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Q: Colocar o construtor da classe como 'private'? Ao colocar um construtor de uma classe no C# como private, obtenho o seguinte erro:

Gostaria de saber qual a explicação técnica para o motivo deste erro e se há algum caso de uso   de construtor (ou um dos construtores) de uma classe como private.

A: A explicação técnica é simples: o construtor não pode ser acessado de fora da classe. Por isso o erro.
Construtores privados são importantes quando você quiser forçar parâmetros para os construtores expostos (públicos). Por exemplo, construtores sem parâmetros poderiam ser declarados como privados para que seu uso seja evitado. Há uma ressalva aqui: o construtor sem parâmetros precisa fazer alguma coisa, senão sua declaração não faz sentido.
Por exemplo:
public class MinhaClasse
{
    protected int MeuInteiroQuePrecisaSerPreenchido { get; set; }
    protected int OutraProperty { get; set; }

    // inacessível, portanto não pode ser usado fora da classe.
    private MinhaClasse()
    {
        OutraProperty = 5;
    }

    // Aqui eu chamo o construtor sem parâmetros.
    public MinhaClasse(int _meuInteiro) : this()
    {
        MeuInteiroQuePrecisaSerPreenchido = _meuInteiro;
    }
}

Por padrão, o construtor sem parâmetros de uma classe é público.
Ainda, suponha que você queira definir construtores diversos (para verificação de dados dos argumentos, por exemplo). Você pode fazer construtores com níveis variados de proteção:
public class MinhaClasse2
{
    protected int MeuInteiro { get; set; }
    protected int OutraProperty { get; set; }
    protected String MinhaStringComValidacao { get; set; }

    // inacessível, portanto não pode ser usado fora da classe.
    private MinhaClasse()
    {
        OutraProperty = 5;
    }

    private MinhaClasse(String _minhaString) : this()
    {
        if (_minhaString != "Valor que não pode")
        {
            MinhaStringComValidacao = _minhaString;
        }
    }

    public MinhaClasse(int _meuInteiro, String _minhaString) : this(_minhaString)
    {
        MeuInteiro = _meuInteiro;
    }
}

Exemplo bobo, mas apenas para demonstrar como pode ser feito.

A: Temos várias boas respostas aqui mas já que eu resmunguei de alguma coisa em cada uma delas, acho que é justo eu expor a minha própria.
Como já dito, o motivo do erro é que você está tentando utilizar um membro da classe (o construtor) que não está acessível fora dela devido ao fato de ser privado.
E sim, existem casos de uso ou utilidade em se declarar um construtor como privado:

Declare um construtor privado quando desejar que este construtor esteja acessível apenas à própria classe e às suas classes aninhadas.

Algumas vezes apenas a própria classe conhece suas restrições para ser instanciada, então é nessas horas que você declara o construtor como private. Estas restrições podem ser:

*

*A classe quer restringir apenas uma única instância sua ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida do aplicativo (design pattern singleton).

*A classe quer controlar suas instâncias - por exemplo fazendo um pool de instâncias de si mesma, então ela própria cria suas instâncias (design pattern factory) e decide quando entregar uma nova instância ou quando entregar uma instância já existente.

*A classe exige que consumidores externos passem certos parâmetros ao construtor mas quer poder criar instâncias dela mesma sem passar nenhum parâmetro ou passando parâmetros que não interessam publicamente. Neste caso ela teria construtores parametrizados públicos e um construtor privado não parametrizado ou que aceite parâmetros específicos que só precisam ser conhecidos internamente.
Estes são os usos que me ocorrem no momento mas pode haver mais.
Além de public e private, um construtor também pode ser protected, que faz com que ele possa ser usado exclusivamente pelo constutor de classes filhas, e internal, que o torna acessível apenas para classes do mesmo assembly.
Internal é útil por exemplo para utilizar o design pattern factory ou pool de instâncias fazendo com que outra classe do mesmo contexto é que seja responsável por estas restrições em vez de colocar todo este conhecimento dentro da própria classe cuja instanciação se quer controlar.
Quanto a criar um construtor privado para classes estáticas, não é muito útil pois neste caso basta declarar a própria classe como estática (static class).

A: Segundo a documentação na MSDN:

Um construtor privado é um construtor de instância especial. Ele é
  geralmente usado em classes que contêm apenas membros estáticos. Se
  uma classe tem um ou mais construtores privados e nenhum
  construtor público, outras classes (exceto classes aninhadas) não podem
  criar instâncias dessa classe.
Por exemplo:

class NLog
{
    // Construtor privado:
    private NLog() { }

    public static double e = Math.E;  //2.71828...
}

A declaração do construtor vazio impede que a geração automática de um
  construtor padrão. Observe que se você não especificar um modificador de
  acesso o construtor ainda será privado por padrão. No entanto, o
  modificador private geralmente é usado explicitamente para deixar claro
  que a classe não pode ser instanciada.
Construtores
  privados são usadas para evitar a criação de instâncias de uma
  classe quando não existem campos de instância ou métodos, como na classe Math,
  ou quando um método é chamado para obter uma instância de uma
  classe. Caso todos os métodos da classe sejam estáticos, considere tornar a classe inteira estática.

Exemplo:
public class Counter
{
    private Counter() { }
    public static int currentCount;
    public static int IncrementCount()
    {
        return ++currentCount;
    }
}

class TestCounter
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // A instrução abaixo irá gerar um erro porque o construtor é inacessível
        // Counter aCounter = new Counter();   // Erro

        Counter.currentCount = 100;
        Counter.IncrementCount();
        Console.WriteLine("New count: {0}", Counter.currentCount);

        Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}
// Output: New count: 101

A: Eis um caso concreto, implementado pela propria equipa do ASP.NET Web Api no GitHub: https://github.com/ASP-NET-MVC/aspnetwebstack/blob/master/src/System.Web.Http/Results/OkResult.cs
Eu proprio ja' apliquei o mesmo padrao aqui.
Resumidamente, os dois links acima mostram uma variacao do padrao "Parameter Object".
Os constructores publicos da classe recebem ou as suas dependencias directamente, ou outro objecto que contem as suas dependencias.
Ambos os constructores publicos envolvem os argumentos numa instancia de IDependencyProvider, que e' passada para um constructor privado que extrai as dependencias e trata-as uniformemente. Este constructor e' considerado um detalhe de implementacao, os clientes nao precisam de saber dele, e portanto e' privado.
public class MyClass
{
    private readonly string _dependency1;
    private readonly string _dependency2;

    public MyClass(string dependency1, int dependency2)
        : this(new DirectDependencyProvider(dependency1, dependency2))
    {
    }

    public MyClass(Container container)
        : this(new ContainerDependencyProvider(container))
    {
    }

    //constructor privado
    private MyClass(IDependencyProvider provider)
    {
        _dependency1 = provider.Dependency1;
        _dependency2 = provider.Dependency2;

        //etc, fazer alguma coisa com as duas dependencias
    }

    private interface IDependencyProvider
    {
        string Dependency1 { get; }
        int Dependency2 { get; }
    }

    private class DirectDependencyProvider : IDependencyProvider
    {
        private readonly string _dependency1;
        private readonly int _dependency2;

        public DirectDependencyProvider(string dependency1, int dependency2)
        {
            _dependency1 = dependency1;
            _dependency2 = dependency2;
        }

        public string Dependency1
        {
            get { return _dependency1; }
        }

        public int Dependency2
        {
            get { return _dependency2; }
        }
    }

    private class ContainerDependencyProvider : IDependencyProvider
    {
        private readonly Container _container;

        public ContainerDependencyProvider(Container container)
        {
            if(container == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("container");
            _container = container;
        }

        public string Dependency1
        {
            get { return _container.StringStuff; }
        }

        public int Dependency2
        {
            get { return _container.IntStuff; }
        }
    }
}

