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A Tree Adjoining Grammar Representation for Models Of Stochastic Dynamical Systems
by Dhruv Khandelwal, et al.
Model structure and complexity selection remains a challenging problem in system identification, especially for parametric non-linear models. Many Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) based methods have been proposed in the literature for estimating model structure and complexity. In most cases, the proposed methods are devised for estimating structure and complexity within a specified model class and hence these methods do not extend to other model structures without significant changes. In this paper, we propose a Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) for stochastic parametric models. TAGs can be used to generate models in an EA framework while imposing desirable structural constraints and incorporating prior knowledge. In this paper, we propose a TAG that can systematically generate models ranging from FIRs to polynomial NARMAX models. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TAGs can be easily extended to more general model classes, such as the non-linear Box-Jenkins model class, enabling the realization of flexible and automatic model structure and complexity selection via EA.
Dhruv Khandelwal
Maarten Schoukens
Roland Tóth
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In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) for data-driven modelling of dynamical systems. Undoubtedly, one of the main driving forces for this is the steady growth of computation power. EAs are being increasingly used in a multitude of engineering domains and life science (Eiben et al., 2003; Arias-Montano et al., 2012) . Across several domains, EAs have generated results that are competitive and, sometimes, even surprising (Eiben et al., 2003) . Another factor contributing to the growing popularity of EAs is that these algorithms can be used to generate solutions for complex problems for which no systematic solution approach exists in general. In parametric system identification, the estimation of model structure and model complexity is one such problem.
Model structure selection is a classical problem in system identification. Over the years, a variety of methods for system identification have been developed. Each of these methods adopt different approaches to solve the problem of model structure selection. While methods like Prediction Error Minimization (PEM) treat model structure selection as a user's choice (Ljung, 1999) , other methods (for example, Pillonetto et al. (2011) ) rely on a flexible model structure, and attempt to estimate or control the complexity of the model-to-be-estimated via regularization. Furthermore, the appropriate model complexity is often chosen by ranking models based on an information metric, such as AIC, BIC, or based on a user-defined complexity measure (Rojas et al., 2014) . In cases where the number of candidate models grows combinatorially with respect to the length (or the complexity) of the model, a ranking-based complexity selection strategy becomes intractable, restricting model structure selection to regularization or shrinkage based methods.
As a consequence of the aforementioned challenges, heuristics-based methods such as EAs have been used to estimate model structure and complexity, with a fair amount of success. However, the application of EAs have been, to some extent, superficial. The premise of the biologically-inspired heuristics used in EAs is that the solutions of a given problem can be constructed from fundamental building blocks, and these fundamental components can be interchanged between different solutions. In the system identification literature, the proposed EA-based approaches to model structure and complexity selection can be categorized as follows:
approaches that choose a fixed model structure and use EAs to determine the appropriate model complexity (or model terms), and
approaches that use EAs to explore model structure and model complexity.
In the first category of EA-based approaches, the basic building blocks of an EA are chosen such that only models with a specific model structure can be generated. Hence, these approaches cannot be typically extended to other model structures without significant modifications. This approach can be found in Fonseca and Fleming (1996); Rodriguez-Vazquez et al. (2004); Rodríguez-Vázquez and Fleming (2000) , where the authors use EAs to perform term selection within a chosen model structure. This approach is also used in Kristinsson and Dumont (1992) , where the authors use GAs to estimate pole-zero locations for ARMAX models.
In the second category of EA-based approaches, more generic set of building blocks are used in the EA, allowing the generation of models with arbitrary model structures. In this case, EAs are used to determine not just the appropriate complexity of the model, but also the approprite model structure (e.g., in terms of the non-linear functions to be included in the model). However, unrestrained generation of arbitrary model structures using EA may result in models that are not well-posed, e.g., models with discontinuities, non-causality, or finite escape-time. Typically, these problems are avoided by using arbitrary ad-hoc solutions, e.g, setting all discontinuities to 0. Another common drawback of EA based approaches that fall in the second category is that prior knowledge of the dynamical system cannot be incorporated systematically in the identification procedure. In Madár et al. (2005) , the authors use GP to identify NARMAX models that may contain arbitrary non-linearities. While the authors are interested in models that are linear-in-the-parameters, GP may return models that do not belong to that class. Consequently, the authors use an ad-hoc solution to ensure that the candidate model structures generated by GP are linearly parameterized. A similar approach was used in Quade et al. (2016) with a larger set of mathematical operations. Again, the proposed approach does not allow for systematic inclusion of model structure constraints or prior knowledge of the system. A slightly different approach is used in Gray et al. (1998) , where the authors use GP to construct linear or non-linear models from basic elements like SIMULINK blocks and static non-linearities. Again, the combination of various SIMULINK blocks cannot be systematically structured to avoid ill-posed models.
In this paper, we propose a generative grammar based representation of stochastic parametric dynamical systems. The proposed representation allows for the generation of complex, yet well-posed dynamical models by combining a set of fundamental building blocks in well-specified ways. The resulting generative declaration of models defines a notion of model set that is more generalized than that conventionally used, for example, in Ljung (1999) . The generative grammar used in this work is called Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) (Joshi and Schabes, 1997) . The use of TAG in an EA-based approach makes it possible to develop a system identification framework where EAs are used to automatically determine the structure and complexity of a model from a generic, well-posed class of dynamical models, while systematically incorporating model structure constraints and prior knowledge. A preliminary concept of the proposed framework (without proofs) was presented in Khandelwal et al. (2019) . The proposed approach for grammar-based identification was found to produce results that were comparable to state-of-the-art non-linear system identification approaches, while using no specialized knowledge of the benchmark system being identified.
The main contributions of this paper are the following. We present a detailed discussion on the discrete-time input-output representation of dynamical systems using TAG, and introduce a new notion of a model set defined by the generative capacity of a TAG. Subsequently, we develop a TAG for the polynomial NARMAX model class. We prove that any model structure generated by the proposed TAG belongs to the class of polynomial NARMAX models, and conversely, any polynomial NARMAX model can be represented using the proposed TAG (for which an algorithm is also proposed). We demonstrate that the model set corresponding to the proposed TAG includes, as special cases, other commonly used model structures such as FIR, ARX and Truncated Volterra series models. We also demonstrate that the proposed representation can be easily extended to other model structures (namely polynomial Non-linear Box-Jenkins, or NBJ). Note that, while the TAG based model set notion developed in this contribution is motivated by its applicability in an EA based identification methodology, the identification approach itself is not in the scope of the present contribution. A preliminary version of such an identification methodology can be found in Khandelwal et al. (2019) and Khandelwal et al. (2019) .
The contributions in this paper differ from Khandelwal et al. (2019) in the following respects:
we formulate a TAG for a larger class of dynamical systems (the polynomial NARMAX class), and prove their equivalence,
we provide an algorithm to compute an equivalent TAG representation of a given polynomial NARMAX model,
we illustrate, via examples, the restriction (and generalization) of the proposed TAG in order to generate models with more specific (or generic) structures.
The remainder of the paper is structured as follows. The concept of TAG is introduced, both informally and formally, in Sec. 2. In Sec. 3 we introduce the notion of model set as defined by a given TAG, and propose a TAG that generates the class of polynomial NARMAX models. Several examples are used to illustrate the concept in Sec. 4, followed by concluding statements in Sec. 5.
2 Tree Adjoining Grammar
To set the stage for the development of TAG for stochastic non-linear systems, first we introduce the basic concepts of TAG. Since TAG was initially developed from linguistic considerations, a linguistic example will be used to illustrate the methodology. This will be followed by formal definitions. To make the example illustrative, we first specify an example string, and then infer a TAG that would generate the given string. Conversely, for the formal definitions, we will begin with the basic components of a TAG and lead up to the definition of TAG and operations that can be performed on TAGs.
2.1 An informal description
Informally, a formal grammar can be described as a set of rules for generating strings. The resulting set of strings is called the language generated by the grammar. In contrast, TAG describes a set of rules for generating trees. The resulting set of trees is called the tree language of the TAG. The yield of all the trees in the tree set subsequently determines the corresponding language.
The following example has been derived from Joshi and Schabes (1997) . Consider the sentence "A man saw Mary". Simple grammatical constructs can be used to decompose the given sentence into its basic components. For example, the sentence consists of articles ("A"), nouns ("man", "Mary") and verbs ("saw"). Other underlining structures, such as subjects and predicates, can also be observed in the sentence. The sentence, together with the underlying grammatical structure can be represented in a single tree structure as shown in Fig. 1. The tree depicted in Fig. 1 is called a derived tree. The yield of a derived tree are the labels associated with the leaves of the tree. Hence, the yield of the derived tree in Fig. 1 is "A man saw Mary".
The given derived tree can be obtained by combining basic building blocks that are constituents of the TAG. Fig. 2 depicts the set of initial trees I and auxiliary trees A, collectively known as elementary trees, that can be combined in specific ways to produce the derived tree in Fig. 1. The set of initial trees I can be informally described as a set of non-recursive replacement rules that can be used to generate a set of trees. The set of auxiliary trees can be described as a set of recursive replacement rules. Consequently, each auxiliary tree has a terminal node with the same label as that of its root node.
Figure 1: A derived tree with the yield "A man saw Mary". The tree depicts the grammatical constructs that are evident in the structure of the sentence - a subject (sub) and a predicate (pred), an article (art), a verb (V) and nouns (N).
(a) Set of initial trees (I).
(b) Set of auxiliary trees (A).
Figure 2: The sets I and A serve as building blocks of the tree set of a TAG.
