0:00 A. Chavez Borrelli at goalie for Boston College.
03:10 Shot by Harvard Brown, Sam, Save (by goalie) A. Chavez Borrelli.
03:30 Corner kick by Harvard Brown, Sam [03:30].
05:26 Corner kick by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson [05:26].
07:55 Shot by Boston College Simon Enstrom, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
08:19 Corner kick by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson [08:19].
08:25 Header Shot by Boston College Simon Enstrom, Wide.
12:52 Corner kick by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson [12:52].
13:00 Header Shot by Boston College Simon Enstrom, High.
15:10 Shot by Harvard Brown, Sam, Blocked.
15:23 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Miler, Jack for Cedeno, Eduardo.
15:40 Corner kick by Harvard Brown, Sam [15:40].
17:09 Corner kick by Boston College Trevor Davock [17:09].
20:55 Shot by Boston College Simon Enstrom, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
26:15 Shot by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
27:20 Shot by Harvard Hjermstad, Havard, Blocked.
27:39 Corner kick by Harvard Belloni-Urso, Paolo [27:39].
27:47 Shot by Harvard Hjermstad, Havard, Wide.
28:41 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Callum Johnson for Beto Luna.
28:41 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Lasse Lehmann for Trevor Davock.
32:55 Shot by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
34:51 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Debayo-Doherty, Alex for Hausen, Philip.
37:41 Corner kick by Harvard Brown, Sam [37:41].
38:18 Shot by Harvard Belloni-Urso, Paolo, Wide.
42:12 Offside against Boston College.
44:49 Shot by Boston College Heidar Aegisson, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
45:00 For Boston College: #2 Heidar Aegisson, #3 David Longo, #10 Callum Johnson, #17 Beto Luna, #14 Abe Bibas, #15 Lasse Lehmann, #8 Trevor Davock, #9 Simon Enstrom, #6 Joe Kellett, #16 Tyshawn Rose, #33 A. Chavez Borrelli.
45:00 For Harvard: #18 Hjermstad, Havard, #21 Farias, Cesar, #11 Belloni-Urso, Paolo, #49 Freese, Matt, #17 Garcia-Morillo, Nico, #19 Perez, Alfred, #14 Debayo-Doherty, Alex, #20 Docters, Fernando, #2 Lindner-Liaw, Sebast, #24 Miler, Jack, #10 Brown, Sam.
46:40 Shot by Boston College Callum Johnson, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
46:44 Shot by Boston College Trevor Davock, Wide.
48:48 Shot by Boston College Trevor Davock, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
53:17 Corner kick by Harvard Belloni-Urso, Paolo [53:17].
55:47 Shot by Harvard Perez, Alfred, Blocked.
57:16 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Hausen, Philip for Debayo-Doherty, Alex.
58:58 Corner kick by Harvard Belloni-Urso, Paolo [58:58].
59:13 Header Shot by Harvard Garcia-Morillo, Nico, Wide.
62:14 Shot by Boston College Callum Johnson, Save (by goalie) Freese, Matt.
90:00 Offside against Boston College.
64:14 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Dogan, Taner for Farias, Cesar.
64:14 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Kristofer Konradsson for Callum Johnson.
64:52 Corner kick by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson [64:52].
70:39 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Conway, Rory for Miler, Jack.
70:39 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Tommy Garcia-Morillo for Lasse Lehmann.
76:00 Yellow card on Harvard Dogan, Taner.
77:25 Header Shot by Harvard Conway, Rory, Save (by goalie) A. Chavez Borrelli.
79:28 Shot by Boston College Kristofer Konradsson, Blocked.
80:27 Shot by Harvard Belloni-Urso, Paolo, Wide.
80:30 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Farias, Cesar for Dogan, Taner.
80:30 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Lasse Lehmann for Beto Luna.
82:33 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Devine, Nate for Hausen, Philip.
82:33 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Callum Johnson for Simon Enstrom.
84:20 Corner kick by Boston College Callum Johnson [84:20].
85:21 Substitution!Harvard substitution: Dogan, Taner for Belloni-Urso, Paolo.
86:13 Shot by Harvard Devine, Nate, Blocked.
86:37 Substitution!Boston College substitution: Carlos Dulcey for Tommy Garcia-Morillo.
89:26 Shot by Boston College Carlos Dulcey, Wide.


quite possibly the best blog you will ever stumble upon.: Trash Me Lamps!
The other day I bought something that came excessively wrapped/packaged in soo much plastic I had to use a knife to open it! Then I felt bad about buying something whose packaging I couldn't recycle. Soo lame. That's why I like this Trash Me Lamps soo much! Think of all the egg cartons the world uses! (I actually recycle my paper egg cartons, but this is a better way to reuse something). Victor Vetterlein, the designer, is very cool. I wonder how much it costs?


text:
Let The Light In is a high-end brand video I produced for the electrical brand Philips working with POV Productions on behalf of Future Publishing.
The creative featured Dutch Olympic gymnast Eythora Thorsdottir performing a choreographed dance piece at a stately manor. The project was created to play in-store on new Phillips televisions to demonstrate the picture quality.
Working with Thomas Miller Ltd and Face TV, I wrote, produced and directed a 30-second television spot for travel insurance firm Cover For You.
The two characters I created would go on to feature in subsequent campaigns appearing both on broadcast television and print campaign on the London Underground.
We've Got Your Number is a creative piece I wrote, produced and directed for the telecomms company Natterbox working with the interactive video agency inVIDEO.
The video opened their annual customer exchange event at The Magic Circle in London and subsequently featured in their social media marketing.
National mental health and well being magazine Happiful commissioned a series of social media videos I produced and directed.
The videos were vox-pops captured on Guildford High Street, where I interviewed members of the public without them being prepared or staged for the camera.
Immersive content creators Visualise played a key part in the production of an EE ad campaign promoting the launch of their new 5G network.
I provided production support to the Visualise team who created the AR/VR/360 elements of the commercial, which was produced by Caviar.
© 2019 by MJB Productions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The information contained in this website is provided for general informational purposes only. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and should not be relied upon as a medical advice. Always consult your doctor before using any supplements.
Write a Review Review Guidelines X Hints on how to write a helpful review A great review should have the following qualities: A helpful review should connect and engage with the readers using personal experience.
An excellent review provides the readers with cogent and unbiased information necessary to help them make the best choice. A review must be well-formatted to make reading easier by using multiple paragraphs and avoiding caps.
The primary goal of your review must remain to provide accurate and non-salesy information. Above all, let your review be fair and honest. We have high level of professional editorial section with zero tolerance policy on fake reviews. X How to Upload your Proof of Purchase: To upload your physical paper receipt, simply take a picture of it with your camera or phone.
Please note that you cannot upload a file that is larger than 2MB. Then all you have to do is click the Browse button and search for your receipt picture file. Vaporizers ordered before 4: The package is sent tracked. Additional charges will apply to UK islands, Northern Ireland, Northern Scotland, and rural areas where the courier may charge additional fees. You will be notified of additional fees prior to dispatch, and charges cannot be made on your credit card until you approve.
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Fraudulent payment will be turned into authorities as we have zero tolerance for fraudulent behaviour. Your package will be in a discrete plain cardboard box, for your privacy. We post International orders daily. International orders are not included in Free Next Day Delivery. All international orders need to have postal insurance. No returns for International orders, you will be provided with contact information for the manufacture. All international returns for faulty items will need to be managed through the manufacture and the warranty policy.
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Recipient will need to pay return postage. Buyer MUST notify seller if an item is being returned prior to buyer posting item back. Seller must agree to return. Item MUST be returned in original packaging and in resell able condition.
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Liquid Gold Gummies Sweet Mix by Diamond CBD features an exotic assortment of CBD infused sweet gummies. Liquid Gold CBD Gummies are free of THC. CBD Liquid Gold Sweet Mix Extreme Strength Gummies are the CBD oil infused edible treat that is free of THC and made from organic industrial CBD hemp oil. CBD liquid sweet mix extreme strength gummies gives an exceptional class of cbd infused sweet gummies cbd liquid gold gummies do not contain THC and.
