text:
EARLY PREVIEW AND TEAM NEWS
DAWSON'S RALLY CRY TO STAGS MATES
Evening Post, 17 February 2006
Stephen Dawson today warned his Mansfield team-mates they must not let their good work against table-topping Grimsby go to waste.
The midfielder gave an inspirational display on Tuesday night to help the Stags to a much-needed 2-1 victory over the Mariners.
But he insists the Stags must now concentrate on getting good results from their home clash with Wrexham tomorrow (3pm) and their visit to fellow strugglers Torquay next week.
"It's a big game for us tomorrow, and at Torquay," said Dawson, 20.
"I feel if we can get a win on Saturday and then a favourable result at Torquay, it will set us up."
A casualty when Stags crashed 4-0 at Darlington, Dawson was dropped for the games against Macclesfield and Wycombe.
He impressed everyone with his performance on returning to the side, but he is more interested in the team's cause than his own.
Dawson said: "I was pleased just to get the chance to play. I played out on the right wing which is my usual position."
"I'll play anywhere as long as I can help the team though, and that is the most important thing."
"You always set yourself standards to reach, but once you've done that, you want to be part of a successful team."
Like Dawson, boss Peter Shirtliff is keen to follow up victory over the Mariners with another three points against Wrexham.
He said: "I think I am right in saying that we have only had back-to-back wins in the league once this season, and that was back in October with a cup game in between.
"It would be nice to achieve that again and I challenged the players in the dressing room after the Grimsby game to do it.
"Winning is a habit and it's a good one to get into. Teams that are top of the league go out expecting to win - they start the game full of confidence.
"But we are a bit further down the league and we are sometimes apprehensive until the games get going."
Shirtliff was delighted with the backing the team received from the fans on Tuesday and hopes that will continue tomorrow.
"They were chanting and cheering and encouraging the players right to the end and that's a real positive in my book" he said.
Gareth Jelleyman will miss tomorrow's game and the trip to Torquay, following his red card against Grimsby.
Giles Coke is available, but will be suspended against the Gulls after five yellow cards.
Simon Brown will be out seeing a specialist about his stomach.
Alex John-Baptiste is hoping to recover from a groin strain but will face a fitness test.
Of the long-term injuries, Rhys Day and has an outside chance of being back from a hernia operation for the derby at Notts County.
Shirtliff lays down challenge
CHAD website, 16 February 2006
STAGS boss Peter Shirtliff has challenged his Stags side to gain back to back League wins for only the second time this season when Wrexham visit Field Mill on Saturday (3pm).
It was back in October when Mansfield beat Barnet at home and then won away at Cheltenham in the following League match.
Now, after a disappointing start to 2006, Stags have taken four points off two of the top sides this week and Shirtliff said: "I have challenged them to now get us back to back League wins.
"It would be nice - it's been a while.
"We have had two good results this week and it was a battling display against Grimsby on Tuesday.
"Teams at the top go out there expecting to win and start games full of confidence.
"A bit further down, sides are more apprehensive to start with. It is only when they get into the game that they settle down a bit.
"The fans were a great help to us on Tuesday. They cheered and encouraged the players right to the end and that was great."
Wrexham have won three of their last four League matches. But it is their home form that has kept them in the play-off hunt.
They have only won two away League games all season - at Oxford and Rushden.
"I thought we were unlucky when we lost 4-1 at Wrexham in December," added Shirtliff.
"We were 1-0 up at half-time but conceded three quick goals in quick succession. Denis Smith agreed we were unlucky and the fact their keeper got man of the match speaks for itself."
Shirtliff is already without Rhys Day (hernia operation), Allan Russell (broken toe), Simon Brown (stomach muscle) and Chris Beardsley (broken leg).
And Gareth Jelleyman starts a two-game ban for his red card ahainst Grimby. Giles Coke also received his fifth booking in that game but is available on Saturday and misses the Torquay trip along with Jelleyman.
Richie Barker, who needed two stitches in an eye wound during the Grimsby game, will be fine to play. But there are worries over defender Alex John-Baptiste who aggravated his groin injury.
Wrexham had midfielder mark Jones called up into the full Wales squad this week.
And young striker Sam Williams is about to start a second month on loan after successful negotiations with Aston Villa this week.


Phantom in the Twilight Episode 5: Love or Life?
Alright, I might have to stop making fun of Ton given this episode she actually really stepped up to the plate as the protagonist in this story, and all in all this episode of Phantom in the Twilight was pretty well done.
So the plot involving Ton's kidnapped friend gets about two minutes of screen time in a kind of mini-story about them inhabiting a haunted house and then we are whisked back to the cafe where Ton is playing dress-up as the manager. Almost as soon as she's extracted compliments (and kind of insults) from the others they get their first 'customer', a Sidhe named Lydia who wants them to find her a man.
For various silly reasons and I guess because she's impulsive, Ton agrees to the request and it seemed from that point on the story would become pretty ordinary and predictable with a dose of awful thrown in. And yet, Phantom in the Twilight rises to the occasion. It is predictable what the outcome is going to be because the entire story is framed as a tragedy, and yet this episode feels like it is continuously pushing forward, we're seeing Ton acting and using self-determination rather than being dragged by the plot, and ultimately she both makes a decision and then reflects on it making this the first moment really where I've seen Ton as a protagonist I might kind of come to like.
We end the episode however with a new arrival in London, Van Helsing. Guess what he's getting up to next week. Still, so far this series had been a bit of fun, but this episode really kind of felt like it was drawing me more into this world and these characters. I'm kind of hoping it continues along this path because I had a great time this week.
From the way it sounds, I should continue watching it. I started watching but decided against it. I was getting Libra of nil Admirari vibes. I didn't want to put myself through that again.
So far better than that. Admittedly, this could still become fairly average, but I'm actually quite enjoying it so far and it seems to be getting better (or at least it is filling in the world and characters as it goes making things more interesting).
You know…I feel like we are pretty much the only two people that are watching this. There is hardly any talk of this series on any of the other blogs, and that really is a shame. Like you I really enjoyed this episode, and I'm really beginning to like the world building that's being done in this series. Also Ton really stepped up to the plate as I quite honestly thought she wasn't able to go through with it in the end.
And was I the only one that got a small chill down my spine when that guy said his name was Van Helsing? That really is very cool. Can't wait for next week's episode, this series is really become my favorite of the season (besides Attack on Titan that is 😊).
There's a handful of others still covering this but it isn't getting a lot of exposure and I guess it isn't everyone's cup of tea. But Ton did really step things up in general this week and it definitely made me fairly optimistic for how this is going at the moment.
Hey, I'm watching and enjoying it too! 😺 There's just other things I've felt like writing about lately. I always appreciate what the two of you have to say about it.
Thanks, Raistlin! I found your comment and saved it, so it should be up now. Glad you said something!
Well, the poem was pretty good.
Just remember to add sugar.
Write about this series, I mean.
I'm watching it too! I just don't have the time to talk about handsome boys on my blog when there's so many cute girls to review!
So, if there's a beach episode and Ton ends up in a swimsuit we can expect to see your thoughts on it? Joking – you've been pretty prolific over on your blog with content so I can understand this one not fitting your line up.
See, there's definitely a few people still watching it.
Then again, if you're enjoying Phantom in the Twilight so much, why don't you talk about it on your blog?
Hmm…maybe "sabotage" was too strong a word choice…For the most part, it's really just trying to keep up with things and falling behind because of a bout of procrastination from a few weeks ago, but I know I'll get through it.