Nota que a interface IDependencyProvider e as suas implementacoes sao tipos privados.
A alternativa seria usar um metodo privado de inicializacao, mas teriamos de sacrificar os fields readonly e a garantia da sua imutabilidade. Esse e' um sacrificio que pode e deve ser evitado.
public class MyClass
{
    private string _dependency1;
    private string _dependency2;

    public MyClass(string dependency1, int dependency2)
    {
        Initialize(dependency1, dependency2);
    }

    public MyClass(Container container)
    {
        if(container == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException("container");

        Initialize(container.StringStuff, container.IntStuff);
    }

    private void Initialize(string dependency1, int dependency2)
    {
        _dependency1 = dependency1;
        _dependency2 = dependency2;
    }
}

A: Um outro caso de uso para um construtor privado seria para implementar o design pattern Singleton. Segundo esse padrão, uma classe deve ter somente uma instância. Para garantir isso, o construtor de um Singleton é privado. Mais informações: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton. Só lembrando que o Singleton é útil em apenas algumas situações. Ele tem uma série de desvantagens( por exemplo, ele dificulta os testes ), então deve ser usado com cuidado.

A: Um construtor privado é útil nos casos onde você quer impedir que a classe seja instanciada ou quer permitir que ela seja instanciada apenas dentro dela própria. Isto é útil para classes estáticas ou para implementar os padrões de projeto Singleton e Factory.
Um exemplo pode ser encontrado nessa resposta. Outros exemplo obviamente estão nas outras respostas aqui.
Singleton (retirado da Wikipedia):
public class Program {
    public static void Main() {
        var singleton = MyClass.Instance;
    }
}

public class MyClass {
   private static MyClass instance;
   private MyClass() {}
   public static MyClass Instance {
      get {
         if (instance == null) instance = new MyClass();
         return instance;
      }
   }
}

Veja funcionando no ideone. E no .NET Fiddle. Também coloquei no GitHub para referência futura.

A: Acredito que a maioria dos usos é quando queremos manter um DDD e o framework nos obriga a ter construtor padrão, exemplo é o Entity Framework que obriga todas as entidades persistidas a terem construtores sem parâmetro, mas não se importa com a visibilidade. Como você que segue o DDD e não quer modelos "anêmicos" não deseja que os usuários da classe consigam usar esses construtores e usa desse recurso para escondê-los.
Eu concordo que eles também servem para proteger classes com métodos puramente estáticos, mas aí tem o recurso de declarar a classe estática, questão de design.
@Caffé: Todas as classes possuem construtores, inclusive as estáticas. Claro que esses construtores possuem maiores restrições.
Perceba (linqpad):
void Main()
{
    Console.WriteLine(Xpto.msg);
}

static class Xpto
{
    public static string msg;

    static Xpto()
    {
        msg = "Blau";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Reply to post: Re: A fair response.
Apple also invented Bonjour to do auto discovery over the LAN. Devices could have used that to find each other and sync.
It seems everyone was intent on copying Google instead.


text: Make a ESP8266 and DHT11 based temperature+humidity sensor that publishes data to a MQTT broker.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Watermelon is a fruit that has a very high nutritional value. Apart from being a delicious and refreshing fruit, it…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If it hadn't happened, he wouldn't be in Jacksonville today getting ready for the Gator Bowl game against Florida.
JACKSONVILLE — If it hadn't happened, he wouldn't be in Jacksonville today getting ready for the Gator Bowl game against Florida.
The Ohio State linebacker is in his sixth year at the school, receiving a special exemption from the NCAA partly because of what happened on July 26, 2009.
Moeller was in Tampa celebrating his grandparents' anniversary that night when an individual found out he was an Ohio State player. Words were exchanged and, according to published reports, he was punched by Ralph Decker.
Moeller fell to the ground and hit his head. He suffered severe brain trauma and had to have surgery to relieve the pressure.
Decker went to prison after being convicted of a felony. Moeller missed the whole season and had a nasty zipper scar on his head. His situation will remind Gator fans of the Brandon McArthur story. The Florida baseball player also missed a season after suffering severe brain trauma after being punched in Gainesville.
"I don't think about it at all," Moeller said. "The only time I think about it is when he goes back to jail, and they send me papers asking me how I feel about it.
Moeller also missed much of the 2010 season with a pectoral injury and was granted a sixth year of eligibility because of the unusual circumstances.
Moeller has bounced back to record 44 tackles this season with two tackles for a loss. On Monday, he will finish his Ohio State career against Florida.
Because this is his sixth year, Moeller is also the only player in this game who was around the last time these two teams played. Florida beat Ohio State in the 2006 national title game.


Today's supercomputers are moving towards deployment of many-core processors like Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL), to deliver high compute and memory capacity. Applications executing on such many-core platforms with improved vectorization require high memory bandwidth. To improve performance, architectures like Knights Landing include a high bandwidth and low capacity in-package high bandwidth memory (HBM) in addition to the high capacity but low bandwidth DDR4. Other architectures like Nvidia's Pascal GPU also expose similar stacked DRAM. In architectures with heterogeneity in memory types within a node, efficient allocation and data movement can result in improved performance and energy savings in future systems if all the data requests are served from the high bandwidth memory. In this paper, we propose a memory-heterogeneity aware runtime system which guides data prefetch and eviction such that data can be accessed at high bandwidth for applications whose entire working set does not fit within the high bandwidth memory and data needs to be moved among different memory types. We implement a data movement mechanism managed by the runtime system which allows applications to run efficiently on architectures with heterogeneous memory hierarchy, with trivial code changes. We show upto 2X improvement in execution time for Stencil3D and Matrix Multiplication which are important HPC kernels.


