text:
\section{Introduction}

The study of spots and faculae on Sun-like stars underlies a key feature of exoplanet research, which has seen substantial growth in the past decade, motivated by fundamental biological and physical questions \citep{Lanza:2008aa, Czesla:2009aa, Zellem:2017aa}. Theoretical studies substantially precede observational evidence \citep{Schatten:1978aa, Zwaan:1978aa, Hoyt:1aa, Frohlich:2004aa, Foukal:2006aa, Shapiro:2016aa} which, due to the advent of large telescopes and satellites, has systematically emerged during the past several decades. Understanding the properties of a star along with its variability (and companions if present), is foundational to such studies.

The most easily observed surface features of stellar variability are spots (dark regions) or faculae (light regions).   The general origin of these features is associated with magnetohydrodynamic and thermal convective processes, although their precise origin is the subject of ongoing study \cite[See e.g.,][and references therein]{Berdyugina:2005aa, Shravan, Choudhuri, Jorg}.
Although these stellar features have enabled us to study many processes, such as differential rotation and stellar evolution, with respect to the detection of exoplanets,
they have also been viewed as obstructive \emph{noise}.  This latter perspective derives from the fact that spots and faculae can mimic the presence of an exoplanet, due to both changes in the radial velocity of the star and by masquerading as a transit event.

Detection of exoplanets is major accomplishment in physical science \citep{Wolszczan:1992aa, Mayor:1995aa, Borucki:2010aa}. The two most common methods of detecting exoplanets are the Radial Velocity Method and the Transit Method \cite[e.g.,][]{Aigrain:2004aa, Fischer:2014, Fischer:2016aa}. The radial velocity method measures the doppler shift in the stellar spectrum, which is related to the relative center of mass motion of the star-planet system. This is a practical approach only when a Jupiter sized planet has an orbit at the distance of Mercury, and hence such exoplanets are typically called Hot Jupiters.  Although in principle the method is simple, false detections commonly occur due to overfitting \citep{Dumusque:2012aa, Rajpaul:2016aa}.  Moreover, due to the high precision of the measurements required to detect the movement of the star, the method is very sensitive to noise \citep{Struve:1952aa, Lovis:2010aa, Lanza:2011kt, Aigrain:2012rz}. Therefore, the approach requires the removal of noise from the ``raw'' signal, the sources of noise including stellar surface activity (granulation, stellar spots, faculae), long term stellar activity, instrumental noise, and atmospheric/telluric noise. The transit method is based upon the decrease in the intensity flux coming from a host star as a planet passes between the star and the observer. Because this decrease in flux is typically about 0.5-2\%, this method is also very sensitive to noise.  Additionally, intrinsic physical phenomenon, in particular spots and faculae, can easily mimic a planet, leading to a high false detection rate \citep{Desort:2007aa, Oshagh:2014aa, Ligi:2015aa, Korhonen:2015aa}.

\begin{figure*}[htbp!]
        (a)\includegraphics[trim = 0 0 0 0, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/RV.pdf}
        (b)\includegraphics[trim = 0 0 0 0, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Spot.pdf}
    \caption{(a) Plan view of a planetary system orbiting the system's center of mass, i.e., both the planet and the star gravitationally interact, resulting in a Doppler effect from the light being observed from the star. (b) A spot on the stellar surface, as the star rotates about its axis.}
    \label{fig:Cartoon}
\end{figure*}

The rotation of a ``clean'' star, i.e., a star without surface spots or faculae, will have a net zero shift in the spectrum. Namely, the blue shift caused by the incoming half of the stellar surface is balanced by the red shift of the outgoing half. However, this balance can be broken due to the presence of spots or faculae, thereby producing a net radial velocity curve for the star.  Because this radial velocity can mimic the presence of a planet, it is important to be able to distinguish between the two signals.

Regardless of whether one is studying stellar features or detecting exoplanets, one seeks data with high resolution and large Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N). Data degradation can arise either due to unavoidable instrumental problems or noise sources, such as telluric contamination or light from a nearby star.  This has often led to removal of datasets from analyses so that only \emph{clean} datasets are examined. Here we quantitatively examine how noisy the data can be and yet still contain sufficient statistical information about the stellar features present. However, rather than removing the noise from the signal, we treat it as a source of information. Central to our approach is to utilize the separation of timescales of the noise arising from different physical phenomena.

\begin{figure*}[htbp!]
 	 (a)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 0, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/spot_1pc_orig.pdf}

        (b)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 0, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/facula_1pc_orig.pdf}

        (c)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/planet_10ms_orig.pdf}

    \caption{Crossover timescales  for the wavelengths (in \si{\angstrom}) obtained by MF-TW-DFA with the original data for (a) the spot (with coverage 1\%), (b) facula (with coverage 1\%) and (c) planet (with RV 10 ms$^{-1}$).}
    \label{fig:CO_Orig}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[htbp!]
        (a)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Prob_Contour_Spot1pc_EqualFlux.pdf}
        (b)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Spot_S00R200000_MF.pdf}
        (c)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Prob_Contour_Facula1pc_EqualFlux.pdf}
        (d)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Facula_S00R200000_MF.pdf}
        (e)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Prob_Contour_Planet10ms_EqualFlux.pdf}
        (f)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/Planet_S00R200000_MF.pdf}
    \caption{Contour plots for the ratio $\Omega$ from Eqn. \ref{eq:omega} and the corresponding fluctuation functions (no-noise and $\rho = 200,000$) for two stellar features (a-d) and a stellar companion (e-f). (a, b) A spot with 1\% coverage of the stellar disk; (c) A facula with 1\% coverage of the stellar disk; (e) Planet with a Radial Velocity of 10 ms$^{-1}$. Whereas PCA \citep{Davis:2017aa} requires a S/N $\sim 150$ (per resolution element or pixel) to detect a spot of this size, our method can detect it for a S/N $\sim 15$ (per pixel). This also shows how utilizing the statistical information of noise in the data rather than filtering it out refines the detection of such features.  In particular, the second moment of the fluctuation functions show that the several orders of magnitude decrease (in the fluctuations) of spots to faculae to planets corresponds to an increased sensitivity to noise, thereby requiring a higher S/N for detection.
Moreover, the inter-wavelength spread of these fluctuations as well as wavelength dependent fluctuations of faculae and planets can be used in differentiating between these features.
The red dashed lines in (a,c,e) are lines of equal photon flux. These closely parallel to the contour lines of $\Omega$, showing that MF-TW-DFA  captures information at low-resolutions, which has important implications for studying existing and future datasets.}
    \label{fig:CO_Noise}
\end{figure*}

\section{Data}

We use simulated data from the Spot Oscillation And Planet (SOAP) 2.0 tool \citep{Dumusque:2014aa}. This tool simulates a rotating star using a grid of cells filled with a clean solar spectrum from the National Solar Observatory. A spot or a facula is simulated by replacing the spectrum in one or more of the grid cells (depending on the size of the feature) by a spectrum of the spot or facula (with flux scaled in the spot spectrum according to the contrast ratio between a facula and the photosphere), which then follows the rotation of the star. The final spectrum is obtained by summing all the spectra in the grid. These spectra are \emph{noise-free} (S/N $\sim$ 1000) and have very high resolution (the spectra constitute $\sim$ 500,000 data-points and {the spectral resolution of a spectrograph refers to the precision with which it distinguishes wavelengths in the spectrum and is defined as $\rho = \lambda / \Delta \lambda$, where $\Delta \lambda$ is the smallest difference in all resolved wavelengths in a spectrum.  As resolution increases, so do the number of wavelengths resolved).} Thus we obtain three different types of spectra (spot, facula, planet) from this tool, where we can change the size of the feature or the planet induced radial velocity.  For simplicity,  the spot and facula are present on the equator of the star and the axis of rotation of the star and that of the planetary orbit (circular) are kept fixed at $90^\circ$.
We analyze three datasets with the following parameters:
\begin{itemize}
\item[1.] Spot: $A = 1\%$,
\item[2.] Facula: $A = 1\%$, and
\item[3.] Planet: $K$ = 10ms$^{-1}$,
\end{itemize}
where $A = \frac{R_{S/F}^2}{R_{Star}^2} \times 100\%$ is the percent area of the stellar disk covered by the feature, $K$ is the radial velocity, $R_{S/F}$ is the radius of the spot or facula and $R_{Star}$ is the radius of the stellar disk. These spectra have a period of 25 time units, which are then stacked 8 times to produce 200 spectra in time \citep{Agarwal:2017aa}.

In reality, we never have clean spectra and it has been a technological challenge in instrument design to build spectrographs with extremely high resolutions. Therefore, following the methods of \citet{Davis:2017aa}, we (a) decrease the resolution of these clean spectra and (b) add noise to them to model real observations. The resolution is decreased by convolving the original spectrum with a Gaussian having a full width at half maximum
equal to $ \lambda / \rho$, where $\lambda$ is a wavelength in the spectrum and $\rho$ is the desired resolution. Gaussian white noise per pixel is then added in the spectrum depending on the desired S/N. Steps (a) and (b) are performed for all six datasets, with the aim to obtain the lower limits of S/N and $\rho$ for such features to be detectable. For ease of computation, the final spectrum is then averaged to obtain a wavelength resolution of 1~\si{\angstrom}. We have also examined the original dataset to show that this averaging does not impact the results \citep{Agarwal:2017aa}.

\section{Methods}

\subsection{Multi-fractal Temporally Weighted Detrended Fluctuation Analysis}

The essence of a multifractal system is the exhibition of different self-similar structure on multiple different spatial or temporal (or both) scales \cite[e.g.,][]{Halsey:1986}.   In highly nonlinear coupled dynamical systems, the intrinsic dynamics and the extrinsic effects, such as noise, nearly always operate on multiple spatial and temporal scales, rather than exhibiting a single scaling. This underlies the use of a multifractal method.

Many methods used to detect stellar features are influenced by the noise present in the data and therefore include a noise reduction strategy.
To remove the bias induced by the noise removal strategy, or to define what qualifies as \emph{noise}, we instead use a method that utilizes the statistical information present in the noisy data to characterize a stellar feature. Given $m$ evenly spaced in time spectra, with each spectra spanning $L$ wavelengths, we construct $L$ time-series of length $m$ for each of the wavelengths. Here, each wavelength is analyzed separately, providing robustness to the results, as well as allowing us to distinguish between features that are present across all wavelengths versus those that are wavelength specific.