text:
Materials Sciences and Applications
10.4236/msa.2017.812065
Comparison of Aggressiveness Behavior of Chloride and Iodide Solutions on 304 and 304L Stainless Steel Alloys
Shaymaa Mahdi Salih1, Ibtehal K. Shakir1, Abdulkareem M. A. Al-Sammarraie2*
1Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Received: September 1, 2017; Accepted: November 13, 2017; Published: November 16, 2017
The aggressive effect of chloride anion in comparison to iodide anion on the pitting corrosion attack of 304 and 304L stainless steel (SS) alloys was investigated by using the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization test at 0.6 M Sodium Halide salts (NaX) solution and different temperatures. The two alloys 304 and 304L SS suffered from severe pitting corrosion at room temperature up to 50˚C in a chloride containing solution with the higher resistance observed for 304L in comparison to the 304 while on pits were detected in iodide solution for both alloys. The pitting potentials of the two alloys in 0.6 M NaCl solution reduced with the increase of the temperature. Examination of the alloys' surfaces was conducted by using the scanning electron microscopes where it revealed that the occurrence of pitting attack seems like hemispherical or irregular pits with different sizes.
Stainless Steel, Pitting Corrosion, Sodium Halide, Iodide
The iron base alloy such as austenitic stainless steel (SS) with at least 16% Chromium and 6% Nickel referring to a series 300 (e.g., 304, 304L) has been widely used among other SS alloys in various industrial applications. As examples, architecture, food processing, transportation, kitchen equipment etc. However, these alloys suffer from pitting corrosion; a very localized attack (pits) when used in condition of high temperature with acidic solution including halide content and consequently leads to perforation of equipment, contamination and material loss [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .
Many studies have been devoted to understand the effect of temperature on the pitting corrosion potential Epit in a solution containing anion [6] [7] [8] . It was revealed that increasing the solutions temperature resulted in reducing protective properties of the passive film formed on these passivated metals as a consequence to increase the reactivity of the aggressive anions. This is in turn, resulted in shifting the Epit towards more active potentials. However, there are a few research conducting the behavior of stainless steel in iodide solution combined with varying of working temperature [8] - [14] , and their studies shows that the higher pitting potential Epit of stainless steel alloys found in the I− and Br− ion compared to lower value in Cl containing solution with the fact that the more strong adsorption ability seem to be less aggressive anion.
The aggressiveness of pitting corrosion caused by halide ion in terms of Epit was in the order of Cl− > Br− > F− > I− under different experimental condition and alloys composition was proved in several investigation [15] [16] [17] [18] .
This study is aimed to investigate the effect of changing temperature (20˚C - 50˚C) on the susceptibility of the austenitic stainless steel (grade 304 and 304L) to the pitting corrosion in iodide containing solution in comparison to chloride anion.
2. Experimental Procedure
In this study, two types of austenitic stainless steel alloys (304 and 304L) were used. Their chemical compositions are given in Table 1. Testing specimens were cut from a plate with dimensions of 1.5, 1.5, 0.2 cm and an exposed working area of 1 cm2.
The working samples were initially subject to a grinding polishing using a series of abrasive papers starting from 300 grit up to 2000 grit finish until the surface appeared free from scratch. Then, the samples were rinsed by a distilled water, degreased in acetone, and rinsed again in an ethanol and finally dried by a heat gun in air and kept in the desiccators.
The tested solutions were 0.6 M NaCl (35.5 gm in 1 L) and 0.6 M NaI (89.93 gm in 1 L) have been prepared using laboratory grade reagents supplied from Sigma Aldrich by dissolving the required amount in distilled water prior to each experiment. The temperature of the tested solution was controlled by using cooling-heating circulating bath (Germany, HAAKE OOO-3959), the values of the pitting potential Epit as well as the repassivation potential Erep were established using computerized potentiostat, (Mlab 200, Bank Elek. Int., Germany),
Table 1. The chemical compositions (wt. %) of 304 and 304L SS specimens.
operated via software using a conventional three-electrode double glass wall corrosion cell with stainless steel alloys being the working electrode, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode and a platinum rod set as auxiliary electrode. The cyclic polarization curves were done by applying a potential range starting at −400 mV up to 1000 mV with a positive sweep rate of 10 mV/s (SCE) then the potential shifted in the negative (opposite) direction until it contract the upward scan at a repassivation potential.
Finally, the morphology of the surfaces of 304 and 304L specimens were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-4500, Japan) after ending the cyclic polarization test.
3.1. Effect of Temperature
The effect of varying solutions NaCl and NaI temperature on grades 304 and 304L using cycling potentiodynamics polarization test were shown in Figures 1(a)-(d)) were Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) for 304 shows a positive hysteresis loop in Cl− containing solution indicating a metal susceptibility to pitting corrosion with the same behavior was observed for 304L SS in Figure 1(c) against a negative hysteresis loop with no sign to pitting corrosion in iodide containing solutions for 304 and 304L SS were shown in Figure 1(b) and Figure 1(d) respectively. The pitting corrosion characteristic represented as pitting potential Epit which represent the potential above were a pitting corrosion start while the re-passivation Erep potential bellow were no pitting occur or means the metal still passive and the intermediate potential region where no formation of new pit but allow the development of already exiting one can be distinguish from the cyclic polarization curves at different solutions temperature (20˚C - 50˚C) and halide salts for all studied alloys are shown in Figures 1(a)-(d).
It can observe from Figure 1 that an increase in the passive current density and a distinct decrease in values of Epit, Erp and Ecorr as the temperature increased from 20˚C to 50˚C in chloride solution, while it becomes active (toward the negative direction) in contrast to Iodide solution.
The chemisorption and diffusion of aggressive ion within the passive film increased at higher temperature leading to make a reduction in the protective properties of the passive film that may contribute in lowering the values of pitting potential. This means that a decrease in the resistance to pitting corrosion occurs as can be shown in Table 2 that the Epit and Erep are depending on the temperature for both alloys [6] [8] [15] .
Reference [13] attributed the reduction in Epit value to the decreased in the level of dissolved oxygen due to increasing temperature, same result were got in this study as linear relationship and appeared in Figure 2.
The potential area without any risk to pitting corrosion Erep − Ecorr seems to be detrimental which indicates that 304L SS alloy experience a severe pitting corrosion in the chloride solution compared to 304 SS with no protection potential
Figure 1. Cyclic polarization curves at different temperature for: (a) 304 SS in 0.6 M NaCl; (b) 304 SS in 0.6 M NaI; (c) 304L SS in 0.6 M NaCl; and (d) 304L SS in 0.6 M NaI.
Table 2. The Epit and Erep of 304 and 304L in 0.6 M chloride solution at different temperature.
Figure 2. Temperature against Epit for 304 and 304L in 0.6 M NaCl.
area. Additionally, the potential area with the risk to pitting attack Epit − Ecorr and the Epit − Erep difference decreased with increasing of the temperature for both alloys as shown in Figure 3.
The potential difference between Epit and Ecorr decreased with increasing of the susceptibility to pitting corrosion as a result to the alloy composition relating to their calculated Pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) values being 20.5 for 304 SS and 21.05 for 304L which proved a higher resistance of 304L to pitting attack as compared to 304 alloy in the chloride solution.
3.2. Halide Effect on Pitting Corrosion
As mentioned above that the behavior of the two stainless steel alloys were investigated in sodium iodide and sodium chloride at different working conditions (temperatures) at 0.6 M NaX−. The cyclic polarization curve of 304 and 304L in a solution containing chloride ion shows a clear signal of the pitting corrosion attack represented by the positive hysteresis loop shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 shows the comparison behavior of the halide ion (Cl− and I−) on stainless steel 304. A clear positive hysteresis loop were obtained for alloy in NaCl solution , while the behavior of iodide anion shows no sign to pitting corrosion with negative hysteresis loop. Thus, Cl− ions are aggressive enough to attack stainless steel and leads to a localized corrosion (e.g. pitting corrosion) due to small ion radius, which enable it to penetrate the oxide film under high electrical field present through the film as mentioned by researcher [16] [17] [19] . The electrical neutrality and hydrolysis of the corrosion product inside the pit was enhanced by Cl− ion migration cause pH dropped from 6 to 2 (acidification) facilitate the corrosion process as represented by the chemical Equation (1) [18] [20] :
FeCl 2 + 2 H 2 O → Fe ( OH ) 2 + 2 HCl (1)
A negative hysteresis loop obtained in iodide solution proved that these alloys in the exposed environmental conditions means do not pit due to increase passive film thickness at higher potential and becomes more protective and this will affect the dissolution rate [21] .
Figure 3. Potential difference between Epit and Ecorr vs. temperature in ˚C.
Figure 4. Corrosion behavior of 304 SS in NaCl and NaI solution at 50˚C.
B.R. Tzaneva et al., [4] , reported the same results in their studies and instructed the reason to the high reactivity of chloride ion with comparison to iodide ion. Decreasing the adsorption ability of the halide ion in the order I− > Br− > Cl− with the resultant of lower electron injection to the oxide by iodide as well as the different stabilities of the halogen complex with metals.
3.3. Morphology of Pitted Surfaces
The surface of the pitted specimens, 304 and 304L SS in halide containing solution were examined by using OPM and SEM. A severe pitting attack can clearly observe from the images shown in Figure 5 for 304 and 304L alloys in chloride solution. The pits appeared to be open mouth hemispherical to irregular with a
Figure 5. SEM images of the pits formed in 0.6 M NaCl solution at 50˚C: (a) for 304 SS and (b) for 304L SS.
high density.
The tested samples in 0.6 M iodide salt solution manifested no sign to pitting corrosion as these results coincide with that obtained from the cyclic polarization curve of the electrochemical test that shows a negative hysteresis loop in iodide medium and can be shown in Figure 6 (SEM images), with no pits can be noticeable for both alloys after the corrosion test, which agreed with that among halide types F− and I− did not exhibit a pitting corrosion tendency [22] , which implies the formation of thickened passive film on the alloys surfaces preventing it from pitting attack.
Two stainless steel 304 and 304L alloys investigated against corrosion in this
Figure 6. SEM images: (a) 304 and (b) 304L surface in NaI solution.
study, suffered a severe pitting corrosion at different working temperatures starting at 20˚C up to 50˚C in chloride containing solution, with higher resistance observed in 304L against 304 due to the difference in the chemical alloys composition.
While no sign to pitting corrosion in iodide solution were observed for both alloys. The pitting potentials of the two alloys in 0.6 M NaCl solution reduced on increasing the temperature. Examination of the pitted surface evinces the occurring of pitting attack to the alloys under investigation in chloride containing solution with hemispherical to irregular pits with different sizes.
Salih, S.M., Shakir, I.K. and Al-Sammarraie, A.M.A. (2017) Comparison of Aggressiveness Behavior of Chloride and Iodide Solutions on 304 and 304L Stainless Steel Alloys. Materials Sciences and Applications, 8, 889-898. https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2017.812065
1. Craig, B.D. and Anderson, D.S. (1995) Handbook of Corrosion Data. ASM International, USA. http://www.asminternational.org/
2. Davis, J.R. (2001) Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance (No. 751) ASM International, USA.
3. Roberge, P.R. (2007) Corrosion Inspection and Monitoring (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
4. Tzaneva, B.R., Fahcikov, L.B. and Raicheft, R.G. (2006) Effect of Halide Anions and Temperature on Initiation of Pitting in Cr-Mn-N and Cr-Ni Steels. Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology, 41, 62-66.
5. Schweitzer, P.A. (2006) Fundamentals of Metallic Corrosion: Atmospheric and Media Corrosion of Metals. 2nd edition, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group, USA.
6. Jeyaprabha, C., Sathiyanarayanan, S., Muralidharan, S. and Venkatachari, G. (2006) Corrosion Inhibition of Iron in 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 by Halide Ions. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 17, 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532006000100009
7. Tian, W., Du, N., Li, S., Chen, S. and Wu, Q. (2014) Metastable Pitting Corrosion of 304 Stainless Steel in 3.5% NaCl Solution. Corrosion Science, 85, 372-379.
8. Chou, Y.L., Wang, Y.C., Yeh, J.W. and Shih, H.C. (2010) Pitting Corrosion of the High-Entropy Alloy Co 1.5 CrFeNi 1.5 Ti 0.5 Mo 0.1 in Chloride-Containing Sulphate Solutions. Corrosion Science, 52, 3481-3491.
9. Azambuja, D.S., Martini, E. and Müller, I.L. (2003) Corrosion Behaviour of Iron and AISI 304 Stainless Steel in Tungstate Aqueous Solutions Containing Chloride. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 14, 570-576.https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532003000400013
10. Szklarska-Smialowska, Z. and ZS-Smialowska. (2005) Pitting and Crevice Corrosion. NACE International, Houston, TX, 88.
11. Malik, A.U., Kutty, M., Siddiqi, N.A., Andijani, I.N. and Ahmad, S. (1990) Corrosion Studies on SS 316 L in Low pH High Chloride Product Water Medium. Saline Water Conversion Corp., Saudi Arabia.
12. Galvele, J.R., Torresi, R.M. and Carranza, R.M. (1990) Passivity Breakdown, Its Relation to Pitting and Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Processes. Corrosion Science, 31, 563-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(90)90163-Y
13. El Meguid, E.A. and El Latif, A.A. (2007) Critical Pitting Temperature for Type 254 SMO Stainless Steel in Chloride Solutions. Corrosion Science, 49, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.06.011
14. Lee, S.U., Ahn, J.C., Kim, D.H., Hong, S.C. and Lee, K.S. (2006) Influence of Chloride and Bromide Anions on Localized Corrosion of 15% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 434, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.06.132
15. Frankel, G.S., Stockert, L., Hunkeler, F. and Boehni, H. (1987) Metastable Pitting of Stainless Steel. Corrosion, 43, 429-436. https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3583880
16. Kaneko, M. and Isaacs, H.S. (2000) Pitting of Stainless Steel in Bromide, Chloride and Bromide/Chloride Solutions. Corrosion Science, 42, 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00056-6
17. Newman, R.C., Ajjawi, M.A.A., Ezuber, H. and Turgoose, S. (1988) An Experimental Confirmation of the Pitting Potential Model of Galvele. Corrosion Science, 28, 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-938X(88)90069-8
18. Tsutsumi, Y., Nishikata, A. and Tsuru, T. (2007) Pitting Corrosion Mechanism of Type 304 stainless Steel under a Droplet of Chloride Solutions. Corrosion Science, 49, 1394-1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2006.08.016
19. Ebrahimi, N., Momeni, M., Moayed, M.H. and Davoodi, A. (2011) Correlation between Critical Pitting Temperature and Degree of Sensitisation on Alloy 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Corrosion Science, 53, 637-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2010.10.009
20. Ahmad, Z. (2006) Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control. Elsevier Science & Technology Books Publisher/BH.
21. Kelly, R.G., Scully, J.R., Shoesmith, D. and Buchheit, R.G. (2002) Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering. CRC Press, Boca Raton. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203909133
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Dmitry Mendeleyev and Vladimir Solovyov. Reprints have appeared following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Konstantin Arsenyev and Fyodor Petrushevsky. The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary contains 121,240 entries, 7800 illustrations and 235 maps. The encyclopedia came out in two versions: one had 41 main and 2 additional volumes (smaller part of the circulation); the other had 82 primary and 4 additional half-volumes. Half-volumes have double numbering: e.g., 49 and 50 (the numbers on the spine) and on the title pages are numbered XXV and XXVa. In the years 1899-1902 the Small Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (МЭСБЕ) (in 3 volumes) was produced; in 1907-1909 the second edition came out in four volumes. In the years 1911-1916 there appeared the New Encyclopedic Dictionary (Новый энциклопедический словарь); 29 volumes of the planned 48 were published, up to the entry for "Отто". The National Library of Russia holds proof-copies of the 30th («Падалка» — «Пермская епархия»; incomplete, without beginning), and the 31st volumes («Пермская система» — «Познанское великое княжество»).
