text:
// <copyright file="IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader.cs" company="Fubar Development Junker">
// Copyright (c) Fubar Development Junker. All rights reserved.
// </copyright>

using System;

using FubarDev.WebDavServer.Props.Converters;

namespace FubarDev.WebDavServer.Model.Headers
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Class that represents the HTTP <c>If-Unmodified-Since</c> header
    /// </summary>
    public class IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader"/> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="lastWriteTimeUtc">The last time the defination was changed</param>
        public IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader(DateTime lastWriteTimeUtc)
        {
            LastWriteTimeUtc = lastWriteTimeUtc;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the last time the definition was changed
        /// </summary>
        public DateTime LastWriteTimeUtc { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Parses the header string to get a new instance of the <see cref="IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader"/> class
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="s">The header string to parse</param>
        /// <returns>The new instance of the <see cref="IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader"/> class</returns>
        public static IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader Parse(string s)
        {
            return new IfUnmodifiedSinceHeader(DateTimeRfc1123Converter.Parse(s));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a value that indicates whether the <paramref name="lastWriteTimeUtc"/> is not past the value in the <c>If-Unmodified-Since</c> header
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="lastWriteTimeUtc">The last write time of the entry to compare with</param>
        /// <returns><see langword="true"/> when the <paramref name="lastWriteTimeUtc"/> is not past the value in the <c>If-Modified-Since</c> header</returns>
        public bool IsMatch(DateTime lastWriteTimeUtc)
        {
            return lastWriteTimeUtc <= LastWriteTimeUtc;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Kremlin has not commented on information about the alleged killing of nine Russians in Syria, saying this information was obtained using indirect methods and does not have any references.
Three sources told The Wall Street Journal of the death in October 2015 of nine Russians who were in Syria working for private military companies.
"We have no information on the [Armed Forces] personnel. It can be learned from our colleagues from the Defense Ministry," Russian presidential press officer Dmitry Peskov said, responding to a relevant question.
"Additionally, the information [on Russians who are in Syria for reasons other than officially working for the Defense Ministry] was obtained using indirect methods, without references [to any persons] and it is unlikely worth commenting on," Peskov said.


text:
The New York Daily News Logo
Ghislaine Maxwell's trial: Court Exhibit images
British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell is on trial for recruiting and grooming girls for financier Jeffrey Epstein. Attorneys for the Southern District of New York have entered into evidence court images for the sex trafficking trial.
An undated photo released as a government exhibit in the 2021 trial of Ghislaine Maxwell, showing her close relationship with Jeffrey Epstein. (Court Evidence)
Ghislaine Maxwell, left, and Epstein employee, Sarah Kellen. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein and Sarah Kellen. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Alleged "recruiter," Sarah Kellen. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's private island, Little St James, a 75-acre private paradise in the US Virgin Islands, also known as 'Little St. Jeff's,' (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein and one of his private jets. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
One of Jeffrey Epstein's private jets. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
On board one of Jeffrey Epstein's private jets. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
One of Jeffrey Epstein's private helicopters. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
The entrance to Jeffrey Epstein's Zorro Ranch in New Mexico. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's Zorro Ranch in New Mexico. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's Paris apartment in the 16th arrondissement (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's Palm Beach, Florida home. (Court Evidence)
The interior of Jeffrey Epstein's Palm Beach, Florida home is pictured in this image used as evidence in the 2021 Ghislaine Maxwell trial. (Court Evidence)
The interior of Jeffrey Epstein's Palm Beach, Florida home is pictured in this image used as evidence in the 2021 Ghislaine Maxwell trial. (APhifer/Court Evidence)
Court exhibit images released during Ghislaine Maxwell's trial (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's massage table. (Court Evidence)
Jeffrey Epstein's Manhattan mansion on the Upper East Side. (Southern District of New York/Court evidence)
The interior of Jeffrey Epstein's Manhattan mansion on the Upper East Side of New York City. (Court Evidence)
Hollywood's 'Golden Girl': The life and career of Betty White The life and career of Betty White
Texas Synagogue Standoff
Look back at the iconic sitcom 'The Golden Girls'
'The Golden Girls,' an American sitcom that aired from the mid-1980s to the beginning of the 90s, was beloved by many who were introduced to the four mature friends living together in Miami. The show centered strong-willed Dorothy Zbornak, played by Bea Arthur, spacey Rose Nylund, played by Betty White, lusty Southern belle Blanche Devereaux, played by Rue McClanahan and matriarch Sophia Petrillo, played by Estelle Getty. The seven-season series first aired on Sept. 14, 1985, before coming to an end of May 9, 1992. Take a look back at the iconic show and its iconic antics.
Remembering the life and career of Bob Saget
Celebrity vacation photos on social media Celebrity vacation photos
Puppy Bowl 2022: The Super Bowl goes to the dogs
'Full House' to 'Fuller House': Look back at TV's lovable Tanner family through the years
Look back at the fatal Happy Land Social Club fire A look back at the fatal Happy Land fire
Fit & fab celebs over 40 Fit & fab celebs over 40
At least 17 dead, including 8 kids, in horrific Bronx apartment fire