We analyze all $L$ time series using Multi-fractal Temporally Weighted Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-TWDFA) \cite[See Appendix \ref{Sec:method},][and references therein]{Sahil:MF, Agarwal:2017aa}, which does not \textit{a priori} assume anything about the structure of the data, save for its multifractality.  Thus, we begin with an agnostic view about the system timescales and their corresponding dynamics. Moreover, rather than ``removing'' noise from the signal, we use it as a source of information on the dynamics of the system on all timescales present.

The approach has four stages, which we describe in Appendix \ref{Sec:method}.  We produce a statistical measure called the fluctuation function, $F_q (s)$, each moment of which, $q$, is assessed on multiple time scales, $s$.  For intuition, one can think of the expectation value of $F_q (s)$ as the weighted sum of the auto-correlation function.  The dominant time scales in a system are the those where $F_q (s)$ versus $s$ changes slope and the individual slopes are associated with the statistical dynamics of a system.

\subsection{Principal Component Analysis}

Another method that is widely used to extract the dynamics of a system is Principal Component Analysis (PCA) \citep{Pearson:1901aa}, which has a history that predates the discovery of multifractals.  In PCA one transforms the underlying data into a set of linearly-independent orthogonal vectors, with their directions set by the directions of maximum variance. Given a set of observations, one computes the covariance matrix of the original data, $\Sigma$, upon which one performs singular value decomposition. The resulting diagonal matrix $D$, such that $\Sigma = UDV^T$,  gives the ordered set of eigenvalues denoting the amount of variance in the corresponding eigenvectors that are the columns of $U$. PCA has been very successful in analyzing data to, for example, to separate the dominant climate modes and long-term global temperature patterns on Earth \citep{Mann:1998aa, Mantua:2002aa, Moon:2018aa}, and to detect exoplanet and stellar features \citep{Thatte:2010aa, Poppenhaeger:2011aa, Davis:2017aa}. PCA has also been used widely as a noise reduction technique in which the complete system is projected onto the eigenvectors corresponding to a threshold (low) variability of the system. But this may also result in losing information about the system if the processes corresponding to ``noise'' actually represent the low variability dynamics of the system. Importantly, PCA also assumes that the system is governed by a Gaussian distribution and that the dynamics corresponding to each of the different modes is linearly independent. These assumptions are obviously not met {\em a priori} in a highly nonlinear system such as Earth's climate or the dynamics of a star-planet system.

\section{Discussion}

Figures \ref{fig:CO_Orig}~(a-c) show the crossover timescales from the fluctuation functions for the original data set with no noise for a spot, facula and planet, respectively. The main characteristics of  these plots are: (i) Almost all wavelengths show the same crossover timescale of 25 units, which is the rotational period of the star in the case of a spot and facula, and the orbital period of the star in the case of the planet, (ii) the spot has a clean timescale of 25 units  while the facula shows a wavelength specific pattern, since not all wavelengths are affected by it \citep{Davis:2017aa}, and (iii) the planet has some scatter around the timescale of 25 units. This provides a test bed for detecting such features as we degrade the simulation data.  We have also tested our method by performing continuum normalization of the spectra to account for changes in observational conditions, which we describe in Appendix \ref{Sec:normalized}. We show that normalizing the spectra only acts as a filter on the data, and thus does not change our analysis and results, as described below.

To examine how the resolution and noise impacts these detections, we vary the resolution from 20,000 to 200,000 and vary the S/N from 15 to 60 in the case of the facula and the spot and S/N from 50 to 800 for the planet. We define a statistic $\Omega$,
\begin{equation}
\Omega = \frac{\text{Number of wavelengths with a timescale of 25 units}}{\text{Total Wavelengths}},
\label{eq:omega}
\end{equation}
which is the ratio of number of wavelengths with a timescale of approximately 25 units to the total number of wavelengths.
Given some S/N and resolution of the underlying spectra, $\Omega$ is the probability of detecting a stellar feature or a planet in the data. Thus, depending on the goals of a particular application, one can define a threshold probability for detecting a feature, for example defining $\Omega_{Th} = 0.5$ implies that any feature with $\Omega \ge 0.5$ would correspond to a robust detection. Clearly, any value of $\Omega_{Th}$ has an important trade-off in terms of balancing the false positives and false negatives.

To compare MF-TW-DFA with PCA, we construct a metric $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$, in a manner similar to $N_{PC}$ of \citet{Davis:2017aa}. While $N_{PC}$ gives approximately the number of principal components in the data that can be used to extract useful information about the system, it does not quantify that information. $N_{PC}$ is a whole number, computed by rounding up the average correlations between {the scores (defined as the projection of the data matrix onto its eigenvectors)} of the noisy data and the ideal data. Therefore, we have constructed a metric $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ that measures the fraction of the total variability in these aforementioned principal components, and thus the amount of information in the data as measured by PCA.  Hence, $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ provides a more refined description of the variability in the data than does $N_{PC}$, which loses such detail due to the rounding process.
Since, $\Omega$ is a measure of probability in wavelength space, it should also be thought of as the information content in the data as measured by MF-TW-DFA.
Irrespective of the value of $N_{PC}$, both $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ and $\Omega$ are defined on a scale of [0,1] thereby allowing us to perform a direct comparison between the two methods.

Similar to $N_{PC}$, we first compute the correlation between the first 10 scores of the noisy data (given S/N and resolution) and the ideal data (original S/N and resolution).  We then compute the p-value and choose those eigenvectors/eigenvalues for which the correlation has p-value $< 0.001$ \citep{Davis:2017aa}.  The definition of $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ is
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{F}_{PC} \equiv \sum_{i = 1}^{10} \sum_{j = 1}^{50} \mathcal{I}_{R_{ij}} \frac{f_{ij}}{50},
\label{eq:fpc}
\end{equation}
where $f_{ij}$ is the fraction of total variability given by the $i_{th}$ eigenvector of the $j_{th}$ ensemble member, $R_{ij}$ is the absolute correlation coefficient between the $i_{th}$ score and the $j_{th}$ ensemble member of the noisy data and the $i_{th}$ score of the ideal data, and
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{I}_{R_{ij}} = \begin{cases}
1 & \text{ if the p-value for } R_{ij} < 0.001 \\
0 & \text{ otherwise} .
\end{cases}
\label{eq:Ipc}
\end{equation}

For the same parameters as in Figure \ref{fig:CO_Noise} we show $N_{PC}$ and the corresponding $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ for a spot, a facula and a planet in Figures \ref{fig:PCA} (a-f).
Both  $\Omega$ and $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ provide high resolution measures of the amount of information in the noisy data.
Clearly, at all S/N values and resolutions, MF-TW-DFA performs at least an order of magnitude better than PCA.   The superior performance MF-TW-DFA is principally due to the fact that the method (a) is not restricted to capturing linear dependencies in the data as is PCA, and (b) uses `noise' as a source of information.

\begin{figure*}[htbp!]
        (a)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_spot_Npc.pdf}
        (b)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_spot_Fpc.pdf}
        (c)\includegraphics[trim = 00 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_facula_Npc.pdf}
        (d)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_facula_Fpc.pdf}
        (e)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_planet_Npc.pdf}
        (f)\includegraphics[trim = 0 150 0 120, clip, width = 0.45\textwidth]{Figs/PCA_planet_Fpc.pdf}
    \caption{Contour plots for $N_{PC}$ computed as in \citet{Davis:2017aa} and $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ from Equation \ref{eq:fpc} for a spot (a,b), a facula (c,d) and a planet (e,f). Comparing the values of $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ here with $\Omega$ in Figure \ref{fig:CO_Noise} shows that MF-TW-DFA provides information on a scale that is at least an order of magnitude finer than that provided by PCA and thus has a clear advantage in capturing stellar features and nonlinear dynamics. The dotted red line in the $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ plots in (d) and (f) is the contour line from the corresponding $N_{PC}$ plots in (c) and (e). Thus, while $N_{PC}$ gives a whole number, $\mathcal{F}_{PC}$ provides a fine structure in the same data range. }
    \label{fig:PCA}
\end{figure*}

\vspace{-0.25 cm}
\subsection{S/N versus Resolution}
\vspace{-0.25 cm}

Figures \ref{fig:CO_Noise}~(a,c,e) show contour plots of $\Omega$ as a function of the resolution $\rho$ and S/N. The robustness of our method is clear:
We can detect a spot with S/N as low as 15 while for S/N $\ge 35$, the results are independent of resolution.  Because a facula exhibits noise behavior that differs from a spot, detecting it requires a higher S/N value, but still as low as 45.  It is useful to compare this with Fig. 7 of \citet{Davis:2017aa} (their y-axis is S/N per resolution element), which is a PCA based study.

By comparing the lines of equal photon flux (S/N $\propto$ $1/\rho$) with the contour lines in their Fig. 7, \citet{Davis:2017aa} demonstrated that in order to identify stellar signals in spectral data, having high resolution is more important than having high S/N.  In contrast, we see that the red dashed lines in Figure \ref{fig:CO_Noise} (a,c,e) are the lines of equal photon flux and run parallel to the contour lines of $\Omega$, showing that with MF-TW-DFA low-resolution spectra can be successfully utilized to capture and study these stellar phenomena.
This has significant implications for the analysis of both existing datasets and incipient missions, for which we can utilize the multifractal methodology described here to extract high quality information from what may have previously been viewed as noisy and/or low-resolution data.

\subsection{Fluctuation Strength}

Figures \ref{fig:CO_Noise}~(b,d,f) show the second moment of the fluctuation functions from Equation (\ref{eq:power}) for all wavelengths. The main characteristics of these plots are: (i) Ostensibly all wavelengths are parallel to each other, with only a minute number of wavelengths deviating from the bulk (facula and planet) (see also Fig. \ref{fig:CO_Orig}), (ii) a substantial decrease in the fluctuation strength as we transition from spots to faculae to planets.  The implication of this decrease in fluctuation strength is an increase in the sensitivity of fluctuation functions to noise, thereby requiring a higher S/N to robustly detect a feature.

