This year's honoree will be Fr. Gary Janak on the 30th Anniversary of his Ordination. Join us for an evening of fun and laughs. Music by Traci Hernandez and Zachary Grant. Dinner provided by Back Door Catering. The cost is $50.00 p/p or $500.00 for a table of 8. Please call 361-212-0830 for your ticket orders. Benefiting the Emmaus Center.


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Title: Chalcedon
Subject: Classical Anatolia, Xenocrates, Battle of Chrysopolis, Kadıköy, Byzantium
Collection: Ancient Greek Cities, Former Populated Places in Turkey, Greek Colonies in Bithynia, Greek Mythology, Kadıköy, Megarian Colonies, Megarian Colonies in Bithynia
The small church of St Euphemia that served as the cathedral of Chalcedon.
Chalcedon ( or ;[1] Greek: Χαλκηδών, sometimes transliterated as Chalkedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor. It was located almost directly opposite Byzantium, south of Scutari (modern Üsküdar) and it is now a district of the city of Istanbul named Kadıköy. The name Chalcedon is a variant of Calchedon, found on all the coins of the town as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works. Except for a tower, almost no aboveground vestiges of the ancient city survive in Kadıköy today; artifacts uncovered at Altıyol and other excavation sites are on display at the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
The site of Chalcedon is located on a small peninsula on the north coast of the Sea of Marmara, near the mouth of the Bosphorus. A stream, called the Chalcis or Chalcedon in antiquity[2] and now known as the Kurbağalıdere (Turkish: stream with frogs), flows into Fenerbahçe bay. There Greek colonists from Megara in Attica founded the settlement of Chalcedon in 685 BC, some seventeen years before Byzantium.
The Greek name of the ancient town is from its Phoenician name, meaning "New Town",[3] as is the name of Carthage.
Prehistory 1
Megarian colony 2
Roman city 3
Byzantine and Ottoman suburbs 4
Ecclesiastical history 5
Greek and Catholic successions 5.1
Notable people 6
Sources and External Links 9
The mound of Fikirtepe has yielded remains dating to the Chalcolithic period (5500-3500 BC) and attest to a continuous settlement since prehistoric times. Phoenicians were active traders in this area.
Pliny states that Chalcedon was first named Procerastis, a name which may be derived from a point of land near it: then it was named Colpusa, from the form of the harbour probably; and finally Caecorum Oppidum, or the town of the blind.[4]
Megarian colony
Funerary stele from the 1st century BC.
Chalcedon originated as a Megarian colony in 685 BCE. The colonists from Megara settled on a site that was viewed in antiquity as so obviously inferior to that visible on the opposite shore of the Bosphorus (with its small settlements of Lygos and Semistra on Seraglio Point), that the 6th-century BCE Persian general Megabazus allegedly remarked that Chalcedon's founders must have been blind.[5] Indeed, Strabo and Pliny relate that the oracle of Apollo told the Athenians and Megarians who founded Byzantium in 657 BCE to build their city "opposite to the blind", and that they interpreted "the blind" to mean Chalcedon, the "City of the Blind".[6][7]
Nevertheless, trade thrived in Chalcedon; the town flourished and built many temples, including one to Apollo, which had an oracle. Chalcedonia, the territory dependent upon Chalcedon,[8] stretched up the Anatolian shore of the Bosphorus at least as far as the temple of Zeus Urius, now the site of Yoros Castle, and may have included the north shore of the Bay of Astacus which extends towards Nicomedia. Important villages in Chalcedonia included Chrysopolis[9] (the modern Üsküdar) and Panteicheion (Pendik). Strabo notes that "a little above the sea" in Chalcedonia lies "the fountain Azaritia, which contains small crocodiles".[10]
In its early history Chalcedon shared the fortunes of Byzantium. Later, the 6th-century BCE Persian satrap Otanes captured it. The city vacillated for a long while between the Lacedaemonian and the Athenian interests. Darius the Great's bridge of boats, built in 512 BC for his Scythian campaign, extended from Chalcedonia to Thrace. Chalcedon formed a part of the kingdom of Bithynia, whose king Nicomedes willed Bithynia to the Romans upon his death in 74 BCE.
Roman city
Bithynia as a province of the Roman Empire, 120 AD
The city was partly destroyed by Mithridates. The governor of Bithynia, Cotta, had fled to Chalcedon for safety along with thousands of other Romans. Three thousand of them were killed, sixty ships captured, and four ships destroyed in Mithridates' assault on the city.[11]
During the Empire, Chalcedon recovered, and was given the status of a free city. It fell under the repeated attacks of the barbarian hordes who crossed over after having ravaged Byzantium, including some referred to as Scythians who attacked during the reign of Valerian and Gallienus in the mid 3rd century.[12]
Byzantine and Ottoman suburbs
Small silver jug from Chalcedon.
Chalcedon suffered somewhat from its proximity to the new imperial capital at Constantinople. First the Byzantines and later the Ottoman Turks used it as a quarry for building materials for Constantinople's monumental structures.[13] Chalcedon also fell repeatedly to armies attacking Constantinople from the east.
In 361 AD it was the location of the Chalcedon tribunal, where Julian the apostate brought his enemies to trial.
In 451 AD an ecumenical council of Christian leaders convened here. See below for this Council of Chalcedon.
The general Belisarius probably spent his years of retirement on his estate of Rufinianae in Chalcedonia.
Beginning in 616 and for at least a decade thereafter, Chalcedon furnished an encampment to the Persians under Chosroes II[14] (cf. Siege of Constantinople (626)). It later fell for a time to the Arabs under Yazid (cf. Siege of Constantinople (674)).
Chalcedon was badly damaged during the Fourth Crusade (1204). It came definitively under Ottoman rule under Orhan Gazi a century before the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.
Ecclesiastical history
Nicetas of Chalcedon
Chalcedon was an episcopal see at an early date and several Christian martyrs are associated with Chalcedon:
The virgin St. Euphemia and her companions in the early 4th century; the cathedral of Chalcedon was consecrated to her.
St. Sabel the Persian and his companions.
It was the site of various ecclesiastical councils. The Fourth Ecumenical Council, known as 'the' Council of Chalcedon, was convened in 451 and defined the human and divine natures of Jesus, which provoked the schism with the churches composing Oriental Orthodoxy.
After the council, Chalcedon became a metropolitan see, but without suffragans. There is a list of its bishops in Le Quien,[15] completed by Anthimus Alexoudes,[16] revised for the early period by Pargoire.[17] Among others are:[18]
St. Adrian, a martyr;
St. John, Sts. Cosmas and Nicetas, during the Iconoclastic period;
Maris, the Arian;
Heraclianus, who wrote against the Manichaeans and the Monophysites;
Leo, persecuted by Alexius I Comnenus.
Greek and Catholic successions
The Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Chalcedon holds senior rank (currently third position) within the Greek Orthodox patriarchal synod of Constantinople. The incumbent is Metropolitan Athanasios Papas. The cathedral is that of St. Euphemia.
After the Great Schism, the Latin Church retained Chalcedon as a titular see with archiepiscopal rank.,[19] with known incumbents since 1356. Among the titular bishops named to this see were William Bishop (1623–1624) and Richard Smith (1624–1632), who were appointed vicars apostolic for the pastoral care of Catholics in England at a time when that country had no Catholic diocesan bishops. Such appointments ceased after the Second Vatican Council, leaving the titular see vacant since 1967.[20]
Furthermore, Chalcedon has been a titular archbishopric for two Eastern Catholic churches, dioceses:
Syrian (Antiochian Rite (established in 1922; vacant since 1958)
Armenian Catholic (Armenian Rite; established 1951, after two incumbents suppressed in 1956)
Euphemia (3rd century AD), Christian saint and martyr, patron saint of Kalkhedon
Boethus (2nd century BC), Greek sculptor
Herophilos (2nd century BC), Greek physician
Phaleas of Chalcedon (4th century BC), Greek statesman
Thrasymachus (5th century BC), Greek sophist
Xenocrates (4th century BC), Greek philosopher
List of traditional Greek place names
Chalkidona, Greece
^ "Chalcedon". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed: September 21, 2008).
^ William Smith, LLD, ed. (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. "Chalcedon".
^ Harper, Douglas. "Chalcedony".
^ Pliny. Nat. 5.32
^ Herodotus. Histories. 4.144.
^ Strabo (p. 320).
^ Herodotus. Histories. 4.85.)
^ Xenophon, Xen. Anab. 6.6, 38-Z1.
^ Strabo 1.597.
^ Appian. Mithrid. 71; Plut. Luc. 8.
^ Zosimus 1.34.
^ Ammian. 31.1, and the notes of Valesius.
^ Gibbon. Decline, &c. 100.46.
^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus, I, 599.
^ In Anatolikos Aster XXX, 108.
^ In Echos d'Orient III, 85, 204; IV, 21, 104.
^ (New York 1908)Catholic EncyclopediaSophrone Pétridès, "Chalcedon" in
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 855
^ Chalcedon (Titular See)
GigaCatholic Latin
GigaCatholic Armenian
GigaCatholic Syriac
Gambrion
Gryneion
Karmylissos
Magnesia ad Sipylus
Alishar Hüyük
Apollonia on the Rhyndax
Apros
Drusipara
Perinthos
Ariassos
Mastaura
Southeastern Anatolia
Antioch in Mesopotamia
WorldHeritage articles incorporating a citation from the DGRG with no article parameter
WorldHeritage articles incorporating text from the DGRG
Greek colonies in Bithynia
Megarian colonies
Former populated places in Turkey
Classical Anatolia
Armenia, Cappadocia, Pergamon, Cilicia, Phrygia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


L-Leucine is used in combination with the other branched chain amino acids for patients with hepatic diseases to improve nutritional status. BCAAs serve as important fuel sources for skeletal muscle during periods of metabolic stress. BCAAs are an important component of sports nutrition and health foods, as they increase energy, enhance endurance and aid in muscle recovery.