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Deadly Delay: Part One - 13 WTHR Indianapolis - WTHR
Deadly Delay: Part One
Deadly Delay: Part One | 13 WTHR Indianapolis
Sheila Hackert escaped the 2001 fire that killed her husband and daughter.
Sara Galer
Published: May 21st, 2007 - 5:07pm (EDT)
Updated: Apr 15th, 2016 - 3:36am (EDT)
Bob Segall/13 Investigates
13 Investigates will change the way you look at smoke detectors. Even though they may look the same, the truth is not all smoke detectors are alike.
Unfortunately most people don't know that, and chances are the smoke detectors in your home right now will not provide you and your family with the best protection available. By not knowing the difference, you and your family could face a "Deadly Delay" and not escape in time.
Fires are terrifying to even think about and they happen far too often. Fire burns 400,000 homes in the U.S. every year, and those fires kill 3,000 people.
It's why you make a conscious choice to protect your family with a smoke detector. But when it comes to those smoke detectors, there's something most families don't know and some never find out until it's too late.
Smoke detector never sounded
Sheila Hackert lives with that awful truth. "I just trusted it would work. I had no idea it wouldn't work. It's just horrifying. It surprises me that more people don't know."
She lost two loved ones, her husband Bill and daughter Christine. Hackert vividly remembers the fire that destroyed her life and New York home at four o'clock in the morning. "The room was filled with thick black smoke. It's horrifying to be in a fire."
Hackert's son John escaped by jumping out a second floor window. She was able to crawl out the kitchen door after the family dog woke her up. "I'm only alive because of a puppy," she said.
What makes Hackert so angry is she says the smoke detector right outside her bedroom never went off even though the house was full of smoke and fire.
Fire investigators closely examined Hackert's smoke detector after the fire and found it had a working battery. So why didn't it work?
Jim Hacker, the family attorney for the Hackerts, says it's because of how that smoke detector was designed. "The public has to know that there are two different types of smoke detectors."
Ionization smoke detectors: Limitations
The smoke detector Hackert had in her home is the same type of smoke detector you probably have in your home. It's called an ionization smoke detector which works best in detecting fires with lots of flames.
The problem is thousands of fires begin as slow burning, smoldering fires that can fill a home with deadly smoke long before it fully ignites.
That was the scenario in the deadly Hackert fire. An overloaded extension cord triggered a slow-burning fire that smoldered throughout the night.
According to some Indiana firefighters, smoldering fires are the most dangerous. IFD Safety Officer Jack Cassaday told 13 Investigates Bob Segall the dangers: "The smoldering fire is going to burn up all the oxygen and it's going to kill everyone in their sleep."
Photoelectric smoke alarms: A better chance
During our three-month investigation we learned the different types of smoke detectors. What you need to know is there is another type of smoke detector called a photoelectric smoke alarm. It looks the same it but this device is better at detecting slow-burning smoldering fires. Photoelectric alarms cost less than $20 and the technology has been around for almost thirty years. If you've never heard of a photoelectric smoke detector, you're not alone.
Why are photoelectric smoke detectors such a secret? Because the overwhelming majority of smoke detectors made and sold are ionization detectors. Remember, that type of alarm is not as quick to recognize slow-burning fires which account for a large percentage of fire deaths.
Attorney Jim Hacker explains why he considers ionization to be a risk for homeowners. "Not only does it go off, the ionization smoke detector goes off later in these types of fires. Sometimes it doesn't go off at all."
Fire victim files suit
Kimberly Lee says that is what happened to her.
Lee is still covered with scars from the apartment fire on the Indianapolis east side. Her boyfriend Cornell was severely burned too. After the blaze, both were in a coma for a month and because of medical complications, Cornell later died.
Investigators believe the fire started from cigar ashes that burned for hours inside a couch while both were asleep.
Lee remembers that night. "The smoke was just so bad and it was so hot."
13 Investigates asked her if the smoke detector went off at any point during the fire. Lee said no. When asked how it was possible that Lee's apartment could be filled with smoke and the smoke detector failed to go off, she replied, "I don't know. I don't know. I just trusted that it would work."
Lee says not only did the detector not work, but she says in a lawsuit, the company that made her smoke detector failed to warn her that it might not work properly in a smoldering fire, the kind of fire that destroyed her apartment.
Even today Lee didn't realize a different type of smoke detector might have given her and Cornell the warning they needed. "I thought a smoke detector was a smoke detector."
Unfortunately that's not true and even the manufacturers admit it. In recent years smoke alarm companies have added information to their packaging. It explains there is a difference and that photoelectric technology is faster at detecting slow-smoldering fires. The manufacturers also say the best protection for your family is to have both types of smoke alarms in your home.
This type of information is something Sheila Hackert wishes she had known. "I didn't know there was a difference." She tearfully explains why it's so important for families to understand the differences in smoke detectors. "These things have to work. They have to work. I don't want another family to go through what I went through - go to bed at night and the next night half of your family is gone. I will live with that the rest of my life."
Last year Hackert won a $7 million verdict against BRK, the company the made her First Alert smoke detector. While the case is on appeal, the company says it won't comment but the company did provide WTHR with a statement.
Smoke alarm companies do say their detectors meet strict federal standards and that independent tests show both ionization and photoelectric smoke detectors give consumers adequate time to escape most fires.
Now, how do you tell what you have in your home? Some smoke detectors don't say anything on them. An older smoke detector on your ceiling right now might give you very few clues and in some models, those clues might be on the back or even inside.
What type of smoke detector do you have?
Newer smoke detectors are labeled much better. Here's what to look for: Photoelectric smoke detectors usually have the word PHOTOELECTRIC right on them. You might see a big "P" or a "blue symbol". And if you see the words "dual sensor," that means the smoke detector has both photoelectric and ionization built in.
If you don't see any symbols chances are, it's probably an ionization smoke detector. Those alarms are sometimes marked with a letter I, or other symbols.
When you are taking a look at your smoke detector, please make sure to check the battery. That's crucial.
Soldier returns home, surprises son at Lebanon school
IACS offering free dog-training class Wednesday evening
OneAmerica volunteers pack birthday boxes, snack packs for community distribution
Jeopardy 'GOAT' Ken Jennings to speak at DePauw in February
The bottom line: Smoke detectors do save lives. Adding a photoelectric smoke detector to your home will usually give you more warning in a slow-burning, nighttime fire.
Smoke Detector Reservation - WTHR-TV, hhgregg and First Alert are arranging to ship several thousand dual-sensor (featuring both ionization and photoelectric technology) smoke detectors to Central Indiana. Click the link to reserve yours.
Back to Deadly Delay main page


Along with updates for the operating system, processor, snapper and screen quality, modern-day smartphones have upgraded in one more important section and that is. The majority of the handset manufacturer's offer dual-SIM smartphones. Many prefer to not use them because of the annoyance of having to handle two numbers. But a dual SIM smartphone provides benefits that you can purchase for. They are worth the purchase. You can enjoy two plans at exactly the exact same time. SIM or A Subscriber Identity Module is a smart card for mobile phones provided by telephone service providers. With a dual SIM phone, you can use two plans from different service providers simultaneously. You can choose one card for its data programs and the other for voice calls. Doing so will help you keep your monthly communication expenses low as far as airtime is worried. Go to the below mentioned site, if you are searching for more details about dual sim mobile phones uk.
Create a Business and Personal Phone in One. The thought of carrying two phones, one for business and another for personal use, isn't a option for all. With a SIM smartphone, it's possible to use a single phone and still can separate your business and personal contacts. This arrangement also allows you to split phone bills if you are required to maintain a record of business calls at the month's end. Cost-effective Communication on the Go. SIMs offer the best advantage to people who have to travel frequently on business. The roaming charges are high. On the other hand, using a SIM means blocking messages from people back home. A smartphone which accepts two SIM cards allows you to receive messages from home and at exactly the exact same time keeps your international roaming charges low by using a local SIM card. Cover Emergencies Swiftly.
Even on networks that are usually perfect, there might be gaps and delays in coverage. When you have a SIM smartphone, you know that you can still cover such gaps because the second card is available for use when the other is down. Travelers will find this beneficial considering that community reception is not the exact same in all parts. You know you have a backup in the event one network goes down. Choosing the right Dual SIM phone. Despite the prevalence of SIM smartphones, you wish to make sure that at the end of the day you purchase. An important consideration in this respect is the battery life as it might drain out faster. It's also helpful to find out how the two cards may be used. This is considering that some phones will not allow both networks to be busy at the same time while a couple of others do. Compare other features including the apps that are available as well as the nav player and camera features, when choosing. They will assist you in settling.


The New and Improved flrecruiter.org!
1. The New and Improved flrecruiter.org!
Welcome to the new flrecruiter.org. While most of the useful information is still available, it is now provided in a more user-friendly format, easier to access and download. The site continues to feature any guidance or policy determination related to ID&R or eligibility from the ID&R Office as well as any information from the Office of Migrant Education. In addition, the site will have resources from the office as well as from the field, information regarding the National Hotline for Migrant Families, and links to key FL MEP programs such as the migrant parent advisory council (MPAC), portable assisted study sequence (PASS) and others.
As promised, the materials for the 2012 ID&R Spring training events are now available at flrecruiter.org.
The materials include the complete slides for the presentations shared at the training, as well as the most recent documents (OSY profile, re-interview form and protocol). If you have any questions regarding the training materials, please contact the ID&R Office at 866-963-6677.
Materials developed by the Solutions for Out-of-School Youth consortium are available at the ID&R Office. Specifically, the Finanza Toolbox, Health Mini Lessons, Bilingual Clip Sheets, and Hotline fliers for OSY are currently available. Contact the ID&R Office if you wish for these materials to be sent to your program. Go to the Resources for OSY for more information.
As discussed during the ID&R regional training events, districts should submit copies of completed COEs to the ID&R office in an ongoing basis. The forms should be sent by the 5th day of each month. If there are no COEs for a particular month, please inform our office by the 5th. Copies of any completed OSY profile can also be sent at this time. Please do not staple the COE to the OSY profile or any other form.


