GREEN CARD. Alien registration receipt cards, colloquially called "green cards," are issued to aliens who qualify as lawful permanent residents as proof of their status. The 2002 version of the card was actually light pink in color. Cards issued before 1976, however, were green. All older versions of the green card expired in 1996. The I-551 cards expire after ten years and need to be renewed before expiration. Permanent resident children must apply for a new card when they reach their fourteenth birthday. Expiration of the card does not affect an individual's status as a lawful permanent resident, but an expired card cannot be used to establish employment eligibility or as a visa for travel.
The current card is machine readable and contains the alien's photograph, fingerprints, and signature as well as optical patterns to frustrate counterfeiting. If a resident's card is lost, mutilated, or destroyed, a replacement card may be issued. If the permanent resident is naturalized, permanently leaves the country, is deported, or dies, the card must be surrendered.
To qualify for permanent resident status and receive a card, an alien must fit into one of several categories. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended, established a set of preferred immigrant categories, each limited by a numerical quota. An alien may be sponsored by certain family members in the United States. An employment-based status is granted to workers with extraordinary ability, people with advanced degrees, people whose labor is needed in the United States, religious workers, foreign employees of the government, and entrepreneurs who create employment opportunities for Americans. The so-called diversity category includes immigrants from underrepresented countries. Refugees and people granted asylum may also apply for permanent residence after one year.
The card serves as a permit for employment in the United States and a visa. Permanent residents may use the card to return to the United States after a temporary absence not exceeding one year. If more than a year passes before the resident returns to the United States, the card is no longer valid as a reentry permit. If the permanent resident has been abroad for more than one year but less than two, he or she must obtain a reentry permit from the INS. If the resident is absent from the United States for longer than two years, he or she must obtain a special immigrant visa from a U.S. consulate, usually after establishing that he or she has not abandoned his or her permanent resident status.
The potential use of the card to reenter the United States should not be confused with the maintenance of lawful permanent residence status. To maintain lawful permanent resident status while abroad, an alien must demonstrate the intent to remain in the United States as a permanent resident. The INS generally examines the length of and purpose for the resident's absence; whether or not the resident continues to file U.S. tax returns, maintains a U.S. address, bank account, and driver's license; the location of the resident's close family members; and the location and nature of the resident's employment.
For the holder of a green card to be eligible for naturalization, he or she generally must reside in the United States continuously for five years following establishment of permanent residence. The required period is reduced to three years if the resident is the spouse of a U.S. citizen. If the resident is absent from the country for more than six months but for less than a year, the continuity of residence is broken unless the resident can supply a reasonable explanation for the absence. An absence of one year or more destroys the continuity of residence unless the resident takes appropriate steps prior to the expiration of a year.
Aleinikoff, Thomas Alexander, David A. Martin, and Hiroshi Motomura. Immigration: Process and Policy. 4th ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West Group, 1998.
Gordon, Charles, Stanley Mailman, and Stephen Yale-Loehr. Immigration Law and Procedure. New York: Matthew Bender, 1988; supplemented through 2002.
Legomsky, Stephen H. Immigration and Refugee Law and Policy. Westbury, N.Y.: Foundation Press, 1997.
"Green Card." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
The popular name for the Alien Registration Receipt Card issued to all immigrants entering the United States on a non-temporary visa who have registered with and been fingerprinted by the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The name green card comes from the distinctive coloration of the card.
"Green Card." West's Encyclopedia of American Law. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
green card • n. 1. (in the U.S.) a permit allowing a foreign national to live and work permanently in the U.S. 2. (in the UK) an international insurance document for motorists.
"green card." The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
Some marry for love, some for money, others for an apartment in the Big Apple. Refined, single MacDowell covets a rent-controlled apartment in Manhattan, but the lease stipulates that the apartment be let to a married couple. Enter brusque and burly Depardieu, who covets the elusive green card. The counterpoint between MacDowell, as a stuffy horticulturist, and Depardieu, as a French composer works well, and the two adroitly play a couple whose relationship covers the romantic continuum. Director Weir wrote the screenplay with Depardieu in mind. Depardieu's English-language debut. 108m/C VHS, DVD . Gerard Depardieu, Andie MacDowell, Bebe Neuwirth, Gregg Edelman, Robert Prosky, Jessie Keosian, Ann Wedgeworth, Ethan Phillips, Mary Louise Wilson, Lois Smith, Simon Jones; D: Peter Weir; W: Peter Weir; M: Hans Zimmer. Golden Globes '91: Actor—Mus./Comedy (Depardieu), Film—Mus./Comedy.
"Green Card." VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever. . Encyclopedia.com. 18 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.


Handpainted in gorgeous colours and patterns, these little ceramic dishes are perfect for coffee tables, side tables, consoles or even in the cloakroom as little soap dishes.
Inspired by the colours of the Mediterranean and tropical regions and made under Fairtrade conditions by experienced artisans, these little beauties are a primary means of making a living for the community.
Perfect to use as decorations, spoon rest in the kitchen or as a soap dish in the bathroom.


How proper titration, improved performance and continued learning can boost a wash's bottom line.
There are areas in the typical car care business where small changes can have a huge impact on profitability. Furthermore, new operators have dozens of opportunities to rethink and perfect their washes as they gain valuable experience. One important example every new investor should be aware of is chemical application. Modern chemical systems and equipment are essential to wash performance. There are a multitude of steps — from perfecting chemistry titration to performing equipment maintenance — that can save an operator a few cents on every application, which over time add up to lucrative returns.
With a variety of products available in the car care industry, wash operators, manufacturers, distributors and chemistry experts must work together to create the perfect chemical plan for a specific location. After a system is installed, the next important steps are to monitor and correct chemical usage, if needed. Making the right choices and following them up with regular inspections will push both profit and performance.
So, how do chemical companies develop new chemistry options for modern carwashes? Frank Yonker, vice president of research and development for Qual Chem, states that the development process begins by listening to customers. Carwash operators see firsthand the areas they want to improve, or they recognize the product attributes they want to expand. By listening to this feedback, a chemistry company will know the direction to focus on in development efforts.
Regulatory changes are another driver that informs product development and chemical formulation, according to Yonker. Many of these regulation-based changes drive how future chemical products will be formulated. Finally, a company can look at trends in other markets. There might be a key product attribute that is being marketed in another industry, and the chemical company will work to see how the same type of offering might translate in the carwash industry.
Doug Marquis, vice president of business development for CSI – Lustra Car Care Products, reveals that the chemical formulation process really starts at the end. Marquis' company has a development team that begins by working directly with carwash operators. Together, they determine where there are performance gaps and product needs that impact carwash performance, cost and customer satisfaction. From there, scientists can design a "product creation project" that has a clearly defined purpose and will address the actual needs of customers.
The next step is then sharing the chemical technology strategy of these projects with industry original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Marquis states that this process ensures cohesive interaction between the chemical and the equipment.
"Success for the future demands we look forward now and create products that will work well for our customers and our OEM partner," Marquis says. Marquis further notes that every quality carwash supply company has expertise and knowledge gained from working with hundreds or thousands of carwash operators. The suppliers' job is to help owners solve problems, improve operations and drive their businesses forward. Experienced operators and new owners should call upon the resources and knowledge of these companies.
This process of continued development and improvement has led to numerous advantages when a carwash utilizes the newest products. One way the science of soaps has developed over the years is that new formulations allow for much higher concentrations, Marquis states.
Using newly designed surfactants and polymer combinations, some manufacturers have designed products that perform extremely well at very small use-per-vehicle rates. Marquis says this development means operators can now wash as many cars with one gallon of product as they used to wash with five to 15 gallons.
Creating concentrated products with little to no water in them means the manufacturers can save money on the costs associated with shipping from the plant to the carwash. These savings are rolled into the pricing offered to carwash operators, Marquis notes.
One thing new owners should understand is that wash-applied soaps do not supply the technical "protection" aspects of the wash process. That said, they definitely do support it, Marquis states. The cationic products like polishes and sealants do the protecting, but the soaps are the first step of the treatment process. They can create the proper environment for the sealants to do their work.
Depending on the circumstances — like the type of wash system and cleaning situations — soap solutions can vary drastically, according to Marquis. Generally speaking, touch-free carwash systems demand the most sophisticated chemistry in terms of outright cleaning performance. Because of this, they require a constant close eye on performance in order to meet the ever-changing cleaning conditions that exist.
When it comes to friction cleaning, the focus shifts away a little from cleaning elements. Instead, start to look more at how detergents can protect vehicle surfaces from the "cleaning rub." What is also considered is how the soaps can set the stage for the most effective and efficient application of sealers and waxes, Marquis notes.
Continued learning in the carwash market will be driven by suppliers maintaining relationships with operators, Yonker states. Owners will tell companies what areas of their washes they want to improve. Sometimes, this communication will lead to a new product or simply create a discussion on utilizing different equipment or repositioning existing equipment.
Marquis reveals that the industry's leading manufacturers will have the resources — meaning knowledgeable and skilled experts — available to explain the basics of the technology they use to design and develop their products. Also, these experts will be able to assess carwashers' individual needs and make recommendations for the right products. These recommendations will be based on a real understanding of what each product's capability is and how that matches up to the operator's desired outcomes.
Operators looking for continued learning opportunities can first get involved with the different carwash associations, Marquis suggests. The International Carwash Association (ICA) and regional groups regularly provide educational opportunities that help operators stay in touch with the latest developments.
Next, networking within a carwash peer group is always valuable. An operator should get to know others in the carwash industry as well as share ideas, talk about challenges and be open with the information he or she may have, Marquis recommends. Who better to learn from than other owners with the same needs, goals and ambitions?
How has wash technology advancement in the car care market changed the needed chemistry over the years? Yonker states that the effect depends on the technology's usage. Sometimes, technology has helped chemistry work better in the tunnels or bays, but some changes have made choosing the right chemistry for each application more important.
One wash technology example is the widespread installation of reclaim water equipment. Yonker notes that the growing use of reclaimed water has pushed chemical suppliers to produce reclaim-friendly products. Newer chemistry is typically more reclaim friendly, safer for workers and environmentally responsible. Therefore, if the chemical is formulated properly, nothing in the wash should need to be changed.
Marquis explains that reclaimed water is typically not best used as part of a chemical application. Rather, it should be used in a removal or underbody flush wash system.
Even with the great advances in reclaim systems that operators have seen throughout the industry, it is still difficult to pencil out a return on investment for using reclaimed water in a chemical application process.
Mark Martin is a freelance contributor.