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


George Ezra is set to headline TRNSMT Festival in July alongside Stormzy and Catfish and the Bottlemen.
Bob Dylan and Neil Young combine for another huge July show at Kilkenny's Nowlan Park.
Deacon Blue will headline Ireland's Dun Laoghaire Pier in May with support from Basement Jaxx (DJ set).
Jools Holland will be accompanied by his Rhythm and Blues Orchestra for a nationwide tour this autumn.
Van Morrison has been announced for a new Belfast concert series: Belfast Festival Live At Botanic Gardens.
Steve Hackett has announced 2019 dates celebrating 45 years of the Genesis album 'Selling England By The Pound'.
Imelda May will perform an evening of Celtic soul at the London Palladium in May as part of Friday Night Is Music Night.
Kenny Wayne Shepherd will play three headline gigs in the UK this summer.
The Tallest Man on Earth has announced new tour dates for November.
Fink have tour plans in the UK this autumn.
Ralph McTell will headline Cambridge Folk Festival on August 1.
Palace have announced a headline UK and Ireland November tour to support their new album, 'Life After'.
Nine Below Zero celebrate their 40th anniversary with a huge tour of the UK in autumn.
Fantastic Negrito heads to Dublin in June.
Jesca Hoop will tour the UK throughout October 2019.