In Business Matters for Quarter 4 2017 we look at getting your business positioned for expansion and the new legislation designed to protect vulnerable workers. We've got tips and hints for turning around negative customer feedback as well as how to claim the small business tax offset. There are also new guidelines for casual employees and strategies for digital growth.


Picking up on Diogo's last post on how to obliterate all resources on your AWS Account, I thought it could also be useful to, instead, list all you have running.
Since I'm long overdue on a Go post, I'm going to share a one file app that uses the Go AWS SDK for to crawl each region for all taggable resources and pretty printing it on stdout, organised by Service type (e.g. EC2, ECS, ELB, etc.), Product Type (e.g. Instance, NAT, subnet, cluster, etc.).
The AWS SDK allows to retrieve all ARNs for taggable resources, so that's all the info I'll use for our little app.
Note: If you prefer jumping to full code code, please scroll until the end and read the running instructions before.
The main goal is to get structured information from the ARNs retrieved, so the first thing is to create a type that serves as a blue print for what I'm trying to achieve. Because I want to keep it simple, let's call this type SingleResource.
Also, since we are taking care of the basics, we can also define the TraceableRegions that we want the app to crawl through.
A common pattern in several companies using AWS services is having several distinct AWS accounts, partitioned not only by teams, but also by environments, such as develop, staging, production.
This can very easily explode your budget with not utilized resources. A classic example occurs when automated pipelines – think of terraform apply, or CI/CD procedures, etc – fail or time out, and all the resources created in the meanwhile are left behind.
Another frequent example happens in companies recently moving to the cloud. They create accounts for the sole purpose of familiarizing and educating developers on AWS and doing quick and dirty experiments. Understandably, after clicking around and creating multiple resources, it becomes hard to track exactly what was instantiated, and so unused zombie resources are left lingering around.
There are several options for tools to assist you with cleaning up AWS environment, such as from aws-nuke from rebuy-de and cloud-nuke from gruntwork. From the documentation aws-nuke supports destroying many more AWS resources compared to cloud-nuke, which was my intended use case. However cloud-nuke is being developed with a broader scope, with support for Azure and GCP in mind. When this post was released, this still remained a declaration of intentions though.
Error: The specified account doesn't have an alias. For safety reasons you need to specify an account alias. Your production account should contain the term 'prod'.
As explained here, the root cause might very likely be that you do not have a AWS account alias configured.
Do you really want to nuke the account with the ID 12345678910 and the alias '<your-aws-account-specific-profile>'?
Do you want to continue? Enter account alias to continue.
Scan complete: 436860 total, 436860 nukeable, 0 filtered. The above resources would be deleted with the supplied configuration. Provide –no-dry-run to actually destroy resources.
That's all for today. For more information about aws-nuke, have a look in the repository.
To be completely honest, this article spawns out of some troubleshooting frustration. So hopefully this will save others some headaches.
error: the server doesn't have a resource type "svc"
First configure your local AWS profile. This is also useful if you want to test for different users and roles.
This will print whatever the alias you gave in the config file.
Last but not least, update the new config file and add the profile used.
# Ideally you get "yes" as the answer.
Then it means you are specifying the -r flag in your kube/config file. This should be only used for roles.
In the meanwhile Spark has not decreased popularity, so I thought I continued updating the same series. In this post we cover an essential part of any ETL project, namely Unit testing.
For that I created a sample repository, which is meant to serve as boiler plate code for any new Python Spark project.
Today is yet short one, but ideally will already save a whole lot of headaches for some people.
Scenario: You have stored the contents of a string using AWS SSM parameter store (side note: if you are not using it yet, you should definitely have a look), but when retrieving it decrypted via CLI, you notice that the string has new lines ('\n') substituted by spaces (' ').
In my case, I was storing a private SSH key encrypted to integrate with some Ansible scripts triggered via AWS CodePipeline + CodeBuild. CodeBuild makes it realy easy to access secrets stored in SSM store, however it was retrieving my key incorrectly, which in term domino-crashed my ansible scripts.
Before rushing into the new cool kid, namely AWS EKS, AWS hosted offering of Kubernetes, you might want to understand how it works underneath and compares to the already existing offerings. In this post we focus on distinguishing between the different AWS container orchestration solutions out there, namely AWS ECS, Fargate, and EKS, as well as comparing their pros and cons.
Before we dive into comparisons, let us summarize what each product is about.
ECS was the first container orchestration tool offering by AWS. It essentially consists of EC2 instances which have docker already installed, and run a Docker container which talks with AWS backend. Via ECS service you can either launch tasks – unmonitored containers suited usually for short lived operations – and services, containers which AWS monitors and guarantees to restart if they go down by any reason. Compared to Kubernetes, it is quite simpler, which has advantageous and disadvantages.
Fargate was the second service offering to come, and is intended to abstract all everything bellow the container (EC2 instances where they run) from you. In other words, a pure Container-as-a-Service, where you do not care where that container runs. Fargate followed two core technical advancements made in ECS: possibility to assign ENI directly and dedicated to a Container and integration of IAM on a container level. We will get into more detail on this later.
The following image sourced from AWS blog here illustrates the difference between ECS and Fargate services.
EKS is the latest offering, and still only available on some Regions. With EKS you can abstract some of the complexities of launching a Kubernetes Cluster, since AWS will now manage the Master Nodes – the control plane. Kubernetes is a much richer container orchestrator, providing features such as network overlay, allowing you to isolate container communication, and storage provisioning. Needless to say, it is also much more more complex to manage, with a bigger investment in terms of DevOps effort.
Like Kubernetes, you can also use kubectl to communicate with EKS cluster. You will need to configure the AWS IAM authenticator locally to communicate with your EKS cluster.
Reproducibility is a pillar in science, and version control via git has been a blessing to it. For pure Software Engineering it works perfectly. However, machine learning projects are not just only about code, but rather also about the data. The same model trained with two distinct data sets can produce completely different results.
So it comes with no surprise when I stumble with csv files on git repos of data teams, as they struggle to keep track of code and metadata. However this cannot be done for today's enormous datasets. I have seen several hacks to solve this problem, none of them bullet proof. This post is not about those hacks, rather about an open source solution for it: DVC.


The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a joint summary of the activities of the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) Working Group, which took place between October 2011 and March 31, 2013. The department and the FTC established the working group to collaborate and discuss issues concerning ACOs created under the Affordable Care Act of 2010. The act encourages physicians, hospitals and other health care providers to integrate their health care delivery systems in order to improve the quality and reduce the costs of health care services.
The summary, which follows issuance of the agencies' October 2011 antitrust enforcement policy statement regarding ACOs participating in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP), reports that during the time period covered, the ACO Working Group fielded 33 questions related principally to primary service area (PSA) share calculations, and two requests for voluntary expedited review from proposed ACOs.
Under the policy statement, an ACO may calculate its PSA shares to determine whether it falls within an antitrust safety zone for certain ACOs that are highly likely to raise significant competitive concerns. The ACO Working Group responded to most of the 33 PSA share questions within five business days, and in connection with the release of the summary is now making the questions and answers publicly available on their websites. The largest category of questions concerned obtaining and using Medicare and other data to calculate PSA shares.
Also under the policy statement, a newly formed ACO may request voluntary expedited antitrust review of its program. Both of the ACOs that sought such review during the time period covered by the summary withdrew their requests.
The joint summary and questions and answers can be found on the department's website at www.justice.gov/atr/public/health_care/aco.html.