At our guild meeting on Sunday, my friend Wendy Orlowski of CaBezel fame, taught us how to make hollow lentil beads with windows and image transfers inside. We used her new "all in one" CaBezel, naturally, and I also used her gingko texture sheet. The CaBezel makes a nice raised lip around the window opening. I was in kind of a rush to get it done during the meeting, so this first try is a little wonky, but I really like the technique and think it has lots of possibilities.
Here are my week 9 earrings for the 52 weeks of earrings challenge.


text:
Q: TradeMark(TM) sign appears as a question mark on device I'm displaying the trademark sign(™) appended to a text as a title of dialog box. It is working fine in emulator. But when I'm running the same in device then it displays as a question mark(?). Any ideas why it is happening and how to avoid that?

A: EDITED
You can do this:
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<string name="app_name">My Application ™</string>

Try this in your layout editor and you will see the symbol.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
The use of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics as a modeling instrument in disciplines different from physics is now a well established practice and has historically been motivated by different reasons. Firstly, this is due to the flexibility and richness of quantum structures (vector spaces, inner products, quantum probability, quantum logic connectives, etc.). Secondly, there are two aspects that are seemingly characteristic of quantum entities, i.e. {\it contextuality} and {\it entanglement}, and that appear instead independently of the microscopic nature of these entities. Thirdly, the fact that since the fifties and sixties several effects have been recognized in a variety of areas, such as, economics, biology, psychology \ldots in which the application of classical structures (set theory, classical logic, Kolmogorovian probability, etc.) is problematical and generates paradoxes. The Allais \cite{allais1953} and Ellsberg \cite{ellsberg1961} paradoxes in economics, the conjunction fallacy  \cite{tverskykahneman1983} and disjunction effect \cite{tverskyshafir1992} in decision theory, the representation of concepts and the formalization of meaning in cognitive science \cite{oshersonsmith81}, are the most important examples of situations in which classical structures do not provide satisfactory results, but more general structures are needed. In particular, the impossibility of formalizing and structuring human and artificial knowledge slackened, notwithstanding the impressive technological success, in the development of some applied research fields, such as artificial intelligence and robotics.

The above difficulties led scholars to look for alternative approaches. Quantum mechanics then provided a fresch conceptual framework to address these problems in a totally new light. Hence, a {\it Quantum Interaction Approach} was born as an interdisciplinary perspective in which the formalism of quantum mechanics was used to model specific situations in domains different from the microscopic world. In particular, the new emerging field of Quantum Interaction focusing on the application of quantum structures to cognition has been named {\it Quantum Cognition} \cite{quantumcognition}. It is interesting, in our opinion, to dwell upon the main results obtained by the scholars involved in this Quantum Interaction Approach. We stress, however, that the following presentation does not pretend to be either historically complete or exhaustive of the various subjects and approaches that have been put forward, but it just aims to provide an overall conceptual background in which the approach on quantum cognition in which the authors of the present article and their collaborators are themselves intensively involved can be situated.

The first insights came from psychology. In 1994 one of the authors and his collaborators proved that classical probability cannot be used to study a class of psychological situations of decision processes, but a more general probabilistic framework is needed \cite{aertsaerts1994}. In 2002 a contextual formalism generalizing quantum mechanics was worked out to model concept combinations \cite{gaboraaerts2002}. The SCoP formalism was successively improved and extended to provide a solution of the {\it Pet-Fish problem} \cite{aertsgabora2005a,aertsgabora2005b}. Since 2007 explicit quantum models in Hilbert and Fock spaces have been elaborated to describe experimental membership weights of concept disjunctions and conjunctions \cite{aerts2009a,aerts2009c,aertsaertsgabora2009,aertsdhooghe2009,aerts2007a,aerts2007b}. These models were then applied to study the Ellsberg paradox, the conjunction fallacy and disjunction effect in decision theory \cite{aerts2009c,aertsdhooghe2009,aertsdhooghehaven2010}, and a number of quantum effects, e.g., superoposition, interference, entanglement, contextual emergence, have been recognized in these effects. This fact led the authors to put forward the hypothesis that human thought presents two intertwined modes, one modeled by classical logic and the other mostly modeled by quantum mechanics \cite{aertsdhooghe2009}.

Concerning cognitive models of knowledge representation, it was shown that modern approaches to semantic analysis, if reformulated as Hilbert space problems, reveal quantum structures similar to those employed in concept representation. In 2004 two of the authors recognized quantum structures in latent semantic analysis and in distributed representations of cognitive structures developed for the purposes of neural networks \cite{aertsczachor2004}.

Interesting ideas came from information retrieval. In 2003 Dominic Widdows proved  that the use of quantum logic connective for negation, i.e. orthogonality, provided a more efficient algorithm than the corresponding Boolean `not' of classical logic for exploring and analyzing word and meaning \cite{widdows2003,widdows2006,widdowspeters2003}. In 2004 Keith van Rijsbergen claimed in his book that the Hilbert space formalism was more effective than an unstructures vector space to supply theoretical models in information retrieval \cite{vanrijsbergen2004}. Since then, several quantum effects have been recognized in information retrieval and natural language processing, e.g., superposition, uncertainty, entanglement \cite{licunningham2008}.

In 2006 Peter Bruza and his collaborators applied quantum structures to model semantic spaces and cognitive structures. More specifically, they undertook studies on the formalization of context effects in relation to concepts \cite{bruzacole2005}, and investigated the role of quantum structures in language, i.e. the entanglement of words in human semantic space resulting from violations of Bell's inequalities \cite{bruzaetal2008,bruzaetal2009}.

In decision making important contributes were given by Jerome Busemeyer, Andrei Khrennikov and their collaborators. More specifically, in 2006 Busemeyer modeled the game theoretic variant of the disjunction effect on a quantum game theoretic model and used the Sch\"{o}dinger equation to describe the dynamics of the decision process \cite{busemeyerwangtownsend2006}. The proposed model is a part of a general operational approach of comparing classical stochastic models with quantum dynamic models, and deciding by comparison with experimental data which of both them has most predictive power \cite{pothosbusemeyer2009}. In 2008 Khrennikov presented a quantum model for decision making: he found an algorithm to represent probabilistic data by means of complex probability amplitudes, and used the algorithm to model the Prisoners Dilemma and the disjunction effect \cite{khrennikov2009}.

Quantum structures were hypothesized in the studies of holographic models of memory, which is an old research field in the psychology of memory. The metaphor which originally started this field is {\it holography}, that is, the observed fact that the human brain seems to have not really `places' for different functions ({\it holonomic brain theory}) \cite{pribram1971}. But, holography is a `wave effect related to electromagnetism', as is well known from physics \cite{gabor1968}. For this reason, some authors suggested that the results obtained in these holographic models of memory are due to an underlying quantum structure \cite{kanerva1998,plate2003,aertsczachordemoor2009}.

We will discuss the presence of quantum structures and their role in cognition, knowledge representation and information retrieval in a forthcoming paper \cite{aertsgaborasozzoveloz2011}. In the present paper we instead focus on the application of quantum structures to semantic analysis, artificial intelligence and robotics. More specifically, we resume in Sec. \ref{brussels} the main results that have been obtained by one of us in quantum cognition, including the hypothesis about the existence of a quantum layer in human mind. In Sec. \ref{ai} we instead explore how quantum structures can be successfully used to construct models in semantic analysis and symbolic artificial intelligence. Finally, in Sec. \ref{robotics} we investigate the links between our quantum cognition approach and quantum robotics, which is an emerging field that connects robot technology with quantum computation. We suggest, in particular, that macroscopic devices can be constructed which efficiently simulate quantum computers, thus avoiding the difficulties arising from the utilization of microscopic entities in quantum computation and robotics.

To conclude this section, we remind that the Quantum Interaction Group organizes each year an international conference on the Quantum Interaction Approach (see, \url{http://ir.dcs.gla.ac.uk/qi2007/, http://ir.dcs.gla.ac.uk/qi2008/, http://www-ags.dfki.uni-sb.de/~klusch/qi2009/} and \url{http://www.rgu.ac.uk/qi2011}) in which physicists, mathematicians, philosophers, psychologists, computer scientists meet to present and discuss the new results obtained in applying quantum structures to social, cognitive, semantic processes.

