text:
\section*{Introduction}

Electromigration is the motion of an ion in a metal under the influence of
an applied voltage. Depending on the metal and the ion
its motion is either to the anode or to the cathode. The total driving force
on such an ion is known to be
the result of two contributions, a direct force and a wind force
\begin{equation}
\label{FZster}
{\bf F}= {\bf F}_{direct}+{\bf F}_{wind}=
(Z_{direct}+Z_{wind})e{\bf E}=Z^* e{\bf E},
\end{equation}
in which $Z^*$ is called the effective valence, which is a
measurable quantity.
The direct force is due to the direct action of the applied field
${\bf E}$ on the charge of the ion. The wind force comes
from the scattering of the current carrying electrons off the ion.\cite{sor97}

Until 1962 there was a common belief that $Z_{direct}$ was equal
to the bare valence $Z_{i}$ of the ion. At most
a small deviation from that value could arise from the electrons
in the metallic environment of the ion. In 1962 Bosvieux and Friedel \cite{quantum}
predicted a complete cancellation of the direct force due to screening
effects, so that only the wind force would remain. By that
prediction a controversy was born. It was not easy to decide matters
by a measurement, and a satisfactory theoretical answer was lacking
as well.

In 1975 Kumar and Sorbello \cite{kumar} published an exact
linear-response expression for the driving force. After that
it was considered as being just a matter of a careful evaluation
of that expression in order to settle the problem.
It took quite some time to do so though. Finally Sorbello \cite{sor85},
starting from the complicated treatment given by
Rimbey {\it et al.}\cite{rimbey}, predicted a screening of
10-30\%, depending on the potential used for the ion.
Support of this result has been given by the present author,
starting from a much simpler description.\cite{lodderKrakow} However,
in the meantime new support was given for the full-screening point of view.
\cite{turban}

Interestingly, the original paper by Bosvieux and Friedel (BF) is referred to
as being controversial on the one hand, while on the other hand their starting formula
is referred to as the first quantum mechanical
equation for the wind force, which is seen as a pioneering contribution
to the field. Therefore we undertook an new evaluation of their starting formula,
following the authors as closely as possible, up to a point where
we came across a trap. By treating this trap properly the final evaluation ends up
at the standard linear-response expression for the driving force.
As far as the author knows Sorbello was the first who showed that
such traps occur in the theory of electromigration.\cite{sorbelloObj}

The screening itself has been calculated
by Sorbello\cite{sor85}, who used one type of expression for it. Therefore
we undertook the evaluation of Sham's second order expression
written in a new form, the more so as a more recent result for the screening,
ranging from 0 to 100\%, is rather inconclusive.\cite{ishida}
Sham's expression has never been
evaluated numerically, and in his paper he just gives
an order of magnitude comparison with his wind force expression.\cite{sham}
This has led him to the conclusion that the screening is negligible.
We find a screening of 5-25\%, which is in agreement with
Sorbello's results.

Rydberg atomic units are used, in which the
energy is in Rydberg, the distance is in Bohr (1 Bohr $\approx$
0.5 \AA), $\hbar=1$, and the electronic mass is $\frac{1}{2}$.

\section*{Basics of linear-response theory}

We first give the standard linear-response expression for the driving force
on an ion at position ${\bf R}_i$,\cite{lod90}
\begin{equation}
\label{dforce}
{\bf F}=Z_i e {\bf E}-ie E_\nu\int_{0}^{\infty}
{\rm d}t e^{- at}Tr\Big\{ \rho (H)
\bigg[{\bf F}_{\rm op} (t) , \sum_j r_j^\nu \bigg] \Big\},
\end{equation}
in which the cartesian label $\nu$ runs from 1 to 3. The infinitisimally
positive number $a$ represents the adiabatical switch-on of the
electric field, the operator
$\rho (H)$ is the grandcanonical density depending on the system
Hamiltonian $H$, the force operator
${\bf F}_{\rm op}$ stands for
\begin{equation}
\label{FopdVdR}
{\bf F}_{\rm op}\equiv -\nabla_{{\bf R}_i} V=-\sum_j
\nabla_{{\bf R}_i}v({\bf r}_j-{\bf R}_i)\equiv\sum_j{\bf f}_j^i,
\end{equation}
and its time dependence refers to the Heisenberg representation
\begin{equation}
\label{FHeisen}
{\bf F}_{\rm op} (t)\equiv e^{iHt}{\bf F}_{\rm op}e^{-iHt}.
\end{equation}
The expression published by Kumar and Sorbello \cite{kumar}
follows simply after a partial integration
in Eq. (\ref{dforce}) with respect to the time.

All important studies of the driving force have been done for
the electron-impurity system, the Hamiltonian $H$ of which can
be written as a sum of single particle Hamiltonians $h$, so
\begin{equation}
\label{Hh}
H = \sum_j h^{j}~~~~~~~{\rm with}~~~~~~~h=h_0+v=h_0+\sum_\alpha v^\alpha,
\end{equation}
in which the summation in the electron-impurity potential runs over
the positions ${\bf R}_\alpha$ of the impurities.
This allows for a reduction of the many body expression (\ref{dforce})
to the following single particle expression,
\begin{equation}
\label{Windred}
{\bf F}=Z_i e {\bf E}-ie E_\nu \int_{0}^{\infty}
{\rm d}t~e^{- at}~tr\Big\{n(h)[{\bf f}^i (t),r^\nu]\Big\},
\end{equation}
where $n(h)$ is the Fermi-Dirac distribution function in operator form
\begin{equation}
\label{nhop}
n(h) = \frac{1}{e^{\beta(h - \epsilon_{\rm F})} + 1}.
\end{equation}

\section*{The treatment of Bosvieux and Friedel (BF)}

We start to follow BF's treatment, by writing down their system
Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
\label{sysHBF}
H=-\sum_{\mu =1}^N\frac{\Delta_\mu}{2m_\mu}+V({\bf r}_1,\ldots{\bf r}_\mu,
\ldots{\bf r}_N).
\end{equation}
In applying a small perturbation denoted as $\delta V$ they write down
the perturbed wave function $\Psi$. In their appendix BF employ the idea of
switching on the field adiabatically. For the sake of clarity we give
the explicit form of the perturbing potential due to an applied field,
\begin{equation}
\label{deltaVt}
\delta V(t)=
e {\bf E} e^{at}\cdot \Big(\sum_{j} {\bf r}_{j}
-\sum_{\alpha}Z_{\alpha}{\bf R}_{\alpha}\Big)\equiv
\delta Ve^{at}\equiv\big(\delta V({\bf r})+\delta V({\bf R})\big)e^{at},
\end{equation}
which is zero in the limit $t\rightarrow -\infty$. The
position dependent potentials have been defined for later use.
BF's force expression reads as
\begin{equation}
\label{ForceBF0}
\vec{\phi}=-<\Psi|{\nabla}_i(V+\delta V)|\Psi>,
\end{equation}
in which $|\Psi>$ represents the state of the system as it develops
from its unperturbed ground state $|\psi_0>$ due to the perturbation $\delta V$.
In order to find $|\Psi>$ we solve the time dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation
\begin{equation}
\label{SchroedBF}
i\frac{\partial\Psi(t)}{\partial t}={\cal H}(t)\Psi(t)
\end{equation}
for the total Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
\label{HtotBF}
{\cal H}(t)=H+\delta V(t)
\end{equation}
by working in the interaction
representation for $\Psi(t)$, defined as
\begin{equation}
\label{PsiDirac}
\Psi_I(t)\equiv e^{iHt}\Psi(t).
\end{equation}
The equation for $\Psi_I(t)$ becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{EqPsiDirac}
i\frac{\partial\Psi_I(t)}{\partial t}=e^{iHt}(-H+i\frac{\partial}{\partial t})
\Psi(t)=e^{iHt}\delta V(t)e^{-iHt}\Psi_I(t).
\end{equation}
After integrating this equation one finds for $\Psi(t)$ linearly in $\delta V$
\begin{equation}
\label{Psiself}
\Psi(t)=-ie^{-iHt}\int_{-\infty}^t dt' e^{iHt'}\delta V(t')e^{-iHt'}
\Psi_I(-\infty)+e^{-iHt}\Psi_I(-\infty).
\end{equation}
With $\delta V(t)=\delta V e^{at}$, applying the
substitution $t-t'\equiv s$, and considering an arbitrary time in the
present, so $t=0$, this becomes
\begin{equation}
\label{Psiself3}
\Psi(0)\equiv\Psi=-i\int_0^\infty dt e^{-(iH+a)t}\delta V e^{iHt}
\Psi_I(-\infty)+\Psi_I(-\infty).
\end{equation}
If one calculates matrix elements with this $|\Psi>$ the factor
$e^{-iE_0\infty}$ in the state $|\Psi_I(-\infty)>$ drops out so that
just the ground state $|\psi_0>$ remains. BF's Eq. (I.2) for $|\Psi>$
is reproduced by inserting the complete set of eigenstates
of the system Hamiltonian $H$, denoted by $|\psi_n>$.
The only difference is the presence of
the infinitesimal number $a$. BF have omitted it and just denote that in the
summation over $n$ the value $n=0$, corresponding to the ground state,
has to be excluded. It will become clear that this difference
has a dramatic influence on the final results.

Now we evaluate BF's force expression, Eq. (\ref{ForceBF0}),
linearly in the applied field $\delta V$.
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{ForceBF}
&&\vec{\phi}=-<\psi_0|{\nabla}_i(\delta V)|\psi_0>+
i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}<\psi_0|({\nabla}_iV) e^{-iHt}\delta V e^{iHt}
|\psi_0> +~~{\rm c.c.}\nonumber\\
&&~~~=Z_ie{\bf E}+i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}<\psi_0|
\Big[({\nabla}_iV),e^{-iHt}\delta V e^{iHt}\Big]|\psi_0>,
\end{eqnarray}
in which we used Eq. (\ref{Psiself3}) for $|\Psi>$ and
Eq. (\ref{deltaVt}) for evaluating the matrix element
$<\psi_0|{\nabla}_i(\delta V)|\psi_0>$.

