text:
package aqa;

import java.io.StringReader;
import org.junit.Test;
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Before;
import aqa.parser.OutputWriter;
import aqa.parser.InputProvider;

/**
 *
 * @author martinhart
 */
public class InterpreterTest {

    private Interpreter subject;
    private OutputObserverStub outputObserver;
    private InputProviderStub inputProvider;
    private String codeToParse;
    private String inputData;

    @Before
    public void setUp() {
        outputObserver = new OutputObserverStub();
        inputProvider = new InputProviderStub();
        codeToParse = "";
        inputData = "";
    }

    @Test
    public void testEmpty() throws Exception {
        parse("");
        check("");
    }

    @Test
    public void literals() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 1234", "1234");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT TRUE", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT FALSE", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 3.14159", "3.14159");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 'Hello, World!'", "Hello, World!");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT([1, 2])", "12");
    }

    @Test
    public void negativeInteger() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT -1", "-1");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddition() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1 + 3)", "4");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (20 + 2 + 4)", "26");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1 + 3.59)", "4.59");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (2.2 + 30)", "32.2");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1.1 + 3.3)", "4.4");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ('hello' + 'world')", "helloworld");
    }

    @Test
    public void testOutput() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 23", "23");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 23.45", "23.45");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT TRUE", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 'Hi'", "Hi");
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubtraction() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10 - 3)", "7");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10.0 - 3.2)", "6.8");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10 - 0.1)", "9.9");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (9.9 - 2)", "7.9");
    }

    @Test
    public void testMultiplication() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10 * 3)", "30");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10.1 * 2.0)", "20.2");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10 * 2.2)", "22.0");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (0.1 * 20)", "2.0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntegerDivision() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (9 DIV 5)", "1");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (5 DIV 2)", "2");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (8 DIV 4)", "2");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntegerDivisionResultingInRealWithDiv() throws Exception {
        parse("OUTPUT (10 DIV 3)");
        check("3");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntegerDivisionResultingInRealWithDivide() throws Exception {
        parse("OUTPUT (10 / 4)");
        check("2.5");
    }

    @Test
    public void testIntegerModulus() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (9 MOD 5)", "4");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (5 MOD 2)", "1");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (8 MOD 4)", "0");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDivision() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10.0 / 2.5)", "4.0");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (10.0 / 2)", "5.0");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 / 2.5)", "40.0");
    }

    @Test
    public void greaterThan() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 > 20)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 > 200)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 > 100.2)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 > 100.4)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 > 99.9)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 > 999.99)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.9 > 100)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.9 > 99)", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void greaterThanOrEqual() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 >= 20)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 >= 200)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 >= 100.2)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 >= 100.4)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 >= 99.9)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 >= 999.99)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.9 >= 100)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.9 >= 99)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.9 >= 99.9)", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void lessThan() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("9 < 8", "");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99 < 98)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (98 < 99)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 < 100.2)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 < 100.4)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 < 100)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.3 < 100)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 < 99.3)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 < 101.3)", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void lessThanOrEqual() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99 <= 98)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (98 <= 99)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (98 <= 98)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 <= 100.2)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 <= 100.4)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 <= 100.3)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100.3 <= 100)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.3 <= 100)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (99.3 <= 99.3)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 <= 99.3)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (100 <= 101.3)", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void equal() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (19 = 19)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (19 = 18)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1.1 = 1.1)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1.1 = 1.2)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (TRUE = TRUE)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (TRUE = FALSE)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ('a' = 'a')", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ('a' = 'b')", "FALSE");
    }

    @Test
    public void notEqual() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (19 != 19)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (19 != 18)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1.1 != 1.1)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (1.1 != 1.2)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (TRUE != TRUE)", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (TRUE != FALSE)", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ('a' != 'a')", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ('a' != 'b')", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void logicalAnd() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ((3 = 3) AND (3 <= 4))", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ((3 != 3) AND (3 <= 4))", "FALSE");
    }

    @Test
    public void logicalOr() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ((1 < 1) OR (1 < 2))", "TRUE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ((1 < 1) OR (1 <= 0))", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT ((1 < 2) OR (2 < 3))", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void logicalNot() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (NOT (1=1))", "FALSE");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (NOT (1=2))", "TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void variableDeclaration() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("a <- 10 OUTPUT a", "10");
    }

    @Test
    public void variableAssignment() throws Exception {
        push("a <- 1");
        push("b <- 2");
        push("a <- a + b");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("3");
    }

    @Test
    public void stringLength() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT LEN('Hello')", "5");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT LEN('a')", "1");
    }

    @Test
    public void stringPosition() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT POSITION('computer science', 'm')", "2");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT POSITION('wibble', 'x')", "-1");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT POSITION('wibble', 'b')", "2");
    }

    @Test
    public void substring() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT SUBSTRING(2, 9, 'computer science')", "mputer s");
    }

    @Test
    public void stringToInt() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT STRING_TO_INT('19')", "19");
    }

    @Test(expected=InterpreterException.class)
    public void stringToIntWithInvalidData() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT STRING_TO_INT('1abacus9')", "NOTUSED");
    }

    @Test
    public void stringToReal() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT STRING_TO_REAL('19.2')", "19.2");
    }

    @Test(expected=InterpreterException.class)
    public void stringToRealWithInvalidData() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT STRING_TO_REAL('hek')", "NOTUSED");
    }

    @Test
    public void intToString() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT INT_TO_STRING(23) + 'a'", "23a");
    }

    @Test
    public void realToString() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT REAL_TO_STRING(1.5) + 'a'", "1.5a");
    }

    @Test
    public void charToCode() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT CHAR_TO_CODE('a')", "97");
    }

    @Test
    public void codeToChar() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT CODE_TO_CHAR(97)", "a");
    }

    @Test
    public void randomInt() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT RANDOM_INT(1, 1)", "1");
    }

    @Test
    public void arrayIndexing() throws Exception {
        push("a <- [1,2,3]");
        push("b <- a[1]");
        push("OUTPUT b");
        parse();
        check("2");
    }

    @Test(expected=InterpreterException.class)
    public void arrayIndexingUsingNonIntegerIndex() throws Exception {
        push("a <- 'hello'");
        push("b <- [1]");
        push("c <- b[a]");
        parse();
    }

    @Test(expected=InterpreterException.class)
    public void arrayIndexingANonArray() throws Exception {
        push("a <- 1");
        push("OUTPUT a[0]");
        parse();
    }

    @Test
    public void arrayElementAssignment() throws Exception {
        push("a <- [1, 2, 3, 4]");
        push("a[2] <- 'HELLO'");
        push("OUTPUT a[2]");
        parse();
        check("HELLO");
    }

    @Test
    public void arrayElementAssignmentFromArrayIndex() throws Exception {
        push("a <- [1, 2]");
        push("a[0] <- a[1]");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("22");
    }

    @Test
    public void arrayLength() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT LEN([1, 2])", "2");
    }

    @Test
    public void inspectString() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("INSPECT 'h'", "'h'");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifWhenTrue() throws Exception {
        push("a <- (1 < 2)");
        push("IF a THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 200");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("200");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifWhenFalse() throws Exception {
        push("a <- (1 < 0)");
        push("IF a THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 200");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifElseWhenTrue() throws Exception {
        push("a <- (1 < 2)");
        push("IF a THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 200");
        push("ELSE");
        push("OUTPUT 100");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("200");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifElseWhenFalse() throws Exception {
        push("a <- (1 < 0)");
        push("IF a THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 200");
        push("ELSE");
        push("OUTPUT 100");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("100");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifElseIfElse1() throws Exception {
        push("IF TRUE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 1");
        push("ELSE IF FALSE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 2");
        push("ELSE");
        push("OUTPUT 3");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("1");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifElseIfElse2() throws Exception {
        push("IF FALSE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 1");
        push("ELSE IF TRUE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 2");
        push("ELSE");
        push("OUTPUT 3");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("2");
    }

