Gibson Brands' Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings have continued to incessantly march forward, the gritty work of a large scale matter such as this occurring mostly in the background. However, occasionally a major factor emerges to be picked up by the media. One thing the new owners of Gibson made a fundamental part of this initiative, was to change the organization's leadership.
This week, we learned that the company will soon emerge from bankruptcy with a new chief financial officer (CFO) – announcing the appointment of Kimberly Mattoon for the role.
Much has transpired in the Gibson bankruptcy and I have chosen to not bog Strata-gee readers with the avalanche of minutiae of the daily filings of thousands upon thousands of pages of legal documents. Most of these filings are trivial – in many cases, lawyers asking to be paid. It is clear that in this bankruptcy, Gibson has had to pay millions of dollars in legal and advisor fees.
But this is not to say that no progress has been made in the company's plan to exit bankruptcy. In fact, Gibson has succeeded in obtaining a global agreement amongst all major stakeholders that seems to have been favorably viewed by the Bankruptcy Court. Ultimately, private equity giant KKR will soon be driving the bus as majority shareholder.
Gibson's Plan of Reorganization and Disclosure Statement was originally filed on June 20, 2018. On July 12, 2018, Gibson filed their First Amended Plan of Reorganization and Disclosure Statement. The court has approved this new Disclosure Statement…a positive step towards closure of the matter.
Soon, on October 2, 2018 in fact, the court is holding a hearing on Gibson's plan. Depending on the findings of Judge Christopher S. Sontchi, the plan could be approved then, or shortly thereafter. Signficant issues remain – Tronical, the creator of the automatic tuning system that Gibson employed and then jettisoned when the market rejected the feature, has a pending $60+ million claim against the company. Also, Philips has refused to go away quietly and is still deeply in the fray.
However, the judge seems to be leaning towards clearing these issues and getting Gibson back on track. Approving the company's plan would take Gibson out of bankruptcy and moving forward leaner and meaner – having shed their consumer electronics brands, and tens of millions of dollars of debt. The company is newly refocused on musical instruments, and has recently announced a new 2019 lineup of guitars.
As part of this process, the new owners have every intention of changing over the leadership of the company – starting with a recent notice in a court filing that Kimberly Mattoon will succeed current CFO Benson Woo as post-bankruptcy CFO, according to a report in the Nashville Post. Mattoon comes to Gibson after eight years with Richemont, a luxury goods holding company. In her time at Richemont, Mattoon served first as CFO of its Peter Millar and IWC Shaffhausen units…and ultimately became COO of Richemont North America.
Before Richemont, Mattoon did a stint at The Body Shop as vp of finance, real estate, and IT. She worked with the Body Shop a total of three years.
The company is actively seeking a new chief executive officer to replace Henry Juszkiewicz, a process that was begun a couple of months ago and may take some time. Beyond these C-suite changes, many of the other executive managers are expected to stay in place.
However, the company will make some important changes to their board of directors. According to the report, joining the board will be Matthew Ross and Nathaniel Zilkha, both from KKR. Also joining the board is Brian Kushner, a senior managing director of FTI Consulting, which has been Gibson's bankruptcy adviser for several months now. Finally, Morgan Neff, an investment executive for the Wilks Brothers, will also be joining the board.
And, naturally, when the new CEO is brought on board, she/he will be joining the board as well.
For more on Gibson, visit: www.gibson.com.


text:
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Tag: Mike Pence
01-03-2021 02:37:15 +0000: Morning Post For Bibi1581.com Blog
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America, Anti-Biden, Certification, Coronavirus, faith, Father, Humane, Join, Lost, Matt Lima, Mike Pence, officer, police, Splendidly, US
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Free download of George #Sorbane's book "The House on #Pampanga Street" at http://amazon.com/dp/B07WZWHTZK , (01/02-01/04, 2021) A riveting story of #Philippine #resistance against the #Japanese occupation of their freedom loving #island country in 1941 sneak attack.
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George Sorbane Quotes: "Hey Americans, he screamed furiously at the drones. Brothers of the wolf, sisters of the wind, children of the Sun! Send the Choctaw warrior a quick and merciful death, instead of abandoning us into slavery or shameful capture", Ziban Must Die.
@bibi1581
Read for free Sorbane's remarkable story of a Bulgarian family providing help and comfort to a dying American spy, a kindness that sent them on a harrowing escape through the Iron Curtain, with KGB in close pursuit.
"The Endless Beginning"
https://www.amazon.in/Endless-Beginning-George-Sorbane-ebook/dp/B00F8H78SM/ref=sr_1_8?dchild=1&qid=1602030872&refinements=p_27%3AGeorge+Sorbane&s=digital-text&sr=1-8
George Sorbane kindle books https://www.amazon.in/Kindle-Store-George-Sorbane/s?rh=n%3A1571277031%2Cp_27%3AGeorge+Sorbane
1…………> Today's White House Tweets
Donald J. Trump Retweeted
Pinned Tweet
Team Trump (Text TRUMP to 88022)
Time for Republican Senators to step up and fight for the Presidency, like the Democrats would do if they had actually won. The proof is irrefutable! Massive late night mail-in ballot drops in swing states, stuffing the ballot boxes (on video), double voters, dead voters,
This claim about election fraud is disputed
Replying to
….Courts are bad, the FBI and "Justice" didn't do their job, and the United States Election System looks like that of a third world country. Freedom of the press has been gone for a long time, it is Fake News, and now we have Big Tech (with Section 230) to deal with….
….But when it is all over, and this period of time becomes just another ugly chapter in our Country's history, WE WILL WIN!!!
The lockdowns in Democrat run states are absolutely ruining the lives of so many people – Far more than the damage that would be caused by the China Virus. Cases in California have risen despite the lockdown, yet Florida & others are open & doing well. Common sense please!
Thank you Mark. Big numbers found in Arizona. We must win for our Country!
Quote Tweet
Mark Finchem
@MarkFinchem
· 8h
Patriots, recharge. "Have I not commanded you? Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid; do not be discouraged, for the LORD your God will be with you wherever you go." Joshua 1:9 NIV
https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump?ref_src=twsrc%5Eappleosx%7Ctwcamp%5Esafari%7Ctwgr%5Eprofile
.2…………> Mike Pence To Join Anti-Biden Certification
US Vice-President Mike Pence has welcomed an effort by a group of senators to refuse to certify Joe Biden's presidential election win.
The 11 Republican senators and senators-elect, led by Ted Cruz, want a 10-day delay to audit unsubstantiated allegations of election fraud.
The move is certain to fail as most senators are expected to endorse Mr. Biden in the 6 January vote, who is due to be inaugurated as president on 20 January.
President Donald Trump has refused to concede the 3 November election, repeatedly alleging fraud without providing any evidence. On Saturday he addressed state legislators in five states where he has been trying to overturn the result.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world/us_and_canada
3…………> A Splendidly Humane US Police Officer: Matt Lima
A US police officer identified as Matt Lima was called to a food store in Somerset, Massachusetts to arrest a family suspected of shoplifting, but instead bought them some food so they could have a decent Christmas dinner, first serving them with a "no trespass" order, but did not press charges as all the items on the shopping receipt were for food, then bought them gift cards worth $250 with his own money so the women and their two children would be able to buy food for their dinner at another shop of the same chain.
"The two children with the women reminded me of my kids, so I had to help them out," Officer Lima said.
"Obviously, this family was in need and I can't imagine having to make the decision to go to Stop and Shop [the food store] and just only pay for what I can afford – or do I go there and try to take things for Christmas dinner for the kids?" he told local TV.
"They were very thankful, they were kind of shocked. I'm sure a lot of people in that same situation would be thinking that there was going to be a different outcome, and maybe they would be arrested or have to go to court.
"I bought the gift card close in value to what would've been taken," he added. "I just did what I felt was right. It's not about me, I just tried to put myself in that family's shoes and show a little bit of empathy."
4…………..> Coronavirus: 'I lost my father – and my faith in America'
When her 66-year-old father died of Covid, Angelina Proia was left blindsided by his absence and the feeling that her government and fellow citizens had abandoned her.
"I feel like my country has turned its back on us."
https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-55503668
5…………> Romney vs GOP: No Love From Texas
The Utah senator Mitt Romney has refused to support an initiative by fellow Republicans to challenge the results of the presidential election during their upcoming certification in Congress, slamming the idea as a threat to the country.