The downward arrow symbol ↓ and the star symbol ⋆ in Fig. 2 represent nodes in a tree that are available for a substitution and adjunction operation respectively. A substitution operation can be used to substitute an initial tree into, for instance, another initial tree, if and only if the latter has a terminal node (leaf) with a label that matches the label of the root node of the prior. On the other hand, adjunction can be loosely described as the operation of inserting an auxiliary tree into a syntactic tree. Adjunction of an auxiliary tree can take place on a non-terminal node of a syntactic tree if and only if the node has a label that matches the label of the root node of the auxiliary tree to be adjoined.
Consider the following sequence of operations. The initial tree α3 can be substituted in α1 at the location of the "sub" node. Let's denote the resulting tree as γ1. The tree γ1 is an example of a syntactic tree, a tree obtained by applying an arbitrary number of substitution and adjunction operations to a given initial tree. Again, the initial tree α4 can be substituted to the syntactic tree γ1 at the location of the "pred" node. Let the result be denoted as γ2. Note that γ2 has the same structure as the example in Fig. 1, upto the last level of the derived tree, where specific articles, nouns and verbs are substituted in the tree to obtain the yield "a man saw Mary". Substitution can be performed on a initial tree or syntactic tree as long as there exist nodes available for substitution, marked by ↓. A derived tree is a syntactic tree in which none of the terminal nodes (leaves) are available for substitution. The initial and auxiliary trees provide an alternative representation, the derivation tree, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Based on the TAG in Fig. 2, more complex sentences can also be generated. For example, the auxiliary tree β1 can be adjoined to the root node of γ2 since both root nodes have the label "sentence". This operation effectively adds an adverb before the sentence, yielding the sentence "yesterday a man saw Mary". The resulting derivation tree is depicted in Fig. 2(b).
(a) Derivation tree for "a man saw Mary".
(b) Derivation tree for "yesterday a man saw Mary".
Figure 3: Derivation tree representation - dashed lines represent substitutions, solid lines represent adjunction, and labels on the edges represent the Gorn addresses (a method to assign a label to a node in a tree structure, see Gorn (1965) ) of the nodes participating in substitution or adjunction.
The set of all derived trees that can be obtained, by starting from a given start symbol, say "sentence", and applying an arbitrary number of adjunctions and/or substitutions using elementary trees is called the tree language of the corresponding TAG. The string yield of all trees in the tree set is called the string language of the corresponding TAG.
We can now introduce the formal definitions of the concepts that were informally described in this example.
2.2 The formal definitions
The formal definitions of TAG and related concepts can be found in Joshi and Schabes (1997) and Kallmeyer (2009) . These definitions are reproduced here for completeness.
A finite tree is a directed graph, denoted by γ=<V,E,r>, where, V is the set of vertices, E is the set of edges, and r∈V is the root node, such that
γ contains no cycles,
r∈V has in-degree (number of incoming edges) 0,
All v∈V∖{r} have in-degree 1,
Every v∈V is accessible from r,
A vertex with out-degree (i.e., number of outgoing edges) 0 is a leaf.
A labeling of a graph γ=<V,E> over a signature <A1,A2> is a pair of functions l:V→A1 and g:E→A2, with A1,A2 being a set of disjoint alphabets.
For the next definitions, assume N and T to be disjoint sets of non-terminals and terminals, respectively.
A syntactic tree is an ordered, labelled tree <V,E,r> such that the label l(v)∈N for each vertex v with out-degree at least 1 and l(v)∈(N∪T∪ϵ) for each leaf v.
An auxiliary tree is a syntactic tree <V,E,r> such that there is a unique leaf f, marked as foot node, with l(f)=l(r). An auxiliary tree is denoted as <V,E,r,f>.
An initial tree is a non-auxiliary syntactic tree.
With the basic ideas defined, we can now define TAG, and the related operations.
A Tree Adjoining Grammar is a tuple G=<N,T,S,I,A>, where
N,T are disjoint alphabets of non-terminals and terminals,
S∈N is a start symbol,
I is a finite set of initial trees and A is a finite set of auxiliary trees.
The set of trees I∪A is called elementary trees.
(a) TAG substitution operation.
(b) TAG adjunction operation.
Figure 4: Illustration of the TAG operations Khandelwal et al. (2019) .
Definition 7 (Substitution).
Let γ=<V,E,r> be a syntactic tree and γ′=<V′,E′,r′> be an initial tree and v∈V. The result of substituting γ′ into γ at node v, denoted as γ[v,γ′], is defined as follows
If v is not a leaf or v is a foot node or l(v)≠l(r′), then γ[v,γ′] is not defined,
otherwise, γ[v,γ′]=<V′′,E′′,r> with
V′′=V∪V′∖{v}, (1)
E′′=(E∖{<v1,v2>∣v2=v and v1∈V}) ∪E′ ∪ {<v1,r′>∣v1,v∈E}. (2)
The substitution operation is illustrated in Fig. 3(a).
Definition 8 (Adjunction).
Let γ=<V,E,r> be a syntactic tree and γ′=<V′,E′,r′,f> be an auxiliary tree and v∈V with out-degree at least 1. The result of adjoining γ′ into γ at node v, denoted as γ[v,γ′], is defined as follows
if l(v)≠l(r′) then γ[v,γ′] is undefined,
else γ[v,γ′]=<V′′,E′′,r′′> with
V′′=V∪V′∖v, (3)
E′′=(E∖{<v1,v2>∣v1=v or v2=v}) ∪E′ ∪ {<v,r′>∣<v1,v>∈E} ∪{<f,v2>∣<v,v2>∈E}. (4)
The adjunction operation is illustrated in Fig. 3(b).
Recall that a tree obtained by performing an arbitrary number of valid substitution and adjunction operations to an initial tree γ=⟨V,E,r⟩ with l(r)=S is called a derived tree (for example, as in Fig. 1). Also recall that the substitution and adjunction operations performed can be represented in a tree representation called derivation tree (for example, as in Fig. 3). A derived tree is said to be saturated if all leaves of the derived tree belong to the set T and cannot be further substituted. The corresponding derivation tree is also said to be saturated.
Definition 9 (Tree language and string language).
Let G=⟨N,T,S,I,A⟩ be a TAG. The tree language LT(G) of grammar G is defined as the set of all saturated derived trees in G with root S.
The string language L(G) of G is the set of yields of the trees in LT(G).
3 TAG Description of Dynamical Systems
In this Section, we define a notion of model set based on TAG and propose a TAG for a generic class of dynamical models - the polynomial NARMAX class.
3.1 Model set
Consider the following discrete-time input-output representation of a non-linear dynamical model
yk=f(uk,…,uk−nu,yk−1,…,yk−ny,ξk−1,…,ξk−nξ)+ξk (5)
where uk,yk∈R are the input and output signals at time-instant k, ξk∼N(0,σ2ξ) is a noise signal independent of input u, constants nu,ny and nξ are the corresponding maximum time-lags and the non-linear function f(⋅) belongs to an arbitrary set of functions M. In PEM, the set of functions M, also known as the model set, along with a specified choice for nu,ny and nξ, is determined by a user based on expert knowledge, prior information and informative experiments. It will be demonstrated in Sec. 3.2 that TAG can be used to generate trees that yield non-linear functions f(⋅) with desirable structural properties and varying choices of arguments (time lags of the involved u,y and ξ signals). This capability of TAG leads to a more generalized notion of model set M. In order to formalize this concept, we introduce a function Πf(u,y,ξ,k) that maps from function f to the right-hand-side expression in (5) (in string form). We can now define a new notion of model set, based on TAG, defined as follows.
Definition 10.
For a given TAG G, the corresponding model set M(G) is defined as the set of models in the form of (5) such that Πf(u,y,ξ,k)∈LT(G).
Note that this is a more generalized notion of model set as compared to that used in PEM. In PEM, a model set is typically determined by choosing a fixed model structure along with a suitable parameterization (i.e. model complexity). On the other hand, in this work, the choice of initial and auxiliary trees of a TAG automatically determines the model set. The advantage of such a declaration of a model set is that, when no prior information is available, the model set can be chosen to span a number of commonly used model classes without a prior specification of the model complexity. On the other hand, when prior information on the structure or complexity of the model is available, the grammar can be suitably refined to restrict the model set. In the subsequent sections, we propose a TAG for a generic model class, and demonstrate that the resulting model set spans a number of model structures commonly used in PEM.
3.2 The polynomial NARMAX model class
The NARMAX model class is a flexible class on non-linear input-output dynamical models Leontaritis and Billings (1985) . The polynomial NARMAX model class is the set of all NARMAX models where the non-linear relationships are of the polynomial kind. Polynomial NARMAX is a convenient model representation since any continuous function on a closed space can be approximated arbitrary well using polynomial functions (based on Weierstrass theorem, see Stone (1948) ). Furthermore, the family of polynomial NARMAX models includes, as special cases, other commonly used model classes such as FIR and ARMAX. It will be shown that these models can be generated by suitably restricting the TAG presented here.
A discrete-time SISO polynomial NARMAX model can be represented as (see Billings (2013) )
yk=θ0+n∑i1=1θi1xi1,k+n∑i1=1n∑i2=i1θi1i2xi1,kxi2,k+…n∑i1=1…n∑il=il−1θi1i2…ilxi1,kxi2,k…xil,k+ξk, (6)
where l is the order of the polynomial non-linearity, θi1i2…im are the model parameters, and xk=[x1,k,…, xny+nu+nξ,k]⊤
is a vector consisting of the past input, output and noise regressors as follows
xm,k=⎧⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎨⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩yk−m1≤m≤nyuk−(m−ny−1)ny+1≤m≤ny+nu+1ξk−(m−ny−nu−1)ny+nu+2≤m≤ny+nu+nξ+1. (7)
We will also use the following alternative and equivalent representation for polynomial NARMAX models:
yk=p∑i=1cinu∏j=0ubi,jk−jnξ∏l=1ξdi,lk−lny∏m=1yai,mk−m+ξk, (8)
where p is the number of model terms, ci are the model parameters, ai,m,bi,j,di,l∈N are the exponents for output, input and noise terms.
3.3 Proposed TAG representation
Figure 5: Initial Trees I of TAG GN.
Figure 6: Auxiliary Trees A of TAG GN.
In this section we propose a TAG for the polynomial NARMAX model class. The proposed TAG captures the structural relationships in (8). In the sequel, the time index will be dropped in the context of the proposed TAG, as q−1 will be used to denote a backward time shift. For convenience, introduce the following notation. For a given model in the form of (8), define Ji\coloneqq{j∈N≥0∣bi,j≠0} , Li\coloneqq{l∈N>0∣di,l≠0} and Mi\coloneqq{m∈N>0∣ai,m≠0}. For the ith model term, the sequence of delays in the input, noise and output factors are denoted by (¯j(i)n)n∈Ji, (¯l(i)n)n∈Li, (¯m(i)n)n∈Mi respectively.
Theorem 1.
Consider the TAG GN=<N,T,S,I,A> with
N={expr0,expr1,expr2,op,par},
T={u,y,ξ,+,c,×, q−1},
S=expr0,
I={α1}, where initial tree α1 is depicted in Fig. 5,
A={β1,β2,β3,β4,β5,β6,β7}, where the auxiliary trees βi's are depicted in Fig. 6.
The model set M(GN) is equivalent to the set of all models that can be expressed as (8) with finite values of p,nu,ny and nξ.
For the first part of the proof, we show that for any polynomial NARMAX model in the form of (8), there exists a derivation tree such that the resulting derived tree has a yield that is equal to the RHS of (8). Algorithm 1 constructs such a derivation tree for a given polynomial NARMAX model. The procedure Delays(γ,v,n) adjoins n auxiliary tree β7 to the derivation tree γ at vertex v. The algorithm constructs the derivation tree by introducing the first factor (u,y or ξ) of each of the p model terms, and subsequently building each of the branches by introducing the remaining factors with the corresponding delays and exponents.
1:p,Ji,Li,Mi,(¯j(i)n)n∈Ji,(¯l(i)n)n∈Li, (¯m(i)n)n∈Mi
2:V←{v0}; l(v0)←α1 ▹ initialize with start tree
3:r←v0
4:V←⋃pi=1{vi,1}∪V ▹ Insert p vertices to begin the p summation branches
5:E←⋃pi=2{⟨vi−1,1,vi,1⟩}∪{⟨v0,v1,1⟩}
6:for i←1,p do
7: if Ji≠ϕ then ▹ If there is an input factor in the ith term
8: l(vi,1)←β1 ▹ For each summation branch, assign the appropriate label to the first vertex
9: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,1,¯j(i)1) ▹ Adjoin delay trees
10: bi,¯j(i)1←bi,¯j(i)1−1 ▹ Reduce the corresponding exponent by 1
11: else if Li≠ϕ then
12: l(vi,1)←β3
13: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,1,¯l(i)1)
14: di,¯l(i)1←di,¯l(i)1−1
15: else if Mi≠ϕ then
17: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,1,¯m(i)1)
18: ai,¯m(i)1←ai,¯m(i)1−1
19: cnti←1 ▹ Multiply remaining factors
20: for all j∈Ji do
21: V←⋃bi,jn=1{vi,cnti+n,1∪V}; l(vi,cnti+n,1)←β4
22: E←⋃bi,jn=1{⟨vi,cnti+n−1,1,vi,cnti+n,1⟩}∪E