We are always looking to help wherever we can. If you have an idea, an event, a place or community where you feel BlackCat can serve, or need support, please do not hesitate to reach out.
Usual reply time is within a 24 hour period.


Luke Ball dismisses rumour of..
Premiership Magpie Luke Ball has dismissed the idea that Collingwood players started a petition to stop the club handing the coaching role from Mick Malthouse to Nathan Buckley.
But he said it would be 'naive' to think there weren't players who preferred Malthouse.
Speaking on 3AW Football, Ball said Malthouse was the first coach for a lot of the players.
'The coach is there when you come in, nurtures you and forms a great relationship with you – when he leaves, it's tough,' Ball said.
'So I assume that there would have been some mixed feelings about the handover.


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Top  |
                  Description  |
                  Object Hierarchy  |
                  Implemented Interfaces  |
                  Properties

GSubprocess

GSubprocess — Child processes

Functions

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="functions_return">
<col class="functions_name">
</colgroup>

GSubprocess *

g_subprocess_new ()

GSubprocess *

g_subprocess_newv ()

const gchar *

g_subprocess_get_identifier ()

GOutputStream *

g_subprocess_get_stdin_pipe ()

GInputStream *

g_subprocess_get_stdout_pipe ()

GInputStream *

g_subprocess_get_stderr_pipe ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_wait ()

void

g_subprocess_wait_async ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_wait_finish ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_wait_check ()

void

g_subprocess_wait_check_async ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_wait_check_finish ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_get_successful ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_get_if_exited ()

gint

g_subprocess_get_exit_status ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_get_if_signaled ()

gint

g_subprocess_get_term_sig ()

gint

g_subprocess_get_status ()

void

g_subprocess_send_signal ()

void

g_subprocess_force_exit ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_communicate ()

void

g_subprocess_communicate_async ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_communicate_finish ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8 ()

void

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_async ()

gboolean

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_finish ()

Properties

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="properties_type">
<col width="300px" class="properties_name">
<col width="200px" class="properties_flags">
</colgroup>

GStrv
argv
Write / Construct Only

GSubprocessFlags
flags
Write / Construct Only

Types and Values

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="name">
<col class="description">
</colgroup>

GSubprocess

enum
GSubprocessFlags

Object Hierarchy

    GObject
    ╰── GSubprocess

Implemented Interfaces

GSubprocess implements
 GInitable.

Includes

#include <gio/gio.h>

Description

GSubprocess allows the creation of and interaction with child
processes.

Processes can be communicated with using standard GIO-style APIs (ie:
GInputStream, GOutputStream).  There are GIO-style APIs to wait for
process termination (ie: cancellable and with an asynchronous
variant).

There is an API to force a process to terminate, as well as a
race-free API for sending UNIX signals to a subprocess.

One major advantage that GIO brings over the core GLib library is
comprehensive API for asynchronous I/O, such
g_output_stream_splice_async().  This makes GSubprocess
significantly more powerful and flexible than equivalent APIs in
some other languages such as the subprocess.py
included with Python.  For example, using GSubprocess one could
create two child processes, reading standard output from the first,
processing it, and writing to the input stream of the second, all
without blocking the main loop.

A powerful g_subprocess_communicate() API is provided similar to the
communicate() method of subprocess.py. This enables very easy
interaction with a subprocess that has been opened with pipes.

GSubprocess defaults to tight control over the file descriptors open
in the child process, avoiding dangling-fd issues that are caused by
a simple fork()/exec().  The only open file descriptors in the
spawned process are ones that were explicitly specified by the
GSubprocess API (unless G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_INHERIT_FDS was
specified).

GSubprocess will quickly reap all child processes as they exit,
avoiding "zombie processes" remaining around for long periods of
time.  g_subprocess_wait() can be used to wait for this to happen,
but it will happen even without the call being explicitly made.

As a matter of principle, GSubprocess has no API that accepts
shell-style space-separated strings.  It will, however, match the
typical shell behaviour of searching the PATH for executables that do
not contain a directory separator in their name.

GSubprocess attempts to have a very simple API for most uses (ie:
spawning a subprocess with arguments and support for most typical
kinds of input and output redirection).  See g_subprocess_new(). The
GSubprocessLauncher API is provided for more complicated cases
(advanced types of redirection, environment variable manipulation,
change of working directory, child setup functions, etc).

A typical use of GSubprocess will involve calling
g_subprocess_new(), followed by g_subprocess_wait_async() or
g_subprocess_wait().  After the process exits, the status can be
checked using functions such as g_subprocess_get_if_exited() (which
are similar to the familiar WIFEXITED-style POSIX macros).

Functions

g_subprocess_new ()

GSubprocess *
g_subprocess_new (GSubprocessFlags flags,
                  GError **error,
                  const gchar *argv0,
                  ...);

Create a new process with the given flags and varargs argument
list.  By default, matching the g_spawn_async() defaults, the
child's stdin will be set to the system null device, and
stdout/stderr will be inherited from the parent.  You can use
flags
 to control this behavior.

The argument list must be terminated with NULL.

[<acronym title="Exposed in C code, not necessarily available in other languages.">skip</acronym>]

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

flags

flags that define the behaviour of the subprocess

error

 return location for an error, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

argv0

first commandline argument to pass to the subprocess

...

more commandline arguments, followed by NULL

Returns

 A newly created GSubprocess, or NULL on error (and error
will be set)

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_newv ()

GSubprocess *
g_subprocess_newv (const gchar * const *argv,
                   GSubprocessFlags flags,
                   GError **error);

Create a new process with the given flags and argument list.

The argument list is expected to be NULL-terminated.

[<acronym title="Rename the original symbol's name to SYMBOL.">rename-to</acronym> g_subprocess_new]

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

argv

 commandline arguments for the subprocess.