\section{Quantum structure in human thought\label{brussels}}
The proposal of using non-classical logical and probabilistic structures outside physics came primarily from an accurate analysis of the nature of the quantum mechanical probability model and of the difference between classical and quantum probabilities \cite{aerts1986,aerts1994,aertsaertscoeckedhooghedurtvalckenborgh1997,aerts1998b,aerts1999b,aerts2002}. This critical comparison led us to conclude that classical probabilistic structures formalize the subjective ignorance about what actually happens, hence they model only situations that admit an underlying deterministic process. However, it is well known that situations exist in quantum mechanics which are fundamentally indeterministic and cannot be explained in terms of lack of knowledge. Whenever this reasoning is applied to decision processes, one can see that human decision models are quantum in essence, because opinions are not always determined. This result has been shown by one of us by working out a quantum model for the decision process in an opinion poll \cite{aertsaerts1994}. But, the domain where classical set-theoretical based structures most maniflestly failed was concept theory and, specifically, the study of `how concepts combine'. This failure was explicitly revealed by Hampton's experiments \cite{hampton88a,hampton88b} which measured the deviation from classical set-theoretic membership weights of exemplars with respect to pairs of concepts and their conjunction or disjunction. Hampton's investigation was motivated by the so-called {\it Guppy effect} in concept conjunction found by Osherson and Smith \cite{oshersonsmith81}. These authors considered the concepts {\it Pet} and {\it Fish} and their conjunction {\it Pet-Fish}, and observed that, while an exemplar such as {\it Guppy} was a very typical example of {\it Pet-Fish}, it was neither a very typical example of {\it Pet} nor of {\it Fish}. Therefore, the typicality of a specific exemplar with respect to the conjunction of concepts shows a classically unexpected behavior. Since the work of Osherson and Smith, the problem has been referred to as the {\it Pet-Fish problem} and the effect has been called the {\it Guppy effect}. It can be shown that fuzzy set based theories \cite{zadeh01,zadeh02,oshersonsmith02} cannot model this `typicality effect'. Hampton identified a Guppy-like effect for the membership weights of exemplars with respect to both the conjunction \cite{hampton88a} and the disjunction \cite{hampton88b} of pairs of concepts. Several experiments have been performed (see, e.g., \cite{hampton01}) and many approaches have been propounded to provide a satisfactory mathematical model of concept combinations, but none of them provides a satisfactory description or explanation of such effects. Trying to cope with these difficulties one of the authors has proposed, together with some co-workers, a {\it SCoP formalism} which is a generalization of the quantum formalism \cite{gaboraaerts2002,aertsgabora2005a,aertsgabora2005b,aertsczachordhooghe2006}. In the SCoP formalism each concept is associated with well defined sets of states, contexts and properties. Concepts change continuously under the influence of a context and this change is described by a change of the state of the concept. For each exemplar of a concept, the typicality varies with respect to the context that influences it, which implies the presence of both a {\it contextual typicality} and an {\it applicability effect}. The {\it Pet-Fish problem} is solved in the SCoP formalism because in different combinations the concepts are in different states. In particular, in the combination {\it Pet-Fish} the concept {\it Pet} is in a state under the context {\it The Pet is a Fish}. The state of {\it Pet} under the context {\it The Pet is a Fish} has different typicalities, which explains the guppy effect. Inspired by the SCoP formalism, a mathematical model using the formalism of quantum mechanics, both the quantum probability and Hilbert space structures, has been worked out which allows one to reproduce the experimental results obtained by Hampton on conjunctions and disjunctions of concepts. This formulation identifies the presence of typically quantum effects in the mechanism of combination of concepts, e.g., contextual influence, superposition, interference and entanglement \cite{aerts2009a,aerts2009c,aertsaertsgabora2009,aertsdhooghe2009,aerts2007a,aerts2007b,aerts2010}. Quantum models have also been elaborated to describe the disjunction effect and the Ellsberg paradox, which accord with the experimental data collected in the literature \cite{aerts2009c,aertsdhooghe2009,aertsdhooghehaven2010}.

The analysis above allowed the authors to put forward the hypothesis that two structured and superposed layers can be identified in human thought: a {\it classical logical layer}, that can be modeled by using a classical Kolmogorovian probablity framework, and a {\it quantum conceptual layer}, that does not admit a Kolmogorovian probabilistic model. The latter mode can instead be modeled by using the probabilistic formalism of quantum mechanics. We stress, to conclude this section, that the thought process in the quantum conceptual layer is strongly influenced by the overall conceptual landscape, hence context effects become fundamental.

\section{Quantum structure in artificial intelligence\label{ai}}
Cognitive models of knowledge representation are relevant also from a technological point of view, for the representation of objects, categories, relations between objects, etc., play a central role in the development of artificial intelligence. In the last years techniques coming from quantum information theory have been implemented in the studies on semantic analysis and neural networks. In 2004 two of the authors proved that modern approaches to quantitative linguistics and semantic analysis, when reformulated as Hilbert space problems, reveal formal structures that are similar to those known in quantum mechanics and quantum information theory, hence in the quantum models on concept representation \cite{aertsczachor2004}. Similar situations are recurring in distributed representation of cognitive structures developed for the purpose of neural networks. Let us discuss two interesting aspects of these quantum approaches.

Modern approaches to semantic analysis typically model words and their meanings by vectors from finite-dimensional vector spaces (see, e.g., latent semantic analysis \cite{landauer1998}). Semantic analysis is mainly based on text co-occurence matrices and data-analysis technique employing singular value decomposition. Various models of semantic analysis provide powerful methods of determining similarity of meaning of words and passages by analysis of large text corpora. The procedures are fully automatic and allow to analyze texts by computers without an involvment of any human understanding. The interesting thing is that there are strong similarities between latent semantic analysis and formal structures of quantum information theory. Latent semantic analysis is essentially a Hilbert space formalism. One represents words by vectors spanning a finite-dimensional space and text passages are represented by linear combinations of such words, with appropriate weights related to frequency of occurence of the words in the text. Similarity of meaning is represented by scalar products between certain word-vectors (beloging to the so-called semantic space). In quantum information theory words, also treated as vectors, are being processed by quantum algorithms or encoded/decoded by means of quantum cryptographic protocols. Although one starts to think of quantum programming languages, the semantic issues of quantum texts are difficult to formulate. Latent semantic analysis is in this context a natural candidate as a starting point for ``quantum linguistics''. Still, latent semantic analysis has certain conceptual problems of its own. As stressed by many authors, the greatest difficulty of this theory is that it treats a text passage as a ``bag of words'', a set where order is irrelevant. The difficulty is a serious one since it is intuitively clear that syntax is important for evaluation of text meaning. The sentences ``Mary hit John'' and ``John hit Mary'' cannot be distinguished by latent semantic analysis; ``Mary did hit John'' and ``John did not hit Mary'' have practically identical representations in this theory because `not' is in latent semantic analysis a very short vector. What latent semantic analysis can capture is that the sentences are about violence. We think that experience from quantum information theory may prove useful here. A basic object in quantum information theory is not a word but a letter. Typically one works with the binary alphabet consisting
of 0 and 1 and qubits. Ordering of qubits is obtained by means of the tensor product: we maintain that ordering of words can be obtained in the same way.

In 1990 Smolensky \cite{smolensky1990} proposed the introduction of tensor products of vectors to solve the so-called {\it binding problem}, i.e. how keeping track of which features belong to which objects in a formal connectionist model of coding. In the linguistic framework of semantic analysis the binding problem is equivalent to the problem of representing syntax. More specifically, one represents an {\it activity state} of a network by a vector (in a fixed basis), then a predicate $p(a,b)$, such as $eat(John,fish)$, is represented by the vector $r_1 \otimes a+r_2 \otimes b$, where the vectors $r_k$ represent {\it roles} and $a,b$ are {\it fillers}. A predicate is, accordingly, represented by an {\it entangled activity state}. It is important to note that tensor products are more `economic' than Cartesian products, because of the identifications $(\alpha|\psi\rangle)\otimes |\phi\rangle=|\psi\rangle \otimes (\alpha|\phi\rangle)=\alpha(|\psi\rangle \otimes |\phi\rangle)$, thus Hilbert (or Fock) spaces automatically perform a kind of dimensional reduction, which is the main idea of both latent semantic analysis and distributed representation. Furthermore, if one is interested in binding, more than ordering, words, then further compression is possible by employing bosonic or fermionic Fock spaces.

The above proposals on the advantages of using the quantum formalism in theories as semantic analysis and symbolic artificial intelligence find a straightforward theoretical support in our approach in cognitive science followed in \cite{aertsgabora2005a,aertsgabora2005b} and resumed in Sec. \ref{brussels}. Indeed, if the conceptual mode of human thought has a formal quantum structure, then it is natural to assume that the quantum formalism should be more successfully employed in cognitive disciplines. The same conclusion can be drawn if one assumes that the brain is a quantum device, as done in \cite{penrose1990}. But we stress that such an assumption is not needed in our approach (a similar remark will be made in Sec. \ref{robotics} with respect to quantum robotics).