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text:
Microsoft Corp. today announced that Mail Boxes Etc. (MBE) has selected Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0 as its browser software of choice for Internet access. MBE chose Internet Explorer because of its useful features, including customization and personalization.
The world's largest franchiser of retail service centers specializing in business, postal and communications services, MBE will make Internet Explorer available to customers at computer workstations in participating MBE centers. The in-center computer workstations are currently being introduced throughout the United States. In addition to providing Internet access, the workstations will feature Microsoft Office software. MBE's current goal is to have 2,000 in- center computer workstations placed in North America within the upcoming calendar year.
Mail Boxes Etc. will also use Internet Explorer in MBE Business Express, a joint venture product with USA Technologies Inc. Launched last month, the self- serve business centers provide users with access to Internet Explorer at convenient locations throughout the United States. MBE Business Express features 24-hour, credit-card-activated business systems for workers and consumers who need quick access to personal computers with Internet and e-mail access, printers, copiers and fax machines.
"Microsoft is excited to work with companies like Mail Boxes Etc., which are committed to bringing the power of the Web to new users in convenient and cost- effective ways," said Yusuf Mehdi, director of marketing in the applications and Internet client group at Microsoft. "By making Internet Explorer available, Mail Boxes Etc. will provide its customers with the easiest and fastest solution for accessing the vast amounts of information on the Internet."
"Mail Boxes Etc. is committed to providing services tailored to the needs of small-business workers and road warriors," said James H. Amos Jr., president and CEO of Mail Boxes Etc. "Having Internet access available at MBE centers and in other convenient locations is particularly important to today's workers. We anticipate additional uses for Microsoft Internet Explorer as we continue to develop technology-based services for our customers."
Founded in 1975, Microsoft (NASDAQ "MSFT") is the worldwide leader in software for personal computers. The company offers a wide range of products and services for business and personal use, each designed with the mission of making it easier and more enjoyable for people to take advantage of the full power of personal computing every day.
Microsoft is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corp. in the United States and/or other countries.
Other product and company names herein may be trademarks of their respective owners.


Manufacture of solid oxide fuel cells using electroless c0deposition - a review of work carried out at Edinburgh Napier University.
Embodied energy analysis of aluminium-clad windows.
Two years of measured performance of a medium-sized building integrated photovoltaic facility at Napier University, Edinburgh.
Powder-coated Al-clad Windows: characteristics and performance.


Congressman Bilirakis sought a seat on the Homeland Security Committee shortly after his election to Congress because few issues are as important as defending America's citizens from those who want to hurt them.
In December 2010, Gus was named Chairman of the critical Emergency Preparedness, Response and Communications Subcommittee. As Chairman, Bilirakis' position is vital to the state of Florida, as he oversees FEMA, emergency grant programs, communication during emergency situations, and disaster response and recovery efforts.
In March 2011, Gus introduced the Student Visa Security Improvement Act, which will improve the background checks conducted on student visa applicants from high-risk areas and enhance America's ability to ensure that foreign students are abiding by the terms of their visas once in the U.S. He has also introduced the Metropolitan Medical Response System Program Act of 2011, H.R. 1411, to assist state and local governments in preparing for and responding to mass casualty incidents resulting from acts of terrorism, natural disasters, and other emergencies.
During the 111th Congress, Gus served as Ranking Member (Lead Republican) on the important Subcommittee on Management, Investigations and Oversight. In this role he was his party's top congressional watchdog over the Department of Homeland Security. He also served on the Border, Maritime, and Global Counterterrorism Subcommittee.
The Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act, which the President has signed into law, includes two proposals sponsored by Congressman Bilirakis. First, ensuring that rail and mass transit security coordinators are American citizens and requiring the real-world testing of rail tank cars carrying hazardous materials to determine the way to best protect them from attack.
He also has introduced legislation that will help the Coast Guard determine the identity of interdicted aliens so that they are not simply released to continue their illegal and dangerous behavior and ensure that terrorists do not slip through cracks in our border defenses.
Gus also introduced a resolution, which the House approved unanimously, which encourages increased maritime domain awareness and highlights a program called America's Waterway Watch, which serves like a neighborhood watch program for the water.
Gus has championed the most important issue to Florida's port community: ensuring that maritime workers are only required to have a single port access identification card with the most stringent standards possible.
He also has been a vocal proponent of strengthening the student visa process and has questioned the Homeland Security Secretary about the need to keep better track of foreign students. Gus secured invitations to testify before Congress for Richard Wainio, Director of the Tampa Port Authority, Craig Fugate, the Director of the Florida Division of Emergency Management, and Bill Janes, the Director of the Florida Office of Drug Control, on issues of importance to all Floridians.
The U.S. House of Representatives today advanced legislation to address the recent terrorist attacks in Paris and the issue of our national security.
H.R. 4038, the American Security Against Foreign Enemies (SAFE) Act of 2015, prevents admission to the United States of any proposed Syrian or Iraqi refugee, or any proposed refugee, until the nation's top security officials—the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of the FBI, and the Director of National Intelligence— unanimously certify that the individual does not represent a security threat.


text:
Leveraging ongoing research to evaluate the health impacts of South Africa's salt reduction strategy: a prospective nested cohort within the WHO-SAGE multicountry, longitudinal study
Karen Charlton1,
Lisa J Ware2,
Elias Menyanu1,
Richard Berko Biritwum3,
Nirmala Naidoo4,
Chiné Pieterse2,
Savathree (Lorna) Madurai5,
Jeannine Baumgartner6,
George A Asare7,
Elizabeth Thiele8,
Aletta E Schutte2,9,
Paul Kowal4,10
1School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
2Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
3Department of Community Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
4World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
5Global Clinical & Viral Laboratories, Durban, South Africa
6Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
7Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
8Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA
9MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
10University of Newcastle Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Correspondence to Lisa J Ware; lisa.jayne.ware{at}gmail.com
Introduction Attempting to curb the rising epidemic of hypertension, South Africa implemented legislation in June 2016 mandating maximum sodium levels in a range of manufactured foods that contribute significantly to population salt intake. This natural experiment, comparing two African countries with and without salt legislation, will provide timely information on the impact of legislative approaches addressing the food supply to improve blood pressure in African populations. This article outlines the design of this ongoing prospective nested cohort study.
Methods and analysis Baseline sodium intake was assessed in a nested cohort of the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE) wave 2 (2014–2015), a multinational longitudinal study on the health and well-being of adults and the ageing process. The South African cohort consisted of randomly selected households (n=4030) across the country. Spot and 24-hour urine samples are collected in a random subsample (n=1200) and sodium, potassium, creatinine and iodine analysed. Salt behaviour and sociodemographic data are captured using face-to-face interviews, alongside blood pressure and anthropometric measures. Ghana, the selected control country with no formal salt policy, provided a nested subsample (n=1200) contributing spot and 24-hour urine samples from the SAGE Ghana cohort (n=5000). Follow-up interviews and urine collection (wave 3) in both countries will take place in 2017 (postlegislation) to assess change in population-level sodium intake and blood pressure.
Ethics and dissemination SAGE was approved by the WHO Ethics Review Committee (reference number RPC149) with local approval from the North-West University Human Research Ethics Committee and University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (South Africa), and University of Ghana Medical School Ethics and Protocol Review Committee (Ghana). The results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed international journals, presented at national and international conferences, and summarised as research and policy briefs.
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Rigorous random selection procedure based on a sample designed to be nationally representative.
Ongoing data collection within the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE) cohort to capture salt intake and disease.
We were unable to identify the specific foods contributing to salt intake in wave 2.
Results may be less representative for the smaller sample of adults aged 18–49 years.
Nationwide implementation of salt regulations precludes inclusion of a local control group.
Current study status
Data collection for wave 2 (baseline for the nested salt substudy) has been completed, while data collection for wave 3 (first follow-up of the nested salt substudy) will take place in 2017 and is estimated to be complete by the end of 2017. Further waves of data collection are planned as part of the multicountry, longitudinal WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (WHO-SAGE).