23: for n←1,¯b(i)j do ▹ Adjoin corresponding delays for each factor multiplied
24: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,cnti+n,1,j)
25: cnti←cnti+¯b(i)j
26: for all l∈Li do
27: V←⋃di,ln=1{vi,cnti+n,1∪V}; l(vi,cnti+n,1)←β6
28: E←⋃di,ln=1{⟨vi,cnti+n−1,1,vi,cnti+n,1⟩}∪E
29: for n←1,¯d(i)l do
30: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,cnti+n,1,l)
31: cnti←cnti+¯d(i)l
32: for all m∈Mi do
33: V←⋃ai,mn=1{vi,cnti+n,1∪V}; l(vi,cnti+n,1)←β5
34: E←⋃ai,mn=1{⟨vi,cnti+n−1,1,vi,cnti+n,1⟩}∪E
35: for n←1,¯a(i)m do
36: ⟨V,E,r⟩←\textscDelays(⟨V,E,r⟩,vi,cnti+n,1,m)
37: cnti←cnti+¯a(i)m return ⟨V,E,r⟩
Algorithm 1 Parse NARMAX model (8) to derivation tree.
For the second part of the proof, it needs to be shown that all expressions in L(GN), i.e., yields of all possible trees generated by GN, are RHS expressions of polynomial NARMAX models. This is proven by structural induction. We first observe that the simplest tree in L(GN) is the initial tree α1 with the yield ξ. This corresponds to the model
yk=ξk, (9)
which belongs to the polynomial NARMAX class. Now, consider an arbitrary saturated derived tree γ∈LT(GN) whose yield is the RHS of a polynomial NARMAX model. This implies that the yield is a polynomial expression in terms of the factors u, y and ξ. To complete the principle of induction, it must be shown that any possible adjunction to γ results in a new tree in LT(GN) whose yield is also a polynomial expression in terms of the aforementioned factors.
For convenience, the auxiliary trees are grouped based on the operators involved - β1,β2,β3 are called additive-type auxiliary trees, β4,β5,β6 are called multiplicative-type, and β7 is called delay-type auxiliary tree. The following adjunctions be made on γ:
adjunction of an additive-type tree. Such an adjuction introduces an input, output or noise term additively in the expression while respecting the causality of the expression. Hence the resulting expression is also a polynomial;
adjunction of a multiplicative-type tree. This simply introduces multiplicative factors to an existing model term, and hence, the resulting expression is also a polynomial;
adjunction of a delay-type tree. This operation simply adds delays to an existing monomial, and hence preserves the polynomial structure of the expression.
Since all possible operations yield a causal polynomial expression, it can be concluded that L(GN) consists of only dynamical polynomial expressions in terms of the factors u,y and ξ which corresponds to a polynomial NARMAX model. This concludes the proof. ∎
Theorem 1 demonstrates that structural properties of a rich class of dynamical models can be captured within a compact set of trees of a TAG. The expansive representational capability of TAG can be exploited using EAs such as GP to identify models without prior specification of structure and complexity, as demonstrated in Khandelwal et al. (2019) . Furthermore, Algorithm 1 provides a method to compute the derivation tree representation of a given polynomial NARMAX model in terms of grammar GN. Consequently, available prior information about the model of the system can be translated to TAG representation (or incorporated in tree sets I,A), thereby making the evolutionary search more efficient. Hence, the use of TAG enables identification within a larger class of dynamical models without requiring user-interaction, while simultaneously allowing the user to restrict the evolutionary search effectively.
(a) Example 1 - derivation tree (A), derived tree (B) and symbolic model.
(b) Example 2 - derivation tree (A), derived tree (B) and symbolic model.
(c) Example 3 - derivation tree (A), derived tree (B) and symbolic model.
Figure 7: Illustrative examples.
In this section we discuss aspects of TAG useful for EA-based SI. We demonstrate the use of TAG GN to generate polynomial NARMAX models. It is also shown that models belonging to simpler model classes can be generated by scaling down the set of elementary trees of GN appropriately. Furthermore, more flexible model classes can be represented by scaling up the set of elementary trees. This is demonstrated by extending the proposed TAG to generate Non-linear Box Jenkins (NBJ) models.
4.1 Model generation using GN
Three illustrative examples are used to demonstrate the generation of models using GN. The models generated belong to the ARX, polynomial NARX and polynomial NARMAX model classes. It will be demonstrated that by restricting the elementary trees I and A to subsets of the elementary trees in the proposed TAG GN, we can generate models that only belong to model sub-classes that are properly included in the set of polynomial NARMAX models, such as FIR and truncated Volterra series.
4.1.1 ARX example
ARX models can be described by the equation
yk=nu∑i=0biuk−i+ny∑j=1ajyk−j+ξk, (10)
where aj,bi∈R are coefficients. The grammar GN can be used to generate ARX models by restricting the auxiliary tree set A as
A′={β1,β2,β7}⊂A. (11)
Consider the example depicted in Fig. 6(a). Tree (A) is a derivation tree with initial tree α1 at the root node, and auxiliary trees β1 and β2 in subsequent vertices. The edges are labelled with Gorn addresses of vertices in the auxilliary trees at which adjunctions take place. Performing the adjunctions results in derived tree (B) in Fig. 6(a). The RHS of the resulting model appears at the leaves of the derived tree, and the corresponding model is
yk=c1yk−1+c2uk+ξk. (12)
4.1.2 NARX example
Polynomial NARX models can be described by the equation
yk=p∑i=1cinu∏j=0ubi,jk−jny∏m=1yai,mk−m+ξk. (13)
By restricting auxiliary trees to the set
A′′={β1,β2,β4,β5,β7}⊂A (14)
we can restrict the proposed grammar to generate polynomial NARX models only. Consider the example derivation tree (A) in Fig. 6(b), which is an extension of the previous example. The derivation tree consists of the initial tree α1, and auxiliary trees β2,β3 and β4. Performing the adjunctions described by the derivation tree results in the derived tree (B) in Fig. 6(b). The corresponding symbolic model is
yk=c1y2k−1+c2uk+ξk. (15)
4.1.3 NARMAX example
This example builds on the previous example by using the complete auxiliary tree set A and adjoining trees β3,β6 and β7 to the tree β2. The new derivation tree and derived tree are depicted in Fig. 6(c). The corresponding model,
yk=c1y2k−1+c2uk+c3ξk−1ξk−2ξk+ξk, (16)
is a polynomial NARMAX model.
Figure 8: Initial and auxiliary trees (I and A) of TAG GNBJ
4.2 Non-linear Box-Jenkins Extension
Just like the proposed grammar can be scaled down to generate specific dynamic sub-classes, it can also be extended to generate models that belong to a more generalized class of models. We illustrate this by extending the proposed grammar to a more generalized models structure - Non-linear Box Jenkins (NBJ).
In the case of linear systems, a Box-Jenkins model structure is an extension of the Output Error (OE) model structure, where the error is modelled as an ARMA process (Ljung, 1999) . The BJ class also includes, as special cases, other linear model structures such as ARMAX and OE. In the same spirit, NBJ model structure can be expressed as a Non-linear Output Error (NOE) model where the error is subsequently modelled as a NARMA process. The NBJ model structure is given by the following equations
^yk =f(^yk−1,…,^yk−ny,uk,…,uk−nu),
vk =g(vk−1,…,vk−nv,uk,...,uk−nu,ξk−1,…,ξk−nξ)+ξk,
yk =^yk+vk, (17)
where f(⋅) and g(⋅) are polynomial functions in terms of their arguments. Notice that the RHS expressions of the equations describing the process and noise dynamics have the same structure that was studied in Sec. 3.2 for NARMAX models (see (8)). Hence, the proposed TAG can be extended to generate NBJ models. Fig. 8 depicts the initial and auxiliary trees of the grammar for NBJ model structures GNBJ. The structure of the initial tree α1 ensures that all elements in L(GNBJ) contain two expressions, separated by a comma, that represent the functions f(⋅) and g(⋅) respectively. Each of these expressions can be expanded by adjoining auxiliary trees that ensure that the polynomial structure is maintained.
We presented a TAG based concept of a model set, that is more general than that commonly used in the system identification literature. A TAG GN was proposed that captures the dynamical structure of polynomial NARMAX models. It was demonstrated that sub-classes of the polynomial NARMAX class can be represented by choosing an appropriate subset of the elementary trees of GN. Similarly, more flexible model classes like Non-linear Box-Jenkins can be represented by extending the set of elementary trees. This illustrates that a compact set of elementary trees can be used to express the dynamical relationships across a variety of model classes, thereby enabling the design of TAG-based EA approaches for SI that require minimal user-interaction. The practical soundness of this concept has been demonstrated in Khandelwal et al. (2019) , where a TAG-based EA approach was used to identify a non-linear benchmark dataset with minimal user-interaction, and also in Khandelwal et al. (2019) , where the same TAG-based EA approach is used to identify multiple real physical systems and benchmark data set with minimal changes in the methodology itself.
A. Arias-Montano, C. A. C. Coello, and E. Mezura-Montes (2012) Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms in aeronautical and aerospace engineering.
16 (5), pp. 662–694. Cited by: §1.
S. A. Billings (2013) Nonlinear system identification: narmax methods in the time, frequency, and spatio-temporal domains. John Wiley & Sons. Cited by: §3.2.
A. E. Eiben, J. E. Smith, et al. (2003) Introduction to evolutionary computing. Vol. 53, Springer. Cited by: §1.
C. M. Fonseca and P. J. Fleming (1996)
Non-linear system identification with multiobjective genetic algorithms
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S. Gorn (1965) Explicit definitions and linguistic dominoes. Univ. of Western Ontario. Cited by: Figure 3.
G. J. Gray, D. J. Murray-Smith, Y. Li, K. C. Sharman, and T. Weinbrenner (1998)
Nonlinear model structure identification using genetic programming
. Control Engineering Practice 6 (11), pp. 1341–1352. Cited by: §1.
A. K. Joshi and Y. Schabes (1997) Tree-adjoining grammars. In Handbook of formal languages, pp. 69–123. Cited by: §1, §2.1, §2.2.
L. Kallmeyer (2009) A declarative characterization of different types of multicomponent tree adjoining grammars. Research on Language and Computation 7 (1), pp. 55–99. Cited by: §2.2.
D. Khandelwal, M. Schoukens, and R. Tóth (2019) Data-driven modelling of dynamical systems using tree adjoining grammar and genetic programming. In 2019 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), pp. 2673–2680. External Links: Document Cited by: §1, §5.
D. Khandelwal, M. Schoukens, and R. Tóth (2019) Grammar-based representation and identification of dynamical systems. In 18th European Control Conference (ECC), pp. 1318–1323. Cited by: §1, §1, §1, Figure 4, §3.3, §5.
K. Kristinsson and G. A. Dumont (1992) System identification and control using genetic algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 22 (5), pp. 1033–1046. Cited by: §1.
I. Leontaritis and S. A. Billings (1985) Input-output parametric models for non-linear systems part i: deterministic non-linear systems. International journal of control 41 (2), pp. 303–328. Cited by: §3.2.
L. Ljung (Ed.) (1999) System identification (2nd ed.): theory for the user. Prentice Hall PTR. External Links: ISBN 0-13-656695-2 Cited by: §1, §1, §4.2.
J. Madár, J. Abonyi, and F. Szeifert (2005) Genetic programming for the identification of nonlinear input- output models. Industrial & engineering chemistry research 44 (9), pp. 3178–3186. Cited by: §1.
G. Pillonetto, A. Chiuso, and G. De Nicolao (2011) Prediction error identification of linear systems: a nonparametric gaussian regression approach. Automatica 47 (2), pp. 291–305. Cited by: §1.
M. Quade, M. Abel, K. Shafi, R. K. Niven, and B. R. Noack (2016) Prediction of dynamical systems by symbolic regression. Physical Review E 94 (1), pp. 012214. Cited by: §1.
K. Rodríguez-Vázquez and P. J. Fleming (2000) Use of genetic programming in the identification of rational model structures. In In Proc. of European Conference on Genetic Programming, pp. 181–192. Cited by: §1.
K. Rodriguez-Vazquez, C. M. Fonseca, and P. J. Fleming (2004) Identifying the structure of nonlinear dynamic systems using multiobjective genetic programming. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans 34 (4), pp. 531–545. Cited by: §1.
C. R. Rojas, R. Tóth, and H. Hjalmarsson (2014) Sparse estimation of polynomial and rational dynamical models.. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 59 (11), pp. 2962–2977. Cited by: §1.
M. H. Stone (1948) The generalized weierstrass approximation theorem. Mathematics Magazine 21 (5), pp. 237–254. Cited by: §3.2.