The latest move by Republicans to prevent Democrat Joe Biden from taking office, namely to deny certification of the election results in the US Congress, has so far failed to gain broad support in the ranks of the GOP, but has already landed in hot water after the chairman of the Texas State Republican Executive Committee, Terry Harper, appeared to suggest that Senator Mitt Romney should be executed over his criticism of the idea.
https://sputniknews.com/us/202101031081638749-texas-gop-chairmans-suggestion-to-introduce-mitt-romney-to-mr-guillotine-leaves-netizens-in-shock/
6…………> A Message Of Peace
Leave the madness behind and listen to the music of eternal peace and hope, Christus Vincit circa 1982.
http://youtu.be/7cFgpvylbRU
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Ziban Must Die https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00U1QG1UQ
A Bedouin caravan traveling through the Negev desert stumbles onto the body of dying Mossad agent, Adnan Al Harirri, a momentous event that warns Western Intelligence about Chechen followers of the wayward cleric Abdul Rahman Abudaev being in possession of an MWMD, (Miniature Weapon of Mass Destruction), capable of creating enough phosgene gas to kill thousands of people in a relatively closed space. When a subliminal interrogation of a Hezbollah pilot reveals the conspiracy "Ziban must die", a maddening race explodes in the search of the assassins, search laced with terror, blatant treachery in the highest levels of World Governments, and questions about future of our democracy that will surely put ice water in the veins of anyone who gets across the Machiavellian dream of the New world Order, Order without sacred religions or bellowed Constitutions.
Bibi1581.com Blog: Evening Edition For 2019-11-12 17:47:09 +0000
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George Sorbane Quotes:
1. "The truth is like a septic tank and the smell will eventually get out no matter how hard we tighten down the hatch."― "The Endless Beginning"
George Sorbane books https://www.amazon.com/s?k=George+Sorbane&ref=nb_sb_noss
@realDonald Trump
Newt Gingrich: "What you have is a coup being orchestrated by left-wingers in the bureaucracy, left-wingers in the news media, and left-wingers in the House Democrats."
This is a phony showtrial. There is zero due process, none. It is yet another fraudulent hoax conspiracy theory. It is another Witch Hunt. This is what the Socialist Doemocrat Party has become. There's not one thing the Democrats have done in the past 3 years except try to hurt Donald Trump and we, the people that support him. The Left has never accepted the results of the 2016 Election. They never saw this coming. This is not just about President Trump. They hate everyone he is representing."
@FoxNews Sean the amazing warrior!
Many of the people in DACA, no longer very young, are far from "angels." Some are very tough, hardened criminals. President Obama said he had no legal right to sign order, but would anyway. If Supreme Court remedies with overturn, a deal will be made with Dems for them to stay!
Economy is BOOMING. Seems set to have yet another record day!
I will be releasing the transcript of the first, and therefore more important, phone call with the Ukrainian President before week's end!
Just like Schiff fabricated my phone call, he will fabricate the transcripts that he is making and releasing!
Why is such a focus put on 2nd and 3rd hand witnesses, many of whom are Never Trumpers, or whose lawyers are Never Trumpers, when all you have to do is read the phone call (transcript) with the Ukrainian President and see first hand? He and others also stated that there was no pressure" put on him to investigate Sleepy Joe Biden even though, as President, I have an "obligation" to look into corruption, and Biden's actions, on tape, about firing the prosecutor, and his son's taking millions of dollars, with no knowledge or talent, from a Ukrainian energy company, and more millions taken from China, and now reports of other companies and countries also giving him big money, are certainly looking very corrupt (to put it mildly!) to me. Both Bidens should be forced to testify in this No Due Process Scam
"This ridiculous Impeachment is a travesty, it's not an inquiry. Just read the transcript."
@LouDobbs
2…………> Last Defendant in Stanford Investment Fraud Scheme Extradited to U.S
The indictment charges King with one count of conspiracy to commit mail, wire and securities fraud; seven counts of wire fraud, 10 counts of mail fraud, one counts each of conspiracy to obstruct and obstruction of a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigation; and conspiracy to commit money laundering.
The former chief of Antigua's Financial Services Regulatory Commission has been extradited from Antigua to face charges for his alleged role in connection with the Stanford International Bank (SIB) $7 billion investment fraud scheme.
A federal jury found Stanford guilty in June 2012 for his role in orchestrating a 20-year investment fraud scheme in which he misappropriated $7 billion from SIB to finance his personal businesses.
Assistant Attorney General Brian A. Benczkowski of the Justice Department's Criminal Division and US Attorney Ryan K Patrick of the Southern District of Texas made the announcement.
The indictment alleges King accepted more than $100,000 in bribes from Stanford in exchange for ignoring the actual value of SIB's assets.
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/last-defendant-stanford-investment-fraud-scheme-extradited-us
3…………> Back Home After 75 Years: USS Grayback
A 1946 translation error put the USS Grayback last plot in a wrong place, but the Tambor-class submarine that sank 14 ships during WWII was found in Japanese waters, 75 years after it sank with 80 sailors on board.
The US navy officially verified the discovery of the lost submarine off the coast of Okinawa in June, where the USS Grayback went down in the East China Sea during its 10th patrol mission in February 1944 and, and according to Japanese reports, "exploded and sank immediately."
The expedition's Japanese historian and researcher Yutaka Iwasaki re-translated the original documents and discovered the mistake, giving the team a new area to focus on.
The Tambor-class submarine sank 14 ships during the war, and was one of 52 US submarines lost in action.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-12/wwii-submarine-uss-grayback-found-off-okinawa-in-japanese-waters/11696650
4…………> House Intelligence Committee Chairman: Impeachment Hearings Next Week
Acting US Ambassador to Ukraine William Taylor, and Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs George Kent are set to be wrapped in fresh banana leaves, and grilled on a slow fire by the impeachment "Shamans" of US House Democrats , led by the committee's chairman, Adam, "Pencil Neck" Schiff, as "Trump Haters & Denouncers" would dance half naked, and walk on burning coals, as to signify the terrible punishment that is awaiting our democratically elected President Trump.
On the same day, similar fate is in the coffee cups of National Security Council official Alexander Vindman; aide to Vice President Mike Pence, Jennifer Williams; and National Security Council official Tim Morrison.
https://sputniknews.com/us/201911131077293972-intelligence-committee-chairman-says-us-house-panel-will-continue-impeachment-hearings-next-week/
5…………> Market Report for 11/12/2019: sell stop 27350:CG 6018, 11/21/2019
Stocks unchanged at 27691, DJ futures -64, gold down to 1459.3 and USD/CHF at 0.98, new position long 26150, sell stop 27350 for a gain of 1200 points.
Read "Ziban Must Die" for more details on the coming collision of Trump's administration with "Deep State" operators funded by the billionaires' supporters of the "New World Disorder".
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1. "Every disorder is the beginning of new and higher order."― George Sorbane
Hope all House Republicans, and honest House Democrats, will vote to CENSURE Rep. Adam Schiff tomorrow for his brazen and unlawful act of fabricating (making up) a totally phony conversation with the Ukraine President and U.S. President, me. Most have never seen such a thing!
Years of BAD GOVERNMENT, such a sorry thing to see!
"What is happening to President Trump with Impeachment is a Constitutional Travesty."
@GrahamLedger
The likes of which we have never seen before. It is Adam Schiff and Nancy Pelosi who should be impeached for fraud!
"What has happened here with the Anthony Wiener laptop, the Server, all of the Emails between Huma Abedin and Hillary Clinton, the deleted Clinton Emails – what is going on?"
Joe D & Victoria T!
THANK YOU you Dallas, Texas. See you tomorrow night at the American Airlines Center! #TRUMP2020
"This President is the most patriotic President I've seen in many years. He is going to do what is good for Americans." Congressman Brian Babin, Texas. Thank you Brian!
Nancy Pelosi needs help fast! There is either something wrong with her "upstairs," or she just plain doesn't like our great Country. She had a total meltdown in the White House today. It was very sad to watch. Pray for her, she is a very sick person!
http://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump?ref_src=twsrc%5Eappleosx%7Ctwcamp%5Esafari%7Ctwgr%5Eprofil
2…………> Kurds Bigger Threat Than IS: Trump
The Turkish President Recep Tayyip, "Sultan" Erdogan told parliament no power can stop the offensive against Kurds in Syria, demanding fighters must leave a designated border area in north-east Syria "as of tonight", while the US House overwhelmingly denunciated US troop withdrawal by 354-60, and US Vice-President Mike Pence and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo are en route to Turkey to meet with President Erdogan, as the US scramble to hush down the fallout of US withdrawal from northern Syria.
The Trump administration dispatched its top officials to Turkey for emergency talks to try to persuade Ankara to halt an assault on northern Syria, but President Trump says the US has no business in the region, adding the Kurds — the target of the Turkish offensive — as "no angels."
Turkey launched its offensive against Kurdish forces in northern Syria a week ago, two days after Mr. Trump suddenly announced he was withdrawing the US from the area.
"The PKK, which is a part of the Kurds, as you know, is probably worse at terror, and more of a terrorist threat in many ways than ISIS."
But speaking at the White House Mr. Trump said the US had no stake in the region — and not to worry about the Kurdish fighters.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-17/turkey-president-recep-tayyip-erdogan-to-meet-mike-pence-syria/11609788
3…………> Mr.Xi's 12th Century Socialism: A Hammer Attack On The Opposition
Hong Kong pro-democracy leader Jimmy Sham was attacked while on his way to a evening meeting, and left with bloody head injuries but remains conscious, the second attack on Mr. Sham since the protest movement began, with photos on social media showing him lying in the street beside a car, covered in blood.