Many adults consume more salt daily than is recommended, contributing to the global epidemic of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 In low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC), a disproportionately rapid increase in hypertension is occurring without commensurate strategies to halt this growth or mitigate the impact on CVDs and death.2 The scale of the problem in South Africa is evident: among six LMICs in one study, South Africa was shown to have the highest prevalence of hypertension (78%) in adults aged 50 years and older.3 ,4 Public health strategies are being employed to reduce levels of hypertension, including over 30 countries using legislative changes as part of their salt reduction strategy to meet the WHO and World Health Assembly salt target of 30% reduction in population salt/sodium intake by 2025.5 ,6
South African researchers found that non-discretionary salt intake (salt already in processed foods) is estimated to contribute around 60% of the overall daily salt intake, primarily from bread and meat products.7 As a result of this research, in March 2013 South Africa was the first country to legislate for mandatory reformulation of a range of foods,8 setting maximum sodium levels (mg per 100 g) in targeted processed foods (bread 400 mg; breakfast cereal 500 mg; butter and margarine 550 mg; potato crisps 650 mg; salty snacks 800 mg; raw sausage 800 mg; processed meat 850–950 mg; instant noodle mix 1500 mg; dry soup powder 5500 mg; and stock concentrate 18 000 mg), all identified as contributing significantly to sodium intake in the South African population.7 ,9 ,10 The first phase of sodium legislation was implemented in June 2016, with further reductions required in sodium levels across food categories by June 2019.11 The legislation is predicted to decrease nationwide salt intake by 0.85 g/day;12 reduce annual CVD deaths by 11%; save the government US$51.25 million/year and prevent 2000 cases of poverty annually as a result of saving households more than US$4 million/year in out-of-pocket medical expenses.13
A number of collateral issues arise regarding salt intake, such as salt being the main source of iodine fortification, so that successful campaigns to reduce salt intake would have the potential to result in reduced iodine intake.14 Another consideration is that dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio may predict CVD mortality better than sodium intake alone.15 Additionally, debate continues on the efficacy of legislative versus non-legislative approaches to population salt reduction,8 ,16 ,17 including the mechanisms to monitor and enforce such legislation.18 From a public health perspective, the major challenge is to evaluate the effects on population health. This paper discusses one effort undertaken to assess a number of health impacts following the sodium legislation in South Africa in comparison to Ghana, an African country with no sodium legislation, through implementation of a large health study in each country.
Methods and analysis
Objectives of the research
The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the sodium legislation on population sodium intake and blood pressure (BP). Secondary objectives are to assess: (1) the relationship between sodium and potassium levels and BP prelegislation and postlegislation; (2) the impact of the sodium legislation on population iodine intake; and (3) the use of spot urine samples as a proxy for 24-hour urine sample collection to measure population salt excretion in a nested biochemical analysis.
In order to evaluate the impact of policy on the desired outcome, it is critical to appreciate the steps required between policy implementation and change in the outcome. Gertler et al19 refer to this as the theory of change (how an intervention is supposed to deliver the required results) and propose various models that can be used for this purpose. One of these models, 'the Results Chain', has been adapted for our purposes (figure 1) to explore the causal logic underlying the expectation that sodium legislation will impact BP and CVD. The model shows the inputs (legislation and education), activities (food industry formulation changes; also with monitoring of educational/media activities), outputs (change in sodium levels in foods; changes in awareness about dietary salt and hypertension from any educational activities) and outcomes (reduced dietary intake and urinary excretion of salt, reductions in BP, and finally, reductions in CVD mortality, morbidity and associated healthcare spending).
Results Chain model for the SAGE nested salt substudy. Note: adapted from Gertler et al.19 *Discretionary and non-discretionary salt use.
Inputs, activities and outputs collectively describe the implementation of the legislation and activities planned by the South African National Department of Health (NDoH) and others. These are the subject of monitoring and process evaluation. The outcomes (results) are the subject of impact evaluation and the main focus of this study. However, the impact evaluation needs to be informed by an assessment of the implementation in order to correctly interpret the results.19 For example, without knowing whether the targeted food products comply with the legislation, it would be difficult to attribute change in salt intake to the sodium legislation. As such, a multidisciplinary group including the NDoH will be undertaking these assessments, with contributions from the SAGE collaboration. Gertler et al19 also suggest that development of the Results Chain model promotes exploration of these assumptions and risks within the proposed causal logic. The assumptions and risks are further explored within the discussion.
Ghana as a comparison group
Gertler et al19 also recommend including a comparison group. Ideally, this would be a South African group matched on all characteristics and exposures but not affected by the legislation, with data collected at the same time as those who would be affected by the legislation. However, since the legislation is in force across the whole country, this is not possible. Neighbouring countries such as Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, etc, would also not be good candidates for a comparison group as many of the South African food manufacturers export goods to these countries under the South African Development Community (SADC) Regional Free Trade agreement (2008). South Africa is the major source of processed snack food in the SADC region,20 providing around 80% of the processed food in Zambia, Namibia and Botswana.21 These countries then would most likely be affected by the spillover of the South African sodium legislation. SADC countries form over 80% of South Africa's export market, with exports to the rest of Africa consisting mainly of vehicles and machinery.22 As such, Ghana, a non-SADC country and the only other African country to implement WHO-SAGE, was selected as the comparator country. Ghana's adult population is also afflicted by a high prevalence of hypertension (up to 48% of adults generally23 and 54% of adults 50+ years of age), increasingly poor risk factor profiles (diet, obesity, physical activity), and poor rates of hypertension awareness and control.3 In terms of salt intake, the Ghana Health Service has focused primarily on eradication of iodine deficiency through salt iodisation and education.24 At the same time, efforts are underway to boost the salt production industry in Ghana as a method of economic development.25 ,26 Salt intakes appear comparable between Ghana and South Africa with studies suggesting that both countries have intakes between 2.3 and 5.5 g sodium/day (equivalent to 5.8–13.8 g salt/day), and higher intakes in urban compared with rural populations.27 While there have been some efforts to lower salt intake in community interventions,28 until now there appears little evidence to suggest that either mandatory or voluntary sodium targets exist between government and the food industry in Ghana to promote a reduction in population salt intake. However, as in South Africa, it will be critical to monitor activities in Ghana that could influence salt intake between waves 2 and 3 of data collection. There are some risks in taking this pragmatic approach, although local experts will provide ongoing and active assessments in both countries between study waves, and this study team will undertake rigorous comparisons of the nested study groups at waves 2 and 3 to determine the feasibility of this research strategy.
Random sampling procedure
WHO-SAGE is a multinational study examining the health and well-being of adult populations and the ageing process. Two waves of this longitudinal study have been completed in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa.29 Further details about WHO-SAGE can be found via the WHO website (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/sage/cohorts/en/) including access to data from SAGE wave 0 (2002–2004), SAGE wave 1 (2007–2010) and SAGE wave 2 (2014/2015) following the completion of data cleaning. SAGE wave 3 will be implemented in 2017, with fund-raising for SAGE wave 4 and beyond ongoing. Evaluation of the health effects of this sodium policy on South African adults, in comparison to Ghanaian adults, is conducted using a nested study design in waves 2 and 3, with monitoring of the nested cohort continuing in subsequent waves of data collection.
In total, 42 464 respondents were recruited across the six countries for wave 1 (2007–2010), including 4223 respondents in South Africa (9% 18–49 years; 40% 50–59 years; 51% 60+ years). Wave 1 respondents were recruited from selected probability sampled enumeration areas (EAs) using a multistage cluster sampling strategy, with stratification by province, residence and race.
The wave 2 sampling strategy was designed to account for expected attrition as a result of participants having moved house or died since wave 1, especially given that over half of the sample were already above 60 years of age in 2007. All wave 1 households were visited for wave 2 data collection (including a verbal autopsy for those participants no longer alive). Replacements for sample attrition used a systematic sampling approach to randomly select new households using EA aerial photographic maps on which dwellings are clearly visible, starting at a random point on the periphery of the EA and following predetermined routes. Households were then classified into the following mutually exclusive categories: (1) SAGE wave 1 follow-up households with one or more members aged 50 years or older targeted for selection; (2) new households with one or more members aged 50 years or older; (3) SAGE wave 1 follow-up households which include residents aged 18–49 targeted for selection or (4) new households which include residents aged 18–49. Younger adults are allowed to 'age-in' to the older adult group, with targeted refreshing of the youngest ages (18–23) in the younger adult sample.