\section{Quantum structure in robotics\label{robotics}}
The idea of a quantum robot meant as a complex quantum system interacting with an external environment through quantum computers was introduced by Paul Benioff in 1998 \cite{benioff1998}. Benioff undertook the study of quantum robots from a physical perspective. The first applications of Benioff's proposal to robot technology  are due to Daoyi Dong et al. \cite{dongchenzhangchen2006}. The model of a quantum robot suggested by these authors is made up of multi-quantum computing units, a quantum controller/actuator and information acquisition units. A quantum robot has also several learning control algorithms, including quantum searching aglorithms and quantum reinforcement learning algorithms. The standard problems afflicting classical robotics, i.e. robots' intelligence, sensor performance, speed of learning and decision making, are solved by using quantum sensors, parallel computing, fast searching and efficient learning from quantum algorithms. In particular, the authors point out the advantages in using Grover's search algorithm, which reduces the complexity of the search algorithm with respect to classical robots.

We observe that the above insights and ideas rest on the possibility of constructing real quantum computers, implementing quantum operations on microscopic entities, and thus exploiting the computational advantages that quantum computation should guarantee over classical computation. It is however well known that several technical difficulties, besides conceptual hindrances, occur whenever one accepts to consider seriously the possibility of constructing a concrete quantum computer. The control and manipulation of individual quantum systems, the necessity of robustly representing quantum information, the actual feasibility in performing quantum algorithms, are examples of such difficulties. Hence, also the realizability of an efficient quantum robot strongly depends on these technological obstacles.