Today's weather is turning out to be partly cloudy. The visibility is going to be around 18 km i.e. 10 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1007 mb . The daytime temperature is going to reach 35 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 28 °c at night. It will be dry with no precipitation and cloud covering 2% of the sky, the humidity will be around 23%.
Tomorrow weather is forecasted to be partly cloudy. The visibility is going to be around 20 km i.e. 12 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1006 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 37 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 28 °c at night. It will be dry with no precipitation and cloud covering 3% of the sky, the humidity will be around 20%.
On Monday weather will be partly cloudy with daytime temperature reaching 40 °c. Night time temperature are expected to be 30 °c.It will be dry with no precipitation. The visibility is going to be around 20 km i.e. 12 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1006 mb. It will be dry with no precipitation and cloud covering 1% of the sky, the humidity will be around 16%.
Tuesday seems to be partly cloudy. Shivpuri, India visibility is going to be around 20 km i.e. 12 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1007 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 41 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 32 °c at night. It will be dry with no precipitation and cloud covering 0% of the sky, the humidity will be around 13%.
Sunny will be the weather pattern for the Wednesday. The visibility is going to be around 20 km i.e. 12 miles and an atmospheric pressure of 1007 mb. The daytime temperature is going to reach 41 °c and the temperature is going to dip to 32 °c at night. It will be dry with no precipitation and cloud covering 0% of the sky, the humidity will be around 12%.
Looking at the weather in Shivpuri, India over the next 7 days, the maximum temperature will be 42℃ (or 108℉) on Friday 26th April at around 2 pm. In the same week the minimum temperature will be 28℃ (or 82℉) on Saturday 20th April at around 5 am.
The windiest of all days will be Thursday 25th April as wind will reach 14mph (or 22kmph) at around 8 am.
Shivpuri goes through a subtropical climate like most of northern regions of India. Summer, from April till early July, in Shivpuri remains hot with the average high of 40°C while the low hardly falls below mid twenties. The average rainfall in monsoon season, from August till October, stands around 1300mm. On the other hand, winter remains cool and comfortable enough for the visitors. Although the season gets a little rainfall it will not make any obstacles to visit outdoors.
Shivpuri, an ancient city in Madhya Pradesh, India, goes through a subtropical climate that features three major seasons mainly, a hot summer, a monsoon season and a cold winter.
Summer in Shivpuri arrives in April and lasts till June. During this period Shivpuri remains hot with the average high of 40°C while the low stays around 30°C. May is considered as the hottest month of the year when the average high temperature in the city climbs to 43°C. However, as the season progresses temperature drops slowly.
Throughout the monsoon, July–September, Shivpuri experiences much enjoyable temperature with the average high of 34°C. The minimum, on the other hand, fluctuates between 20°C -24°C. The average rainfall that stands around 130 mm often forces the tourists to change their plan of visiting outdoors.
The winter months on the other hand remains cool and comfortable enough for the people. You may frequently visit wherever you like although the season gets a little rainfall. The season, from November till March, remains somewhat chilly for the tourists with the average minimums of 14°C. The average high temperature in January, the coldest month of the year, hardly climbs to 11°C while the low drops to 6°C.
Shivpuri goes through a subtropical climate like most of northern regions of India. Summer, from April till early July, in Shivpuri remains hot with the average high of 40°C while the low hardly falls below mid twenties. The average rainfall in monsoon season, from August till October, stands around 1300mm.
Shivpuri, an ancient city in Madhya Pradesh, India, is a world class tourist destination and famous for yoga camps and mediation centers. Its low population, natural beauty and facilities have made the city, formerly known as Sipri, one of the best peaceful places for those who desire to live a few days in peace and tranquility.
Shivpuri, surrounded by deep forest, has many tourist attractions. Among the most popular places the Madhav National Park, spread over a area of 157 sq kilometers, Madhav Vilas Palace, a symbol of colonial architecture, which is used as the training centre of the Intelligence Bureau of the Indian Government, George Castle that helps you to have a great view of the Sakhya Sagar Lake, situated on the edge of forests of Madhav National Park and inhabited by reptiles, crocodiles and pythons, Chhatris, the royal tombs of the Scindias are main.
During your visit in Shivpuri you may stay in lucrative hotels like Tourist Village, Tarun Residency, and Delhi Hotel and so on.
Although it is one of frequently visited places and a year round destination, the period between September and March, that is the winter months, is considered as the best time to visit Shivpuri. The weather of the season allows people from all over the world to enjoy the stunning tranquility of the city completely.
You should know what you will wear during the visit in Shivpuri. It depends your visiting time actually. If you want to visit in summer, you should pack cotton clothes, sandals, sunglasses and so on. On the other hand, a light jacket may help you adjust winter evenings.