[<acronym title="Parameter points to an array of items.">array</acronym> zero-terminated=1][<acronym title="Generics and defining elements of containers and arrays.">element-type</acronym> utf8]

flags

flags that define the behaviour of the subprocess

error

 return location for an error, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

Returns

 A newly created GSubprocess, or NULL on error (and error
will be set)

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_identifier ()

const gchar *
g_subprocess_get_identifier (GSubprocess *subprocess);

On UNIX, returns the process ID as a decimal string.
On Windows, returns the result of GetProcessId() also as a string.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

g_subprocess_get_stdin_pipe ()

GOutputStream *
g_subprocess_get_stdin_pipe (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Gets the GOutputStream that you can write to in order to give data
to the stdin of subprocess
.

The process must have been created with
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDIN_PIPE.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the stdout pipe.

[<acronym title="Don't free data after the code is done.">transfer none</acronym>]

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_stdout_pipe ()

GInputStream *
g_subprocess_get_stdout_pipe (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Gets the GInputStream from which to read the stdout output of
subprocess
.

The process must have been created with
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the stdout pipe.

[<acronym title="Don't free data after the code is done.">transfer none</acronym>]

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_stderr_pipe ()

GInputStream *
g_subprocess_get_stderr_pipe (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Gets the GInputStream from which to read the stderr output of
subprocess
.

The process must have been created with
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_PIPE.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the stderr pipe.

[<acronym title="Don't free data after the code is done.">transfer none</acronym>]

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_wait (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                   GCancellable *cancellable,
                   GError **error);

Synchronously wait for the subprocess to terminate.

After the process terminates you can query its exit status with
functions such as g_subprocess_get_if_exited() and
g_subprocess_get_exit_status().

This function does not fail in the case of the subprocess having
abnormal termination.  See g_subprocess_wait_check() for that.

Cancelling cancellable
 doesn't kill the subprocess.  Call
g_subprocess_force_exit() if it is desirable.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

cancellable

a GCancellable

error

a GError

Returns

 TRUE on success, FALSE if cancellable
was cancelled

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait_async ()

void
g_subprocess_wait_async (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                         GCancellable *cancellable,
                         GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                         gpointer user_data);

Wait for the subprocess to terminate.

This is the asynchronous version of g_subprocess_wait().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

cancellable

a GCancellable, or NULL

callback

a GAsyncReadyCallback to call when the operation is complete

user_data

user_data for callback

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait_finish ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_wait_finish (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                          GAsyncResult *result,
                          GError **error);

Collects the result of a previous call to
g_subprocess_wait_async().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

result

the GAsyncResult passed to your GAsyncReadyCallback

error

a pointer to a NULL GError, or NULL

Returns

 TRUE if successful, or FALSE with error
set

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait_check ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_wait_check (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                         GCancellable *cancellable,
                         GError **error);

Combines g_subprocess_wait() with g_spawn_check_exit_status().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

cancellable

a GCancellable

error

a GError

Returns

 TRUE on success, FALSE if process exited abnormally, or
cancellable
was cancelled

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait_check_async ()

void
g_subprocess_wait_check_async (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                               GCancellable *cancellable,
                               GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                               gpointer user_data);

Combines g_subprocess_wait_async() with g_spawn_check_exit_status().

This is the asynchronous version of g_subprocess_wait_check().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

cancellable

a GCancellable, or NULL

callback

a GAsyncReadyCallback to call when the operation is complete

user_data

user_data for callback

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_wait_check_finish ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_wait_check_finish (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                                GAsyncResult *result,
                                GError **error);

Collects the result of a previous call to
g_subprocess_wait_check_async().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

result

the GAsyncResult passed to your GAsyncReadyCallback

error

a pointer to a NULL GError, or NULL

Returns

 TRUE if successful, or FALSE with error
set

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_successful ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_get_successful (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Checks if the process was "successful".  A process is considered
successful if it exited cleanly with an exit status of 0, either by
way of the exit() system call or return from main().

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() has
returned.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 TRUE if the process exited cleanly with a exit status of 0

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_if_exited ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_get_if_exited (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Check if the given subprocess exited normally (ie: by way of exit()
or return from main()).

This is equivalent to the system WIFEXITED macro.

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() has
returned.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 TRUE if the case of a normal exit

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_exit_status ()

gint
g_subprocess_get_exit_status (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Check the exit status of the subprocess, given that it exited
normally.  This is the value passed to the exit() system call or the
return value from main.

This is equivalent to the system WEXITSTATUS macro.

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() and
unless g_subprocess_get_if_exited() returned TRUE.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the exit status

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_if_signaled ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_get_if_signaled (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Check if the given subprocess terminated in response to a signal.

This is equivalent to the system WIFSIGNALED macro.

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() has
returned.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 TRUE if the case of termination due to a signal

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_term_sig ()

gint
g_subprocess_get_term_sig (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Get the signal number that caused the subprocess to terminate, given
that it terminated due to a signal.

This is equivalent to the system WTERMSIG macro.

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() and
unless g_subprocess_get_if_signaled() returned TRUE.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the signal causing termination

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_get_status ()

gint
g_subprocess_get_status (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Gets the raw status code of the process, as from waitpid().

This value has no particular meaning, but it can be used with the
macros defined by the system headers such as WIFEXITED.  It can also
be used with g_spawn_check_exit_status().

It is more likely that you want to use g_subprocess_get_if_exited()
followed by g_subprocess_get_exit_status().

It is an error to call this function before g_subprocess_wait() has
returned.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Returns

 the (meaningless) waitpid() exit status from the kernel

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_send_signal ()

void
g_subprocess_send_signal (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                          gint signal_num);

Sends the UNIX signal signal_num
 to the subprocess, if it is still
running.

This API is race-free.  If the subprocess has terminated, it will not
be signalled.

This API is not available on Windows.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

signal_num

the signal number to send

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_force_exit ()

void
g_subprocess_force_exit (GSubprocess *subprocess);

Use an operating-system specific method to attempt an immediate,
forceful termination of the process.  There is no mechanism to
determine whether or not the request itself was successful;
however, you can use g_subprocess_wait() to monitor the status of
the process after calling this function.

On Unix, this function sends SIGKILL.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_communicate ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_communicate (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                          GBytes *stdin_buf,
                          GCancellable *cancellable,
                          GBytes **stdout_buf,
                          GBytes **stderr_buf,
                          GError **error);

Communicate with the subprocess until it terminates, and all input
and output has been completed.

If stdin_buf
 is given, the subprocess must have been created with
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDIN_PIPE.  The given data is fed to the
stdin of the subprocess and the pipe is closed (ie: EOF).

At the same time (as not to cause blocking when dealing with large
amounts of data), if G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE or
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_PIPE were used, reads from those
streams.  The data that was read is returned in stdout
 and/or
the stderr
.

If the subprocess was created with G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE,
stdout_buf
 will contain the data read from stdout.  Otherwise, for
subprocesses not created with G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE,
stdout_buf
 will be set to NULL.  Similar provisions apply to
stderr_buf
 and G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_PIPE.

As usual, any output variable may be given as NULL to ignore it.

If you desire the stdout and stderr data to be interleaved, create
the subprocess with G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE and
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_MERGE.  The merged result will be returned
in stdout_buf
 and stderr_buf
 will be set to NULL.

In case of any error (including cancellation), FALSE will be
returned with error
 set.  Some or all of the stdin data may have
been written.  Any stdout or stderr data that has been read will be
discarded. None of the out variables (aside from error
) will have
been set to anything in particular and should not be inspected.

In the case that TRUE is returned, the subprocess has exited and the
exit status inspection APIs (eg: g_subprocess_get_if_exited(),
g_subprocess_get_exit_status()) may be used.

You should not attempt to use any of the subprocess pipes after
starting this function, since they may be left in strange states,
even if the operation was cancelled.  You should especially not
attempt to interact with the pipes while the operation is in progress
(either from another thread or if using the asynchronous version).