Protesters were calling on Ms. Lam to accept their demands, which include universal suffrage for the Chinese-ruled city, an amnesty for those charged during protests, and an independent inquiry into what they say has been excessive force by police in dealing with the unrest.
"It is not hard to link this incident to a spreading political terror in order to threaten and inhibit the legitimate exercise of natural and legal rights," the group Civil Human Rights said.
Ms. Lam has rejected granting an amnesty for those charged or granting universal suffrage — saying the first was illegal, and the second was beyond her power as Hong Kong's Chief Executive.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-17/hong-kong-pro-democracy-leader-hospitalised-after-hammer-attack/11610386
4…………> Trump On Turkey-Syria Offensive: Not Our Border
The Speaker of US House of the Representatives Nancy, "Anyone caught urinating in front of my mansion will be deported to Arizona" Pelosi told reporters Mr. Trump had had a "meltdown" during a meeting with congressional leaders about Syria, which Democratic politicians eventually left after the president allegedly called her a "third-rate politician," according to NY Democratic Senator Chuck, "I cried tears for the Muslims" Schumer.
President Trump has said Turkey's incursion into Syria is "not our border", and called former US allies the Kurds "no angels", following intense criticism from globalists for withdrawing its forces from Syria, which some say gave Turkey the green light to launch a cross-border offensive against Kurdish-led forces.
The US House of Representatives voted overwhelming to condemn the president's withdrawal of US forces from Syria, with both Democrats, and Mr. Trump's fellow Republicans approving the measure.
For his part, Mr. Trump aimed the same accusation at Ms. Pelosi, Republican leaders said Ms. Pelosi's behavior was "unbecoming", and criticized her for "storming out."
Mr. Trump told reporters at the White House the US is "not a policing agent."
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50075703
Market down 23 to 27002, futures +2, gold down to 1492.1, USD/CHF 0/98, new position long 26300, sell stop at 26700 for a gain of 400 points.
Read "Ziban Must Die" for more details on the coming collision of the Trump's administration with "Deep State" operators funded by the billionaires supporters of the "New World Disorder.
Adam, Amy Klobuchar, Andrew Yang, Arizona, Bernie, Beto O'Rourke, Biden, Booker, Buttigieg, California, CNN, Cory, ERO, Grachowe Harrichand, Harrichand, Hawaii, House Intelligence Committee, House of Representatives, Indiana, Julian Castro, Kamala Harris, Mike Pence, Minnesota, Nancy, New Jersey, New York, New York City, New York City Department of Correction, New York Police Department, New York Times, NYPD, Obama, Ohio, Pat Cipollone, Pelosi, Pete, Politico, Russia, Schiff, South Bend, Texas, Tom Steyer, Trump, Tulsi Gabbard, Ukraine, US, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Warren, White House
1. "Not crazy are those souls who marvel at God's creation, but the ones who ridicule them."―
Shifty Adam Schiff wants to rest his entire case on a Whistleblower who he now says can't testify, & the reason he can't testify is that he is afraid to do so because his account of the Presidential telephone call is a fraud & totally different from the actual transcribed call…
…. It also brings Shifty's fraudulent MADE UP CALL, which he read to the United States Congress pretending it to be the words of President Trump, which they were not! Nancy Pelosi is involved in this fraud in that she confirmed his fraudulent words on @GMA, and much more!
2…………> Guyanese Pedofile Busted: ICE
ICE deportation officers arrested Grachowe Harrichand, 43, a Guyanese national previously ordered removed from the US, was twice released from local law enforcement custody with an active detainer due to New York City's sanctuary policies.
On March 6, 2019, Harrichand was arrested by the New York Police Department (NYPD) for the charges of sexual abuse, 1st contact with victim less than 13, sexual abuse 2nd sexual contact with person less than 14 years-old, sexual abuse 3rd subject another person to sex contact without consent, forcible touching: touch sexual/intimate parts of another person, act in manner injure child less than 17 years-old, and aggravated harassment.
On July 5, Harrichand was again arrested by the NYPD for the charges of sexual abuse 3rd: subject another person to sex contact without consent, forcible touching, act in manner injure child less than 17 years-old, and harassment.
The detainer was not honored and Harrichand was released from the custody of the New York City Department of Correction (NYCDOC)
https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-arrests-guyanese-national-twice-released-active-detainer-following-arrests-crimes
3…………> Comrade Pocahontas Warren Under Fire: Tax Hikes Coming?
Tuesday night's debate, hosted by "Fake News" CNN, and the "Failing" New York Times in the electoral battleground state of Ohio was the most crowded so far in the Democratic race, as a slew of stand-up commedians were on stage, hailing from South Bend, Indiana, mayor Pete, "I'll be the 1st Gay President in the White House" Buttigieg, California Senator Kamala Harris, New York entrepreneur Andrew Yang, former Texas congressman Beto O'Rourke, Minnesota Senator Amy Klobuchar, New Jersey Senator Cory, "We must free all prisons inmates, unlawfully held by the Fascist Government of President Trump & his racist supporters" Booker, former Obama housing secretary Julian, "Salsa is coming to the White House, Cholos" Castro, Hawaii congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard and billionaire activist Tom Steyer.
Democratic White House front-runner Comrade "Pocahonta" Warren is under fierce attack from her rivals in a live television debate, being accused of dodging a question on whether she would raise taxes, as "Uncle" Joe, "Sleeping in a wrong century" Biden is "hunted" under Republican cannon fire regarding crooked dealing in Ukraine with his naturally "completely innocent" son Hunter, while Bernie, "Spendie" Sanders is recovering from a heart attack, having too many mansions to worry about.
Languishing on single digits in the opinion polls, they strived to make a splash with time running out.
4…………>Error On Line 1337: Pelosi Ain't Got The Impeachment Votes
House Intelligence Committee Chairman Adam, "Pencil Neck" Schiff, who was assailed for partisan behavior since heading the inquiry, claimed that Ukraine had been "invaded" by Russia and asserted Trump, Vice President Mike Pence and the White House's refusal to comply with the investigation is a "complete effort by the administration to stonewall" the probe.
Meanwhile, Speaker Nancy, "Anyone caught urinating in front of my mansion will be deported to Arizona" Pelosi announced that a full vote on the House of Representatives floor concerning President Trump's impeachment inquiry has not been scheduled: i.e. she got not enough "lies in the box" to schedule one.
"President Trump and his administration cannot participate in your partisan and unconstitutional inquiry under these circumstances," White House counsel Pat Cipollone said in an October 8 letter to House Democrats.
"There is no requirement that we have a vote and so at this time we will not be having a vote," Pelosi told reporters following a 6 pm meeting with fellow House Democrats.
https://sputniknews.com/us/201910161077057517-house-democrats-postpone-full-vote-on-trump-impeachment-inquiry-speaker-pelosi/
Market up 237 to 27025, futures -49, gold down to 1486.1, USD/CHF 0/98, new position long 26300, sell stop at 26700 for a gain of 400 points.
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1. "Anything vertical will eventually be horizontal."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


"It's almost as if they came on a day trip."
This cozy village in England has everything you might expect from a scenic little town — quaint cottages, colorful flower gardens, quiet waterways and a homey sense of calm and comfort.
But there is one thing that makes it slightly out of the ordinary for a British countryside retreat.
Babbacombe Model Village, as it's known, is a popular tourist spot in the city of Torquay. There, visitors are transported into that idyllically peaceful little world laid out with tiny buildings, roads and residents.
Recently, however, a group of feathered giants threw everything a bit out of scale.
The tiny townspeople didn't see it coming.
The giants, of course, were just a family of normal-sized ducks dropping in for a surprise visit.
"I'm not sure if they hatched in the Model Village, but nobody had seen them before Sunday," Mike Rhodes, deputy manager at Babbacombe, told The Dodo. "They spent the day with us, wandering around the gardens, football stadium and the beach — then disappeared by Monday. It's almost as if they came on a day trip."
Fortunately, despite their relatively enormous size, the ducks didn't wreak the havoc one might suspect.
"They were very good and didn't break (or quack) anything," Rhodes said.
Interestingly, this isn't the first time an animal behemoth has arrived to Babbacombe Model Village. As it turns out, a gray cat has been known to prowl the grounds of the miniature facility, relishing in the admiration of the tiny townsfolk.
He even made the paper.
Thankfully, the giant ducks who visited recently were much more magnanimous.


What Is Low Income in Maryland?
In the general population, the term "low income" casually describes a person or family that earns less than the median income for their area. In Maryland, however, several government programs are only available to low-income applicants. In this case, the definitions of low income are rigidly defined by each agency. Although their definitions vary between programs, many agencies make a distinction between low-income families and families in poverty, with the latter earning much less then low-income households.
Although costs of living vary around the country, most programs in the state use the federal poverty level defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Census Bureau's poverty guidelines as their basis. Households considered poor earn less than the national poverty rate. For the 2011 year, a one-person household that earns less than $10,890 each year qualifies, and at the poverty line for a four-person household is $22,350 annually. Low-income families are those that make less than 200 percent of the federal poverty guideline, $21,780 for a single person or $44,700 for a four-person household.