Let us now come to our quantum cognition approach resumed in Sec. \ref{brussels}. Here, the fact that the formalism of quantum mechanics can be successfully employed to model concept representation, decision making and cognitive processes suggests that, conversely, the processes working in human mind have structurally a quantum nature. And this fact does not necessarily entail the compelling requirement that microscopic quantum processes occur in human mind. Indeed, following the quantum cognition approach, the hypothesis is rather that macroscopic processes can entail quantum structure without the necessity of the presence of microscopic quantum processes giving rise to these macroscopic processes. As a consequence of this hypothesis, one could maintain that human mind itself works as a system which is closer to a quantum computer than it is to a classical computer. It does not necessarily has to be equivalent with a quantum computer -- we believe it is not --, but entailing quantum structure gives it similar advantages in computing power than the one that quantum computers have over classical computers. This insight could explain, in particular, why artificial intelligence and robotics are still facing some fundamental problems, notwithstanding their impressive technological success: this is due to the fact that they use the paradigm of classical computation which is not powerful enough to perform the operations that the human mind is able to do. Let us finally remind that some of us have worked out macroscopic models ({\it connected vessels of water}, {\it quantum machine}, \ldots) which show a quantum behavior and exhibit typical features of quantum mechanical entities, i.e. contextuality, entanglement, violation of Bell's inequalitities, etc. \cite{aertsaertscoeckedhooghedurtvalckenborgh1997,aerts1998b,aerts1999b,aertsczachordhooghe2006}. This result is relevant in the perspective of quantum robotics because it opens up the possibility that the resources of quantum computation can be sought in other types of realizations than microscopic quantum entities and qubits. One could indeed envisage the possibility of elaborating (eventually complex) macroscopic devices which perform quantum algorithms, thus simulating quantum computers and exploiting the enormous extra power coming from quantum computation. In this way, the foregoing problems connected with the control of microscopic entities would be avoided and, better, the possibility of performing quantum computation by using only classical physics could potentially allow one to increase the resources of quantum computation itself.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
This research was supported by Grants G.0405.08 and G.0234.08 of the Flemish Fund for Scientific Research.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Blog June 30 2021
Written by Tim & Andy
What's in a name - How we go about naming our beers.
Unless you've been living under a rock, or you just don't follow us on twitter (why not?) then you'll have seen that the Beer Name Euros are in full swing!
3 years ago, we held the first Beer Name World Cup, with our neighbours Elusive Brewing beating twitter legends, Pilot, in the final.
The concept is simple. We host twitter polls, matching up some great craft beer names from breweries across the country, and indeed Europe. Because despite some calling it silly recently, craft beer is all about fun, exploration and excitement. Of course, first and foremost it is always the beer and making sure we have a quality product. But with that in the hands of the brew team, we get to have some fun with naming that product.
We've all done it, walked into a random craft beer bar and made your decision based on a beer name that sparks your interest. It might be a pun, informative, or just a funny name, but that is often the first touch point. With the massive choice nowadays, we think beer names are important.
So, we wanted to give you an insight into how we go about naming our beers.
Throughout this blog - some sentences are numbered in brackets. At the bottom of the blog is a list of names of beers the sentences refer to.
There are 15 beers to guess in all, see how many you can get without looking!
The Start of the Process
Our beers are all brewery led. By that, I mean that it's the brewers and the brew team that come up with the concepts for new beers, and of course sometimes they have amazing names for them as well. Most of the time, us here in the marketing department will be told what the upcoming brewing schedule is and what those styles are.
This is when the creative hive mind at Siren kicks into gear. I'll let you into a secret, that's normally just our Marketing Manager, Andy, with some help from myself.
We both love a pun, which I'm sure you've worked out by now. And so we'll look at the style, the hops, the ingredients and start throwing some names out, be it pun, or word play or from finding inspiration somewhere.
This, however, doesn't always go well…
When it goes wrong.
Remember our Baltic Porter collab with Salt? Well, my suggestion for that was "Trainless Porter", which I came up with lying in bed one night (where we all do our best thinking!). I honestly thought I had it nailed. Trainless, being an anagram of Siren & Salt, and Porters work on trains don't they?
Luckily, our process goes through several phases. The first phase is always getting a name past Andy. I think the reaction to this one was a laugh, maybe with bemusement. I admit now, he's right… It's a terrible name. In the meantime we still had to name the beer, so at that stage you go looking for influence.
You may remember a fantastic piece of work by Neal Agarwal called "The Deep Sea" - if not, check it out here: https://neal.fun/deep-sea/
This was doing the viral rounds at the time of naming this beer, and it was here Andy spotted the name we chose (One).
Actually Nailed it.
Pop Culture Influence
Music has been something that's inspired a number of beer names here at Siren. The great thing about this is that those name suggestions come from all parts of the company, from a variety of influences. If someone has a piece of music, lyric, or a favourite band that's inspired them… it gets suggested. You may remember the Black IPA inspired by a Gallows song (Two), or a number of Hip Hop inspired beers, including one you definitely can kick (Three) and a more notorious one (Four), and a cash rich honey one - (Five).
In the case of "Playing The Studio", it was a reference to the concept of using the recording studio as an instrument, not just recording the sounds as they're playing live, but using technology, technique and innovation to bring another dimension to the party. The beer used brewing techniques in a similar way.
We've also had some wrestling themed names, as we tie the knot between nostalgia and desire. That thing we said about walking into a bar and choosing a beer purely based on a name - for us, if it strikes a nostalgic note and makes us laugh then we're in. Examples here are a Rhubarb Crumble sour (co-incidentally realised around the time of both the Royal Rumble, and the Royals going into meltdown about Harry and Meghan - Six), and one named after Kane (Seven).
There's other more deliberate series, like the beers named after Pulp Fiction… We'll give you Comfortable Silence, Ten Dollar Shake and The Bonnie Situation but what's the other (Eight)? The Pulp Fiction connection was two-fold. Firstly 'fruit pulp' and secondly the iconic $5 shake scene. Both seemed to fit our first attempt at a heavily fruited milkshake IPA. The price point was pretty tasty, too.
Some other deliberate series of beers, include Caribbean Chocolate Cake, Suspended in x or going back further in time Dinner for x. Who noticed that our latest California IPAs are all named after California Beaches - Silver Strand, The Wedge, Crystal Cove?
Accidental Series
Occasionally, however, we end up with an accidental series of beers based around a repetition on a naming theme. One of our favourites is the IT theme. These beers aren't linked by anything apart from tech themed names, but it makes us smile. Here's 2 - what's the third (Nine)?
The Beer Name List
As I'm sure you can tell, inspiration can come from anywhere Wherever the inspiration for a name comes from, whenever it comes - it goes on the list. Sometimes we're able to use them for dedications, too.
When our brewer Felix decided to move back to Germany, we couldn't let him go without brewing his favourite style and with an apt beer name (Ten). Unfortunately there was also (Eleven), a tribute to our drayman who was recovering at home for some time following a motorbike accident on the way to work one day.
* The good news is he's now back to doing what he does best - delivering beer all over the country and throwing some incredible darts - cheers, Scott! *
We now have a huge list of potential names of beers, many/most of which may never see the light of day. But it's a super helpful list to keep.
The first thing we do when adding to the long list is to check Untappd to see if the suggested name's been done before. If it's a beer that's been popularised in the UK already, or too close to one already in production, then it's scrapped. There are times when things happen at the same time, by coincidence.
Strangeley, right now Hackney Brewery have "Millions of Peaches" in the Beer Name Euros, inspired by the same song as one of our latest brews (Twelve).
Collabs and Brewery Led Names
In the case of collabs, it'll often be a funny incident, or recurring joke that happens on the brew day that inspires the name of the beer. Collaborative beer naming can be even harder, because everyone has their own idea. For example, when we went away to Vibrant Forest to brew a collab a few years back, we suggested the name "Impeachment IPA", with a bit of a Trump theme. This got rejected, and (Thirteen) was chosen. It's a good thing it was, because the beer is still being produced as the name's stood the test of time… The beer remains delicious to this day - look out for it!
And talking of Vibrant Forest, one of our joint favourite names came from when the Vibrant team came to brew a Red IPA here at Siren. You may or may not be aware, but both breweries use the same designer for our branding and label design - Studio Parr.
We have a spreadsheet that we update with latest beer names and ideas for Will to work off. As it was a collab between the two breweries, we decided to have some fun at poor Will's expense, and the beer was listed as "Bland Designs". Of course, it was actually to be "Grand Designs", a nod to Will's excellent work for both of us, and of course, to a certain lookalike.
And of course, sometimes we turn to you to help us. During one particular naming block in the office we turned to Social Media for help and inspiration. We ended up with so many names, I personally spent hours going through them. Ironically, the chosen name was suggested by none other than Andy Parker from Elusive Brewing. The beer was a keg only beer that would be served across Market Halls in London… Do you know it (Fourteen)?
Not to forget of course, our Crowdsourced Anniversary IPA - (Fifteen). A few people suggested that name and we absolutely love it. As soon as that popped it, we knew it was the one. It went on to not only name the beer, but the entire anniversary event. Sometimes, it's just right there on a plate. Thank you!
Funnily enough, part of the festival - Bones of a Sailor - was also crowdsourced, as was The World Beyond My Window, a collaboration with HonestBrew for their birthday.
Our Favourites!
So, what have been our favourite names?
What I'm ideally aiming to do with every new release is come up with a name that somehow references the story of the beer, linking to something (and it could be anything) in the journey from idea to can, and then in turn it can inform the design of the label. Often the design can visually elevate the whole idea, so everything works in tandem together.
The Siren brand is built around the Sirens of Greek Mythology, and our flagship range tells stories of some incredible characters. So the naming of the beers that become flagship are certainly more tricky and need to serve a lot of purposes. However, we have a real chance to build a legacy on these beers, which is an incredible privilege. Hopefully the likes of Lumina and Broken Dream will stand the test of time. For more on this - sirencraftbrew.com/brand
We should also take the opportunity to shout out Ryan (Witter-Merithew - Siren's first Head Brewer) who came up with some gems that just stick, like The Tickle Monster. I'd also like to make an honourable mention for Every Minute Matters. Green Cheek are MASTERS at naming beers so I didn't want to let them down with our first collaboration together. This name is accurate, as hop schedules were being adjusted right up to the last possible moment and were critical to keeping the bitterness right. It was also my favourite Siren beer of 2020, so that helps! It's also a very sneaky nod to one of my favourite bands, Future of the Left. Niche.
However my absolute favourite is Thousand Things, a beer brewed in collaboration with Tate Eats to support their 2019 Van Gogh exhibition, which showcased the largest collection of Van Gogh's paintings in the UK for nearly a decade. I loved how everything linked in this project. The recipe itself was influenced by the looming Cypress tree in the foreground of The Starry Night. We were no strangers to using Cypress, but in my opinion it worked wonders in this beer. It provided nuance, brought different elements together (and there were many elements) and tempered the sweetness which otherwise would have been overpowering, an easy mistake to make with milkshake IPA.
The Starry Night also influenced our design. Our friend Ben Hasler worked on a beautiful illustrative interpretation. As a nice touch, it so happened that Ben had once produced a pixelated self-portrait of Van Gogh as part of a formative project.
But the name Thousand Things actually came quite late. I researched Van Gogh looking for a nugget of inspiration that we could work with, and found this quote from a letter in which he was describing the artistic process to his brother.
Like an actor
on the stage in a
difficult role
— where you have
to think of a
thousand things
at the same time in a
single half hour.
The worlds of art and beer often overlap, but that line really resonated with me at the time. We're always taking on a lot at Siren, I think most growing breweries work like this too. This was a beer with many moving parts, many people involved, many deadlines, and we'd made life difficult for ourselves by brewing a pretty high-concept idea that we had to get right first time. All of this no doubt among a hectic production schedule and who-knows-what other projects on the go.
The name seemed to encapsulate everything and came from the artist himself, so it was a perfect fit. Also... it just sounds nice ;) I'd love to bring this beer back one day and see how the design comes out on a can.
Go here to find out more about Thousand Things - https://www.sirencraftbrew.com/stories-and-events/blog/siren-x-tate-thousand-things-ipa
I have so many favourite names... Andy is something of a beer naming machine.
But I'll be a true narcissist now and mention some that I've named. I'm pretty pleased with the aforementioned wrestling name, and also "Granola Coaster" - it rolls off the tongue nicely, and luckily the beer was fantastic, especially the Cacao and Orange version.
I'm also quite pleased with Maltiverse, because it sounds like something from Rick & Morty. Juice Em' Up was cool as well.. I should have given that to Elusive Brewing for an 8-bit themed juice NEIPA though.
A Black IPA, "Let The Night In", was always a favourite, as we were punning it around head brewer, Sean Knight, and it worked with letting the darkness into a light beer. Also a small shout out for "Going Out Stout" as well. Obviously, it uses Micky Flanagan's "Going out out" routine as inspiration, but it works on two levels as it was former brewer Sean Lord's last recipe before he left to move to Germany; quite literally, his going out stout.
But I'm going to go with "Bubbling Bubbles". It's not one I named, but it came from a video that did the rounds on Twitter, which was sent to us by Rob MacKay from Drygate, after some nice timeline juxtaposition.
One day in the Siren office, when Jason our ops manager was trying to concentrate, we all played the video clip from our computers and phones… you can imagine how frustratingly irritating that was. Sorry Jason, but it helped created a moment that inspired a great name for a Brut IPA.
A well-timed tweet from @SirenCraftBrew, complete with its own soundtrack. pic.twitter.com/KR0NSqzbZm
— Rob MacKay (@RobJMacKay) June 11, 2020
So there we go…
So there you have it. It can be a pretty quick process sometimes, but often there's a lot of thought goes into naming beers. If you have any questions about the origins of any beers, feel free to give us a shout on Twitter.
Don't forget to join the #BeerNameEuros voting!
Scroll down for the answers to the mini quiz!
One - The Abyssal Zone
Two - In The Belly Of A Shark
Three - A Tribe Called Zest
Four - No Biggie
Five - Mind on my Honey
Six - Royal Crumble
Seven - Big Red Machine
Eight - Three Little Fonzies
Nine - Accept All Cookies
Ten - Tschüss
Eleven - Low Side
Twelve - Peaches Everyday
Thirteen - Stone Sap
Fourteen - Fable
Fifteen - The Grateful Eight
DISCOVER OUR OTHER STORIES
2022 - Year in Review
It's time to wave goodbye to another year, which means we get the pleasure of a quick roundup post!
Shipping Paused
This Christmas, we will be pausing shipping from the webshop whilst we give our staff a well earned rest. Any orders placed after 9am on Friday 23rd December may not be shipped until week commencing...
Introducing High Times and High Stakes
How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Practice, practice, practice…


text:
Smooth RGB Image Using Curvature Flow
=====================================

.. index::
   single: CurvatureFlowImageFilter
   pair: curvature; flow
   single: RGB

Synopsis
--------

Smooth an RGB image using curvature flow.

Results
-------
.. figure:: Gourds.png
  :scale: 70%
  :alt: input image

  Input image.

.. figure:: SmoothRGBImageUsingCurvatureFlow.png
  :scale: 70%

  Output In VTK Window

Code
----

C++
...

.. literalinclude:: Code.cxx
   :lines: 18-

Classes demonstrated
--------------------

.. breathelink:: itk::CurvatureFlowImageFilter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: natbib apalike bold author names in references I am using natbib package and I want to make author names bold in references as in this article: Natbib authors bold. The solution on that article use "jurabib" package. Isn't there any way to do this with "natbib"?
Maybe editing the file "apalike.bst", but how?

A: I suggest you proceed as follows:

*

*Find the file apalike.bst in your TeX distribution and create a copy called, say, apalike-bf.bst.

*Open the file apalike-bf.bst in a text editor. The program you use to edit your tex files will do fine.

*In the bst file, locate the 6-line BibTeX function emphasize. (In my copy of the file, this function starts on line 200.) Make a copy function, name it embolden, and change \em to \bfseries. Place the new embolden function immediately below the emphasize function.