The sampling method used in SAGE Ghana wave 2 followed a similar design, based on the 2003 World Health Survey/SAGE wave 030 with primary sampling units (PSUs) stratified by region and location (urban/rural). Selection of the PSUs was based on proportional allocation by size using the same follow-up and random systematic sampling method as South Africa.
Selection and data collection in the nested cohort
Both South Africa and Ghana include between 3500 to 4500 households for SAGE's main survey sample. The samples selected for urine collection (n=1200 in each country) from waves 2 and 3 of the main study are of adults aged 18+ years, with the final distribution in the main and nested studies reflecting the weighting towards recruiting more adults aged 50+ years. In South Africa, the nested study respondents were sampled from among the first wave 2 households visited within each probability sampled EA (day 1 in the EA). This approach was taken to prioritise the shipment of all collected urine samples to a central laboratory (Global Clinical and Viral Laboratory, Durban) within 3 days of collection while maintaining a cold chain regardless of where urine collection took place. This was necessary as there were no decentralised facilities available to freeze urine. The SAGE South Africa team used 20 survey teams (one nurse and three interviewers per team) simultaneously collecting data and urine/blood samples from respondents across all provinces in the country over a 5-month period (August to December 2015).
Selection of the nested study sample in Ghana differed slightly from the one in South Africa. All urine samples were collected by just four fieldwork teams (one research assistant and four interviewers per team) moving region to region over a 10-month period (September 2014 to June 2015). To facilitate this approach, EAs were randomly selected, with stratification by urban/rural, from the three geographical areas (savannah, forest and coastal) of Ghana and designated 'urine EAs' from which the target 1200 respondents were recruited.
Inclusion criteria for urine collection were: respondent must be part of the WHO-SAGE cohort, with no indication of urinary incontinence or other condition that could impede 24-hour urine collection; and if female, not menstruating, pregnant or breast feeding on the day of collection. All respondents who provided samples in wave 2 will be approached again in wave 3 in both countries, with procedures as described earlier for replacement and refreshment of the sample.
Study measures included in WHO-SAGE
All survey teams are trained with support from WHO Geneva, with survey teams using standardised household, individual and proxy questionnaires, anthropometry, blood sampling, BP and physical function tests as described previously in SAGE wave 1.29 Study measures are listed in table 1 and translation and back-translation protocols are in place for the survey instruments. Interviewers speak the respondents' home languages with consent forms available in the most widely spoken languages for each area.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
Urine collection in the nested study (waves 2 and 3)
The study protocol used for sodium determination in 24-hour urine samples followed the WHO/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) guidelines.31 Respondents were requested to collect all urine produced for 24 hours, excluding the first pass urine on day 1, but including the first urine of the following morning (day 2) in a 5 L plastic container using 1 g thymol as preservative. The spot sample was collected without preservative from the second urine passed on day 1 (marking the start of the 24-hour collection) and decanted into three 15 mL Porvair tubes (Porvair Sciences, Leatherhead, UK), then kept in a thermoelectric cooler box powered by the fieldwork vehicles and containing ice packs to maintain a lowered temperature. The 24-hour sample was collected the next morning, total volumes were recorded and aliquots (4×15 mL Porvair tubes) generated with all samples then shipped to the laboratory maintaining the cold chain using precooled ice packs as a means to maintain temperature control. When the samples arrived at the laboratory, the cooler box was examined and the temperature of the samples noted and recorded.
Owing to differences in available resources, duration of data collection and logistical challenges presented by each country, Ghana and South Africa used different methods of urine preservation in wave 2. In Ghana, the survey team kept urine samples in hospitals, clinics and health centres with laboratory facilities in the EA in which they were working. Samples were taken on ice to the central university laboratory between the first and fifth days of interviews in each EA. This was necessary as there were limited options and resources for commercial transport of samples within Ghana. Additionally, with Ghana's tropical climate and a smaller fieldwork team than in South Africa, the possibility that samples may stand for longer in a warmer climate prior to collection necessitated the use of 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl; AnalaR NORMAPUR) as a preservative added to both the 24-hour (10 mL per 5 L collection container) and spot urine (10 mL per 2 L collection container) samples.
In South Africa, thymol preservative, a crystalline natural derivative of the thyme plant, is used as it is easier and safer to transport and handle than commonly used liquid acids by the 20 operating fieldwork teams and courier companies, many of which will not transport liquid acids. In both countries, survey teams explain the dangers of the preservatives to respondents, and are trained in handling the preservatives and biological materials. Both thymol and HCl have been shown to prevent changes in urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium concentrations for up to 5 days.32
Incomplete 24-hour urine collections are assumed if: total volume ≤300 mL; or creatinine excretion ≤4 mmol/day (women) or ≤6 mmol/day (men).33 The use of para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) has been suggested as a more accurate method than creatinine to validate 24-hour urine collection completeness.34 However, PABA recovery rate declines with age in respondents older than 30 years.35 Considering this together with the increased risk for non-compliance and attrition due to the additional burden of remembering to take the PABA pill 3 days before the urine collection, as discussed in the WHO/PAHO guidelines for sodium determination in 24-hour urine samples,31 PABA is not used in this study.
Sodium and potassium were determined using the indirect ion-selective electrode method and creatinine analysed using the standardised urinary Jaffe kinetic method (South Africa: Beckman Coulter Synchron DXC600/800 System; Ghana: BioSystems Analyzer A25). The WHO population target for salt intake is 5 g salt (NaCl) per day, equivalent to urinary sodium excretion 85 mmol/24 hour. Urinary potassium should be >70 mmol/24 hour, with a sodium-to-potassium ratio <1 shown to be protective for all-cause, cardiovascular and ischaemic heart disease mortality.15 With the exception of iodine, all South African samples were analysed at a single laboratory in Durban (Global Clinical and Viral Laboratory). In Ghana, with the exception of iodine, all samples were analysed at a single laboratory in Accra (University of Ghana Chemical Pathology Laboratory in the School of Allied Health Sciences).
Urine samples for iodine analysis from both countries were stored at −20° C and batch analysed using the Sandell-Kolthoff method with ammonium persulfate digestion and microplate reading36 at the North-West University Centre of Excellence for Nutrition. The laboratory participates successfully in the Program to Ensure the Quality of Urinary Iodine Procedures (EQUIP, US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA).37 A median of <100 μg iodine/L indicates population-level deficiency (there is no reference range for individuals).38
Even though there is no evidence that the addition of preserving substances such as HCl and thymol affects urinary iodine concentrations,39 we undertook testing to examine the influence of adding thymol or HCl to urine samples (n=20) on urinary iodine concentrations. The results indicated no significant or relevant (below assay coefficient of variation) differences when compared with samples without added preservatives (results not shown here).
Comparison of spot and 24-hour urine analyses
The following equations will be used to assess the accuracy of using spot urine samples to assess 24-hour urinary sodium, potassium and iodine excretion: (1) Tanaka;40 (2) Kawasaki41 and (3) INTERSALT.42 The sensitivity of the formulae to estimate the measured 24-hour urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium excretion will be assessed using the receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. Multiple regression modelling will be conducted to determine whether new regression models are more appropriate for use in African populations.
BP measurements
Wrist-worn Omron BP devices were used to record three sequential measures on the left arm (1 min between each measure), with the wrist resting at the level of the heart and the respondent seated with legs uncrossed. The wrist BP devices are validated to the European Hypertension Society International Protocol.43
Data capture, analysis and statistical power
All data were and will be captured using an electronic data capture system and uploaded to a secure central server within each country. Cleaning and analysis of survey data are coordinated by the WHO. Based on the modelled estimated reduction of 0.85 g salt per day as a result of the legislation, with a current estimated South African population salt intake of 8.1 g/day12 and a population variance of up to 35 g/day based on previous pilot data (unpublished), a sample size of 761 respondents would give 80% power to detect a significant difference (95% CI). Allowing for error in 24-hour sample collection (incomplete or missing samples) in this complex field study, a target sample size of 1200 was chosen.