Children under the age of 18 who live in low-income families may qualify for Maryland's Medicaid Program. Families must earn less than 200 percent of the federal poverty level for their family size. Other recipients may qualify for Medicaid, but with the exception of pregnant women, who qualify if they earn less than 250 percent of the federal poverty level. Maryland only extends Medicaid benefits to extremely poor, such as working parents who earn less than 38 percent of the poverty level, or medically needy individuals who earn less than 49 percent of the federal poverty level.
Maryland's food supplement program defines low-income eligibility differently. To qualify for the Maryland Department of Human Resources' Food Supplement Program, a household must have gross earnings below 130 percent of the federal poverty level, or $1,127 for a one-person household or $2,297 for a four-member household, as of 2011. After the department deducts certain expenses, such as housing, beneficiaries must net less than 100 percent of the federal poverty level for a household of their size.
Unlike other aid programs, the Maryland Department of Housing and Community Development's housing aid program's earnings thresholds aren't derived from national poverty statistics. Instead, it bases eligibility on the local cost of living. To qualify for Section 8 housing vouchers from a Maryland public housing authority, a family must earn less than 50 percent of the median income for the area in which it chooses to live. This figure varies among cities inside the state.


6.365 You like to hot rod. The faster the better, and you love when we pop wheelies for you on your car. I think we're in trouble.
This whole room is like a big reflector in the afternoon. Almost too bright, but I'm not going to complain. In this image, the light is reflected mainly off the chaise, but also off the decor balls and car.


The past two days I received two very nice compliments via social media. Both of them made me feel especially valued and appreciated, even if the kind words came from people I have never met in person. I'm posting them here for those days where things aren't quite so rosy.
The first comment came out of the blue from another librarian on Twitter. This really made my day, especially given that I am submitting a few proposals to speak again at the Computers in Libraries conference next spring.
The second comment came this morning from a random person on flickr. I can only assume that he found my pictures via one of the flickr groups that I've been posting to lately. I've become really interested in photography over the past year, and have been working to get better. It's always nice when someone "favorites" or "likes" your pictures, but this fellow went out of his way to give me a very kind remark.
It really doesn't take much to make somebody's day better. Simply giving someone a compliment can be a huge boost to their confidence and can make them happier. I appreciate these two folks giving me a shout out, and now I'm very encouraged to pay it forward.


text:
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males
Jessica M. Moon ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4702-30771,
Kayla M. Ratliff1,
Julia C. Blumkaitis1,
Patrick S. Harty ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-29402,
Hannah A. Zabriskie ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-43113,
Richard A. Stecker1,
Brad S. Currier1,
Andrew R. Jagim ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6651-50964,
Ralf Jäger ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7345-96355,
Martin Purpura5 &
Chad M. Kerksick ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0458-72941
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition volume 17, Article number: 60 (2020) Cite this article
Large (48-g), isonitrogenous doses of rice and whey protein have previously been shown to stimulate similar adaptations to resistance training, but the impact of consuming smaller doses has yet to be compared. We evaluated the ability of 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate to augment adaptations following 8 weeks of resistance training.
Healthy resistance-trained males (n = 24, 32.8 ± 6.7 years, 179.3 ± 8.5 cm, 87.4 ± 8.5 kg, 27.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 27.8 ± 6.0% fat) were randomly assigned and matched according to fat-free mass to consume 24-g doses of rice (n = 12, Growing Naturals, LLC) or whey (n = 12, NutraBio Labs, Inc.) protein concentrate for 8 weeks while completing a standardized resistance training program. Body composition (DXA), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (repetitions to fatigue [RTF] at 80% 1RM) using bench press (BP) and leg press (LP) exercises along with anaerobic capacity (Wingate) were assessed before and after the intervention. Subjects were asked to maintain regular dietary habits and record dietary intake every 2 weeks. Outcomes were assessed using 2 × 2 mixed (group x time) factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time and independent samples t-tests using the change scores from baseline. A p-value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals on the changes between groups were used to determine outcomes.
No baseline differences (p > 0.05) were found for key body composition and performance outcomes. No changes (p > 0.05) in dietary status occurred within or between groups (34 ± 4 kcal/kg/day, 3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day, 1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day, 1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) throughout the study for daily relative energy (34 ± 4 kcals/kg/day), carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day), fat (1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day), and protein (1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) intake. Significant main effects for time were revealed for body mass (p = 0.02), total body water (p = 0.01), lean mass (p = 0.008), fat-free mass (p = 0.007), BP 1RM (p = 0.02), BP volume (p = 0.04), and LP 1RM (p = 0.01). Changes between groups were similar for body mass (− 0.88, 2.03 kg, p = 0.42), fat-free mass (− 0.68, 1.99 kg, p = 0.32), lean mass (− 0.73, 1.91 kg, p = 0.37), fat mass (− 0.48, 1.02 kg, p = 0.46), and % fat (− 0.63, 0.71%, p = 0.90). No significant between group differences were seen for BP 1RM (− 13.8, 7.1 kg, p = 0.51), LP 1RM (− 38.8, 49.6 kg, p = 0.80), BP RTF (− 2.02, 0.35 reps, p = 0.16), LP RTF (− 1.7, 3.3 reps, p = 0.50), and Wingate peak power (− 72.5, 53.4 watts, p = 0.76) following the eight-week supplementation period.
Eight weeks of daily isonitrogenous 24-g doses of rice or whey protein in combination with an eight-week resistance training program led to similar changes in body composition and performance outcomes. Retroactively registered on as NCT04411173.
Recommended protein intake levels to meet the requirements of nearly all healthy adults are set at 0.8 g of protein per kilogram of body mass per day [1]. However, professional organizations such as the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) recommend that exercising adults should consume higher amounts of daily protein [2, 3]. In response to exercise and in the absence of feeding, rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown both increase with the overall net muscle protein balance remaining negative [4]. However, the acute consumption of an efficacious dose (i.e., 0.25–0.35 g/kg/dose) of high-quality protein has been consistently shown to stimulate rates of MPS leading to a positive net muscle protein balance [4,5,6]. The establishment of a positive net muscle protein balance through exercise and high-quality protein ingestion supports many exercise and nutrition strategies employed by individuals who wish to improve their body composition and/or increase their fat-free mass [5, 6].
Several protein sources derived from either animal (e.g., whey, casein, egg, beef, fish) or plant (e.g., soy, rice, pea, hemp) origins are available for individuals to consume and meet their daily protein needs. Assessments of protein quality routinely rate various protein sources based upon the amount and distribution of the essential amino acids, which are required for consumption in the diet and are known to operate as prerequisites for maximal stimulation of MPS [7, 8]. Protein sources can be further evaluated based upon their digestibility, bioavailability, rate of amino acid appearance, and relative amount of any given individual amino acid. Proteins are also characterized by more general health-related factors such as the presence of allergens, cholesterol, or saturated fat [3, 6]. Due to differing amino acid profiles, many different types of animal proteins, particularly milk proteins (whey and casein) rank high on these rating scales, while various plant proteins that have lower amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids routinely rank lower [9]. Specifically, leucine content has become commonly accepted as an additional means by which the quality of a protein can be assessed, since previous work has indicated leucine may exert an independent influence over the promotion of a positive nitrogen balance and stimulation of MPS [10, 11]. In particular, leucine in doses ranging from 1.7–3.5 g may be needed to optimally promote MPS [3, 6]. Therefore, the leucine content of varying protein sources has become a relevant consideration when choosing food-derived protein options that can go on to influence exercise training adaptations over time.
Previous work by Joy and colleagues [12] compared the effect of isonitrogenous doses of rice protein or whey protein on adaptations to resistance training, suggesting that both protein sources equally stimulated improvements in strength, performance, and fat-free mass [12]. While intriguing, these results lack ecological validity due to the large protein dose provided (48 g), which is substantially larger than typical 'per serving' doses ingested by consumers or those recommended in the scientific literature [3, 5, 6, 13, 14], notwithstanding recent work in nighttime protein feedings [15, 16]. Other research by Purpura et al. [17] compared the rate and magnitude of amino acid appearance after ingesting a single 48-g dose of a rice or whey protein isolate. Whey protein isolate stimulated a faster peak concentration of the essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and total amino acids. When total area under the curve was computed over a four-hour measurement window, whey isolate was responsible for a 6.8% greater level of amino acids when compared to changes seen with rice protein isolate ingestion, a difference that was not statistically significant. Moreover, when the time to peak concentrations were identified between the two sources of protein, whey protein isolate resulted in faster appearance of most amino acids with the exception of leucine, whereas rice protein ingestion stimulated a faster time to peak leucine concentration in comparison to whey [17].
In considering these outcomes, additional research needs to be completed to identify the potential efficacy of ingesting smaller, more ecologically valid doses of rice protein while performing a heavy resistance training program. These findings will extend the previous results of Joy et al. [12] and also provide potential implications of the previous work of Purpura et al. [17]. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effect of isocaloric and isonitrogenous (24-g) doses of rice or whey protein concentrate (~ 80% protein) on resistance training adaptations in young, healthy, resistance-trained men. It is hypothesized that there will be no differences in strength and body composition adaptations observed between study participants who supplement with rice or whey protein throughout the study protocol.