*Next, go down a few lines in the bst file and locate the function called format.names. In that function, locate the following line:
    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ 't :=

Change this line to
    { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$ embolden 't :=

*Save the file apalike-bf.bst either in the directory that contains your main tex file or in a directory that's searched by BibTeX. If you choose the latter option, be sure to update the filename database of your TeX distribuition. (If you're not sure you understand the preceding sentence, you should follow the former option.)

*In your main tex file, change \bibliographystyle{apalike} to \bibliographystyle{apalike-bf} and perform a full recompile cycle: LaTeX, BibTeX, and LaTeX twice more.
Happy BibTeXing!

Addendum to address the OP's follow-up question: In the file apalike-bf.bst, in the BibTeX function format.names (the same one as above),  locate the following 4 lines:
        { ", " * t * }
            { ", " * t * }
            { " et~al." * }
            { " and " * t * }

Replace these lines with
        { "\textbf{,} " * t * }
            { "\textbf{,} " * t * }
            { " \textbf{et~al.}" * }
            { " \textbf{and} " * t * }

Then, save the bst file and rerun a full recompile cycle.


This powerful green tea is making waves right now on social media for its nutritional and energy superpowers. Traditionally, to make a cup of green tea you'd steep a tea bag containing dried leaves in hot water. However, matcha is made from green tea leaves that have been ground and then turned into a powder. Add hot water to this vibrant green powder and voila - you have a refreshing mug of matcha to enjoy. Whereas some health benefits are lost in a cup of traditional green tea because the tea bag is thrown away, matcha has a higher nutrient and antioxidant content because you are drinking the leaves themselves. In addition, matcha has a much higher caffeine content than regular green teas, closer to that of a cup of coffee. It can also help boost your metabolism, perfect for a calendar full of dinner parties. All these benefits make matcha a great drink to keep you going through the holiday season.
Mix matcha into your frozen concoctoins.
Because of possible impurities in the soil of growing regions, be sure to purchase the purest form of matcha possible from a trustworthy source and limit intake to one matcha drink a day. And while matcha can be added to a frozen concoction that's alcohol free, it's recommended to serve this to adults only.
Having friends over for homegating or a holiday party later? Then skip the drive-thru at the chain coffee shop and make this matcha frozen concoction instead. With a touch of light vanilla flavor and a caffeine boost, it's just what you need to cross every item off your list in no time - and maybe even grab a present for yourself, too.
Add ice to the reservoir and all remaining ingredients to the Margaritaville® Key West™ Frozen Concoction Maker®. Flip up the Shave & Blend switch to mix the frozen concoction to the perfect consistency. Pour into a tall glass or a to-go coffee cup and tackle your errands with energy - and delicious flavor!
Running around from dinner party to work function can lower your immune system's defenses, especially as the days get colder and shorter. Stay on the sunny side of things with this super-powered frozen concoction, which pairs the high antioxidant content and energy-boosting benefits of matcha with the nutrients in green fruits and veggies.
Add ice to the reservoir and all remaining ingredients to the Margaritaville® Key West™ Frozen Concoction Maker®. Flip up the Shave & Blend switch to evenly mix the frozen concoction. Pour into a tall glass or to-go smoothie cup and get an immune boost anytime you need one.
The super-powered Green Matcha Machine Frozen Concoction delivers an antioxidant boost.
Need to zest up your day? This tasty frozen concoction is just the thing to do it. Whether you need to cleanse your palate after a long holiday dinner or have a busy afternoon ahead of you, Frozen Matcha Limeade will give you the refreshment you need.
Add ice to the reservoir and all remaining ingredients to the Margaritaville® Key West™ Frozen Concoction Maker®. Flip up the Shave & Blend switch to mix the frozen concoction to the perfect consistency. Pour into a tall glass, sit back, sip and enjoy!


text:
Gwen Ottinger, PhD, Wins Rachel Carson Prize for her Book, "Refining Expertise"
Gwen Ottinger, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of History and Politics and the Center for Science, Technology, and Society, was awarded the Rachel Carson Prize for her book; " Refining Expertise: How Responsible Engineers Subvert Environmental Justice Challenges". The Rachel Carson Prize is given annually by the Society for Social Studies of Science for "a book length work of social or political relevance in the area of science and technology studies."
An ethnography of a neighborhood in close proximity to an oil refinery in southeast Louisiana, "Refining Expertise" shows how industrial facilities' approaches to dealing with concerned communities leave much room for negotiation while shielding industry's health and environmental claims from criticism. In the process, they undermine local communities' campaigns for a safer environment; environmental activists' work for stricter regulations, alternatives to fossil fuels, and greater environmental equity; and far-reaching efforts to democratize science.
The award citation praises the book as "Powerful and beautifully written," telling "a new and compelling story about expertise, activism, industry, and government." It further commends Ottinger for making a "bold new move" in how she positions herself in the text, showing how her conclusions were informed not only by observations in the field but interactions with colleagues as well. The citation concludes that, "Her deep reflexivity—intellectual, emotional, social—has produced a work that is stellar in its intellectual and methodological contributions."
See the 4S prize announcement for more about the award and Ottinger's acceptance.
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With world Poetry Day in mind I thought I would share some poems which I have recently come across. World Poetry Day is 20 years old. One its aims is to celebrate linguistic diversity.
Be careful of stones that you throw.
During my school days we had to learn poetry by rote. It was something I could never do. Each and everytime although having spent at least an hour memorising the various poems by the next day I had totally forgotten every word. I dreaded being asked to recite the homework.
If they'd let us buy?
Let's have some to try.
That's the sort they'll buy.
However, not being able to remember poems has not hindered my love of poetry. I really enjoy finding a new poem. Reading it a few times to listen to the rhythm of the poem. For me it does not matter that I might not know what the poet intended by the poem. I do not need to delve into every line and stanza to enjoy a poem.
I have enjoyed the poetry of Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill for years. This is one of my favourite of her poetry.
do ghearr sí anuas mo chrann.
The following is a poem which I came across in an anthology of poems. I often wonder how it would sound in it's own language. Is there a difference between today's language and when it was written in 619?
The spring colours just open to their full.
And the tidal water comes with its freight of stars.
Have you come across a poem which has stirred something in you. Perhaps you might like to share?
https://www.wheelersbooks.com.au/books/9781864484434-not-quite-the-man-for-the-job/ this is the link but sadly it is out of print.
I had a wonderful book that I used when I taught highschool boys. Those boys didn't have much love for poetry but the book I discovered was one that they could really relate to. The book was called Not Quite the Man for the Job by Adam Ford. I have blogged about it before and have now done a repost.
Just read your post. This is definitely a book I want to read. Can totally understand how young boys would enjoy these poems. Thank you for the link. By any chance do you have ISBN or the publisher so I can ask my local independent book shop to order it for me.
ISBN 1-86448-443-8 Published in 1998 Allen and Unwin Pty Ltd Australia. It also said it was A Little Ark Book.
This link takes you to the publisher but unfortunately it is out of print.
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This is only be pertinent if you the low-end Bosch that was recommended by Consumer Reports: I followed someone's suggestion upthread about wiping down the rubber gasket at the base of the door where it closes, and sometimes the door too. I skeptically did this and saw an immediate improvement. For awhile I did it regularly, now I hardly ever remember - but the smell seems like it's just gotten much better. I do clean the filter thing as well as I'm able, but there's never anything but a tiny bit of residue on it. Like most of you, I really thought the smell was a deal-breaker. So there's hope. At first I thought I was going to have to run the machine every day, just to reset the smell, which was not in my plans.
Strange as it may seem, that bottom door rubber thing may be the culprit. I followed Josh's suggestion and cleaned it. It was not very dirty (perhaps because my dishes are rinsed of all food before going into the machine) so I didn't think the little bit of grayish scum (like what's in the filter) that I wiped off could make much difference ... but it's been a couple weeks now, I've repeated the process once more, and the smell seems to be gone. I'll remember to do this whenever I wash the filter.