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

stdin_buf

 data to send to the stdin of the subprocess, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

cancellable

a GCancellable

stdout_buf

 data read from the subprocess stdout.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

stderr_buf

 data read from the subprocess stderr.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

error

a pointer to a NULL GError pointer, or NULL

Returns

 TRUE if successful

Since: 2.40

g_subprocess_communicate_async ()

void
g_subprocess_communicate_async (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                                GBytes *stdin_buf,
                                GCancellable *cancellable,
                                GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                                gpointer user_data);

Asynchronous version of g_subprocess_communicate().  Complete
invocation with g_subprocess_communicate_finish().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

Self

stdin_buf

 Input data, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

cancellable

 Cancellable.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

callback

Callback

user_data

User data

g_subprocess_communicate_finish ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_communicate_finish (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                                 GAsyncResult *result,
                                 GBytes **stdout_buf,
                                 GBytes **stderr_buf,
                                 GError **error);

Complete an invocation of g_subprocess_communicate_async().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

Self

result

Result

stdout_buf

 Return location for stdout data.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

stderr_buf

 Return location for stderr data.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

error

Error

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8 ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_communicate_utf8 (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                               const char *stdin_buf,
                               GCancellable *cancellable,
                               char **stdout_buf,
                               char **stderr_buf,
                               GError **error);

Like g_subprocess_communicate(), but validates the output of the
process as UTF-8, and returns it as a regular NUL terminated string.

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

a GSubprocess

stdin_buf

 data to send to the stdin of the subprocess, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

cancellable

a GCancellable

stdout_buf

 data read from the subprocess stdout.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

stderr_buf

 data read from the subprocess stderr.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

error

a pointer to a NULL GError pointer, or NULL

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_async ()

void
g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_async (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                                     const char *stdin_buf,
                                     GCancellable *cancellable,
                                     GAsyncReadyCallback callback,
                                     gpointer user_data);

Asynchronous version of g_subprocess_communicate_utf8().  Complete
invocation with g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_finish().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

Self

stdin_buf

 Input data, or NULL.

[<acronym title="NULL is OK, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

cancellable

Cancellable

callback

Callback

user_data

User data

g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_finish ()

gboolean
g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_finish (GSubprocess *subprocess,
                                      GAsyncResult *result,
                                      char **stdout_buf,
                                      char **stderr_buf,
                                      GError **error);

Complete an invocation of g_subprocess_communicate_utf8_async().

Parameters

<colgroup>
<col width="150px" class="parameters_name">
<col class="parameters_description">
<col width="200px" class="parameters_annotations">
</colgroup>

subprocess

Self

result

Result

stdout_buf

 Return location for stdout data.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

stderr_buf

 Return location for stderr data.

[<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

error

Error

Types and Values

GSubprocess

typedef struct _GSubprocess GSubprocess;

A child process.

Since: 2.40

enum GSubprocessFlags

Flags to define the behaviour of a GSubprocess.

Note that the default for stdin is to redirect from /dev/null.  For
stdout and stderr the default are for them to inherit the
corresponding descriptor from the calling process.

Note that it is a programmer error to mix 'incompatible' flags.  For
example, you may not request both G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE and
G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_SILENCE.

Members

<colgroup>
<col width="300px" class="enum_members_name">
<col class="enum_members_description">
<col width="200px" class="enum_members_annotations">
</colgroup>

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_NONE

No flags.

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDIN_PIPE

create a pipe for the stdin of the
  spawned process that can be accessed with
  g_subprocess_get_stdin_pipe().

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDIN_INHERIT

stdin is inherited from the
  calling process.

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_PIPE

create a pipe for the stdout of the
  spawned process that can be accessed with
  g_subprocess_get_stdout_pipe().

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDOUT_SILENCE

silence the stdout of the spawned
  process (ie: redirect to /dev/null).

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_PIPE

create a pipe for the stderr of the
  spawned process that can be accessed with
  g_subprocess_get_stderr_pipe().

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_SILENCE

silence the stderr of the spawned
  process (ie: redirect to /dev/null).

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_STDERR_MERGE

merge the stderr of the spawned
  process with whatever the stdout happens to be.  This is a good way
  of directing both streams to a common log file, for example.

G_SUBPROCESS_FLAGS_INHERIT_FDS

spawned processes will inherit the
  file descriptors of their parent, unless those descriptors have
  been explicitly marked as close-on-exec.  This flag has no effect
  over the "standard" file descriptors (stdin, stdout, stderr).

Since: 2.40

Property Details

The "argv" property

  "argv"                     GStrv

Argument vector.

Flags: Write / Construct Only

The "flags" property

  "flags"                    GSubprocessFlags

Subprocess flags.

Flags: Write / Construct Only

See Also

GSubprocessLauncher

Generated by GTK-Doc V1.24

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
« Little Time Off for the Self-Employed | Main | Are four emotional pitfalls sabotaging your trading? »
How Safe are Your Social Security Benefits?
Social Security retirement benefits are far more important to upscale Baby Boomers than they were during the stock market and home price highs of a few years ago.
Perhaps as early as this year, Social Security, at $580 billion the nation's biggest social program, will be transformed from an operation that's helped finance the rest of the government for 25 years into a cash drain that will need money from the Treasury.
With the government spending untold trillions to bail out incompetent banks, faddish mortgage borrowers, Generous Motors, Chrysler, AIG, GMAC and Wall Street, it should damn well bail out Social Security old-age benefits---the ones who'll benefit from the bailout have played by the rules and paid Social Security taxes for decades. It would be immoral to tell them, "Sorry, we have to trim your cost-of-living adjustment because we can't afford it," while expecting them to continue footing the bill for bailing out imprudent people and institutions.
...that Peter Orszag, director of the White House Office of Management and Budget, is a noted Social Security scholar? He's co-author of an influential 2004 book, "Saving Social Security: A Balanced Approach," that advanced substantial tax increases (and a few benefit trims) to preserve the program.
What is Social Security?
Social Security doesn't lie about what it is: an intergenerational social-insurance plan, with today's workers supporting their parents (and disabled and survivors) in the hope that their children will support them. It's not a pension fund. It's not an insurance company.
According to the Tax Policy Institute, five out of six U.S. workers pay more in Social Security tax (including the employer's portion) than in federal income tax--something that makes it especially important (and only fair) to preserve the program for lower earners, who get old-age benefits of up to 90% of their covered wages.
Social Security currently holds about $2.5 trillion of Treasury securities and is projected to grow to more than $4 trillion, even as Social Security begins to take in far less cash in taxes than it spends in benefits. For instance, in 2023 it projects a cash deficit of $234 billion of Treasury IOUs as interest--the Treasury pays its interest tab with paper, not cash. However, it's Social Security's cash flow that determines what the system can actually pay. It's really a pay-as-you-go system.
The cash that Social Security has collected from you and me and our employers isn't sitting at Social Security. It's gone. Some went to pay benefits, some to fund the rest of the government. Since 1983, when it suffered a cash crisis, Social Security has been collecting more in taxes each year than it has paid out in benefits. It has used the excess to buy the Treasury securities that go into the trust fund, reducing the Treasury's need to raise money from investors. What happens if Social Security takes in less cash than it needs to pay benefits?
Think about this for a second. The Treasury has to borrow money to make good on the Social Security trust fund's obligations. Remember that the Treasury and Social Security are both part of the government. The trust fund is of no economic value to the government as a whole (which is what really matters), because the government has to borrow from private investors the money it needs to redeem the securities. It would be the same if the trust fund sold its Treasury securities directly to investors--the government would be adding to the publicly held national debt to fund Social Security checks. The trust fund isn't a savings vehicle--it's nothing but a bookkeeping entry.
"The trust fund has no financial significance," says David Walker, former head of the General Accountability Office and now president of the Peterson Foundation, which advocates fiscal responsibility. "If you did [bookkeeping like] that in the private sector, you'd go to jail."
Bottom Line: Social Security has evolved from an explicitly pay-as-you-go program into one that produced huge cash surpluses for years, followed by huge cash deficits. This problem has been metastasizing for 25 years. Now the day of reckoning may finally be here, as Social Security goes cash-negative....as earily as this year.
Source: FORTUNE, August 17, 2009
The Bounce Is Aging, But The Depression Is Young
By Bob Prechter
Conditions are relative, and behind the scenes, the depression has been, and still is, grinding away. Read More.
August 08, 2009 in Current Affairs, Personal Life, Safety & Security | Permalink