\subsection{Differentiating spots, faculae and planets}

Figures \ref{fig:CO_Orig} and \ref{fig:CO_Noise}~(b,d,f) exhibit the essential property of the individual phenomenon discussed above that differentiates spots, faculae and planets. Namely, the abruptness and clarity of the crossover timescales (Fig. \ref{fig:CO_Orig}) and the strength of the fluctuations (Figs. \ref{fig:CO_Noise}~(b,d,f)).
In the SOAP2.0 code, a simulated facula is generated using a slight alteration of the spot spectrum, as compared to the intrinsic line-by-line variability between a sunspot spectra and the photosphere.  Using PCA \citet{Davis:2017aa} found that the principal components of a spot are quite similar to those of a facula.  Here we have shown that MF-TW-DFA is very efficient at detecting the small fluctuations for the facula (Fig. \ref{fig:CO_Orig}) and thus is able to differentiate between a spot and a facula.  The fluctuation functions also differ with respect to the inter-wavelength spread, which is much smaller for the spot than for the planet.  This spot-to-planet increase in inter-wavelength spread is an important quantitative detection diagnostic intrinsic to MF-TW-DFA.  Indeed, the spectral line distinction between spots, plages, faculae and the presence of an exoplanet \citep{Thompson:2017vw, Wise:2018vn, Dumusque:2018ws} underlie the effectiveness of our detection framework.  This suite of
characteristics can therefore be utilized to increase the robustness and fidelity of multi-feature detections in observations.

\section{Conclusion}

We have used simulation data of a stellar spectrum from the SOAP 2.0 tool in the presence of a spot, a facula or a planet to demonstrate the fidelity of a multifractal methodology for detecting exoplanets.   The motivation is to provide a framework that naturally deals with unavoidable noise in observational systems.  The approach is unique conceptually in that it uses noise as a source of information rather than treating it as something to be filtered out.  By using controlled simulation data we systematically varied both the resolution and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio to determine a lower limit on the resolution and S/N required to robustly detect features using our multifractal method.  For any resolution above 20,000, we found that a spot and a facula with a 1\% coverage of the stellar disk can be robustly detected for a S/N (per pixel) of 35 and 60 respectively, whereas a planet with a radial velocity of 10 ms$^{-1}$ can be detected for a S/N (per pixel) of 600.  These results are compared to the standard PCA method, which requires a S/N 100 times larger than our multifractal method to detect the same information.  A key aspect of these results, of relevance to considering which methodologies are most appropriate for observational data, is whether they have fidelity sufficient to discern stellar features themselves from planets.  Finally, the method allows for a systematic examination both of intrinsic stellar dynamical processes and practical noise sources, such as telluric or instrumental noise, to help refine observational schema.

\acknowledgements

SA and JSW thank Debra Fischer for a series of extremely helpful conversations and they acknowledge NASA Grant NNH13ZDA001N-CRYO for support. JSW acknowledges Swedish Research Council grant no. 638 -2013-9243, and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award for support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


How can one see the rest of the verbage?
What verbiage? If you want to see more of the citations, then click on the article or publication name. If they're not live links, then more content isn't available.
Are you talking about the "Transmitter Hunting" book I linked above? If so, there's no way to link directly to a specific page in a book in Amazon, but you can use the "Search inside this book" feature at Amazon to find the passage I excerpted here.
If that doesn't help, then can you send me a screenshot of what you're seeing? Send it to editor@doubletongued.org. Also include what opening page are you talking about, specifically giving the URL.
I mean on the opening page.
I wanted to finish reading the article on FLR9's oe Elephant Cages but the article was cut of in mid sentence and nothing I tried would scroll or move the text up so it could be read.
Is there some magic entry?
Do I need t register or join or something?
Sorry for the comment because today it's scrolling properly.
On Clark Air Base in the Phillipines we had an Elephant Cage too—I always thought that was a term coined by the local people for it!


