text:
Tsuyoshi Takeuchi ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1143-03671,
Shinji Yabuta2 &
Hiroyuki Takasaki3
Frontiers in Zoology volume 16, Article number: 22 (2019) Cite this article
Male-male aerial contests of territorial butterflies are difficult to explain by major contest models based on game theory because of butterflies' apparent inability to inflict substantial costs on their opponent. As an alternative, the "erroneous courtship hypothesis" was presented. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that territorial butterflies cannot discriminate the sex of flying conspecifics. The hypothesis regards the aerial contest of male butterflies as an inevitable same-sex entanglement in the butterflies' behavioral sequence. To test the robustness of the hypothesis, we investigated the sex recognition abilities of the Old World swallowtail, Papilio machaon.
We presented four types of flapping butterfly specimens (fresh male and female, chemicals-removed male and female) to territorial males. The males touched fresh female specimens and showed typical courtship flight. For the other types of specimens, they rarely showed courtship flight although they approached or touched them. In addition, territorial males reacted longer to fresh males than to fresh females.
The results indicated that although territorial males recognize flying females as sexual partners by sensing their semiochemicals, they cannot identify flying conspecific males, and continue to gather information on them. P. machaon is one of the species whose behavior is most incompatible with the erroneous courtship hypothesis, as its males perform a typical courtship flight to flying females, suggesting the ability of sexing flying conspecifics. Nevertheless, the erroneous courtship hypothesis was not disproved by our results.
Male-male contests over mating opportunities are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom [1]. Physical attack sometimes occurs, attended by the risk of serious injury or death. Contest models based on game theory predict that the outcome of such violent contests is usually settled by asymmetry in resource holding potential (RHP; sensu [2]). In theoretical terms, individuals with higher RHP can inflict greater costs on their opponent and minimize their own cost accrual. RHP is usually correlated with morphological structures, e.g., body size or weaponry [3]. However, not all animals show such morphological adaptations. Butterflies are typical examples. They have neither weapons nor organs useful for injuring their opponents (e.g., teeth, nails or horns). Nevertheless, males of various butterfly species occupy a mating territory, located at hilltops, forest edges, or sunspots in forests. They compete over the territory through aerial interactions [4]. Typically, a territorial male rushes toward an intruding male. Then the two males fly around each other until one of them retreats. During such aerial interactions, no apparent attack is made. Therefore, it is difficult to estimate the costs imposed on the contestants. Consequently, butterfly contests have often been interpreted using war of attrition models [4]. In these models, contestants perform displays that impose costs (e.g., energy) not on their opponent but on themselves. One of the contestants retreats when the accumulated cost reaches its threshold [5, 6].
Although war of attrition models are well known to behavioral ecologists, the existence of wars of attrition in the real world is open to doubt. In a general model of prolonged display in animals, Payne [7] pointed out the following two features. (1) One particular requirement in wars of attrition is the need for matching the intensity of the two contestants' displays. (2) When such matching is not enforced, one consequence is inviting cheats who delay (or stop) their own display in order to gain an energetic advantage in any subsequent fight. In a review of past research on territorial butterflies, Takeuchi et al. [8] found no report of such enforcement, e.g., attacks on non-displaying contestants by their opponent. There is also no evidence of female preference for males that perform aerial contests. When two individuals compete over a mating territory under this condition, both contestants should stay in the territory without displaying to wait for the opponent to leave. Even if the opponent will not leave, there is no way for a male to force the opponent to leave because he cannot impose costs on the opponent. At present, the framework of wars of attrition cannot explain why territorial butterflies should perform aerial contests. In addition, further difficulties arise owing to the limitations of butterflies' cognitive abilities. To date, there is no evidence that territorial butterflies recognize the sex of their opponent during their aerial contests [8]. This is problematic, as major contest models based on game theory (hereafter, major contest models) assume that contestants can distinguish rivals from others such as potential partners [5,6,7, 9] (but see Yabuta [10]).
As an alternative to major contest models, including wars of attrition, Takeuchi et al. [8] presented another framework to understand butterfly contests, i.e. "the erroneous courtship hypothesis". This hypothesis assumes that males cannot discriminate the sex of flying conspecifics, and have some uncertainty about the species of flying objects. Territorial interactions occur as two males chase each other, expecting their opponent to be a receptive female. At last, one of them gives up chasing the opponent. Then this male flees from the opponent, which is advantageous because it may be a natural enemy. The erroneous courtship hypothesis follows the principle of parsimony: entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity. In the present case, the ability to perform sexual (and species) identification must not be assumed unless some facts remain inexplicable without assumption of this ability. In contrast to the major contest models, the present hypothesis can explain why territorial butterflies perform aerial displays. Note that the erroneous courtship hypothesis considers aerial interactions of territorial butterflies to function as contests in that the owner of an indivisible resource is determined through the behavior. However, it does not regard the aerial interactions as agonistic displays. Since the erroneous courtship hypothesis does not assume their ability to discriminate the sex (and species) of flying conspecifics, it is based on simpler cognitive assumptions than major contest models [8, 11]. If facts remain inexplicable without the assumption that territorial males know that their opponent is a conspecific male (a potential sexual rival) during their aerial interactions, the erroneous courtship hypothesis does not hold true. This hypothesis is thus falsifiable.
The Old World swallowtail, Papilio machaon (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), has a territorial mating system [12, 13]. Its males perform a typical courtship flight to flying females before copulation, and during a male-male aerial interaction they sometimes grab their opponent with their legs [13]. Although P. machaon's apparent sexual dimorphism is weak (Fig. 1), the typical courtship flight and male-male interactions of this species suggest that its males possess the ability of sexing flying conspecifics. Therefore, this species is an ideal experimental candidate for disproving the erroneous courtship hypothesis. If its males can identify flying conspecific males as males (potential sexual rivals), the hypothesis must be discarded, like a null hypothesis in statistical tests. If, however, the males cannot do such sexing, the hypothesis fulfills the principle of parsimony.
The four types of butterfly specimens used in the present study. a fresh male; b fresh female; c treated male; d treated female
It is relatively easy to demonstrate that males recognize something as a female because one can use a sequence of mating behavior as evidence. If one demonstrates that males recognize something as a male, the typical evidence is an attack or threat to the thing when it approaches his mating chances (e.g., [14]). Although it is not known that male butterflies exhibit such behavior (this is why the erroneous courtship hypothesis works better than major contest models for butterflies), P. machaon is one of the species with the highest probability of exhibiting such behavior. This study attempted to reject the key assumption of the erroneous courtship hypothesis that territorial males cannot identify the flying conspecific males as being males. We prepared two types of specimens of both sexes, fresh ones and treated (chemical-removed) ones (Fig. 1). These specimens were flapped using a motor to imitate flying butterflies, and were presented to territorial males of P. machaon to compare male responses to each model. If territorial males attack or threaten the male specimen preferentially, the erroneous courtship hypothesis should be discarded, and major contest models should be applied.
We define the recognition of the same sex (male) as recognition of a sexual rival, and the recognition of the opposite sex (female) as recognition of a sexual partner. For clear discussion, distinction of butterflies' 'recognition' from our human observers' recognition is indispensable. Therefore, when we refer to the butterflies' 'recognition', we use single quotation marks. For example, the results showed that the male butterfly recognized the female lure as a 'female' because he attempted to copulate with it.
Responses of territorial males to flapping specimens were scored as four sequential phases (Fig. 2): (1) approach: change flight direction to the specimen; (2) touch: touch the wings of the specimen with their legs; (3) courtship flight: perform the specific flight (described in Study species and sites) to the specimen; (4) copulation attempt: bend its abdomen to that of the specimen. The behavioral repertoires performed toward male specimens were a part of those performed toward female specimens. We regarded their courtship phases to progress in this order because the territorial males that exhibited behaviors of later phases also exhibited those of earlier phases (but the reverse was not always true).
Male response phases. 1. approach; 2. touch; 3. courtship flight; 4. copulation attempt. Males that exhibited behaviors of later phases also exhibited those of earlier phases (but the reverse was not always true)
Territorial males approached all types of flapping specimens. When the specimen was treated (chemicals-removed), some males flew away, and the others touched the wings of the specimen (often at the base of the forewing). When the specimen was a fresh male, most territorial males continued to touch its wings. Two territorial males reacted to a fresh male for more than 10 min. When the specimen was a fresh female, they touched its wings and showed courtship flight. After they reacted to the flapping specimens, they resumed normal territorial behavior. Videos of male responses to the fresh specimens are included in Additional files 1 and 2.
The mixed effect model analyzing the maximum response phases showed significant effects (Table 1). Territorial males showed more advanced response phases to the females and fresh specimens than to the males and treated specimens (Fig. 3; Additional file 3).
Table 1 The coefficients of the ordered logistic regression with random effects
Male responses to each specimen. Different colors indicate different individuals
The mixed effect model analyzing response duration also showed significant effects (Table 2). Territorial males reacted longer to fresh specimens than to treated specimens (Fig. 4; Additional file 3). Interestingly, they reacted longer to treated females than to treated males, whereas they reacted longer to fresh males than to fresh females (Fig. 4).
Table 2 The coefficients of the mixed effect Cox model
Duration of male response to each specimen. Mean and s.e. of original data are shown
Territorial males showed various response phases to the flapping specimens (Fig. 3). At first, they approached the specimen. They exhibited more advanced phases toward fresh specimens than treated specimens. When the specimen was a fresh male, they continued to touch its wings. When the specimen was a fresh female, they touched its wings and showed courtship flight. We found no specific behavior toward male specimens. Here we recall the principle of parsimony: the ability of sexual identification should not be assumed unless facts remain inexplicable without assuming the ability. The simplest interpretation of the results is as follows. At first, males visually find flying conspecifics, and then they touch their wings to detect semiochemicals. If the specimen is a fresh female, they recognize it as a 'female' and start courtship flight. If the specimen is a fresh male, they cannot ascertain whether it is a 'female' and continue to stay in this stage. If the specimen is treated (chemicals-removed), males easily judge that it is not a 'female'. Although the original erroneous courtship hypothesis assumed that male butterflies cannot sex flying conspecifics [8], males of P. machaon identify flying conspecific females. However, it is difficult for them to judge what a flapping fresh male is. Hence, they continue to investigate what it is. Thus, the erroneous courtship hypothesis was not disproved, because the hypothesis is applicable to male-male contests [8]. Note that we do not rule out the possibility that butterflies can recognize conspecific males as a 'male' during their aerial interactions and perform wars of attrition or other types of contest behavior [7, 9]. Based on the principle of parsimony, however, we state that the assumption of this ability and interpretations based on it are unfounded and unnecessary at present.