This month's spotlight is on goldsmiths and contemporary jewellers, We Three Kings of Bridge Street, Witney. When the Lula Mai team was looking for a supplier to provide the wedding bands, theirs was a name that came up in recommendations time and again.
The rings that Nikki and Bill Maddocks make at We Three Kings are personal and designed especially for the couple, making them perfect for the Big Day. So when Nikki and Bill generously agreed to supply bespoke wedding rings for our lucky couple the team was delighted. And it's all the more fitting since Bill and Nikki have their own connection with the emergency services, as Bill is an on-call firefighter in Witney.
At We Three Kings, Nikki and Bill offer a personal and friendly service – creating jewellery at the bench in their workshop. Their clients don't need to know exactly what they want. Bill and Nikki will have a chat and find out more about their ideas, the occasion and what they do and don't like. Then they draw up designs free of charge and provide a costing. When the client is happy with both, Bill makes up the piece. Each one reflects something personal and goes on to be treasured, often with the intention to pass it down through the generations.
Bill says, "Nikki and I have a great job, designing and making jewellery for all types of occasions. Nikki is very creative and has lots of design ideas and I enjoy the technical challenge of making the piece up.
Nikki and Bill met whilst studying jewellery design at college. Nikki went on to a degree in three-dimensional design, majoring in silversmithing and Bill went to Epsom to study goldsmithing. They married whilst they were both still students and after graduating they decided to set up on their own, making jewellery, selling through galleries and trade fairs.
In 1995, Nikki and Bill had their first child, moved to Bridge Street and opened We Three Kings. At first they sold a variety of crafts and jewellery, created by more than 50 artists, as well as making their own jewellery at the bench.
Following the birth of their second child in 1997, they refurbished We Three Kings to focus on their jewellery and that made by a number of other British artists. Nikki made up collections for the shop while Bill continued the bespoke work, making the pieces that mean so much to people.
The shop and their home were badly affected in the 2007 floods and they had the mammoth task of renovating We Three Kings. At this point, Nikki and Bill decided to concentrate purely on designing and making their own bespoke jewellery and they haven't looked back.
Nikki and Bill are designing and making Ross and Emma's wedding bands. The couple loved We Three Kings so much that they commissioned them to create a gorgeous bespoke engagement ring for Emma. Now Bill and Nikki are working on designing a wedding band that complements that ring and Ross's band will reflect his wife-to-be's.
We Three Kings design and create their jewellery in Bridge Street, Witney. To find out more, email billmad@ntlworld.com , visit their new website We Three Kings or call 01993 775399.


Psalm 119:55 In the night, LORD, I remember your name, that I may keep your law.
In the night, LORD, I remember your name, that I may keep your law.
Yahweh, I remember Your name in the night, and I obey Your instruction.
In the night I remember your name, LORD, and keep your instruction.
I have remembered thy name, O Jehovah, in the night, And have observed thy law.
In the night I have remembered thy name, O Lord: and have kept thy law.
I have remembered in the night Thy name, O Jehovah, And I do keep Thy law.
Yet the LORD will command his loving kindness in the day time, and in the night his song shall be with me, and my prayer to the God of my life.
When I remember you on my bed, and meditate on you in the night watches.
Psalm 63:6 When I remember you on my bed, and meditate on you in the night watches.
Psalm 139:18 If I should count them, they are more in number than the sand: when I awake, I am still with you.


text:
Q: Is it possible to return value like this? I have a question about Python syntax, didnt found on the google :/
I trying to write universal function, for locators search on Selenium.
I have locators in locators.py, they looks like this:
class LoginForm:
    email    = {'css': '#email'}
    password = {'css': ' #password'}
    login_button = {'css': '#submitLoginForm'}

and in base_page.py I have this:
def __unify_locator(self,selector: dict):
    elif 'css' in selector.keys():
        return (By.CSS_SELECTOR,selector['css'])

def __element(self, selector: dict, index: int):
    return self.driver.find_elements((self.__unify_locator(selector)))[index]

As you can see, I trying to return from __unify_locator something like (By.CSS_SELECTOR,selector['css']). I want to make it agile, because in the future I can use XPath or Link Text or e.t.c
Is it possible to return values like this ? case I got errors on execute that part of code

A:
Is it possible to return values like this ? case I got errors on execute that part of code

Yes, you can return a tuple like this. The error isn't because of the return, but because of how you use it. To separate the values in the tuple as parameters to another function, use the splat operator *:
self.driver.find_elements(*self.__unify_locator(selector))
                          ^ here

One suggestion: You can write your selectors directly as such a pair:
email = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#email')

Then you don't need __unify_locator() at all:
self.driver.find_elements(*selector)

Alternatively, your selector can be a dict to provide context to the meaning of each value:
email = {
    'by': By.CSS_SELECTOR,
    'value': '#email',
}

Then use ** instead of *:
self.driver.find_elements(**selector)

Finally, you cannot have elif without an if, but I think you just didn't post some of your code in __unify_locator().

A: You problem is likely simply that you are using elif instead of if. I don't know the rest of your setup, but it may work if you just do
if 'css' in selector.keys():

instead of using elif.
elif is short for else if. It goes after a different if statement, and will only be checked if the previous if condition evaluates to false. Since here you are only testing one condition, you should use if.
Since you say you want flexibility in the future, your next conditions could use elif, and would be entered if their condition is true and the if above them is false.


In terms of sheer numbers, slip and fall accidents comprise a staggering proportion of the personal injury events experienced by Californians each and every year. Considering the vast array of scenarios in which dangerous accidents of this type can occur, it should come as no great surprise that the National Safety Council reports such incidents as being the second most significant driver of unintended fatalities, and the leading cause of injury-related deaths for those 65 years of age and older.
Seemingly in an instant, a slip and fall accident can turn a normal day into one that forever changes a life not only for victims, but their entire families. With this in mind, those who have suffered significant harm due to the negligence of another party can rely on a Mission Viejo slip and fall lawyer who is committed to pursuing the financial resources injured individuals need and deserve. To discuss your case and begin filing a claim, call and schedule a consultation with an injury attorney in Mission Viejo today.
The seriousness of slip and fall accidents must never be underestimated, given their ability to produce life-altering injuries and even cause death. Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that on an annual basis, more than 700,000 individuals, particularly older citizens, require hospitalization following a fall, often because they have sustained a serious fracture or a head injury.
According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), slips, falls and trips make up the lion's share of industrial accidents, producing approximately 15% of accidental deaths, a figure that ranks second to motor vehicle incidents as a cause of fatalities.
Sadly, far too many of these incidents are the direct result of failures on the part of owners and managers of a wide array of premises to properly maintain their locations and prevent accidents of this nature. Obtaining the assistance of a Mission Viejo slip and fall lawyer is often the best way for victims to boost their chances of securing the compensation and justice that can be so critical to the recovery process.
Furthermore, slip and fall events can happen in a limitless number of locations, including parking lots, stairways, curbs, sidewalks, escalators, store aisles, building entrances and more. It is sometimes impossible for even the most vigilant among us to avoid accidental injury resulting from a slip, trip or fall.
It is not always easy to establish liability in a slip and fall case, and a Mission Viejo injury attorney will need to show that the premises owner or manager in question had a duty to the person harmed, that he or she did not fulfill that duty and that the injury sustained was a direct result of that failure.
Key questions in cases of this type may revolve around whether the property owner was aware of the danger presented, whether a reasonable individual would have taken remedial action and whether barriers or other types of warnings could have prevented the harm.
It is indisputable that slip and fall accidents can and do leave victims with catastrophic injuries and sometimes even result in death. That is why the legal system provides those individuals with the right to seek significant compensation from those they believe are responsible for that harm.
To learn more about how a Mission Viejo slip and fall attorney can help fight to recover the costs of medical bills, physical rehabilitation and other forms of loss stemming from such an event, contact us today.