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text:
Hector Gallegos Sr.
Hector Gallegos Esparza learned to make pottery from his wife, Graciela Martinez de Gallegos. She had learned the craft from their neighbor, Armando Rodriguez, who lived just north of their home in Barrio Americano in Mata Ortiz.
At first Graciela was experimenting with simple figures, then Armando taught her to make pots. From there she moved into making wedding vases, urns and long-necked vessels with clay animals on them.
Hector does most of the painting, adding quadrillos, serpents, butterflies and other Paquime and Mimbres designs. As the painter it's usually Hector who signs the piece when it's done.
Like most of the men in Mata Ortiz, Hector would rather be on horseback tending to his cattle but the team of Hector and Graciela have gotten really good, and efficient: their pottery business brings in more than 95% of their annual income.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to make my loop work with setTimeout? The changeColor is being called in another function. I've tried this without a loop and it works just fine. The issue is it will only display on one box. I'm trying to get it to display on every box and I'm running into deadends. I've tried if and else if, it doesn't loop. What am I missing in my code? Why is it ignoring the loop?
function changeColor() {

    var flash = document.querySelector(".side1");

    for (var i = 0; i < flash.length; i++) {
        flash[i].style.backgroundColor = 'green'

            setTimeout(function () {
                flash[i].style.backgroundColor = 'yellow'
            }, 3000);

            setTimeout(function() {
                flash[i].style.backgroundColor = 'red'
            }, 10000);

    }

}
setInterval(changeColor, 80000000);

A: document.querySelector only returns the first match, not an array. document.querySelectorAll will return an array of all matches.
EDIT Also, as @Drag13 points out below, all the timeouts will use the final value of i instead of the value it was when you first set the timeout. To fix this, you can use let i = 0 instead of var i = 0 to put i in block scope, meaning the current value will exist for all code inside that block, including your setTimeout callback.