In addition, our results indicated that males identify 'females' by semiochemicals, although it is reported that there is no female-specific volatile chemical compound of P. machaon [15]. Interestingly, although territorial males showed more advanced courtship phases toward fresh females than toward fresh males, they reacted longer to fresh males than to fresh females (Fig. 4). The length of responses may not be an indicator of preference, but rather an indicator of a delay in decision making.
We should state the limitations of our experiments. The flapping specimens did not react to territorial males, whereas real butterflies do. In addition, the chemical-removed specimens might differ from fresh specimens not only in the amount of semiochemicals but also in other factors such as loss of scales. These differences might hinder territorial males from identifying a 'conspecific male'. However, no research has demonstrated that sexual recognition of male butterflies is based on such subtle differences.
Male butterflies generally respond to a conspecific by visual cues at first, and then at close contact, they use chemical information to confirm whether it is a 'female' [16,17,18,19,20]. Note that even if males are more attracted to females than to males, this does not necessarily mean that males can identify the males' sex. Kato and Yoshioka [18] reported an interesting example in this regard. Namely, although almost all males of the blue triangle, Graphium sarpedon, tried to copulate with fresh female specimens, more than half of them tried to copulate with fresh male specimens too.
In male-male interactions of P. machaon, the two males often ascended with spiral flight, and touched or grabbed the opponent with their legs [13]. It was also reported that males of P. indra and P. zelicaon compete by locking legs and beating their wings [21, 22]. These two species are closely related to P. machaon [23]. Our findings in the present experiments strongly suggest that the male-male locking in their contest is aimed at obtaining semiochemicals to judge whether their opponent is a 'female'. In contrast to the behavior observed in our experiments, wild males lock the opponent's legs in their interactions. This is because in natural male-male interactions, both males are likely to attempt to touch the opponent's wings, whereas in our experiments the flapping specimen did not react to the territorial male. Also in a related species, P. xuthus, males attracted to a female touch her wings with their legs [16].
Butterflies do not have functional weapons. This fact seems incompatible with the possibility that they have contest behavior. Nevertheless, territorial butterfly males determine the owner of a mating territory through aerial interactions [4]. The present study supports the framework that aerial contests of the butterflies occur as they do not know what their opponent is. In other words, uncertainty about their flying opponent enables their territorial mating system to function. Although aerial interactions of male butterflies are unlikely be adaptive behavior, the owner of a mating station is determined through the interaction. What kind of individuals become an owner? The erroneous courtship hypothesis assumes that territorial butterflies do not precisely know the species of their opponent [8]. Therefore, their opponent may be a natural enemy. Under this condition, more fearless individuals may chase the opponent longer and become an owner. The evolutionary sequence of their aerial interactions should be investigated to look for insight into this possibility.
Butterflies are not the only taxon that performs aerial contests. It is well known that territorial odonata perform aerial contests [24]. The sexual discriminative abilities of odonate males vary among species [8]. Ishizawa and Arai [25] reported that the territorial dragonfly Anotogaster sieboldii responded to both fluttering males and females, or even to rotation of a mini desk fan. They suggested that the observed aerial interactions are behavior to ascertain the opponent's sex. The applicability of the erroneous courtship hypothesis to flying insects other than butterflies is still an open question.
Study species and sites
Papilio machaon is the type species of the genus Papilio, and is widely found in the Palearctic region and North America [26]. Its large size and widespread distribution make it an ideal butterfly species for scientific research. In Japan, it (subsp. P. m. hippocrates) is common with no call for any law for its protection. Adults appear from spring to autumn in Japan. Takeuchi [13] reported the mating behavior of P. machaon. In daytime, males gather on hilltops, where they hold a mating territory. When another male flies into the territory, the territorial male rushes to him. Then, the two males perform aerial contests. When a female flies into the territory, the territorial male chases her to catch up. He often courts the flying female by following her from behind. Then he flies just beneath her before flying up in front of her, and drops back behind her to loop his flight routine again. During this process, the male sometimes contacts her with his legs. If the female alights nearby, the male also alights by her and they copulate.
Larvae of the butterfly were collected on the campus of Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka Pref., Japan, in May 2017. We gave them leaves of Japanese parsley, Oenanthe javanica, at room temperature. When adults emerged, each was stored in an entomological envelope at 12 °C until field experiments. They were fed 5% sugar solution every other day. These butterflies were used to make flapping specimens.
Field experiments were performed at Mt. Ohyasan (754 m a.s.l.), Inagawa Town, Hyogo Pref., Japan, between June 22 and August 4, 2017. The hilltop was grassy, and territorial males of P. machaon perched on the ground.
Experimental procedures
We imitated flying butterflies using motor-driven specimens as described (and illustrated) by Takasaki et al. [27]. The device resembles that used by Stoehr et al. [28] for the cabbage white, Pieris rapae. In our device, a butterfly specimen was mounted on a piece of thin piano wire driven by a DC motor. The body of the specimen was fixed at one end of the piano wire (ca. 25 cm long). The other end of the wire was connected to a disc through a small loose hole at a distance of ca. 1 cm from the center of the disc. The disc was mounted at its center on the shaft of the motor. As the motor runs, the rotation is transmitted to the wire through the joint via a kind of crank mechanism. The rotation of the motor and the resilience of the wire drive the specimen up-and-down. The up-and-down motion makes the specimen flap its wings, in particular when using fresh specimens. The flapping speed is regulated by changing the voltage supplied to the motor.
As P. machaon flaps at ca. 13 Hz (TT, unpubl. data), our motor's rotation cycle (ca. 15~20 Hz) was slightly faster than the real butterfly's flapping cycle. This was an unavoidable discrepancy, because when the motor was rotated at ca. 13 Hz, it often stopped when a stimulated male touched and landed on the specimen. We used four types of butterfly specimens (Fig. 1): (a) fresh male; a specimen killed within 3 h before the experiment; (b) fresh female; prepared similarly; (c) treated male; a specimen soaked in chloroform for 24 h to remove chemicals, and then rinsed with fresh chloroform for 24 h; (d) treated female; prepared similarly.
Ten wild territorial males of P. machaon were used for our experiments. We presented the four types of flapping butterfly specimens, one at a time, to each territorial male, and video-recorded (Everio GZ-E765, JVCKENWOOD) the reactions of these males. We stopped recording when the male flew away from the specimen or reacted to the specimen for longer than 10 min. The order of presenting the four types of specimens was determined randomly, and changed for each territorial male. Males were considered "territorial" when they chased an intruding object, and returned to the hilltop. When more than one male was present around the hilltop, we retained one but captured and removed the others from the immediate vicinities before the experiment. Otherwise they often came together to the flapping specimen, and made it unclear whether the focal male reacted to the specimen or to the other males. Territorial males used for our experiments were individually marked with water-insoluble ink to make it possible to obtain independent data.
Two mixed effect models were constructed to analyze the male responses. The maximum response phase was analyzed using an ordered logistic regression with random effects. The sex and state (fresh or treated) of the specimen and their interactions were included as independent variables. Each individual was included as a random factor. For this analysis, we used the clmm function in the package ordinal [29] for R 3.4.1 [30]. Response duration was analyzed using a mixed effect Cox model. The sex and state (fresh or treated) of the specimen and their interactions were included as independent variables. Each individual was included as a random factor. Responses lasting longer than 10 min were treated as truncated data. For this analysis, we used the coxme function in the package coxme [31] for R 3.4.1 [30].
Data of response phase and duration are presented in Additional file 3.
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We thank Norio Hirai and Keiichi Honda for their advice on our experiments, Yukari Takeuchi and Mayuko Shiraishi for breeding the butterflies, and Elizabeth Nakajima for English correction.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16K07523, and JP19K06859.
Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka, 5998531, Japan
Tsuyoshi Takeuchi
Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science & Technology, 2525 Yatsusawa, Uenohara, Yamanashi, 4090193, Japan
Shinji Yabuta
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Ridai-cho, Okayama, Okayama, 7000005, Japan
Hiroyuki Takasaki
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TT, SY, and HT: Conceived and designed the experiments; TT and HT: Performed the experiments; TT: Analyzed the data; TT: Wrote the manuscript; TT, SY, and HT: Improved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Tsuyoshi Takeuchi.
A response of a territorial male to a fresh male (phase 2). (MP4 6682 kb)
A response of a territorial male to a fresh female (phase 3). (MP4 6612 kb)
Data of response phase / duration (s) to each specimen. (XLSX 10 kb)
Takeuchi, T., Yabuta, S. & Takasaki, H. Uncertainty about flying conspecifics causes territorial contests of the Old World swallowtail, Papilio machaon. Front Zool 16, 22 (2019) doi:10.1186/s12983-019-0324-y
Mating system
Sexual recognition
War of attrition
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Latam ES
DTT
Free to Air
HD / 4K
TV channels / Content
TVE / multiscreen
Atrescine strengthens its offer in Mexico with Izzi
Pay TV | Agustin Bertran | January 21, 2020
The Spanish pay TV channel Atrescine, close to celebrate its second year on air, continues to grow after running an agreement with the Televisa Group, to add it to Izzi's lineup (channel 909 HD). This partnership allows the Atresmedia Internacional movie channel to strengthen its position in the Mexican market, where it first arrived thanks to Blim, also owned by Televisa.
With this new addition, Izzi now has the entire Atresmedia Internacional channels catalog, which, apart from all the Atrescine 's finest Spanish cinema, includes the best news and entertainment from Antena 3 Internacional, great Atreseries premieres, and exclusive access to the royal houses and the lives of today's hottest celebrities through ¡HOLA TV!
Mar Martinez-Raposo, General Manager at Atresmedia Internacional, said that the agreement with Izzi ' enhances our position in Mexico and shows our commitment to cinema, one of the most requested formats right now, which is complemented by the programming on the other Atresmedia channels, which are also available on Izzi'.
Atrescine's catalog includes more than 7 thousand titles, with movies such as Las Trece Rosas, El Ultimo Cuple, Abre los Ojos, El Robo mas Grande Jamas Contado, Tesis and A los que Aman on offer. In 2019, the channel joined Directv's programming grid in Latin America.
Agustin Bertran
Tags: Antena 3 Internacional, Atrescine, Atresmedia Internacional, Blim, Izzi, Mar Martinez Raposo, méxico, Pay-TV, ¡Hola! TV
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Discussion in 'Fantasy Football Forum - Message Board' started by TKOSpikes, Nov 8, 2018.
Is it too late to say Big Ben?
If you didn't start him, I would probably roll with Luck. Jaguars D isn't what it has been in years past. I do think Fitz magic has a good game against the Skins though. They have been unable to stop teams with above average passing attacks.
Well looks like you went with Fitz instead of Ben ( at least in one league).
Although it may not matter, your off to a good start this week.
Put Ben in, in one league, only to switch back to Crapstick 15 mins before game time.
Lol. Benched Ebron this morning! Told myself, one last chance for Reed.