In the further evaluation of this equation we want to follow BF's evaluation
given in their \S I. The integral over the time in the first line of
Eq. (\ref{ForceBF}) is carried out after inserting a complete set $|\psi_n>$
of eigenstates. Further, use is made of the equality
$({\nabla}_iV)=[{\nabla}_i,H]$. This way one obtains
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{ForceBF2}
\vec{\phi}&&=Z_ie{\bf E}-\sum_{n}(E_n-E_0)<\psi_0|\nabla_i|\psi_n>
\frac{<\psi_n|\delta V|\psi_0>}{E_0-E_n+ia}+~{\rm c.c.}\nonumber\\
&&=Z_ie{\bf E}-\sum_{n}<\psi_0|\nabla_i|\psi_n><\psi_n|\delta V|\psi_0>
\frac{E_n-E_0-ia+ia}{E_0-E_n+ia}+~{\rm c.c.}\nonumber\\
&&=Z_ie{\bf E}+<\psi_0|\nabla_i\delta V|\psi_0>-ia\sum_{n}<\psi_0|\nabla_i|\psi_n>
\frac{<\psi_n|\delta V|\psi_0>}{E_0-E_n+ia}+~{\rm c.c.}
\nonumber\\&&=-ia\sum_{n}<\psi_0|\nabla_i|\psi_n>
\frac{<\psi_n|\delta V|\psi_0>}{E_0-E_n+ia}+~{\rm c.c.}
\end{eqnarray}
We want to comment on Eq. (\ref{ForceBF2}) in view of the results of BF. First,
in evaluating the matrix element $<\psi_0|[\nabla_i,H]|\psi_n>$ in the
first line of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF2}) BF create in addition surface integral
terms corresponding to Green's theorem, by that not appreciating the
hermitian property of $H$. These surface integral terms represent flow
of probability out of the system, which is obviously zero for a finite system
and for an isolated metal, as BF admit. But this flow is zero also for a metal
carrying a steady electric current, which is denied in practice by BF.
Secondly, in their treatment the last line
of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF2}) is missing, because BF have put $a=0$ from the
beginning. We want to point out that regarding this last line
a treacherous, hidden trap
in the formalism is involved, which has shown up earlier in electromigration theory
\cite{sorbelloObj}. This term
seems to be zero because of the proportionality
with the infinitisimal number $a$, but we will show that this
term in fact is a rich one.

In rewriting the last line of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF2}) we first write
the energy denominator as coming from a time integral as follows
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{ForceBF3}
\vec{\phi}&&=-a\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}\sum_{n}<\psi_0|\nabla_i|\psi_n>
<\psi_n|e^{-iHt}\delta Ve^{iHt}|\psi_0>+~{\rm c.c.}\nonumber\\&&=
-a\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}<\psi_0|\Big[\nabla_i,e^{-iHt}\big(\delta V({\bf r})
+\delta V({\bf R})\big)e^{iHt}\Big]|\psi_0>
\end{eqnarray}
Because $H$ commutes with $\delta V({\bf R})$ the second term
reduces to $Z_ie{\bf E}$, and one finds that
\begin{equation}
\label{ForceBF33}
\vec{\phi}=Z_ie{\bf E}-a\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}<\psi_0|\Big[
e^{iHt}{\nabla}_ie^{-iHt},\delta V({\bf r})\Big]|\psi_0>.
\end{equation}
After a partial integration with respect to time,
using that $[{\nabla}_i,H]=(\nabla_iV)$, and substituting
$\delta V({\bf r})$ according to Eq. (\ref{deltaVt}), one finds
\begin{equation}
\label{ForceBF4}
\vec{\phi}=Z_ie{\bf E}+i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}<\psi_0|
\Big[e^{iHt}({\nabla}_iV) e^{-iHt},e {\bf E}\cdot\sum_{j}{\bf r}_{j}\Big]|\psi_0>.
\end{equation}
We are back at the second line of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF}), but only
the electron coordinates in
$\delta V$ have survived the operations. The influence of the electric
current on the total force is taken care of by the second term in the
right hand side of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF4}). In retrospection this result follows
rightaway from Eq. (\ref{ForceBF}) as well, but we wanted to go along
with BF's way of evaluation first.

Eq. (\ref{ForceBF4}) is a very interesting
result. It is precisely the zero temperature equivalent of
Eq. (\ref{dforce}). This becomes even more clear if we write down the form
which shows up after the reduction of Eq. (\ref{ForceBF4}) to
single particle states denoted by $|q>$.
\begin{equation}
\label{ForceBFsp}
\vec{\phi}=Z_ie{\bf E}+i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}\sum_q
<q|\Big[e^{iht}({\nabla}_i v) e^{-iht},e{\bf E}\cdot{\bf r}\Big]|q>.
\end{equation}
At $T=0$ the sum over the single particle states has a sharp
cut-off at $\epsilon_q=\epsilon_{\rm F}$. The finite temperature
equivalent of Eq. (\ref{ForceBFsp}) can be written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{ForceBFspFT}
\vec{\phi}&&=Z_ie{\bf E}+i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}\sum_q n(\epsilon_q)
<q|\Big[e^{iht}({\nabla}_i v) e^{-iht},e{\bf E}\cdot{\bf r}\Big]|q>
\nonumber\\&&=
Z_ie{\bf E}-i\int_0^\infty dt~e^{-at}tr \bigg\{n(h)\Big[{\bf f}^i(t),
e{\bf E}\cdot{\bf r}\Big]\bigg\}\equiv (Z_{i}+Z_{wind}+Z^{scr})e{\bf E},
\end{eqnarray}
in which the Fermi-Dirac distribution $n(\epsilon)$ has been
inserted, see Eq. (\ref{nhop}).
The force operator ${\bf f}^i$ is defined in Eq. (\ref{FopdVdR}).
Clearly, Eq. (\ref{ForceBFspFT}) is completely equivalent to
Eq. (\ref{Windred}) of the present text. By this electromigration
theory can be considered as being unified. Apparently, BF's starting
formula was correct, but these authors did not recognize its precise contents.
This became even more clear recently.\cite{friedel05} BF used
Eq. (\ref{ForceBF0}) for their result regarding the direct force only.
They treated the wind force separately, applying a semi-classical
standard approach in describing the current carrying electrons
and accounting for the scattering of the electrons by the migrating impurity
quantummechanically.\cite{ziman}

The formal Eqs. (\ref{dforce}) or (\ref{ForceBFspFT}), or forms
which have been shown to be equivalent to them, have been
used since Kumar and Sorbello published their linear-response approach to the
electromigration problem \cite{kumar}. The result of all this research
is, that the second term of these equations contains two contributions, as
it has been indicated explicitly in the right hand side of Eq. (\ref{ForceBFspFT}).
One can be identified as the wind force. The other one implies some screening
of the bare direct force $Z_ie{\bf E}$. The wind force expression
has been studied thoroughly and has been applied to calculate
$Z_{wind}$ for both interstitial and substitutional impurities
in many metals.\cite{sor73,DLE97,dekkerJAP} Because the present paper
is devoted to the settlement of the controversy regarding the direct force,
we want to add a calculation of $Z^{scr}$ starting from Sham's
contribution.\cite{sham} But first one more comment on Eq. (\ref{ForceBFspFT})
and its interpretation. BF claim to have proven that for an isolated system
the force on an ion is zero.\cite{friedel05} The present author agrees that this force
is zero, but this fact does not follow from an explicit proof, but from the
knowledge that internally any applied field ${\bf E}$ is screened out by
an electronic surface charge that is built up. This is a general
result from the theory of electromagnetism. That is why then $\vec{\phi}$,
which is proportional to ${\bf E}$, is zero, because ${\bf E}=0$.

\section*{Calculation of $Z^{scr}$}

If one evaluates Eq. (\ref{ForceBFspFT}) to lowest order in the potential $v$
of the ion, for a jellium model of the metal, one finds that\cite{lodphysica}
\begin{equation}
\label{ZscrSham}
Z^{scr}=-\frac{4}{3m}\sum_{kk'}(k^2-{\bf k}\cdot{\bf k}')\frac{|v_{kk'}|^2}
{(\epsilon_{k}-\epsilon_{k'})^2+a^2}\left(\frac{\partial n_k}{\partial \epsilon_k}
-\frac{n_{k}-n_{k'}}{\epsilon_{k}-\epsilon_{k'}}\right),
\end{equation}
in which a $k$ label refers to a plane wave. It has been shown that the
$T\rightarrow 0$ limit is equivalent with Sham's expression.\cite{lodphysica}
Sham gave an order of magnitude estimate by comparing it with
the wind force expression. $Z_{wind}$ is proportional
to the transport relaxation time $\tau$ of the system, while $Z^{scr}$
is proportional to the inverse of an energy, for which the Fermi energy can be chosen.
By that he came out at a ratio of $(\epsilon_{\rm F}\tau)^{-1}\approx 0.01$,
being negligible.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace{8mm}
\epsfig{figure=ZscrBFTau.eps,width=9cm}
\caption[]{The amount of screening represented
by $Z^{scr}$ according to Eq. (\ref{ZscrSham3}), with $a=\tau^{-1}$,
for the screened Coulomb potential and for two square well potentials.}
\label{Zscr}
\end{figure}

A numerical evaluation of $Z^{scr}$ becomes possible if one employs
the spherical wave expansion for a plane wave, converts the summations over
the wave vectors to integrals and carries out the angular integrals
over the directions of the wave vectors. After using the relation between
$k^2$ and the energy $\epsilon_k$ one ends up at
\begin{equation}
\label{ZscrSham3}
Z^{scr}=-\frac{4}{3\pi^2m}\int_0^\infty d\epsilon_{k}\int_0^\infty
d\epsilon_{k'}\frac{\frac{\partial n_k}{\partial \epsilon_k}
-\frac{n_{k}-n_{k'}}{\epsilon_{k}-\epsilon_{k'}}}
{(\epsilon_{k}-\epsilon_{k'})^2+a^2}\sum_{\ell}f_\ell(k,k'),
\end{equation}
in which the function $f_\ell(k,k')$ is defined as
\begin{equation}
\label{fellkkp}
f_\ell(k,k')=\epsilon_k\sqrt{\epsilon_{k'}}v_\ell(k',k)
\bigg[(2\ell+1)kv_\ell(k',k)-2(\ell+1)k'v_{\ell+1}(k',k)\bigg],
\end{equation}
containing the information about the ion potential through
\begin{equation}
\label{vellkpk}
v_\ell(k',k)=\int_0^\infty r^2dr~j_\ell(k'r)v(r)j_\ell(kr).
\end{equation}
The integrand has to be treated with care when $\epsilon_{k'}=
\epsilon_k$, because then the denominator attains the
value $a^2$ which would imply 'singular' behaviour. However,
precisely then the numerator becomes zero,
because $\lim_{\epsilon_{k'}\rightarrow\epsilon_k}
(n_{k}-n_{k'})/(\epsilon_{k}-\epsilon_{k'})\rightarrow
\frac{\partial n_k}{\partial \epsilon_k}$. The crucial part
of the integrand lies in the square around the point
$(\epsilon_{k},\epsilon_{k'})=(\epsilon_{\rm F},\epsilon_{\rm F})$.
In studying the $Z^{scr}$ integral it appears that in that square one has to
keep the Fermi-Dirac distribution function in its finite temperature form.
A calculation for $a\ll\tau^{-1}$ has been presented elsewhere.
\cite{condmat} Here we want
to follow Sham more closely. He replaced $a$ by $\tau^{-1}$, by that
accounting for the entire distribution of impurities in the metal and
for the possible presence of other scattering mechanisms.