A: As pointed out by others, document.querySelector only returns on element, not an array. You also have variable scoping issue and can use let to restrict the scope, but it is a relatively newer feature of the language. If compatibility is a concern you might want to find another solution like a closure, as suggested by Patrick Evans. Here is your example in a functional snippet. I sped things up a bit and fixed the scoping issue which Patrick Evans pointed out in the comments. TIL.

function changeColor() {
  var flash = document.querySelectorAll("div.flash")

  for (var i = 0; i < flash.length; i++) {
    flash[i].className = 'flash green'

    // create a closure which flashes yellow
    var flashYellow = (function() {
      var f = flash[i]
      return function() {
        f.className = 'flash yellow'
      }
    })()
    // create a closure which flashes red
    var flashRed = (function() {
      var f = flash[i]
      return function(){
        f.className = 'flash red'
      }
    })()

    setTimeout(flashYellow, 1000);
    setTimeout(flashRed, 2000);
  }
}
// change color immediately
changeColor();
// change color every three seconds after that
setInterval(changeColor, 3000);
div.flash {
  height: 25vh;
  width: 25vw;
}

div.green {
  background-color: green;
}

div.yellow {
  background-color: yellow;
}

div.red {
  background-color: red;
}

text

other text

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
PoliticsBill MaherPoliticssuper pacs
2012 Campaign Super PAC Mega-Donors Feel Burn Of Political Spotlight
Feel The Burn: 2012 Super PAC Mega-Donors Take Heat Of Political Spotlight
Mar 14, 2012, 01:22 PM EDT | Updated Mar 14, 2012
WASHINGTON -- Confronting the reality of big-moneyed donors writing million dollar checks on a whim, presidential campaigns and allied groups are resorting to shame as a political response.
This past week, a coalition of progressive groups launched a campaign to ostensibly warn CEOs of would-be financial repercussions for their companies, should they back conservative candidates or causes. That campaign came on the heels of a concerted push by Republicans to turn a million-dollar check written by HBO's Bill Maher to an Obama-backing super PAC into a political liability. By week's end, the focus on Maher's most politically incorrect barbs had produced results: the president's top communications hand, David Axelrod, had canceled an appearance on Maher's show.
Going after the big political donors has always been considered fair game. But the advent of super PACs in the wake of the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision has forced campaigns to ramp up what once was a side component of opposition research. The goal, increasingly, is not just to draw attention to the big givers, but also to make their lives miserable.
"You are always attacking the messenger and giving voters more information about who the messenger is," said one top Democratic campaign operative. "Now, you are not just dealing with the message but attacking the money-men behind it."
Added a Republican official who, like his Democratic counterpart, was not authorized to speak on the matter: "Both sides have done this for quite some time. What is different now is Citizens United ... Donors who have given big money are now making political statements."
There is an important technical difference that has made big-moneyed giving more prominent and suspect to attack during the 2012 cycle. Political benefactors could write large checks in the past. But their money often went to issue advocacy groups, meaning that it was usually cloaked in secrecy and more limited in its campaign impact. In 2012, wealthy individuals can now write unlimited checks to super PACs, which aren't forced to spend half their resources on policy-based campaigns.
Donors, in short, have more potency. But with it has come an intense spotlight. Business transactions, policy positions and personal associations are fair game. The Koch Brothers, who had for years funded conservative causes, have now been tied to Republican policy as firmly as the lawmakers proposing it. George Soros, long presented as a liberal boogeyman by his conservative critics, continues to be evoked though he has largely shunned the president. Casino-magnate Sheldon Adelson's position on the Israel-Palestine conflict is generally assumed to animate the stance of the candidate he supports: former House Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-Ga.). And when Foster Friess, the wealthy benefactor of the Rick Santorum-supporting super PAC, declared that an effective form of contraception was an aspirin between a "gal's" knees, former Sen. Santorum (R-Pa.) himself was forced to answer.
"It is not just about making it as uncomfortable as possible for the donors, you just find every opportunity to poke holes in every aspect of your opponent's record," said another Democratic operative, also not authorized to speak on the matter. "You make the candidate pay a price for taking their money."
If donor misery is now firmly a goal of campaigns, Democrats have been late to the realize it. Back in 2008, Tom Matzzie, an operative with extensive ties throughout the party, launched Accountable America, a group whose goal was, in its most crass form, to dig up dirt on Republican donors. Aided by research help from Judd Legum, an operative who had run Hillary Clinton's opposition research team, the idea was to turn a tiny bit of start up money into an operation that would scare conservative donors from writing much larger checks to groups like Karl Rove's American Crossroads.
Matzzie quickly ran into problems. Not only was he having trouble fundraising, he was facing skittishness within his own ranks.
"People criticized me for doing it because they were afraid of backlash against progressive donors," Matzzie said. "I was like, 'Are you kidding me? The Right has been attacking MoveOn and George Soros since like 2004.'"
Four years later, sensibilities towards such an operation have changed dramatically. Accountable America remains disbanded. But the function has been embraced more fully by the political parties and campaigns themselves. Turning the heat on a major political donor is not only viewed as an easy way to cause problems for the candidate he or she supports, it's seen as an effective mechanism for keep other prospective donors on the sideline.
"I think the donor community as a whole are very sensitive to these issues. It is very new to them. They are giving big checks and seeing their names in the paper more and more," said the Republican operative.
Added Matzzie: "Now, if you don't have a David Koch part of your campaign you're behind the times ... I think this is a new vertical in politics that is just going to be part of the landscape from here on it out."
Bill MaherPoliticssuper pacsFoster Friessmega-donors
Protests Erupt Nationwide After Video Footage Shows Memphis Police Beating Tyre Nichols
Race For RNC Chair Purposefully Ignoring The 239-Pound Orange Elephant In The Room
Trump's Return To Social Media Soapboxes
Trump Is Allowed Back On Mainstream Social Media. Can It Still Power His Next Campaign?


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text:
23 August Daily Announcements
John Fish
Good Morning Bobcats! Today is Monday, August 23, 2021
Today is the first math lab of the new school year. If you want to get help with your math class, go to 4-114 on Mondays and Thursdays from 2:30 to 3:30.
Athletics Season Ticket Sales are this week during all lunches. Prices are $40 for students and $60 for adults. Prices for home athletic events are $5, and it's $8 for varsity football. So anyone who purchases a pass will save a ton of money through the entire year. Also for all home varsity football games SGA will be preselling tickets during all lunches for $5 to students only. Our first home game is Friday night, August 27. We hope to see everyone there!
Class of 2022, order your senior bundle online using the School Store. Go to northporthighschool.net and click on "Parents & Students" at the top. Then, go to School Store and choose North Port High. Follow the instructions carefully. You have until September 3 to place your order. Exclusive bundle items include Senior Panoramic Photo, Senior t-shirt, and Senior hoodie. Contact Mrs. Thomas ([email protected]) can help if you have questions.
Senior Portraits: The next available date for Senior Portraits on the NPHS campus is this Thursday August 26. Make your appointment at www.cady.com. Make sure to choose "School Scenes" to get an August 26 appointment date. Pictures will be in the PAC lobby.
Did you know North Port High school has lots of great clubs and opportunities to boost your skills and resume? Here are some upcoming events.
National Honor Society (NHS) applications are available in Ms. Kennedy's room, 8-114, to pick up before or after school. The applications will be due Tuesday, August 31st.
SGA meets today after school in the TEL studio, building 4. Meetings are mandatory for officers but all interested students are welcome. Freshman SGA applicants, make sure to get your SGA application turned in to Mrs. Hamer before or after school.
National Honor Society for Dance Arts meets tomorrow, Tuesday, in Mrs. Nelson's room.
Do you need more Community Service hours? Do you need more experience to add to your resume? Then apply to be an after school tutor! Please pick up an application from Ms. Cynthia in the Attendance area. Applications are due September 3rd at 2:15pm.
There will be a Key Club Informational meeting on Tuesday August 31st at 2:30pm. Building 7-113. Bring a donation!! We will be collecting school supplies to donate to our local schools!! See Mrs. Temple in the office with questions.
Join our REMIND to get the latest updates Text @kbg934e to 81010
John Fish, Reporter
John Fish is an enthusiastic and energetic 17-year-old Senior that serves as a News Anchor, Journalist, and News Video Editor for North Port High. Fish...