Ethics and dissemination
All respondents provide written informed consent prior to taking part in the study. The study complies with the ethical principles for medical research involving human participants as per the Declaration of Helsinki.46 Baseline data collection (for this nested substudy as part of wave 2) is complete and the results will be published in peer-reviewed international journals, presented at national and international conferences, and summarised in research and policy briefs. Completion of the first follow-up of the nested study (as part of SAGE wave 3) in South Africa and Ghana is expected by December 2017. Dissemination of the final results will begin soon thereafter. All de-identified data will be made available in the public domain.
The WHO recommends that adults consume no more than 5 g of salt per day47 while most South African adults consume well above this level, with bread being the single highest contributor to non-discretionary sodium intake.7 In the light of the high prevalence of hypertension within the country,3 the government's bold move to reduce sodium in bread, cereals, snacks, processed meats, spreads, soups, stocks and gravy in 2016, with further reductions mandated for 2019, is welcomed. This intervention could significantly reduce the prevalence of hypertension, stroke and CVD in South Africa, thereby substantially reducing healthcare costs to the state and to individuals.12 ,13 However, successful reduction of population level sodium intake through legislation has yet to be demonstrated.
The need to simultaneously monitor both sodium reduction and iodine status is required as, in South Africa, universal salt iodisation has successfully eradicated iodine deficiency.48 ,49 The two public health strategies are compatible50 if ongoing surveillance informs the adjustment of iodine levels in iodised salt as population salt intake decreases.51 The assessment of salt behaviours will be interesting, as multiple strategies accompany the sodium legislation, including mass media campaigns such as SaltWatch, which is coordinated by the Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa,52 and primary care health education activities conducted by the South African (NDoH). All SAGE countries will include the standard salt behaviour questions in waves 2 and 3 so that a cross-national comparison of salt behaviours will be possible between the six LMIC countries.
Assumptions and risks in the causal logic
We make several assumptions within the implementation portion of the Results Chain model (figure 1) including the timely compliance of all manufacturers of the targeted food products with the sodium legislation; and that educational activities reach the intended beneficiaries.
South Africa is now one of a number of countries with mandatory sodium targets; others include Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, the Netherlands, Paraguay and Portugal.6 ,18 Mandatory sodium targets in Argentina (Act 26905) came into force in December 2014 for three food groups: (1) meat and meat products; (2) soups, dressings and canned foods; and (3) farinaceous or starch containing products such as crackers, cookies and bakery products.53 There are strict penalties for not meeting the sodium regulations, ranging from fines to the confiscation of food products, and suspension of business for up to 5 years.53 A prepolicy evaluation conducted in February 2014 comparing food labels against the mandatory targets concluded that most foods in Argentina were already meeting the target sodium levels, though this differed by food category with around half of the bakery products reviewed exceeding the mandated sodium level.54 This high prelegislation compliance may be explained by the successful government-led programme 'Less salt, more life' initiated in Argentina in 2011, including voluntary agreements with the food industry to lower sodium in foods and extensive monitoring of both implementation (food sodium testing in independent laboratories) and effectiveness (sodium intake surveys and urinary sodium measurement).55 In contrast to this example is Belgium, where mandatory sodium levels in bread were set in 1985, although in 2006 half of the bakers were still producing bread with higher sodium levels, stating that tighter regulation led to products being imported and unfair competition from neighbouring European countries.56 Only after an awareness campaign was directed specifically at bakers did compliance increase to 90% by 2008, 13 years after the legislation was introduced.
Findings from Argentina also highlight that sodium discussions often take place between government and the bigger food companies and an ongoing challenge will be to determine compliance with sodium targets in small-sized and medium-sized food producers.54
These examples highlight the need for continued compliance monitoring, an understanding of the reasons for non-compliance, and clear interventions and penalties for non-compliance, as it would seem that compliance with legislation cannot be taken for granted.
Non-compliance by targeted food manufacturers or increased salt levels in non-legislated food products (by other food producers) are risks to undermining the intended outcomes. Educational activities that do not reach the intended beneficiaries are also a risk as they may fail in the message to modify discretionary salt use. Media campaigns to reduce salt can work,57 and the key again will be in documenting and monitoring their success. As a mitigation strategy for these risks, the SAGE South Africa team is working closely with stakeholders in government, academia, non-governmental organisations and research organisations who are directly involved in monitoring compliance and/or the development, delivery and evaluation of salt and BP educational activities. In September 2016, stakeholders met to develop a roadmap for the South African salt reduction strategy, with action points and a report due to be published. The meeting serves as a foundation to coordinate and link efforts. The authors will continue discussions with these stakeholders and are open to any discussions that promote a thorough and valid evaluation of the effectiveness of this important health policy.
Also, within the Results Chain model (figure 1), several assumptions underlie achieving the results including consumers purchase and consume the lower sodium products; educational activities are effective in changing behaviour to decreasing discretionary salt use; reduced salt intake is accurately reflected in a single 24-hour urine collection; reduced salt intake leads to reduced BP and ultimately a reduction in CVD events and healthcare spending. There is strong evidence supporting the final outcomes with high salt intakes associated with increased risk of stroke and CVD58 ,59 and population efforts to lower sodium intake producing notable improvements in BP and deaths from stroke and CVD.60 Naturally, this does not guarantee that we will find the same outcome. WHO-SAGE is well placed to continue follow-up in the South African cohort, as it has been operational in South Africa since 2003 with wave 0 of data collection,29 and plans to continue data collection after wave 3 (2017) approximately every 4 years. This provides an ideal opportunity to collect longer term data on cardiovascular and stroke mortality and morbidity in South Africa and Ghana.
In terms of acceptability of the lower sodium foods, one systematic review suggests that sodium levels can be reduced by up to 40% in bread and 70% in meat products without compromising consumer acceptability.61 Additionally, longer term exposure to lower salt foods has been shown to increase preference for those foods and decrease preference of higher salt alternatives.62 ,63 While it would appear that sodium regulations are unlikely to modify consumer purchasing behaviour, the WHO-SAGE South Africa team is also collaborating with organisations able to monitor consumer food purchasing patterns prelegislation and postlegislation.
There is evidence supporting salt reduction campaigns change behaviour and impact salt intake. For example, a community-based health education programme in Japan successfully decreased salt intake by 2–3 g/day.57 A campaign in the UK decreased discretionary salt use64 and reduced overall salt intake by around 10%.65 Again, monitoring and evaluation of educational activities within South Africa will be important to determine their effectiveness.
Finally, there is the question of whether one 24-hour urine collection is sufficient to assess dietary salt intake. There is little doubt that repeated 24-hour urine collection in an individual improves the accuracy to assess salt intake, with more collections giving greater accuracy.66 However, repeated sampling may lead to refusals or more incomplete samples67 producing underestimates of salt intake.68 Additionally, Mente et al67 point out that large studies reduce random error, so that average estimates of salt intake from 24-hour urine collection across a large number of people are reliable estimates for groups, albeit less so for individuals. While repeated 24-hour urine collection may be feasible in smaller randomised controlled trials, it can be impractical for larger studies, especially in LMICs.69 Furthermore, 24-hour urine collection remains the gold standard to measure salt intake when compared with estimated intake from casual or spot urine samples.70 Therefore, a single, well-collected 24-hour urine sample appears a pragmatic approach to take in this prospective cohort study of over 1000 participants in each of the two countries.
WHO SAGE is designed to investigate the health and ageing process in older ages; therefore, the focus is on adults aged 50 years and older. Although a smaller sample of adults aged 18–49 years is included, the results from this study may not be representative for younger adult age groups. However, SAGE wave 1 data showed that four in every five adults above 50 years of age in South Africa are hypertensive,3 justifying a focus on monitoring the effectiveness of the sodium legislation within this age group. The gold standard method for estimating sodium intake is used (24-hour urinary Na excretion), yet the lack of comprehensive dietary assessment will not allow identification of major food contributors to total salt intake. Another limitation is our ability to effectively monitor the food industry adherence to the legislation. While we will work with key stakeholders to jointly evaluate the degree of enforcement observed and sodium content of food products, this is not the primary aim of the study. One potential limitation could be the choice of comparison group. Using Ghana provides a reasonable choice with some similar demographic and epidemiological characteristics and without formal national-level sodium legislation. While standard training and interview techniques as well as survey instruments were used, there was a difference of several months in the time frame for wave 2 data collections in South Africa and Ghana. It is unclear if this will impact the validity of comparisons. A clear analytical plan will be in place to facilitate interpretation of results by WHO-SAGE, SAGE-Ghana and SAGE-South Africa teams.
