — также нанесением на хорошо заметные предметы запаховых меток. Это способствует предупреждению территориальных конфликтов.

Часто между границами территорий существуют полосы «ничейного» пространства. Ширина этих пограничных полос у разных видов животных различна. Основные территориальные конфликты между животными происходят, прежде всего, на границах территории и в «ничейном» пространстве. До настоящих драк дело доходит редко. У большинства синиц, например, если один из самцов встречает другого на своей территории, то немедленно нападает на него, а тот спасается бегством. Однако если «победитель» в пылу погони оказывается на территории своего соседа, то их роли меняются. Теперь бывший беглец — правомочный владелец своей территории — нападает, а его преследователь улетает от него. Территории семейных пар у луней разделены коридорами, по которым могут свободно пролетать все другие луни и сами соседи без опасности быть атакованными хозяевами территории. Члены каждого сообщества животных организуют и упорядочивают среду своего обитания. В первую очередь это индивидуальное присвоение территории и некоторых находящихся на ней предметов. Во вторую очередь происходит коммунальная персонализация среды.

У гиен нет индивидуальной территории, она принадлежит стае. Нет и пограничных зон между территориями соседних стай. Вся стая ревностно защищает свою территорию от посягательства сородичей, принадлежащих к другому клану. Наблюдалась ситуация конфликта, когда гиена, не принадлежащая ни к одной из конфликтующих стай, была вынуждена сидеть некоторое время в середине неглубокого озерца, чтобы избежать нападения собратьев из обоих кланов. Граница территории этих стай гиен проходила как раз через центр озерца. Только находясь в середине озерца, чужая гиена не провоцировала территориальный конфликт с представителями одной из стай. Эта гиена находилась в воде в пограничной зоне до тех пор, пока обе стаи гиен, завершив конфликт, не удалились вглубь своих территорий.

Вторым типичным конфликтом между животными, связанным с борьбой за жизненные ресурсы, является пищевая конкуренция. В сообществе хищников раздел пойманной добычи происходит в соответствии с иерархическим местом, занимаемым отдельной особью в группе. При попытке членов стаи, имеющих более низкий ранг, опередить хищников более высокого ранга между ними возникают конфликты, которые носят как пищевой, так и иерархический характер.

Крайняя форма борьбы за пищу — каннибализм, то есть поедание животными своих сородичей. Исследование каннибализма у бесхвостых земноводных показало, что он служит основным звеном внутрипопуляционного механизма, действие которого направлено на поддержание оптимальной численности популяции и сохранение её генетической разнородности. Каннибализм имеет девять различных типов агрессивного поведения. Нападение амфибии на своего сородича с целью его поедания происходит в том случае, если длина тела жертвы не превышает 63,5 % длины тела агрессора (С. Писаренко).

У млекопитающих случаи нападения животных на своих сородичей, заканчивающиеся гибелью животного, достаточно редки. В таких ситуациях жертвой обычно выступает больное, раненое или ослабленное животное.

2. Конфликты, связанные с воспроизводством потомства

Этот (третий) тип внутривидовых конфликтов у животных также достаточно распространён и проявляется в разных формах:
• конфликты между самцами, связанные с борьбой за самку. Бывают конфликты и между самками, конкурирующими из-за самца;
• конфликты между самцами и самками в период брачного поведения и воспитания потомства;
• конфликты с сородичами, связанные с защитой детёнышей от возможной агрессии со стороны чужаков;
• интропсихические конфликты у животных, вызванные борьбой тенденций к агрессивному или половому поведению в период спаривания.

Конфликты между самцами, вызванные борьбой за самок, выполняют важную функцию выбора сильнейшего и предоставления именно ему возможности продолжить род. Они обычно носят ритуализированный характер. Содержание ритуала борьбы между самцами нацелено на то, чтобы выявить действительно более сильного из них, без нанесения серьёзных повреждений каждому из соперников. Самцы демонстрируют внушительность своих размеров, меряются силой до тех пор, пока мощь, быстрота и выносливость одного из них не будет доказана другому. Более слабый соперник обычно покидает место единоборства, чтобы через какое-то время испытать судьбу в борьбе с другим самцом из сообщества животных.