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text:
← Memories of Bedok's Princess
Goodbye Kampong Java Park →
According to the Ministry of Transport, there are more than 9,000 lane-km of roads in Singapore, which takes up the nation's 12% of land. In the past decades, hundreds of roads had been expunged and demolished in the name of development. But hundreds, for the same reason, will be constructed in the future.
So how are the public roads named? How are they categorised into streets, avenues, drives and lanes? It is interesting to understand the street naming convention in Singapore.
Street Naming Authority
In the late 19th century, the Municipal Council was tasked in the naming of the streets. When Singapore gained independence in 1965, an Advisory Committee on the Naming of Roads and Streets (later renamed Street and Building Names Advisory Committee) was formed. In 1968, the Committee on Street Names (renamed Advisory Committee on Street Names in 1978) replaced its predecessor as the main authority in street naming.
Unlike many other countries, Singapore, after its self governance in 1959, did not go on a massive place and street renaming exercise in an attempt to clear its colonisation history. Instead, in the sixties, it placed more emphasis on local names, particularly the Malay names, during the naming of new streets to reflect Singapore's allegiance to the Malaysian Federation.
An independent Singapore had a different approach; it now placed importance on a multiracial society. When the new Jurong Industrial Estate was set up in 1968, the roads within the industrial area were appropriately named in Malay or given English names that were translated from Chinese and Tamil. Some examples are Jalan Tukang (Malay), Soon Lee Road (Chinese) and Neythal Road (Tamil).
The Committee on Street Names lasted until 2003 when it was replaced by the Street and Building Names Board (SBNB). The secretariat function of board was handed over, in 2010, from the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) to the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) .
Street Suffixes
For the street suffixes in the street names, Singapore largely follows the British naming convention, which means streets and roads refer to any thoroughfares between two places, ways for major roads, and avenues, lanes, drives, vales, rises and groves are residential roads.
For paved public walkways, they can be named a promenade, esplanade, parade or simply walk if they are along the coast, seafront or river.
The United States (US) has its own set of street suffixes. For examples, it has roads called turnpike (refers to a road where tolls are collected), freeway (dual carriageway with controlled access) and stravenue (used exclusively in the state of Arizona to refer to a road that runs diagonally between and intersects an avenue and a street).
Under the Land Transport Authority (LTA), the types of roads in Singapore fall under five major categories (refer to the right table).
Category 1 Roads (Expressway, Parkway, Highway)
At the top hierarchy of Singapore roads are the expressways and semi-expressways (highways), connecting, in Singapore's context, between new towns or the city area. Expressways are urban motorways designed for high speed vehicular traffic, with no or few traffic light controlled junctions.
There are currently 10 expressways in Singapore, with the eleventh North-South Expressway (NSE) expected to be completed in 2023. The 10 expressways are the Ayer Rajah Expressway (AYE), Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE), Central Expressway (CTE), East Coast Parkway (ECP), Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE), Kranji Expressway (KJE), Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE), Seletar Expressway (SLE) and Tampines Expressway (TPE).
The East Coast Parkway is the only expressway in Singapore named parkway.
Singapore's semi-expressways are called highways; they are designed with lower speed limits, and unlike the expressways, they have traffic light controlled junctions along their routes. The Nicoll Highway, West Coast Highway and Jurong Island Highway are part of Singapore's semi-expressway network, which also includes the long parallel Bukit Timah-Dunearn Roads.
The Tuas Second Link Highway is, in fact, a bridge that spans across the Straits of Johor between Singapore's Tuas and Johor's Tanjung Kupang.
There was also the Bedok Highway, built by the Public Works Department (PWD) in the mid-seventies, that linked Upper Changi Road to East Coast Parkway. The name, however, lasted only a couple of years before the Committee On Street Names, after consultation with the Housing and Development Board (HDB), decided to change it to Bedok South Avenue 1.
During the renaming process, Bedok Plain, Bedok View and Bedok Walk were also changed to Bedok South Road, Bedok South Avenue 2 and Bedok South Avenue 3 respectively.
Category 2 Roads (Boulevard, Avenue, Way)
The Category 2 refers to the major arterial roads in Singapore. They are named boulevards, avenues and ways, and are typically designed in dual carriageways with a physical median between opposite lanes.
Planted with rows of trees along its sides and median, boulevards are wide roads typically found in the city area. Raffles Boulevard, Temasek Boulevard, Central Boulevard, Marina Boulevard, Republic Boulveard and Straits Boulevard are the examples. Others include Airport Boulevard (Changi Airport), Orchard Boulevard, Stadium Boulevard (Singapore Sports Hub), and Tuas South Boulevard (currently the westernmost road in Singapore).
Avenues, on the other hand, are broad roads flanked by buildings and trees. During the eighties and nineties, the main arterial roads within the new towns, such as Ang Mo Kio, Bukit Batok, Chua Chu Kang, Jurong East, Jurong West, Tampines and Yishun, were named avenues.
Many of the older roads, however, were called avenues but they are actually more of local access roads instead of main arterial roads. This is because the older roads were not bounded by the modern naming convention, or their importance as main roads had declined over the decades due to development.
Technically speaking, a way is a small side street off the road. In Singapore, the descriptor is widely used for major arterial roads, with the most famous being Shenton Way. Other less significant examples are Loyang Way, Kranji Way and Sunset Way.
Initially called Queen's Way, the two words in its name were combined as one, making Queensway one of the few streets in Singapore without any street suffixes.
The first section of Queensway and Queen's Circus were built in the late fifties, linking Holland Road to the fringe of the newly-developed Queenstown. In the early sixties, Queensway was further extended to Rumah Bomba Circus, where it was connected to Alexandra Road.
Category 3 & 4 Roads (Drive, Road, Street)
Category 3 and Category 4, made up of drives, roads and streets, include the minor arterial roads as well as roads used for primary access. In general definitions, a street is a public road with buildings on both sides, while drives are long winding roads with routes shaped by nearby mountain or lake.
The major roads in Singapore can be named roads, drives and streets, such as Bukit Timah Road, Eu Tong Sen Street, Holland Road, Serangoon Road and Victoria Street.
At the new towns, however, streets and drives often rank below avenues and roads. For example, Bukit Batok West Avenue 5 is the primary road that runs through the Bukit Batok neighbourhood; Branching off Bukit Batok West Avenue 5 are Bukit Batok Street 31 and Bukit Batok Street 52, access roads that lead to the 300-numbered and 500-numbered HDB flats respectively.
Category 5 Roads (Walk, Lane, Link, etc)
The Category 5 consists of secondary roads, minor roads and roads mainly used for local access, which can be single way or dual carriageway of only one or two lanes, without any physical median.
The category is made up of different types of street suffixes such as link, lane, loop and walk. Link refers to road linkages, while close is used for cul-de-sac or dead end roads (which practically is not always true). Loop, crescent and ring typically mean curved roads, whereas a circle is a long curved road that connects from one end to the other end of an estate. Walk is usually used for wide public pedestrian walkways, but in Singapore context, it is also used for minor roads that are for local access.
In a private residential estate, due to the numerous local access roads it may be having, a mixture of name descriptors such as green, garden, place, rise or terrace will also be used. For example, at Bedok's Eastwood Estate, there are Eastwood Road, Eastwood Drive, Eastwood Green, Eastwood Place, Eastwood Terrace, Eastwood Walk and Eastwood Way.
Likewise, for Springleaf Garden Estate, along Upper Thomson Road, it has a total of 11 local access roads, namely Springleaf Road, Springleaf Avenue, Springleaf Crescent, Springleaf Drive, Springleaf Garden, Springleaf Height, Springleaf Lane, Springleaf Link, Springleaf Rise, Springleaf Walk and Springleaf View.
The naming convention applies to public housing estates too, especially the newer towns such as Sengkang and Punggol. The Sengkang New Town consists of Compassvale Bow, Compassvale Crescent, Compassvale Drive, Compassvale Lane, Compassvale Link, Compassvale Road, Compassvale Street and Compassvale Walk.
Shapes (Square, Circle, Oval, etc)
Street names that have descriptors in shapes, forms and contours are usually based on the configuration of the roads.
For example, Sengkang Square and Woodlands Square are named based on their squarish layouts which border their respective town centres. Sengkang MRT Station, Sengkang Bus Interchange and the Compass One mall are located within Sengkang Square, while Woodland Square forms a squarish perimeter around Woodlands' MRT station and bus interchange, and the Causeway Point shopping mall.
Other streets that have square as their name descriptors include Flanders Square, off Serangoon Road, and Ellington Square, a private housing estate in Ang Mo Kio. A new Prince Charles Square is also coming up, linking to the existing Prince Charles Crescent off Alexandra Road.
A Circle, on the other hand, describes a long curved road that skirts an estate or vicinity. Cairnhill Circle, Conway Circle (Serangoon Gardens), Pavilion Circle (Bukit Batok) and Lagos Circle (Sembawang) circumscribe their respective private residential estates, whereas Gul Circle is a long boundary road around the large industrial estate at Tuas.
Similar to circle is circus, referring to a roundabout where several streets converge. The Newton Circus is one of the most famous roundabouts in Singapore; others are Serangoon Garden Circus, Piccadilly Circus (Seletar) and Pioneer Circus (Tuas).
Many old roundabouts in Singapore had phased out and were replaced by traffic light controlled junctions. This was because roundabouts often caused traffic confusions that led to accidents. Some of the former circuses that ceased to exist were Alexandra Circus, Delta Circus, Gillman Circus, Hillview Circus, Orchard Circus, Rochor Circus, Princess Circus, Queen's Circus, Tanglin Circus and Pulau Saigon Circus.
The Rumah Bomba Circus, built in the late fifties, was a large roundabout that linked to Alexandra Road, Queensway and Jalan Bukit Merah. Both Queensway and Jalan Bukit Merah were constructed in the early sixties, a few years after the completion of Rumah Bomba Circus. The roundabout lasted until 1976, when the PWD converted it into a traffic light controlled junction.
The Oval, located in the Seletar vicinity, is a unique name, being the only road in Singapore named after the oval shape. It also has a street prefix of The, which is usually disallowed by the Street and Building Names Board (SBNB) to prevent the impression of the street "monopolising" the area.
The name was retained nevertheless, due to its historical link with the establishment of the Royal Air Force (RAF) Seletar in the late 1920s, when The Oval, along with other British-named roads, were developed as part of the road infrastructure that served the air base and its private residential estate.
In Singapore, there are four roads with the as street prefix. Other than The Oval, there is also The Inglewood at Sin Ming, The Knolls, a small road in Sentosa that leads to Capella Hotel, and The Loop, a minor road previously located between Sembawang Road and Mandai Road but was expunged due to the development of Sembawang Airbase.
Other street name descriptors associated with shapes, forms and contours are bow, circuit, close, court, crescent, cross, junction, loop, ring and turn. Each has its own definition; for example, a court refers to a circle or loop without a throughway, whereas crescent typically describes a curved road that tapers at both ends, much like a semi-circle when viewed from the top. Dakota Crescent and Beo Crescent are two well-known crescent-named roads in Singapore.
Beo Crescent took the name from the nearby Beo Lane, also located off Havelock Road. Beo Lane – Beo means temple in Hokkien and Teochew – was named in 1907 after the three Chinese temples in the vicinity. The temples were burnt and destroyed in the 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire, and the road itself was later expunged.
The fire disaster led to the development of new Bukit Ho Swee HDB flats to house the affected residents. Beo Crescent was built at almost the same period. During its construction, some century-old shophouses along Havelock Road had to be demolished, much to the dismay of the residents who had lived there for generations.
In the 2000s, with the addition of a new multi-storey carpark and other amenities, Beo Crescent was altered and cut short. The Beo Crescent of today no longer looks like a curved "crescent" road.
There are many other roads in Singapore that carry crescent as their street suffix, such as Ayer Rajah Crescent, Commonwealth Crescent, Eunos Crescent and Telok Blangah Crescent. An interesting one is called Moon Crescent, but the road, previously located off Upper Changi Road, was expunged during the expansion of the Changi Prison complex.
Topography (Basin, Grove, Ridge, etc)
Topography-related terms are common road name descriptors, often used to describe the terrains and landscapes that are in close proximity to the streets. These include basin, crest, field, garden/gardens, green, grove, height/heights, hill, island, mount, park, peak, plain/plains, ridge, rise, summit, vale, valley and view.
Hill is a common street suffix – there are roads in Singapore named Binjai Hill, Claymore Hill, Goodwood Hill, Leonie Hill, Paterson Hill, York Hill and many others.
Other than the land-related topographic terms, there are also water body-related descriptors used in the street names, such as bay, coast, cove, island and marine.
The island-named roads are all located at Sentosa, where the new private residential developments have named their inner roads Coral Island, Paradise Island, Pearl Island, Sandy Island and Treasure Island.
Locational (Central, Place, Terrace, etc)
The road name descriptors and street suffixes under the locational context include boundary, central, centre, concourse, edge, gate, parade, perimeter, place, point, terrace, town, view, village and vista. Also, at designated industrial, commercial and business parks, the inner roads can be named business park, estate, industrial park, mall, plaza or sector. For instances, there are roads named Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 3 and Woodlands Industrial Park E3 within the Ang Mo Kio and Woodlands industrial parks respectively.
Directional descriptions are a part of the street suffixes with locational context. They can be east, west, north, south, central, upper and lower. The last two are actually street prefixes instead of suffixes.
Upper Changi Road East, Admiralty Road West, Pioneer Road North and Still Road South (formerly Karikal Road) are the extensions of the main road – Upper Changi Road, Admiralty Road, Pioneer Road and Still Road.
Directional suffixes can also be found in some of the older housing estates. When Toa Payoh was developed in the mid-sixties, its main roads were simply named Toa Payoh East, Toa Payoh West and Toa Payoh North. A flyover called Toa Payoh South Flyover was later built to link to the Pan-Island Expressway (PIE). Likewise, there are Whampoa East, Whampoa West, Whampoa North (expunged) and Whampoa South.
In some cases, street prefixes of upper and lower are used instead, such as Upper Paya Lebar Road, Upper Serangoon Road and Lower Delta Road, to indicate the continuation of, in these examples, Paya Lebar Road, Serangoon Road and Delta Road.
Non-English (Jalan, Lorong, etc)
A large number of roads in Singapore are named in Malay. Both jalan and lorong generally refer to roads in English. Non-English names for streets, however, are not encouraged anymore after the 2000s with the establishment of the SBNB.
The better known jalans are Jalan Besar, Jalan Kayu, Jalan Bahar, Jalan Ampas, Jalan Bahagia and Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim. Some jalans have incorporated Chinese dialect names, such as Jalan Tua Kong, off Upper East Coast Road, and the expunged Jalan Ang Siang Kong, off Tampines Road, where the Golden Palace Resort once stood.
Sometimes, the road names could be so long that they were shortened in maps and street directories. Jalan Gagak Selari Timor and Jalan Gagak Selari Barat, the extensions of Jalan Bukit Merah, became Gagak Selari Timor and Gagak Selari Barat on the maps, before they were, in the seventies, renamed Jalan Bukit Merah and became part of the entire stretch of the road.
While most other new towns named their roads avenues, streets and drives, Toa Payoh, Singapore's second satellite town, largely use lorongs for its road names. Within the town are Toa Payoh Lorong 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
Another vicinity with many lorongs is Geylang, where the odd- and even-numbered lorongs are located on both sides of Geylang Road.
In 1980, there were suggestions to the Advisory Committee on Street Names that all the jalans and lorongs in Singapore be renamed to English's roads and avenues. Fortunately, this was rejected by the committee, as it was deemed that the original names could better reflect the heritage of the streets. Also, the names of the streets were already familiar to most Singaporeans, and any alterations would cause inconvenience and confusion.
Like the jalans, there are lorongs assigned with Chinese dialect names, such as Lorong Lew Lian and Lorong Ong Lye at the Upper Serangoon vicinity, possibly named after the durian and pineapple plantations there in the olden days.
Other Malay street suffixes are bukit (hill), kampong (village) padang (field), taman (garden/park) and tanjong (cape). There are only a handful of such roads. Bukit Ayer Molek (near Bukit Timah Nature Reserve), Padang Jeringau (off Kallang Road), Padang Chancery (off Thomson Road), Taman Bedok (off Bedok Road), Taman Ho Swee (at Bukit Ho Swee estate) and Tanjong Penjuru are some of the examples.
The lengkongs (curve/crescent in Malay) can be found within the Kembangan district, where there are Lengkong Satu, Lengkong Dua, Lengkong Tiga, Lengkong Empat, Lengkong Limi, Lengkong Enam and Lengkong Tujoh (Tujuh), named after the numbers one to seven. Lengkok also means curve/crescent in Malay – there are Lengkok Angsa, Lengkok Mariam, Lengkok Merak.
One unique Malay-named road was Persiaran Keliling at MacPherson housing estate, where the road formed a loop around the HDB flats built in the sixties. It was renamed Circuit Road in the early seventies.
Roads that had street suffix of kampong were usually the main roads to the villages they named after, for example Kampong Bugis, Kampong San Teng (expunged), Kampong Wak Hassan and Kampong Wak Tanjong (expunged).
Kampong Wak Hassan is located at the end of Sembawang Road. The Malay village Kampong Wak Hassan was demolished in the nineties, but the road name stays on. In the vicinity, there are other minor roads named after the village, such as Wak Hassan Drive and Wak Hassan Place.
Types of -way
Beside expressway, parkway and highway, there are other roads in Singapore that use -way as their name descriptors, such as causeway, gateway and farmway.
Causeways are raised roads above a broad body of water or wetland. The Causeway, also known as Woodlands Causeway or Singapore-Johor Causeway, was opened in 1923, forming a 1.05km link between Singapore and Johor Bahru.
At the south of Singapore are the Brani Causeway (links to Pulau Brani) and Sentosa Gateway (links to Sentosa). The latter is the vehicular link to Sentosa, which was opened in December 1992 as a 380m-long causeway. The second causeway to Sentosa is a bridge, built in 2009 by the Resorts World Sentosa (RWS), serving as an one-way incoming route to the island.
Gateway can also be used to refer to start-point or entrance, at strategic locations, to a district. One example is the new one-north Gateway near Fusionopolis.
The farmways, uniquely named in Singapore, once refer to the rural tracks that led to the vegetable, poultry and pig farms located at the northeastern and northwestern parts of Singapore.
Previously, there were Seletar East Farmway, Punggol Farmway, Cheng Lim Farmway, Buangkok North Farmway and Buangkok South Farmway, but all of them were expunged during the development of the Sengkang and Punggol New Towns in the late nineties and early 2000s. Today, the only farmways still exist in Singapore are the Seletar West Farmway, Pasir Ris Farmway and Murai Farmway (Lim Chu Kang).
Other rural roads, simply named tracks, used to be found along major roads such as Mandai Road, Punggol Road and Yio Chu Kang Road. They were long muddy trails that provided accessibility to the villages, farms and plantations. Most had been expunged, with a few like Jurong Road Track 22, Mandai Road Track 16 and Old Choa Chu Kang Road Track 14 still manage to survive till today.
At the Choa Chu Kang cemetery sites, the roads leading to the different sections of burial places are named paths, such as Admadiyya Cemetery Path 1, Chinese Cemetery Path 7, Christian Cemetery Path 2, Hindu Cemetery Path 1 and Muslim Cemetery Path 10.
For roads with street suffix of quays, they are largely located in the downtown or by the sides of the Singapore River. Examples are Boat Quay (converted into pedestrian walkway), Clarke Quay, Collyer Quay, North Boat Quay, Raffles Quay and Robertson Quay.
Without Street Suffix
Only a few roads in Singapore have no street suffixes. Most were located at the old Seletar vicinity. Half-Moon, a short curved road, was expunged when Seletar Aerospace was developed. There were also Chowringhee (named after a place in India), Haymarket and Knightsbridge (both named after places in Britain), roads that were lost during the changes in Seletar in the past few decades.
Today, the roads without street suffixes are Bishopsgate (Tanglin), Piccadilly (Seletar) and Queensway. Off Bishopsgate was a short lane named Bishopswalk. but it was absorbed into the premises of private condominium Bishopsgate Residences upon its completion in 2012.
Some of the street suffixes have only been used once, such as alley (Sembawang Alley), bow (Compassvale Bow), concourse (Tampines Concourse), field (Punggol Field), grande (Tampines Grande), ring (Stagmont Ring) and wood (Saint Anne's Wood).
Meanwhile, Seletar Court, off Yio Chu Kang Road, is the only court-named road after Colombo Court was replaced by Supreme Court Lane. Although Cross Street is a well-known road, Rhu Cross is the only road with street suffix of cross. But the road itself is a straight road instead of a cross-like junction.
At Woodlands Checkpoint, the inner lanes are named Woodlands Crossing, the only set of roads in Singapore with crossing as its street suffix. And Kim Seng Promenade, the curved road between Great World City and Singapore River, is the only road named promenade.
This entry was posted in General and tagged Admiralty Road West, Advisory Committee On Street Names, Airport Boulevard, Ayer Rajah Crescent, Ayer Rajah Expressway, Bedok Highway, Beo Crescent, Bishopsgate, Bishopswalk, Boat Quay, Brani Causeway, Bukit Ayer Molek, Bukit Timah Expressway, Central Boulevard, Central Expressway, Chinese Cemetery Path 1, Chowringhee, Christian Cemetery Path 2, Clarke Quay, Claymore Hill, Collyer Quay, Colombo Court, Committee On Street Names, Commonwealth Crescent, Compassvale Bow, Coral Island, Dakota Crescent, East Coast Parkway, Eastwood Estate, Eu Tong Sen Street, Eunos Crescent, Geylang Serai, Goodwood Hill, Half-Moon, Haymarket, Jalan Gagak Selari Barat, Jalan Gagak Selari Timor, Jurong Island Highway, Jurong Road Track 22, Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway, Kampong Ampat, Kampong San Teng, Kampong Wak Hassan, Kim Seng Promenade, Knightsbridge, Kranji Expressway, Lengkok Angsa, Lengkok Merak, Lengkong Dua, Lengkong Empat, Lengkong Enam, Lengkong Limi, Lengkong Satu, Lengkong Tiga, Lengkong Tujoh, Mandai Road Track 16, Marina Boulevard, Marina Coastal Expressway, Moon Crescent, Murai Farmway, Muslim Cemetery Path 3, Newton Circus, Nicoll Highway, North Boat Quay, Old Choa Chu Kang Road Track 14, One-North Gateway, Orchard Boulevard, Padang Chancery, Padang Jeringau, Pan-Island Expressway, Paradise Island, Pasir Ris Farmway, Paterson Hill, Pearl Bank, Persiaran Keliling, Piccadilly, Piccadilly Circus, Pioneer Road North, Public Works Department, Punggol Field, Queen's Circus, Queen's Way, Queensway, Raffles Boulevard, Republic Boulevard, Rhu Cross, Rumah Bomba Circus, Seletar Court, Seletar Expressway, Seletar West Farmway, Sembawang Alley, Sengkang Square, Sentosa, Sentosa Gateway, Shenton Way, Springleaf Garden, Stadium Boulevard, Still Road South, Straits Boulevard, Street And Building Names Board, Street Suffixes, Taman Bedok, Taman Ho Swee, Taman Tampines, Tampines Concourse, Tampines Expressway, Tampines Grande, Tanjong Penjuru, Telok Blangah Crescent, Temasek Boulevard, The Causeway, The Inglewood, The Knolls, The Loop, The Oval, Toa Payoh East, Toa Payoh North, Toa Payoh South Flyover, Toa Payoh West, Treasure Island, Tuas Second Link Highway, Tuas South Boulevard, Upper Changi Road East, Urban Redevelopment Authority, West Coast Highway, Whampoa East, Whampoa North, Whampoa South, Whampoa West, Woodlands Causeway, Woodlands Crossing, Woodlands Square, York Hill. Bookmark the permalink.
8 Responses to Understanding Singapore's Different Types of Street Suffixes
YR says:
Hi, just wondering what would the roads
Punggol Seventeenth/twenty-fourth Avenues be classified under? Not sure if you may have missed it.
Remember Singapore says:
By right, their street suffixes are avenues, but the modern street naming convention (Avenues now largely refer to major arterial roads) does not apply to the roads built decades ago. Ponggol Seventeenth Avenue and Ponggol Twenty-Fourth Avenue were built in the '70s as proper roads leading to new private residences (it's also likely to differentiate them from the main Punggol Road and its rural tracks – Punggol Road had Track 1 to Track 26 back then).
Lengkong Satu till Tujoh actually means "Cape" in Malay. I myself have documented all of the Malayan street names in Singapore. Check out my blog!
Comprehensive list!
Ah Tiong says:
BTW can Tekong Highway, which seems to be the only major road in Pulau Tekong and connects all the camps and key installations within Pulau Tekong, be considered as a semi expressway?
Probably on Tekong context. If based on mainland Singapore, it is at best a major road.
Clementi kid says:
Regarding Beo Crescent… do you know more about the temples in that area? Currently, there are two temples along Havelock Road: the smaller one near Kim Seng CC is dedicated to Tua Pek Kong (affiliated to Kusu Island), the other one is at the junction of Zion Road, a bigger one dedicated to the Jade Emperor and and assortment of other deities.
Blk 29 along Havelock Road has also been demolished not too long ago, you can see the outlines on the ground a building which used to be there. Google Maps street view shows the change. There's also a small 'Isetan' building next to it which still stands.
In addition, there are also Bahtera Track (track) and Sarimbun Dyke and Poyan Dyke (dyke), all of which are located at the western water catchment area.
For Bahtera Track, can refer to https://remembersingapore.org/2016/07/17/sarimbun-beach-landing-jalan-bahtera/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This particular Days Inn was to be situated adjacent to the recently completed motorway service area amenity building, so there needed to be some design synergy.
The result was a three storey 126-bedroom hotel built in two blocks with a two storey glazed atrium in the centre and glazed external staircases at each end.
In order to reduce the impact of noise, we sited it obliquely to the A1(M), and provided significant construction savings by adding a third storey and reducing the overall footprint.