    @Test
    public void ifElseIfElse3() throws Exception {
        push("IF FALSE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 1");
        push("ELSE IF FALSE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 2");
        push("ELSE");
        push("OUTPUT 3");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("3");
    }

    @Test
    public void whileLoop() throws Exception {
        push("a <- ''");
        push("i <- 0");
        push("WHILE i < 3");
        push("a <- a + INT_TO_STRING(i)");
        push("i <- i + 1");
        push("ENDWHILE");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("012");
    }

    @Test
    public void repeatLoop() throws Exception {
        push("a <- ''");
        push("i <- 0");
        push("REPEAT");
        push("a <- a + INT_TO_STRING(i)");
        push("i <- i + 2");
        push("UNTIL i > 6");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("0246");
    }

    @Test
    public void forLoop() throws Exception {
        push("a <- ''");
        push("FOR i <- 0 TO 3");
        push("a <- a + INT_TO_STRING(i)");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("0123");
    }

    @Test
    public void emptyForLoop() throws Exception {
        push("FOR i <- 0 TO 1");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("OUTPUT i");
        parse();
        check("1");

        reset();
        push("FOR i <- 0 TO -1");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("OUTPUT i");
        parse();
        check("0");
    }

    @Test
    public void nestedFor() throws Exception {
        push("FOR i <- 0 TO 1");
        push("FOR j <- 0 TO 2");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("OUTPUT i + j");
        parse();
        check("3");
    }

    @Test
    public void forLoopWhereSecondConditionLessThanFirst() throws Exception {
        push("a <- TRUE");
        push("FOR i <- 0 TO -1");
        push("a <- FALSE");
        push("ENDFOR");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("TRUE");
    }

    @Test
    public void nestedIf() throws Exception {
        push("IF TRUE THEN");
        push("IF TRUE THEN");
        push("OUTPUT 23");
        push("ENDIF");
        push("ENDIF");
        parse();
        check("23");
    }

    @Test
    public void nestedWhile() throws Exception {
        push("a <- 0");
        push("b <- 0");
        push("WHILE (a < 10)");
        push("WHILE (b < 5)");
        push("b <- b + 1");
        push("ENDWHILE");
        push("a <- a + 1");
        push("ENDWHILE");
        push("OUTPUT a + b");
        parse();
        check("15");
    }

    @Test
    public void nestedRepeat() throws Exception {
        push("a <- 0");
        push("b <- 0");
        push("REPEAT");
        push("REPEAT");
        push("b <- b + 1");
        push("UNTIL b > 20");
        push("a <- a + 1");
        push("UNTIL a > 10");
        push("OUTPUT a + b");
        parse();
        check("42");
    }

    @Test
    public void userInput() throws Exception {
        pushInput("Hello");
        push("a <- USERINPUT");
        push("OUTPUT a");
        parse();
        check("Hello");
    }

    @Test
    public void constantVariableDeclaration() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("constant abacus <- 'Hello'\nOUTPUT abacus", "Hello");
    }

    @Test(expected = Exception.class)
    public void cannotChangeConstantVariable() throws Exception {
        push("constant var <- 12");
        push("var <- 2");
        parse();
    }

    @Test
    public void parenthesizedExpressions() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT (8+2)*3", "30");
        parseAndCheck("OUTPUT 8+(2*3)", "14");
    }

    @Test
    public void assigningToA2DArray() throws Exception {
        push("ary <- [[]]");
        push("ary[0][0] <- 1");
        push("OUTPUT ary[0]");
        parse();
        check("1");
    }

    @Test
    public void readingFrom2DArray() throws Exception {
        push("ary <- [[1, 2], [3, 4]]");
        push("OUTPUT ary[0][0]");
        parse();
        check("1");
    }

    @Test(expected=InterpreterException.class)
    public void lengthOnSomethingThatDoesNotHaveALength() throws Exception {
        parseAndCheck("LEN(23)", "NOTUSED");
    }

    private void push(String code) {
        codeToParse += code + "\n";
    }

    /**
     * Clear the code being parsed - so we can start pushing again.
     */
    private void reset() {
        codeToParse = "";
    }

    private void pushInput(String str) {
        inputProvider.inputData += str + "\n";
    }

    private void parse() throws Exception {
        subject = new Interpreter(new StringReader(codeToParse), outputObserver, inputProvider);
        subject.execute();
    }

    private void parse(String code) throws Exception {
        codeToParse = code;
        parse();
    }

    private void check(String expected) {
        assertEquals(expected, outputObserver.message);
    }

    private void parseAndCheck(String code, String expected) throws Exception {
        parse(code);
        check(expected);
    }

    private class OutputObserverStub implements OutputWriter {

        public String message = "";

        @Override
        public void output(String message) {
            this.message = message;
        }
    }

    private class InputProviderStub implements InputProvider {

        String inputData;

        InputProviderStub() {
            inputData = "";
        }

        @Override
        public String getInput() {
            return inputData;
        }