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Interview with Alice Shirley, the artist behind Hermès' scarves
#HermesLiat
Oscar nominations 2023: The full list of nominees
Last week, we found ourselves walking through the dark, narrow hallways of the seventh storey at Liat Towers, with only the seductive disco bass of electronic Parisian duo Polo & Pan leading the way. As we entered the dark lounge — which Hermès had converted from an open-air carpark for the store's re-opening party — faces were slowly lit by projections emanating from the ceiling. Characters from Hermes' scarf collection, including tigers and zebras illustrated by Brit artist Alice Shirley, darted about above; casting their soft glow onto the deck chairs where guests sipped on mixologist Peter Chua's cocktails and picked at JAAN's creative canapés.
The children's book author and illustrator is no stranger to whimsical creations — for her first solo show 'Fathoms', Shirley used squid ink to draw a giant mollusc; a drawing which extended to nine metres. Discovered by Hermès in 2014, she has been responsible for some of their most curious creations — a zebra with parrot-like wings, a tiger surrounded by flowers, and a sea turtle looking to lay its eggs. Since the Hermès fall/winter 2014 silk carré collection, the Fine Art graduate from Central St. Martins has worked with the brand from producing scarves to other forms of media; including the hypnotic illustrations for the Hermès store re-opening party in Liat Towers.
{insert gallery tpl="slide-freesize.tpl" id="Hermes Alice Shirley" rid="4043″ order="a_tstamp"}
How did Hermès discover you?
I was studying at the Royal Drawing School in Shoreditch when I met Hubert and his twin brother Xavier Guerrand-Hermès, members of the Hermès family. They were having a joking squabble over which of them would buy my sketchbook that was on display. I told them that it was not for sale. So instead, Hubert asked to buy a copy of my children's book, Aesop's Fables as a folio edition with original illustrations tucked in the pages. He said he liked foxes, so I made sure there were lots of fox sketches!
As a thank you for buying my book, I sent him a hand-coloured etching of some iguanas being ridden by mice. He liked this so much he sent it to Christine Duvigneau, head of the Studio Dessins, who gave me a call and asked me to come to Paris with my portfolio.
I was worried about showing her my work, and her not liking anything, because at the time, I was drawing lots of sea-monster specimens. Christine and Bali Barret, head of women's silk, liked a tiny sketch of a zebra in my sketchbook and asked if I could develop that as an idea. Two months later, I came with the finished painted design of Zebra Pegasus. Christine and Bali were rather surprised and said that they did not normally work like that; designs are usually developed slowly with many sketches. But they loved it, and decided to buy the design straight away.
Some of your work for the masks and Hermès scarves feature endangered animal species and habitats. When did you see the need to incorporate and raise awareness for this cause, and what was the creative process behind this?
I make work about nature to understand it better. Every new piece involves extensive research, whether it is about animal behaviour and movement, plant reproduction, mineral deposits from extinct coral reefs, plate tectonics or the way sea-monsters make me feel about the open ocean. All research helps me understand how the world is put together, and therefore help me understand my place in it better.
I can explore the emotions that all this information brings, and make work that reflects that. Humans are conspicuous by their absence in my work. This is reflective of my opinion that wild nature is best at recovering when left to its own devices, and allowed to re-assert itself. Humans do not need to use, utilise or exploit every part of the globe, there is plenty of room for everything.
As we work harder towards a zero-carbon economy, which I do believe is achievable in my lifetime, and clean up the devastation of plastic waste, develop farming in a way that does not damage ecosystems — then nature will once again flourish.
Your studio's based in Camden. How does the location inspire you as an artist?
It has remained wonderfully un-trendy, and has a glorious assortment of humans in it, dressed more eccentrically than any other part of London. My local Sainsbury's always has some interesting people shopping around, no matter what the time of day or night. Away from the throngs of tourists, this is where you see the real residents of Camden going about their daily lives. Camden is also close to two of my favourite parks in London — Regent's Park and Hampstead Heath, which are wonderful to escape to when wanted or needed.
You're also an author and illustrator of children's books. What were some of your favourite children's books growing up?
Favourites included Roald Dahl's books — all of them, he was genius! Terry Jones' Fairy Tales were also wonderful and beautifully illustrated by Michael Foreman. I loved Kathleen Hale's Orlando The Marmalade Cat book series, which were wonderfully funny and charming to look at. A book I remember vividly was The Secret Oceans by Betty Ballantine, which was filled with incredible underwater wildlife scenes, which I would pore over. I was also always drawn to classic fables, myths and fairtales. I particularly loved ancient mythological stories, and still do. They are stories you can never outgrow.
Where do you get your characters in your children's books from?
My first book for children was my own edition of Aesop's Fables, which is a classic collection of stories dating back to Ancient Greece, Egypt and Persia, all attributed to the storyteller, Aesop. They are stories of cunning, deceit and the law of the jungle. The Victorians added morals at the end of each story to make them have more Christian values, but in my edition I left the morals out.
My second book The Gentle Lion and the Little Owlet is based on a real-life story that I read in a newspaper about a baby owl that fell in the lion enclosure of a zoo in Devon, and lived there for a week before flying away. My version of the story is rather more embellished.
What sort of stories do you think children gravitate to these days?
As I don't yet have my own children, I could not tell you. I do know that I enjoyed to be frightened a little bit by stories. I enjoyed the thrill of adventure. I am pleased that Disney is finally creating strong female heroines that are not just falling in love with princes. Gender stereotypes can be challenged when people are adults, but if children learn at a young age that gender plays no part in their ability to do any job at all, we will have a much fairer society in the future.
We love the fauna you've illustrated in the Hermès Liat Towers re-opening invite. Can you share more about some of the most beautiful gardens you've visited?
I think a garden articulates so much about a city or place, it says so much more than just what plants grow there. It can be a place of contemplation, wonder, intimacy or grandeur, wealth or huble simplicity. I visited both the Botanical Gardens and the Gardens By The Bay while visiting Singapore, which were equally fascinating. One steeped in the rich history of the past, the other showcasing a wondrous vision of the future, and I loved both. In London my favourite is a secret garden few people know about, and I would like to keep it that way. I like to go there and think. It is a beautiful quiet intimate place filled with birdsong at this time of year.
Lastly, if you could pick an animal you think best represents your personality, what would it be?
An otter.
Take the Hermès 'Unusual Questions for A Male' quiz
One to watch: The 'Orchestration of Time' by Hermès
Marissa Chin|25.01.2023
20 of the most beautiful 'ang pao' packets this Year of the Rabbit
'Nepo Baby' explained: What is it and why is the Internet obsessed?
Revisiting famous rabbits in pop culture this Year of the Rabbit