Nikki Bella is shopping for the perfect wedding dress with her twin sister Brie Bella in a new preview of Sunday's episode of Total Bellas.
The clip, released Tuesday, features Nikki trying on multiple dresses for her previously planned wedding to fellow WWE superstar John Cena. The footage was taken before the pair's eventual split in April after a six-year relationship.
Nikki is seen trying on multiple dresses including a lace ball gown before deciding that she wants something with longer sleeves for her big day.
"I just got goosebumps," Brie says after she her sister dons a third dress that is ultimately chosen. "It's stunning. I feel like this is exactly what you've been looking for."
"It's so funny because you always know when a bride finds her dress," Brie continues after Nikki exclaims that she feels like a Barbie. "When they walk out and it's like this big smile and they feel like a queen, you're just like, 'That's it,'"
Nikki on Sunday, updated fans on the The Bella Twins YouTube channel where she currently stands with Cena. "Right now we're just friends. We are both working on each other and trying to work on us," Nikki said. "Hopefully one day we will get back together and if we don't we just both want each other to be very, very happy."
Nikki also detailed how upcoming episodes of Total Bellas will include her bachelorette party, how the planned wedding to Cena would have looked and a season finale that she described as emotional.


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| YSM faculty composer awarded Grammy
Rianna Turner
YSM faculty composer awarded Grammy
Rianna Turner 12:10 am, Feb 14, 2019
Courtesy of Harold Shapiro
On Sunday, Yale School of Music faculty composer Aaron Jay Kernis MUS '83 won the Grammy for his Violin Concerto in the "Best Contemporary Classical Composition" category. The recording of the concert features violinist James Ehnes — who also won a Grammy for this performance in the "Best Classical Instrumental Solo" category — conductor Ludovic Morlot and the Seattle Symphony.
"The primary inspiration came from the astonishing violin soloist I wrote the concerto for — James Ehnes," Kernis said. "James is an especially inspiring performer because he is such a superb musician: The music comes first, without extraneous flash and glitter."
Kernis said that Ehnes' command over his instrument and gorgeous sound enabled him to be as inventive as possible in his performance.
Kernis' work is comprised of three movements — titled Chaconne, Ballad and Toccatini — that grow progressively shorter. Chaconne is approximately 15 minutes, the pensive Ballad spans 10 and the fast-paced third movement is five minutes. Each movement showcases the soloist's technical prowess.
Kernis said that for much of his career, he has "been occupied with expressively and organically spinning out the development and transformation of simple musical ideas."
"This [approach] has forced me to draw on all the craft I've learned over many years and be led deeper and deeper into my intuition," Kernis said. "Each of the three movements is very different, but takes that metamorphosing as a vital part of the composing process."
Kernis' musical journey began early in his life — he began composing in high school, after studying piano, violin and voice as a child. Studying violin gave Kernis a special affinity for the instrument and he noted that "this concerto feels like a culminating effort in a large series of concerti [he has] written in the last decade."
In 1981, Kernis began his studies at the School of Music and joined the composition faculty in 2003. Kernis referred to the School of Music as a "superlative" place with a phenomenal student body.
One of Kernis' students, Krists Auznieks MUS '22, is currently in Washington, D.C., awaiting the American premiere of his opera "NeoArctic," which he worked on while studying with Kernis.
Auznieks said that Kernis' personable nature and attentiveness to students' compositions are notable features of Kernis' teaching style. According to Auznieks, Kernis has attended many of Auznieks' off-campus performance and has gone out of his way to be both a musical and personal mentor.
"I think he knows very well the deeper connections between art and humanity — that by cultivating artistic craft, culture, he is changing the fabric of our world," Auznieks said. "There is a certain kind of idealism that only music can communicate."
Auznieks also admires Kernis' patience — composition is a "slow and meticulous" process, and it often yields only a few performances before the artistic process must begin again.
Auznieks noted how he was "thrilled, but not surprised" at Kernis' Grammy award — a reaction that differed from that of Kernis himself.
"I was sitting just about 20 rows away from the Grammy Award stage — nothing can really prepare you for the shock when that envelope is torn open," Kernis said. "So I was running onto stage, shaking, yet having to be composed enough to thank the people most important in the creation of the concerto, then head down for photos and interviews. I don't exactly see how I can use that in my teaching, but knowing how to concisely thank people — in under a minute — and be ready for anything can't hurt."
Rianna Turner | rianna.turner@yale.edu


The time that witnesses heard Dutch model Ivana Smit fall from an apartment building in Kuala Lumpur in December, does not correspond with the time of death stated in the police report, was revealed in the Coroner's Court on Thursday, AD reports.
GM Tan, the lawyer representing American couple Luna and Alexander Johnson, was asked to leave a court hearing on the death of Dutch model Ivana Smit in Malaysia on Wednesday. The judge ordered Tan to leave after he could not give a good reason for why his clients did not obey the summons to testify in the hearing, RTL Nieuws reports.
The apartment in Kuala Lumpur from which 18-year-old Dutch model Ivana Smit fell to her death in December, was cleaned shortly after the young woman's body was discovered and before the Malaysian police did a trace evidence investigation, lawyer Sebas Diekstra said on Twitter.


Immediate Music is now available through BMGPM.
The flagship catalog that birthed a genre.
Some of Immediate Music's recent high-profile trailer campaign credits include: "Dunkirk", "Blade Runner 2049", "Wonder Woman", "War For The Planet Of The Apes", "Beauty And The Beast", "Arrival" and "Star Wars: Rogue One".
IMPRINT | BMG is a subsidiary of international media company Bertelsmann.


text:
Allister Ann
You never know what you might find on social media from your favorite artist. On Friday (Jan. 20), Carly Pearce shared a wild story, she opened with "I'm doing my makeup and I'm going to tell you about the time, I had a warrant for my arrest."
After her flight was canceled during a previous radio tour. She was driving through Kentucky and the speed limit changed quickly. She was pulled over and didn't realize she was cited for reckless driving. She ended up getting a warrant because she didn't pay the full ticket price. Luckily, the officer was a country music fan and eventually dropped the charges for some country music tickets.
Apparently, being a country artist does pay off sometimes. Check out the full story below:
I bet you weren't expecting that one 😅 pic.twitter.com/JgQsaJZunV
— Carly Pearce (@carlypearce) January 20, 2023
carly pearce speeding ticket warrant
Big congrats go out to Dan+Shay's Shay Mooney and his wife, Hannah Billingsley, who welcomed baby number 3 today. Revealing Friday (Jan. 20), that baby Abram Shay Mooney was born on January 17th. Abram joins older brothers Asher and Ames. Both sharing a clip on Instagram, with Mooney captioning the clip "Grateful doesn't begin to cover it,".


text:
The Symphony No. 10 in D major, Hoboken I/10, is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. The symphony may have been written as early as 1757 but no later than 1761, probably for the small, but resourceful orchestra of Count Morzin.