Strengths of the study
The comprehensive assessment of the ageing process within SAGE, alongside the rigorous random selection procedures employed, provides an ideal opportunity to assess the effectiveness of this legislative public health approach. Additionally, WHO SAGE is ideally placed for ongoing data collection to include evaluation of the planned 2019 legislative changes to further reduce sodium levels in foods and collection of data on hard end points such as cardiovascular-related mortality which require a longer time frame. WHO-SAGE measures BP in each wave of data collection and will continue to do this. While urinary sodium analysis is conducted only for waves 2 and 3 in the nested studies in South Africa and Ghana, from wave 2 onwards, questions on discretionary salt use have been added to SAGE for all respondents in each of the six countries. This will provide valuable data on self-reported discretionary salt behaviours as countries implement various strategies to reduce population salt intake.
Considering the burden of potentially preventable hypertension on health services in South Africa, the government's population-level advance towards making the food supply healthier is innovative. The current study adopts a novel approach to evaluate this public health policy in a cost-efficient and pragmatic manner, generating information relevant to other countries, as sodium legislation is increasingly being adopted by governments across the globe.
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Stephen Rule, Dr Robin Richards and Godfrey Dlulane of Outsourced Insight who were subcontracted to conduct the surveys and coordinate data collection within South Africa.
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. Fewer adults add salt at the table after initiation of a national salt campaign in the UK: a repeated cross-sectional analysis. Br J Nutr 2013;110:552–8. doi:10.1017/S0007114512005430
Shankar B,
Brambila-Macias J,
Traill B, et al
. An evaluation of the UK Food Standards Agency's salt campaign. Health Econ 2013;22:243–50. doi:10.1002/hec.2772
Lerchl K,
Rakova N,
Dahlmann A, et al
. Agreement between 24-hour salt ingestion and sodium excretion in a controlled environment. Hypertension 2015;66:850–7. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05851
Mente A,
O'Donnell MJ,
Yusuf S
. Measuring sodium intake in populations: Simple is best? Am J Hypertens 2015;28: 1303–5. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpv076
Wielgosz A,
Robinson C,
Mao Y, et al
. The impact of using different methods to assess completeness of 24-hour urine collection on estimating dietary sodium. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2016;18:581–4. doi:10.1111/jch.12716
O'Donnell M,
. Sodium intake and cardiovascular health. Circ Res 2015;116:1046–57. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303771
Ji C,
Sykes L,
Paul C, et al
. Systematic review of studies comparing 24-hour and spot urine collections for estimating population salt intake. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2012;32:307–15. doi:10.1590/S1020-49892012001000010
KC and LJW contributed equally.
Contributors KC, PK and NN designed research. LJW, RBB, EM, CP and AES implemented research. S(L)M, GAA, JB and ET were responsible for laboratory analyses. KC, PK and LJW were equal contributors to the paper drafting. All authors reviewed and approved the final version. KC and PK have primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding This work is supported by an agreement with the CDC Foundation with financial support provided by Bloomberg Philanthropies and a Partnerships & Research Development Fund (PRDF) grant from the Australia Africa Universities Network. SAGE is supported by the WHO and the Division of Behavioral and Social Research (BSR) at the National Institute on Aging (NIA), US National Institutes of Health, through Interagency Agreements (OGHA 04034785; YA1323-08-CN-0020; Y1-AG-1005-01) with the WHO and a Research Project Grant 1 R01 AG034479.
Disclaimer The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the WHO or the funding bodies. KC takes responsibility for the contents of this article.
Ethics approval The WHO Ethics Review Committee approved the study (RPC149). Local ethical approval was obtained from the North-West University Human Research Ethics Committee (Potchefstroom, South Africa), University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (Johannesburg, South Africa), and University of Ghana Medical School Ethics and Protocol Review Committee (Accra, Ghana).
Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/ This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/


During the 3 Months forecast, the algorithm had predicted high returns for those seeking stock advice. The best performance in the short position came from DRYS which registered a return of 99.32%. For the long positions the largest growth was registered by IMGN with a return of 96.77%, during the same period. The package itself, had an overall average return of 23.22%, in the long position, providing a premium of 20.15% over the SP500's return of 3.07%. With regards to the short position, the package had an overall average return of 20.27%, providing investors with a premium of 17.20% over S&P500's return of 3.07%. The I Know First's Stock Market Algorithm accurately forecasted 7 out of 10 stocks, for the long position, and 9 out of 10 stocks, for the short position for this 3 Months forecasted period.


Betfred has signed a deal with slots and table games supplier Realistic Games to provide the bookmaker with its full portfolio of blackjack and roulette games. The roll-out will include a number of recent slot releases such as Fireworks and Crystal Clear.
Russell Young, Commercial Director at Betfred.com, comments: "We pride ourselves in offering our players the widest selection of quality games on the market, so joining forces with Realistic was a simple decision for us.
Andy Harris, CEO at Realistic Games, adds: "We are really pleased to be providing our games to Betfred, one of the UK's most recognised and well respected gambling brands.
Fred Done Joins ActiveWins at BAC – Wunderbar!


Serving the Winter Garden area.
From Business: Weddings. Banquets. Parties and shows and dancing.
Quite possibly the most perfect gel manicure I have ever had. The space is clean, quiet and soothing. All of the manicurists are friendly and willing to chat, or let you sit back in silence.I will be returning here, and bringing all my friends regularly.
Love this salon! Amazing nail work/techs and great ambiance and a gracious owner...Joe! I will be back as a regular customer!
My husband has been going to Yen's for over 19 years and will not allow anyone else to cut his flat top. I also get high light/low lights and cut there. And always love stepping out of the salon to show off my hair ! Love l Love them! Also, prices cheaper than other salon's!!
I'm a Chico's Gal and the service and quality of THIS store is TOP'S!!! I drive all the way from Orlando just to shop in this particular store I like it that much!!
Awesome , friendly, Christian atmosphere The owner was very polite and pleasant I find her to be very knowledgeable when it comes to hair care. I will return and if your are looking for a great hairstylist, then this is the place you would want to visit .
IDA ROCKS!!!! She is the best waxing specialist ever! Her brazilian waxes are nearly pain free, she has it down to a science. The salon is beautiful and the prices are reasonable.
Great experience! My eyebrows look awesome!
I LOVE IT!!!!!! Heather and Ashley (Mom & Daughter Team) are so nice and talented. They always go the extra mile when accomodating us for appointments, products and services. I have NEVER had a hairdresser that really takes the time to make us feel special. For my daughter and me, Heather and Ashley are our dynamic duo. My best friend Shannon had her hair done by Ashley and absolutely LOVED IT!!!! Splash of Color Salon is AWESOME!!!
What a great and friendly atmosphere in this small, but comfortable salon. All the ladies inside were great and Heather, the shops owner, did a fantastic job on my cut and color. I've already booked another appointment and will go in again soon for a mani/pedi. I would very much recommend this place to all my friends...and will.


This is an original painting....thus a one off!
I do not sell prints.
Note: colours may vary very slightly due to monitor settings.
Size is 12" x 16" Approx.
Painted On Pure acid free140lb Bockingford watercolour paper.
Pure Winsor & Newton top grade paints used.
Signed on the reverse initialled on front.
Sold unframed leaving the buyer free to buy frame of choice!
This artwork is sold and shipped to you by Adrienne Kemp, and will be packaged in a reinforced envelope. Artworks are dispatched within 5 working days from United Kingdom.


text:
Here's what you can learn from Justin Thomas' off-the-charts golf IQ
By: Luke Kerr-Dineen August 3, 2020
Justin Thomas is a serial winner. Has been since his days in junior golf, and is today on the PGA Tour. The 27-year-old's victory at the WGC-FedEx St. Jude Invitational marks his 13th PGA Tour title and launched him to World No. 1 once again.