text:
Tag Archives: Jeff King
Do we need a written constitution?
Posted on January 8, 2020 by The Constitution Unit
Prior to the general election, several of the parties' manifestos called for the creation of a codified constitution for the UK. In December, the Constitution Unit hosted an event to debate the merits and downsides of such an exercise. Harrison Shaylor summarises the discussion.
What did the 2019 Liberal Democrat election manifesto and the Brexit Party's 'Contract with the People' (from the same election) have in common? Both advocate the need for a written constitution in the UK. So too did the Green Party manifesto, and that of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Meg Russell took part in a discussion on a written constitution in The Briefing Room on Radio 4 in September, and on 28 November, the Constitution Unit held its own event entitled 'Do we need a written constitution?'. Two distinguished law professors – Sionaidh Douglas-Scott of Queen Mary University of London and Nicholas Barber of the University of Oxford – set out the case for and against a written constitution, in a debate chaired by a former Unit Director, Professor Robert Hazell. What follows is a summary of the presentations made by each participant.
The argument for a written constitution: Sionaidh Douglas-Scott
'Someone, I haven't been able to trace whom, once said: Constitution building is a bit like dentistry: there's never a good time for it; no one does it for fun; but it's sometimes necessary and, when it's done right, it prevents greater pain in the future.'
Professor Douglas-Scott explained that a constitution delineates the relationships between the major institutions of state, such as the executive and the legislature, as well as between the state and its citizens. More abstractly, a constitution says something about legitimacy and power. How does the state exercise power? And when is it legitimate for it do so?
The UK is unusual in not having a written constitution, in the sense of not having the fundamental rules of the constitution codified in a single document. It is one of only a few democracies in the world which lacks one, alongside Israel and New Zealand. The reason for this is historical. Since 1688, Britain has not experienced a revolution or regime change – a 'constitutional moment' – like the American or the French Revolution, or the withdrawal of colonial rule. Rather, Britain's constitution has evolved slowly over time under relative stability; it has never been deemed necessary to list the fundamental laws and principles underpinning the country's polity. As the Constitution Unit website states: 'What Britain has instead is an accumulation of various statutes, conventions, judicial decisions and treaties which collectively can be referred to as the British Constitution.'
This arrangement, Professor Douglas-Scott argued, is no longer adequate. The current constitution is deficient for three reasons: its lack of clarity; its failure to properly protect fundamental rights; and the inadequacy of the current devolution settlement. Continue reading →
Posted in Constitutions and constitution making, Events, Judiciary and human rights | Tagged 2019 Alliance Party manifesto, 2019 Brexit Party Contract with the People, 2019 Conservative manifesto, 2019 general election, 2019 Green Party manifesto, 2019 Liberal Democrat manifesto, Alliance party, charter of fundamental rights, codification, devolution, elections, Electoral reform, electoral system, European Communities Act, Factortame, first past the post, Green Party, Harrison Shaylor, House of Lords, house of lords reform, Human Rights Act, Israel, Jeff King, judges, judicial review, Liberal Democrats, New Zealand, Nicholas Barber, parliamentary sovereignty, Plaid Cymru, proportional representation, referendums, robert hazell, Sionaidh Douglas-Scott, SNP, South African constitution, UK monarchy, US Constitution, Vernon Bogdanor, written constitution | 2 Comments
Brexit and the constitution: seven lessons
Posted on June 4, 2019 by The Constitution Unit
The process of exiting the European Union has revealed that the relationship between law and politics was perhaps not as sound as it might once have appeared. Jack Simson Caird believes that we are in the midst of a constitutional moment that has taught us seven key lessons.
Brexit can plausibly be described as a 'constitutional moment'. The decision to leave the EU will shape the UK constitution over the coming decades. Even if the full extent of the constitutional changes that will flow from Brexit are not yet known, future Prime Ministers will be defined (in part, at least) by their ability to oversee successful constitutional reform. The post-referendum period has revealed a great deal about the relationship between the UK's political system and its constitutional framework. Those responsible for changing the constitution moving forward will need to learn the lessons from this tumultuous period.
1. Governing without a majority needs a change of approach
One of the principal causes of the current crisis has been the way in which Theresa May's government approached the task of governing without a majority. In the immediate aftermath of the referendum, members of the government stressed the need to deliver on the referendum result without delay. The overwhelming sentiment was that the government, led by the Prime Minister and her Cabinet, should be left to get on with the task of negotiating a deal: a majoritarian mindset disconnected from the reality of a divided Cabinet and parliament. Instead, the government should have sought to build a majority for its proposed approach to delivering Brexit before it triggered Article 50 (or at the beginning of the 2017 Parliament).
Any future government that wishes to deliver constitutional change without a majority should look to the example of 2010 Coalition government. The coalition agreement struck between the Conservative and Liberal Democrats specified the constitutional changes that the two parties would agree to support. Theresa May's government should have done the same and at the outset sought support for the substance of its approach for delivering Brexit.
2. Identify processes that can help to build consensus
The domestic process by which Brexit was to be delivered was not given sufficient attention early enough. Constitutional change gives rise to cross-cutting issues deserving of a special form of public and parliamentary scrutiny. In the absence of a rock-solid parliamentary majority, a special process needed to be constructed to deliver the constitutional transformation of the scale required by Brexit. The commitment to construct such a process at an early stage would have sent a positive message to other parties – and to the public – that the government was committed to finding a compromise that commanded wide support.
In the absence of a formal agreement with another party, the government could have sought to construct a bespoke process that might have facilitated cross-party support for delivering Brexit.
In the early stages of the process, suggestions that parliament should have more input in the negotiations were rejected on the basis that the government should not have its hands tied. Rather than treating these suggestions as an opportunity to bring MPs onside, they were treated as threats that could derail the process. Theresa May's government only resorted to indicative votes and cross-party talks after the negotiations with the EU finished (and her deal or no deal strategy had failed) which did little to inspire the sense that the desire to engage was genuine.
3. Parliament needs to develop new forms of influence
The Article 50 process has demonstrated that parliament is a powerful constitutional actor. Since the Withdrawal Agreement was published in November 2018, the majorities against the Withdrawal Agreement and against a no deal exit shaped the debate. However, the Article 50 process has also shown that parliament's influence on the substance of treaty negotiations and the legislative process is limited. Over the course of the 2017 parliament, the House of Commons inched its way to more control through innovative uses of parliamentary procedure, such as through business of the House motions and the Humble Address. The problem is that MPs only realised the extent of their power when it was too late. This meant that compromises were put together and agreed in haste. Essentially, backbench MPs made the same mistake as the government by not prioritising their influence over the process at an earlier stage.
4. The values of liberal democracy should be robustly defended
During the Brexit process, parliamentary scrutiny and debate has been characterised by some as anti-democratic. However, one of the central tenets of liberal constitutionalism is that proposals to change the constitution should be subject to scrutiny and debate. Constitutional democracy is in a very difficult place if this scrutiny and debate is not valued and defended. The core of the case for a carefully constructed procedure for constitutional change is that it enhances the democratic legitimacy of the end-product. How can constitutional reformers build the case for properly constructed change, if deliberation itself is undervalued in UK political culture?
The House of Commons and the Civil Service are restricted in their ability to defend their constitutional role by the requirements of impartiality. So, advocates of constitutional democracy need to robustly defend the role that institutions play in empowering citizens through democratic deliberation. No one is suggesting that politicians or institutions should be free from criticism (on the contrary, criticism is critical to their health and development). However, Brexit has highlighted a need for the values that underpin the basic elements of the democratic process to be defended far more vigorously.
5. Reframe the language of constitutional democracy
Prior to the referendum vote, the Vote Leave campaign demonstrated that a constitutional argument could be framed and communicated in a way that could cut through. Restoration of sovereignty ('take back control') was central to the Vote Leave campaign narrative. However, in the post-referendum period, the government has struggled to find a way of communicating the message that leaving the EU with a deal would empower ordinary citizens.
Of course, the reality of constitutional change is more complex than the messaging during the referendum campaign conveyed. However, it is clear that the constitutional ambition of the government was limited by its ability to communicate the value of democratic institutions. Implementing Brexit through radical constitutional change (by, for example, devolving power to English regions) would have required innovative ways of communicating this change to voters – and the government did not have this capacity.
6. Bring law and politics closer together
The Brexit process has exposed a fairly dysfunctional relationship between law and politics in Westminster. Parliamentarians have often been called out for misunderstanding some of the legal fundamentals of the Brexit process. The level of understanding of international law and EU law has been particularly problematic (although this perhaps reflects the limited incentives that parliamentarians have so far had to engage with either of these areas of law). At the same time, it is important to recognise that lawyers are not best equipped to engage with politics. As a result, the Brexit process has often been characterised by a frustratingly circular discourse. To improve the quality of debate over constitutional change, we need to bridge the gap between law and politics.
7. We need politicians that want to build a constitutional consensus
It may be that the UK's constitutional democracy is in such difficulty that it cannot be repaired through piecemeal change. However, a more radical constitutional overhaul (perhaps in the form of a written constitution) will require politicians that are willing to prioritise finding a new constitutional settlement to resolve the post-Brexit divisions. At present, there are very few frontline politicians that prominently advocate constitutional change. It is not a message that seems to garner support.
Professor Jeff King's inaugural lecture – delivered at University College London in April 2018 – persuasively argued that moving towards a written constitution in the UK would provide a means for citizens to take ownership over the UK's constitutional democracy. In order to revitalise constitutional democracy in the UK post-Brexit, political leadership will need to harness this insight and communicate it to the public at large.
This article originally appeared in the June issue of Counsel and is reprinted with permission.
Dr Jack Simson Caird is Senior Research Fellow in Parliaments and the Rule of Law at the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law. He tweets as @jasimsoncaird.
Posted in Brexit, Devolution, Europe, Parliament | Tagged 2010 coalition government, Article 50, backbenchers, Bingham Centre, Brexit, Brexit negotiations, Business motions, civil service, coalition agreement, coalition government, conservative-Liberal Democrat government, constitutional reform, devolution, English devolution, House of Commons, humble address, Indicative Vote, indicative votes, Jack Simson Caird, Jeff King, minority government, no deal Brexit, parliamentary scrutiny, Vote Leave, withdrawal agreement, written constitution
The Human Rights Act 1998: past, present and future
Posted on May 3, 2016 by The Constitution Unit
The UK government intends to replace the Human Rights Act with a new 'British bill of rights'. However, any change to existing human rights law promises to be a complex and difficult project. On March 7 Dr Jeff King, Senior Lecturer at UCL Faculty of Law, explored the current state of play and considered the past, present and future of the HRA. Laëtitia Nakache reports.
After the 2015 general election David Cameron said that the repeal of Human Rights Act (HRA) would be brought forward rapidly. The Conservative party had pledged in their 2015 manifesto to abolish the HRA and replace it with a British bill of rights, in order to 'break the formal link between British courts and the European Court of Human Rights, and make our [the UK] Supreme Court the ultimate arbiter of human rights matters in the UK.' Since then the government's plan to scrap the HRA has been delayed a number of times, with the consultation on the proposed British bill of rights now not expected to be published until after the EU referendum. In this political climate, Dr Jeff King came to the Constitution Unit on March 7 to discuss the past, present and future of human rights law in the UK.
The past: genesis, aims and impact of the HRA
The United Kingdom acceded to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) in March 1951. Though it was obliged under Article 46 to give effect to judgments of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), it was not until the 1960s that British citizens were able to bring claims in the Strasbourg court. Since then, the evolution of the UK law has been influenced by the Strasbourg jurisprudence and by 1998 a broad political consensus existed that UK involvement in the Strasbourg system was politically desirable.
Posted in Events, Judiciary and human rights | Tagged British Bill of Rights, human rights, Human Rights Act, Jeff King, Laetitia Nakache | 5 Comments
The proposal for a UK constitutional court is half-baked, unnecessary and potentially dangerous
Posted on February 10, 2016 by The Constitution Unit
Recent media reports have suggested that the government plans to introduce a new 'constitutional court', based on the model of the German Federal Constitutional Court, in an attempt to assert parliamentary sovereignty ahead of the upcoming EU referendum. Jeff King argues that, for a variety of reasons, this is not a sensible proposal.
Of all the rushed ideas for major constitutional reform that could be adopted by the current government, the one for a UK constitutional court (UKCC) as a solution to the perceived EU problem is by far the worst. The President of the Supreme Court Lord Neuberger told The Times last week that the idea is a 'recipe for complication, for cost and for unnecessary duplication', and the cross-bench peer Lord Pannick added that 'the proposal has no merit'. In this post, I am less kind to the idea. I argue that it is half-baked, unnecessary, and potentially dangerous, regardless of one's view of the desirability of an entrenched constitution protected by constitutional judicial review.
Half-baked
The idea of a constitutional court emerged in the writings and political activism of the great Austrian jurist, Hans Kelsen, and was a component of a vision of constitutions as higher law operating within a refined and stratified system of private and public law (see Hans Kelsen, 'La garantie juridictionnelle de la constitution' (1928) 45 Revue de Droit Public 197; 'Judicial Review of Legislation: A Comparative Study of the Austrian and American Constitution' (1942) 4 J of Politics 183, and General Theory of Law and the State (1945) Part I chs. IX; Part II, chs. II and III). These 'Kelsenian constitutional courts' (as they are often called) account for the majority of the world's highest courts with constitutional jurisdiction. They typically have multiple chambers. They normally centralise all judicial review of legislation instead of permitting its review by other courts. They are distinct from administrative law and social courts pursuant to well-developed doctrinal systems of law. And the appointments process for the judges are usually deliberately politicised.
Posted in Europe, Judiciary and human rights | Tagged constitutional court, Jeff King, Michael Gove | 1 Comment