Last year's winner Joe Farrell is among 67 entries for the Coral Scottish Grand National at Ayr on April 13.
The Rebecca Curtis-trained gelding has been building up to a possible defence of his crown with two prep runs at Newbury this month.
The three horses who finished directly behind him in 2018 – Ballyoptic, Vintage Clouds and Doing Fine – have been given the option again.
Like Joe Farrell, there are many in the list still in the Randox Health Grand National, including Abolitionist, Blaklion, Go Conquer, Lake View Lad, Sandymount Duke, The Young Master, Vintage Clouds, Walk In The Mill, Warriors Tale and Yala Enki.
Nicky Henderson's Beware The Bear is in the Topham at Aintree after his win in the Ultima Handicap at the Cheltenham Festival, but has this four-mile test as an alternative.
Other Irish possibles along with Sandymount Duke are Call It Magic, Crosshue Boy, Fine Rightly, Folsom Blue and Magic Of Light.


MC Sports started its operations as a single store back in the year 1946. The first store of the company offered a huge range of products, starting from military surplus, to men's clothing. However, later in the year 1962, the company changed its name to the present one and started focusing on sports goods and equipments only. This also included sports apparel and even footwear. The company also began expanding in late 1980s and now there are many stores owned by the company. The company also pays back to the community through fundraising programs, sponsorships, group and team discounts and many other offers.
There are currently 0 consumer reviews about MC Sports available. Share your review.
Please take a note that you are about to post a public review about MC Sports corporate office on CorporateOffice.com. This review will be public, so please do not post any of your personal information on this website. If you would like to contact the corporate offices of MC Sports, please use their contact information such as their phone number, website, and address listed above to contact them. However, sometimes staff from MC Sports headquarters do read the reviews on this website.