    }

}


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text:
The International Catholic
Manage or renew my subscription
News Briefing: Britain and Ireland
16 July 2020, The Tablet
Individual bishops can decide about Communion on tongue
by Liz Dodd , Ruth Gledhill
Bishop Philip Egan appears to have given priests permission to distribute Communion on the tongue.
Mazur/catholicnews.org.uk
The Bishops' Conference of England and Wales has said it is down to individual bishops to decide whether or not a priest in their diocese can distribute Communion on the tongue during the pandemic, after a priest in Oxford refused to distribute Communion at all because conference guidelines "make it difficult to receive Our Lord with reverence".
Official guidelines issued by the bishops' conference and based on government advice state that Communion should be distributed in silence, and on the hand. Confusion has arisen over breaches of this guidance, with a number of parishes continuing to distribute Communion on the tongue, particularly during celebrations of the Traditional Latin Mass.
This week a spokesperson for the bishops' conference told The Tablet that the guidelines are applicable to all dioceses where Mass can be celebrated publicly. "Bishops are strongly recommended to adopt the guidance but bishops have the right to act as they see fit in their own diocese and to accept the consequences of their actions," the spokesperson said.
In Portsmouth, for example, Bishop Philip Egan appears to have given priests permission to distribute Communion on the tongue. At the Bournemouth Oratory, in the Diocese of Portsmouth, this takes place after Mass has finished.
The Bishops' Conference spokesperson said: "Government guidance, applicable to all faiths, states: 'The person distributing the consumable should release it, into the hand only, in such a way to avoid any contact between them and those receiving it or wear gloves. If accidental contact does occur, both people should cleanse their hands immediately.
"This government guidance is based on the public health under- standing of viral transmission and for this reason priests are strongly advised not to give Communion on the tongue. The bishops' conference has no power to take action if these guidelines are not followed. This would be a matter for the local diocesan bishop."
The Conference's clarification comes as the Bishop of Nottingham, Patrick McKinney, responded to allegations that he had threatened to suspend priests who distributed Communion on the tongue. Bishop McKinney told The Tablet that he had "done no such thing."
"Like other bishops of the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales I have followed the Government guidance concerning the safe distribution of Holy Communion during this time of the coronavirus, namely that Communion is to be given hand to hand only and that social distancing is to be maintained with people moving into this space," he said.
"Because I was sensitive to the fact that some parishioners might well be upset that they couldn't receive on the tongue, in spite of government guidance, I wrote to all priests asking them to emphasise to parishioners 'that this is only a necessary temporary emergency measure and that, as soon as it is possible, we will revert to our usual canonical practice of offering people the choice of receiving Holy Communion either on the hand or the tongue."
Earlier this week Dr Joseph Shaw, chairman of the Latin Mass Society, said that he doubted bishops would take the unusual step of ruling on this issue for their diocese. Were they to do so, he said, they must be mindful of the rights of priests and faithful.
"The faithful may not be refused Holy Communion just because they wish to receive on the tongue," he said. "Priests may decline to distribute in the hand if there is risk of profanation. Priests may decline to offer any of the Sacraments when it is inopportune to offer them. These rights are granted by the universal law of the Church and cannot be taken away by bishops."
His comments came as the Archdiocese of Birmingham said it had entered into "fraternal dialogue" with a priest who told parishioners to "wait a little longer before receiving Holy Communion. The health and safety regulations for public Masses make it difficult to receive Our Lord with reverence."
The Archdiocese of Birmingham denied that its guidelines are irreverent, and said that actions by Fr John Saward at the celebration of Sunday Mass at the church of SS Gregory and Augustine in Oxford on 5 July "are the subject of a fraternal dialogue at present with his diocesan superiors".
The rules for Communion in Birmingham state: "Communion must be given silently in the hand only, with the communicant standing, and avoiding any physical contact."
Fr Saward did not respond to a request for a comment, although his parish website states that live-streaming of Mass has now been suspended.
In a statement, the archdiocese told The Tablet: "We are not aware of any complaints made by any individuals directly with the Archdiocese or with Fr John Saward. In light of public health guidance, the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales' guidelines for the celebration of Public Mass have provided a safe and reverent, temporary means of distributing Holy Communion. Those guidelines are to be followed by all clergy in the Archdiocese of Birmingham at the celebration of Public Mass, without exception, until further notice."
The guidelines advise clergy who are over 70 not to distribute Holy Communion at present but to arrange for another minister to do so on their behalf.
Covid-19 Catholic news Birmingham Archdiodese Fr John Saward Holy Communion Bishop Philip Egan
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text:
Civil War letter from Lee to Grant sells for $57,600
An autograph letter signed from Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant, proposing an exchange of prisoners of war, was recently sold at auction.
NEW YORK—Bidding was robust at Swann Galleries' Autographs auction on April 23, with 85 percent of items finding buyers and a sale total that landed squarely between the high and low estimates for the entire auction.
Marco Tomaschett, Autographs Cataloguer, said, "This sale demonstrated that autographs retain value despite economic shifts. The prices and sell-through rate are comparable to previous auctions that took place in the best of economic climates."
The sale's top lot was an autograph letter signed from Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant, proposing an exchange of prisoners of war. The letter, dated October 1, 1864, suggested a man-for-man trade, but was ultimately denied as Lee would not include black soldiers in the exchange. It sold for $57,600, including buyer's premium.
Among many examples of autographs by U.S. presidents were a George Washington to Frankin signature, "G:Washington," on a portion of an address leaf to "Hon Doct'r Franklin" in Philadelphia, $12,000; an autograph letter by Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of State, to William Short, American charge d'affaires to France, Philadelphia, 1791, $13,200; and an ALS from Theodore Roosevelt to a Harvard classmate, discussing his New York State Assembly nomination, and expressing doubts about his ability to succeed in politics, New York, circa 1881, $16,800.
A notorious 20th-century artifact was a complete copy of the Chicago Daily Tribune from November 3, 1948 with the premature headline "Dewey Defeats Truman," signed by both presidential candidates, and inscribed by the winner, "Truman hasn't found it out," $10,200.
Autographs of other notable 20th century figures included Annie Oakley, A Brief Sketch of Her Career and Notes on Shooting, 1913, signed by the sharpshooting superstar, $4,320, against an estimate of $700 to $1,000; a photograph of Thomas Edison and his wife, that he inscribed, "To our darling daughter Madeleine, Father and Mother," $1,560; an autograph letter signed by Sigmund Freud, in German, providing a glowing reference for his student Theodor Reik, Vienna, 1933, $9,600; and a typed letter signed from Albert Einstein to Reik, in German, commenting on books Reik had sent him, Princeton, 6 January 1941, $4,560.
Authors were represented by an autograph letter signed from Herman Melville to the secretary of the American Legation at London, requesting that he deliver a manuscript to his publisher, 1849, $15,600; a collection of more than 50 letters to D.H. Lawrence biographer Harry T. Moore, from members of Lawrence's family, and others, 1944-70s, $3,840; and a typed letter signed, with holograph corrections, from Thomas Pynchon to Charles Hollander refusing permission to publish some of his early stories, 1981, $14,400.
Autographs from noted artists and musicians included an early libretto of Parsifal: Ein Bühnenweihfestspiel, signed and inscribed by Richard Wagner, January 1, 1878, $5,520; an autograph letter signed by Grandma Moses, remarking on the increasing popularity of her work, Eagle Bridge, New York, 1940, $2,880; and a signed portrait photograph of Marcel Duchamp, circa 1964, $3,360.
All prices listed include a buyer's premium.
For complete results, an illustrated catalogue, with prices realized (on request), is available for $35 from Swann Galleries, Inc., 104 East 25th Street, New York, NY 10010, or online at www.swanngalleries.com.
For consignments to future autographs auctions, contact Marco Tomaschett at (212) 254-4710, extension 12, or via email at mtomaschett@swanngalleries.com.
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Hurley SA Champs is a go
Anticipation is building amongst the country's top young surfers as they prepare for the 2013 Hurley SA Junior Champs which get underway in the world renowned waves of Jeffreys Bay on Wednesday morning.
The team and individual national titles at stake, a host of lucrative special prizes, the chance to represent the country on the international stage and swell models predicting that the Lower Point will produce legendary overhead waves later in the week have combined to raise the excitement levels to fever-pitch.
Jeffreys Bay resident Matt McGillivray will be doing battle in the Under 17 Boy's division this year after helping his Eastern Province team to clinch their first Freedom Cup team title at last year's Hurly SA Junior Champs by winning the U15 title, the Surfer of the Contest Award and the Red Bull Airshow at the event.
"I am really stoked the event is at Point as I can just walk down and surf there almost every day which is a big advantage," says Matt. "I've been trying to stay fit and healthy and have been surfing lots so I'm feeling good and am very excited for the contest."
Fellow SA national team member Steff Burrows has a reputation of charging overhead waves in his home breaks in the Boland and is looking forward to solid waves at J-Bay in his quest for the U17 title.
"It's sick," says Steff of Lower Point. "I won a comp there earlier this year, so that helps with the confidence, I guess. And yeah, we've been getting some big barrels and uncrowded waves at home this winter."
The Eastern Province team is determined use their home-surf advantage to add their name to the historic Freedom Cup for the second successive year in the 17 year history of the event. Meanwhile 2012 runners-up KwaZulu-Natal Central, 2011 champions Western Province and teams from Southern KZN, Border, Boland, Zululand, Southern Cape and the SA Development Academy will be doing their best to wrest the prestigious team trophy away from the hosts.
In addition to the individual champions being forever recorded in the storied history of South African surfing, the winners of the U17 and U15 boys and girls titles are also automatically included in the SA Junior team that will represent the country at the next ISA World Junior Championships.
The top performers at the event are also in line for an array of lucrative special awards, including:
· Hurley Surfer of the Contest presented by All Aboard Travel – R20 000 travel voucher to Bali
· Red Bull Best Air – R5 000
· Oakley Highest Heat Score – R3 000
· Zigzag Blowing Up Award – R3 000
· Skullcandy Team Spirit Award – R3 000
· Van's Tarp Surf Champ – Product from Vans Off The Wall
The 2013 Hurley SA Junior Champs gets started with an opening function at the marquee tent at the Lower Point in Jeffreys Bay at 7pm this evening (Tuesday).
Continuing the family-friendly atmosphere created throughout the event by the sponsors, there is also a bring and braai with live music provided by top SA musician Farryl Purkiss at the beach on Thursday evening and the "My Dad's Shred Sesh" presented by Firewire Surfboards and the Country Feeling Surfshop is scheduled for 4.30 pm Friday as the anticipated new swell kicks in.
See video highlights from the 2012 champs and preview for 2013 at the event website www.sajuniorchamps.co.za
All the action and behind the scenes highlights at the 2013 Hurley SA Junior Champs can be followed on the following digital platforms:
· Hurley FB: https://www.facebook.com/Hurley.ZA
· Hurley Twitter: https://twitter.com/HurleyZA
· SA Junior Champs: https://twitter.com/sajuniorchamps (Results Only)
· Twitter account – @HurleyZA and the hashtag #sajuniorchamps
· Hurley Instagram: http://instagram.com/hurley_za
· Daily blogs, interviews, video uploads, images and results will be posted on www.sajuniorchamps.co.za and results can also be found at www.surfingsouthafrica.co.za
The South African Development Academy team is participating thanks to a grant from Sport and Recreation South Africa.
The Hurley SA Junior Champs is sanctioned by Surfing South Africa (SSA), recognised by the SA Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC) and Sport and Recreation SA as the national governing body for the sport. SSA is a member of the International Surfing Association (ISA), the world's governing body for surfing.
The 2013 Hurley SA Junior Champs is supported by All Aboard Travel, Skullcandy, Red Bull, Zigzag, Oakley, Neff, Vans Off The Wall, FUTURELIFE and Island Tribe in association with Sticky Bumps Wax, Channel Islands and Mayhem surfboards.