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Q: Reading the XML values using LINQ what is the best way of reading xml file using linq and the below code you will see that, I have three different loops and I feel like its not elegant or do I have options to retrofit the below code?
public static void readXMLOutput(Stream stream)
       {
           XDocument xml = new XDocument();
           xml = LoadFromStream(stream);

           var header = from p in xml.Elements("App").Elements("Application")
                       select p;

           foreach (var record in header)
           {
               string noym = record.Element("nomy").Value;
               string Description = record.Element("Description").Value;
               string Name = record.Element("Name").Value;
               string Code = record.Element("Code").Value;
           }

           var appRoles = from q in xml.Elements("App").Elements("Application").Elements("AppRoles").Elements("Role")
                        select q;

           foreach (var record1 in appRoles)
           {
               string Name = record1.Element("Name").Value;
               string modifiedName = record1.Element("ModifiedName").Value;
           }

           var memeber = from r in xml.Elements("App").Elements("Application").Elements("AppRoles").Elements("Role").Elements("Members")
                          select r;

           foreach (var record2 in memeber)
           {

               string ExpirationDate = record2.Element("ExpirationDate").Value;
               string FullName = record2.Element("FullName").Value;
           }

        }

UPDATED:
 foreach (var record in headers)
            {
                ..............
                string Name1 = record.Attribute("Name").Value;
                string UnmodifiedName = record.Attribute("UnmodifiedName").Value;

                string ExpirationDate = record.Attribute("ExpirationDate").Value;
                string FullName = record.Attribute("FullName").Value;
                ...............
            }

A: Is that your actual code ? All those string variables you are assigning in the foreach loops only have a scope of one iteration of the loop. They are created and destroyed each time.