His performance was rife with fantastic shots from tee-to-green, but the lasting moment for me came on JT's 72nd hole, a 450 yard par-4 where he secured the tournament with one bad shot, one decent shoot, a very good shot, and a tap in. The highlights are fun to watch, but it's often the lowlights, like this specific moment, that are what recreational golfers can learn the most from, and mark the sign of a truly elite player like JT.
It started on the tee. JT pulled a 3-wood and hit one of the worst shots of the day — something resembling a block-fade. With water and OB left, and a slim two-shot lead in the tournament, the reason for the miss was more mental than technical: Good old fashioned nerves.
"I saw that I had a two-shot lead, hence the reason I hit it right of the universe," Thomas said afterwards. "It was not going left, I promise you that."
Players win based on the quality of their bad shots, not just their good shots.
(PGA TOUR)
There are two things worth pointing out here.
The first is what JT pointed out himself in the quote above: He immediately identified the worst-case scenario. There is exactly one shot on this tee that will lose you the tournament, and it's missing left. Hit the ball literally anywhere but left — even if it's a million yards to the right — and you're still in with a chance of winning the tournament. It's classic winning ugly, golf-is-a-game-of-misses stuff. JT's shot wasn't a good one, but he doesn't care. It was exactly the right kind of bad shot (which in some ways makes it a great shot).
The second decision point was his club selection. The most common play here was to take a driver, blast it past those bunkers with a draw. Indeed, some would have probably recommended JT hit driver here too, considering he was due to finish earlier than the others. Hit a good shot, and the tournament is effectively over.
But hitting that shot also comes with a potential cost: It brings more water into play. It brings OB long into play, and maybe even the water all the way to the right. If JT hit a similar shot to the one he did on the 16th hole or the one he did eventually with his 3-wood, he would've been somewhere between super blocked-out and OB.
A bad drive would've been OB, blocked out, or worse.
(GOOGLE EARTH)
But JT really wasn't interested in playing the risk-reward game. By pulling back and hitting 3-wood, he effectively made his margin of error huge: Anywhere but left. It all but guaranteed he could hit an atrocious shot and still be fine, which is pretty much exactly what happened.
The same miss with a 3-wood gives him an almost-clear shot to the green.
Fast-forward to the next shot. JT actually got a little unlucky with the lie — the ball was way below his feet — but he had a pretty unencumbered view of the green.
Once again, JT identified the absolute no-go zone, which was anything left. The green is obviously the goal, but the best worst-case scenario is long left. The pin is tucked front left, so long right, where the grass is mowed low, gives you lots of green to work with.
When the ball is below your feet, it will make the ball go right. Remember that for the next time you play. Sometimes a ball below your feet can prompt a compensation in your swing (like a flip of your hands, for instance) which will make the ball stay straight, but on the whole, it's a pretty sure bet that if the ball is below your feet, the ball will go to the right.
But what's interesting is that JT isn't banking on the ball going right. His clubface, at least from what I can tell, is aiming pretty much at that sponsor's structure, which is in the middle of the green.
Why? Because if JT aims left and hope the slope will bring it back to the middle of the green, best case scenario is that it hits the middle of the green. The worst case scenario is that the ball says straight, flies right of the green and goes into the water. Game over.
A mis-hit finds the center, a standard shot sets up an easy chip.
And so JT aimed aimed at the middle of the green and clubbed up. If it goes right as he expects, he catches the right side of the green or into that area where he'll have an easy chip. If he double-crosses it, he'll probably catch the left side of the green.
His eventual shot seemed to come out a little more right than he expected, but still ended in the aforementioned chipping area.
Playing the percentages often isn't glamorous, but it works.
The ball settled about pin high 30 yards right of the green, with a nice lie and a ton of green to work with. If somebody told you to place your ball in the easiest place to get up-and-down, you'd be a fool not to place it here.
Pin high with lots of green to work with: The perfect miss.
JT's shot, in reality, was much shorter than 30 yards, because all he needed to do was hit his ball about a yard onto the green. JT being JT, executed it perfectly, lofting the ball into the perfect spot and letting it trickle down into tap-in range.
"That chip shot on 18 was pretty sick." he said. "It's not a hard shot to hit inside 10 feet, but it's pretty hard to hit as close as I did under the circumstances and the grain and the nerves. I was pretty proud of that one."
With so much green to work with, JT hit a soft chip and let the green do the rest.
JT's par won him the day, and while his previous 17 holes featured a host of impressive shots, his drive and approach wouldn't fall into that category. And therein lies the lesson: JT's decision on each of his first two shots had only one priority — anywhere but left. It's something the rest of us can learn from. Step up to a hole, identify the one area of the hole where you absolutely can't go, and play the hole around it.
JT won the tournament not because, at the last moment, he hit shots that were perfectly executed. Instead, he hit imperfect shots that were perfectly managed.
Golf remains a game of misses.
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wgc-fedex st. jude
Luke Kerr-Dineen
Golf.com Contributor
Luke Kerr-Dineen is the Director of Game Improvement Content at GOLF Magazine and GOLF.com. In his role he oversees all the brand's service journalism spanning instruction, equipment, health and fitness, across all of GOLF's multimedia platforms.
An alumni of the International Junior Golf Academy and the University of South Carolina–Beaufort golf team, where he helped them to No. 1 in the national NAIA rankings, Luke moved to New York in 2012 to pursue his Masters degree in Journalism from Columbia University and in 2017 was named News Media Alliance's "Rising Star." His work has also appeared in USA Today, Golf Digest, Newsweek and The Daily Beast.
Author Facebook Account
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Rory McIlroy responds to Justin Thomas controversy
By: Dylan Dethier
Justin Thomas loses Ralph Lauren as sponsor after anti-gay slur
By: Nick Piastowski
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By: Michael Bamberger
Justin Thomas apologizes for anti-gay slur at Tournament of Champions
Justin Thomas has already trolled Tiger and Charlie Woods following his PNC Championship win
By: Josh Berhow
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By: Zephyr Melton
Why Justin Thomas' dad plays clubs twice as expensive as his son's
By: Jonathan Wall
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By: Andrew Tursky
2020 PNC Championship purse: Payout information and winner's share in Orlando
By: James Colgan


text:
What are the 8 characteristics of teamwork?
Here are eight characteristics of effective teams:
The team must have a clear, specific goal.
The team must have a results-driven structure.
The team must have competent team members.
The team must have unified commitment.
The team must have a collaborative climate.
What is teamwork simple words?
Teamwork is the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal or to complete a task in the most effective and efficient way. This concept is seen within the greater framework of a team, which is a group of interdependent individuals who work together towards a common goal.
What are the six collaborative behaviors?
To help you optimize the power of collaboration, here are six crucial leadership behaviors:
Silo "busting"
Building trust.
Aligning body language.
Promoting diversity.
Sharpening "soft" skills.
Creating "psychological safety"
What makes a self managed team unique?
Team members can come from the same or different departments. What makes a self-managed team unique? Members of the team are given administrative oversight for their task area. Self-managed teams are defined as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains.
What is a collaborative essay?
Collaborative writing involves two or more persons working together to produce a written document. Also called group writing, it is a significant component of work in the business world, and many forms of business writing and technical writing depend on the efforts of collaborative writing teams.
What are the 12 characteristics of an effective team?
Aron sets out the 12 characteristics that Parker identifies:
Clear Purpose. The vision, mission, goal or task of the team is defined and accepted by everyone on the team.
Informality.
Participation.
Listening.
Civilised Disagreement.
Consensus Decisions.
Open Communication.
Clear Roles and Work Assignments.
What makes an effective leader?
As well as providing direction, inspiration, and guidance, good leaders exhibit courage, passion, confidence, commitment, and ambition. They nurture the strengths and talents of their people and build teams committed to achieving common goals.
How do you make a coauthor paper?
How to Co-Author a Research Paper
Find a Great Opportunity. Step 1: let your faculty mentor know you're interested.
Assign Authorship.
Draft a Written Agreement.
Discuss the Workload.
Explore Different Techniques.
Why are documents written collaboratively?
Reasons for use. Often, collaborative writing is used in instances where a workload would be overwhelming for one person to produce. Therefore, ownership of the text is from the group that produced it and not just one person.
What are five strategies for effective collaboration?