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US8243284B2 - Method for measuring the roundness of round profiles - Google Patents
Method for measuring the roundness of round profiles Download PDF
Active, expires 2029-07-17
Urs-Peter Studer
Zumbach Electronic AG
2007-04-04 Priority to EP07007089 priority Critical
2007-04-04 Priority to EP07007089.1 priority
2007-04-04 Priority to EP20070007089 priority patent/EP1978329A1/en
2008-04-01 Application filed by Zumbach Electronic AG filed Critical Zumbach Electronic AG
2008-04-01 Priority to PCT/EP2008/002593 priority patent/WO2008122385A2/en
2009-10-05 Assigned to ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG reassignment ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STUDER, URS-PETER
238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
239000000047 products Substances 0.000 description 11
241000893022 Dioncophyllaceae Species 0.000 description 5
238000005259 measurements Methods 0.000 description 4
238000004364 calculation methods Methods 0.000 description 2
238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
239000007795 chemical reaction products Substances 0.000 description 1
229910021320 cobalt-lanthanum-strontium oxides Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 1
230000000284 resting Effects 0.000 description 1
239000000700 tracer Substances 0.000 description 1
238000004450 types of analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means
G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means for measuring contours or curvatures
G01B11/2408—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means for measuring contours or curvatures for measuring roundness
G01B11/245—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means for measuring contours or curvatures using a plurality of fixed, simultaneously operating transducers
B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
B21B38/00—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
B21B38/04—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring thickness, width, diameter or other transverse dimensions of the product
A method for measuring the roundness profiles moved forward in longitudinal direction inside a rolling mill, using two laser scanners, respectively provided with a light-sensitive sensor and a laser. At least three shadow edges that fit against the round profile to be measured and enclose the round profile to form a polygon are generated and measured and the corresponding tangents are computed. The method includes: a) determining a center (Z0) in the measuring field prior to the measuring operation; b) determining perpendicular lines from the center (Z0) to the tangents and measuring the distance from the center (Z0) to the tangents; c) determining a contour by computing the corner points of the polygon enclosing the round profile; d) positioning a reference circle relative to the contour so that: i) the square shape deviation of the contour relative to this reference circle reaches a minimum; ii) the reference circle represents the smallest possible circle that can fit around the contour, iii) the reference circle represents the largest possible circle that can fit inside the contour; or iv) the reference circle together with a different circle, arranged concentric to the reference circle, encloses the contour with a minimum radial difference; e) computing the diameter (Dref) of the reference circle and determining from the position in space of the reference center (Zp), which represents the center point of the reference circle, and f) computing at least two vectors extending from the reference center (Zp) to the contour and determining the out-of-roundness from the obtained data.
The invention relates to a method for measuring the roundness or the shape deviation of round profiles, moved forward in longitudinal direction inside rolling mills, for which at least three shadow edges placed against the round profile to be measured so as to enclose it and form a polygon are generated and measured in a manner known per se with the aid of a measuring instrument provided with at least two laser scanners, each comprising at least one light-sensitive sensor and one laser, and that the respective tangents are computed from this.
In the steel-producing industry, so-called long products are rolled in specialized rolling mills to obtain the desired end products. If these long products are to be rolled into round rods, they are for the most part rolled in a 3-roll finishing stand provided with several roll blocks (in most cases a 3-roll block) to the final dimensions and are then moved to a cooling bed for the cooling down. Normally, four roll blocks with respectively three cylindrical roll discs are used, wherein the center planes of the cylindrical roll discs are rotated by respectively 60° from one roll block to the next roll block. This type of steel rod oftentimes exhibits polygonal shape deviations from the circular shape, most often in the "three-wave" or "six-wave" form.
If the diameter of such a polygonal steel rod is measured across its circumference with a mechanical caliper gauge or optically, all determined diameters can have the same value. In reality, however, the product is not round but is out-of-round/wavy. A product of this type is also referred to as "curve with constant width."
To determine so-called constant width curve errors, caliper gauges with support prisms were used in the past and are still used to date. Depending on the waviness of the circumferential profile, different support angles are recommended for this.
The mechanical measuring and computing operations for determining the roundness have been explained and described for decades with the aid of the relevant DIN standards, for example the German Standard DIN ISO 4291 "Method for Determining the Deviation from the Roundness," DIN ISO 6318 "Roundness Measurement, Terms and Parameters for the Roundness" and DIN ISO 4292, "Method for Measuring Roundness Deviations, Two-Point and Three-Point Measuring Methods."
The mechanical measuring of long products of the type as discussed herein with the aid of mechanical roundness measuring instruments must be realized offline. For this measuring operation, a sample must be clamped into a precision turning mechanism. A tracer then measures the radial deviations of the profile during the rotary movement, resulting in a diagram that shows the circumferential profile with the radii as they relate to the respective angle degree. The evaluation of these circumferential profiles is described in detail in the aforementioned relevant standards.
During the mechanical measuring inside a laboratory, an infinite number of circumferential points can be determined during the rotation of the sample. However, all desired tangents must be measured simultaneously during the measuring operation along the production line where the product is transported in longitudinal direction, so as to be able to determine the profile of a local cross section. A mechanical online measuring is therefore not possible.
One important starting parameter for determining and evaluating the out-of-roundness is the so-called reference circle and its center, which form the reference for all further steps of the measuring operation. Four different methods for determining this are described in the aforementioned standards.
In addition to the mechanical measuring instruments, contactless measuring instruments have also been known for decades (e.g. as disclosed in the documents DE 39 16 715 and the DE 40 37 383 A1). A profile measuring method is furthermore described in the JP 56-117107 A, which uses laser beams to measure and/or scan the long product to be measured. For example, this reference describes that a precise profile measurement can be obtained even with a constant width by placing a first, a second and a third tangent against the outside circumference of an object for which the profile is to be measured and that the profile is measured by determining the difference between a circle determined by these tangents and the profile of the long product to be measured. These tangents are positioned with the aid of laser beams and/or projection beams.
A method for measuring the out-of-roundness of round products and/or round profiles as discussed herein is also known from the document DE 100 23 172 A. This method utilizes a measuring instrument consisting of three or more laser scanners, which are respectively provided with a light-sensitive sensor and a laser. The round product is illuminated by the laser beam of each laser scanner in such a way that the round product projects one or two shadow edges onto the associated sensor. A straight line that extends parallel to the laser beam is computed for each of the shadow edges. A circle against which these straight lines are placed in the form of tangents is furthermore computed from respectively three determined degrees. The computing of the circle is repeated and the out-of-roundness determined as the difference between the largest and the smallest diameter for the circles.
This out-of-roundness determination has the disadvantage that the measuring values are strongly distorted with the smallest of angle errors, in particular if the tangents do not come to rest precisely on the maximum or minimum of the circumferential profile. In addition, the center location in space is not specified. As a result, e.g. with asymmetrical shape deviations, the determined profile can have a symmetry that is periodic to the tangent number and arrangements and does not reflect the true profile character.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a method of the aforementioned type, which uses a contactless measuring instrument for measuring with the highest possible precision the profile and the out-of-roundness along a production line.
This object is solved with the teaching as disclosed in the claims.
For the method according to the invention, at least three shadow edges placed against the round profile to be measured are generated with the aid of a measuring instrument provided with at least two laser scanners. These laser scanners comprise respectively one light-sensitive sensor and one laser.
FIG. 1 shows a cross-section through a round profile to be measured;
FIG. 2 shows the tangents obtained from a polygon enclosing the round profile;
FIG. 3 shows the form of the polygon according to FIG. 2, following a smoothing operation;
FIG. 4 shows how a reference circle is placed inside a simulated contour;
FIG. 5 shows how two vectors are determined, starting from the center Zp;
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative calculation method; and
FIG. 7 illustrates how the desired values GT and DT can be computed.
A measuring instrument of this type is known from the aforementioned references JP 56-117107A and also the DE 100 23 172 A.
If only two laser scanners are used, the round profile to be measured must be positioned completely within the field illuminated by both scanners, so that the required shadow edges (at least three) can be generated and measured with these laser scanners.
In the event that three laser scanners are used, it is sufficient if the round profile is illuminated only in part so that only one shadow edge is generated for each laser scanner.
A straight line, respectively a tangent resting tangentially against the round profile is then computed from these shadow edges. The angles of the straight lines relative to each other are known in this case. The laser scanners are arranged or selected for this in such a way that a polygon is formed with at least three shadow edges. The round profile to be measured in that case falls within the area spanned by this polygon, which is a triangular surface if three shadow edges are used.
Among other things, the method according to the invention is distinguished by the fact that in step a), a center Z0 is calibrated and determined in the measuring field for the measuring instrument, wherein the plane for the measuring field is usefully arranged perpendicular to the forward movement of the round profiles. The calibration of the measuring instrument and thus the determination of the center Z0 in the measuring field must be carried out only once, for example during the assembly of the measuring instrument or following its installation in the rolling mill, that is before realizing the online measurement of the round profiles mentioned herein. However, it is recommended that the calibration be checked and, if necessary, repeated from time to time.
In step b) of the method according to the invention, lines are determined that extend perpendicular from the center Z0 to the tangents measured during the measuring operation, and the distance between the center Z0 and the tangents is thus computed.
From the data computed in step b), the corner points of the polygon enclosing the round profile are computed in step c), which results in the determination of a contour or outline.
In step d) of the method according to the invention a reference circle is then placed inside this contour. This reference circle can be determined in four different ways, namely:
i) The reference circle is positioned such that the square shape deviation of the contour to this reference circle reaches a minimum;
ii) The reference circle is positioned such that it represents the smallest possible circle that fits around the contour;
iii) The reference circle is positioned so as to represent the largest possible circle that fits inside the contour; or
iv) The reference circle is positioned relative to the contour in such a way that this reference circle together with another circle, arranged concentric thereto, encloses the contour with a minimum radial difference.
These alternative options for defining the reference circle correspond to the definitions provided in the aforementioned standards. For this, we point in particular to the DIN ISO 6318 "Roundness Measurement" where the definition of the aforementioned reference circle can be found under Item 5. as follows:
5.1 circle for the least square deviation (LSC);
5.2 minimum circumscribed circle (MCC);
5.3 maximum inscribed circle (MIC), and
5.4 circle with minimum ring zone (MZC).
Following the computing and determining of the reference circle, the diameter of the reference circle is computed in step e) of the method according to the invention. From the position in space, the reference center Zp is computed which represents the center point of the reference circle.
In step f) of the method according to the invention, at least two vectors are computed which extend from this reference center Zp to the contour. The out-of-roundness is then determined from the resulting data.
Not all generated shadow edges must otherwise be used for computing the corresponding tangents. The selection of the shadow edges to be used for realizing the further computation is made depending on the requirement and the desired parameters, for example the distance or the angle for the tangents. The same is true for the number of perpendicular lines upon which the further computations are based.
However, it is understood that the more tangents are measured simultaneously, the more precise the image of the contour or the profile will be.
The number of laser scanners, however, is usually limited for cost reasons and because of the limited structural size of the measuring instrument. To provide nevertheless the most complete profile image possible, a simulated contour is therefore preferably computed from the available data for the polygon. A simulated contour of this type can be expressed as a numerical approximation with polygons as continuous function (Weierstrass Approximation Theorem), wherein an adapted spline interpolation is preferably used for this contour simulation. Smoothing calculations of this type are quite well known to one skilled in the art.
These steps make it possible to subsequently use all possible analyses and measuring methods and, in the process, be able to take into consideration the total profile character. In particular, there are typical measuring variables that should be determined at a specific angle to the round profile or which must be at a specific angle ratio to the measuring instrument. That is the case, for example, with a 3-roll stand for which the typical GT and DT values are very important when optimizing the adjustment of the individual roll stands, especially for the last and the next to the last stand.
A further advantage of this contour simulation is the fact that it can be used for an optional number of laser scanners. The arrangement of these laser scanners and the angle division need not be regular or uniform, but can be selected based on the requirement. Important factors in this connection are, for example, the spatial conditions and the expected form defects.
In the simplest case, only two vectors are computed with the method according to the invention, thus the distance from Zp to the contour or to the simulated contour. This already results in a value for the out-of-roundness because the vectors point into different directions and, in most cases, have different dimensions. However, in most cases this is only an approximate value for the out-of-roundness. These vectors are therefore preferably determined and computed such that they represent the minimum distance Rmin and the maximum distance Rmax from Zp to the contour or the simulated contour.
In step f) of the method according to the invention, one set or several sets of 2, 3 or more vectors are preferably determined (VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3, and/or VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3), which extend from Zp to the contour or the simulated contour. The vectors of a set enclose between them in particular the same angle, for example a 60° or 120° angle. In the case of the 120° angle, a set of this type consists of three vectors.
The vectors of one set preferably point from the reference center Zp in the direction of the roll gap of the last roll stand while the vectors of another set point from the reference center Zp in the direction of the roll center for the last roll stand.