Конфликты между самцами и самками в период брачного поведения вызваны неоднозначностью реакции животного на близость особи противоположного пола. Приближение сородича может не только иметь целью намерение спаривания, но и таить опасность агрессии. Поэтому самка может не только продемонстрировать готовность к половому поведению, но убежать (улететь) или напасть на самца. Примером может служить поведение птицы, называемой зеленушкой. Из 102 «парящих приближений» самца, свидетельствующих о его готовности к спариванию, только 25 окончилось успехом. В семи ситуациях самка ответила на притязания самца агрессией.

Большинство животных защищает своё потомство, вступая в конфликты с сородичами, от которых исходит реальная или потенциальная угроза их детёнышам. У некоторых видов животных, например медведей, опасность для детёнышей может исходить даже от их отца. Конфликты, связанные с защитой родителями своего потомства, носят более жёсткий характер, нежели конфликты между самцами, вызванные борьбой за самку, или иерархические конфликты.
Маленькие аквариумные рыбки, защищая своих недавно появившихся мальков, бесстрашно нападают на больших рыбок, приближающихся к малькам, и кусают их за плавники. Большие рыбки принадлежат к другому виду и по весу превышают нападающих на них рыбок-родителей более чем в 30—40 раз.

Внутрипсихические конфликты у животных, возникающие в связи с их активностью, обеспечивающей воспроизводство потомства, изучены в меньшей степени по сравнению с конфликтами между животными. Они вызываются столкновениями инстинкта самосохранения животного и необходимости вступить в борьбу за защиту потомства или самку. Возможны также другие виды интропсихических конфликтов.

3. Борьба животных за иерархическое место в группе

Социальная жизнь животных гораздо более сложна и разнообразна по сравнению с представлениями о ней, распространёнными среди конфликтологов. Причина заключена в том, что конфликтологи представлены в основном учёными-гуманитариями, подготовка которых не предполагает изучение этологии — науки о поведении животных.

Один из важнейших аспектов социального взаимодействия животных — иерархическое строение их сообществ. Системы доминирования считаются этологами центральными стрежнями, на которых держится организация сообщества животных. Высказана гипотеза, что соподчинённость есть следствие различия социальных ролей в значительно большей степени, чем следствие высокой или низкой агрессивности. Структура сообщества животных представляет собой не жёсткую иерархию особей, а относительно подвижную систему различных ролей. Среди них роли доминирующего или подчинённого животного не являются единственными.

Статус конкретной особи главным образом зависит от её возраста и от способности к размножению. По этим признакам всех животных в сообществе можно условно разделить на пять групп:
• детёныши, которым необходима забота родителей;
• молодняк, находящийся под контролем родителей, но уже способный к самостоятельному существованию;
• молодые животные, ведущие самостоятельный образ жизни, независимые от родителей и часто живущие вне семьи. Однако они ещё неспособны к размножению;
• взрослые животные, способные к размножению, но по каким-либо причинам не участвующие в нём;
• взрослые животные, участвующие в воспроизводстве потомства.

Внутри каждой из групп также существует определённая структура ролей, выполняемых животными. Взаимодействие между двумя животными, представляющими различные группы и играющими различные роли в сообществе, подчинено определённым правилам. Все животные соблюдают данные правила, поскольку это обеспечивает сохранение целостности сообщества. Нарушение правил приводит к возникновению конфликтов.

Борьба за более высокое иерархическое место в группе, как и агрессия в целом, выполняет функцию, способствующую выживанию сообщества животных. Чем более сильный и развитый вожак стоит во главе сообщества, тем более оптимально его взаимодействие со средой обитания и другими сообществами. Другие животные, доминирующие в группе, также оказывают влияние на выживаемость сообщества. Со временем доминирующие животные в силу старения и других причин неизбежно перестают соответствовать требованиям той роли, которую они играют в группе. В процессе эволюции выработаны социальные механизмы, в силу действия которых животные, занимающие более низкое иерархическое место в группе, периодически «проверяют» степень соответствия доминирующих животных занимаемым ими «местам». Основной способ такой «проверки» — иерархический конфликт. В конфликте оцениваются силы, выносливость, ум животного. Если молодое животное в результате развития превзошло по своим качествам доминирующую особь, то претендент одерживает победу в конфликте и занимает новое, более высокое, иерархическое место. Проигравший смещается вниз по иерархической лестнице.