A: This may not work precisely in your case depending on the xml structure.  Play around with it.  Try it using LinqPad
var applications = from p in xml.Descendants("Application")
             select new { Nomy = p.Element("nomy").Value
                        , Description = p.Element("Description").Value
                        , Name = p.Element("Name").Value
                        , Code = p.Element("Code").Value
             };

var appRoles = from r in xml.Descendants("Role")
               select new { Name = r.Element("Name").Value
                          , ModifiedName = r.Element("ModifiedName").Value
               };

A: This answer is a hierarchical query.
var headers =
  from header in xml.Elements("App").Elements("Application")
  select new XElement("Header",
    new XAttribute("noym", header.Element("nomy").Value),
    new XAttribute("Description", header.Element("Description").Value),
    new XAttribute("Name", header.Element("Name").Value),
    new XAttribute("Code", header.Element("Code").Value),
    from role in header.Elements("AppRoles").Elements("Role")
    select new XElement("Role",
      new XAttribute("Name", role.Element("Name").Value),
      new XAttribute("ModifiedName", role.Element("ModifiedName").Value),
      from member in role.Elements("Members")
      select new XElement("Member",
        new XAttribute("ExpirationDate", member.Element("ExpirationDate").Value),
        new XAttribute("FullName", member.Element("FullName").Value)
      )
    )
  );

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Tag: enthusiastic person
Jay Howell - Opening Night Photos
Thanks to everyone who came out to last Friday's opening of Enthusiastic Person @FFDG here in San Francisco. Such a fun evening to celebrate Jay Howell's newest works and sculptures.
Photography by Shaun Roberts
Jay Howell and Tommy Guerrero
Kelly Tunstall, Jay Howell, and Ferris Plock
Jay Howell @FFDG
Wednesday, 06 February 2013 /// Written by Van Edwards
LA based Jay Howell opened his current solo show in San Francisco's Mission district at FFDG last Friday to a huge crowd (pics later today) featuring over 40 new works including, for the first time, one of a kind sculptural works.
The show Enthusiastic Person runs through March 2nd and can be viewed in person Wed thru Sat (1-6pm). Works can purchased online: ffdg.net
FFDG is pleased to present Los Angeles based artist Jay Howell in his third highly anticipated solo show with the gallery entitled "Enthusiastic Person" featuring over 25 new mixed media cartoon-styled works on paper. Currently in production on the first season of the animated children's show "Sanjay and Craig", which Howell is Executive Producer, Co-Creator and Art Director, Howell will exhibit recent colorfully bright and whimsical drawings featuring the cast of characters, patterns and geometric shapes so recognizable as Jay Howell works. The 2013 Noise Pop music festival will feature Jay Howell's artwork on all their promotional materials.
Jay Howell is an all around kind dude that lives in Los Angeles with photographer girlfriend Ruth Swanson and a dog named Street Dog. When he's not illustrating for Vans or drawing skateboards he can be seen on the streets fuckin' around and sayin' classic shit. Jay designed the main characters for Fox's hit show, "Bob's Burgers". He is currently working as an Executive Producer, Co-Creator and Art Director on "Sanjay and Craig" an animated children's show for Nickelodeon.
View complete show: www.ffdg.net
Interview w/ Jay Howell
Wednesday, 23 January 2013 /// Written by Trippe
Jay Howell's solo show "Enthusiastic Person" at FFDG opens Friday, Feb 1st (6-9pm).
Here is a small preview and also a short interview with the man who's been working his butt off in Los Angeles on his upcoming cartoon with Nickelodeon, video shorts with Vans, a new zine, and other projects when he's not walking Street Dog in the warm Southern California air.
How are you doing? Hope everything is jazzy.
Everything is going good. Life is busy and fun!
You moved to LA like a year and a half ago from SF. How's it going?
It's been 2 years, and it's going very good.
You're working on the cartoon for Nickelodeon "Sanjay and Craig". When can people expect to see a clip or the first episode?
We'll be airing in July! Maximum excitement!!!
What can people expect from your upcoming show "Enthusiastic Person" opening Friday, Feb 1st @FFDG?
It's a bunch of new stuff that I've been doing when I get home from work. A lot of it goes along with a new comic I've been developing.
What's your routine been like these days?
Get up early, go to work, stress out, get really excited, hang out with Street Dog and draw.
Jay Howell Preview
Saturday, 12 January 2013 /// Written by Van Edwards
Thanks to Arrested Motion for the preview they posted of Enthusiastic Person, Jay Howell's solo show opening Feb 1st @FFDG in San Francisco. ~check it
"Grass Full Pipe" by Jay Howell


text:
Се́веро-Кавка́зская госуда́рственная филармо́ния и́мени В. И. Сафо́нова — филармония, государственное учреждение культуры в Кисловодске. Ранее — Федеральная филармония на Кавказских Минеральных Водах (24 февраля 2014 года Министерством культуры РФ издан приказ об изменении названия).

Состоит из десяти концертных залов, расположенных в городах Кавказских Минеральных Вод.

История создания
В 1895 году был построен Курортный зал в Кисловодске — главное здание филармонии. Тогда же был создан постоянный симфонический оркестр, который сегодня носит название Академического симфонического оркестра имени В. И. Сафонова. Идея создания Курзала принадлежала Василию Ильичу Сафонову, в то время занимавшему пост директора Московской консерватории и председателя Московского Отделения Российского Музыкального общества. Сафонов был уроженцем Кавказа и потому часто бывал в Кисловодске.

Курортный зал был построен на средства Акционерного Общества Владикавказской железной дороги с целью «организации досуга курсовых» всего за один год. Спроектировал здание архитектор бельгийского происхождения Евгений Дескубес. Оно было выдержано в традициях музыкальных заведений европейских курортов. Внутри здания располагались большой театральный зал, библиотека, ресторан и холлы.

Здесь пели Фёдор Шаляпин и Леонид Собинов, танцевали Айседора Дункан и Матильда Кшесинская, играл пианист и композитор Сергей Рахманинов, оркестром управляли знаменитые дирижёры Василий Сафонов, Михаил Ипполитов-Иванов, Александр Глазунов, Сергей Кусевицкий, выступали артисты драматического театра Вера Комиссаржевская, Мария Савина, Мамонт Дальский, читал свои рассказы Александр Куприн.

В последующие годы здесь играли Святослав Рихтер, Мстислав Ростропович, Давид Ойстрах, Леонид Коган, дирижировали Юрий Симонов, Евгений Мравинский, Кирилл Кондрашин, выступали оркестры Леонида Утёсова, Эдди Рознера, Анатолия Бадхена.

В 1972 году к основному зданию Курзала был пристроен ещё один концертный зал, в котором сегодня проходят симфонические и камерные концерты. Он носит имя одного из учеников В. И. Сафонова — Александра Николаевича Скрябина. В 2000 году зал реконструировали.

Филармония сегодня
Сегодня Северо-Кавказская государственная филармония имени В. И. Сафонова — своеобразное музыкальное объединение, имеющее концертные залы в Железноводске, Пятигорске, Ессентуках и Кисловодске, в том числе два органных зала. В год проходит более трёх тысяч концертов разной жанровой направленности.

На базе филармонии проводятся ежегодный Всероссийский фестиваль Академической музыки имени В. И. Сафонова, фестивали симфонических оркестров, международные органные фестивали, всероссийские конкурсы, фестивали джазовой и современной музыки.
На сценах Госфилармонии выступают деятели музыкального искусства России и мира, среди которых Денис Мацуев, Симфонический оркестр Мариинского театра под управлением Валерия Гергиева и другие.

В филармонии работает научно-методический отдел, где собраны уникальные документы и материалы, связанные с историей культуры Кавказских Минеральных Вод, филармонии, Академического симфонического оркестра, а также документы, связанные с пребыванием на Кавминводах известных деятелей культуры: Ф. Шаляпина, С. Рахманинова, К. Станиславского. Основная задача отдела — популяризация и проведение образовательной и просветительской работы о настоящем и прошлом культурной и музыкальной жизни Госфилармонии и региона Кавминвод. Здесь проходят творческие встречи с музыкантами, писателями, художниками, камерные концерты, выставки, экскурсии.

Экспозиции трёх залов Научно-методического отдела представляют историю академического симфонического оркестра, историю строительства Курзала и летопись жизни основателя «Филармонии на Водах» Василия Ильича Сафонова. Обновлённые экспозиции работают с 2007 года.

Зал имени В. И. Сафонова
Старейший, уникальный в плане архитектурной композиции театрально-концертный зал, рассчитанный на 700 мест. В честь В. И. Сафонова зал был назван в 1992 году. Здесь проходят камерные, симфонические и сольные концерты, а также оперные постановки, драматические и детские спектакли; это одна из площадок для ежегодных музыкальных фестивалей.

Фойе зала имени В. И. Сафонова
Фойе концертного зала имени Сафонова постоянно функционирует как выставочное пространство. Экспозиция регулярно обновляется, слушатели могут познакомиться с работами художников разных регионов России.
Здесь проводятся камерные музыкальные вечера в духе салонов XIX века.