text:
By Freedom for Ocalan
Will Wales be the first nation to show solidarity with Kurdish hunger strikers?
Hunger strikers enter life-threatening phase as Plaid Cymru tabled debate proposes the Welsh Government, on behalf of the National Assembly for Wales, write to the Committee for the Prevention of Torture calling on them to visit Imrali Prison to assess the conditions of Abdullah Öcalan, the Kurdish leader. Solidarity with the Kurdish community A Kurdish-Welshman from Newport has entered day 94 of his hunger strike as the Senedd prepares to vote on solidarity with the Kurdish community. If passed, the motion would make Wales the first nation worldwide through its government and Parliament to show its solidarity with the Kurdish…
#ImamsMotion Welsh Assembly to debate a motion on Öcalan solidarity
Tomorrow, Wednesday 20th of March, Welsh Assembly Members will vote on #ImamsMotion calling on the Welsh Government to message the Committee for the Prevention of Torture to re-open its investigation into the isolation of Kurdish political leader, Abdullah Öcalan, and to support the Kurdish hunger strikes campaign. Newport hunger strike nears 100th day Newport resident, Imam Sis, has been on hunger strike since 17th Dec 2018. On the day of the motion, he will be on day 94. He and the other hunger strikers are asking That Turkey allows Abdullah Öcalan access to his lawyers (which he has been denied…
Turkey continues ISIS' persecution of Yazidis


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Q: How many elements need to be checked on an average in linear search?
Question: Consider linear search. How many elements of the input
  sequence need to be checked on the average, assuming that the element
  being searched for is equally likely to be any element in the array?

How do I solve this? Do I need to take the case where the element is not present in the sequence? For that case all the n elements needs to be checked.
Total no. of cases is (n + 1). Therefore average no. of elements to be checked = (1 + ... + n + n) / (n + 1). Is this answer correct?

A: Distinguishing the two cases where the element is in the array (successful search) and where it is not (unsuccessful search).
For a successful search the average is (1 + 2 + ... + n) / n = (n + 1) / 2.
For an unsuccessful search the average is just n.
The total average depends now on the mix of successful vs unsuccessful searches. For example if most of the searches are unsuccessful it will be close to n. If all searches are successful (this seems to be what is meant by the question) the average is  (n + 1) / 2.
If the probability of a successful search is p, and therefore for an unsuccessful search 1-p, we get an average of p * (n+1) / 2 + (1-p) * n.