If several vector sets exist, the angle enclosed by the vectors is preferably the same for all vector sets. In addition, the vectors of a set are preferably turned relative to the vectors of another set. For example, in particular two sets of respectively three vectors can be computed, wherein the vectors of each set enclose an angle of 120°. If a vector of the first set, for example, points from Zp in the 0° direction (of course, this reference direction must be specified) of the measuring field (more precisely: the plane for the measuring field) up to the contour or the simulated contour, then the two other vectors point in 120° and/or 240° direction to the contour or the simulated contour. The three vectors of the second set are rotated for this, for example by 60°, so that they point from Zp in the direction of the 60°, 180° and 300° angle. Typical GT and DT values can be computed from this without difficulty for the 3 roll stands.
According to another preferred embodiment, the measuring instrument is rotated around the round profile, preferably with a rotational movement that oscillates over an angle of 60°. In principle, it is sufficient for the inventive purpose to have three laser scanners which respectively generate one shadow edge/tangent. However, in such a case where only a few shadow edges/tangents are determined and/or generated, the number of generated and/or determined shadow edges/tangents can be increased advantageously as a result of the oscillating rotary movement, which among other things makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the measurements.
The measurements in that case are taken at different points in time, wherein the time interval between the individual measurements is also determined. A movement vector for the round profile can be computed from these data, thus making it possible to detect and compensate for the movement of the round profile. In other words, the measured data are processed mathematically in such a way that the measurements taken at different times relate to the same movement center of the round profile. In detail it means that a first data set is recorded in the first position or the starting position for the rotary and/or oscillating movement, for which the reference center Zp1 is determined in the manner as described herein. The corresponding polygon then also follows from the data for the available tangents, wherein this first data set for the tangents etc. is stored.
In a second step, a corresponding second data set is recorded following a specific angle of rotation, for which the data are stored together with the associated reference center Zp2. These method steps are repeated until the complete sector is recorded, meaning until n data sets and a corresponding number of reference centers Zpn exist.
For a device having three laser scanners distributed uniformly over an angle of 360°, for example, it means that a sector of 60° is covered by the rotary, respectively the oscillating movement.
Once all data sets have been recorded, all polygons are superimposed in such a way that the reference centers Zp1 to Zpn, come to rest in the same location, thereby resulting in a polygon which has n times the number of tangents of the individual data sets.
For the above-described example provided with three scanners, for which a data set is determined for each 5°, a polygon of twelve data sets is consequently determined from respectively six tangents. These form jointly a polygon with 72 facets. The end result or the resulting contour is generated—as described herein—by smoothing the polygon obtained in this way, wherein a spline function is preferably used for the smoothing.
Of course, the more data sets are determined over the complete circumference, the more precise the simulated profile. In addition, once a sufficiently high number of tangents have been determined, the contour is imaged with such precision that a smoothing operation or a spline function is no longer even necessary.
It is also possible to select the angle range for the rotary movement to be less than 60°, depending on the number of shadow edges and/or tangents that can be generated.
However, if a sufficient number of laser scanners exist and/or if a sufficiently high number of shadow edges and thus tangents can be generated, the measuring instrument preferably is not rotated.
The data and the measuring values obtained when realizing the method according to the invention are transmitted in the standard way to an evaluation unit and are processed therein. Evaluation units of this type are known and do not require additional explanations.
The invention is explained in further detail in the following with the aid of an exemplary embodiment and with reference to schematic drawings, which diagrammatically show the method steps according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a round profile to be measured, for which the outside contour is shown with a continuous, bold line. A total of twelve shadow edges are fitted against this round profile with the aid of six laser scanners, wherein these shadow edges lead to the tangents T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 as well as T1′, T2′, T3′, T4′, T5′ and T6′ and wherein each tangent pair T1, T1′; T2, T2′; T3, T3′; T4, T4′; T5, T5′ and T6, T6′ respectively belongs to one laser scanner. A total of six laser scanners are therefore used, wherein the individual round profile to be measured is always located completely inside the measuring field for these laser scanners.
The center Z0 of the measuring field for the measuring instrument was otherwise determined more precisely and calibrated prior to placing the shadow edges, respectively the tangents.
Even if a total of 12 tangents are placed against the round profile according to the present example, the number of tangents T can be optional. However, a minimum of at least three tangents are required to form a polygon that encloses the round profile, wherein the tangents are positioned at a known angle, relative to each other.
Following the determination of the tangents, the perpendicular lines r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r1′, r2′, r3′, r4′, r5′ and r6′ are determined and thus the perpendicular distance from Z0 to the respective tangents.
FIG. 2 shows that the tangents obtained in the manner as described in the above form a polygon with the corners A to L that encloses the round profile. In FIG. 2, the polygon is shown with a continuous, bold line while the round profile is shown with a dotted line.
FIG. 3 shows the form of the polygon according to FIG. 2 (indicated with a dotted line in FIG. 3) following the smoothing with the aid of an adapted spline interpolation. A simulated contour is generated as a result (continuous, bold line), which for the most part corresponds to the real round profile (continuous thin line). In this way, usable data are obtained along the complete curve. In order words, data can also be determined for locations outside of the real values determined with the aid of the shadow edges or tangents.
The diagram in FIG. 4 shows how a reference circle (dash-dot line) is placed inside the simulated contour (continuous, bold line), such that the square shape deviations of the simulated contour to this reference circle (dash-dot line) are at a minimum, wherein the diameter Dref is computed for this reference circle. The reference center Zp is determined from the position of the reference circle in space.
FIG. 5 shows how two vectors are determined, starting from the thus determined center Zp, namely the minimum distance Rmin and the maximum distance Rmax from the reference center Zp to the simulated contour and how the out-of-roundness is determined from these values. The determined extreme values can be located anywhere along the simulated contour, thus also at angle positions that are located in contour sections between the original measuring points.
An alternative calculation method is explained with the aid of the diagram shown in FIG. 6. The vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 on the one hand and VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3 on the other hand are computed for this in step f) of the method according to the invention, wherein these vectors extend from the reference center Zp in the direction of the cylindrical roll discs of the two last 3-roll stands of a rolling mill. It is assumed that the center plane for the cylindrical roll discs of the next to the last roll stand is at 0°, 120° and 240° and that the plane for the last roll stand is at 60°, 180° and 300°. The 0° and/or 180° plane according to FIG. 6 is that plane, which extends perpendicular to the paper plane and through VGT1 and VDT3 and is indicated in FIG. 6 with the perpendicular dash-dot line. In other words, the vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 point toward the gap between the cylindrical roll discs of the last roll stand while the vectors VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3 point toward the center of pressure and/or the center of the rolls for the last roll stand. This center of pressure otherwise is located where the roll gap for the rolls of the next to the last roll stand is normally located.
Using the vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3, it is furthermore possible with the aid of simple mathematical calculations to compute the GT value of interest for the adjustment of roll stands, which is a length measure. The same is true for computing the desired DT value, also a length measure, from the vectors VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3.
These values are critical—as previously explained—for optimizing the adjustment of the individual 3-roll blocks and are turned relative to each other by a fixed angle of 60°.
The measuring instrument required for the method according to the invention frequently cannot be arranged directly behind the last roll stand (for example for space reasons), but only at a distance thereto in downstream direction, resulting in the problem that the completely rolled round profile is rotated during the distance traveled from the last roll stand to the measuring plane for the measuring instrument. The angle at which the round profile is rotated around the longitudinal axis over this distance is generally known for the individual rolling mills.
The diagram shown in FIG. 7 illustrates how the desired GT and DT values can be computed despite the rotation of the round profile. Since the angle of rotation with reference a in FIG. 7 is known, the above-described vectors are not determined in angle direction 0°, 120° and 240° (applicable for VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3) and/or 60°, 180° and 300° (applicable for VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3) from Zp to the simulated contour, as shown in FIG. 6. Rather, these vectors are also rotated by the angle of rotation α. The vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 and/or VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3 are therefore computed rotated by the angle α from Zp to the simulated contour (bold, continuous line). The vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 are shown in FIG. 7 respectively by an arrow with a continuous line while the vectors VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3 are shown by an arrow with a dashed line.
Thus, the typical values for GT and DT can also be determined at the location of the last roll stand, starting with the same reference center Zp and measured for optional angle positions α, taking into consideration all three vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 and/or VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3, even if the measurement is realized following a specific distance after leaving the last roll stand.
Since each vector of the vectors VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 and/or VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3 can be determined individually, the absolute feed distance for the individual rolls on the respective roll stands can be determined with the method according to the invention. For example, if the center of pressure of a roll in a 3-roll block is moved in radial direction further toward the inside than the center of pressure of the other two rolls, this can be determined according to the invention. In that case, the radial position of only one roll must be corrected.
1. A method for measuring the roundness or for measuring the shape deviation of round profiles moved forward in longitudinal direction inside of rolling mills, for which in a manner known per se and with the aid of a measuring instrument using two laser scanners, respectively provided with a light-sensitive sensor and a laser, at least three shadow edges that fit against the round profile to be measured and enclose the round profile so as to form a polygon are generated and measured and the corresponding tangents are computed from this,
characterized in that
a) prior to the measuring operation a center (Z0) is calibrated and determined in the measuring field, provided such a center (Z0) was not previously determined;
b) perpendiculat lines (r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r1′, r2′, r3′, r4′, r5′, r6′) are determined from the center (Z0) to the tangents (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T1′, T2′, T3′, T4′, T5′, T6′) and the distance from the center (Z0) to the tangents (T1-T6′) is computed in this way;
c) the corner points (A to K) of the polygon enclosing the round profile are computed, wherein a contour is determined;
d) that a reference circle is positioned relative to the contour in such a way that
i) the square shape deviation of the contour relative to this reference circle reaches a minimum;
ii) the reference circle represents the smallest possible circle that can fit around the contour,
iii) the reference circle represents the largest possible circle that can fit inside the contour; or
iv) the reference circle together with a different circle, arranged concentric to the reference circle, encloses the contour with a minimum radial difference;
e) the diameter (Dref) of the reference circle is computed and determined from the position in space of the reference center (Zp), which represents the center point of the reference circle, and
f) at least two vectors extending from this reference center (Zp) to the contour are computed and that the out-of-roundness is determined from the obtained data.
2. The method according to claim 1,
a step c1) follows the step c) prior to the step d) in which the polygon obtained in step c) is expressed as a numerical approximation with polygons as continuous function in accordance with the Weierstrass Approximation Theorem, wherein a smoothed simulated contour is obtained and the steps d) to f) are realized by using the simulated contour.
the smoothing is carried out with the aid of an adapted spline interpolation.
in step f) the vectors are computed and determined such that they represent the minimum distance (Rmin) as well as the maximum distance (Rmax), extending from the reference center (Zp) to the contour/simulated contour.
one set or several sets of 2, 3 or more vectors (VGT1, VGT2 and VGT3 and/or VDT1, VDT2 and VDT3) are determined, which extend from the reference center (Zp) to the contour and/or the simulated contour and that the vectors of a set in particular enclose the same angle between themselves.
if several sets of vectors exist, the angle enclosed by all vector sets is the same, but that the vectors of one set are rotated relative to the vectors of the other sets.
the vectors of one set point from the reference center (Zp) in the direction of the roll gap of the last roll stand while the vectors of another set point from the reference center (Zp) in the direction of the roll center of the last roll stand.
two sets of respectively three vectors are computed and that the vectors of the first set and the vectors of the second set are rotated relative to each other by a fixed angle of 60° and that typical GT and DT values for the 3-roll stands are determined from this.
the measuring instrument is rotated around the round profile and, in particular, carries out an oscillating rotary movement over an angle of 60°.
10. The method according to claim l,
the measuring instrument is not rotated around the round profile.
US12/594,481 2007-04-04 2008-04-01 Method for measuring the roundness of round profiles Active 2029-07-17 US8243284B2 (en)
EP07007089 2007-04-04
EP07007089.1 2007-04-04
EP20070007089 EP1978329A1 (en) 2007-04-04 2007-04-04 Method for measuring the roundness of round profiles
PCT/EP2008/002593 WO2008122385A2 (en) 2007-04-04 2008-04-01 Method for measuring the shpericity of spherical profiles
US12/594,481 Active 2029-07-17 US8243284B2 (en) 2007-04-04 2008-04-01 Method for measuring the roundness of round profiles
AT (1) AT547689T (en)
CA (1) CA2682635C (en)
CH (1) CH698859B1 (en)
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2008-04-01 EP EP20080748855 patent/EP2132525B1/en active Active
2008-04-01 CA CA 2682635 patent/CA2682635C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
2008-04-01 CH CH15482009A patent/CH698859B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
2008-04-01 AT AT08748855T patent/AT547689T/en unknown
2008-04-01 WO PCT/EP2008/002593 patent/WO2008122385A2/en active Application Filing
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Wagner M. et al., "Fast Online Laser Measuring Systems for Measuring Diameter and Roundness in a Wire Mill Train," Publishing House, vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 99-101, Dec. 15, 1994.
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Owner name: ZUMBACH ELECTRONIC AG, SWITZERLAND
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Spacious and beautiful SINGLE story 5 bedroom and 2 1/2 bathroom with VIEW Great neighborhood to shopping center and school Open spacious floor plan, all bedrooms size are good size It boasts a formal living and dining room for entertaining with family and guests. Family room has nice and cozy fireplace. The kitchen open to the family room, granite counter tops and wood cabinets,clean condition, bright and airy huge master bedroom with walk in closet, dual vanity sinks,seperate shower and tub, all windows are covered with blinds, the backyard is nicely landscape with fruit trees.