The study was conducted using a randomized, double-blind approach where participants were matched into groups according to fat-free mass. Participants were provided 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate for an eight-week supplementation period that coincided with completion of a linear periodized, split-body resistance training program consisting of two upper body and two lower body workouts each week. On workout days, one dose of supplemental protein was ingested within 60 min of workout completion. On non-workout days, one dose was ingested within 60 min of going to bed. A total of 10 weeks of resistance training were completed over the entire study protocol. The first 2 weeks of resistance training (eight workouts) occurred before supplementation began and were completed to acclimate participants to the program and to initiate early neurological adaptations commonly seen with starting a new resistance training program. After completion of this run-in period, participants then began the supplementation protocol and continued to follow the resistance training program for an additional 8 weeks. Consequently, a total of 40 workouts were assigned in this protocol. Before and after the resistance training and supplementation period, body mass, body water (total, extracellular, intracellular), and body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, lean mass, and % fat) were assessed. Changes in muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance (repetitions to fatigue at a load of 80% 1RM, [RTF]) were assessed using the bench press and leg press exercise, and Wingate anaerobic capacity tests were completed to assess anaerobic power. All anthropometric, body composition, and performance assessments were completed after 0, 2, and 10 of weeks of resistance training (Fig. 1). No supplementation occurred during the first 8 weeks of this protocol; consequently, all statistical analysis was completed on data collected starting at the beginning and end of supplementation. Participants were provided nutritional recommendations in order to ensure adequate energy (> 30 kcal/kg body mass/day) and protein consumption (> 1.5 g/kg/day) to facilitate positive training adaptations and reduce the potential influence of differing dietary intakes [3, 18]. Compliance cut-offs for removal for noncompliance were established at 90% compliance. This study was retroactively registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04411173.
Research Design Overview
Study participants
Healthy, resistance-trained males (n = 24, age: 32.8 ± 6.7 years, height: 179.3 ± 8.5 cm, weight: 87.4 ± 8.5 kg, body mass index: 27.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2, body fat %, via DXA: 21.7 ± 3.9% fat) participated in the study. To be eligible, participants reported at least 1 year of (self-reported) resistance training experience, could bench press > 1.0x their body weight, could leg press > 1.5x their body weight, and had a BMI less than 30 kg/m2. If a participant's BMI was greater than 30 kg/m2, they were accepted in the study if their body fat percentage (determined by DXA) was less than 30% body fat. Additionally, participants were required to stop taking all nutritional supplements except for multi-vitamins for 30 days before participating in the study and for the entire duration of the protocol.
Anthropometric & Resting Assessments
Prior to all laboratory visits, participants fasted for at least 8 h and abstained from exercise, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol for at least 24 h. Upon arrival during the initial assessment, participant height was assessed to the nearest ±0.5 cm using an analog wall-mounted stadiometer (HR-200, Tanita Corp, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with their shoes removed and standing erect on flat feet. Body mass was measured prior to all study visits using a self-calibrating digital balance (Tanita BWB-627A, Tokyo, Japan) and was recorded to the nearest ±0.1 kg. Additionally, body masses recorded after 0 and 2 weeks were compared to ensure the participants were weight stable. Any participant whose body mass deviated by more than 2% during this time was excluded from participation. Heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed using an automatic blood pressure monitor (OMRON BP785, Omron Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). All hemodynamic measurements were completed in a supine position after the study participant had arrived in the laboratory and rested quietly on an exam table for approximately 10 min. Participants were assessed for hydration status by providing a mid-flow urine sample analyzed by a handheld urine refractometer.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Body composition was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Hologic QDR Discovery A, Hologic, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA). A trained research assistant positioned all participants and manually analyzed all scans. Each day, the DXA was calibrated according to manufacturer recommendations and each scan was analyzed using the provided software (Hologic APEX Software, Version 4.5.3, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) analysis approach employed. Fat-free mass, lean mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage were recorded. Test-retest reliability has been previously established for DXA fat mass (CV: 1.26%, ICC: 0.99, SEM: 127.8 g) and DXA fat-free mass (CV: 0.75%, ICC: 0.99, SEM: 110.9 g) in cohort (n = 40) of healthy college-aged men and women.
Total body water
Total body water (TBW) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (SFB7, Impedimed Corp., Carlsbad, CA). Each participant's socks were removed to clean the dorsal surface of the foot and wrist prior to electrode placements. Two electrodes were placed on both the hand and foot. The proximal electrode for the foot was placed between the medial and lateral malleolus bones while the distal electrode was placed with the midpoint of the electrodes five cm apart. For the hand, researchers placed the proximal electrode on the midline of the ulnar styloid process with the distal electrode placed with the midpoints of the two electrodes spaced five cm apart. Once the electrodes were in place, researchers applied the four leads to their designated landmarks per manufacturer guidelines and researchers made certain the participants were not touching their sides and their legs were properly spaced apart. Three consecutive measurements were completed, averaged, and used for subsequent data analysis. TBW estimates produced by this unit have previously been validated against deuterium oxide dilution techniques in resistance-trained males [19]. Test-retest reliability has been previously established for bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy fat mass (CV: 5.86%, ICC: 0.98, SEM: 280.9 g) and fat-free mass (CV: 1.72%, ICC: 0.99, SEM: 285.1 g) in a cohort (n = 40) of healthy college-aged men and women.
Maximal strength
To assess changes in muscular strength throughout the study protocol, each participant's one-repetition maximum (1RM) was determined using the leg press and bench press exercises. Prior to 1RM determination, a standardized warm-up of simple stretches and whole-body movements spanning 5–10 min was completed. Using a protocol consistent with National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) recommendations, participants completed one set of ten repetitions at 50% of their estimated 1RM. The warm-up continued in a progressive fashion (six repetitions at 70% of their perceived 1RM, four repetitions at 85% 1RM, and one repetition at 95% 1RM). Two minutes of rest were observed between each set. One-repetition sets were then completed with progressively increasing loads until a 1RM was determined. The 1RM for each exercise was determined within three to five one-repetition attempts and 2 min of rest were observed between each attempt. Post-testing 1RM assessment was completed using their previously established 1RM as a determinant for establishing loads throughout testing. Participants rested for 5 min between determination of their 1RM and completion of the next test. All leg press repetitions were completed using a commercial, 45-degree hip sled/leg press machine. For all leg press activities, foot position and hip angle was standardized by recording the heel position throughout testing and using these parameters for future 1RM determinations. Participants were required to keep their hands free of their knees, thighs, and torso and lower the weight until the knee angle reached approximately 90 degrees of flexion. All bench press repetitions were completed using a standard adjustable bench press and knurled bar (Rogue Fitness, Columbus, OH). Hand spacing was standardized for each attempt by recording the width of the hands for each repetition. In accordance with technique standards, participants were required to maintain five points of contact during all bench press repetitions and lower the bar to the sternum and press back until both elbows reached full extension. Two experienced research team members were present to ensure appropriate technique was maintained for both exercises throughout the testing.
Muscular endurance
Approximately 5 min after each respective 1RM determination, study participants completed an upper and lower body muscular endurance assessment. These assessments were completed using a load that corresponded to 80% of their 1RM for both the leg press and bench press exercises. Participants were instructed to complete one set with as many repetitions as they could until failure and were required to maintain appropriate lifting technique throughout all repetitions while being supervised by a research team member. Full range of motion was required for all repetitions. The test was stopped and completed repetitions were counted if participants paused for greater than 2 s between repetitions or technique failure occurred throughout any repetition. Total training volume (sets x repetitions performed with 80% 1RM × 80% 1RM load) for each exercise was computed and statistically analyzed. Further, data was normalized to one's body mass and entered for statistical analysis as both the raw and normalized data. Participants rested for 5 min between completion of their repetitions to failure and completion of the next test. All performance assessments were completed in the exercise lab and supervised by trained research assistants.
Anaerobic capacity
After completion of muscular strength and endurance protocols and 5 min of rest, anaerobic capacity was assessed using the Wingate anaerobic capacity test on a Monark cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 894E, Vansboro, Sweden). The testing protocol began with a two-minute warm-up consisting of light pedaling (< 50 rpm) against zero resistance. The resistance for all Wingate testing was set at 7.5% of Week 0 body weight (kg) for each participant and was not changed for any subsequent test. Seat height and position was assessed during the initial test and was standardized for each subsequent use. After the warm-up, participants were provided a three-second count down and instructed to increase pedal speed and reach maximal speed. Trained investigators manually dropped the resistance when the participant reached their maximal speed, and the participant continued to pedal as fast as possible against their allotted resistance for the 30-s test. Upon completion of the test, the resistance was removed, and participants transitioned into a two-minute cool down on the bike against zero resistance. Peak power, average power and time to fatigue was computed and used as indicators of anaerobic power and fatigue resistance.