text:
Guy Builds A VHS 'Store' In His Basement And It Might Give You Nostalgia (16 Pics)
User submission
Entertainment, Movies & tv3 weeks ago
We all love a little nostalgia. Small things that remind us of how it used to be, how things have changed over the years. One of the more nostalgic things out there are VHS tapes. VHS tapes aren't used almost anywhere anymore, but Nick Collins found a perfect place for them by turning his own basement into an amazing '90s Blockbuster memorial.
More info: Instagram | nostalgiavideo.net | youtube.com | Facebook
Here's how the 'store' looked while it was being built
Image credits: nostalgia.video
Nick started collecting retro games in 2012, but when he finished that collection, he wanted something more. He told Bored Panda: "When I neared the end of the road with game collecting, VHS tapes felt like a natural transition." Nick says he was inspired by American film and video game critic, and YouTuber, James Rolfe aka 'Angry Video Game Nerd.' "Around this time, James Rolfe had also done something similar and built a video store in his basement, and I thought that was just the coolest thing!" he said. Nick used the blueprints of James Rolfe's room and built it himself. He wanted to pay homage to successful movies, and he is very happy that people appreciate his hard work.
Nick shared with us some of the struggles and issues he ran into while building the room: "Really, the only major issue that popped up while building the room was the drop ceiling partially collapsed when we knocked the old wall down. My uncle and I spearheaded the project and between then two of us we figured it out. He's a real handyman, and I haven't ever done anything like this before. It was such a rewarding project, and I learned so much along the way. Not just about carpentry, but how to create and mold a vision and really stick to it if you believe in it."
We asked Nick how long it took him to build this amazing room, and he said: "The original room, which was just a little bit bigger than a closet, was gradually built and improved upon over the course of about 4 years; however, when I decided to pull the trigger on the room expansion (which is what you see today), it took about 2 months' time."
Nick is thrilled with the way this room turned out; he mentioned that he was even a bit shocked by the end result: "At first it was just going to be an expansion, but not long after we started the project I had the idea to go with a full-on Blockbuster homage. I truly think the vision I had in mind came out very accurate, and most importantly space is maximized to my liking." When asked if he would do anything differently this time around, he said that he would keep it all the same, because he is very happy with the result.
"My favorite genres are horror and comedy, and some of my favorites are The Monster Squad, Halloween 3, Son in Law, and The Cable Guy!" said Nick, when asked about some of his favorites movies. We also asked him if he has any rare VHS tapes in the 'store': "I'd say the rarest one I have is a WWF VHS called "In Your House: Lumberjacks" from 1995. It's a very hard-to-come-by tape that was not pushed out into mainstream stores. From what I can tell, it may have been a mailaway only."
The results of his work are amazing. Hundreds of classic famous movies, shelves filled with old-school candy and decorations. You can even get VHS tapes in his online shop and feel the nostalgia for yourself. The old-school enthusiast wants to share the warm memories of old movies with people, and we think he's doing a great job.
When asked about any future projects, Nick said that he is currently working on a future series of custom VHS tapes (which are modern movies created into VHS display boxes) and continuing to work on his website where you can get vintage tapes, merchandise, and other cool stuff.
We asked Nick Collins to give advice to someone starting their own tape collection: "Buy your tapes in lots. Keep the ones you want, and sell or trade the ones you don't need. Continue that cycle. I bought most of mine one by one, which really isn't an efficient way to go about it."
Nick decorates the 'store' for the holidays. Here's Easter
Here's a video about the VHS 'store'
Anyone can write on Bored Panda.Start writing!
Jesper Rasmussen 1 month ago
I have to ask: Is there a 'specal room' with a curtain covering the door?
Russian Otaku 3 weeks ago
Exactly what I was looking for. The lack of attention to such important detail is sickening!
Chris Palumbo 3 weeks ago
He was going for a Blockbuster homage per the article. Blockbuster never had that kind of backroom.
Jeff Requier 2 weeks ago
Rogers Video did and thats why Rogers still exist as one of the Big telecoms
I seem to remember beaded curtains. I mean I hear that's what they used. But for your nostalgia pleasure ... 800px-Adul...l_shop.jpg
Be Kind, Rewind.
EweAreSewCute 1 month ago
Love this so much. It was a special day when it was my turn that week to pick a movie. Walking the isles looking at everything having dad carry me to see the ones up to high. It was a simple thing but was everything when I was a kid
Geoffrey Holland 1 month ago
*aisles* Isles are small islands.
#video,
90's,
basement redesign,
genres,
hobby,
movie collection,
movie tapes,
Nick Collins,
nostalgia,
nostalgia.video,
old-school,
vhs,


Northern Arizona University's Presidential Leadership Fellows program is asking faculty and staff to nominate outstanding students to form the fourth cohort for Fall 2019.
Students who will be sophomores and juniors in the fall who have at least a 3.0 cumulative GPA are eligible to be nominated. Thirty to 40 students from diverse backgrounds and academic disciplines will be selected based on their leadership experience and involvement and contributions to NAU.
The Presidential Leadership Fellows program gives students the skills and knowledge to make an impactful contribution to NAU, local and global communities. Fellows will interact with NAU leaders to gain an understanding of the university's mission and values, organizational structure and decision-making process. The nomination form must be completed and sent to Kristine Heflin at Kristine.Heflin@nau.edu by April 19.
For questions, email Kristine.Heflin@nau.edu or call the Office of Student Life at (928) 523-5181.
What does this program entail or do during the year?


text:
The Pulp and Paper industry continues to excel in its push for a more sustainable planet by launching innovations and ambitious goals for the new year.
Matt Elhardt
Similar to previous years, the Pulp and Paper industry underwent some significant changes and faced some unexpected challenges in 2022.
On January 1, 2022, the Paperworkers' Union's strike begun at most of UPM's Finnish mills. Nearly 2,000 members of the union went on strike, which lasted almost four months until an agreement was reached on April 22.
FBB vs SBS: What Will Demand Look Like in the Next 5 Years
Pirita Huotari
Cartonboard has experienced significant growth over the last couple of years. It currently makes up about 17% of the global paper and board market – the second leading grade behind containerboard.
More Major Companies Shift to Paper Packaging, Creating Opportunities for the P&P Industry
Throughout 2022, we've seen the Pulp and Paper industry go above and beyond to place sustainability matters at the forefront of its priorities.
Pulp and Paper Resource Assessments Provide Project Confidence in Periods of Uncertainty
Savannah Franklin
When the term inflation is in the news, panic, confusion and speculation tend to fill the air. While most people understand that inflation means rising prices, they tend to stop there and assume they need to cut costs immediately.
The Global Water Scarcity Crisis: How It's Impacting the Pulp and Paper Industry and Ways You Can Respond
Luis Sampaio, Fisher International
The AGU journal Earth's Future conducted a study to get an idea of what water scarcity might look like in the coming years.
Resolute Sells Its Thunder Bay Mill - What Opportunities Does It Create?
Resolute Forest Products has recently announced plans to sell its Thunder Bay pulp and paper mill located in northwestern Ontario.
Future Growth of the Consumer Packaged Goods Sectors and How to Plan for It
Since the global Covid-19 pandemic supercharged the popularity of e-commerce, packaging and corrugated have been the hottest sectors in the Pulp and Paper industry since early 2020.
Global Pulp Production: How to Access Its Current and Future Status
Camilla Abbati
FisherSolve is very commonly used amongst many major players in the Pulp and Paper industry to evaluate current conditions of the paper market regarding production, costs, carbon, energy, and viability.
Major Moves in the P&P Industry that Occurred in 3Q2022
With so much activity that has occurred in the pulp and paper industry over the last quarter, it's difficult to keep up with some of the major developments that could impact various segments across the industry.
The P&P Industry Enters Q3 with Even More Sustainable Developments and Initiatives
As we enter 3Q2022, many companies have been recognized for their work towards meeting their sustainability commitments, while many others have announced new eco-friendly product developments and initiatives.
Why Is Kraft Paper Demand Rising and Where Is it Heading?
Marko Summanen
Kraft packaging paper has maintained a roughly 4% share of all fiber-based packaging capacity since 2015, however, as of late, the relative share of Asia-Pacific (APAC) capacity in kraft papers is beginning to grow, as seen in the image below.
What is BRP and How Will It Impact the Future of the P&P Industry?
Laura Beacham
Unbleached recycled fiber market pulp, also known as brown recycled pulp or BRP, is a new grade of market pulp that didn't exist before 2017, but is expected to be a hot raw material in the Pulp and Paper industry within the next couple of years.
Canada's New Plastic Ban Could Drive Renewed Interest in the P&P Industry
Consumer awareness about excessive plastic pollution and its hazardous effects to the environment has intensified in recent years, and we are beginning to see more countries begin to impose bans in an attempt to significantly reduce plastic pollution.
Could Formed Fiber Reshape the P&P Industry?
David Wojciechowski
As the sustainability movement continues to gain traction, there is a clear trend to move further away from unsustainable packaging and utensils, such as plastic and Styrofoam trays, cups and plates.
How the Transition to a Greener Economy Could Impact the P&P Industry
We now live in an era where the world has come to the realization that we cannot keep consuming our natural resources in the way we once did.
Pulp and Paper Industry Spring 2022 Sustainability Roundup
The Pulp and Paper industry continues to gain recognition for its sustainability-related advancements and achievements through new innovations and related initiatives.
Russia-Ukraine War and the Implications to Russia's Pulp & Paper Industry Supply Chain
Russia exported around 6 million tons of pulp and paper products in 2021, with close to 40% of the flow arriving in China's market, as seen in Figure 1.
Major Moves in the P&P Industry: 1H2022
So far, 2022 has proven to be just as unpredictable and hectic as the previous two years.
How Are Energy Prices Impacting the P&P Industry?
Luis Sampaio
The global economy has been navigating evolving supply chain crises since mid-2020, and some of the associated challenges seem to be growing more complex.
Why Have Market Pulp Prices Continued to Remain So High?
After Making a Considerable Investment, What Is BillerudKorsnäs Going to Do with Its Verso Mills?
Green Bay Packaging Reaches Sustainability Milestone
Russian Invasion of Ukraine is Already Impacting the Global P&P Industry
Could the Pulp and Paper Industry Play a Role in Producing Bio-Products?
How Corrugators Can Respond to the Surge in E-Commerce While Addressing Sustainability Goals
What Graphic Packaging's Investment Means for the Industry
Pulp & Paper Industry 2021 Year in Review
Why You Should Feel Good About Using Paper and Boxes Over the Holidays


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Okay I spent most of today working on some character sheets and what not.
My first test game went well this morning, gave me some good info, and forced me to get some rules onto paper. I only used basic infantry with SMGs and Body armor, I'm going to need an easy way to measure the range of longer range guns, probably just use a tape measure for now.
Hmm, actually it's not too bad. I could post them up in the original 2400×3000 and make them REALLY big, but I won't.