It seems like the only time I really get to blog these days is when I find time on vacation. How sad is that? I really wish it wasn't so difficult to find time to do everything I love.
But then again, I do love a lot of things.
I've been spending the past week or so visiting friends and family along the west coast. I thought I'd escape Washington's dreadful humidity – in the process, I missed out on the rare East Coast earthquake, and my flights might be delayed by the rare hurricane that's threatening our nation's capitol.
Ma3lesh. That's okay. I choose California – for now. When the weather is perfect, your friends surround you, and you finally take the opportunity to film your grandparents telling the story of how they met, the world could be ending at home while I ecstatically reminisce and accumulate memories, new and old.
Interestingly enough, I've found myself doing things I've never done before on the West Coast this time around. Like going to see a show at the Hollywood Bowl – with the family. I told Papa Gerrity that I'd gladly take care of dinner, if he took care of booze.
Wine, and Banh Mi-style turkey meatball sandwiches. Parents, grandparents, friends, and a happy couple made my last night in Los Angeles one of my favorites.
Grind finely sliced peppers into the olive oil. Mix all ingredients together. Set aside – I filled a plastic ziploc bag with the aioli, and just snipped the corner for ease of use. It must be the pastry chef in me.
Same as before – combine ingredients in a bowl or container. Stir until sugar is dissolved, cover, and set aside.
Combine all ingredients in a large saute pan or wok. Let simmer for 15 to 20 minutes – if you must add water to allow the meatballs to cook, do so, but allow time for reduction to sharpen the flavor after heating.
To assemble the sandwiches, first slice a French baguette, then slather in the chili pepper aioli. Dress with the pickled carrots and daikon, then fill with the meatballs. Garnish with fresh cilantro and chopped basil. Beware – the mayo has more than a bite to it. Keep something refreshing nearby for those who struggle with spiciness.