It is scored for 2 oboes, bassoon, 2 horns, strings and continuo. The work is in three movements:

 Allegro,
 Andante, G major,
 Presto,

References

Symphony 010
Compositions in D major

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
USB DAC review: Six compact components for upgrading your computer's audio
By R. Matthew Ward
Audioquest DragonFly DAC
Audioengine D3 Premium 24-bit DAC
Cambridge Audio DacMagic XS DAC
High Resolution Technologies MicroStreamer
CEntrance DACport
Meridian Audio Explorer DAC
I've got some bad news: Those nice headphones and great speakers that you spent so much money on? They probably don't sound as good as they could. You spent the time searching for the best audio gear for your computer, and no one wants to get less than what they paid for.
Not sure what I mean? Let me explain. Sound that you play on your computer starts out as a digitally-encoded stream. The built-in digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in your computer converts those bits of data into an electrical signal that is, in turn, fed to the amplifier that makes the drivers in your headphones or speakers move and produce sound.
That built-in headphone jack isn't doing your audio gear any favors.
But by its nature, this digital-to-analog-conversion process isn't exact, so some DACs produce a higher-quality facsimile of the original recorded signal than others. The DAC built into your computer was likely chosen to fit space, power, and cost constraints, rather than for optimal audio performance. And your computer's built-in headphone amplifier, which is part of the headphone jack's circuitry and provides the juice that drives your headphones, was picked for similar reasons—and has similar drawbacks. Plus, these components are all sensitive to the sorts of electronic noise that pervade the inside of a modern computer.
If you've invested in quality headphones or upgraded your speakers, you can use an external DAC to help those components reach their full potential; many external DACs also include significantly better headphone amplification—you use the DAC's own headphone jack instead of the one on your computer. These upgraded headphone jacks give you tighter and stronger bass, increased clarity and detail, better separation of instruments and notes, and other subtle improvements that add up to an increased sense of pace and musical drama. Taken together, these changes bring you closer to your music.
Inconspicuous offerings
Though many vendors offer large, AC-powered, audiophile-grade desktop DACs and headphone amplifiers, the best values for computer-focused DACs can be found in compact packages—the size of a deck of cards or smaller—that receive audio and power from your computer's USB port. I previously reviewed Arcam's $249 rPAC (4.5 of 5 rating), which impressed me with its build and sound quality. However, a number of similarly sized and priced models compete with the rPAC, meeting or beating its price, size, features, and/or sound quality.
Arcam's rPAC
I gathered six such products, ranging in price from $149 to $300. (My guideline: Don't spend more on a DAC than you did on the partnering headphones or speakers.) Each is small, uses USB for power and digital-audio input, includes a headphone output with analog volume adjustment (controlled via hardware or software), and supports high-resolution audio files up to a 96 kHz sample rate and 24-bit depth (some support 192 kHz/24-bit). Most are based around asynchronous USB technology, in which the DAC controls the rate of data transmission from the computer in order to reduce timing errors (called "jitter") that can cause audible and measurable reductions in sound quality.
All the models I tested are essentially plug-and-play: You simply connect the DAC to a USB port and your computer automatically detects the component and routes audio through it. (If your computer doesn't automatically switch audio output to the connected DAC, you can perform the task manually in your OS's audio settings.) If you've got a Mac and you're going to be playing high-resolution audio, you'll also want to configure your Mac for high-resolution playback (though whether high-resolution offers audible improvements is a controversial matter).
With all these models, you set the volume level in your music software (such as iTunes) to maximum to ensure that the DAC gets an unadulterated digital signal. All models except the CEntrance DACport and the Cambridge Audio DACmagic XS use your computer's software volume setting to control the DAC's internal volume. (On my Mac, the default volume-control increments were often too coarse, particularly for sensitive headphones. Holding down the Shift and Option keys while pressing the volume-up or -down key results in quarter-step adjustments.)
The HRT MicroStreamer and Meridian Explorer offer 3.5mm fixed-level line output (for use with speakers or stereos with their own volume control) in addition to the volume-controlled headphone output. You'll want to be sure to not plug your headphones into the line-out port, as the higher output level could damage your headphones, or, worse, your ears. It's easy to do this accidentally, so plastic headphone port caps are a good way to protect your equipment and hearing.
Over the course of my testing, I used each model both during my regular listening sessions, and while auditioning headphones for other reviews. For direct comparisons, I used my full-size home stereo and my two reference headphones: the full-size, open AKG K701 (currently available as the $349 Q701), which is particularly picky about amplification, and the $1099 JH Audio JH13 Pro FreqPhase custom in-ear-canal headphones, which can be difficult to drive due to low impedance. I also compared the DACs to the full-size DAC I use in my home stereo, Cambridge Audio's original DacMagic (discontinued, but $429 when last available; 4.5 of 5 rating).
CEntrance's DACport
CEntrance isn't a household name, but the company has long been producing technology for digital-audio interfaces made by other consumer and professional audio companies. CEntrance's $250 DACport, originally released in 2009 (at the much-higher price of $400), is the oldest product here. Its small, simple design—an aluminum tube with a Mini-USB port on one end, a 1/4-inch headphone/line output on the other end, and the rest of the electronics housed in between—made a splash upon its introduction. In the middle of the cylinder is a rubbery, pencil-eraser-like volume knob. The DACport's aluminum shell is substantial, making the device feel like high-end gear. CEntrance also includes a carrying pouch, a USB cable, a belt clip, and a 3.5mm-to–1/4-inch headphone adapter. (A $200 DAC-only model, the DACport LX, omits the built-in headphone amplifier and volume control.)
The DACport's technical capabilities and sound quality were as notable as its form factor back in 2009, kicking off the current generation of highly portable, high-quality, high-resolution USB models. One of the DACport's features is still unmatched by its newer competitors: Its headphone amplifier is based around a Class A design, which proponents argue produces better audio quality than Class B and D designs. This approach also means that the DACport is less energy-efficient, as power not used to drive headphones is converted to heat—the DACport gets warmer than the other units here, though never outright hot. However, while other models in this roundup use asynchronous data transfer, the DACport uses adaptive transfer—in which the computer controls data transfer, potentially increasing jitter—but in combination with the company's proprietary jitter-reduction technology.
Audioquest's DragonFly
AudioQuest DragonFly
Following the DACport by a few years, AudioQuest's $149 DragonFly takes the DACport's basic topography—USB input on one end, and a 3.5mm headphone jack on the other—and further shrinks and simplifies it. A standard USB plug is integrated into the unit, allowing the DragonFly to plug directly into a computer like a thumb drive. (Indeed, the device looks essentially like a thumb drive.) The DragonFly also eschews a physical volume control, relying instead on the host computer's software volume setting. A recent hardware revision, to version 1.2, included some improvements to the device's audio circuitry.
The DragonFly, designed in cooperation with DAC expert Gordon Rankin of Wavelength Audio, is charmingly small, well-built, and offers impressive performance. Despite its small size, the unit feels substantial, and it has a pleasant-to-touch rubbery exterior. The DragonFly logo on the outside lights up to indicate (by the color of the light) the current sample rate (up to 96 kHz/24-bit). AudioQuest includes a leather carrying pouch and a cap for the USB connector.
Due to its thumb-drive-like design, heavier headphone or interconnect cables can cause the DragonFly to strain your computer's USB port, so the company also sells the $17 DragonTail: a short USB extension, based on the company's Carbon line of high-end USB cables, that also prevents the DragonFly from blocking tightly-spaced ports on your computer.
The DragonFly's small size and all-in-one design make it a particularly good match for use with a laptop on the go. Thanks to this convenience, I frequently grabbed the DragonFly for portable listening.
Meridian's Explorer
Meridian Explorer
Meridian is a big name in the world of digital audio, and in 2013, the company jumped into the portable DAC/amp market with the $299 Explorer. The Explorer is an ovular, aluminum tube, closer in size to the DACport than the DragonFly, but much lighter; a flat, rubberized underside helps the device stay in place. Like the DACport, one end of the Explorer features a Mini-USB input, while the other hosts a software-volume-controlled, 3.5mm headphone jack. The output end also features an auto-switching 3.5mm analog/digital output, much like the one on most of Apple's recent computers. You can use the analog output to connect to a full-size stereo or powered speaker system; the optical output lets you use the Explorer as a high-quality USB-to-optical converter, so you can connect your computer to a higher-end DAC that lacks USB input.
Along the top of the Explorer are three white LEDs that indicate whether the sample rate is 44.1/48, 88.2/96, or 176.4/192 kHz—the Explorer is one of two models I tested that support this last rate. Meridian includes a short USB cable and a carrying pouch.
HRT's MicroStreamer
High Resolution Technologies (HRT) made a splash in the hi-fi DAC market a few years back with inexpensive designs that nevertheless offered high-quality USB-audio inputs at a time when many DACs included this feature only as a toss-in afterthought or an expensive add-on. The company's latest model, the $190 MicroStreamer, is its most portable.
The MicroStreamer is a plain, but well-made aluminum box, slightly larger than the DragonFly, with a Mini-USB input on one end and two 3.5mm audio outputs on the other end. As with the Explorer, one of these is a line-level output for connecting to an audio system, while the other's level is software controlled for use with headphones. Along the side are a series of LEDs to indicate the incoming sample rate (44.1, 48, 88.2, or 96 kHz), and whether or not the unit is muted (via software). HRT includes a USB cable and carrying pouch.
The MicroStreamer's firmware can be updated over a USB connection to a Windows PC; a recent update brought a cool new feature: the capability to use the MicroStreamer with iOS devices. The iPad—and, as of iOS 7, the iPhone and iPod touch—unofficially support USB DACs via Apple's Camera Connection Kit USB adapter or Lightning to USB Camera Adapter, but only if the device's power draw is 100 mA or less. The MicroStreamer's version 1.2 firmware reduces power draw to 98 mA, making it the only bus-powered DAC I've found that works with a direct connection to an iOS device (more on iOS compatibility in a bit). This change in power draw also benefits people with Android devices that support USB On The Go.
Audioengine's D3
Audioengine has made a name for itself with its excellent powered monitor speakers, which have become popular as alternatives to computer speakers, iPhone/iPod docks, and even small home stereo systems. The company also offers a line of high-quality electronics, including the N22 desktop amplifier and the brand-new, $189 D3 Premium 24-bit DAC headphone amplifier and DAC.
The D3 mimics the DragonFly's thumb-drive form factor. The D3's attractive, brushed-aluminum case sports two LEDs: One indicates power, and the other indicates a high (88.2 or 96 kHz) sample rate. The D3 comes with a carrying pouch and a 1/4-inch-to–3.5-mm headphone adapter. (The company also makes the older, $169 D1 Premium 24-bit DAC, which is larger but offers an optical-digital input, RCA outputs, a hardware volume knob, and 176.4 and 192 kHz capability).
Cambridge Audio DacMagic XS
I mentioned above that Cambridge Audio's now-discontinued DacMagic is my reference DAC in my home stereo system, and it continues to impress me after four years of ownership. So I was excited by the company's recent introduction of the $190 DacMagic XS, a small, USB-powered DAC that competes with the other models here. The XS most closely resembles the HRT MicroStreamer—it's a small, black, aluminum box with a Micro-USB input on one end and a 3.5mm headphone jack on the other. On top of the unit are volume-up and -down buttons. A LED glows during playback, with different colors corresponding to 44.1/48 kHz, 88.2/96 kHz, and 176.4/192 kHz sample rates. (Playback of 176.4/192 kHz files requires setting the unit to Class 2 mode by holding the volume buttons for a few seconds. This distinction isn't important on the Mac, but for Windows, Class 2 operation requires the installation of a special driver.)