Why do you feel happy when others fail?
Have you ever sat across a colleague at a workplace who is discussing and enjoying someone's misfortune instead of empathizing? Well, this colleague of yours may be experiencing 'schadenfreude' (pronounced shaaden-froyda). It stems from the feeling when an individual gets a sense of satisfaction if misfortune befalls someone.
Certainly, they feel an envious resentment of someone's achievements deep inside their brain that constantly manifests in a negative behavior towards other people at a workplace, either in private or public.
In today's competitive organizational culture there is no escaping from office politics, back-biting, and annoying envious subordinates. In most companies, you will easily find group of people who are fundamentally pleasure-seeking creatures.
Observing the misfortune of their competitors brings a subsequent sense of satisfaction to this population. They are born with a tendency to dominate productive resources of the company in sheer frustration of not being able to achieve success for themselves.
Many kinds of research and studies revealed that schadenfreude stems from a deeper level primarily in terms of self-esteem, self-control, belongingness, and meaningful existence. Such individuals are by-and-large poor or underperformers' yet highly competitive and it is this paradox that ignites an objectionable form of pleasure called schadenfreude.
It is well explained by psychologist Professor Richard H. Smith in his popular book 'The Joy of Pain' that, comparisons with others and the conclusions we make about ourselves based on them, and the resulting emotions pervade most of our lives.
As much as inferiority makes us feel bad, superiority makes us feel good. The simple truth is that misfortunes happening to others are one path to the joys of superiority and help explain many instances of schadenfreude.
"Social comparisons are a way of life"
(a) The other person is perceived to deserve the misfortune – This is purely an act of victim-blaming that occurs when a person is experiencing emotional outbursts and not able to accept his failures. As a defense mechanism, the protagonist feels pleasure-in-others'-misfortune with a strong belief the other person is destined to sufferings and his malicious joy is justified.
(b) They are passive in generating the other's misfortune – It has a lot to do with the theory of karma. According to a person who is experiencing schadenfreude, his rival sufferings are well deserved and the distress seems like moral causation to him.
(c) The personal comparative behavior syndrome – This happens with people constantly battling for attention. When the focus of attention shifts to someone else these people start feeling an overwhelming sense of jealousy.
Organizations and employers of today must understand that employees are extremely sensitive stakeholders who are a collective reservoir of emotions and feelings. Therefore, investments should be made to address the issues and concerns of every employee at a primitive level, to create a positive working environment within the organization.
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The Ekiti State Governorship Election Petition Tribunal sitting in Abuja will on Monday deliver judgment in the petition by the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and one other.
The PDP and its candidate in the last governorship election in Ekiti State, Kolapo Olusola are, by their petition, challenging the decision by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to declare the candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC), Kayode Fayemi, winner of the election.
The Nation learnt yesterday that parties to the petition, marked: EPT/EKS/GOV/01/18. – PDP, Olusola, INEC, APC and Fayemi, have been informed about the date of judgment via notices of hearing, issued by the tribunal's Registry. The tribunal, led by Justice Suleiman Belgore had, on January 9 this year, adjourned indefinitely, but told parties they would be informed 48 hours before the day to be set for the delivery of the judgment.
Justice Belgore announced the adjournment after parties adopted their final written addresses and prayed the tribunal to grant their prayers. The tribunal Chairman praised the conduct of lawyers and parties in the case. He particularly noted that the senior lawyers were professional and mature in their conduct. Charles Edosomwan (SAN), Akin Olujinmi (SAN) and Lateef Fagbemi (SAN) adopted the final addresses of INEC, APC and Fayemi, while Yusuf Ali (SAN) adopted the petitioners' address.
Edosomwan, Olujinmi and Fagbemi urged the tribunal to dismiss the petition by the PDP and Olusola.


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The Wildlife Science Center reserves the right to cancel a session with a 7 day notice if a minimum registration level is not met.
Cancellations made no less than 10 days prior to the program will be refunded at 75% of the fee. No refunds will be made less than 10 days prior to the program.