The result of a numerical evaluation for different ion potentials
is shown in FIG. \ref{Zscr}. In addition to a screened Coulomb potential\cite{ziman}
\begin{equation}
\label{vScreenedC}
v(r)=-\frac{Z_ie^2e^{-\lambda r}}{r},
\end{equation}
with the Thomas-Fermi screening parameter $\lambda$, square well
potentials were employed in the same spirit as Sorbello did.\cite{sor85}
The choice $Z_i=1$ represents a proton in a jellium.
The width of the square well potential was chosen to be equal
to the screening length $1/\lambda$ and twice as large. The corresponding well depth
was limited by the condition that just no bound state could be formed.
The value of $\lambda$ is determined by the Fermi energy. While
Sorbello chose five values for the Fermi energy, typical for metals
ranging from sodium to aluminum, we have done the calculation for
a whole range of Fermi energies. The results are plotted as a function
of the Fermi wave number $k_{\rm F}$. The $k_{\rm F}$ values of
sodium and aluminum are indicated.

Because $\lambda$ increases monotonically with the Fermi energy, the
range of the corresponding screened Coulomb potential decreases
with increasing $k_{\rm F}$, which reduction in strength is seen
clearly in the bold solid curve. We compared $v_{kk}$ for the three potentials
and found a clear decrease for the Coulomb potential
with increasing $k_{\rm F}$, and a rather flat
behaviour for the square well potentials, the one with
$2/\lambda$ being markedly stronger than the one with the smaller width.
The screening to second order in the impurity potential
appears to be not negligible, but on the average
$15\pm10\%$. For comparison we mention, that the result for a very small
$a$ value shows a screening which is at most 2\% larger then the
present result for $a=\tau^{-1}=0.01$.\cite{condmat}
As a guide for the eye we gave the average
of $Z^{scr}$ for the three potentials as a dotted line.
Interestingly, this result does not imply that Sham's conclusion
of a negligible screening is entirely wrong. If fact, he compared
$Z^{scr}$ with $Z_{wind}$. The ratio $Z^{scr}/Z_{wind}$ is small indeed, but this comes
from the large value of $\tau$. It may be clear that a comparison
with $Z_i$ would have been more appropriate.

In conclusion, we have shown that the starting formula of
Bosvieux and Friedel gives the right driving force on an ion in
a metal under the influence of an applied voltage.
Because it always has been recognized as the first time
that a quantummechanical form for that force was written down,
their contribution can still be characterized as a pioneering one.
On the other hand, their prediction of a complete cancellation
of the direct force
has been falsified, because it was based on surface integral
terms, which are zero due to the hermiticity of the
system Hamiltonian. Further, the expression for the magnitude
of the screening due to Sham does not give a negligible screening,
but a screening of about 15\%. This is in agreement with an earlier
result based on another approach.\cite{sor85}

Taking all this together,
the controversy regarding the magnitude of the direct force
can be regarded as being resolved by now, and a unification of the
various descriptions has been achieved.

\acknowledgments

Discussions with Jacques Friedel and an extended recent
correspondence is greatly appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
The 2016–17 Stony Brook Seawolves men's basketball team represented Stony Brook University in the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Seawolves were led by first-year head coach Jeff Boals and played their home games at Island Federal Credit Union Arena in Stony Brook, New York as members of the America East Conference. They finished the season 18–14, 12–4 in America East play to finish in second place. As the No. 2 seed in the America East tournament, they defeated Binghamton before losing to Albany in the semifinals. They were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they lost in the first round to UIC.

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text:
Акгюн Качмаз (; род. 19 февраля 1935, Анкара, Турция) — турецкий футболист, игравший на позиции полузащитника.

Клубная карьера
Акгюн Качмаз начинал играть в футбол в клубе «Хаджеттепе» из своего родного города. В начале 1950-х он перешёл в «Фенербахче», с которым дважды выигрывал национальный чемпионат и три раза Стамбульскую футбольную лигу. В сезоне 1961/62 Акгюн Качмаз выступал за «Фатих Карагюмрюк». Затем он поиграл за немецкий «Швабен Аугсбург», а свою карьеру футболиста заканчивал в клубе турецкой Второй лиги «Бандырмаспор» в 1966 году.

Карьера в сборной
5 июня 1953 года Акгюн Качмаз провёл свой первый и последний матч за сборную Турции, выйдя на замену после перерыва в домашней товарищеской игре с Югославией.

Полузащитник был включён в состав национальной команды на чемпионат мира 1954 года в Швейцарии, но на поле в рамках турнира так и не вышел.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Профиль игрока на mackolik.com
 Профиль игрока на tff.org

Футболисты Турции
Игроки ФК «Фенербахче»
Игроки ФК «Фатих Карагюмрюк»
Игроки сборной Турции по футболу
Игроки ФК «Кечиоренгюджю»
Игроки ФК «Бандырмаспор»


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Home Hacking News More Than One Million Children Are Affected By Identity Fraud
Hacking NewsNews
More Than One Million Children Are Affected By Identity Fraud
by Harikrishna Mekala April 25, 2018
written by Harikrishna Mekala April 25, 2018
More than one million children were the victims of the identity fraud in 2017 which resulted in the total loss of $2.6 Billion dollars, with $540 Million attributing to the cost families had to face. The study was according to the 2018 Child Identity Fraud Study conducted by Javelin Strategy and Research.
The report Shows that data breaches are causing damage to children. However the ratio of Child to Adult identity theft is 39:19 , this may in part be due to limited financial activity that children posses.
"Child identity fraud is a serious problem and is frequently overlooked as the public focuses on high-profile breaches involving the personally identifiable information of adults," said Al Pascual, Senior Vice President, Research and Head of Fraud & Security at Javelin Strategy & Research. "Child identity fraud has unique characteristics that make it particularly hard to prevent, though there are steps that parents and guardians can take to help keep children safe."
The study also finds a strong connection between fraud and bullying. Minors who are bullied online are nine times more likely to be the victims of the fraud. In person, bullying is associated with higher fraud amounts.
Pascual said that in many cases fraud and bullying are not committed by the same person but arise from the same underlying vulnerabilities. Children who are unprepared to protect themselves from these situations. Most children are victims of fraud when they are taken advantage in cases where they seek friendship online, further information can help identify such issues here.
Most of the children don't have their own credit cards and use the cards of their parents which ends up causing identity fraud among the adults.
There are ways you can train your children to protect themselves against fraud. There are some recommendations that were issued by the government to help train your children to protect themselves online.
ChildrenfraudIdenttity
Harikrishna Mekala
I am a programmer and tech enthusiast who loves to use my creative skills to solve complex problems. I also love to stay abreast of what is happening in the world of technology, reach me at: [email protected]esthackingnews.com
Yahoo! Hit With $35 Million Fine
Survey reveals that many users think private browsing is 100% private

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Ke$ha's "C'Mon": Hear The Fun But Familiar Song
Carl Williott | November 15, 2012 3:49 pm
Ke$ha's Warrior track "C'Mon" has leaked and, you guys, we're kind of disappointed. It's another fun party anthem, yes, but it fails to deliver on all these enchanted forest "cock pop" promises K$ keeps throwing our way in the lead-up to the album's December 4 release.
"C'Mon" has some interesting vocal chants looping in the background, but Lady Dolla dips back into the sing-rapping well to cover her familiar party tropes ("Feeling like I'm a high school-er / Sipping on a warm wine cool-er"). While this and (the superior) "Die Young" successfully pull off the glossy, feel-good pop thing, we hope she's throwing us off her scent and that the new LP's remaining tracks will reveal the ghost-humping, Flaming Lips-collaborating pop weirdo that lurks within. Hear the song after the jump.
Tags: Ke$ha


Long ago, a meteor came skimming over the surface of Mercury, probably just missing mountains and ridges. When it finally hit the surface, it created an oval crater because of the low angle. The crater is named for an Armenian painter.


There were emphatic wins for Sol Blazers and WV Courage as the Cayman Islands Basketball Association U19 boys and girls 2018 leagues tipped off on 6 October.
Getting things started, Sol Blazers put on a show in a 71-30 rout against Clifton Hunter High School All Stars at the JGHS Gymnasium.
Tazmar Dawkins led the way with 24 points, 10 rebounds, three assists, seven steals and a block. Devontae Andrews added 19 points, six rebounds, five assists and 10 steals. Another major contributor was Alwin Buttrum, who scored 15 points, while grabbing six boards and dishing a pair of assists to go with eight steals on the defensive end.
Jaylin Johnson top-scored for CHHS All Stars with 23 points. Orlando Wellington was a beast on the boards with 17 rebounds to go along with five points, four assists and two steals.
The second game featured action from the girls league, where another Clifton Hunter High School team tasted defeat. WV Courage eased to a 52-23 win over CHHS Legendz. Lyandrea Watson scored 25 points, and grabbed five rebounds, while dishing three assists. She also had nine steals, tied for a game high with her teammate, Anika Moore, who was one steal away from a triple double, after scoring 13 points and taking 14 rebounds.


An wide array of impressive birds of paradise and beautiful orange roses make this funeral casket spray a worthy tribute piece. It is nicely complimented with exotic monstera leaves, bells of Ireland, sago palm leaves with full hydrangea blooms. A matching hanging spray is also available.