Зеркальный зал
Небольшой зал предназначен для камерных концертов и музыкальных вечеров. Также здесь проходят представления интерактивного кукольного театра для маленьких зрителей.

Зал имени А. Н. Скрябина
Второй концертный зал был пристроен к основному зданию Курзала в 1972 году. На сцене зала Скрябина исполняются симфонические и камерные концерты, музыкальные произведения для хора, солистов и оркестра — оратории, кантаты, мессы, джазовая музыка.

Органный зал Кисловодска
Один из органных залов Северо-Кавказской филармонии размещается в здании детской музыкальной школы № 1 города Кисловодска. Он был открыт в 1990 году и стал первым на Юге России. Здесь стоит инструмент немецкой фирмы Sauer. Он имеет три мануала, тридцать ножных клавиш-педалей, швеллер-жалюзи — изобретение органных мастеров эпохи Романтизма, позволяющее детально выявлять самые тонкие музыкальные оттенки в произведениях. Здесь проходили концерты таких артистов как Пауль Ван Хук, Ад Ван Слевен, Бренда Лич, Оливье Латри, Лада Лабзина.

Зал имени Ф. И. Шаляпина

Открыт 16 февраля 1981 года как Гастрольный театр.

Этот зал расположен в центре города Ессентуки, на Театральной площади. Имеет два зала: «Большой» на 1 500 мест и «Зал камерной музыки» на 80 мест.

Сцена Большого зала благодаря особенностям своей архитектуры и современному техническому оснащению позволяет проводить здесь мероприятия самого широкого жанрового спектра.

Зал камерной музыки по акустическим свойствам идеально подходит для камерных концертов.

В ноябре 2011 года в Концертном зале имени Ф. Шаляпина состоялась презентация нового органа. Духовой орган фирмы Walker (Германия) стал самым крупным на Юге страны и одним из крупнейших во всей России. Этот инструмент имеет 48 регистров, свыше 4 000 труб, педальную клавиатуру, механическую трактуру.

Лермонтовская галерея
Один из старейших камерных музыкальных и выставочных залов города Пятигорска находится в парке «Цветник». Проект галереи из металла и стекла был выполнен Варшавским акционерным строительным обществом «Вл. Гостынский и Ко» по заказу директора курорта Кавказских Минеральных Вод В. В. Хвощинского. Торжественное открытие галереи состоялось 15 июля 1901 года в день памяти М. Ю. Лермонтова.

Концертный зал «Камертон»
Один из самых больших концертных залов Северо-Кавказской государственной академической филармонии имени В. И. Сафонова находится на территории пятигорского парка имени Кирова.

Летняя открытая концертная площадка была построена на естественном склоне холма в 1953 году по проекту архитектора Б. П. Светлицкого. Первоначально она получила название «Зелёный театр». В 1980-х годах он был реконструирован: появилась крыша, скамейки заменили креслами. Театр переименовали в летний концертный театр «Камертон».
Зал вмещает 1 700 зрителей. На его сцене проходят вокальные и симфонические концерты, выступления звёзд эстрады и театральные постановки.

Коллектив
В настоящее время состав филармонии включает 440 сотрудников. В их числе творческие коллективы: Академический симфонический оркестр имени Сафонова, камерный оркестр «Амадеус», духовой оркестр «Геликон», Филармонический хор имени Сафонова, ансамбль старинной музыки «Менестрели» и др.

В составе Северо-Кавказской Госфилармонии более сорока солистов — вокалисты, инструменталисты, музыковеды, чтецы.

Музыкальный репертуар регулярно обновляется и пополняется.

Руководители
Генеральный директор и художественный руководитель Северо-Кавказской Госфилармонии — Заслуженная артистка России Светлана Владимировна Бережная.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Раздел Северо-Кавказской госфилармонии на сайте muzkarta
 Официальный сайт Северо-Кавказской госфилармонии
 Статья о В. И. Сафонове в энциклопедии «Кругосвет»
 О Северо-Кавказской филармонии
 «Музыкальное обозрение» о филармонии
 О Курзале на портале культурного наследия Российской Федерации
 «Архитектура старого Кисловодска»
 Музей музыкальной и театральной культуры на Кавказских Минеральных водах
 Ретрофотографии: филармония, филармония, филармония, театр имени А. М. Горького, театр им. Горького, Курзал, Курзал…

Филармонии России
Культура Ставропольского края
Кисловодск

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Get laptops, tablets and connectivity support for vulnerable and disadvantaged children and young people who cannot attend school due to coronavirus (COVID-19)
The government is providing over 1.3 million laptops and tablets to help schools, colleges and other FE institutions throughout the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Following the announcement on 5th January 2021 about a national lockdown and restricting attendance in schools and colleges, the scale of deliveries increased.
For the 2020 to 2021 academic year, the Department for Education (DfE) is providing laptops, tablets and connectivity support to schools, colleges, other FE institutions, academy trusts (trusts) and local authorities (LAs) to help children and young people access remote education during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Laptops, tablets, 4G routers and free mobile data have been made available, if there is no existing access to a device or for children without access to fixed broadband, for:
The number of devices available for schools, colleges and other FE institutions to order through the Get help with technology service reflects the number of laptops and tablets DfE estimates are needed by each school or college. This calculation is based on free school meals data/free meal data and an estimate of the number of devices a school or college already has and private device ownership. If a school, college, other FE institution, trust or LA requires additional devices, they can contact DfE and more devices can be made available.
4G wireless routers and mobile data are provided on a demand-led basis through the Get Help With Technology service.
The DfE does not hold centrally recorded information on the onward distribution to families, children and young people. DfE has advised that devices and routers are to be used to support disadvantaged children and young people who are otherwise unable to access remote education.
who have no broadband, including where those families access the internet through mobile data.
Devices: A device is a laptop or tablet along with a protective sleeve and software/operating licences.
4G wireless routers : This refers to a unit which provides mobile internet access through a secure SIM.
Devices (laptops and tablets) and 4G wireless routers delivered or dispatched to academy trusts or directly to schools within a trust since the start of the scheme.
Devices (laptops and tablets) and 4G wireless routers delivered or dispatched to hospital schools and City Technical Colleges since the start of the scheme.
Devices (laptops and tablets) and 4G wireless routers delivered or dispatched to FE colleges and other institutions since the start of the scheme.


This class will take a list of pdf documents and merge them, saving the result in a new document.
Add a source file to the list of files to merge.
Add a source to the list of documents to merge.
Add a list of sources to the list of documents to merge.
append all pages from source to destination.
Get the destination document information that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting).
Get the name of the destination file.
Set the destination metadata that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting).
Indicates if acroform errors are ignored or not.
Merge the list of source documents, saving the result in the destination file.
Set the destination document information that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting).
Set the name of the destination file.
Set to true to ignore acroform errors.
destination - The destination to set.
destStream - The destination to set.
Get the destination document information that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting). The default is null, which means that it is ignored.
Set the destination document information that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting). The default is null, which means that it is ignored.
info - The destination document information.
Set the destination metadata that is to be set in mergeDocuments(org.apache.pdfbox.io.MemoryUsageSetting). The default is null, which means that it is ignored.
meta - The destination metadata.
source - Full path and file name of source document.
IOException - If there is an error saving the document.
IOException - If there is an error accessing data from either document.


Explaining that no definitive pedagogy flows from the developmental theory of Jean Piaget, the author explores ways that classroom teachers can nevertheless make powerful use of that theory. For her, the essence of the child's intellectual development lies not in the progressive accomplishment of Piagetian tasks, but in the child's testing out the ideas that she or he finds significant. This process of testing out ideas, she argues, is critical for the child's cognitive growth. Teachers can assist this growth primarily by accepting the child's perpective as the legitimate framework for generating ideas—allowing the child to work out her or his own questions and answers. This approach—and the importance of providing varied settings and materials which suggest ideas to children—is discussed with particular reference to the author's classroom experience and her evaluation of an elementary science program.


For the next two blogs each blog will have the crocheted directions for the Breast Cancer Awareness direction for the coffee cozy and coffee mug.
Again FYI: I am not a writer or technical writer; just a individual who love to crochet.
Note: you can make different colors for each cancer not just pink for breast cancer or you can do the ribbon or different diseases or affection. Like Autism, Diabetic, Alzheimer's, etc.
I tried to post the chart from the American Cancer Society; so, will post a different way at another time or next blog.
SC single crochet, DC double crochet, ST stitch, CH. Chain stitch, SL ST Slip stitch, INC increase.
I like to weave in ends as I go so I do not have many to weave in later.
You will see some options below you do not have do what I did. I try to figure out what individuals would like, you might think about another way. Be creative!!!
Row 3: CH 1, SC across SL ST.
Row 5: CH 1, 2 SC in first SC, do 18 SC, 2 SC, SC to the end, SL ST.
This will increase the cozy to make \ to increase enough to fit the cup.
Row 6: CH 1, SC across SL ST.
Change pink to white yarn and still using the H hook.
Change white yarn to pink and still using the H hook.
With one stitch marker mark the center of the cozy two rows down.
From the center with one marker on the 2nd to last row mark 2 spaces from the center to the right and with the other maker 2 space to the left.
SL ST in the bottom left stitch maker, CH 6 to the right of the top stitch marker SL ST the space, CH 1 in Marked space SC, DC, SC, CH 1 in the space to the left SL ST, CH 6 and attach with a ST SL to the right bottom stitch marker.