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SALES CHARTS
Home Publishers Marvel REVIEW: Does 'The Wolverine' Redeem Ten Years of Awful X-Men Movies?
REVIEW: Does 'The Wolverine' Redeem Ten Years of Awful X-Men Movies?
Steve Morris
I have seen The Wolverine! And boy was he shirtless a lot. This movie was half superhero film and half ringing endorsement for babyoil products. Hugh Jackman has returned as Logan for another round, and this time he's surrounded by ninjas and on the prowl in Japan. Was it a good movie, though? Or was it like every other X-Men film from the last decade?
Spoilers below the jump.
Basically? I liked it. Viper's hair is the wrong colour and the finale wings off into robot-based lunacy, but overall I thought it was a restrained Wolverine story with some high-flying set pieces and a consistent view of what Wolverine should be. It also managed to surprise me, and in ways I enjoyed rather than hated.
The biggest surprise of the movie comes right by the start, when we're made aware that this is a film which follows on chronologically from X-Men 3. Rather than telling a story of Logan's past, the movie is actually going to dare to follow on from the repercussions of that Brett Ratner travesty. As a result, Wolverine is joined in the movie by Famke Janssen's Jean Grey, who spends all her time existing as part of his subconscious whilst the camera strains to look down her top. It's a reasonable framing device for Wolverine's character progression in the flick, even if the white room she's in doesn't appear to be particularly hot.
Jean's prior death means Wolverine himself starts off the movie as a right old mardy-pants, living in the middle of the woods, making friends with bears and staring at (black and white?) photographs of the various X-Men he apparently misses. This even includes Halle Berry's Storm, proving that the grieving process really does leave you with rose-tinted glasses. This sequence actually manages to fit a large chunk of Chris Claremont and Frank Miller's 1982 'Wolverine' miniseries into the film very neatly as a result, however, and gives us a quick and satisfying redefinition of who the character is and how he lives.
Throughout, Claremont and Miller's portrayal of Wolverine serves as the basis for the character in the movie.
I could've watched a whole movie of the opening sequence, which ends with Wolverine avenging his sadly murdered bear friend (the bear gets fridged very quickly, alas) by stabbing the guilty hunter through the hand with a poisoned arrow. If that doesn't sum up Wolverine – a man who feels the need for honour even if he doesn't go about achieving it honourably – then I don't know what does.
The film moves away from this by bringing in the star of the film: Yukio, as played by Rila Fukushima. Fukushima steals every scene she's in, and makes the interesting choice of underplaying her action scenes – The Wolverine is the first time since Iron Man that a hero has dispatched enemies whilst being completely distracted by something else.
She's utterly mesmerizing in the film, which is good because once she brings Wolverine across to Japan? The cast grows a little less steady. Having said that this is set in Japan and features a load of ninjas, that doesn't exactly mean that the film has given work to a load of Japanese actors. The casting department have gone all round Asia to assemble this cast, with Chinese and Korean actors all filling out Japanese roles in the movie.
I wouldn't have expected Hollywood to differentiate between Chinese, Japanese and Korean people, but it does feel like a shame that a movie which is so clearly in love with Japan and Japanese culture couldn't at least cast realistically.
Because boy, this is a movie which likes Japan, and Japanese culture. Everything from ronin to nabe gets a mention, and we get sequences set at a funeral, a love hotel, and on top of the bullet train! Ninjas show up, obviously, and everybody is very concerned with honour. People get kicked through paper walls, and every character knows at least a functioning level of martial arts training. Sadly there are no scenes where everybody suddenly reveals they have the ability to fly, or the bingo card would be complete.
With Wolverine now living in Japan, we get to see a supporting cast made up of great roles and rubbish ones. There's Mariko, most prominently, played by Tao Okamoto, whom he acts as a fairly ropey bodyguard for during the second half of the film. A fantastic lead role and performance, she's a character who sits at the heart of the film and gives everybody else more depth for it. Without Okamoto's restrained, smart performance, half the rest of the cast would be all the more ridiculous and half-baked.
Because while her fiance is played with a wonderful sneer by Brian Tee, her 'long-lost love' is a bloke who fires arrows and dies TRYING TO FIGHT A GIANT ROBOT USING THOSE ARROWS. This character, played by a despairing Will Yun Lee, is rubbish throughout the movie, never really having a clear purpose or agenda at any point. He seems promising right at the start, and has a great free-running sequence as he chases people across a rooftop. But then he starts double crossing, and he starts making weird choices for no apparent reason, and becomes the biggest liability in the film.
In the cinema I was in, people cheered when he conked it.
The cast are generally very able, with none of the clunkers that started wandering into the franchise around the time of X-Men 3 – Ken Yamamura makes a particular impression as Yashida, who has to make a very sudden jump from likeable acquaintance to nominal lead villain of the film. He conveys a likeability which is seen reflected through Okamoto's dignified and independent Mariko, and never once foreshadows his later turn to malevolence. It's a really enjoyable performance, and speaks to the overall tone of the movie, also. Although it does sometimes become downcast, this is an X-Men film where the characters really get to have fun and enjoy themselves.
Wolverine Origins was a film where every character was filled with self loathing and hung around, waiting for somebody to fight or kill them. In The Wolverine, the characters are happy about being alive, and actively fight to protect themselves. Even though Mariko has the least fighting ability, she does at least try to fight off her attackers during the several times they kidnap her. And wow, does she get kidnapped a lot. If it weren't for the fact she feels like an actual person, stuck in a superhero World, then this'd feel a whole lot more formulaic as a film. Although she is a damsel in distress, she also has agency and her own sense of purpose – and that helps carry the film through.
The finale is somewhat disappointing when it rolls round as – despite a terrific fight between Yukio and a somewhat menacing but out-of-place Svetlana Khodchenkova as Viper which ends with a fairly brutal moment – we're ultimately left with Wolverine fighting a big CGI robot we don't care much about. The reveal that Yashida is in the suit is fairly obvious from the moment we see the suit, and the decision not to immediately reveal him (and therefore up the emotional stakes) leaves the final battle feeling dry, and listless. There's some fun moments, like Wolverine getting his claws lopped off, but ultimately it takes what was a more human and personal film…. and suddenly throws an Iron Man into it.
The X-Men aren't meant to be like the Avengers. They're best when facing off very personal threats, rather than generic villains. That's why the Sentinels work so well as aggressors, but an anonymous robot version of Silver Samurai doesn't. The finale loses sight of that personal connection, and suffers for it.
Overall though, this is a remarkably consistent movie. It gives us a new setting and direction for Wolverine, effectively gives him a supporting cast I'd love to see return – especially Yukio – and brings some momentum back to a very stagnant character. Hugh Jackman is engaged and ready as always, but this time he gets a proper script to handle and… uh… sink his claws into. Sorry! He does due snarling diligence, but also handles lighter character moments and quiet confessionals without feeling like he's doing pantomime (which is how I felt Wolverine Origins treated him – a pantomime character).
So I'd recommend The Wolverine, as a whole. I thought it was a strong film in general, escaping the epic smashing grimness of Man of Steel as deftly as it avoids the blockbuster bickering of The Avengers. It's taken over a decade, but somebody finally realised that if you want to write a great Wolverine – YOU READ SOME RUDDY CHRIS CLAREMONT COMICS.
Although apparently you don't credit him or Miller at the end of the film
Steve Morris.
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Steve Morris 07/30/2013 8:09 am At 8:09 am
I should point out that I really didn't like X-Men: First Class, despite some brilliant lead performances. Once it became clear every woman was there to look attractive and strip off for the audiences, and every person of colour was getting killed off or pushed onto the 'villain' side of the story, I lost faith entirely.
Ted 07/30/2013 8:20 am At 8:20 am
Nothing on the post-credits sequence?
andy randall 07/30/2013 9:21 am At 9:21 am
One tidbit that Morris failed too mention was that there was an airport scene midway through the end credits that sets it up for the next X-men movie. In typical Marvel fashion they always put alittle something extra at the end of their movies. I won't say what actually transpires during the sequence, but it was great seeing Charles and Magnito again.
Ralph Mathieu 07/30/2013 9:26 am At 9:26 am
I also loved this movie and am surprised more people don't like it across the board. I'm going to chalk it up to those people not liking Asian Cinema.
Bob 07/30/2013 9:39 am At 9:39 am
Talk about your "when did you stop beating your wife" headlines. I'm sure the review is fine, but I couldn't make it past that ridiculous headline.
Johnny Memeonic 07/30/2013 10:06 am At 10:06 am
You're projecting. First Class was fine.
Heidi MacDonald 07/30/2013 11:13 am At 11:13 am
Steve-O; gotta disagree there, I thought Jennifer Lawrence's storyline as Mystique was the best character arc for a female superbeing in any movie. Of course, being played by Jennifer Lawrence didn't hurt.
Your description of shirtless Wolverine has piqued my interest to see this film however.
Key Lime Pie 07/30/2013 11:30 am At 11:30 am
"Whilst"?
Unless you have a Public School accent or write bad English pornography, the use of "whilst" just doesn't work.
Steve Morris 07/30/2013 11:35 am At 11:35 am
Whilst may not exist in American-English, but I'm not American. I'm fine using it to add a little coloUr
Simon Jones 07/30/2013 12:30 pm At 12:30 pm
X-Men First Class had a lot going for it, and frankly had the best performance from Michael Fassbender since that Guinness ad he did (check it out, it's on Youtube). However it suffered from a problem which afflicted the previous Wolverine movie and The Last Stand (Apart from the not being very good. Neither of those were).