Nike Mercurial Vapor III MV Football/Soccer Boots. Uk 11 Us 12 Eur 46 Cm 30. These Boots/Cleats Have Only Been Worn A Few Of Times There Fore They Are Still In Excellent Condition. Nike Mercurial Vapor MV Boot Bag Included.
Cristiano Ronaldo - Brazilian Ronaldo- Thierry Henry Wore This Colourway Back In 2005. Any Question's Feel Free To Ask! The item "Nike Mercurial Vapor iii Mv Fg Rare Football Boots/Soccer-Cleats Uk 11" is in sale since Monday, January 7, 2019. This item is in the category "Sporting Goods\Football\Football Boots". The seller is "promercurialsedtion" and is located in Swansea.


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GoPro says it expects to turn an adjusted profit in the third quarter
Aishwarya Venugopal,
Sep. 7, 2017, 8:03 AM
A skier wears a GoPro camera on his helmet as he rides down the slopes in the ski resort of Meribel
(Reuters) - Wearable camera maker GoPro Inc said on Thursday it expects to be profitable on an adjusted basis in the third quarter, sending its shares up 17 percent.
The company said it expects current-quarter revenue and gross margins to be at the high end of its forecast of $290 million to $310 million and 36 percent to 38 percent, respectively.
GoPro said it expects to benefit from its upcoming Hero6 and Fusion 360 action-cameras.
The company's body-mounted point-of-view cameras won a huge following among action junkies such as surfers and skydivers, but sales took a beating in the past few quarters after a series of missteps including a delay in the launch of its Karma drone and production issues with its Hero5 camera.
Since then, the company has focused on the launch of the Hero 6 and the Fusion 360 cameras in an effort to woo customers.
GoPro, however, said on Thursday it expects to post a third-quarter loss on a GAAP basis, or before excluding one-time items.
The company had previously forecast third-quarter adjusted loss of 1 cent to 11 cents per share.
Analysts on average are expecting a loss of 5 cents per share and revenue of $304 million, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
The company's shares were up 16.9 percent at $10.40 in premarket trading. (Reporting by Aishwarya Venugopal in Bengaluru; Editing by Savio D'Souza and Saumyadeb Chakrabarty)
Get the latest GoPro stock price here.
More: GoPro


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A.L. Lloyd
A Jug Of This
1303fh
loved1303
English Drinking Songs
15 more albums featuring this track
Rosin The Beau
The Collier Brig
Bob Roberts
Leave Her, Johnny
A Begging I Will Go
Bob Davenport
Come All Ye Tramps & Hawkers
Whistle, Daughter Whistle
Ewan MacColl
The Boys of Lisbon
Matt McGinn
Rosy Anna
Bill Brown
One Morning IGBBHW6411001n Spring
Cyril Tawney
On A British Submarine
english folk
Albert Lancaster Lloyd (29 February 1908- 29 September 1982), usually known as A. L. Lloyd or Bert Lloyd, was an English folk singer and collector of folk songs, and as such was a key figure in the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s. Lloyd recorded many albums of English folk music, most notably several albums of the Child Ballads with Ewan MacColl. He also published many books on folk music and related topics, including The Singing Englishman, Come All Ye Bold Miners, and Folk Song in England. He was a founder-member of Topic Records and remained as their artistic director u… read more
Albert Lancaster Lloyd (29 February 1908- 29 September 1982), usually known as A. L. Lloyd or Bert Lloyd, was an English folk singer and collector of folk songs, and as such was a key figur… read more
Albert Lancaster Lloyd (29 February 1908- 29 September 1982), usually known as A. L. Lloyd or Bert Lloyd, was an English folk singer and collector of folk songs, and as such was a key figure in the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1… read more
Frankie Armstrong
Louis Killen
Peter Bellamy
Martin Carthy & Dave Swarbrick
The Watersons
Silly Sisters


Alaskans voted yesterday on a proposed measure that would levy a $50 tax per cruise passenger, as well as tax onboard gambling and require stricter environmental standards. Proponents argue that the cruise lines need to pay their fair share, while opponents claim that the tax will hurt the Alaskan economy. Unofficial results as of midnight last time show 53 percent of voters in favor of the initiative and 47 percent against it.
Alaskans Protecting Our Economy, the group leading the attack on the bill, claim that "Ballot Measure 2 is a threat to local jobs and Alaska's economy." They also say that the measure would increase bureaucratic red tape without actually benefiting the environment. Proponents of the initiative, such as Responsible Cruising in Alaska, believe that the cruise industry is getting a free ride and not helping to maintain the environment that is the state's biggest attraction. They say that the cruise industries are making billions of dollars in Alaska, but that very little of that money stays in state.
Should the bill pass, it's quite likely that the cruise industry will pass the additional costs to you, their customers. Alaska cruise fares, which are already higher than Caribbean cruise costs, may go up further. I doubt that the price increase would be prohibitive for most people looking to purchase a cruise vacation, but it will be something to factor in to your vacation budget. Just remember that the extra money you may have to pay is helping to maintain the natural beauty of Alaska for future generations of cruisers.


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The first election to Monaghan County Council took place in April 1899 as part of that year's Irish local elections.

Campaign
Under the Chairmanship of Col. John Leslie, the county Unionist Association met in early January to decide how to proceed, as there was an expectation that the party would be largely frozen out of the election, winning no more than five or six seats. As a result, the association attempted to build stronger links with Independent candidates, whilst also committing itself to contesting every possible seat. To achieve this, the association set up a Voters' Association, under the Honorary Presidency of W. Martin.