Polishing the concrete cannot be successfully done without a concreter having a trowel machine. It usually has a power trowel that gives the concrete surface a smooth finishing. If you are working on a large area it is advisable for you to ensure that you invest in buying your own machine because the rental charges are usually a little bit too much. The good thing about this machine is that it is fast and you will get good results after a few minutes of using it. There are usually so many power trowels machines that are being manufactured and these days brands are ensuring that they make a machine that can suit every job very well. This article will provide you with factors that will go a long way in helping you select a good trowel machine.
Know that these machines usually come in different sizes; therefore, it is up to you to choose a size that will be able to fulfill your needs. When picking a size, you should focus on the type of job you mainly handle. The size that you pick is the one that will determine how much area you will be able to cover in good time. Investing in the 46-inch trowel machine is usually a good idea, and that is why it is quite popular and so many people are buying it due to how fast it is when it comes to completing a job.
It is also important for you to focus on the brand that you want to buy the machine from. Make sure that you buy from a brand that many people know about because their products rarely disappoint. Brands that are known by many people are known to be quite careful when it comes to how they manufacture their products because they can never want to spoil the good name that they have in the industry. If you buy your machine from a newly established company it is usually not a good idea because you can never be certain if their machines will give you service for a long time or they will end up disappointing you after a while. Companies charge differently when it comes to how much the machines go for therefore you will find that some brands their trowel machine is too expensive than others. The price differs a lot, but you don't have to worry because there are some brands that their machines are not too expensive.
The cannabis and hemp plants are imperative in our lives due to the extracts we obtain from them. However, there is this perception that the cannabis is for the recreational purposes only. You should know that the CBD oil will have several uses when we come to the field of medicine. A good example of the medical help is the ability of the CBD oil to induce sleep to the patients who do not fall asleep easily. It is crucial to point out that the CBD oil is a primary extract which comes from cannabis. The cannabidiol oil cannot only be obtained from the cannabis plants as the hemp plants are the other source. You should research from various books regarding the help of the CBD products to your health as there are many medical applications which they have.
In the present times, there are even CBD products for pets such as the dogs. Purchasing the cannabidiol products for your pets is very beneficial in many ways, for example, they are anesthetic hence will help to reduce the pain which they may have. When looking forward to buying the cannabidiol products, it will be suitable if you will go for the best dealer. Reading through this article, I will give you the suitable ways which you can follow when finding the reliable CBD oil dealer.
First and foremost, choose the dealer who will have a good reputation in the providing the best products. It will be essential if you will go for the reputable dealers as they will never sell you the products which will be substandard about quality. You should make sure that you go for the cannabidiol oil which exhibits high quality as they will not interfere with the health of your body. If you want to make the accurate decision about the cannabidiol oils, is by making sure that you will read the information on the containers of the cannabidiol oil.
Go for the dealer who will have a long duration in doing business. You should aim at such experienced dealers as they will exhibit perfection in their work and thus will make you have the best services. The additional benefit of the experienced dealers is that they will be specific when it comes to the place where they source their products from.
It is suitable to go for the vendor who has a work permit from the relevant authorities. The benefit of going for such dealers is that they will always be conscious of the law and thus will in one way or the other make you have the best experience with them. You should, therefore, find it prudent to verify the papers which the manager of the CBD products shop have before making any engagement with them.
The weekend is the perfect time to enjoy with your friends and family. It's amazing how you're able to laugh and play games for the entire time. You can make the time more special with some fun water activities. Planning these parties will require you to hire a professional to ensure that everything goes according to plan.
There are a lot of ways in which you can have fun in this day and age. There are companies that would be more than willing to help you out. A reputable planner would take care of everything from start to finish. You'll surely have a great venue and so many activities to participate in. Of course, since you want this job to be done very well, you need to hire the right kind of professionals. There is no doubt that you would be able to achieve this with some homework of your own.
The first thing you need to do is go online. The ideas would flow freely when you have online resources to provide reliable information. Most of them will claim to serve you better but you need to make that decision for yourself. By talking to the representatives of these agencies, making your decision would become a lot easier. You would definitely have an easier time planning fun water activities when you do this.
While this is a party that involves fun, it's actually so much more than that. You want to celebrate life's victories with them. You will definitely have a big smile on your face when this plan becomes successful. It takes fun to an entirely different level. There are lots of activities that could fulfill your entire weekend. Water can definitely take it to a whole new level.
You can find the right people for the job when engaging in a bit of research. There's going to be something new this weekend that would put a smile on your face. Everything would love and be able to participate in it as well. The water would provide them so much enjoyment. There is nothing that would be able to top the feeling of being in the water. There is really so much joy that can be brought by fun water activities.
For sure, you will have had some friends who have participated in such activities. They will be able to help on this matter so make sure to ask for personal feedback. They also know your standards and that would definitely help. They know your standards when it comes to having fun.
While you can read company websites, be sure to take a look at the reviews before making a decision. You need to be fully aware of a company's services before making a decision.
People seek treatment in hospitals for various conditions. The patients can be given medicines and allowed to go home if they are not very ill. Patients who develop severe problems are admitted in the wards, and their health situation monitored from the hospitals. All hospitals need to have different medical devices so that the patients are appropriately treated. The devices include the syringes, surgical blades and other equipment that can be used in the theatres to carry out an operation. The dentist use special devices when they are extracting teeth from the patients. It is therefore necessary for every health facility to select the right company that will provide the devices.
It is important for the hospitals to check out if the medical device company has qualified engineers who can manufacture the devices. When the medical devices are being manufactured, in the plant, the engineers have to be present so that they can confirm that all the procedures have been followed. This is particularly important because if they skip a single step in the manufacturing process, the outcome will not be good.
It is the preference of some hospitals to have all their medical devices from a single company. The hospital needs to find out about the cost the manufacturing company is going to charge them for the services rendered. The hospital has to design a budget if its priorities. The cost has to be affordable to the hospital, and so they should select wisely. The devices being manufactured should be of good quality so that they can last long. The medical device company should also produce devices that are stainless because most of the medical devices are metallic and can be affected by rust.
It may also be necessary for the hospitals to consider asking relatives or people who might have benefited from the manufacturing companies. The reputation of the company is also crucial as it will determine whether more customers will be interested in their devices or not. Safety should be observed by the hospital staff when handling the medical devices. Medical personnel needs to exercise caution when handling patients so that they do not get infected while treating them. It is advisable for every doctor to wear gloves when handling the patients. The medical devices should also be sterilized thoroughly after use so that germs are not passed from one person to another.
San Jose, Costa Rica has some exceptional hotels. A lot of them have spas that offer treatment packages. Before settling on any of the choices in spa packages that are on the table, it is very important to think through a number of key factors. Here are some tips of choosing a hotel with a spa package in San Jose, Costa Rica.
The first you need to do is to carry out some research. Note down a few of the most reputable ones for more evaluation. Check the websites to see what more you can learn about the spa packages available. Make use of the applications that are used to compare the hotels to see more about this as well. Use the social media platforms, the online forums and the blogs to see what the online community has to say about this. It is also wise to check the reviews and comments that others have left behind after enjoying the spa packages.
Considering the cost is also very important. Confirm if there are vouchers available that you can use to pay for the spa package and how you can get the vouchers at a lower price. See if there are any discounts or ongoing promotions that you can take advantage of when in the hotel and that will reduce your expenditure.
Don't look out for amenities the internet says you should have at the hotel, find what you love. If you are going for a vacation, you might want to enjoy your time in a spa. If you want a spa, find a hotel in San Jose that will give you a spa package that you can't turn down. Because you are looking for something that will please you, find a hotel that will give you the best deal. You need to find deals that you can compare to find the very best spa package for you. Find a package that is focused on making you happy as the customer.
Another very crucial thing to look out for is the customer service at the hotel. The hotel and hospitality industry is based on giving services so they should give nothing but the best. You are paying them to treat you like a king or queen so you better make sure that you don't get any less. You can test the customer services by calling the hotel first. If they take too long to take your call or are dismiss your questions then move on to the next one on your list.
You would also need to know where the hotel is located. If the hotel is located too far from important destinations, they might not mention is on their website. If you would want to be close to tourist attractions and the malls, find a hotel that is close to those locations.