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Bridgewater wouldn't call Harris' hit a cheap shot, but running back Mike Davis didn't hesitate to.
"Yeah, I thought it was a cheap shot," Davis said. "It was late, hit him on the neck. You hate to see that."
Former XFL player P.J. Walker took over at quarterback for three plays, and the Panthers settled for a 39-yard field goal to pull to within 19-17.
Bridgewater seemed perturbed that "someone stuck their leg out and tripped me," slowing his momentum. After that, he simply tried to get down to protect himself because he said, "I knew they were swarming."
He remained on the field for several minutes after the hit as trainers gathered around him.
Falcons coach Raheem Morris said he knows in that type of situation that officials are going to protect the quarterback and didn't dispute Harris' ejection.
"I know he ran up on him. I know he hit him," Morris said of Harris' hit. "I'm not sure if he made full contact with his head, but obviously the officials saw it that way and so did New York, and so you've got to deal with it and get him off the field and finish the game."
Bridgewater did not look comfortable in the pocket all night, and even less so after returning from the injury with 9:45 left in the game.
Perhaps it's because, as coach Matt Rhule said, he was "under duress" all night from Atlanta's blitzing defense.
"You just can't really win when you can't control the line of scrimmage," Rhule said.
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One major advantage of Nigeria-based web hosting companies is that you can pay in Naira via bank deposit or with your debit/ATM card. Nigeria based web hosting services are also more economical. Nigeria based hosting companies offer you convenient Naira payment which is kind of a big deal in a cash dominated economy like Nigeria.
*Ebenezer Dare is the founder, Hostlag, a local web hosting company with customer satisfaction as priority.


among species, varieties, and within varieties.
pungency (Harvel and Bosland, 1997; Zewdie and Bosland, 2000; Senapati and Sarkar, 2002).
origins, Species, Growth habits, Pungency levels etc.
Large fruit, elongated big shape, pointed end.
Large fruit, elongated big shape, blunt end.
Medium fruit, elongated, pointed end.
Large fruit , elongated and pointed end.
Medium fruit, elongated and pointed end.
Small fruit, elongated, pointed end.
Small fruit, elongated, blunt end.
Small fruit, elongated. Pointed end.
CM were late, compared to KK.
high fruit yield at KK.
locations, while the others gave higher contents at CM.
- High variations in the variety : % sum square for growth (47.091.7%), yield (42.4-97.4%) and pungency (80.0-84.7%).
classified into groups, especially based on pungency levels.
low = 8 vars., medium = 2 vars. and high = 4 vars.
found in most of the characteristics studied.
gave high capsaicinoids yield at both elevations.