Aggregate results

Ward results

Aughabog

Ballybay

Ballymackay

Ballytrain

Broomfield

Carrickmacross

Castleblayney

Clones

Clontibret

Creeve

Cremarlin

Drum

Emyvale

Glasslough

Inniskeen

Killunan

Lough Fea

Newbliss

Scotstown

Tydavnet

References

County Monaghan
1899


text:
Introducing ISO 45003
Prioritizing people: Improving psychological health and well-being within your organization
Recorded: 15 April 2021
Time: Three one-hour sessions at 07:00 UK time, 11:00 UK time and 17:00 UK time
BSI ran three free webinars to introduce new ISO 45003:2021 - Occupational health and safety management. Psychological health and safety at work: managing psychosocial risks. Guidelines. The new international standard provides practical guidance on managing psychosocial risks and promoting well-being in the workplace. Every organization has occupational health and safety responsibilities. Moreover, we're all aware that the need to manage psychosocial risks and support psychological health in the workplace is now greater than ever in the wake of COVID-19.
07:00 - 08:00 UK time: Introduction to ISO 45003:2021
This session explores the new standard and the issues, challenges and opportunities associated with psychological health and well-being at work.
Moderated by Sally Swingewood - Lead Standards Development Manager for business improvement and occupational health and safety management, British Standards Institution (BSI) and manager of the committee responsible for ISO 45003 alongside Carlo Caponecchia - Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia and Takeshi Furuno, Japanese Standards Association
07:00 - 07:05 Videos from ISO Secretary General, Sergio Mujica, BSI's CEO Susan Taylor Martin and BSI's Standards Director, Scott Steedman
07:05 - 07:15 Introduction to the panel and background on the ISO committee
07:15 - 07:25 Exploring why the standard is needed, with regional insights from Japan and Australia
07:25 - 07:40 Expert discussion answering what the standard covers; how SMEs and organizations without occupational health experts can use it; how the pandemic has impacted psychological health; what organizations can do now and in the future; and finally what the new standard's relationship with ISO 45001 is
07:40 - 08:00 Q&A session
11:00 - 12:00 UK time: The psychological impact of COVID
Our panel of experts discuss the impact COVID-19 has had on psychological health and well-being at work.
Moderated by Kate Field, Global Head, Health, Safety and Wellbeing, British Standards Institution (BSI) and with a panel including: Sally Swingewood - Lead Standards Development Manager for business improvement and occupational health and safety management, British Standards Institution (BSI) and manager of the ISO technical committee; Peter Kelly - Senior Psychologist, Health and Safety Executive (HSE); and Dr Iván Williams Jiménez - Policy Development Manager, Institution of Occupational Health and Safety (IOSH)
11:00 - 11:10 Introductions and videos from ISO Secretary General, Sergio Mujica, BSI's CEO Susan Taylor Martin and BSI's Standards Director, Scott Steedman
11:10 - 11:20 What is psychological health and what are the signs and symptoms?
11:20 - 11:25 The psychosocial risks that arise through work
11:25 - 11:40 Panel discussion on: why it's important to manage psychological health at work; the short, medium and long-term impact of COVID-19; what organizations can do; HSE stress management standards and ISO 45003; who needs to take leadership roles; ISO PAS 45005, the freely available standard on how to work safely during the pandemic
17:00 - 18:00 UK time: Implementing ISO 45003
Introducing ISO 45003 in context and exploring how it can help and support organizations.
Moderated by Kate Field - Global Head, Health, Safety and Wellbeing, British Standards Institution (BSI) alongside Sapna Mahajan - Director, Prevention and Promotion Initiatives, Mental Health Commission of Canada, and Daniela Campos Schwarze, MCP, MBA - Head of Psychosocial Risk, Chilean Safety Association and Committee Member, ISO 45003 Technical Committee for Occupational Health and Safety Management
17:00 - 17:10 Introduction to ISO 45003 and the panel
17:15 - 17:35 Canada's relationship with ISO 45003 and the story behind CSA Z1003.1 – Psychological health and safety in the paramedic service organization
Watch the on-demand webinars
Sally Swingewood - Lead Standards Development Manager for business improvement and occupational health and safety management, British Standards Institution (BSI) and manager of the committee responsible for ISO 45003
Sally is BSI's Lead Standards Development Manager for business improvement and occupational health and safety management. She is responsible for working with both national and international experts to develop documents that help organizations of all types to improve the way they operate and to better protect the people who work for them.
Sally engages with a broad range of stakeholders to ensure the widest possible views are taken into account when the UK inputs to international standards and frequently holds public meetings to encourage users of the standards to raise issues and propose improvements.
Sally is the manager of the ISO technical committee responsible for the world's first international standard on occupational health and safety management, ISO 45001, and is actively involved in the development of ISO 45003 (guidance on psychological health and safety at work) which will also be the first globally agreed standard of its type.
Carlo Caponecchia - Senior Lecturer, University of New South Wales, Australia
Academic (teaching and research) in Human Factors and Safety;
Consultancy activities, including training, investigations, research-based consultancy and provision of expert opinion reports, workshop facilitation and speaking engagements
Areas of expertise: human factors and safety; psychosocial hazards at work; workplace bullying and harassment; occupational health and safety; risk management; risk perception and communication
Carlo is the current President of the International Association on Workplace Bullying and Harassment (IAWBH) and a member of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia (HFESA). He is a member of the Safework NSW Musculoskeletal Disorder Consultative Committee, and a member of the SF-001 panel at Standards Australia, which is responsible for occupational health and safety management systems standards (including the adoption of ISO45001 in Australia).
Takeshi Furuno - Senior Chief specialist, Japanese Standards Association
Experience in standardization 2014-Present
Currently as a senior chief specialist at Japanese Standards Association assumes role of secretary of the Japanese Mirror Committee for ISO/TC 283 after the same role for ISO/PC 283
Experience in business 1982-2013
Before joining JSA, extensive experience in semiconductor memory business at Hitachi Ltd. Japan, involved in the development of conformance test specification to ensure interoperability of memory cards for digital cameras.
Graduated from the University of Tokyo with master's degree in Physics.
Peter Kelly - Senior Psychologist, Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Peter Kelly works for the Health and Safety Executive. He is employed as a Senior Psychologist, and is a technical expert on mental health and wellbeing and prevention of work related stress.
Peter has been part of the small team of psychologists involved from the beginning in developing the scientific knowledge base for the management standards approach to tackling work related stress in Great Britain, and is a co–author on a number of papers published on the management standards, health and wellbeing.
He has sat as a co-opted expert on National Institute of Clinical Excellence Review of Mental Health Promotion within the Workplace and on the Department for Health's United Kingdom SHIFT Expert review panel on workplace mental health guidance.
Peter is Practitioner Chair of European Academy of Occupational Health Psychology. He has been involved in working across the EU on a number of initiatives in relation to psychosocial risk and prevention.
Kate Field - Global Head Health, Safety & Wellbeing, British Standards Institution (BSI)
As BSI's global occupational health, safety and wellbeing expert, with over 20 years' experience across all sectors, Kate uses her expertise to drive BSI's global strategy for creating a safer and healthier workplace. An ambassador for cultural change, that puts well-being, equality, safety and health at the forefront, Kate inspires colleagues and stakeholders globally to make a difference.
Kate started her career over 20 years ago with the Health and Safety Executive (UK) as a regulatory Inspector before moving into policy, leading initiatives to tackle health risks. Kate then moved into the private sector working successfully as a consultant and has experience across most industry sectors. An experienced trainer and qualified lecturer Kate has developed training products, written techncial guidance and articles and regularly speaks at conferences.
Iván Williams Jiménez - Policy development manager, Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH)
Dr Iván Williams Jiménez is a Policy development manager at the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health where he leads on global regulatory-related advocacy on occupational safety and health, workplace wellbeing, sustainable corporate governance, social sustainability and decent work in order to maximise IOSH's impact and influence on global policy and practice.
He has a strong background on international labour standards and corporate social responsibility. He recently completed his international Labour Law PhD. that reviewed the effectiveness and shortcomings of regulatory approaches to the management of psychosocial risks.
On the topic of mental health and wellbeing and psychosocial risk management Ivan is a prolific though leader regularly expressing his views within the bounds of the international and European public policy arena. He often shares his expertise with international organizations such as the WHO or the ILO and other civil society stakeholders.
He is also an active author and advocate on a wide range of topics affecting working conditions, that has participated in several high-level conferences, seminars and produced cutting-edge thinking for media outlets, social media, academic journals, technical trade magazines and so on.
Sapna Mahajan - Director, Prevention and Promotion Initiatives, Mental Health Commission of Canada
Sapna Mahajan is the Director of Prevention and Promotion Initiatives at the Mental Health Commission of Canada. She joined the Commission in 2009, leading and directly accountable for the Commission's priorities in the areas of workplace mental health, peer support, post-secondary student mental health, e-mental health and cannabis. She helped lead the development of the first in the world National Standard for Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace, and since then has been working with organizations globally to drive widespread adoption and implementation. She is currently part of the Working Group developing ISO 45003, Occupational health and safety management — Psychological health and safety at work: managing psychosocial risks — Guideline, member of the World Health Organization's Guideline Development Group (GDG) for Mental Health and Work Guidelines, and co-chairs the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Workplace Wellness and Resilience Focus Area Work Group.
Prior to joining the Commission, Sapna worked at the Queen's Center for Health Services and Policy Research. She has also worked with the William J Clinton Foundation and the Centre for International Health and Development.
Sapna holds a Masters in International Public Health – Health Policy and Management from Boston University. She is a Canadian Healthcare Executive and a Project Management Professional. In 2015, she was chosen to participate in the Governor-General Canadian Leadership Conference.
She is an active community member volunteering with several charities and not for profit organizations, including as a Board member of the Pinecrest-Queensway Community Health Centre and Mindful Employer.
Daniela Campos Schwarze, MCP, MBA - Head of Psychosocial Risk, Chilean Safety Association and Committee Member, ISO 45003 Technical Committee for Occupational Health and Safety Management
Daniela Campos is a psychologist, with a master's degree in clinical psychology and an MBA. Head of Psychosocial Risk in the Chilean Safety Association, she has participated in the creation of the surveillance protocol of the Ministry of Health of Chile and the instrument for the preventive management of psychosocial risk in the workplace of the Institute of Public Health.
Postgraduate professor in occupational health and psychosocial risk in Chile and Spain. She has conducted research mainly related to violence at work; workplace harassment, sexual harassment qualification processes, and user violence at work.
Currently received the National Safety Council Award, category of human behavior sciences applied to prevention, and Clotario Blest Distinction in 2019 for work at the service of workers in her capacity as head of psychosocial risks.


In fulfillment of a promise made to government and in furtherance of its corporate social responsibility to the country, the United Bank of Africa (UBA) Liberia has donated an additional US$300,000.00 to the national Ebola Task Force headed by President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.
The bank, through its Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Madam Chioma Mang, said that the fund was intended to help eradicate the Ebola virus from the country.
CEO Mang made the presentation to President Sirleaf at her Foreign Ministry office in Monrovia yesterday. Also in attendance were Nigerian Ambassador to Liberia, Chigozie Obi-Nnadozie and scores of UBA officials.
As an indigenous Pan African Bank, UBA has shown strong commitment to the countries of the Ebola "hot spots" where they do business. The bank has also remained open for business in the respective countries including Liberia, even at the peak of the crisis.
UBA made an initial donation of a brand new truck to support the logistics of the Ebola Response Team. The Chairman of UBA Group, Tony O. Elumelu, through his foundation, in August also made a donation of US$600,000.00 to affected countries. This came as one of the earliest responses from any private sector organization or individual to the crisis.
"It is our belief in UBA, driven by the strong passion of the Chairman of the UBA Group, Tony O. Elumelu, that Africans should lead the way for solution to Africa's problems.
"Commitment to Africa's long-term progress is engraved in the UBA's DNA and is irrevocable," Madam Mang said during the presentation ceremony.
"While we commend all previous donors, both local and international, we call strongly on corporate Africa not to relent, but continue their donations in the fight against the 'unwanted visitor to West Africa'," said Madam Mang.
She said the bank's chairman, Tony Elumelu, has been of great help to Liberia through his partnership and has for a long time expressed interest in Liberia's growth and potentials.
She used the opportunity to remind the UBA's top management of the post-Ebola reconstruction era as financial institutions partnering with Liberia will be greatly needed in this direction.
President Sirleaf encouraged the bank and other financial institutions to begin planning for the post-Ebola economic revitalization which she said will focus on agriculture and macro-finance.
The Liberian leader acknowledged President Good-Luck Jonathan of Nigeria, who she said was the first to commit support to affected countries, an initiative she said corporate Nigeria began to emulate.
Ambassador Nnagozie indicated that whatever affects Liberia also affects Nigeria, and as such the latter will also be in the position to help the former.
Meanwhile, UBA has offered its Unique Payment Solution (UPS), the UBA Africard Powered by VISA Prepaid Card to the government of Liberia. This, the bank said, would help to alleviate the problems encountered in making payments of salaries and allowances to the numerous healthcare workers in the country.
The new UPS allows the salaries and allowances to be uploaded to the Prepaid Salary Card which the beneficiaries can use to access cash from the bank's Automatic Transfer Machines (ATMs) and Point of Sale (POS) machines deployed strategically in Monrovia and around the country.


We are specialists in the development of applications for transport, autonomous vehicles and IoT. Datik is innovation. It is energy and talent. A non-conformist team constantly seeking out new and better solutions for intelligent and efficient management of transport.
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This handy tactical axe is versatile with its sharp bladed head and crow-like puncture spike. Not only is it efficiently compact, but it is stylish enough to be the new ''trade axe'' in the barter economy of the post-apocalyptic future. It sports a fine green sheen in homage to the power of the atom.
The sharp axe head is crafted from stainless steel with a hardness of 50 HRC. It is been powder coated black for ease of maintenance. The grip is of tough nylon plastic and is overlaid with tightly wound nylon. The handle can be replaced by removing the allen key screws. Comes with a buttoned, nylon sheath.