Resistance training program
A template of the resistance-training program is outlined in Table 1. Participants were provided with online training cards via email following completion of the Week 0 performance assessment. Participants updated their training log online each week to provide accountability for each workout. The program was designed as a linear, split-body periodization program with two upper-body and two lower-body workouts each week [20]. A progressive overload scheme was followed to facilitate increases in strength and muscle mass. For the first 6 weeks (weeks 1–6), each workout consisted of three sets of ten repetitions at a 10 RM load. On the final set of each exercise, participants performed as many repetitions as they were able. Following the autoregulatory model introduced by Mann et al. [21], if participants were able to complete 12 or more repetitions on their final set, they were instructed to increase the load for their next workout. During the final 4 weeks (weeks 7–10), each workout consisted of four sets of six repetitions to momentary muscle failure. Again, participants completed as many repetitions as they were able on their final set. If participants completed seven or more repetitions on their final set, they were assigned to the next highest load for their next workout [21]. One minute of rest in between sets was allotted for weeks 1–6, while 2 min of rest between each set were followed for weeks 7–10. Each resistance training session took approximately 60 min to complete. Completion of the program was not directly supervised. To maximize ecological validity, participants completed their workouts in the facility of their choosing, provided they had access to all equipment necessary to complete the exercises within the program. All study participants completed the first 2 weeks of the strength training protocol without supplementation for two primary reasons. First, to allow participants to identify what loads were needed to reach momentary muscular failure for each exercise on their third prescribed set. Second, this two-week period allowed for neuromuscular acclimation to the training stimulus, which may have occurred due to prescribing participants to follow a training program different than what they had been following.
Table 1 Sample resistance training program
To monitor compliance to the resistance-training program, participants were instructed to complete the online training cards (Google Sheets) weekly by selecting the exercise completed and filling out the number of reps and load used. Completion of logs was monitored weekly by research team members and emails were sent or phone calls made to facilitate compliance. In addition, participants were required to submit daily photographs of them in their gym either before or after their workouts. On each training day, participants would take a photograph of themselves at the gym and submit it through text, email, or an Instagram direct message. All training cards were reviewed, and photos were logged by laboratory staff weekly to monitor compliance to the training protocol. Compliance was calculated as the percentage of completed workouts. Participants were required to achieve and maintain at least 90% workout completion throughout the study. Compliance to recording their workout information and submitting pictures was determined to be 99.8% for the whey protein group and 99.4% for the rice protein group.
Dietary protocol
After the Week 0 performance assessment, participants were provided daily dietary recommendations. A range of daily caloric needs was estimated for each study participant by calculating resting energy expenditure using an average of the Harris-Benedict [22] and Mifflin-St. Joer [23] formulas and then multiplying that value by an activity factor of 1.6 and 1.8. Participants were also instructed to maintain a daily protein intake of 1.6 to 1.8 g of protein per kilogram of body mass [3]. Participants were required to log their dietary intake at least 4 days each week through MyFitnessPal over the course of the study. Dietary intake data can be found in Table 2.
Table 2 Dietary Variables
To achieve compliance to the dietary recommendations outlined above, study participants used MyFitnessPal (Under Armour, Baltimore, MD) to set up profiles and track their dietary intake. In addition, study participants were provided a binder that outlined their recommended energy and protein intakes throughout the study protocol. Participants were given examples of how to successfully fill out their food information in addition to graphic-based examples of portion size estimators. Laboratory staff reviewed the food records weekly and documented if the participants met both caloric and protein requirements 4 days per week. Finally, when participants visited the laboratory every 2 weeks to receive more supplements, their records were reviewed, and questions were asked regarding compliance to the diet, exercise, and supplementation.
Supplementation protocol
Following performance re-assessment 2 weeks after beginning the resistance-training program, participants were randomly assigned to the whey protein or rice protein groups in a double-blind fashion. Participants were then block randomized within each protein group based on their week two fat-free mass using an online randomization software program (Random Allocation Software). Participants were provided with 15 doses of 24 g of rice protein (33.6 g of chocolate flavored rice protein concentrate, Growing Naturals, LLC, Axiom Foods) or 24 g of whey protein (32.6 g of chocolate flavored whey protein concentrate, NutraBio Labs, Inc.). Each 24-g dose of protein was mixed with 6–12 fluid ounces of cold water. On workout days, participants ingested one dose within 60 min of completing their workout. On non-workout days, one dose was ingested within 60 min of going to bed. The total protein content and amino acid profile for both protein supplements were analyzed by an independent laboratory, (Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing US, Inc., Madison, WI, USA) and can be found in Table 3. Both protein groups were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Additionally, samples of the rice protein and whey protein were third-party analyzed by LGC Sciences, Inc. (Lexington, KY, www.Igcgroup.com) for the presence of banned substances. Each supplement was analyzed for over 214 compounds of interest using a variety of techniques including GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, and LC-HRMS. All tests were found to be negative for all compounds targeted within LGC's core supplement screen.
Table 3 Amino Acid Composition
To monitor compliance to the supplementation regimen, participants were required to visit the laboratory every 2 weeks where they were given an additional 15 sachets of their assigned protein. This time was taken to review compliance to the dietary recommendations, completion of dietary records, training program, and adverse events. In addition, on training and non-training days, participants were required to submit a photograph of themselves with the supplement in a clear container prior to its consumption. All photos were submitted via text, email, or Instagram direct message, in an identical fashion to the evidentiary photographs for the resistance training program. Supplement photos were logged by laboratory staff to ensure that participants were regularly consuming their protein doses. For the next three visits (Weeks 4, 6, 8), participants were required to return to the lab to exchange their empty sachets for 15 new doses. To achieve compliance, participants were required to submit a returned sachet and submit a photograph. Compliance was calculated as the percentage of days in which compliance was achieved divided by the total number of days in the protocol. Compliance to the supplementation protocol was calculated to be 99.4% for the whey protein group and 99.6% for the rice protein group.
All analyses were completed using Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (v23; SPSS Inc., Chicago IL). A priori statistical analysis using G-Power revealed that achieving an effect size of 0.25 with an alpha level of 0.05 and power of 0.80 would require a total sample size of 22 participants. Before any statistical tests are performed, data was analyzed for normality. All non-normal data were log-transformed prior to analysis. For all statistical tests, data were considered statistically significant when the probability of a type I error was 0.05 or less. Primary endpoints for this investigation were fat-free mass and leg press 1RM. Secondary endpoints were fat mass, lean mass, and % body fat along with bench press 1RM, bench press repetitions to fatigue, leg press repetitions to fatigue, leg press volume, peak anaerobic power, mean anaerobic power, and rate of fatigue. 2 × 2 mixed factorial (group x time) ANOVAs with repeated measures on time were used to determine any statistically significant differences for time and group main effects and group x time interaction effects for all primary and secondary outcomes. 2 × 5 repeated measures ANOVA were used for all group x time, time, and group effects for all dietary variables. In instances, where baseline group differences were evident, ANCOVA analysis was completed with the respective baseline value as a covariate. All data are presented as means ± standard deviations.
Baseline differences
In response to recruitment flyers, study team members made contact with 313 individuals. A large majority (n = 244) were excluded, while 69 people were consented. Of the exclusions, 209 did not meet inclusion criteria while an additional 35 withdrew prior to randomization. The remaining 34 participants were randomized, with 16 being assigned to ingest whey protein and 18 being assigned to ingest rice protein. Four people in the whey group were lost to follow up due to failure to maintain contact or non-compliance, while six people in the rice group were lost to follow-up due to failure to maintain contact with research team member or non-compliance with the protocol. This led to two groups of 12 participants in each group that were included in the analysis (Fig. 2). Prior to starting the resistance training and supplementation protocols, independent t-tests revealed no baseline differences (p > 0.05) between groups for age (95% CI: − 3.8, 7.6 years, p = 0.50), height (95% CI: − 7.7, 7.1 cm, p = 0.93), body mass (95% CI: − 9.1, 5.5 kg, p = 0.61), body mass index (− 2.13, 1.20 kg/m2, p = 0.57), systolic blood pressure (95% CI: − 10.0, 1.8 mmHg, p = 0.16), diastolic blood pressure (95% CI: − 1.8, 7.0 mmHg, p = 0.23), resting heart rate (95% CI: − 7.2, 5.4 beats/min, p = 0.77), % body fat (95% CI: − 4.81, 1.78% fat, p = 0.35), leg press 1RM (95% CI: − 57, 34 kg, p = 0.61), and bench press 1RM (95% CI: − 9.3, 19.5 kg, p = 0.47).