This year, winter storms have brought tornados to the Florida panhandle, flooding to the Jersey Shore and so much snowfall to California that some people expect to be skiing until April. El Nino is at the center of the extreme weather pattern, and it is shaking up the insurance market from coast to coast.
Retail brokers and agents who work with homeowners in flood plains, coastal communities and other traditionally hard-to-place areas must approach the market with greater flexibility in order to provide coverage for their clients during El Nino flares.
In California, beach front homes are at risk from erosion; it can lead to landslides and even homes falling into the ocean! On the opposite coast, entire sand dunes acting as a barrier in South Carolina have been swept away leaving local residents to build manmade dunes in an effort to provide protection from high tides and storm surges.
Excess flood coverage provides for replacement value, not just the cash value provided by NFIP policies, which means homeowners can truly restore their homes after flood damage.
Trombley also explained that the homeowner's policy specifically excluded damage caused by flood, surface water, waves and tidal water. It wasn't even a storm, just a rogue wave. Damage from the saltwater and sand was not covered under the homeowner's policy.
In cases like this, and even for inland properties, Kasey Vaughn, Corporate Vice President, Burns & Wilcox, suggests that the homeowner could supplement a homeowner's policy with Excess Flood coverage. "The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) can only offer up to $250,000 for building coverage and $100,000 for contents coverage. Providing complimentary coverage to the NFIP policy can equate to limits up to $20 million."
Vaughn continues, Excess flood coverage provides for replacement value, not just the cash value provided by NFIP policies, which means homeowners can truly restore their homes after flood damage.
While the west coast is experiencing the unprecedented impact of El Nino, the gulf coast has not had a major hurricane in five years and there are more options for retail brokers and agents to place property insurance. Donna Dodd, Vice President, Personal Insurance, Burns and Wilcox, says, "The amount of capacity in the market has brought increased competition as well as new carriers wanting to write wind exposed risks."
However, since some homes in hurricane zones are vacation homes, the coverage is complicated. Vacation homes are often vacant for much of the year, which means damage can go unnoticed or increase between visits by the property owner. In addition to being geographically hard-to-place, the long stretches of vacancy need to be addressed in the coverage.
One path to finding necessary coverage for hard-to-place properties is to bundle the Property coverage with an Auto policy, Jewelry Floater or an Umbrella policy. Umbrella policies and companion pieces can help clients get a better rate, says Dodd. Yet, there are still some carriers reluctant to offer wind coverage on coastal properties. For those homeowners, Dodd suggests, a Wind Only policy to cover that exposure.
Across the Atlantic, Michael James, Director, North American Division at Chesterfield Group in London, agrees with Dodd. "Where there's an increasing propensity for insurable loss, there's inevitably demand for insurance," said James. In areas that are truly uninsurable, we're likely to see the involvement of government to provide a subsidized solution to the community.
The forecast for El Nino in 2016 includes predictions for more extreme and unexpected weather patterns. In order to provide the best coverage to their clients, Dodd suggests that retail brokers and agents work closely with experienced underwriters to navigate the choppy waters in the changing forecast.


Current Spec: http://db.vanillagaming.org/?talent#fGx0oeZGoVbbVzxfo (I leveled as this spec, I will change it).
Attunements: Onyxia attuned. Still need to run UBRS for BWL attunement.
About Me: Im studying everyday from 08:00 to 13:00-16:00. I used to go gym 4-5 times/week, but my shoulder got injured, so now I'm just playing Disc Golf. I started playing World Of Warcraft when it first released, I was so young age then so I didn't really know anything about games like WoW. I've been playing WoW since then, and have advanced really much. I want to join this guild because I remember it as a good raiding guild with a lot of good players + nice progress. I was part of Theorycraft before I quitted, Unfortunately I didn't want get into raiding then. I play on this vanilla server because I miss the days when WoW released and Retail WoW has gone so S**T. In retail I played as rogue for ~6 years, then I changed to mage for some nice PvE progress. I actually started really PvE:ing in Cataclysm + WoD (guild name: Wlofpatrol, My Character: Siima). I would love to achieve Molten Core full run, BWL full run, AQ40 full run in Nostalrius.
Why not Naxxramas full run?
I didn't know they are adding Naxxramas also, if so, HELL YES!
We'll play with you a bit on the twinks first, see what you're made of in that regard since you were into that a lot.