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« Motion To Quash Subpoena For IP Address | Main | Unauthorized Use of the Name or Likeness of an Individual »
Can I trademark my slogan?
Whether or not an entity can trademark a slogan really depends on how that slogan is to be used. The general principles of trademark law apply in analyzing whether or not the intended or actual use of the slogan constitutes trademark use under the law. At the outset, it is important to understand that a copyright cannot protect a slogan. Therefore, a trademark may be able to do so IF a slogan is used as a source identifier in connection to a particular set of goods or services. Put another way, the slogan must be distinctive, used in interstate commerce, and used as a brand identifier.
To determine whether or not the slogan is distinctive, a trademark attorney can analyze the slogan to ensure that it is not generic or merely descriptive when used in connection with the underlying goods or services. Instead, the slogan must be distinctive, which means that it has either acquired distinctiveness, is arbitrary, or fanciful. Understanding how the slogan will be used will help determine whether or not the slogan is distinctive enough to qualify as a trademark.
The slogan must also be used in interstate commerce as a trademark. Therefore, merely putting it on the front of a t-shirt or some other merely ornamental use does not qualify as a trademark use. It must serve as a source identifier. For example, if used in connection with services, it should be used on a website or other advertising material that confirms that it is a mark. If used in connection with certain goods, such as t-shirts, it must be used on a hang tag, label, or otherwise in such a way that it is clear that it is more than a slogan or phrase without any underlying identification of source for such goods. One looking to protect a slogan would be well served to speak with a trademark attorney who can further advise the proper way to make trademark use of a slogan.
Ultimately, the trademark availability assessment or clearance should be performed on a slogan prior to beginning use or pursuing registration. This will allow a trademark attorney to determine whether or not use of the slogan is likely to subject the entity to claims of trademark infringement, whether or not the slogan is in fact distinctive enough to qualify as a trademark, and provide recommendations as to the likelihood of it being a protectable mark and/or successful trademark registration with the (USPTO) United States Patent and Trademark Office.
Posted by Ben Mothershead at 04:49 PM in d. Copyright Infringement Lawsuits | Permalink


Melbourne-based SBS Group is taking advantage of the opportunity that light gauge steel offers, providing smart building alternatives and solutions to builders, architects and contractors across Australia with pre-fabricated light gauge steel framing systems.
In particular, SBS Group specialise in designing and manufacturing pre-fabricated light gauge steel wall and roof truss framing systems for the top level of commercial and multi-residential projects.
They initially began using the FRAMECAD System when they were searching for a smarter solution for precise, engineered steel framing solutions. Importing original architectural drawings into FRAMECAD Detailer and Structure, they design walls and trusses, and are provided with critical layout information for erecting frames on-site.
Framing is manufactured using the FRAMECAD Manufacturing System, which automatically cuts steel to length, and punches holes in the correct place every time – resulting in accurate, straight, and true results.
Panels are then put together by the SBS team, ready to be delivered to the construction site to be erected quickly and easily.
So how does that look in context? In the projects below, the top level of each multi-level residential process was constructed utilising SBS Group framing systems, with frames designed and manufactured off site utilising state-of-the-art FRAMECAD technology, then installed quickly and easily, reducing labour, time, and costs.
This six level apartment building, built by Element Five with steel framing from SBS Group, combined independent structural steel, timber walls, and roof truss trades. Utilising light gauge steel, the high-strength, engineered wall frames and roof trusses for the top level were delivered straight to site for immediate and fast erection. With framing manufactured to true and accurate site specifications, no packing or straightening of walls for plasterboard was required.
With a focus on minimising site labour, time, and costs, the SBS framing system made all the difference to the Summerhill Apartments project. A mix of ground floor retail and 15 apartments, this luxury project was sped up through the use of top level wall and roof truss framing, pre-fabricated in SBS Group's factory to straight, true, and accurate specifications. Using FRAMECAD Detailer and Structure, along with the FRAMECAD Manufacturing System, SBS Group coordinated all stages of the construction process, from design through to delivery of framing. Once on site, these lightweight walls and roof trusses were easily fixed into position – with nearly all the installation able to be completed using only manpower.
Even on luxury projects such as Leopold Stonnington, finding cost and time savings is key. To achieve these, pre-fabrication is often the answer. Using their Build SmarterTM system, SBS Group was able to identify savings across the top level wall and roof trusses, balustrades, and feature boxes. Then, utilising the FRAMECAD System, framing was detailed, engineered, and manufactured using light gauge steel, before being delivered directly to the site for installation. The result? Significant cost savings, along with reduced time on site and labour.
As the levels stack up, so too do the challenges of building using traditional construction materials. The answer is often light gauge steel. When it came to the Oslo Apartments, SBS Group completed shop drawings, frame layout plans, and engineering (including 1507 certification) in-house, for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing frames. Following the manufacture of framing using the FRAMECAD Manufacturing System, frames were simply delivered, lifted, and installed in sections, resulting in significant time savings.
Although concrete was used for the lower levels of this low-rise apartment building, Ausco Group identified an opportunity to utilise the speed and quality of light gauge steel framing for the top level. SBS Group designed and supplied the cold formed steel framing and trusses, integrating with the hot rolled steel and concrete elements to ensure that everything was structurally integrated. This also achieved fire compliance without the need for an alternative design being proposed, speeding up the building permit process. Due to the lightness of the frames, which were manufactured off-site and then delivered, crane time was minimised, with only load in required and the rest being handled manually.
Combining award-winning developer Setia with architect Fender Katsalidis resulted in a luxury apartment building like no other at the Maison Apartments, with a focus on quality workmanship and best practice sustainable features. Although traditional timber framing was originally documented, the construction team decided to take advantage of light gauge steel for wall and roof truss framing on the top level to eliminate rotting, twisting, or straightening, and reduce building time. Using the FRAMECAD System, SBS Group fabricated lightweight, staggered stud walls off-site, which were then easily installed without the need for specialised lifting equipment. The use of light gauge steel, instead of a hybrid method of structural steel and timber, led to significant simplification and reduction of building components required to complete the project.