CONSORT diagram
Dietary intake
Dietary data was collected at two-week intervals throughout the study protocol and was analyzed using both normalized (per week 2 body mass in kg) and non-normalized data. Since body mass was only collected at the beginning and end of supplementation, normalized data was analyzed using 2 × 2 mixed factorial ANOVA with repeated measures of time. All non-normalized data was subsequently analyzed using 2 × 5 mixed factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time. As seen in Table 2, group x time interactions, time, and group effects for all non-normalized data for energy (group x time: p = 0.34; group: p = 0.54; time: p = 0.67), carbohydrate (group x time: p = 0.36; group: p = 0.94; time: p = 0.73), protein (group x time: p = 0.57; group: p = 0.51; time: p = 0.52), and fat (group x time: p = 0.16; group: p = 0.36; time: p = 0.55) were non-significant. Additionally, similar outcomes were revealed when all data was represented relative to each person's recorded body mass: normalized energy (group x time: p = 0.61; group: p = 0.94; time: p = 0.15), normalized carbohydrate (group x time: p = 0.61; group: p = 0.24; time: p = 0.21), normalized protein (group x time: p = 0.57; group: p = 0.21; time: p = 0.14), and normalized fat (group x time: p = 0.47; group: p = 0.01; time: p = 0.11) (Table 2).
Baseline differences between groups were identified that revealed greater amounts of normalized energy (mean difference: 7.6 ± 3.3 kcal/kg, 95% CI: 0.72, 14.4 kcal/kg, p = 0.03) and normalized fat intake (mean difference: 0.43 ± 0.16 g/kg, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.76 g/kg, p = 0.01) for the whey protein group when compared to the rice protein group. Follow-up ANCOVA were completed on this data with each respective baseline values as a covariate to assess changes in normalized energy and fat intakes between groups. ANCOVA results indicated no between-group differences for the normalized energy (p = 0.37) and fat intake (p = 0.28).
Anthropometrics and body water
Table 4 highlights main effects for group x time interaction, time, and group effects for body mass, total body water, and body composition variables. Changes in body mass indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.42; Mean Difference: 0.58 ± 0.70 kg; 95% CI: − 0.88, 2.03 kg, d = − 0.07), a significant main effect for time (p = 0.02), and a non-significant group effect (p = 0.59). As anticipated, similar changes were identified for body mass index within and between groups (data not shown, see Table 4). Changes in total body water indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.51; Mean Difference: − 0.52 ± 0.79 l; 95% CI: − 2.16, 1.11 l, d = 0.12), significant main effect for time (p = 0.01), and a non-significant group effect (p = 0.61) (See Table 4).
Table 4 Hemodynamic and Body Composition Variables
Changes in DXA lean mass indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.37; Mean Difference: 0.59 ± 0.64 kg; 95% CI: − 0.73, 1.91 kg, d = − 0.10), a significant main effect for time (p = 0.01), and non-significant group effect (p = 0.60). Changes in dry lean mass (DXA lean mass – total body water) indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.16, Mean Difference; 1.11 ± 0.76, 95% CI: − 0.46, 2.69 kg, d = − 0.35), time (p = 0.72), and group effect (p = 0.16). Changes in DXA fat mass indicated no group x time interaction (p = 0.46; Mean Difference: 0.27 ± 0.36 kg; 95% CI: − 0.48, 1.02 kg, d = − 0.06), time (p = 0.60), or group effects (p = 0.54) for fat mass. Fat-free mass (Fig. 3a and b) changes identified no significant group x time interaction (p = 0.32; Mean Difference: 0.66 ± 0.64 kg; 95% CI: − 0.68, 1.99 kg, d = − 0.11) and time effect (p = 0.01) and no significant main effect for group (p = 0.60) was realized (Table 4). Changes in DXA percent fat changes indicated no group x time interaction (p = 0.90; Mean Difference: 0.04 ± 0.32% fat; 95% CI: − 0.63, 0.71% fat, d = 0.01), time (p = 0.49), or group (p = 0.58) effect. Bone mineral content changes did yield a significant group x time interaction (p = 0.02; Mean Difference: 0.07 ± 0.03 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12 kg, d = 0.20) while no significant main effect for time (p = 0.91) or group (p = 0.70) was found.
(Sub-Panel a & b): DXA fat-free mass (in kilograms) in rice and whey protein supplemented groups. Panel a: Raw data (Rice = 0.05 ± 4.8% change; Whey = 1.5 ± 4.5% change); Panel b: Individual response data. All data is presented as means ± SD. * = Different from within-group week 0 value
Exercise performance
Muscular strength
As seen in Table 5, changes in leg press 1RM indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.80; Mean Difference: 5.42 ± 21.3 kg; 95% CI: − 38.7, 49.6 kg, d = 0.05), significant main effect for time (p < 0.001), and a non-significant group effect (p = 0.50). Within-group changes indicated both the rice and whey protein groups experienced significant improvements in their leg press 1RM at week 10 (p < 0.001). Changes in bench press 1RM (Fig. 4a and b) indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.51; Mean Difference: − 3.33 ± 5.03 kg; 95% CI: − 13.8, 7.09 kg, d = 0.09), significant main effect for time (p < 0.001), and non-significant main effect for group (p = 0.68).
Table 5 Performance Variables
(Sub-Panel a & b): Bench-press one-repetition maximum (1RM) in rice and whey protein supplemented groups. Panel a: Raw data (Rice = 3.9 ± 4.9% change; Whey = 2.4 ± 5.0% change); Panel b: Individual response data. All data is presented as means ± SD. * = Different from within-group week 0 value
Changes in leg press repetitions to fatigue indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.50; Mean Difference: 0.83 ± 1.21 reps; 95% CI: − 1.68, 3.35 reps, d = − 0.24), significant main effect for time (p = 0.03), and non-significant main effect for group (p = 0.12). Changes in bench press repetitions to fatigue indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.16; Mean Difference: − 0.83 ± 0.57 reps; 95% CI: − 2.02, 0.35 reps, d = − 0.46), non-significant main effect for time (p = 0.57), a non-significant main effect for group (p = 0.91). Bench press volume (80% 1RM x reps performed) was calculated at each study visit as a measure of muscular endurance. No group x time interaction (p = 0.13), time (p = 0.16), or group effects (p = 0.56) were identified. Leg press volume was computed in a similar fashion (1RM x reps performed) and no main effect for time (p = 0.38), group (p = 0.20), or group x time interaction was observed. (p = 0.51). In addition, total resistance training volume (sets x reps x load) was calculated for the entire eight-week protocol. No significant differences between group were found for upper-body (Whey: 195,806 ± 34,992 kg vs. Rice: 191,327 ± 41,215 kg, p = 0.78), lower-body (Whey: 229,736 ± 72,732 kg vs. Rice: 240,564 ± 54,455 kg, p = 0.69), and total volume (Whey: 425,542 ± 104,564 kg vs. Rice: 431,891 ± 91,615 kg, p = 0.88).
Peak power, mean power, and rate of fatigue were assessed in response to completion of the Wingate anaerobic capacity test. All power data was normalized to each person's body mass in kg before being analyzed statistically. Changes in normalized peak power (watts/kg) indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.76; Mean Difference: − 9.6 ± 30.4 watts/kg; 95% CI: − 72.5, 53.4 watts/kg), time (p = 0.54), or group (p = 0.53) effect. Changes in normalized mean power (watts/kg) indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.94; Mean Difference: − 0.01 ± 0.16 watts/kg; 95% CI: − 0.34, 0.32 watts/kg), time (p = 0.12), and group (p = 0.77) effects. Changes in Wingate power drop (maximum power – minimum power) indicated a non-significant group x time interaction (p = 0.97; Mean Difference: 1.62 ± 48.0 watts; 95% CI: − 98.0, 101.3 watt), time (p = 0.96), or group (p = 0.44) effect.
We sought to examine if daily supplementation with 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate during an eight-week resistance training program differentially impacts changes in strength and body composition in resistance-trained men. Primary outcomes of interest included changes in upper- and lower-body strength and DXA-determined fat-free mass, while secondary outcomes included changes in muscular endurance, resistance training volume, anaerobic power, fat mass, percent fat, bone mass, and body water. Findings relating to the primary outcomes indicated statistically significant improvements in body mass, total body water, lean mass, fat-free mass (Fig. 3), bench press 1RM (Fig. 4), and leg press 1RM over time with no differences between protein source. Moreover, no differences between protein sources were identified for all primary and secondary variables.
Previous research has established that rates of MPS and muscle protein breakdown increase in response to an acute bout of resistance training [4, 24]. Further, acute resistance training responses indicate that breakdown rates increase to a larger magnitude, resulting in a net negative muscle protein balance [24]. The provision of amino acids in the form of free amino acids or dietary proteins in dosages that provide 8–12 g of the essential amino acids promote maximal rates of MPS [25], ultimately resulting in a net positive muscle protein balance [25]. The quality of provided proteins can differ depending on the status of several factors, such as the amount of amino acids provided (especially the essential amino acids), the proportion at which those amino acids are delivered, and digestibility of the protein [5]. In general, plant-derived protein sources are considered to be of a lower quality as they typically are comprised of lower amounts of total essential amino acids, are low in one or more of the essential amino acids, and have lower levels of protein digestibility [9].