Этологами исследованы особенности развития иерархического взаимодействия у различных видов животных. В частности, для домовых мышей установлено повышение агрессивности молодых животных после длительного содержания их со старшими самцами. Доказано, что при экспериментальной дестабилизации внутригрупповой иерархической структуры происходит резкое снижение различий в поведении доминирующих и подчинённых животных. Это объясняется в основном заметным повышением активности особей, занимавших низкие и средние места в иерархии (С. Новиков, 1979). Причиной такой активизации, по-видимому, является стремление особи занять более высокое иерархическое место, не вступая в конфликт за него с доминирующим животным. Ведь в результате дестабилизации групповой иерархической структуры однозначное соотнесение конкретных животных с конкретными доминирующими ролями оказалось нарушенным.
Иерархическая структура группы животных существует во всех их сообществах. При этом достаточно жёсткой и мало изменяемой является сама система иерархических мест и ролей. Конкретные же животные занимают всегда тот или иной иерархический статус временно. Относительный характер иерархического неравенства между животными неосознанно отражается в статусных конфликтах или является одной из их причин (Ю. Плюснин, 1994). Борьба за высшее иерархическое место в группе обычно носит ритуализированный характер.

См. также
 Агрессия
 Медиация
 Диалектика
 Психологическая совместимость
 Теория игр
 Теория социального конфликта
 Война

Примечания

Литература

 Анцупов А. Я., Шипилов А. И. Конфликтология. Учебник. 3-е изд. СПб.: Питер, 2007.
 Волков Б. С., Волкова Н. В. Конфликтология: учебное пособие для студентов ВУЗов. — Изд. 4-е испр, и до. — М: Академический проект, 2010.
 Анализ конфликтных ситуаций в системах управления / В. А. Горелик, М. А. Горелов, А. Ф. Кононенко. — М. : Радио и связь, 1991. — 286,[1] с. : ил.; 22 см; ISBN 5-256-00367-4.
 Информационные аспекты принятия решений в условиях конфликта /  М. А. Горелов, А. Ф. Кононенко. — М. : ВЦ РАН, 1994. — 42 с. : ил.; 20 см. — (Сообщения по прикладной математике.).

 Зазыкин В. Г., Нечаева Н. С. Введение в психологию конфликтов /на примерах конфликтов в коллективах организаций/. М.: 1996.
 Зайцев А. Социальный конфликт. М.: 2001.
 Здравомыслов А. Г. Социология конфликтов. — М.: Аспект Пресс, 1996
 Козер Л. Функции социального конфликта: пер. с англ. — М., 2000.
 Леонов Н. И. Конфликты и конфликтное поведение. Методы изучения: Учебное пособие. СПб.: Питер, 2005
 Ликсон Ч. Конфликт. Семь шагов к миру. СПб., 1997.

 Светлов В. А., Семёнов В. А. Конфликтология. СПб., Питер, 2011.
 Семёнов, В. А. История зарубежной конфликтологии в 2 т. : учебник для бакалавриата и магистратуры. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М. : Издательство Юрайт, 2018.

 Цой Л. Н. Организационный конфликт-менеджмент: 111 вопросов и 111 ответов. — М.: Книжный мир, 2007.

 Шейнов В. П. Конфликты в нашей жизни и их разрешение. Мн., 1997.

Социальная психология

Социология


Feb. 25 - Voting kicks off on the second and final day of Italian elections. Rough Cut (no reporter narration).
(ROUGH CUT ONLY - NO REPORTER NARRATION) Polls opened at 0700 local time (0600GMT) on the second and final day of the Italian elections on Monday (February 25), in one of the most closely watched and unpredictable votes in years. A surge of protest votes has been fuelling concerns that the ballot may not produce a government strong enough to pull the country from its economic slump. A bitter campaign, fought largely over economic issues, has been closely watched by financial markets, still wary after the debt crisis that took the whole euro zone close to disaster and brought technocrat prime minister Mario Monti into office in 2011. Opinion polls give the centre-left coalition, led by the veteran former industry minister Pier Luigi Bersani, a narrow lead, but the race has been thrown open by the prospect of a huge protest vote against austerity policies imposed by Monti, and rage at a wave of corporate and political scandals.