text:
Dragonana dracontea är en insektsart som beskrevs av Gibson 1919. Dragonana dracontea ingår i släktet Dragonana och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
dracontea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Some of the Festival's most celebrated guests reveal the books that made them want to become writers. Literary luminaries will discuss intimate and varied influences, offering insights into what shaped them as writers and informed some of today's important literary works. The international line-up features Booker Prize-winner Tom Keneally, acclaimed writer and essayist Robert Dessaix (The Pleasures of Leisure), Ian Rankin (bestselling crime writer of the Inspector Rebus novels) and Pulitzer Prize finalist Joy Williams (Ninety-Nine Stories of God). Hosted by ABC RN's Kate Evans.
Please note: due to unforeseen circumstances, Hisham Matar and Hannah Kent will no longer be appearing at this event.


text:
H.E. Talal Sulaiman AL Rahbi
Deputy Secretary General Supreme Council for Planning NLCP U.S.
Deputy Secretary General, Supreme Council for Planning NLCP U.S.
HE Talal Al Rahbi was appointed Deputy Secretary General of SCP in 2013. In 2016, Al Rahbi managed the inception of a five-year program for national economic diversification, under the banner Tanfeedh. Among many board and representative positions, Al Rahbi currently serves as the chairman of a new Oman Technology Fund; Deputy Chairman of the Public Authority for SME Development; board member of the Oman Rail Company, Public Authority of Electricity and Water, Public Authority for Craft Industries; and a member of the Oman Vision 2040 Committee. He also serves as First Deputy Chairman of the UNESCO Institute for statistics (2010 - 2013)
H.E. Sh. Nasser Hamood AL Rawahi
Deputy Chairman State Audit Institution NLCP U.S.
Deputy Chairman, State Audit Institution NLCP U.S.
Brigadier-General Ibrahim Said AL Riyami
Royal Office NLCP U.S.
, Royal Office NLCP U.S.
Brigadier-General Suliman Musallam AL Ismaili
Internal Security Service NLCP U.S.
, Internal Security Service NLCP U.S.
Dr. Ibrahim Abdullah AL Rahbi
Director General Directorate General of Muscat Municipality at Greater Mutrah NLCP U.S.
Director General, Directorate General of Muscat Municipality at Greater Mutrah NLCP U.S.
Mr. Ali Rashed AL Balushi
Advisor for Planning and Follow Up Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export Development (Ithraa) NLCP U.S.
Advisor for Planning and Follow Up, Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export Development (Ithraa) NLCP U.S.
Mr. Khamis Jumaa AL Balushi
Chairman of the Office of H.E. the President The Special Economic Zone Authority at Duqm (SEZAD) NLCP U.S.
Chairman of the Office of H.E. the President, The Special Economic Zone Authority at Duqm (SEZAD) NLCP U.S.
The Hon. Lujaina Mohsen AL Zaabi
Chief Executive Officer Mohsin Haider Darwish LLC Sharakah
Chief Executive Officer , Mohsin Haider Darwish LLC Sharakah
The Hon. Saleh Taleb AL Zakwani
Chief Executive Officer Apex Press and Publishing Sharakah
Chief Executive Officer , Apex Press and Publishing Sharakah
The Hon. Salaam Said Salim AL Shaqsi
Chief Executive Officer Alizz Islamic Bank Sharakah
Chief Executive Officer , Alizz Islamic Bank Sharakah
Al Shaksy is a Member of the following: Oman's State Council and Deputy Chairman of its Economic Committee. Board member of the Board of Directors of Oman Oil Company Member of the Board of Oman Oil Refineries and Petroleum Industries Company (ORPIC), Member of the Board and Board Executive Committee of Al Raff'd Fund (Oman's Government funded SME fund), Chairman of Oman's Growth Fund, Member of the Diwan of Royal Court sponsored Sharakah (PPP) program, Advisory Committee Member for the National Leadership and Competitiveness Program, Board Member of Oman Banks Association, Chairman of the Shaksy Group Prior to joining Alizz, he served as Chief Executive Officer of National Bank of Oman between 2010 and 2014. He has also held a number of senior executive positions including CEO of Dubai Banking Group, CEO of Dubai Islamic Investment Group Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Bank Dhofar. He embarked on his banking career with Citibank Global Consumer Business, Dubai, U.A.E. in 1992. Prior to that, he had a three-year stint in government and a couple of years with his family's business.
Mr. Abdullah Zahran AL Balushi
President and Managing Director National Security Services Group Sharakah
President and Managing Director, National Security Services Group Sharakah
Mr. Abdulrazaq Ali Issa
Chief Executive Officer Bank Muscat Sharakah
Chief Executive Officer, Bank Muscat Sharakah
AbdulRazak has over 40 years of experience in the banking sector, including through his role as CEO of Bank Muscat since 1994. He is the Chairman of the Oman Bankers Association, board member of The Public Authority for Investment Promotion & Export Development (Ithraa), a member of the Asian Bankers Association, a member of the Advisory Council of the World Union of Arab Banks. He is also a member of the Board of Directors of the Capital Market Authority of Oman and a member of the Foundation Board of IMD (Lausanne).