In accordance with the findings of Joy et al. [12], results from the present study identified significant improvements in body mass (p = 0.42; Mean Difference: 0.58 ± 0.70 kg; 95% CI: − 0.88, 2.03 kg, d = − 0.07) and fat-free mass (p = 0.32; Mean Difference: 0.66 ± 0.64 kg; 95% CI: − 0.68, 1.99 kg, d = − 0.11, Fig. 3) with no differences between protein sources. No significant group x time interactions were observed for any of the performance outcomes that were measured (Fig. 4, Table 5). Furthermore, findings from the present study align with the work of Babault et al. [26] who randomized 161 males between the ages of 18–35 years in a double-blind fashion to consume two daily 25-g doses (50 g total) of pea protein, whey protein, or placebo in conjunction a 12-week resistance-training program. The authors concluded that protein supplementation increased muscle thickness more than placebo, with these differences reaching statistical significance in the weakest individuals, but no differences being present between the protein groups. While our findings align with some of the recent work involving plant proteins and their ability to stimulate resistance training adaptations, our results contradict earlier scientific reports suggesting plant-based proteins, mainly soy protein, may not be suitable sources to potentiate resistance-training induced improvements in strength and body composition, and the majority [27,28,29], but not all [30, 31], of that work suggests whey protein is superior to soy protein. We also reported that whey protein was responsible for significantly greater increases in bone mineral content as measured by DXA (Table 4). A recent review by Deane et al. [32] highlighted several studies that demonstrate an increase in protein intake is commonly associated with improvements in bone status, but more research is needed regarding the impact of various protein sources before more definitive conclusions can be reached. Additionally, the length of our investigation would be considered by many to be too short to appropriately assess changes in bone status, so readers are encouraged to consider these factors prior to drawing firm conclusions surrounding the ability or inability of our two protein sources to impact bone status.
The primary basis for the reported inferiority of plant-based proteins focuses is their lower essential amino acid content and reduced digestibility. While the latter was not evaluated in the present study, a third-party independent analysis of each test protein revealed that when compared to rice protein, whey protein delivered approximately 26% more essential amino acids (471 vs. 374 mg of essential amino acids per gram of protein) and 22% more leucine (104.1 vs. 85.4 mg of leucine per gram of protein) (Table 3). Leucine is well accepted for its ability to stimulate the translation of cellular (including myofibrillar) proteins [33, 34], but the saturating dosage continues to be refined in humans. Using an animal model, Norton and colleagues [11, 35] suggested that a 2–3 g dose may be needed to stimulate protein translation, while previous work in healthy humans by Moore and colleagues [36] indicated a plateau of MPS rates beyond a 20-g dose of egg protein (which contains approximately two grams of leucine). Additionally, Churchward-Venne et al. [10] examined the acute and prolonged changes in MPS rates after ingesting a 25-g dose of whey protein or a 6.25-g dose of whey with added leucine (to make the provided leucine equivalent to a 25-g dose). These authors concluded that a lower dose of whey protein with added leucine similarly stimulated MPS, but that the 25-g dose was best suited to increase muscle protein accretion. In this respect, other sources of protein that have lower amounts of leucine and other amino acids may not be able to stimulate acute increases in MPS to the same degree, but might be equal when it comes to stimulating accretion of skeletal muscle protein. In the present study, a dose of 2.1 g of leucine was provided, while the leucine content delivered in the Babault study [26] is approximated (based on amino acid content data presented in their paper) to have delivered 1.6 g during each of the two daily doses provided in the study. While more research is needed, the combination of findings from these studies seem to indicate that supplemental doses of plant proteins (rice and pea specifically) can similarly promote resistance training adaptations when compared to supplemental doses of whey protein of identical energy and protein content. Researchers have posited that the leucine dose needed to maximally stimulate MPS may progressively lower with chronic resistance training and protein supplementation, provided adequate daily protein intake is consumed (1.6–1.75 g/kg body mass). Previously, Phillips and colleagues [37] reported on the changes that occur in protein metabolism in trained versus untrained individuals and revealed that greater turnover occurs in untrained participants. Thus, the requirements of leucine may change as training status progresses. Certainly, future work is needed to explore this possibility.
Readers of our paper are cautioned to closely consider some key limitations that exist within the present study. First, while consistent with other training studies of this nature [12, 38, 39], the duration of the supplementation and resistance training program in the present study was only 8 weeks. In this respect, it is acknowledged that a longer investigation may have allowed for a greater difference in the protein groups, which may have led to a statistically significant difference being identified between the groups. Second, the number of our subjects, while suitable to yield small between-group effects was still low for this study design. As a result, we may not have had enough power to appropriately identify between-group outcomes. However, our overall changes in fat-free mass accretion were similar in magnitude to those reported by Cermak et al. [40] in a meta-analysis of studies investigating the impact of protein supplementation on resistance training, but are smaller than other studies that were longer in duration [27, 41]. As such, readers are cautioned from drawing straight-line conclusions that rice and whey protein are equal until longer and larger investigations have been completed. Some may view our lack of direct exercise training supervision as a limitation, as previous work has indicated that strength increases are greater when direct supervision occurs [42]. However, the impact of supervision on body composition changes remains undetermined. Regardless, while participants in the present study were not directly supervised, they were required to submit daily photos after completing each workout and submit a separate photo of their daily supplementation consumption. In addition, participants were required to log their nutrition, and every 2 weeks returned their empty sachets and received a new supply of their assigned supplements. Further, these visits were used to counsel participants on meeting their assigned nutritional goals and reviewed the loads they were using as part of their exercise program. As seen in Table 2, participants were generally able to achieve appropriate levels of energy (29.3–30.8 kcal/kg body mass) and protein (1.6–1.75 g/kg body mass) to facilitate fat-free mass accretion. Unfortunately, we did not measure body mass at these two-week check points, which would have allowed for bi-weekly calculation of relative nutritional intake, but calculations using baseline body mass levels allow for suitable insight. Additionally, the raw (non-normalized) nutritional information can be found in Table 2.
A key strength to this investigation was the randomized, double-blind approach with an isocaloric and isonitrogenous protein control group. Additionally, to minimize the acute increases in strength commonly observed when someone begins a new exercise program, all participants completed eight workouts (four upper-body, four lower-body) prior to beginning their assigned supplement. As previously discussed, good compliance was accomplished or maintained for our prescribed nutritional (See Table 2) and resistance training regimens. Future research should explore longer investigations that incorporate more direct measures of body composition (muscle thickness and fiber cross-sectional area via skeletal muscle biopsy and ultrasound) and skeletal muscle protein turnover. In conclusion, the current investigation compared the impact of consuming 24-g doses of rice and whey protein concentrate while resistance training for 8 weeks. It was revealed that statistically similar changes in body composition changes and exercise performance were observed between the protein groups. While our results are limited by our study duration and sample size, initial evidence provided by this investigation suggests that supplementing with whey or rice protein concentrate may yield similar changes to body composition and performance over an eight-week period in healthy, resistance-trained men.
Please contact corresponding author for additional data. Only blinded, de-identified data may be provided upon request with an appropriate and substantiated justification for any such request.
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The authors would like to thank the study participants for their commitment to this study protocol. The authors are particularly appreciative of the third-party screening of all supplements for known contaminant and banned substances completed by LGC Science, Inc. at no charge (Lexington, KY; www.Igcgroup.com).
This research was funded by an unrestricted grant from Axiom Foods, CA. The sponsor played no role in collecting the data, analyzing the data, interpreting the results, or preparing the manuscript.
Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
Jessica M. Moon, Kayla M. Ratliff, Julia C. Blumkaitis, Richard A. Stecker, Brad S. Currier & Chad M. Kerksick
Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
Patrick S. Harty
Department of Kinesiology, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
Hannah A. Zabriskie
Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, USA
Andrew R. Jagim
Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Ralf Jäger & Martin Purpura
Jessica M. Moon
Kayla M. Ratliff
Julia C. Blumkaitis
Richard A. Stecker
Brad S. Currier
Martin Purpura
Chad M. Kerksick
Designed Study: CMK, RJ, MP and ARJ. Data Collection: JMM, JCB, BSC, RS, PSH, HAZ, and RAS. Analyzed Data: CMK, PSH, and RAS. Prepared Initial Draft: CMK, JMM, and KMR. Approved Final Version: All Authors.
CMK is an Associate Professor of Exercise Science and Director of the Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory (www.lindenwood.edu/epnl/) in the School of Health Sciences at Lindenwood University. PSH is affiliated with the Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory at Texas Tech University. HAZ is affiliated with Towson University, ARJ is the Director of Sports Medicine Research for the Mayo Clinic Health System in Onalaska, WI. JMM, JCB, BSC, and RS are affiliated with the Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory at Lindenwood University. RJ and MP are managing members of Increnovo, LLC (Milwaukee, WI).
Correspondence to Chad M. Kerksick.
Ethical approval was obtained from the Lindenwood University IRB (protocol # 1242220–1, approval date: 5/22/2018). All study participants were required to sign and provide their informed consent prior to any data collection.
RJ is an inventor of patent WO2014138305 (US 9,820,504) and has not been involved in the data collection and analysis or writing the manuscript. All other authors declare no competing interests. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Moon, J.M., Ratliff, K.M., Blumkaitis, J.C. et al. Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 17, 60 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00394-1
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00394-1
Protein source
Protein isolates
Fat-free mass