These are five strategies to encourage effective collaboration.
Create Learning Activities That Are Complex.
Prepare Students to Be Part of a Team.
Minimize Opportunities for Free Riding.
Build in Many Opportunities for Discussion and Consensus.
Focus on Strengthening and Stretching Expertise.
What are examples of teamwork?
Examples of teamwork skills
Communication. The ability to communicate in a clear, efficient way is a critical teamwork skill.
Responsibility.
Honesty.
Active listening.
Awareness.
What are examples of good leadership?
Examples of Strong Leadership Skills That Lead to Success
Acting With Integrity. Leaders who inspire trust show great integrity.
Demonstrating Competence.
Prioritizing Relationships.
Motivating and Supporting Others.
Delegating Tasks.
Thinking Creatively and Encouraging Innovation.
Serving a Cause Greater Than Yourself.
Speaking Your Vision.
What makes a team unique?
Diversity and Heterogeneity Each team member is valued for their unique talents and skills. Collectively, a diverse skill set, way of thinking, experiences, idea generation and problem solving helps to create an effective team and enhance results.
What are three characteristics of an effective leader?
The Characteristics & Qualities of a Good Leader
Ability to delegate.
Self-awareness.
Gratitude.
Learning agility.
What attributes make a good team?
Here are a few qualities that a successful team possesses.
1) They communicate well with each other.
2) They focus on goals and results.
3) Everyone contributes their fair share.
4) They offer each other support.
5) Team members are diverse.
6) Good leadership.
7) They're organized.
8) They have fun.
Is teamwork a soft skill?
Like leadership, good teamwork involves a combination of other soft skills. Working in a team towards a common goal requires the intuition and interpersonal acumen to know when to be a leader and when to be a listener. Good team players are perceptive, as well as receptive to the needs and responsibilities of others.
What is the best example of teamwork?
Here are some good teamwork examples for the workplace:
Examples of Teamwork: Collaborate with Teammates. Collaboration in the workplace depends on communication.
Examples of Teamwork: Embrace Variety, Not Monotony.
Examples of Teamwork: Tickle Someone's Fancy.
Examples of Teamwork: Good, Bad And Ugly Days.
What are the four main elements of a successful team?
To establish an effective team – there are four essential elements: Goals, Roles, Interpersonal Relationships and Processes.
How do you request collaboration?
4 Things to Do Before Asking Someone to Collaborate
Know your company inside and out.
Identify your "Asks & Gives"
Look for the overlap.
Get a warm introduction.
What are 3 important skills for teamwork and collaboration?
6 crucial collaboration skills (and how to foster them)
Open-mindedness. One of the most important aspects of collaborating well is being open to and accepting of new ideas.
Communication. Clear and thoughtful communication is another must-have for successful collaboration.
Long-term thinking.
Adaptability.
Debate.
What are the six characteristics of effective teams?
The teams must show the following six characteristics in order to achieve victory:
A Common Goal. Successful teamwork is the ability to work together toward a common vision…
Open Communication. The great enemy of communication…
Team Roles.
Practical Problem Solving.
Bonding.
What is an effective teamwork?
Good teamwork means a synergistic way of working with each person committed and working towards a shared goal. Teamwork maximises the individual strengths of team members to bring out their best.
Which qualities in a person does team spirit bring out name any three?
Team spirit is an attitude to work in a team by combining efforts to achieve a mutual goal. Regardless of how efficient one might be working alone, every individual has to work in a team at a certain point. Team members should have an attitude of solidarity, cooperation, and collaboration between the organization.
How do you build team spirit in sports?
Here are a few ideas on how to build a strong team "spirit" in your organization:
Articulate and operate within a core set of values.
Provide clear direction and a sense of purpose.
Make trust-building a top priority.
Value the contribution of each player.
Build on strengths; manage weakness.
What is the importance of team spirit?
Team spirit is crucial to a work environment the stronger the team the stronger the company, by having strong team spirit among colleagues will boost motivation and will enable colleagues to feel a part of a team.
How do you build team spirit in school?
8 simple ways to promote team spirit among youth
learning to recognize everyone's strengths and accept their weaknesses.
learning to step aside and make room for the most competent person without disappearing from the picture altogether.
collaborating with people you have little in common with.
taking your place while leaving room for others.
How is team spirit created 6th class?
Answer: Team spirit can be created by recognising the team players, who drive success within any team, treating all of them fairly, trusting them at all tiems and creating a right environment for them.
What is the value of trust in a team?
Trust is essential to an effective team, because it provides a sense of safety. When your team members feel safe with each other, they feel comfortable to open up, take appropriate risks, and expose vulnerabilities.
What leads to successful teamwork?
The key elements to successful teamwork are trust, communication and effective leadership; a focus on common goals with a collective responsibility for success (or failure). However, without trust and communication the team will have difficulty functioning effectively.
How is team spirit created answer?
Team spirit can be created by recognising the team players, who drive success within any team, treating all of them fairly, trusting them at all tiems and creating a right environment for them.
What is a good team spirit?
Team spirit is an attitude that enables people to work well together. It's about camaraderie, cooperation and collaboration between different members of the organization. Team spirit is based on the culture of the company. This kind of behavior shows employees that the company values camaraderie and cooperation.
How do you build team coherence and spirit?
8 Ways to Build a Cohesive Team
Establish a mission. The most important factor to determine before selecting members is your team's mission.
Look for diversity. The most successful teams require diversity.
Practice teamwork.
Utilize individual strengths.
Communicate effectively.
Give feedback.
Ask for feedback.
Celebrate success.
What describes an effective team?
In the simplest terms, everyone needs to work productively with one another. Successful teams don't just happen — it takes putting people together with good problem-solving, decision making, communication, and interpersonal skills. When putting together teams, they choose people they sense will work together well.
What makes a team cohesive?
Being a cohesive team means that not only are group goals met but everyone feels like they have contributed to the overall success of the group. Individuals on a cohesive team tend to focus more on the entire group rather than their individual selves and are more motivated to work towards the team goal.
What builds a successful team?
To build a strong team, consider these eight steps:
Set SMART goals.
Perform well-defined roles.
Experiment regularly.
Embrace diversity.
Share a common culture.
Be accountable to the team.
Welcome strong leadership.


Balkan Bites is an attempt at providing travellers to Sofia with the first free daily food tour in Europe and maybe the world.
Soup bars are a healthy and delicious alternative to fast food.
The Locations: We visit the trend setters of Sofia and show you what makes them stand out.
Visit a family owned restaurant with a traditional style of cooking and atmosphere.
Then why not join us for a Pub Crawl at night?


Celestial Seasonings Herbal Tea Caffeine Free Lemon Zinger Description: Caffeine Free Herbal tea 100% Natural Tea There's no mistaking a Zinger. The classic lemonade stand-style refreshment of this enduring favorite starts with real lemons and lively Guatemalan lemongrass. We blend our lemons with hibiscus, whose tangy taste and ruby-red color are the signature of a Zinger, to create a bright tea that's equally satisfying under the sun and the moon. Free Of Caffeine, Gluten Disclaimer These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Ingredients : Hibiscus, rosehips, roasted chicory root, orange peel, lemon grass, lemon peel and whole dried lemons, natural lemon flavor, citric acid.


text:
Whaling/External Links
< Whaling
A hand-picked, annotated list of Web resources about Whaling.
1 Pro-whaling groups
2 Anti-whaling groups
3 Other information
International Whaling Commission - international body concerned with regulating whaling worldwide.
Pro-whaling groups
World Council of Whalers - non-governmental organisation promoting the rights of whaling communities globally.
Japan Whaling Association - official English site.
High North Alliance - official English site of an organisation representing whaling communities in and around Scandinavia.
Anti-whaling groups
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society - international conservation charity.
Hvalfangstmuseet - Norwegian whaling museum with pages in English.
The Whaling Times - whaling in Scotland.
Whaling Quiz - test your knowledge of whaling around the world courtesy of Fukuoka Prefectural University, Japan.
Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Whaling/External_Links&oldid=423897"
Agriculture External Link Subpages
Agriculture External Links
Agriculture Content
Agriculture tag
This page was last modified 09:16, 30 May 2009.