Top Communities Stories Sons Wedding Reading Comprehension For Gifted 9 Yr Old A NEW BABY What Age Is Best To Start Giving My Babygirl Gerber Food?
All Communities > Stay at Home Moms > Where is the best place to go Pumpkin Picking???
Where is the best place to go Pumpkin Picking???
I don't know of anywhere around where you live. Try googling pumpkin patches around Staten Island. That's how I found the one that I took my girls to. Hope this helps!
Does Anybody have any recipes for Pumpkin??
When should you test your child for being gifted?
We just PCSed from Virginia to Hawaii, I am looking for other moms in the area...anyone??
Moms Lunch Play Date Anyone?
What Part Of NY Are You In??
Hi, My name is Jalmec. I live in Staten Island and I have a 3 month old son named Jesse.
Things to do around Drum?


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Hawken, our ten month old Irish Wolfhound, puts his paws on the gate at the back of the garage. Shot with my AF-S Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 at f/1.8, it is sharp, and exhibits a pleasing selective focus.
I bought my first 35mm lens, the venerable Nikkor f/2.0, in 1987. I later sold it to modernize, but sometimes miss its build and feel.
For much of my career in the film era, one of my favorite lenses was the Nikkor 35mm f/2. The focal length was great in the 35mm film era, and remains great in the digital era for several sensor sizes. Like its brother the 50mm, the 35mm prime (fixed focal length) can be manufactured inexpensively, can be made with a large maximum aperture, and remains small, lightweight, and inconspicuous.
A talented young friend of mine, Mackenzee Crosby, asked me recently about the Sigma 35mm f/1.4 Art lens. She shoots with a camera sporting a 24mm x 15mm sensor, so the Sigma isn't really the right choice.
My AF-S Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 makes a nice, compact package on my D7100.
Shooting into the partially shaded setting sun can be a challenge for a lesser lens, but in most situations, the 35mm f/1.8 makes it sing.
I read that the Sigma 35mm f/1.4 requires recalibration every few months using a USB dock and Sigma software, which to me is a bright red flag. When I spend $600, $800, $1200 for a lens, I expect it to serve me long, well, and reliably, not requiring a "patch" every few months to keep it running.
I saw this guy shooting at an event in June with a Canon 85mm f/1.2. Big lens or small, this guy was too far from the subject to take advantage of focal length or aperture.
One minor flaw of the AF-S 35mm f/1.8 is its tendency to flare pink in the background. It's fixable in Photoshop, but it is a flaw.
I recommended a lens to her that I have learned to love over the years, the AF-S Nikkor 35mm f/1.8 DX. Not only is this lens three or four times less expensive than the Sigma, it is lighter, smaller, and can render backgrounds – the real kernel of this class of lenses – just as beautifully as the Sigma.
As far as rendering backgrounds far out of focus, called selective focus, is concerned, the most powerful tool in the toolbox is the telephoto, not the wider-ish f/1.4s and f/1.8s. I recently talked about my 85mm, but the big guns, longer telephotos like the 70-200mm f/2.8, the 300mm f/2.8, and longer are the real kings.
If you are really serious about creaming your backgrounds into washes of soft colors, nothing challenges longer telephotos, like in this image, made with my AS Nikkor 180mm f/2.8 at f/2.8.
The 35mm f/1.8's most endearing feature has to be its compact size and light weight, making it a perfect inconspicuous street lens.
Also for what it's worth, I am incredulous that some photographers I know own very expensive large-aperture lenses that they use stopped down two or three stops. The only difference between a 135mm f/1.8 art lens shot at f/4.5 and a 70-300mm kit lens shot at f/4.5 is $1500.
Also, Richard, (you might be asking), why are my friends getting such amazing images with the Sigma 35mm? It's simply that by shooting on a larger sensor, the 35mm focal length gives a wider field of view, requiring the photographer to get closer in order to fill the frame. Closer + large aperture = shallow depth of field.
I consider the 35mm f/1.8 an excellent, nearly viceless lens, and wouldn't hesitate to recommend it to anyone shooting a Nikon with a 24mm x 15mm sensor.
Abby smiles for me as I photograph her near the famous Bellagio Fountains on the Las Vegas Strip, shot with the 35mm f/1.8 wide open. Note how gracefully the lights and colors are rendered by this lens.
Love the top photo of Hawken and the bottom one of Abby. Yes, the 35mm is/was a game changer for me. It has been my "go-to glass" for years now. It is the most versatile lens I own, works wonderfully well in low light, is lightweight, sturdy … everything you said, and more. If I could have just one lens (boring, but let's just imagine), it would be this one.


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Entertainment & Arts selected
Film 24 - the week's new films Jump to media player Mark Kermode reviews the latest UK film releases including Real Steel, The Three Musketeers and The Greatest Movie Ever Sold.
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-15317816/film-24-the-week-s-new-films
Film 24 - the week's new films Jump to media player Mark Kermode reviews the latest UK film releases including Midnight in Paris, Johnny English Reborn and Tyrannosaur.
Film explores life on death row Jump to media player Revered German filmmaker Werner Herzog explores a triple homicide in Texas in his new picture Into The Abyss which is being described as a death row documentary.
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-15259925/herzog-documentary-explores-urgency-of-life-on-death-row
Writer turns cancer ordeal into comedy Jump to media player Scriptwriter Will Reiser has written a semi-autobiographical film after based on his battle with cancer.
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-15290349/scriptwriter-turns-cancer-ordeal-into-a-comedy
Film 24 - the week's new films
Mark Kermode reviews the latest UK film releases including Real Steel, The Three Musketeers and The Greatest Movie Ever Sold.
Go to next video: Film 24 - the week's new films
More from BBC Reel


Đề thi môn Tiếng Anh kì thi đầu vào lớp 6 năm học 2018- 2019 dưới đây do edugreen.vn tổng hợp và biên soạn. Đề thi lớp 6 môn tiếng anh có một bài giống với đề thi thật với nhiều dạng bài tập khác nhau giúp các em học sinh lớp 5 có thể phát triển những kỹ năng cơ bản khi làm bài thi và đạt điểm cao trong kì thi tuyển sinh lớp 6 môn Tiếng Anh năm 2018 tới đây.
1.1 Read the passage then answer the questions below.
1 ) Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence.
Minh ………… in a house in the countryside.
Look! The boys………….football in the school yard.
Look …… that man. He is looking ………………. Jane but Jane isn't here.
Tom and Tim are ………….. good friends. …………….. are very kind to us.
What do you do when …………….. warm?
Hoa wants to study in a/ an………………..school because she wants to learn English with English speaking teachers there.
Are there three any ……………….in the living room?
The sink is next……………the fridge.
The Sahara is the ………….. desert in the world.
What would you like buying at the school canteen?
They have rice, meat and vegetables in lunch.
These students have English on Tuesday to Friday.
The toy-store is to the left the bakery.
She always goes shop in the afternoon.
Read the passage then answer the questions below.
Hi! I am Trung. I come from Da Nang,Viet Nam. I like English and I go to English club every day. My friends like English, too. It is very interesting to learn English. My English teacher is great and funny. She always makes our English lessons new and different. A lot of tourists come to Da Nang every year, so we have more chances to practice our English. This Saturday I am going to Han River with my parents to watch the international firework competition. I hope I am meeting many English people there.
Where does Trung come from?
Which subject does Trung like?
Who come to come to Da Nang every year?
Where is Trung going to this Saturday?
Read the passage carefully then choose the correct answers.
Oak city is a great city. There is so much to do! There are cinemas, parks and discos. It is got some great clothes and music shops (1)……… Oak City is very modern and beautiful. There aren't any (2)………..buildings and there is some beautiful (3)………….around city. Is there any pollution in the Oak City? There isn't much pollution (4)………. there isn't much traffic. Everyone travels (5)………… bike and walks, so there aren't many accidents. No one works, so everyone has got a lot of free time. Are there any unfriendly people in Oak City? No – so come and spend a little time here!
and there is some beautiful (3)………….around city.
There isn't much pollution (4)………. there isn't much traffic.
Complete the passage with the words given in the box.
My village is about 10 kilometers (1)…………….the city. It is a very beautiful and peaceful place where people grow flowers and vegetables only. It is very famous (2) ……………. its pretty roses and beautiful landscapes. The air is quite fresh, (3)………………the smell of the roses makes people feel cool. In spring, my village looks like a carpet with plenty of colors. Tourists come to visit it so (4)………………. Nowadays, with electricity, it doesn't take the villagers much time to (5)……………the roses. And even at night, people can walk along the path and enjoy the fresh smell of the flowers.


Get financial support to help start your own business. Clarion Housing residents who want to start their own business are able to apply for a Business Start Up grant which enables residents to make their business idea a reality. Business Start Up grants are managed by The London Community Foundation, a grant making foundation that supports community activity. The foundation will receive applications to the programme, contact applicants for further information if required, manage payments to successful applicants, and monitor the impact of the grants awarded.
To apply for a business start up grant, please complete the application form in the link below. There is also a guide to help you through your application.
Be a current Clarion resident, Affinity Sutton or Circle resident or receiving tenancy support from Clarion Supported Housing.
Grants of up to £1,000 are available to residents who want to start their own business. This could be for materials, equipment, marketing, development and testing, and must link to your business plan.
Spending that has already taken place. If your application is successful, spending must only take place after the grant has been awarded and paid.
If you would like to access employment support and advice please contact GuideLine.