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You are here: Home / Archives for Tvshowbiz
June 1, 1862 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute freedom and wildness, as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil—to regard man as an inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of society. I wish to make an extreme statement, if so I may make an emphatic one, for there are enough champions of civilization: the minister and the school committee and every one of you will take care of that.I have met with but one or two persons in the course of my life who understood the art of Walking, that is, of taking walks—who had a genius, so to speak, for sauntering, which word is beautifully derived "from idle people who roved about the country, in the Middle Ages, and asked charity, under pretense of going a la SainteTerre," to the Holy Land, till the children exclaimed, "There goes aSainte-Terrer," a Saunterer, a Holy-Lander. They who never go to the Holy Land in their walks, as they pretend, are indeed mere idlers and … [Read more...] about Walking
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Philanthropy With Strings
September 1, 1914 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
I IF there is one thing on which all men have at all times agreed, it is the beauty and excellence of philanthropy. In the days before the common people had gained control, government made no effort to relieve human suffering, and the resources for its alleviation had to be coaxed out of private hands. To the ministers of relief the generous giver seemed a saint, and so the tradition grew up that it is unbecoming to 'look a gift horse in the mouth.' Inevitably the gratitude and admiration which the public feels for benevolence is taken advantage of by those seeking to ingratiate themselves with their fellow citizens. It has long been recognized by the sponsors for charitable enterprises that the candidate for public office offers an easy mark for the collector. The popularity-hunter has always appreciated the wisdom of subscribing handsomely to benevolent enterprises. Infamous businesses have sought to insure tolerance for their nefarious operations by giving heavily and conspicuously … [Read more...] about Philanthropy With Strings
Why American Mothers Fail
March 1, 1908 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
"You wish, O woman, to be ardently loved, and forever, even till death! Be, then, the mother of your children." —LenanaMothers are the gardeners of the human race. There is no office under the divine government that approaches theirs, because none other is so closely allied to it.Any system of education that fails to impress upon our girls the immense civic value of motherhood, its imposing dignity, its grave responsibilities to the state itself, fails of its purpose. Any system of education in our republic that does not instill, from the start, into an American boy, the fact that this government is rooted in his vote and that of his comrades, fails doubly of its purpose.Our much-vaunted public-school system, which we shake like a banderole in the face of Europe, does neither of these things; or rather, it does the former not at all, and the latter most perfunctorily and inadequately.The reason that girls are not taught the dignity of motherhood is only too obvious: it is but the … [Read more...] about Why American Mothers Fail
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Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage
IN 1895 the women of Massachusetts were asked by the state whether they wished the suffrage. Of the 575,000 voting women in the state, only 22,204 cared for it enough to deposit in a ballot box an affirmative answer to this question. That is, in round numbers, less than four per cent wished to vote; about ninety-six per cent were opposed to woman suffrage or indifferent to it. That this expresses fairly well the average sentiment throughout the country can hardly be questioned. There may be some Western states in which the proportion of women who, for one reason or another, desire the suffrage is somewhat larger; on the other hand, there are Southern states in which it is even less. Certainly few men or women will doubt that at the present time an overwhelming majority of women are either reluctant to accept the ballot or indifferent to it. Why this indifference, this reluctance? This is the question which in this article I seek to answer. Briefly, I believe it is because woman feels, … [Read more...] about Why Women Do Not Wish the Suffrage
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Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman
January 1, 1882 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
TLeaves of Grass in a new edition has revived a discussion always imminent when the name of this writer is brought forward, and always more or less acrimonious. Some persons even imagine it obligatory upon them to deny him all merit of poetic endowment, so violent is their revolt against the offensiveness which Mr. Whitman has chosen to make a central and integral point of his literary method. Such critics stultify themselves by the coarseness of view (and sometimes of expression) with which they meet the grossness they condemn. If they can see nothing in this book except indecency and bombastic truisms, the inference must be that their sensibilities are not delicate enough to recognize the fresh, strong, healthy presentation of common things in a way that revivifies them, the generous aspiration, the fine sympathy with man and nature, the buoyant belief in immortality, which are no less characteristic of the author than his mistaken boldness in displaying the carnal side of existence, … [Read more...] about Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman
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Personal Recollections of Walt Whitman
It was on Sunday the 28th day of December, 1862, that I first saw Walt Whitman in person. We were then living in Washington. As we sat at table, a knock at the door of our room—which served as dining and sitting room—was answered by my husband, William Douglas O'Connor, with a hearty "Come in," and there stood the man, whom Mr. O'Connor afterwards christened "The Good Gray Poet." He was immediately made known to me by name, but I could not have had a moment's doubt, for he looked as his pictures at that time represented him.He had just returned from the "front," where he had gone to look up his brother George, who was wounded by a spent ball in the battle of Fredericksburg. He had remained some days in camp, and found some of his Brooklyn "boys," and brought with him the names of others whom he wished to see, some of them his friends of the omnibus, horse-car, ferry-boat, and so on, in Brooklyn and New York, soldier boys who were then in hospitals in and around Washington. … [Read more...] about Personal Recollections of Walt Whitman
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Bardic Symbols
April 1, 1860 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
I.Elemental drifts!II.As I ebbed with an ebb of the ocean of life,III.Fascinated, my eyes, reverting from the south, dropped, to followIV.Miles walking, the sound of breaking waves the other side of me,V.As I wend the shores I know not,VI.Oh, baffled, lost,VII.Oh, I think I have not understood anything,—not a single object,VIII.I think Nature here, in sight of the sea, is taking advantage of me toIX.You oceans both! You tangible land! Nature!X.You friable shore, with trails of debris!XI.I, too, Paumanok,XII.I, too, am but a trail of drift and debris,—XIII.I throw myself upon your breast, my father!XIV.Kiss me, my father!XV.Sea-raff! Torn leaves!XVI.Ebb, ocean of life! (the flow will return,)—XVII.I mean tenderly by you,—XVIII.Me and mine! We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to [email protected] … [Read more...] about Bardic Symbols
Filed Under: Culture
Proud Music of the Sea Storm
February 1, 1869 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
1.Proud music of the sea-storm!2.Come forward, O my Soul, and let the rest retire;A festival song!3.Now loud approaching drums! (Ah, Soul, the sobs of women—the wounded groaning in agony,4.Now the great organ sounds,And with it every instrument in multitudes,5.Tutti! for Earth and Heaven!The manly strophe of the husbands of the world,The tongues of violins!6.Ah, from a little child,7.Now airs antique and mediaeval fill me!8.Above, below, the songs of current lands;Across the stage, with pallor on her face, yet lurid passion,I see poor crazed Lucia's eyes' unnatural gleam; I see where Ernani, walking the bridal garden,To crossing swords, and gray hairs bared to heaven,From Spanish chestnut-trees' dense shade,Awaking from her woes at last, retriev'd Amina sings;(The teeming lady comes!9.I hear those odes, symphonies, operas;William Tell, the music of an arous'd and angry people;Meyerbeer's Huguenots, the Prophet or Robert;Faust, or Mozart's Don Juan.10.I hear … [Read more...] about Proud Music of the Sea Storm
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Emily Dickinson's Letters
October 1, 1891 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
Few events in American literary history have been more curious than the sudden rise of Emily Dickinson into a posthumous fame only more accentuated by the utterly recluse character of her life and by her aversion to even a literary publicity. The lines which form a prelude to the published volume of her poems are the only ones that have come to light indicating even a temporary desire to come in contact with the great world of readers; she seems to have had no reference, in all the rest, to anything but her own thought and a few friends. But for her only sister it is very doubtful if her poems would ever have been printed at all; and when published, they were launched quietly and without any expectation of a wide audience; yet the outcome of it is that six editions of the volume have been sold within six months, a suddenness of success almost without a parallel in American literature.One result of this glare of publicity has been a constant and earnest demand by her readers for further … [Read more...] about Emily Dickinson's Letters
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Letter to a Young Contributor
My dear young gentleman or young lady, —for many are the Cecil Dreemes of literature who superscribe their offered manuscripts with very masculine names in very feminine handwriting, —it seems wrong not to meet your accumulated and urgent epistles with one comprehensive reply, thus condensing many private letters into a printed one. And so large a proportion of "Atlantic" readers either might, would, could, or should be "Atlantic" contributors also, that this epistle will be sure of perusal, though Mrs. Stowe remain uncut and the Autocrat go for an hour without readers.Far from me be the wild expectation that every author will not habitually measure the merits of a periodical by its appreciation of his or her last manuscript. I should as soon ask a young lady not to estimate the management of a ball by her own private luck in respect to partners. But it is worth while at least to point out that in the treatment of every contribution the real interests of editor and writer … [Read more...] about Letter to a Young Contributor
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Restriction of Immigration
When we speak of the restriction of immigration, at the present time, we have not in mind measures undertaken for the purpose of straining out from the vast throngs of foreigners arriving at our ports a few hundreds, or possibly thousands of persons, deaf, dumb, blind, idiotic, insane, pauper, or criminal, who might otherwise become a hopeless burden upon the country, perhaps even an active source of mischief. The propriety, and even the necessity of adopting such measures is now conceded by men of all shades of opinion concerning the larger subject. There is even noticeable a rather severe public feeling regarding the admission of persons of any of the classes named above; perhaps one might say, a certain resentment at the attempt of such persons to impose themselves upon us. We already have laws which cover a considerable part of this ground; and so far as further legislation is needed, it will only be necessary for the proper executive department of the government to call the … [Read more...] about Restriction of Immigration
Filed Under: U.S. restricts immigration, new zealand restricts immigration
Where Will It End?
November 30, 1857 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
Wise men of every name and nation, whether poets, philosophers, statesmen, or divines, have been trying to explain, the puzzles of human condition, since the world began. For three thousand years, at least, they have been at this problem, and it is far enough from being solved yet. Its anomalies seem to have been expressly contrived by Nature to elude our curiosity and defy our cunning. And no part of it has she arranged so craftily as that web of institutions, habits, manners, and customs, in which we find ourselves enmeshed as soon as we begin to have any perception at all, and which, slight and almost invisible as it may seem, it is so hard to struggle with and so impossible to break through. It may be true, according to the poetical Platonism of Wordsworth, that "heaven lies about us in our infancy"; but we very soon leave it far behind us, and, as we approach manhood, sadly discover that we have grown up into a jurisdiction of a very different kind.In almost every … [Read more...] about Where Will It End?
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The True Story of Lady Byron's Life
The reading world of America has lately been presented with a book, which is said to sell rapidly, and which appears to meet with universal favor.The subject of the book may be thus briefly stated: the mistress of Lord Byron comes before the world for the sake of vindicating his fame from slanders and aspersions cast on him by his wife. The story of the mistress versus wife may be summed up as follows: —Lord Byron, the hero of the story, is represented as a human being endowed with every natural charm, gift, and grace, who by the one false step of an unsuitable marriage wrecked his whole life. A narrow-minded, cold-hearted precisian, without sufficient intellect to comprehend his genius or heart to feel for his temptations, formed with him one of those mere worldly marriages common in high life, and, finding that she could not reduce him to the mathematical proprieties and conventional rules of her own mode of life, suddenly and without warning abandoned him in the most cruel and … [Read more...] about The True Story of Lady Byron's Life
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The New Education
February 27, 1869 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
What can I do with my boy? I can afford, and am glad, to give him the best training to be had. I should be proud to have him turn out a preacher or a learned man; but I don't think he has the making of that in him. I want to give him a practical education; one that will prepare him, better than I was prepared, to follow my business or any other active calling. The classical schools and the colleges do not offer what I want. Where can I put him? Here is a real need and a very serious problem. The difficulty presses more heavily upon the thoughtful American than upon the European. He is absolutely free to choose a way of life for himself and his children; no government leading-strings or social prescriptions guide or limit him in his choice. But freedom is responsibility.Secondly, being thus free, and being also in face of the prodigious material resources of a vast and new territory, he is more fully awake than the European can be to the gravity and urgency of the problem. … [Read more...] about The New Education
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Darwin on the Origin of Species
July 1, 1860 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
Novelties are enticing to most people: to us they are simply annoying. We cling to a long-accepted theory, just as we cling to an old suit of clothes. A new theory, like a new pair of breeches, ("The Atlantic" still affects the older type of nether garment,) is sure to have hardfitting places; or even when no particular fault can be found with the article, it oppresses with a sense of general discomfort. New notions and new styles worry us, till we get well used to them, which is only by slow degrees.Wherefore, in Galileo's time, we might have helped to proscribe, or to burn had he been stubborn enough to warrant cremation-even the great pioneer of inductive research; although, when we had fairly recovered our composure, and had leisurely excogitated the matter, we might have come to conclude that the new doctrine was better than the old one, after all, at least for those who had nothing to unlearn.Such being our habitual state of mind, it may well be believed that the perusal of the … [Read more...] about Darwin on the Origin of Species
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The English Governess at the Siamese Court
In 1825, a royal prince of Siam (his birthright wrested from him, and his life imperilled) took refuge in a Buddhist monastery and assumed the yellow garb of a priest. His father, commonly known as Phen den-Klang, first or supreme king of Siam, had just died, leaving this prince, Chowfa Mongkut, at the age of twenty, lawful heir to the crown; for he was the eldest son of the acknowledged queen, and therefore by courtesy and honored custom, if not by absolute right, the legitimate successor to the throne of the Phra-batts (the Golden-footed). But he had an elder half-brother, who, through the intrigues of his mother, had already obtained control of the royal treasury, and now, with the connivance, if not by authority, of the Senabawdee, the Grand Council of the kingdom, proclaimed himself king, under the title of Phra-chow-Phra-sat-thong. He had the grace, however, to promise his plundered brother—such royal promises being a cheap form of propitiation in Siam—to hold the … [Read more...] about The English Governess at the Siamese Court
Filed Under: Culture english guide for court reporters
Strivings of the Negro People
August 1, 1897 by theatlantic Leave a Comment
Between me and the other world there is ever an unasked question: unasked by some through feelings of delicacy; by others through the difficulty of rightly framing it. All, nevertheless, flutter round it. They approach me in a half-hesitant sort of way, eye me curiously or compassionately, and then, instead of saying directly, How does it feel to be a problem? they say, I know an excellent colored man in my town; or I fought at Mechanicsville; or, Do not these Southern outrages make your blood boil? At these I smile, or am interested, or reduce the boiling to a simmer, as the occasion may require. To the real question, How does it feel to be a problem? I answer seldom a word.Listen to the audio version of this article:Feature stories, read aloud: download the Audm app for your iPhone.And yet, being a problem is a strange experience, — peculiar even for one who has never been anything else, save perhaps in babyhood and in Europe. It is in the early days of rollicking boyhood that … [Read more...] about Strivings of the Negro People
Filed Under: U.S.
The American Forests
The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe. To prepare the ground, it was rolled and sifted in seas with infinite loving deliberation and forethought, lifted into the light, submerged and warmed over and over again, pressed and crumpled into folds and ridges, mountains and hills, subsoiled with heaving volcanic fires, ploughed and ground and sculptured into scenery and soil with glaciers and rivers,—very feature growing and changing from beauty to beauty, higher and higher. And in the fullness of time it was planted in groves, and belts, and broad, exuberant, mantling forests, with the largest, most varied, most fruitful, and most beautiful trees in the world. Bright seas made its border with wave embroidery and icebergs; gray deserts were outspread in the … [Read more...] about The American Forests
Filed Under: Technology The American Forest Foundation, american forests, American Forest, American Foresters, society american foresters, society of american foresters
A Group of Poems
BirchesWhen I see birches bend to left and rightToward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,The Road Not Taken Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,Then took the other, as just as fair, And both that morning equally layI shall be telling this with a sighThe Sound of Trees I wonder about the trees:A Note on the Text:The text we are using here is that of the original versions of the poems as they appeared in the August 1915 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. There are some differences between this text and the text of the poems as they appeared in later editions of Frost's poetry. We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to [email protected] … [Read more...] about A Group of Poems
American Civilization
A certain degree of progress from the rudest state in which man is found, — a dweller in caves, or on trees, like an ape, a cannibal, an eater of pounded snails, worms, and offal, — a certain degree of progress from this extreme is called Civilization. It is a vague, complex name, of many degrees. Nobody has attempted a definition. Mr. Guizot, writing a book on the subject, does not. It implies the evolution of a highly organized man, brought to supreme delicacy of sentiment, as in practical power, religion, liberty, sense of honor, and taste. In the hesitation to define what it is, we usually suggest it by negations. A nation that has no clothing, no alphabet, no iron, no marriage, no arts of peace, no abstract thought, we call barbarous. And after many arts are invented or imported, as among the Turks and Moorish nations, it is often a little complaisant to call them civilized.Each nation grows after its own genius, and has a civilization of its own. The Chinese and … [Read more...] about American Civilization
Filed Under: U.S. battles of the american civil war, mexican american civil rights movement, russian predicts american civil war, african american civil rights movement, aclu american civil liberty union, aclu american civil liberties union, battles american civil war, casualties american civil war, photographs of the american civil war, casualties in american civil war, start of the american civil war, african american civil rights leaders, about american civil war, second american civil war, American Civil Liberties Union of Florida, American civil rights activist, about the American Civil War, American Civil Rights Leader, American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California, American Civil Rights, American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky


Eagle-eyed fans of British footballers abroad may have noticed a familiar face in AS Roma's Christmas 2018 video. Putting the finishing touches to the Christmas tree with Robin Olsen and Morgan De Sanctis – as Stephen El Shaarawy took charge of the turkey – was Emma Lipman, who joined the Giallorossi women's team last summer.
The English defender, who previously played for Manchester City and Sheffield FC, describes her decision to swap her home country for a football journey in Italy as '100% the right one for me'.
A year-and-a-half on from making the initial move, it's easy to see why Emma is happy with life on the Peninsula. Following a successful debut season in Serie A with Verona – Emma appeared in 21 of the club's 22 league matches – the opportunity arose for the 29-year-old to join AS Roma for the women's inaugural Serie A campaign. Following Roma's purchase of Res Roma's Serie A licence, club president James Pallotta announced that the Giallorossi would be fielding a side in the 2018/19 season. With the club keen to be competitive from the outset and have the women's team at the heart of its vision, Emma was immediately sold on the idea of joining the Giallorossi.
With the 2018/19 season past the midway point, and Roma having won seven of their first 13 matches, the Giallorossi are occupying fourth place, behind Fiorentina, Milan and Juventus. With games against each of these sides still to come, a top three finish in their maiden Serie A campaign is still within Roma's reach, though Emma remains grounded.
The 'Ladies First' film gave fans an opportunity to get to know me more as Emma the person rather than just Emma the player. For me this is so important to help with the growth of the women's game over here in Italy.
And with such wise words the interview concluded. We look forward to seeing how Emma's journey, and that of the women's Serie A, progresses in the near future!
Grazie to Emma for taking the time out of her busy schedule to talk to The Gentleman Ultra and good luck for the rest of the season! You can follow her on Instagram here.
Posted in Gazzetta, Interviews and tagged AS Roma Womens, Emma Lipman, Roma, Women's Calcio. Bookmark the permalink.