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From surprise engagements and weddings to revelation of long-hidden secret love affairs, actors and actresses of Nepali film world have from time to time surprised the audiences with revelation of their romantic relationships, engagements and wedding announcements.
Here Reporters' Club Nepal looks at the romantic and marriage life of some of the most notable, talented and respected artists of Nepali entertainment industry.
Nepali 'Maha Nayak' (Great Hero) Rajesh Hamal got married with his longtime girlfriend Madhu Bhattarai on May 24, 2014, at the age of 50–silencing the long-standing inquisitiveness of his fans if he would remain a bachelor all his life.
The Nepali movie Mega star's wedding received wide media attention as his wedding reception at Shankhar Hotel was attended by celebrities and VIP guests including the then Prime Minister Late Sushil Koirala.
His wedding was performed at the Annapurna Hotel, where only the bride and groom's relatives were invited.
There were tons of questions and curiosity among fans why Rajesh Dai would not get married. Hamal had confessed in social media that he was in love with Bhattarai five years before marriage, according to media reports.
Hamal met his spouse during a beauty pageant in 2004. Though Bhattarai did not win the competition, she was, however, able to win the attention of the Maha Nayak. Hamal, who was impressed by the beauty and talent of Bhattarai, offered her his visiting card. It paved way for their passionate conversation and dating which would later develop into a beautiful love affair. Bhattarai is 22 years younger than Hamal.
Hamal, the host of popular show Ko Bancha Karodpati, a Nepali television game show based on the British program Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, is one of the most respected public figures of Nepal.
The above is a quote from Hari Bansha Acharya from an interview with The Kathmandu Post, days after he married his second wife Ramila Pathak. He had lost his first wife, Meera Acharya, months ago, to brain hemorrhage while undergoing treatment at Kathmandu Model Hospital on April 20, 2011. Meera, a Radio Nepal anchor, was also suffering from heart disease. She was 46. They had two sons.
Actor, comedian, singer and writer Acharya is the most notable, respected and iconic character in the Nepalese entertainment industry. He, with his comedy duo, Madan Krishna Shrestha, known as Maha Jodi, is the best comedy duos ever lived.
The loss of the first wife was such a tragic part of Acharya's life that he suffered from depression. Then his sons, Shrestha, and well-wishers encouraged him to open for the possibilities of new relationship and marriage. Pathak was introduced to Acharya through a friend. She was then widowed 10 years ago and had a 21-years old son.
According to Acharya, due to their shared history, they decided to give their relationship a chance and tied their knot on June 12, 2012.
"We decided to get married, but the day when I had to step out of my house to marry for the second time, was the most difficult step of my life," he told Smart family.
Author of one of the best selling books of Nepal, China Harayako Manche, Acharya tributed the book to his late wife Meera and the proceeds from the book were given to a trust of her name.
Actress Priyanka Karki and Actor Ayushman Deshraj Shrestha Joshi couple are one of the hottest couples of Nepali film world. They got engaged on July 14, 2018, after a more than one-year-long affair.
The 31-year old actress Karki was earlier married to Rochak Mainali at the age of 22, but their marriage had ended in divorce. She then dedicated herself to an acting career and established herself as the most promising actress in Nepali film industry.
Karki met Deshraj in 2017, who had studied in the same school. Deshraj, the winner of Face of House of Fashion En Vogue 2015, had at the time started his career as actor debuting in Chapali Height 2.
Karki and Deshraj are expected to get married in 2019.
Director Nischal Basnet and actress Swastima Khadka are one of the most ideal couples of Nepali cine industry. Basnet and Khadka, after a few months of dating, got engaged on December 14, 2015, and tied their knot on February 16, 2017.
Khadka is considered as one of the most beautiful and successful actresses of Nepali film industry, while Basnet is known for a game changer of Nepali film, after his critically acclaimed movie Loot (2012) became the blockbuster of all time then, grossing over more than 5.5 crores. The movie is believed to have restored the youth audience in Nepali cinema.
No pair is perhaps as more popular and loved as Basnet-Khadka couple among the youths—that they call them 'Rastriya Daju' and 'Rastriya Bhauju'.
Comedians Sitaram Kattel and Kunjana Ghimire, popularly known by their serial name Dhurmus and Suntali, are the most known, respected and inspiring couples of Nepal for their talent and active involvement in social works. Kattel and Ghimire are the founding members of Dhurmus Suntali Foundation, a charity established to help the devastating 2015 April earthquake victims.
Comedy actor Kattel gained huge popularity for his versatile roles in his own sitcom Meri Bassai, which began in 2006. He was one of the main characters of Meri Bassai and has played more than 24 roles in the popular and longest running TV series–establishing him as one of the most talented and best comedians ever.
Kattel met Ghimire in the Meri Bassai set. Ghimire played as Suntali, wife of Dhurmus and Jhumri. They shared similar romantic interest behind the television set as well. They gradually fell in love with each other. Kattel and Ghimire tied their knot on November 29, 2008.
Actor Nikhil Upreti and Actress Sanjita Luitel got married in 2009 and have a boy and a girl Kashal and Sahisha. Their romantic relationship remains as one of the most dramatic love affairs of Nepali film world.
Actress Luitel, a Masters in Arts graduate, was earlier married to Aakash Shah in her teenage going against the will of her family. However, their marriage did not work and ended in divorce.
After the separation, Luitel dedicated her life in acting career and established herself as one of the most beautiful and talented actresses of Nepal. She then fell in love with Upreti, who was then already married to Kopila Upreti and had a son. Nikhil and Kopila had tied knots in 2002 after their eight years long love affair.
Various media reported that Upreti and Luitel eloped to India to get married even sacrificing their career. Luitel later returned back to Nepal after becoming pregnant. It was reported that the couple had struggled in Mumbai to make to the film industry.
Luitel at a Kantipur Television program Rajatpat broadcast in June 2010, had revealed that she had married to actor Upreti some two years back after a three-year-long love story. She had also claimed that Nikhil had not stayed with Kopila for two years and would bring bank her spouse from India soon. However, Kopila in an interview with Nagarik had refused Luitel's claim.
Upreti made a comeback to movie industry through Bhairan in 2015 which became a blockbuster.
Upreti, also a director and producer, was considered as one of the biggest stars of the 2000s and had gained the reputation for his stunts in the movies.
Actress Deepika Prasain and director and scriptwriter Diwakar Bhattarai are engaged and legally married to each other since October 2018.
Prasain and Bhattarai had done court marriage but had kept their relationship secret. Later the couple became the talk of the town after they confirmed their engagement via facebook status. They are tying the knot in April/May (in Baisakh, 2076), according to the Kantipur.
Prasain made her debut in the acting career in Aishwarya (2017) directed by Bhattarai. She has also acted in the third installment of Chakka Panja franchise. Bhattarai has also directed successful movies like Jeevan Sathi, Stupid Maan and Dreams.
Actress Barsa Raut and actor Sanjok Koirala tied their knot on February 14, 2019, coinciding Valentine's Day, after seven years of a love affair.
Raut, a popular music video model, is one of the most demanding actresses of Nepali film industry. She made her debut in film career in Nai Nabhannu La 4 and also acted in blockbuster movie Chakka Panja. Koirala, also a producer and entrepreneur, has acted in Katha Kathmandu (2018) and also featured in a number of music videos.
The Rishi Dhamala and Aliza Gautam pair are one of the most talked about couple in the country. Rishi Dhamala is a celebrity journalist and is so popular for his reporting style that there is rarely any literate person who does not know him. His cheeky questions during the interviews have pulled Dhamala into several criticisms in social media.
The founder of Reporters Club Nepal is married to actress and producer Aliza Gautam, whose first film Anurag was released on September 28, 2018. Their age gap is 17 years but their happy marriage makes age just a number.
Dhamala and Gautam pair is very famous and has appeared in several interview shows on Television. Journo Dhamala is always used to praises his spouse for her beauty and brain during the interviews while actress Gautam says she is happy that her husband has always been supportive toward her acting career.
Gautam, a PR holder of Canada, met Dhamala at a function when she had just finished her School Leaving Certificate (SLC), now (SEE) examination. She was accompanying her mother Gita Gautam in the program. Gautam and Dhamala gradually started dating and got married later in 2014. They have a daughter and a son.