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Afrobarometer
Afrobarometer is an independent, non-partisan research project that measures the social, political, and economic atmosphere in Africa.
Afrobarometer surveys are conducted in more than 30 African countries and are repeated on a regular cycle. Because the instrument asks a standard set of questions, countries can be systematically compared. Trends in public attitudes are tracked over time. Results are shared with decision makers, policy advocates, civic educators, journalists, researchers, donors and investors, as well as average Africans who wish to become more informed and active citizens.
Type: Microdata, Open Data, Statistics
URL: http://www.afrobarometer.org/ All Users
Afrobarometer: An African-led series of national public attitude surveys on democracy and governance in Africa
Afrobarometer is an African-led, non-partisan survey research project that measures citizen attitudes on democracy and governance, the economy, civil society, and other topics.
We are the world's leading research project on issues that affect ordinary African men and women. We collect and publish high-quality, reliable statistical data on Africa which is freely available to the public.
We currently conduct surveys in more than 30 African countries. We are proud of what we have achieved so far and our goal is to have Afrobarometer surveys in all African countries.
Type: Open Data, Statistics
Arab Barometer
The Arab Barometer was established in 2005 by scholars in the Arab world and the United States. Leadership was initially provided by the University of Michigan and Princeton University in the U.S. and by universities and research centers in Jordan, Palestine, Morocco, Algeria and Kuwait. In 2010, a partnership was formed with the Arab Reform Initiative (ARI: www.arab-reform.net) in order to expand the project's scope and range of activities, building off ARI's regional survey work carried out in 2006-2008.
The Arab Barometer was developed in consultation with the Global Barometer project, a network composed of regional barometers in Latin America, Sub-Saharan, East Asia and South Asia (http://www.globalbarometer.net/). Like other regional Barometers, the objectives of the Arab Barometer are to produce scientifically reliable data on the politically-relevant attitudes of ordinary citizens, to disseminate and apply survey findings in order to contribute to political reform, and to strengthen institutional capacity for public opinion research.
Type: Microdata, Open Data
URL: http://arabbarometer.org/ All Users
City of London Open Data
The intent of the Open Data London initiative is to provide information and data that is easily reusable and can be used by the user as they wish. The limitations around the re-use of this data are dictated by the Terms of Use, which essentially state that:
- users are free to re-use the data
- recognition should be given to the City of London.
URL: http://www.london.ca/city-hall/open-data/Pages/default.aspx All Users
City of Windsor's Open Data
Citizens are encouraged to use or repurpose the City of Windsor's open data for research purposes or to improve their interaction with municipal services and facilities. Members of the community can use the raw data provided here to create and share resources from maps to applications and more.
Please be aware that by downloading or accessing this data, you agree to be bound by the City of Windsor's Open Data Terms of Use.
URL: https://opendata.citywindsor.ca/ All Users
Google Public Data Explorer
The Google Public Data Explorer makes large, public-interest datasets easy to explore, visualize and communicate. As the charts and maps animate over time, the changes in the world become easier to understand. You don't have to be a data expert to navigate between different views, make your own comparisons, and share your findings.
Students, journalists, policy makers and everyone else can play with the tool to create visualizations of public data, link to them, or embed them in their own webpages. Embedded charts and links can update automatically so you're always sharing the latest available data.
Type: Open Data
URL: http://www.google.com/publicdata/directory All Users
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR)
An international consortium of more than 700 academic institutions and research organizations, ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for the social science research community.
ICPSR maintains a data archive of more than 500,000 files of research in the social sciences. It hosts 16 specialized collections of data in education, aging, criminal justice, substance abuse, terrorism, and other fields.
Type: Microdata
URL: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/landing.jsp McMaster Users
Latinobarómetro
Latinobarómetro is an annual public opinion survey that involves some 20,000 interviews in 18 Latin American countries, representing more than 600 million inhabitants.
Latinobarómetro Corporation is a non-profit NGO based in Santiago, Chile, and is solely responsible for the production and publication of the data.
Latinobarómetro Corporation researches the development of democracy and economies as well as societies, using indicators of opinion, attitudes, behaviour and values. Its results are used by social and political actors, international organizations, governments and the media.
URL: http://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp All Users
Pew Global Attitudes Project -- International public opinion polls, data and commentaries
The Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project conducts public opinion surveys around the world on a broad array of subjects ranging from people's assessments of their own lives to their views about the current state of the world and important issues of the day. More than 240,000 interviews in 57 countries have been conducted as part of the project's work.
URL: http://www.pewglobal.org/ All Users
Public Religion Research Institute
PRRI's research explores and illuminates America's changing cultural, religious, and political landscape. PRRI's mission is to help journalists, scholars, pundits, thought leaders, clergy, and the general public better understand debates on public policy issues, and the important cultural and religious dynamics shaping American society and politics.
All PRRI public opinion research is based on probability sampling to ensure that results are broadly representative of the population of interest. All PRRI studies include bilingual (English and Spanish) interviewing. Telephone studies are conducted by professional interviewers and include a high proportion of cell phone interviewing. PRRI provides public access to the raw data files of its surveys after an embargo period of one year.
URL: https://www.prri.org/ All Users
Registry of Research Data Repositories (re3data.org), formerly Databib
re3data.org is a searchable catalog / registry / directory / bibliography of research data repositories.
URL: http://www.re3data.org/ All Users
The Asian Barometer
The Asian Barometer Survey is a cross-national survey project. The success of the project required collaboration among the thirteen participating country/territory teams and the funding support from many national and transnational sources. Under the data-sharing agreement among our East Asian collaborators, we have made our merged dataset and all the variables contained in our core questionnaire freely accessible to scholars and experts worldwide upon application.
URL: http://www.asianbarometer.org/ All Users
UNdata Explorer
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) launched a new internet based data service for the global user community. It brings UN statistical databases within easy reach of users through a single entry point (http://data.un.org/). Users can now search and download a variety of statistical resources of the UN system.
Useful features like Country Profiles, Advanced Search and Glossaries are also provided to aid research. The numerous databases, tables and glossaries containing over 60 million data points cover a wide range of themes including Agriculture, Crime, Education, Employment, Energy, Environment, Health, HIV/AIDS, Human Development, Industry, Information and Communication Technology, National Accounts, Population, Refugees, Tourism, Trade, as well as the Millennium Development Goals indicators.
URL: http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx All Users
Business/Financial (60)
International Trade (20)
Political Science (52)
Population and Demography (125)
(-) Public Opinion (14)
Society and Community (120)
Travel and Tourism (37)
All Users (13)
McMaster Users (1)
(-) Open Data (12)