An energy efficient house lays the groundwork for realizing all the energy savings a high efficiency heat pump or furnace provides. Without it, you'll never see the maximum savings these systems offer. A heat pump is especially dependent on a home's energy efficiency, since it doesn't use any fuels for home heating other than the heat it extracts from the outdoor air.
The three culprits that reduce your home's efficiency include its air infiltration rates, the amount and quality of the insulation and the window quality. When you improve one or all of these systems within your home, you'll help your heating system perform.
It's especially important to pave the way for a more energy efficient house when you use a heat pump for some or all of your home's heating. A standard heat pump relies on the heat in the air outside for home heating. As temperatures drop, it'll have more of a challenge keeping your home comfortably warm. Maintaining indoor temperatures is critical for getting the most from your heat pump and energy costs will be lower.
Lighting a candle or incense stick and walking through your home slowly. Where you notice the flame or smoke wavering, chances are you have an air leak. You can use exterior caulk to seal them, expanding foam for larger leaks and silicone caulk around pipes that get hot.
Looking around the exterior doors for leaks. If they're present, apply fresh weatherstripping and use a door sweep or a draft blocker at the bottom. Leaky exterior doors often emit light around the frames during the day.
Loose and leaky ductwork will raise your energy bills, depending on the amount. These leaks can occur at any time, regardless of your age of your home. If you can't locate them yourself, an HVAC pro can examine your system and identify precisely where they are. Seal with mastic or metal tape; never duct tape, which doesn't last long.
Without adequate insulation, the thermal losses year-round detract from an energy efficient house. Heat always seeks cold and in the winter, a lack of insulation speeds the loss of heat to the outdoors through the walls and attic. The Department of Energy (DOE) states that homes in this region need to have from 16 to 20 inches of insulation in the attic for the best protection against heat loss.
While it's relatively easy to increase attic insulation in an existing home, it's more difficult to deal with the existing walls. Installers can blow cellulose or fiberglass into walls or by installing spray foam. If you have air leaks in the walls as well as inadequate insulation, using spray foam will stop most of them. As this type cures, it expands to fit the wall cavity.
Windows are as aesthetically important to your home as they are to its efficiency. The technology behind modern windows has improved a good deal, and homeowners can access a variety of styles and efficiency ratings. New windows are an expensive upgrade for an energy efficient house, but you don't have to go that route to cut energy bills by stopping heat loss and gain through the glass.
Storm windows help cut both heat and air losses through single-pane windows, as do window coverings like insulating drapes. For best results, the drapes should reach well above and below the window's glass and close tightly in the middle.
Clear plastic window kits are also an option for this region. They'll block some of the thermal losses, along with air entering and leaving your home. You can find these at local home centers or hardware stores.
For more assistance achieving an energy efficient house, contact the pros at Meyer's. Our team of HVAC professionals has been providing heating and cooling services for homeowners throughout the Highland, Gary, Schererville, St. John, Griffith and Munster areas since 1951.


text:
Q: Joining different queries into 1 query in MS Access For the past few days I've been trying everything that I know and everything that I could find on the internet. But I can't seem to figure it out and this turns me banana's.
I have 3 different MS Access Queries.

QUERY 1

SELECT First([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]) AS Player, Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]) AS Won
FROM [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016]
GROUP BY [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]
HAVING (((Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]))>1));

This query counts every tennis match won by player for a periode of 3 years

QUERY 2

SELECT First([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]) AS Player, Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]) AS Lost
FROM [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016]
GROUP BY [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]
HAVING (((Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]))>1));

This query counte everyt tennis match lost by player for a periode of 3 years

QUERY 3

INSERT INTO Master ( Lost )
SELECT Winner.*, Loser.Lost
FROM Loser INNER JOIN Winner ON Loser.Player = Winner.Player;

I have created a "Master" table. In this table I want to put the combined results of QUERY1 and QUERY 2.
The Master table looks like this.