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Home » Divisions » Systems Engineering » Committees » Automatic Test Committee
Automatic Test Committee
The Automatic Test Division (ATC) was formed in the mid-70s as a result of a senior Navy study on automated test (Marcy Repot), with the formation of the Ad Hoc ATE Project for the U.S. Navy. This grew into the Joint Services ATE Project in the early 80s, and finally to the ATC as we know it today. The ATC is represented by more than 50 companies and organizations and has grown to be the premier advisor to the DoD on matters of automatic test. We have served as the Industry advisors to the DoD Automatic Test Equipment Management Board (AMB), thus enabling broad-based Industry input to the planning process and facilitating first-hand feedback from the DoD user community.
The ATC is organized to support DoD AMB activities and initiatives. The Liaison organization maintains close contact with its DoD counterparts and reports current initiatives, projects and issues from each military service and industry. The Projects organization performs the studies, conducts the workshops and creates the reports that provide formal industry feedback to DoD inquires and tasks. When required, Working Groups are formed, drawing upon the Members-At-Large and other interested parties. The Integrated Family of Test Equipment User Group (IFTE User Group) and the Consolidated Automated Support System Test Program Set Group (CASS TPSG) are two very successful Working Groups that focused on specific ATE applications in the realm of the two approved DoD Automatic Test Systems.
The ATC meets four times a year, and its working groups meet as necessary. The ATC is closely aligned with the IEEE AUTOTESTCON, which is the premier Technical Conference & Trade Show devoted solely to Automatic Test with the Military, and one of our regular meetings is always held the Sunday prior to AUTOTESTCON. The ATC has an annual award, the John Slattery Memorial Award for engineering excellence, customer focus, and exceptions integrity in the ATC field. This award is presented as part of the AUTOTESTCON awards ceremonies.
Committee Co-Chairs
Ms. Pat Griffin
Astronics
Pat.Griffin@astronics.com
Mr. Howard Savage
Co-Vice Chair
hosavage@aol.com
Mr. Mike Dewey
Marvin Test
MikeD@MarvinTest.com


Florida has a flat corporate income tax rate of 5.500% of gross income. The federal corporate income tax, by contrast, has a marginal bracketed corporate income tax.Florida's maximum marginal corporate income tax rate is the 5th lowest in the United States, ranking directly below Virginia's 6.000%.
What is the Florida corporate income tax?
Florida's corporate income tax is a business tax levied on the gross taxable income of most businesses and corporations registered or doing business in Florida. The Florida corporate income tax is the business equivalent of the Florida personal income tax, and is based on a bracketed tax system. Similar to the personal income tax, businesses must file a yearly tax return and are allowed deductions such as wages paid, cost of goods sold, and other qualifying business expenses.
What kind of businesses have to pay the Florida corporate income tax?
In general, all businesses operating in Florida which are not registered as a flow-through entity (like a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or an S-Corporation) must report their income and pay both Florida and Federal corporate income taxes on their earnings. The most commonly used business structure that is subject to corporate taxes is a C-Corporation.
Because C-Corporations pay corporate taxes on their revenue in addition to the personal income taxes shareholders and owners pay on profits withdrawn from the company, profits received from a C-Corporation are subject to a phenomenon known as double taxation.
S-Corporations and other flow-through entities aren't subject to the double taxation of revenue imposed on a C-Corp, because they aren't required to pay corporate taxes on their revenue. However, the owners or members of the corporation must report their share of the corporation's income on their personal tax returns and pay Florida and federal income tax.
All incorporated Florida businesses, regardless of whether or not they are required to pay any taxes, should file at least an informational tax return with the Florida Department of Revenue as well as a federal business tax return (Form 1120) with the IRS.
Bona-fide charities are exempt from all corporate income taxes, including both religious and non-religious charities. Covered under § 501(c)(3) of the IRC.
Social clubs and recreational groups may collect dues and other funds as a tax-free organization as long as the primary purpose of the group is not for profit. Covered under § 501(c)(7) of the IRC.
Nonprofit educational and scientific groups are tax-exempt, including nonprofit schools and colleges and certain research institutions. Covered under § 501(c)(3) of the IRC.
Labor unions and worker's organizations are exempt from taxation on dues and other forms of income. Covered under § 501(c)(4) and § 501(c)(5) of the IRC.
In order to gain Florida tax-exempt status, a corporation must qualify as a 501(c) and obtain a Nonprofit Tax-Exempt ID Number from the IRS. Florida may also require nonprofits to file additional paperwork with the Florida Department of Revenue to gain exemption from Florida's corporate taxes.
In addition to the Florida corporate income tax, Florida corporations must also pay the federal corporate income tax. Like the personal income tax the federal business tax is bracketed based on income level, with eight corporate tax brackets.
The federal corporate tax's brackets differ from the personal income tax in that the brackets are not completely progressive (the last tax bracket is not the highest). This allows the corporate tax burden to be spread more evenly among companies with various revenue levels. The current corporate tax rates have been in effect since 1994 (unlike the federal income tax brackets, which are updated yearly for inflation).
All Florida state taxes are deductible from gross income when calculating federal taxes, so any Florida corporate income tax paid can be deducted from a business' gross taxable income before calculating your federal taxable income.


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University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust Wins A Top Environment Award
University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (UH Bristol) has won the Environmental Practice Award at the 2011 Health Business Awards. The 5th annual Awards, announced at the Emirates Stadium, London on 8th December, recognise excellence and best practice within the NHS.
UH Bristol's quality systems manager Jeff Bluck was presented with the award by newsreader Juliet Morris and Kenneth Campbell from Big Green Book.
The Environmental Practice Award recognises the individual NHS project that has furthered the progress of environmental practice in the NHS. UH Bristol had teamed up with the University of Bristol to pilot Green Impact Hospitals - a new accreditation scheme to help departments reduce their negative impact on the environment. Every department is challenged to implement a number of easy practical actions, including recycling improvements, using less water, promoting sustainable travel and reducing waste. If it proves a success and significantly reduces energy use, the pilot scheme will be rolled out to other hospitals throughout the country.
James Rimmer, UH Bristol's chief operating officer, says: "The Trust is delighted to have had its commitment to the Green Impact scheme recognised by the Health Business Awards. This prestigious environmental practice award will further encourage our staff to be involved in implementing practical solutions to improve our environmental sustainability. We are looking forward to holding a joint ceremony with the University of Bristol in May 2012 to highlight what's been achieved."
Speaking at the awards ceremony, PSi chairman David Devoto, said: "Like most organisations, it's the people that make the NHS. The dedication and professionalism of the all the people involved in these awards, from doctors and nurses, to administrators and facilities managers, should never go unnoticed, and should never be taken for granted."


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Man wounded in road rage shooting in front of his children
Posted 4:04 pm, October 14, 2019, by Katie Kormann, Updated at 09:24PM, October 14, 2019
ST. LOUIS COUNTY, Mo. - A man who was shot during a suspected road rage incident while driving with his children in south St. Louis County on Monday is expected to recover from his injuries. Two suspects are in police custody.
According to a county police spokesperson, a man in his 30s was shot by a suspect traveling in another car. The victim's children—ages 11, 9, 5, and 3—were with him at the time of the shooting. The children were unharmed.
The victim was taken to the hospital.
The shooting occurred in the 6200 block of S. Lindbergh Boulevard between Tesson Ferry and Interstate 55 just after 3 p.m.
Around the same time, police were responding to the shooting call, other officers pulled over a red Mitsubishi on Lindbergh near Rusty Road after police said that car illegally used the shoulder to pass traffic. Further investigation led officers to believe the Mitsubishi was also the suspect car in the shooting incident.
Two men in that car were taken into custody. There's been no word on any charges filed in this case.
Police are asking anyone who may have witnessed the incident to contact the St. Louis County Police Department's Affton precinct at 314-638-5550 or CrimeStoppers at 1-866-371-TIPS (8477).
Topics: Crime, road rage, shooting
Brothers charged in road rage shooting on S. Lindbergh
Woman shot dead in Penrose neighborhood overnight
Woman charged in Galleria garage shooting
St. Louis police shoot at suspect armed with AR-15 after car chase
Police working to assuage public fears after third shooting on I-270 in north St. Louis County
St. Louis police officer, vehicle struck in Fairground neighborhood
Suspect dead in officer-involved shooting in Carondelet
Man charged for murder of Spanish Lake woman over child support
23-year-old charged with hitting St. Louis officer with car
Police: 22-year-old turns the tables on would-be carjacker, fights back
Cafeteria worker kidnapped outside elementary school in Crestwood
Police locate vehicle, suspect tied to Dutchtown kidnapping
Man charged with Wellston murder


• Charles Caras, 20, 14 Webster St., was issued a summons for unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle, driving an unregistered vehicle and driving an uninsured motor vehicle when he was stopped near the intersection of Briggs and Cohannet streets at 7:19 p.m.
• Cristovao Mendes, 56, 15 Winter St., was arrested and charged with operation under the influence of alcohol and negligent operation of a motor vehicle after crashing into a parked vehicle and a utility pole at 201 Broadway St. at 7:24 p.m. Mendes was taken to Morton Hospital and Medical Center and was treated for minor injuries.
• Vincent Coelho, 32, was arrested and charged with assault and battery with a dangerous weapon (a wall), and Susan Westgate, 45, was arrested and charged with assault and battery at 9:50 p.m. The arrest took place at their shared residence of 163 School St.