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Home > Cities
Nanchong City, Sichuan Province
Nanchong, also known as "fruit city and silk capital", is a prefecture level city in Sichuan Province. City one belt, one road and one important strategic node city, Northeast Sichuan urban agglomeration important node city, China Excellent Tourism City, National Garden City, national clean energy demonstration city, South Sui Guangzhou City concentrated area central city, one of the 200 cities with Chinese characteristic charm city. Nanchong, located in the northeast of Sichuan Province and the middle reaches of Jialing River, is named for its location in the south of the country. It has jurisdiction over three districts (Shunqing District, Gaoping District and Jialing District), five counties (Yingshan County, Xichong County, Nanbu County, Peng'an county and Yilong county), and one county-level city (Langzhong City). It has a total population of 7.2825 million (2019) and covers an area of 12500 square kilometers.
Nanchong has a long history. It originated from Anhan, which was established by Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty in 202 BC. It has been built for more than 2220 years. In the spring and Autumn period, the capital, prefecture, county, government and Taoism were governed by the origin of the spring and Autumn period; in the early days of liberation, it was the residence of northern Sichuan administrative region. Nanchong is the birthplace of the Three Kingdoms culture and the spring festival culture. The folk customs are simple and elegant. The Three Kingdoms culture, silk culture, red culture and Jialingjiang culture blend and shine.
Nanchong is an important national production base of commodity grain and agricultural and sideline products, a base of petroleum, natural gas, energy and chemical industry in Sichuan Province, a regional science, education and cultural center in Northeast Sichuan, an important transportation hub in Western China, and an economic, logistics, trade and financial center in Northeast Sichuan. It is known as the "hometown of fruits" and "capital of silk". On October 23, 2019, it was identified as "the third batch of demonstration cities for urban black and odorous water treatment". In 2020, the people's Government of Sichuan province agrees to set up Nanchong Linjiang new area.
In 2020, Nanchong's GDP will reach 240.108 billion yuan, an increase of 3.8% over 2019.
According to "Taiping Huanyu Ji" Volume 86, Nanchong County, Guozhou said: "take the name of Guchong state." In the Sichuan volume of the explanation of the names of prefectures and counties: "the name of a county in the Han Dynasty is full of meaning. At that time, the people were rich, so the cloud. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Nanchong county was established, so it was in the south of the state of Nanchong. " Later, the word "state" was used to refer to Nanchong county. Today Nanchong City is named after it.
Nanchong was developed earlier and lived in the Neolithic age.
The Xia Dynasty was a country of "Youguo family", and it belonged to Liangzhou in the Shang and Zhou dynasties.
In the spring and Autumn period, the state of Chong (588-318 BC) was formed. The state of Chong was one of the four powerful regimes (BA, Shu, Chong and Ju) in Sichuan Basin at that time. Nanchong was named Nanchong because it was located in the south of the state of Chong.
In the late Warring States period, the state of BA was defeated by the state of Chu continuously, so the fight was aimed at Shu, the Western neighbor. Chong and Shu formed an alliance to resist the invasion of Ba. In 318 B.C., Ba state destroyed Chong state, occupied its territory, and moved its capital to Langzhong. In the ninth year of gengyuan, King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty (316 BC), the state of Qin destroyed the state of Ba, and Langzhong county was established in the eleventh year. The construction of prefectures and counties remained the same in the Qin Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty (206-23bc), Langzhong county was established as Anhan (now Nanchong) and Chongguo county. In Xinmang, Anhan County became Anxin county.
In the first year of Xingping (194) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Bajun county was located to the north of Dianjiang. In Nanchong, Ba County was set up, and Anhan County, Langzhong County, Xichong County and Nanchong county were governed. In the sixth year of Jian'an (201), Ba County was changed to Brazil County, and its governance was moved to Langzhong.
During the Three Kingdoms period of Shuhan, Western Jin and Chenghan, counties remained the same. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Langzhong was the county of north Brazil, which governed Xichong (prefecture), Nanchong, Anhan and Yangyang (now Yilong).
In the Southern Song Dynasty (420-479), the Baxi county was gathered by Liao people. The county was moved to Mianyang City and was set up by overseas Chinese. It has jurisdiction over Langzhong (prefecture), Anhan, Xiguo (Xichong state reform), Nanguo (Nanchong state reform) and Yangyang county. In the Southern Dynasties and the Qi Dynasty, prefectures and counties were still established.
In the Tang Dynasty, Lishan county was located in the South and west of the mountain, with three prefectures and 19 counties including Langzhou (Langzhong county), Langzhong (langneigai county) and Sigong (now Langzhong county).
In the Five Dynasties (907-960), the setting of prefectures and counties remained unchanged. Later Tang Dynasty (923-937) set up Baoning army in Langzhou and Yongning army in Guozhou.
In the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), there were three prefectures in the territory, and 13 counties including Nanchong, Xichong and Xiangru were under the jurisdiction of Chengdu Fu Road.
In the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), there was a government in the territory, which governed Shunqing Prefecture, Nanchong County, Xichong County, Liuxi County, and Langzhong County, Xinjing County, Fengguo County, Xinzheng County, Xishui County, pengchi County, Yilong County, Yingshan County, Fuyu County, Liangshan County and Xiangru County.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Shunqing road was set up and Nanchong County, Xichong County, early Han county, Liuxi county and early Han county were governed. It is subordinate to Sichuan Province.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was under the jurisdiction of Sichuan's Ministry of political affairs. There were two prefectures in the territory, including Shunqing Prefecture, Nanchong County, Xichong County, Pengzhou County, Yingshan County, Yilong County, Baoning Prefecture, Langzhong county and Nanbu county.
In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it was subordinate to Sichuan Province. It was located in the north of Sichuan Province. It had jurisdiction over Baoning Prefecture, Langzhong County, Nanbu County, Shunqing Prefecture, Nanchong County, Xichong County, Yingshan County, Yilong county and Pengzhou county.
In the early years of the Republic of China (1912), it was under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province, with Jialing Road in its territory. It has jurisdiction over seven counties, including Nanchong (Daozhi), Langzhong, Nanbu, Xichong, Yingshan, Yilong and Pengan (Pengzhou reform). In 1936, the 11th administrative supervision district (Nanchong county) was set up in the territory, which governs Nanchong (District), Peng'an, Yingshan, Yilong, Xichong and Nanbu. Langzhong is subordinate to the 14th administrative supervision district (zhijiange county).
After the founding of the people's Republic of China (1949), it was subordinate to the administrative district of northern Sichuan, with jurisdiction over Nanchong City (district government, district directly under the central government), Nanchong, Xichong, Nanbu, Yilong, Yingshan, Peng'an and other 1 city and 6 counties; it is a Special District of Nanchong (now Jiulong Town of Yuechi County).
In 1950, Nanchong district was set up, belonging to the administrative district of northern Sichuan. Nanchong special office is located in Yuechi County, which has jurisdiction over eight counties, including Yuechi, Nanchong (in Longmen Chang), Peng'an, Yingshan, wusheng, Xichong, Nanbu and Yilong.
In 1952, Nanchong was under the leadership of Sichuan Province. Nanchong City, formerly under the direct control of the northern Sichuan administrative office, is under the leadership of Nanchong special administrative office. It has jurisdiction over one city and eight counties.
In 1953, Nanchong City was changed into a city under the jurisdiction of a province and entrusted with the special administration of Nanchong. Cangxi and Langzhong counties of Guangyuan district and Guang'an County of Dazhu district are included in Nanchong district. It has jurisdiction over 1 city and 11 counties.
In 1956, Nanchong County moved from Longmen town to Nanchong City; Peng'an County moved from Jinping Town to Zhoukou town; wusheng County moved to Yankou town.
In 1965, Nanchong County moved from Nanchong City to Hedong commune.
In 1970, Nanchong district was renamed Nanchong District, and the district was located in Nanchong City. It has jurisdiction over Nanchong City and Nanchong county (in Hedong commune), Cangxi, Langzhong, Yilong, Nanbu, Xichong, Yingshan, Peng'an (in Zhoukou town), Guang'an, Yuechi and wusheng (in Yankou town).
In 1972, Nanchong county was stationed in Chengguan (Qingxi commune and Hedong commune were merged into Chengguan commune).
In 1979, Huaying industrial and agricultural district (equivalent to county level) was established in Guang'an and Yuechi counties, and the government of the industrial and agricultural district was stationed in Shuanghe commune. Nanchong has jurisdiction over 1 city, 11 counties and 1 Industrial and agricultural district.
On September 9, 1985, Cangxi County was put under the jurisdiction of Guangyuan City from Nanchong.
On July 2, 1993, Nanchong District, Nanchong City and Nanchong county were abolished. Guang'an Prefecture was established to govern Guang'an County, Yuechi County, wusheng County and Huaying City in Nanchong. At the same time, Nanchong, a prefecture level city in Sichuan Province, was established, and the Municipal People's government was stationed in Shunqing district. Nanchong City governs Shunqing District, Gaoping District and Jialing District, Nanbu County, Yingshan County, Peng'an County, Yilong county and Xichong County. Langzhong City is directly under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province, and Nanchong City is in charge of it.
In 2020, the request of Nanchong Municipal People's government for the establishment of Linjiang new area has been approved, and the provincial government has agreed to establish Nanchong Linjiang new area. According to the approval, the new area has a planning area of 398 square kilometers, covering the administrative areas of 16 townships (streets) under the jurisdiction of Shunqing District, Gaoping District and Xichong County, including Fuxi street, Qianli street, Jintai town and Yuxi town in Shunqing District, Longmen street and Qinglian street in Gaoping District and Duofu town in Xichong County; Jingxi street, Xinfu Township, Gongxing Town, Luxi town of Shunqing district and some administrative areas of Xiaolong street, Jiangling Town, Zouma Town, Luoxi street and Laojun street of Gaoping District.
Nanchong has 9 county-level administrative divisions (3 municipal districts, 1 county-level city, 5 counties) and 241 township level administrative divisions (42 streets, 161 towns, 38 townships). It covers an area of 12514 square kilometers and has a population of 7.6 million. Nanchong Municipal People's government is located at 2 Wannian West Road, Shunqing district.
geographical environment
Location context
Nanchong City is located in the northeast of Sichuan Basin and the middle reaches of Jialing River, between 30 ° 35 ′ - 31 ° 51 ′ N and 105 ° 27 ′ - 106 ° 58 ′ E. It has a span of 165 kilometers from north to South and 143 kilometers from east to west. It is adjacent to Dazhou city in the East, Guang'an City in the south, Suining City and Mianyang City in the west, Guangyuan City and Bazhong City in the north, with a total area of 1.25 square kilometers.
topographic features
Nanchong terrain inclines from north to south, with an altitude of 256-888.8 meters. The main geomorphic types are hills, with 1 / 3 of high hills and low mountains, 1 / 3 of middle hills and valley, and 1 / 3 of low hills and dams. The geomorphic types of the whole city are divided into two categories: the northern low mountainous area and the southern hilly area. The northern low mountain area generally includes the northern part of Langzhong City, the northwestern part of Nanbu County, most of Yilong County, the eastern part of Yilong River in Yingshan County, and the northern part of Pengan county. Generally, the altitude is 500-800 meters, and the relative height is 0
Chinese PinYin : Si Chuan Sheng Nan Chong Shi
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Raimondas Rumšas (ur. 14 stycznia 1972 w Szyłokarczmie) – litewski kolarz szosowy.

Rumšas został zawodowym kolarzem w roku 1996, rozpoczynając swoją karierę w polskiej drużynie Mróz. Zwrócił na siebie uwagę dzięki dobrej jeździe w górach. Po przejściu do Fassa Bortolo poprawił swoje umiejętności w jeździe na czas, przez co zwiększyły się jego szanse na zwycięstwa w wyścigach wieloetapowych. Jego największym sukcesem jest jak dotychczas 3. miejsce w generalnej klasyfikacji Tour de France 2002 za Lance Armstrongiem i Joseba Beloki.

Wynik ten został jednak przysłonięty przez aresztowanie żony kolarza w dzień po zakończeniu Tour de France 2002. W samochodzie Edity Rumšas celnicy znaleźli wiele niedozwolonych środków dopingujących. Edita Rumšas twierdziła, że medykamenty te są przeznaczone dla jej ciężko chorej matki.

W styczniu 2006 małżeństwo Rumšas otrzymało czteromiesięczny wyrok więzienia w zawieszeniu za rozprowadzanie nielegalnych substancji dopingujących. Dodatkowo Edita Rumšas została ukarana grzywną w wysokości 3000 euro. Wyrok 12 miesięcy więzienia w zawieszeniu otrzymał także polski lekarz, Krzysztof Ficek, który opiekował się kolarzem podczas Touru i przepisywał mu niedozwolone substancje.

Wszystkie jednak testy dopingowe Rumsasa podczas Touru 2002 miały wynik negatywny, w związku z czym nie odebrano mu trzeciego miejsca. Podczas Giro d'Italia 2003, kiedy to Rumšas ukończył wyścig na 6. pozycji, test krwi wykazał obecność EPO w organizmie kolarza. Z tego powodu UCI zawiesiła go na rok, a jego drużyna Lampre usunęła go ze swoich szeregów.

Aktualnie litewski "sportowiec roku 2002" jeździ w barwach małej włoskiej drużyny Parkpre Team i bierze udział w licznych wyścigach, w których wygrywa seriami. Mimo że nie należał do żadnej grupy zawodowej, w 2005 roku udało się mu zdobyć mistrzostwo swojego kraju w jeździe na czas oraz wicemistrzostwo w wyścigu szosowym. Dzięki temu, litewski Związek Kolarski planował zabrać Rumsasa na igrzyska olimpijskie do Pekinu.

Sukcesy
 1. miejsce Wyścig Solidarności i Olimpijczyków 1994
 lider klasyfikacji górskiej Tour de Pologne 1996
 2. miejsce Wyścig Pokoju 1998
 1. miejsce Bałtyk-Karkonosze Tour 1999
 2 etapy i 4. miejsce w Tour de Pologne 1999
 1. miejsce Giro di Lombardia 2000
 Mistrzostwo Litwy na szosie 2001
 1. miejsce Dookoła Kraju Basków 2001
 2. miejsce Paryż-Nicea 2001
 3. miejsce Tour de France 2002
 Mistrzostwo Litwy w jeździe na czas 2005
 Wicemistrzostwo Litwy na szosie 2005

Przynależność drużynowa
 Mróz (1996–1999)
 Fassa Bortolo (2000-2001)
 Lampre (2002-2003)
 Acqua & Sapone (2004)
 Parkpre Team (2005 -)

Kolarze ukarani za doping
Litewscy kolarze szosowi
Litewscy sportowcy ukarani za doping
Urodzeni w 1972
Zwycięzcy Bałtyk-Karkonosze Tour
Zwycięzcy Giro di Lombardia
Zwycięzcy Vuelta al País Vasco
Ludzie urodzeni w Szyłokarczmie