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Are you swapping loyalty points for holiday gift items?
10/3/2012 — By Brad Tuttle
Several hotel companies have recently reported a significant rise in the number of loyalty members redeeming points for things like iPods, pearl earrings, binoculars, and Wii videogame consoles.
Via the Wall Street Journal, Marriott, InterContinental, and Hilton say that in late autumn, loyalty point redemptions for merchandise jumped 14, 15, and 23 percent, respectively. Members seem especially likely to be selecting goods that you'd expect to see soon under the Christmas tree and in holiday stockings.
An InterContinental VP quoted in the story explains the obvious upside of using points rather than shopping with actual cash:
"I think people are trying to save more of their own money," said Don Berg, vice president of loyalty programs at InterContinental, also known as IHG. "It's basically a magnification of a year-long trend we've seen that says, 'I'm holding onto my wallet a little tighter and I'm going to use currency that doesn't come out of my pay account."'
So, are you doing any holiday "shopping" with your loyalty points this year?
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More in comparison with ever previous to, boards tend to be confronted having often the daunting task for you to make certain their whole provider will be guarded effective at a strong internet attack. With the split, your aboard had been split amongst the a couple of entities, creating the customer for people so that you can create a new new board in addition to all of our new company. Each and every panel is different in the strategy. Extremely practically, you have to provide your own enter.
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Home » Financial Management
Zombie Banks – Meaning, Origin, Drawbacks, Example, and How it works?
What do you mean by Zombie Banks?
Zombie Banks are the banks or financial institutions with a net worth of less than zero or negative net worth. In other words, we can call such banks and firms as a Living Dead. Technically, such banks are already insolvent/have their current net worth in the negative. Or though they look ok currently but they are sure to become insolvent in the future. And thus, they will not be able to operate or survive without support from the government. The support from the government is mainly in the form of bailouts or guarantees, or credit support. Such support allows these banks to pay back their debts.
Origin of Zombie Banks
The first person to coin this term in 1987 'Zombie Bank' was Edward Kane. He came up with this term in his article Dangers of Capital Forbearance: The Case of the F.S.L.I.C. and 'Zombie' S.&L.'s. Kane used the term about the U.S. savings and loan crisis (S&L) in the late '80s/early '90s. Later, the term was also used when talking about the Japanese banking crisis in the '90s and the 2009 financial crisis.
How does a Bank becomes Zombie Bank?
How Zombie Banks Operate?
Zombie Company
Why do Government Support Zombie Banks?
Drawback of Supporting a Zombie Bank
Real Example: Japan's Zombie Banks
A bank that has many underperforming or non-performing assets. So, when the banks' total assets (revalued) are subtracted from their total liabilities, their net worth comes to be negative. Generally, such banks do not perform normal banking functions as they lack the resources to do so and thus, become Zombie banks over the years.
Zombie Banks appears to be okay and healthy from the outside. But their true financial health comes out once we revalue their asset. Since these banks are technically dead and feed on the money from the government, we use the term zombie for them.
Also Read: Lender of Last Resort
Zombie Banks continue to operate as long as the lenders have confidence that the government will continue to support them. But once the government pulls out, these banks die.
Similar to a zombie bank, there can also be a zombie company. Such a company is technically insolvent. It can only pay back its debt and is unable to expand. If creditors offer strict terms or government ends support to it, such companies cease to exist or die.
Government usually supports these banks because they are considered to be too big to fall. Or if the government believes that the fall of such banks will create widespread panic and it will not be good for the economy.
Though government wants to avoid widespread panic by preventing such banks from dying, supporting these banks also has its drawbacks. The biggest drawbacks include wasting hundreds of billions of dollars and sacrificing long-term economic growth.
Also Read: Advantages and Disadvantages of Bank Loans
By supporting such banks, the capital that could have been used for productive purposes gets stuck. So, the money which would have been diverted for social development and financial strengthening gets tied with the zombie banks. This is another fallacy we call in the financial world, where good money is used for bad money.
Moreover, these banks may also continue to accumulate risk by lending to businesses that are themselves not performing well. We call such type of lending from zombie banks forbearance lending. All these conditions, further injection of funds, continuous operations and lending to non-viable businesses, and so on ultimately lead to the weakening of the entire ecosystem and misallocation of resources.
In 1990, following the collapse of Japan's real estate prices and the stock market, several of the country's major banks went insolvent. However, the Japanese government continued to support these banks through guarantees and bailouts.
These banks were just eating money without making any noticeable contribution to the economy. This means they were taking deposits but were not giving anything back to the economy.
This resulted in a weak economic performance for about a decade. Economists refer to this period as the 'lost decade' for Japan. Even after 30 years, many of Japan's zombie banks still have a significant amount of non-performing assets on their balance sheet.
Europe made such a similar mistake on the lines of Japan in the 2008 financial crisis. They should have taken the learnings from Japan, but they continue to make similar mistakes that lead to the global financial crisis.
Zombie Banks are still a reality. The last we witnessed such banks were at the time of the 2008 financial crisis. At the time, many banks got financial support from their respective government (the U.S. and Europe). Even though the government supports these banks to prevent widespread panic and manage financial weakening, there is evidence that such an action is not good for long-term economic growth.
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By Amit Varma – I am a great admirer of Mahatma Gandhi, but the man had some strange views.
But here's a thing to note: despite these personal views, he never once suggested that railways, hospitals and lawyers should be banned.
There is a notion being spread these days that is as absurd as the ideas above: it is the notion that there is something wrong with using cash, and that we should head towards being a cashless society. This is nonsense. A cashless society would be a disaster for India. Here's why.
One, a fully cashless society would mean the end of privacy. India has no privacy laws, and data protection is also a big worry — every week we hear stories of some big hacking or the other.
Two, a fully cashless society could mean the end of dissent. They could make any opponent a pauper with one keystroke, freezing your bank account while they investigate alleged misdeeds.
Three, a fully cashless society endangers freedom. Cash is empowerment. In a misogynist country like India, cashlessness would hit women the hardest.
It is a myth that an advanced society must necessarily be cashless. In Germany, a country which knows the perils of authoritarianism, more than 80% of transactions are in cash, as citizens safeguard their privacy and freedom.
By Jug Suraiya – The real menace is not black money; it is what causes the creation of black money, which is corruption. How do you combat corruption?
Perhaps, our dishonesty is not gene-based but is the result of a social and cultural context in which we see our successive governments as nothing but an extension of colonial rule, thanks to the lordly distance that our netas and our babus put between themselves and us.
We inherited our political system and our bureaucracy from the British, and in exercising its power over aam admi the sarkar is often seen as being as disempowering as any foreign ruler. In which case, subverting the government by corruption might be seen as an extension of the freedom struggle.


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Low income families in Cambodia are being forced to adhere to strict rules, going hungry, and not receiving enough government support during the COVID-19 pandemic
al: Care2 Team
destinatario: The Cambodian Government
The Covid-19 pandemic has affected people around the world and Cambodia is no different. The Cambodian government is not providing enough support to low income earners and their families through this very difficult time.
Act now and tell the Cambodian government to continue supporting their people financially and reassess the strict rules in place that are stifling their freedoms!
The Cambodian government needs to urgently address the finacial and social impacts of the pandemic, which have hit hardest the country's low income and impoverished population. The government provided a one time cash payment to poorer families but there are no safegurads beyond this program. The households and people most at risk are also being asked not to leave the home and are suspended from working when lockdowns occur, putting further financial stress on them financially and the possibility of losing their jobs entirely. These people are being threatened with going hungry, losing their homes, and becoming sick from the virus.
The goverment also designated certain areas as red zones that are more at risk of transmitting and contracting the virus. There have been numerous problems with the food and relief packages to these zones, with inadequate and insufficient deliveries, as well as disproportionate amounts of food containers no matter the size of the family. Large families, single parents, and all of their children are going hungry, and they aren't even allowed to leave to buy food!
Sign the petition and urge the Cambodian government continue to support these at risk people and follow the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights that was agreed upon in 1992!
Desarrollo internacional


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TG Sheppard Do You Want To Go To Heaven?
by Greg McGrath | 18 Feb, 2016
Here is a new venture into bluegrass music by well know country music stalwart TG Sheppard.
According to his website he has always had an unstoppable passion for music. This passion along with 21 number one hits and being ranked among the top 100 country artists of all time has made him one of the most popular live performers on tour today.
Sheppard dropped out of high school and at the age of 15 ran away from home to become involved in the music industry in Memphis, Tennessee.
William Browder, as he was then known, first recorded for Atco Records as Brian Stacy in 1966. He later changed his name to TG Sheppard to begin a singing career with a rival label while still working as an executive for RCA Records.
His first hit was the song "Devil in the Bottle", which became a No. 1 hit on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and became a Top 60 Pop hit in 1975.
Here he teams up with Lorraine Jordan & Carolina Road in a music video called Do You Wanna Go To Heaven?
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Jennifer Collene Rubin (ur. 3 kwietnia 1962 w Phoenix) – amerykańska aktorka i modelka.

Filmografia
 The Twilight Zone (1985–1989) jako Amy (1987)
 Koszmar z ulicy Wiązów 3: Wojownicy snów (A Nightmare On Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors, 1987) jako Taryn White
 Blueberry Hill (1988) jako Ellie Dane
 Permanent Record (1988) jako Lauren
 Nocne koszmary (Bad Dreams, 1988) jako Cynthia
 Doors (The Doors, 1991) jako Edie
 Za dużo słońca (Too Much Sun, 1991) jako Gracia
 Zwariowany Fred (Drop Dead Fred, 1991) jako Allie Holton
 Ułuda (Delusion, 1991) jako Patti
 Niebezpieczne Piękno (Drop Dead Gorgeous, 1991) jako Allie Holton
 W sidłach strachu (The Fear Inside, 1992) jako Jane Caswell
 A Woman, Her Men, and Her Futon (1992) jako Helen
 Zauroczenie (The Crush, 1993) jako Amy Maddik
 Gorzkie żniwa (Bitter Harvest, 1993) jako Kelly Ann
 Pełne zaćmienie (Full Eclipse, 1993) jako Helen
 Ewangelia według Harry'ego (Gospel according to Harry, 1993) jako Karen
 Siła Coriolisa (The Coriolis Effect, 1994) jako Ruby
 Niewinni i skazani (Saints and Sinners, 1994) jako Eva
 Playmaker (1994) jako Jamie Harris
 Obcy w mroku nocy (Stranger by Night, 1994) jako dr Anne Richmond
 Czerwony skorpion 2 (Red Scorpion 2, 1994) jako Sam Guiness
 Frajer (Deceptions II: Edge of Deception, 1995) jako Irene Stadler
 Tajemnica Syriusza (Screamers, 1995) jako Jessica
 The Wasp Woman (1995) jako Janice
 Małe wiedźmy (Little Witches, 1996) jako Sister Sherilyn
 Jaskinia strachu (Twists of Terror, 1996) jako Amy
 Cena miłości (Loved, 1997) jako Debra Gill
 Plump Fiction (1997) jako Kandi Kane
 Ostatnie życie (Last Lives, 1997) jako Adrienne
 Śmierć w obiektywie (Road Kill, 1999) jako Blue
 Deal of a Lifetime (1999) jako Tina
 Mordercza obsesja (Sanctimony, 2000) jako Dorothy Smith
 Fatal Conflict (2000) jako Carla Nash
 Falcon Down (2000) jako Sharon Williams
 Bel Air (2000) jako Sara
 Amazonki i gladiatorzy (Amazons and Gladiators, 2001) jako Ione
 She Said I Love You (2001) jako dr Valdes
 Reunion (2001) jako Jeanie
 Poza sprawiedliwością (Lawless: Beyond Justice, 2001) jako Lana Vitale