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Devils & Blue Dresses: My Wild Ride as a Rock and Roll Legend
by Site Owner | Apr 2, 2012 | Archived Reviews (pre-April 2020), Biographies & Memoirs, Music | 0 comments
By Mitch Ryder
Jane Wesman Public Relations, Inc., $25.95, 260 pages
Any music fan who grew up in the Midwest in the late sixties will have no trouble remembering Mitch Ryder's classic song, "Devil With A Blue Dress On". Reminiscent of Little Richard, Ryder, whose real name is William Levise, unleashed performances that drew even the most inhibited to their feet. I wish I could say the same about his new memoir Devils & Blue Dresses in which he rambles through what was obviously a traumatic childhood into a very troubled adulthood with a career full of ups and downs. I expected to empathize with him, but I ended up wishing he had left that stuff buried. He ends with a list of all the "famous" people he met during his life as a musician. Most of the meetings were merely encounters such as with Delaney and Bonnie, about which he comments, "Kimberly and I had a chance to meet with them in their hotel room back in the day and they were great hosts." For stalwart Ryder fans, there are some interesting tidbits to be learned, but for the most part, I would have to say, "Not so much."
"Although I hadn't sold my soul, it was dirty and in need of repair."
Diane Prokop


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International Seminar "Brazilian Tragedy: Risk for the Common House?" discusses aspects of the conservative advance in Brazil
In recent years, Brazil has experienced numerous moments of political, economic and social instability. The merging of conservative political and religious sectors shows no signs of retreating while authoritarian advances are increasing and becoming less timid. The International Seminar "Brazilian Tragedy: Risk for the Common House?" provided a broad platform to analyse these circumstances. The Seminar was run by the Ecumenical Coordination of Service (Coordenadoria Ecumênica de Serviço: CESE) in partnership with ecumenical and civil society organizations from 4-6 May.
Six of the nineteen invitees led an in-depth debate about the movements – principally political – that have brought us to the point we are at today: with the intensification of the country's rooted social inequalities. In all, three roundtables were held by them: one to open; followed by "Temple and Democracy: the Risks for the Common House"; and "Temple and Market: the threat of converging fundamentalism".
Olivier de Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights since May 2020, addressed the audience at the first roundtable. He criticised the Proposed Constitutional Amendment that froze expenditure for 20 years in areas such as education and public health. "It was a disproportionate response to an immediate crisis. We now see how badly equipped hospitals are, how many gaps there are, during the pandemic".
Olivier criticised the measure because, in addition to leading to increased unemployment and inequality, there were other ways to respond to the crisis. "For example, the rural tax in Brazil is very small, while the subsidy is very large – so that only 9% of Brazilian ranchers retain 70% of the entire government subsidy. Instead of freezing spending, they could have increased the tax on large fortunes or arable land."
He noted that in 2016, tax evasion in Brazil cost the Brazilian government 80 billion dollars per year. "There was no spending crisis, rather there was one of income. The decision meant that the poor population paid even more for the government's austerity measures," he concluded.
Journalist and professor, Dr Rosane Borges and Reverend Dr Olav Fykse Tveit, Presiding Bishop of the Bishop's Conference of the Church of Norway, participated in the second roundtable. From the start, Rosane warned that her speech may seem negative. "But paraphrasing Antonio Gramsci: 'it is necessary to be pessimistic in analysis and optimistic in action'. Our situation is not good, but we need to gather possibilities to build civilizing parameters from them.".
Rosane criticised the liberalism that prevails in Brazil, finding its explanation in the era of slavery. "Our liberalism emerged with the slave owners. To be liberal and to enslave in Brazil was not considered scandalous. We need to think of liberalism as something that coexisted with and legitimized what is, in principle, a contradiction. Today, liberalism only refers to the economic arena, responsible for burying ideas of freedom, individual autonomy, tolerance, diversity and plurality."
She recalls the words of minister Paulo Guedes, which demonstrate this mentality, with its slaver and colonial roots. "He has complained of 'domestic worker parties in Disney' and blamed increased life expectancy in Brazil for the collapse of the health system, rather than COVID-19. You only question rights if you set out from the principle that some people are not human. This slavery matrix, which has shaped us, tells us that there are people for whom the law should not exist".
Rosane seeks a scenario of leadership by non-white people. "When we talk about this, we are talking about the worldview of those who are on the margins and can see that things are falling apart. At the limit of the democratic game, even we on the left think of them as the recipients of public policy. The idea is to try to make these subjects new actors within the politics dynamic".
Reverend Olav reflected on the work of the churches, given the anti-democratic scenarios that are creeping over Brazil and the world. He remembers the provocations he heard at a meeting of the World Health Organization (WHO), when he was Secretary General of the World Council of Churches. "What is the role of the church at such times? They emphasized that the church should be the voice of truth. The scientific truth and of what must be done."
"We need to prevent religion from being used for conspiracy, manipulation. What are the political forces that take advantage of crises like this? To increase power, domination, division, and the marginalization of certain populations?" He also noted that the reach of the churches is strategic, something also mentioned by members of WHO at the meeting.
"The churches reach people, serve local communities, act on loneliness and isolation. Many listen to them more than to political leaders. We should act in situations of crisis, in the name of the love of God. To do something, but also to say what not to do," he concluded.
Journalist and researcher Dr Magali Cunha, Dr Fábio Py and Edgar Sanchez, Master in Sociology and Economics graduate, spoke at the second roundtable. Magali talked about the origin of fundamentalism, its pathways and the current strategies of fundamentalist groups in Brazil. As she is accustomed to pointing out, Magali noted that, although these are plural, they have features in common.
"Fundamentalism is present among catholics, evangelicals, but also the non-religious. Their religious nature comes from their worldview. For this reason, they are not only religious, but rather religious and political with social, economic, cultural, and environmental dimensions," she explained.
One of the aspects that Magali emphasizes is the use of fake news and the dissemination of moral panic as a strategy for fundamentalist groups. "All this affects and captivates people emotionally." And she repeated the call she makes to progressive forces. "We need to go back to work on the critical formation of these bases, but with ways that connect the pastoral with the biblical, with the mystical religious language that touches people's hearts." `
For his part, Fábio cited the movement of hegemonic religious fundamentalist groups to maintain power, by signalling to then candidate Jair Bolsonaro. Among others, he noted the discourse of ex-Senator Magno Malta, who was allied to Bolsonaro during the elections, when he announced the current president's election.
"At these times, it is customary for the winner to go out onto the streets for a party. At the time that Bolsonaro's victory was announced, he met Magno and a group of people and the ex-Senator prayed, thanking God for the outcome." Fábio highlighted the use of specific terms from pentecostal churches. "He said that 'God gave us victory', 'His word anoints with authority', 'concretely elected by God'.
And he cited other examples. "When Bolsonaro was the victim of that stabbing, Pastor Josué Valandro Jr, Michele Bolsonaro's pastor, talked to Eduardo Bolsonaro in a live-streamed event held when he visited his father in hospital and 'noticed the extent to which he is elected by God'". He pointed out that Jair Bolsonaro has a mixture of Christian traditions behind him, interested in equipping his administration theologically.
Finally, Edgar Sanchez asserted that there is nothing new in organized economic interests using politics to appropriate political significance and determine what is possible and desirable. "What is not new, although it is huge, is the use of the temple as an arena for congregational identification and a relevant space for the creation of meaning. This is not a physical temple. There is a three-pronged relationship between the media, the market and politics. This is an arena that enables the reproduction or reinforcement of significant reports – the dogmatic narratives on the subject of rights are derived from this."
The three roundtables were mediated, respectively, by the General Secretary of the National Council of Christian Churches of Brazil (Conselho Nacional de Igrejas Cristãs: CONIC), Romi Márcia Bencke; by the Bishop of the Diocese of the Amazon in the Anglican Episcopal Church of Brazil (Igreja Episcopal Anglicana do Brasil: IEAB), Marinez Bassoto; and by Sônia Gomes Mota, Executive Director of the Ecumenical Coordination of Service (Coordenadoria Ecumênica de Serviço: CESE).
You can access all the materials and talks from the three days here (in Portuguese).
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Home / Bafana Bafana / Baxter: We were a threat to ourselves
Baxter: We were a threat to ourselves
Bafana Bafana coach Stuart Baxter insists the result could have been different had they taken all of their chances in the 2-1 loss to Zambia in an international friendly on Tuesday night.
South Africa took the lead in the 23rd minute when Kermit Erasmus and Lebogang Manyama combined for the latter to head home. However, Chipolopolo were not to be outdone as they came from behind to secure a victory and in the process end the home side's 18-game unbeaten streak.
Baxter highlighted that he was impressed with the first-half performance, but called for Bafana to finish off their chances.
"We showed in the second half that we can't switch off," Baxter said in post-match comments.
"We have to keep on doing the right things and when we don't do that, then instead of being a threat to the opposition, we were a threat to ourselves.
"But I was pleased with the first-half performance and the last 15 minutes we sort of kicked back into life and we create a few chances.
"On the run of play we should have scored and a draw would have been a fair result.
"You miss chances and you always run the risk of losing the game," he concluded.
Bafana's next assignment see them face Botswana in a 2018 CHAN qualifier.
bafana bafanaKermit ErasmusLebogang ManyamaStuart Baxter
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