There seemed to be a curious compulsion to introduce characters, introduce their powers and then instantly kill them off before anyone has had the opportunity to get to like them. From a story and character point of view, this makes the deaths entirely meaningless. Why not kill off a barely indentified character that we have only got to know by virtue of their mutant powers? See the death of Darwin in X-Men First Class for an example.
I haven't seen The Wolverine. I was pretty much on the fence about seeing it after the trailers came out, but even the lure of shirtless Hugh Jackman couldn't lure my wife to see it. I saw the World's End though. That was good. The Wolverine will be one for DVD I think.
Andrew Farago 07/30/2013 2:00 pm At 2:00 pm
Actually, familiarity with Asian cinema weakened the film for me. The action sequences felt really subdued compared with some of the really well-choreographed action movies that have made their way to the U.S. in the past decade. Wolverine fighting a bunch of ninjas who really didn't seem to be the best there are at what they do didn't really cut it.
Mike Everleth 07/30/2013 3:33 pm At 3:33 pm
To be a little nitpicky, Logan wasn't staring at B&W pictures of X-Men to pass the time in his cave. What actually happened was Yukio handed him a research folder that he quickly thumbed through, which included a photo of Storm that he responded impassively to.
It's a minor point, but I think makes a big difference in character set-up.
Laura Sneddon 07/30/2013 5:19 pm At 5:19 pm
I haven't seen Wolverine yet but really loved First Class – I thought the stuff with Darwin was highly problematic, and didn't like the way women were mostly sidelined, but Mystique's prominence and portrayal plus McAvoy and Fassbender's performances were excellent.
I liked the first X-Men film now I think upon it, one of the earliest to move comics into more serious mainstream ground, and the opening sequence of X-2 was phenomenal (Nightcrawler!).
george 07/30/2013 5:35 pm At 5:35 pm
Re your headline:
The only X-Men movie close to "awful" was the third one, directed by Brett (No Talent) Ratner. And even it had a few good moments, most of them provided by Ellen Page as Kitty Pryde.
The first two (directed by Bryan Singer) were fine movies, and X-Men: First Class was a decent movie, too. I passed on the first Wolverine solo movie back in 2009, and haven't decided whether I'll see this one.
gene phillips 07/30/2013 6:16 pm At 6:16 pm
There's nothing "anonymous" about this version of the Silver Samurai, and he's not really a robot in the strict sense of the word. Without giving away a crucial spoiler, the Samurai's true nature is important to the movie's theme about the nature of mortality.
Agree that the character of Harada (Will Yun Lee) was something of a dead end, though.
Re: the Chinese and Korean actors– even if they don't look precisely Japanese, so what? Do we need to become so anal that every ethnic subgroup *must* be played by a member of that subgroup?
That would deny us, for one thing, of the pleasure of seeing the half-Jewish Werner Klemperer satirize Nazism in HOGAN'S HEROES by portraying the (implicitly non-Jewish) Colonel Klink.
It used to be much worse. In the '30s and '40s, Asian characters were routinely played by Caucasian actors in grotesque makeup. And before that, black characters were played by whites in blackface. (See "The Birth of a Nation," if you can stand the racism.)
george 07/30/2013 10:34 pm At 10:34 pm
http://www.racebending.com/v3/background/history-of-yellowface/#Intro
"Yellowface: A History."
Silly But True 07/31/2013 12:53 am At 12:53 am
I wonder if you guys just nailed the real reason Brandon Routh's Superman didn't connect with movie-going audiences.
He's not really Kryptonian.
Silly But True
Hogne B. Pettersen 07/31/2013 7:14 am At 7:14 am
He. Apart from X-Men 3, or whatever they called it, how did the other X-men movies suck? I really liked them.
luminous 08/02/2013 5:28 pm At 5:28 pm
If it does well internationally you think there will be a sequel. The case with Superman Returns was not entirely true. (RIP) Or another reboot/retcon venture. Hey who know Marvel movies follow the same pattern as their comics, in the Fox world at least
sham butt 08/12/2013 10:03 pm At 10:03 pm
so judging by the writers wordings and enthusiasm……no point watching at the cinema cause all the pictures look like a CAM Print!!!i'll rather stay home and watch it over my 42 inch plasma t.v. with a decent level of surround system…..it this…or smurfs 2…OH GOD!!
Jason. Arias 08/13/2013 5:34 pm At 5:34 pm
I just saw this movie and really i didnt like it..it was mostly his shirt off whoch come on this aint a chick flick shit but any wat it was to slow its like they are just pushing shit out there i thought finding nemo 3d was 10 times better than wolverine :/ expected more got nothing..peace thats my opinion
Elskidor 09/07/2013 2:11 pm At 2:11 pm
X2 and First Class are both rated extremely high. X men original wasn't bad either, so that comment was just silly. X3…bleh. I didn't think there was anything special about The Wolverine though. I also didn't get the hate over X Men: Wolverine origins, or whatever, but I did like 2009 woverine over the recent one. Looking for Days of Future Past!
IJustDon't KNow 10/02/2013 6:06 pm At 6:06 pm
okay so i am considering watching this or The Lone Ranger. I am not the kind of person to watch japanese based movies but it might be good. i just want the emotions movies should give. like sadness, overwhelmed happiness, or just a good laugh. i want to be intrigued. if i watch either of the films, i'd want to be intrigued and not sleepy. i like X-Men First Class. i actually love it :P #judgeme haha but i'll watch it anyway….
Dean 10/05/2013 8:55 pm At 8:55 pm
The character of Yukio played by Rila Fukushima was excellent. Her personality and ability in the martial arts scenes, along with some sword action, carried the whole film. Without her, I would have felt a disappointment. I recommend getting the dvd just to see if there is more action and dialogue scenes with her in it. She is remarkable not only because she is a precognitive mutant that has an interest in learning human martial arts capabilities, but because we really don't see this type of action movie characters with her unique abilities and looks enough in any sort of movie out there. She represents the strong female character that is represented in all the x men movies.
The Wolverine 12/16/2013 5:13 am At 5:13 am
First and foremost I must say that I absolutely loved this movie. But as I will cover in my review it may largely be due to the fact that I have always held the source material of this film in very high regard. Having said that, I do recognize that their may be a sliding scale of enjoyability for this film. If you are a fan of the 1983 Claremont/Miller miniseries of Wolverine then this is the movie you have been waiting for. If you are fond of the character Wolverine and interested into delving deeper into his chronology and exploring his inner conflicts, you will certainly enjoy this movie. If however, you have no familiarity, or no desire to familiarize with the character of Wolverine, you may find yourself not caring about many of the slower moments and longing for a more evenly paced action film.
Fans of Claremont's Wolverine rejoice, this Wolverine does it right. The film does its best keeping characters intact while deviating from the comics in the sake of a self contained story and grander character development. There are several of the shots in this film that are near recreations of the comic's original panels, and although story lines have been shifted and shuffled in some places, its all there. Mariko, Yukio, Harada, Shingen and Viper may develop differently than in the comic series, but their relation to each other and contextual significance is intact. As a Wolverine fan it was also nice to see a meaningful relationship blossom between Wolverine and Mariko, unlike the comics where it really is love at first sight. Instead here Wolverine falls in love not entirely with the character of Mariko, but rather with the idea of being a protector, a take that is a welcome addition to the Claremont storyline. The characters of Silver Samurai and Viper undergo the largest facelift in this film, but it isn't entirely out of place. Let us not forget they were involved in the X Men issues directly connecting to the Wolverine miniseries. Although their characters have undertaken slight adjustments in order to incorporate ideas from the Fatal Attractions storyline, the plot does well to take from Wolverine's side of this storyline because it was one of the few times in the series where Logan did feel vulnerable. Many fans will recognize that the plot device and character of Master Yashida cannot be found in any of the original comics, but one must keep in mind it serves as a useful device to connect all the developments of Logan's journey. All in all I think its the best character study of Wolverine that any fan could ask for. Wolverine struggles with his animalistic urges and his commitment to reform, he grapples to find meaning in his endless immortality, and he ultimately finds purpose and resolution that he had not before. None of these developments are significantly or profoundly discovered, rather they are slowly revealed, which may turn casual movie goers off from enjoying this film. As a thoughtful exploration of Wolverine's character and a grand homage to incredible source material though, how can any Wolverine fan say no to this movie? It is the best X-Men movie and one of the best comic based movies.
For those who would not consider themselves fans, but are rather moviegoers intent on enjoying a superhero epic, be warned. This film is a character study, it does not grapple with any conflicts outside of Wolverine's internal struggles. The world is not being threatened, and not many lives outside of Logan's are even being threatened, so the storyline does not crescendo in epic suspense like the Avengers or the Dark Knight. So for those not invested in Wolverine's personal self discovery, some of the action can seem unmotivated and the pacing an obstacle to satisfaction. The film does its job in providing action sequences, but it intersperses several moments of symbolic soul searching, cryptic metaphors and relationship building that serve as pavement for Wolverine's self discovery. This movie can still be enjoyable without interest in Wolverine's inner conflicts however. With an outstanding supporting cast, a beautiful setting, and gripping and intense action sequences, it plays a lot like a token Bond film for those unfamiliar with Wolverine.
Whether you are familiar with the original comics or not, this movie will certainly provide entertaining thrills and intriguing themes. If, however, you are a fan of the original comic books, this film is a wonderful achievement.
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