Linki zewnętrzne

Urodzeni w 1962
Amerykańskie aktorki filmowe
Amerykańskie modelki
Ludzie urodzeni w Phoenix

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


0:04Skip to 0 minutes and 4 secondsOut last group of texts is the collected works of Japanese Zen monks. Zen monks collected their teachings and Zen Buddhist verse (geju) into works known as "recorded sayings" (goroku, Ch. yulu). Already popular in China, goroku were printed in great numbers in Japan between the mid-13th century and the second half of the 14th century. After this point, however, very few were printed and most circulated in manuscript form. Collections of poetry of a less specifically religious nature were also normally not printed. One exception is the Shōkenkō (3) by the leading Gozan poet Zekkai Chūshin (*). There are also a few commentaries on such works, such as the Fukkishū (4).
1:03Skip to 1 minute and 3 secondsThis(1) is a collection of poems exchanged between Ōsen Keisan(*) and his circle and Ogura Sanezumi(*) and his associates. During the Ōnin(#) wars, Ōsen and his affiliates fled the Shōkokuji temple in Kyoto, which had been destroyed by fire, and sought shelter in Ōmi (modern Shiga prefecture) under Sanezumi's tutelage. When Ōsen returned to Kyoto at the end of the war, Sanezumi and his retainers sent him poems, and Ōsen and his circle crafted replies. Next, we have the Tōkai keikashū (2), the poetry collection of Ishō Tokugan(*), the leading poet of the Shōkokuji temple. At the beginning, we have the heading 'Geography;' in other words, the poems are organized by content.
1:55Skip to 1 minute and 55 secondsThat poetry collections by Japanese monks were organized by content and subject matter shows just how widely read (and used as reference in composing poems) they were. The Shōkenkō (3) is the poetry collection of Zekkai Chūshin(*), one the finest of the Gozan literati. It is an exception among poetry collections by Zen poets in that it was published as a Gozan-ban edition rather than circulated in handwritten copies. The last item we look at is the Fukkishū (4), a mid-16th century selection of poems by Zen monks with commentary. It was edited by a priest of the Kenninji temple for a disciple from his hometown.
2:40Skip to 2 minutes and 40 secondsThis is another example of how Gozan culture, from the major centers of learning, spread to the rest of the country.
The fourth category is the poetry collections by Japanese monks. Let's see some of the examples introduced by Prof. Horikawa.
Shōkenkō (Drafts by the Man of the Way of Plantain Strength, 1403), Gozan-ban edition, end of the 14th c.


Unless you deleted them they should still be there. I have messages still showing from 4 years ago.
Sorry Trevor, I guess I did state the obvious. It never occurred to me that you didn't have the envelope for messages. Just a thought but maybe try changing to a different browser (Chrome, Firefox, etc.) and see if that helps.


• You reach Barcelona depending on the timing of your flight, and your trip officially starts!
• You travel from the Airport to Plaça de Catalunya, where your trip leader would meet you and help you with getting checked into the accommodation.
• In the evening, we gather at Plaça de Catalunya to start the trip with a meet and greet over some Cava, and we end the night only when we feel we're done for the day!
• We start this day by exploring the major sights of Barcelona- the Sagrada Familia, Park Guell, Gothic Quarters, La Rambla, Plaça d'Espanya and many more iconic sites of Barcelona.
• In the evening, we let loose, crawling multiple bars with one complimentary drink at each, and ending the night at one of the hip nightclubs of Barcelona. This city is known for how hard it parties, sometimes all the way to the morning!
Note: If you opt for Skydiving on Day 3, we suggest not partying too hard in order to make the best of your skydiving experience.
• On this day we go to the airfield for a skydive experience. Even if you choose not to try skydiving, you are welcome to accompany those who do, and feel the thrill by watching them jump from an airplane at 4000m. Alternatively, you can choose to stay back in Barcelona and experience the city on your own, we would be providing transportation coverage for your whole day.
• If you choose to attempt the optional Skydive (not included in package price, please view add-ons for price), be ready to experience the ultimate thrill humanly possible.
• We return to the city after sunset and visit one of the most famous Flamenco Show in Barcelona. The iconic show is performed by dancers dressed in traditional red, white and black dresses with live musicians playing energetic traditional Spanish music.
• We end the night here and you are free to explore the city further. If you are one of those who attempt the skydive on this day, you won't be able to sleep anyway... it truly is a life changing experience and its thrill will keep you pumped for a lot of days, possibly even months.
• On this day we visit the beautiful coastal area of Costa Brava for a Scuba Diving Experience. Even if you are afraid of water, embrace the challenge and take up the dive as you would be personally assisted by a scuba diving monitor to the depth of upto 5m after complete instructions and you are in safe hands as this is a beginners dive, not a deep-sea dive (which requires a 3-5 days training course).
• The dive takes place in the afternoon, before and after which we can enjoy and explore the coastal area. We return to Barcelona in the night.
• We travel from Barcelona to Valencia. With it's amazing beaches, quaint old town and interesting attractions, Valencia would feel very different from the rush of urban Barcelona.
• We would be in Valencia as this is the place from where we start for the La Tomatina festival next morning around 5am, so taking plenty of rest is advised to recharge yourself for the next day's high-energy action. If you wish, you can go out to explore relaxed venues such as Plaza de la Reina, Plaza Redonda, Valencia Cathedral etc.
• THE MAIN EVENT- La Tomatina happens on this day. We start out early (at 5am) from Valencia for Bunol, the small village where the iconic tomato fight happens. We reach Bunol well in time to enjoy some sangrias in the beautiful sun, and you would be instructed by our local manager about the do's and don'ts which you must understand clearly. The fight starts at 11am and continues for close to 1-1.5 hours, after which locals turn the village into a unique Spanish siesta, offering to hose you down with water to clean up, and selling cheap beers with great music playing in the background.
• You are supposed to carry a pair of extra clothes for the festival as you will be throwing the ones you wear away after the event (definitely cannot be reused after La Tomatina). Also, protective eyewear such as swimming goggles is suggested to protect your eyes from the tomato pulp, along with a waterproof case or pouch for your phone.
• In the afternoon, we leave Bunol for Valencia after a basic clean up. Once back in Valencia, we take a shower and after a few hours of rest, start exploring Valencia and all it has to offer!
• We start this day with a walking tour of the walled old town of Valencia, followed by a visit to some of the interesting places in the city such as the L'Umbracle before heading for the beach. Once you see the beach in Valencia, you will understand what writers meant when they spoke of the blue colour of the Mediterranean.
• In the evening, we return to the accommodation and have an early night as we plan to travel the next morning.
• We check out from Valencia and head to Madrid, the capital city of Spain, where our accommodation is again in the heart of the city.
• In the afternoon, we head out to explore the city of Madrid, and go around all the major attractions of the city.
• As the sun sets, we start a Tapas tour. In Spanish culture, Tapas are not considered just a form of food, it is considered a tradition. We understand all of this by visiting different Tapas bars of Madrid and trying out their best drinks with Tapas.
• In the morning, we head out for a day trip to Toledo, an ancient city set on a hill above the plains of Castilla-La Mancha in central Spain. The whole day would be spent exploring this walled beauty, and we return to Madrid in the evening.
• In the evening, we head out to explore the nightlife of Madrid and mingle with the locals who come out to party. This is the last night of the trip, and we party like there's no tomorrow!
• Depending on your flight timing, check out from the accommodation.
• The trip manager would guide you to reach the airport with the included transportation. In case your flight is after the check-out time, we would arrange for your luggage to be stored safely, allowing you to spend some more time exploring Spain and make the most of your remaining time in the country.
This day gets really emotional for us, as well as you- our fellow travellers because we tend to become great friends on long trips such as this. However, it is a sign of happiness as we know we have helped you take a vacation of your dreams, and you would always be a part of the Travart family for us.
• Transport to and fro SkyDiving center near Barcelona with optional stop (time permitting) at Montserrat.
• Beginners' level Scuba Diving in Costa Brava (Advance level available only if you are a PADI certified diver) with transportation.
• La Tomatina festival entry, with transport to and from the festival.
This is the total cost of land package, with everything mentioned in inclusions. This price does not include anything mentioned in exclusions.
EARLY BIRD DISCOUNT : Book before 8th May 2019 and get an amazing discount of INR 15,000 per person!