So I want al the players that are in QUERY 1 in the Players column in the Master table.
The numbers counted as a result of QUERY 1 in the Won column in the Master table and the numbers counted as a result of QUERY 2 in the Lost column in the Master table.
When I run each query seperatly than it works,but I want to put all this into 1 query for ease of use.

A: You can use UNION query for combining results of Query 1 and 2, column [Lost] in query 1 = 0, column [Won] in query 2 = 0 and then aggregate this query, using Sum on [Lost] and [Won]. Something like this:
INSERT INTO Master (Player, Won, Lost)
SELECT Player, Sum(Won), Sum(Lost) FROM (
    SELECT First([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]) AS Player,
    Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]) AS Won,
    0 AS Lost
    FROM [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016]
    GROUP BY [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner]
    HAVING (((Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Winner])) > 1))

    UNION

    SELECT First([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]) AS Player,
    0 as Won,
    Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]) AS Lost
    FROM [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016]
    GROUP BY [Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser]
    HAVING (((Count([Master Data Results 2013 - 2016].[Loser])) > 1))
)
GROUP BY Player


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text:
<?php
namespace Cerad\Bundle\GameBundle\Controller\GameOfficial\UserAssignSlot;

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;

use Symfony\Component\Form\FormInterface;

use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouterInterface;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Templating\EngineInterface;

class UserAssignSlotController
{
    protected $router;
    protected $templating;

    public function __construct() {}

    public function setRouter    (RouterInterface $router)     { $this->router     = $router;     }
    public function setTemplating(EngineInterface $templating) { $this->templating = $templating; }

    /* =====================================================
     * Either assign or self assign
     * Model is injected, some checks have been made
     */
    public function assignAction(Request $request, UserAssignSlotModel $model, FormInterface $form)
    {
        // Standard redirect, can't decide if the model should be able to generate these
        $redirectRoute = $request->attributes->get('_redirect');
        $redirectUrl   = $this->router->generate($redirectRoute);
        $redirectUrl  .= sprintf('#ref-sched-%d',$model->game->getNum());

        // Handle the form
        $form->handleRequest($request);

        if ($form->isValid())
        {
            // Maybe try/catch
            $model->process($request->attributes);

            return new RedirectResponse($redirectUrl); // To schedule

            $formAction = $form->getConfig()->getAction();
            return new RedirectResponse($formAction);  // To form
        }

        // And render, pass the model directly to the view?
        $tplData = array();
        $tplData['form'] = $form->createView();
        $tplData['game'] = $model->game;

        $tplData['redirectUrl'] = $redirectUrl;

        $tplName = $request->attributes->get('_template');

        return $this->templating->renderResponse($tplName,$tplData);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Home » 5 Cricketers Who Reached Fastest to 7000 ODI Runs
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5 Cricketers Who Reached Fastest to 7000 ODI Runs
by Vairag 11th December 2019
Cricket has seen some of the very amazing records in past decades or so. Batsmen have scored runs galore contradicting the cricket pundits who believed that cricket would see void every now and then after the retirement of greats of a cricket generation. It hasn't been the case and that has made the sport even more interesting and crowd puller. Today we'll talk about five cricketers who reached fastest to 7000 ODI Runs.
5. Rohit Sharma
The IPL franchise Mumbai Indians' captain and often seen as a regular future India Captain, Rohit Sharma finds himself on the fifth slot of the list of Cricketers fastest to 7000 ODI runs. Sharma, or the Hitman as fans call him, scored his 7000th run in his 187th match and 181th ODI innings.
Truth be told, past West Indian great Brian Lara also consumed as many ODI matches to reach this milestone, only he couldn't equate or better the innings number for Sharma to wave past him in future. The record three ODI double centuries maker from India reached this feat on September 23, 2018 at the Asia Cup 2018 match against arch-rivals Pakistan.
Sharma was never in contention to top this list as he reached this milestone after all four who are listed above him on this record, and took more innings and matches.
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4. Sourav Ganguly
Before MS Dhoni and then Virat Kohli started bettering the captaincy records, Sourav Ganguly was seen as the best Indian Captain. The God of Off side, as the fans and cricket pundits would call him, finds himself on the fourth slot of the list of Cricketers fastest to 7000 ODI runs. Ganguly, or the Bengal Tiger which is another of his fans' given names, scored his 7000th run in his 180th match and 174th ODI innings.
Truth be told, when this former India opener reached this milestone, he was the fastest to reach it and it stayed the same for next 13 years before AB de Villiers would pass the runs to be the fastest then. Sourav reached this feat on October 24, 2001 at Standard Bank Triangular Tournament at Paarl against Kenya.
3. AB de Villiers
The former South African Captain, or Mr. 360° as the fans and cricket pundits would call him, finds himself on the third slot of the list of Cricketers fastest to 7000 ODI runs. de Villiers, or the Proteas batting mainstay of recent past, scored his 7000th run in his 172th match and 166th ODI innings.
Before he reached the feat on November 14, 2014 on Proteas tour to Australia against the hosts at Perth, this list was led by former Indian Captain Sourav Ganguly. So, an interesting shift in the record as it moved from the hands of a former Indian Skipper to a Former South African Skipper. de Villiers stayed atop this list for little more than a year before Indian Batting Mainstay Virat Kohli would take over the table top from him.
2. Virat Kohli
IPL franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore's Captain, finds himself on the second slot of the list of Cricketers fastest to 7000 ODI runs. Kohli, or the Indian batting mainstay, scored his 7000th run in his 169th match and 161st ODI innings.
Truth be told, when Kohli scored his 7000th, he updated the record sheet by becoming the fastest to 7000 ODI runs taking over the record from AB de Villiers. The Indian Top Order Batsman reached the feat on January 17, 2016 on India's tour to Australia against the hosts at Melbourne. Kohli went on to score run a ball century in this match.
1. Hashim Amla
Another South African taking over from an Indian run getter- from Ganguly to ABD, ABD to Kohli, and now Kohli to Amla. The Proteas Opener leads the table of Cricketers fastest to 7000 ODI runs. Amla, or Mr. Consistent, scored his 7000th run in his 153rd match and 150th ODI innings.
Truth be told, this feat is the last one on the fastest ODI runs where Hashim Amla leads the table. The Right-handed Batsman reached the feat on May 29, 2017 on Proteas' tour to England against the hosts at Lord's. Amla went on to score little more than run a ball half century in this match.
AB de VilliersBrian LaraHashim AmlaIndian cricketRohit SharmaSourav GangulySouth African CricketVirat Kohli
Vairag
Vairag is into deep love with the world of sports. Follows almost all and is crunching those for SportsCrunch.
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