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Erik Leonard Ekman was a Swedish botanist and explorer.

Biography
Erik Leonard Ekman was born into a low-income household with five children on October 14, 1883. Due to economic difficulties, the family moved to the central-Swedish town of Jönköping when he was eleven and a half. Here, while at school, his passion for botanical collecting started. He was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1907 at Lund University in southern Sweden and was offered free passage on a ship to Argentina with a Swedish shipping company. He spent three months in Misiones collecting plants, aided greatly by the local Swedish colony. While there, he was offered a position as the Regnellian amanuensis at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, which he gladly accepted. He started his service at the museum in 1908. Thanks to financial support from the Regnell fund, he was able to travel widely through Europe and study with many of the prominent botanists of the time.

Ekman presented his doctoral dissertation at Lund in 1914. In the same year, he was to participate in the third Regnellian expedition to South America. His goal was Brazil, but Ekman was given an assignment from professors Ignatius Urban (from Berlin) and C. Lindman (from Stockholm) to make short stops on Cuba (one month) and Hispaniola (eight months), to collect specimens for Urban's Symbolae Antillanae botanical project. Ekman agreed to do so, but under protest. His trip to Brazil was further delayed for two years by the onset of World War I, political unrest in Haiti, and a plague epidemic in Cuba.

Ekman landed in Havana in 1914 and, except for a short visit to Haiti during 1917, remained in Cuba for seven years. After serious disagreements with (and pressure from) the Swedish Royal Academy of Science in Stockholm, Ekman returned to the island of Hispaniola in 1924 and is credited with having discovered hundreds of new species during his 7-year stay there. He collected primarily in Haiti from 1924 to 1928 and in the Dominican Republic from 1928 until his death in Santiago de los Caballeros on January 15, 1931, at the age of 46. He died from influenza after having been battered and weakened by pneumonia, bouts of malaria and black water fever. He never returned to Sweden after having left it for the second time.

Ekman was interred in Santiago de los Caballeros, where a plaque was erected in his honor by the Dominican government and the American Society of Plant Taxonomists on October 14, 1950.

Legacy

Ekman contributed to the knowledge of the Caribbean flora more than any other previous scientist. He described more than 2,000 species new to science (a great many of which are now named after him); this was remarkable, since by then the flora of the Caribbean was considered to be extensively documented. His collections are still actively used in the research on the West Indian flora. He collected around 36,000 numbers, amounting with duplicates to more than 150,000 specimens. Ekman also made some geographical discoveries: he mapped several mountains of Haiti and was among the first to measure accurately the highest Dominican (and Caribbean) mountain, Pico Duarte.
Ekman also collected birds, mammals and reptiles, of which several species bear his name, e.g. the Hispaniolan nightjar (Antrostomus ekmani). There are also streets in both Santiago and Santo Domingo bearing his name. In Cuba, a special department in the Botanical Garden that is named after Ekman contains plant species related to his work.

The Swedish Foundation Instituto Ekman was established in 1991 in his honour. The aims of the Foundation are to intensify the scientific and cultural exchange between Sweden and the Caribbean countries.

An in depth biographical work on Ekman by Thomas A. Zanoni (New York) and Roger Lundin (Sweden) is ongoing.

The genera Ekmanochloa Hitchc., Ekmania Gleason, Ekmaniocharis Urb., Ekmamnianthe Urb., Myrtekmania Urb., Manekia Trel. Ekmaniopappus Borhidi and Elekmania B.Nord. were named for him.

Literature

B. Nordenstam & K. Oldfeldt Hjertonsson Plantae Ekmanianae Atlantis, Stockholm, 2007.

References

20th-century Swedish botanists
Botanists active in the Caribbean
1883 births
1931 deaths
Swedish expatriates in the Dominican Republic
Lund University alumni
Swedish expatriates in Cuba


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City National Bank, Barnes & Noble donate…
City National Bank, Barnes & Noble donate new books, cash to Surf City elementary school
Emmitt Summers joined Global Efficient Energy as its executive vice president of sales. Global Efficient Energy is a green solutions provider based out of Fort Worth, Texas. Summers will be based out of the company's Lake Forest office. He previously worked as vice president of sales for Sunrun and vice president of sales and development for Verengo Solar.
Donna Hulina has joined Costa Mesa-based Cloudify as an account executive. Hulina previously worked as enterprise sales manager for Irvine-based Printronix. She will be leading the expansion of Microsoft cloud implementation services.
Irvine-based Antis Roofing & Waterproofing hired Bradley Fuller as its director of operations. He will be responsible for all internal and external activities, including leading development of new processes and overseeing the business. Fuller is a former decorated military commander and also served 20 years as deputy fire chief for the Henderson, Nev.
HomeGoods will open an Irvine location at 8 a.m. Oct. 18. The store will be located in Woodbury Town Center at Irvine Boulevard and Sand Canyon Avenue. HomeGoods will hire store management and associates from the local area. The store expects to fill about 60 full- and part-time positions.
Irvine-based Center Street Lending will expand into three new markets: Virginia, Maryland and Washington. The company specializes in fix/flip loans, construction loans and rental property loans. After the expansion, the company will have presence in nine states that also includes Arizona, Colorado, Florida, North Carolina and Texas.
City National Bank and Barnes & Noble donated nearly $30,000 in new books and cash to Hope View Elementary School in Huntington Beach. Hope View had to close last year because traces of asbestos was found during a renovation project. The books and monetary donation will help the school restock its library and classrooms with books and educational supplies.
Hahn Communications, a Mission Viejo-based public relations and marketing firm, won two national awards from Mature Market Resource Center for its communications work designed to reach the senior market. One award recognized the company's blog content for Morningside of Fullerton, a retirement community in Fullerton. Hahn Communications also won for a front-page article it placed in the San Francisco Business Times about the Stoneridge Creek retirement community in Pleasanton.
Critical Mass for Business will host a presentation "Growing Your Business in New Markets" on Oct. 5. Orange County executives with VF Action Sports and Barefoot Wine will offer insight from experiences growing their businesses. The event will take place at Center Club, 650 Town Center Drive, Costa Mesa. Check-in begins at 7:30 a.m., with the event ending at 10:30 a.m.
Contact the writer: aratzlaff@ocregister.com


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Джонни Спиллейн (, род. 24 ноября 1980 года, Стимбот Спрингс) — американский двоеборец, трёхкратный серебряный призёр Олимпийских игр 2010 года Ванкувере, чемпион мира 2003 года.

В Кубке мира Спиллейн дебютировал в 2000 году. В январе 2010 года одержал свою первую, и на данный момент единственную победу на этапе Кубка мира. Кроме победы, на сегодняшний момент имеет 5 попаданий в тройку лучших на этапах Кубка мира, все в личных соревнованиях. Лучшим достижением в итоговом зачёте Кубка мира для Спиллейна является 7 место по итогам сезона 2002—03.

На Олимпиаде-2002 в Солт-Лейк-Сити был 4-м в командных соревнованиях, в личных дисциплинах показал следующие результаты: спринт — 32-е место, индивидуальная гонка — 32-е место.

На Олимпиаде-2006 в Турине занял 7 место в командных соревнованиях, в личных видах был 30-м в индивидуальной гонке и 10-м в спринте.

На Олимпиаде-2010 в Ванкувере занимал вторые места во всех трёх проводимых соревнованиях, тем самым завоевав три серебряные медали. При этом, в первой дисциплине (нормальный трамплин/10 км) Спиллейн лидировал ещё за несколько сот метров до финиша, но уже на последней прямой мощным спуртом его опередил Джейсон Лами-Шаппюи.

За свою карьеру принял участие в шести чемпионатах мира, на которых завоевал одну золотую медаль в спринте в 2003 году.

Использует лыжи производства фирмы Atomic.

Ссылки

Персоналии по алфавиту
Двоеборцы США
Серебряные призёры зимних Олимпийских игр 2010 года
Двоеборцы на зимних Олимпийских играх 2002 года
Двоеборцы на зимних Олимпийских играх 2006 года
Двоеборцы на зимних Олимпийских играх 2010 года
Чемпионы мира по лыжному двоеборью


Senior Front-end developer with experience in software development.
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Andersen staff is working at online presence of nonfinancial services. In some cases bank provides its clients with free services: travel insurance for clients going abroad, transfer from the airport, Priority Pass etc.
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Application of business logic; Implementing new features; Implementing communication with back-end; Developing tests; Stabilization.