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eHow
General Home Safety
The Essentials: Things to Have on Hand for a Natural Disaster
By Shannon Philpott | March 31, 2014
Shannon Philpott
2014-03-31 The Essentials: Things to Have on Hand for a Natural Disaster
eHow.com
2019-04-08 eHow.com
Things to Have on Hand for a Natural Disaster
Natural disasters can bring out both the best and the worst in people, but you can reduce the panic and anxiety of adverse weather conditions by being prepared with tools and resources that can secure your safety. Balancing safety with being human is key, says Scot Conway, leadership trainer at Guardian Quest Martial Arts in Spring Valley, Calif. "Disaster preparedness includes getting back to your life and work as quickly as possible after the disaster," he says. Protect and prepare your home and your family by having the essentials on hand.
When a natural disaster occurs, keep your family together as best you can, recommends Conway. "Put contact information and medical information on every member of your family," he says. "In case you get separated, make sure a note with each person identifies any information a first responder might need to know." It's also crucial to have a list of emergency numbers for local family members, neighbors and close friends. Teach your children how to use 911 and create a plan for emergencies that includes specific procedures and tasks for each family member.
Bandages and Medical Supplies
A first-aid kit is a must-have for your home. You need bandages, disinfectant and triple antibiotic ointments for treating minor cuts, scrapes and wounds, says Brandon Maye, founder of Practical Applications, an independent security consulting firm in Jacksonville, Ala. "Small cuts and wounds can become debilitating if infected and must be treated properly if in a survival situation," says Maye. Pack up a variety of bandage sizes, travel-size disinfectant wipes and ointments in a waterproof bag to have handy.
If a blackout occurs, a flashlight is essential, says Maye. "There is nothing worse than being caught in the dark without a flashlight except being caught in the dark with a flashlight that doesn't work," he says. Stock up on batteries and keep them near the flashlights in your home. If your house is multistory, keep a working flashlight on each level to avoid falling up or down stairs in the dark. Rechargeable flashlights are a handy tool, but always keep a battery-operated as a backup when the power is out.
Credit: Jirk4/iStock/Getty Images
Socks, Gloves and Hats
Regardless of the time of year, a warm, dry pair of socks can increase your comfort level during a natural disaster, says Maye. Pack a pair for each member of the family in case rain, snow or soot dampens their socks. In cooler weather, a poncho, hat and pair of gloves are also essential to keep the elements off your skin and avoid the risk of frostbite when temps are freezing. If you have room in your disaster-preparedness bag, toss in a pair of rain boots as an extra precaution from flooding areas.
Credit: Issaurinko/iStock/Getty Images
Ensure that you have the energy needed to survive a natural disaster. Lorraine Holmes Milton, Houston-based author of "Disaster Master Plan," suggests gathering enough nonperishable food to feed your family for 72 hours. Holmes Milton recommends ready-to-eat meals, protein bars, fruit cups, peanut butter and jelly with crackers and canned meat. Juice boxes and bottled water are also essential to pack. "These nonperishable foods can be very beneficial during any emergency situation," she says. Check your food stash monthly to ensure it has not expired and to swap out with fresh nonperishables.
Credit: Devonyu/iStock/GettyImages
Water and Purifying Tablets
Since you can't predict the amount of time your family may be under distress during a natural disaster, be prepared with at least 1 gallon of water for each person for seven days, recommends Holmes Milton. Store additional water for bathing during a disaster. Just in case you don't have enough bottled water packed, purchase water-purifying tablets to disinfect polluted or suspended water so it is safe for drinking.
When power is lost and cell phones are out of range, an emergency radio can provide you with life-saving instructions. An emergency radio tuned to NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards is what the American Red Cross recommends, says Holmes Milton. This radio receiver runs on minimal or no power and is designed to function even when you are isolated or affected by a power outage. The receiver broadcasts emergency information for your area. "Adhere to the disaster information on the emergency radio, especially the mandatory evacuations," says Holmes Milton. "If the authority tells you to evacuate -- evacuate."
Credit: Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images
Whether your area is affected by a tornado, hurricane, flood or blackout, having a backup power source during a disaster can help you communicate with others and power up medical machines and devices necessary to keep your family safe. Holmes Milton points out that power inverters can be used to charge your cell phones, laptops, oxygen machine or even a nebulizer for asthma patients. A power inverter converts DC power to AC, so you can use batteries or a car charger to restore power to appliances, electronics and medical machines during an emergency.
Fire-Starting Materials
In cold temperatures, you will need an alternative source of heat to stay warm and cook meals until the disaster abates. Fire-starting materials are essential tools you need in case of a natural disaster. Have dry wood stored near your home and a few newspapers, matches or lighters. In extreme cases, you may even have to get creative, says Maye. "Whether you use a steel wool and a 9-volt battery or a magnesium stick, the ability to start a fire in a survival situation can mean the difference in life and death," he says.
A charged cell phone or electronic device with wireless access can help you communicate with family, friends and first responders; get critical instructions and information from emergency personnel and government officials; and "warn other individuals that there may be danger approaching," says engineering professor Pamela McCauley Bush, leader of University of Central Florida's Human Factors in Disaster Management Research Team. "Mobile technology has been critical in supporting 'information seeking' in crisis events, facilitating public action, and serving as a source of functional and emotional support."
Credit: Poike/iStock/GettyImages
Disaster Management Survival Skills