I like match-ups and situational handicapping. This includes such things as strengths against weaknesses, bad lines, homecoming and revenge spots. I'm not big into betting trends. Trends can be dangerous. Some novice sports bettors think, "This team has lost 3 straight against the number, that means they're more likely to cover this game." Well, you had better have more reasons on your side to back a team than just something like that.
For instance, Fresno State went into the Hawaii game two weeks ago as a home dog. Fresno hadn't covered since late last season. Anyone who looks at trends might think that Fresno HAS to cover this game, as they are due for a cover. Well that kind of simplistic thinking doesn't cut it in the competitive world of sports handicapping.
For the record, Fresno got bombed again, 68-37 as a +3 home dog. That made them 0-6 against the spread this season. All right, so maybe the next game they will cover, right? Now they are REALLY due! Well the due factor is still going strong as Fresno failed to cover again, this time as a +31 dog at La Tech, a 38-6 defeat. OK, so they are getting close, but try telling that to the man at the betting window while you wave a losing ticket in his face. It ain't gonna cut it!
I would suggest focusing more on match-ups and such things as home/road play, and current play, rather than to look at a trend. For instance, on Sunday in the NFL I had a play on the visiting Atlanta Falcons at Cincinnati. In my analysis I noted, "This game all comes down to who rules in the trenches. Atlanta owns a league leading 6.1 yards per rush, while second place is a distant 5.2 with the Eagles. Simply put the Falcons run the ball on everyone.
They have surpassed 220 rushing yards in 4 of 6 games. Cincinnati on the other hand allows 4.6 yards per carry, well above the league average of 4.0. Therefore I expect the Falcons to control the clock and have great success moving the football. Cincinnati is thought to have an explosive offense, but this year that isn't the case. The Bengals are averaging 5.1 yards per play, right in line with a league wide 5.1 ypp average. Atlanta comes in at 5.5 yards per play on offense.
The Bengals have really fallen on hard times offensively as of late. In the last three games they have scored 17, 13 and 13 points. What makes these numbers even stranger is that Carson Palmer hasn't been picked off in any of the last three games. In fact, they only have two total turnovers in those games. So it's not like mistakes are keeping them out of the end zone." Atlanta has the personnel to give the Bengal offense trouble, and they should have a big day running the football." Cincy not only covered but won the game.
That's the catch for trend bettors: WHEN will this trend happen? It's impossible to say based solely on the overdue trend factor. Successful sports handicapping encompasses so many factors. It's much wiser to look at as many factors as possible, such as home field, weather, playing surface, coaching, strength versus weaknesses and revenge spots. Winning ATS is about sifting through all the pieces and finding several edges in a game, not just one angle.


1) Query1 connects to the data source (flat file) and make basic cleaning and transformations.
Then Query2 and Query3 reference to Query1, performing other transformations needed.
Query3 also take some data from Query2.
Query2 and Query3 then exported to sheet, Query1 - connection only.
As far as I can understand, PQ can define refresh chain like this: evaluate Query1, then evaluate Query2, then evaluate Query3 (as it need the results from Query2). The question is: When PQ performs calculation of Query3, will it recalculate Query1? Or, as it was evaluated in the chain before, Query3 will use cahced results of repvious Query1 calculation (performed when Query2 was evaluated)?
The second question is: performing "Refresh" on Query4, how much times will be Query1 evaluated - one, two or three ? Or there also will be chain: calculate Q1, caching, then Q2 or Q3, calculate next using cached results of Q1 evaluation, and then - Q4?
3) Is there is a difference with connection to database?
4) Is there any rules of evaluation chain (like each expression/query will be calculated once in the evaluation chain)?
EDIT: I'm updating this answer for clarity and comprehensiveness. Please re-read it if you saw a previous version!
There's a lot involved in answering your question, so let me back up and explain a few things first.
Power Query (in both Excel and Power BI Desktop) utilizes a "persistent cache", stored on disk, when refreshing queries. But what exactly does that mean?
First, let's look at what gets cached. The persistent cache does not store the results of your M Queries (Q1, Q2, etc. in your example). Instead, it stores the results of the behind-the-scenes requests sent to data sources.
So if Q1 queries a SQL Server database called "MyServer/MyDatabase" and returns a single unfiltered table called "MyTable", the query sent to the server might be "select [Col1] from [MyTable]". In this case, the persistent cache will now know the result of sending "select [Col1] from [MyTable]" to "MyServer/MyDatabase". If another M query (whether through referencing Q1, or by querying the same table directly) needs the same result, the persistent cache can provide it, and the result won't have to be fetched a second time from the SQL Server.
"Okay", you might say. "But if Q1 is pulling from a SQL table, and in a few places in Q2 I reference Q1, that should hit the persistent cache, right?" Maybe. It depends on how Q2 is using Q1, since doing additional operations on Q1 (such as filtering or merging) might cause the M engine to compute a different SQL query, resulting in the server being hit again.
Next, let's look at the scope of caching. The scope of caching differs depending on what you're doing, as well as what tool you're using.
If you've opened the Power Query editor in Excel or Power BI Desktop, you might have seen warnings like "This preview may be up to 3 days old". This is because there is a persistent cache used for interactive previewing of query results. As you can imagine from the fact that we have warnings about preview results being days old, this cache is long-lived and is intended to make the experience of working in the editor faster.
If you load/refresh three queries in Excel, each of them gets their own persistent cache. So the fact that a SQL result is cached during the load of Q2 won't benefit the loading of Q3, even if it needs the same result.
If you load/refresh three queries in PBI Desktop, they all share a single persistent cache. When you refresh multiple times, each refresh operation gets its own cache (shared by all the queries being refreshed at that particular time). This means that if SQL result is cached during the load of Q2, it will still be cached during the loading of Q3 (assuming they're both being loaded at the same time).
Table.Buffer can be useful if you want to store an intermediate result in memory and avoid pulling content from disk, a remote file share, a SQL Server, a website, or any other data source multiple times during an evaluation. Think of Table.Buffer as, "load this table into memory, and stop folding subsequent operations back to the data source".
However, because buffering happens in memory and is not persisted on disk, buffering during the load of one query does not affect the load of another query. If Q1 is buffered when Q2 is loaded, Q1 will be re-buffered when Q3 is loaded.
Now let's take a look at your example (Q4 references Q2 and Q3, and Q2 and Q3 both reference Q1).
Since you're pulling from a flat file, and File.Contents results aren't cached, the flat file will be read each time Q1 is referenced (twice in Q4, once in Q3, Q2, and Q1). If you buffered the result of Q1, then Q4 would only read the file once. But when Q1, Q2, and Q3 are loaded (even in PBI Desktop), they will still each also read the file.
You asked about the fact that M values are supposed to be immutable. This is true for the "pure" parts of the language, but breaks down when you introduce external data sources and folding. (In fact, you could think of Table.Buffer as transferring a table from the fuzzy unpredictable world of folding to the immutable world of pure M values.) You can see this in action by doing the following test, using a query called "MyTextFileQuery" that pulls from a local file on disk.
I know this is a lot to take in, but I hope it helps clarify some less-than-obvious but oh-so-important parts of our system. I apologize for any confusion caused by my previous answers.
thank you for this information, that's very helpful.
I'd really like to understand what role the Table.Buffer could play here: "Buffers a table into memory, isolating it from external changes during evaluation."
I always thought that a Table.Buffer would stop re-evaluation of previous steps, but in practice this often also doesn't seem to happen.
Thank you for comment. It is a pity, seems like performance leak.
Q4 call Q2 and Q3, so Q2 and Q3 both call to Q1, and Q1 will be evaluated twice?
Is this behaviour different in PowerBI? It looks different when I am refreshing a report with multiple queries built on top of single source Query - as if there is only one refresh of Query1.
"Once a value has been calculated, it is immutable, meaning it can no longer be changed. This simplifies the model for evaluating an expression and makes it easier to reason about the result since it is not possible to change a value once it has been used to evaluate a subsequent part of the expression.
For instance,a record field is only computed when needed. However, once computed, it remains fixed for the lifetime of the record."
Оr queries is not a filed values that should be immutable? So then all queries made by me could be mutable during one evaluation process?
Thank you a lot, Ehren! This is a most full answer I expected.
to clarify, when working with files (not databases, and there are no query folding then), behavior is the same?
Could you please explain what is the limit of the buffer in Table.Buffer, and what happens when the buffer is full ?
Hi Anthony. There isn't a single "buffer" shared by all Table.Buffer operations. Think of Table.Buffer as, "load this table into memory, and stop folding subsequent operations back to the data source". Size-wise, Table.Buffer is limited by the amount of memory available in the mashup evaluation process in which it runs. If you exceed that, you'll get an out of memory error.
1) Is there some technical reason why Excel and Power BI do caching differently? The power BI method appears to be more efficient.
2) At the end of the response, how is it that the file is read only once, even though there is no Table.Buffer function used in the rowCount variable?
>> Is there some technical reason why Excel and Power BI do caching differently? The power BI method appears to be more efficient.
Yes, the difference between the two is pretty "technical" indeed and lies in the fact that Excel doesn't have a notion of "Refresh All Queries". Hence every query is refreshed independently without sharing any cache with each other.
We are well aware of this limitation, and would definitely like to address it going forward.
...lies in the fact that Excel doesn't have a notion of "Refresh All Queries".
What about the Refresh All command on the Data tab? Are you referring to some kind of refresh dependency that Refresh All doesn't support?
This is correct. We do have a Refresh All command in Excel, but the command simply refreshes the workbook queries one by one. It doesn't provide any real context or scope where the refreshed queries can share a cache with each other. Every query refresh happens independently.
I'm using DateTimeZone.LocalNow function for some date filtering in when querying an SQL server (in DirectQuery mode).
The issue is that value of DateTimeZone.LocalNow() is calculated once and not changing afterwards. Probably this is somehow related to lazy nature of the language and caching.
Is there a way to reevaluate DateTimeZone.LocalNow() each time this query executes?
I don't know how it's possible to retain information from a previous query execution in a subsequent query execution, since the new execution evaluates everything from scratch. Lazy evaluation applies only during the course of the current execution.
I've already seen these links and also thought that "Lazy evaluation applies only during the course of the current execution.". But for some unknown for me reasons Power BI DirectQuery report continues to use exactly the same cached time when querying the database. This issue is reproduced both when using Power BI service and Embedded Power BI service.
Hi Sergiy. The behavior you're observing when using Direct Query against SQL is a known issue with the legacy Direct Query architecture. We will be moving SQL Direct Query to a new architecture over the next few months, but until then there's unfortunately no workaround besides manually refreshing.
Could you please share a few example of M codes in which the use of Table.Buffer makes sense ?
I believe the issue behind this statement is the "lazy evaluation" in M. Expresions are evaluated when needed. If you use many "let" over the same expresion, the last one would the one really evaluated whe you use the expresion. Table.buffer triggers the evaluation of the previous expresions. This is at least what I understood.