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text:
Walter Francis RIGGAN v. Virginia.: Supreme Court of the United States
Filed: 1966-05-02 Precedential Status: Precedential Citations: 384 U.S. 152, 86 S. Ct. 1378, 16 L. Ed. 2d 431, 1966 U.S. LEXIS 1721 Docket: 887 Supreme Court Database id: 1965-099
Riggan v. Virginia, 384 U.S. 152 (1966)
COURT, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
Baixe no formato COURT, PDF, TXT ou leia online no Scribd
salvarSalvar Riggan v. Virginia, 384 U.S. 152 (1966) para ler mais tarde
21 Fair empl.prac.cas. 824, 21 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 30,444 Louise Lamphere v. Brown University, 610 F.2d 46, 1st Cir. (1979)
Case Digests on Civil Procedure (Part I)
Affidavit of Original Issue (2)
Willie Jasper Darden v. Louie L. Wainwright, Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections, 473 U.S. 928 (1985)
Checklist (Goods)
Higginbotham v. Baton Rouge, 306 U.S. 535 (1939)
McCandless v. Furlaud, 293 U.S. 67 (1934)
Doherty v. United States, 404 U.S. 28 (1971)
Affidavit of Lis Pendens
Loss (Plate card) - Milallos.docx
NLRB v. Pittsburgh SS Co., 340 U.S. 498 (1951)
Kammerer v. Kroeger, 299 U.S. 302 (1936)
FORMAT - VERIFIED REPLY AFFIDAVIT TO SANGGUNIANG PANGLUNGSOD.docx
Affidavit Macaranas
Affidavit of Undertaking
JA Jena
Affidavit of Sarah James (Revised) (2)
Affidavit Sample
United States v. Seminole Nation, 299 U.S. 417 (1937)
86 S.Ct. 1378
Walter Francis RIGGAN
H. Clifford Allder, for petitioner.
Robert Y. Button, Atty. Gen. of Virginia, and M. Harris Parker, Asst.
Atty. Gen., for respondent.
On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Appeals of
The petition for a writ of certiorari is granted. The judgment is reversed.
Aguilar v. State of Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723.
Mr. Justice CLARK, with whom Mr. Justice BLACK, Mr. Justice HARLAN,
and Mr. Justice STEWART join, dissenting.
Probable cause for the issuance of the warrant in this case authorizing the
search of apartment 604C, 3000 Spout Run Parkway, Arlington, Virginia, was
based upon the recital in the affidavit of 'personal observation of the premises'
by Officer Stover, the affiant, and 'information from sources believed by the
police department to be reliable.'*
The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia found that Officer Stover had the
apartment building at 3000 Spout Run Parkway under his personal surveillance
in December 1962 and January 1963. During those months he saw the
petitioner Riggan 'come and go' from the building. Riggan was known to the
police, having been arrested in November 1962 on a charge of assault. That
arrest was made at apartment 604C by Officer Hartel, who noticed telephones
cut from their wires and placed in a closet, along with other suspicious
circumstances. After he reported this to the police department, the vice squad,
of which Officer Stover was a member, began to investigate activities on the
premises. In addition to receiving this report, Officer Stover learned from two
fellow police officers and two other informants, whom he believed to be
reliable, that a lottery was being conducted from apartment 604C.
In view of these facts I do not see how this case can be controlled by Aguilar v.
State of Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964). There the
affidavit was based purely on hearsay. It was found inadequate under the rule
applied in Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 78 S.Ct. 1245, 2 L.Ed.2d
1503 (1958), where a majority of the Court found that the complaint 'does not
indicate any sources for the complainant's belief; and it does not set forth any
other sufficient basis upon which a finding of probable cause could be made.'
At 486, 78 S.Ct. at 1250. The affidavit here not only alleged 'personal
observation' but recited that the affiant had information from other reliable
'sources,' who were subsequently identified as police officers and private
informants.
I therefore dissent.
It is interesting to note that an affidavit with allegations identical to those now
in question was approved by the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals in TriPharmacy, Inc. v. United States, 203 Va. 723, 127 S.E.2d 89 (1962). We denied
certiorari in Tri-Pharmacy in January 1963, 371 U.S. 962, 83 S.Ct. 542, 9
L.Ed.2d 509, before Aguilar but a month after the argument in Ker v. State of
California, 374 U.S. 23, 83 S.Ct. 1623, 10 L.Ed.2d 726 (1963), and during the
same Term that the opinion in Ker was announced. In view of the fact that Ker
is the first and leading case on the implementation of Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S.
643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961), it is strange that we denied
certiorari in Tri-Pharmacy at that time rather than holding the case until Ker
was decidedif any problem of unreasonable search existed. It is stranger still
that the Court now grants and reverses this case summarily without giving
Virginia a chance to argue the legality of its affidavit, which it had every reason
to think was sufficient.
Supremo Tribunal dos Estados Unidos
Certiorari
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text:
Setback for Youngsters
Shakers Youth suffer heavy defeat at home
The Shakers youth team's indifferent start to the season returned on Saturday with a heavy defeat at home. After a superb 4-1 away win at Wrexham last weekend, they suffered a 5-0 home loss to near neighbours Oldham Athletic
Academy manager Alan Moore conceded it will be back to the drawing board on Monday morning after the unusual sequence of goals. With a goal direct from a corner, three own goals and a penalty conceded - the young shakers were left perplexed after having had the lion's share of possession during the 90 minutes.
This game also saw Bury playing at their new home venue for the season at Fives Athletic (http://www.fives.org.uk). The game was a tight affair for the opening exchanges with the Shakers having the better changes.
The first goal came direct from an in-swinging corner kick. The flight of the ball was misjudged by Mathew Cook and evaded Jonathan Barber at the foot of the near post to give the visitors the lead.
This early blow rattled the team but they still created openings with Regan Walker looking lively every time he got the ball. In one particularly bright spell after 10 minutes his probing run set up Anthony Dudley for a one v one with the Latics keeper, but a smart stop prevented Dudley from grabbing an equaliser.
Bury were made to pay for the missed chance as Oldham with only the second attack doubled their advantage. A cross into the Shakers box was somehow deflected into an empty net. The goal was more of a surprise as there was no Oldham player around the Shakers defender. With time to clear and unchallenged, the Shakers were suddenly two goals down.
Despite a lot of possession and several positive build up moves into the last third Bury couldn't make a breakthrough and the Latics held a 2-0 lead at the break.
After some harsh words at half time the second half started much brighter and apart from some very good saves from the Oldham keeper, Bury would have got their name on the score sheet.
Unfortunately this didn't happen and much like the opening 45 minutes, Oldham's first breakaway attack fifteen minutes into the second half brought another comical goal when a shot hit Sam Dickinson and flew over Jonathan Barber for the second own goal of the game.
The confidence was clearly drained from the young shakers. Soon after the visitors scored a fourth from the penalty spot to make it 4-0, and the result was settled another own goal from the Shakers to make it 5-0. If ever it was going to go wrong – this game was it
At the end of the day Oldham were better at competing for the second ball and Bury despite having the lion's share of shots and possession failed to convert effort into goals leaving Oldham with the spoils of victory on the day.


Description: I went to a bachelor party and as it was late, slept there itself. Next morning when I woke up, I found no one at home and the door was locked. Help me to search for the spare key and escape from the house.


text:
  Excideuil est
      une ville géographiquement positionnée dans le département de Dordogne en Aquitaine. Elle totalisait 1 318 habitants en 2008.

Le parc d'habitations, à Excideuil, se décomposait en 2011 en 166 appartements et 568 maisons soit
 un marché relativement équilibré.

À Excideuil, le prix moyen à la vente d'un appartement s'évalue à 720 € du m² en vente. la valorisation moyenne d'une maison à l'achat se situe à 1 246 € du m². À la location le prix moyen se situe à 9,87 € du m² par mois.

La ville est équipée concernant l'enseignement aux enfants de un collège et un lycée.
S'agissant les moins de 6 ans, la ville peut se prévaloir de disposer de une maternelle et une école primaire.
Excideuil est équipée des  équipements éducatifs permettant une vie àgréable.
Si vous avez un projet de transaction immobilière à Excideuil, il est intéressant d' évaluer la notoriété des équipements éducatifs

La ville propose de nombreux  équipements sportifs, elle propose entre autres un bassin de natation, deux terrains de tennis, un terrain de sport et un équipement de roller/skate.

À coté de Excideuil sont situées les villes de
Clermont-d'Excideuil située à 3 km, 268 habitants,
Dussac localisée à 6 km, 380 habitants,
Saint-Pantaly-d'Excideuil située à 3 km, 155 habitants,
Saint-Sulpice-d'Excideuil située à 6 km, 328 habitants,
Coulaures localisée à 6 km, 733 habitants,
Saint-Martial-d'Albarède localisée à 1 km, 448 habitants,
 entre autres. De plus, Excideuil est située à seulement 23 km de Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My massage incorporates a combination of relaxation (Swedish) massage with "comfortable" deep tissue (I don't believe deep tissue needs to be painful to be therapeutic), plus elements of Sports Therapy, Trigger Point Therapy and Thai Stretching.
The massage time is yours so I don't speak unless spoken to. If you want to escape, I provide the perfect opportunity to do that: Hydraulic table, clean peaceful surroundings, aromatherapy, candles, hot towels and soothing music. I will check in from...More time to time to ensure that the pressure is just right for you too.
Text, email or phone for appointments.
Tu: 8 a.m. - 5 p.m.
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Ed and his technique are phenomenal. He asked questions before the session started and applied all his learnings from the chat to the massage. He used a wide range of pressure that was perfect for my outcome of the perfect massage. I am trying to regain my flexibility, so Ed also added his Thai stretching into the session. With time, his assistance and yoga, I will get to where I want to be. The massage itself was amazing. Ed is well trained and professional. I went in with a knotted neck and shoulder muscle and left feeling great. I cannot wait to schedule my next appointment. Good bye Msg Envy — won't be needing you any more. If you are looking for a professional that brings about results, make your appointment now and you'll never need to look for another masseur. Thanks Ed and see you soon.
Massage was awesome. Ed's bodywork technical skills were amazing. Ed was very professional and was very mindful of pain points I had. Great hands and atmosphere. Will need to plan another massage appointment soon.
This was my 4th massage with Ed. He really goes beyond just a physical massage with warm towels, an incredible wrap/moisturizing lotion on the feet, aromatics for opening the sinuses and of course adjusts the pressure used in the massage to your liking. He has a positive, enthusiastic personality and is always very welcoming. You can't go wrong booking with Ed.
As an LMT, I understand the importance of having a therapist that listens to my complaints, understands my needs and adjusts the treatment session to address my specific problem areas. Ed did all of that and exceeded my expectations with regards to his professionalism, muscle/anatomy knowledge and his treatment style. His office is comfortable and the ambiance was nothing less that perfect. Ed, my runner hips and glutes thank you for "getting the knots out".