The U.S. equity markets were getting oversold on the daily charts and I was looking to buy the exchange traded funds which mirror the U.S. equity markets for a trade only if the Dow Jones Industrial Average pulled into the 17,100-17,300 range. The Dow Jones Industrial Average never entered my range and has now pushed up above the 17,700 level following Janet Yellen's dovish speech yesterday. Once again central bank intervention has been successful in pushing up the U.S. equity markets.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average is in the 17,400-17,900 range where I stated that if I was a long term investor I would be looking to sell any long positions in equities, mutual funds, and/or exchange traded funds. This is not a time to be complacent. Last week it was reported that over three billion dollars had been taken out of mutual funds and many investors were starting to utilize exchange traded funds. Investing with exchange traded funds allows one to enter and exit the markets as they wish, taking advantage of moves on both the upside and downside. In addition one pays minimal execution fees compared to the 2-5% management fees charged by a mutual fund or wealth manager.
The U.S. equity markets are now extremely overbought on the daily and weekly charts. I got a buy signal on the weekly chart for the exchange traded fund SPY when it closed at 202.76 on March 11th. Since I got that buy signal the Dow Jones Industrial Average has rallied almost 600 points. Going forward I anticipate a series of pullbacks in the U.S. equity markets over the next 5-8 weeks. I expect this upward momentum to be exhausted by the end of May and we will see a repeat of 2015 with significantly lower prices coming in the summer. If the Dow Jones Industrial Average pushes up into the 17,900-18,500 range I would potentially be looking to short the U.S. equity markets using exchange traded funds. With this morning's gap up opening, there are now four gaps below on the daily chart for SPY. These gaps go down to the 182.86 level, equivalent to approximately the 15,500 level on the Dow Jones Industrial Average. I expect these gaps below to be filled on the move down I anticipate this summer. Once these gaps are filled I believe the U.S. equity markets could possibly push down to new lows for 2016.
This rally has not been based on economic growth or strong corporate earnings. Economies are slowing worldwide. The European economy is almost in a deflationary environment, and the Japanese economy has been fighting off deflation for over a decade. In addition the U.S. economy is not growing with GDP below 1.25%. The U.S. equity markets have rallied because of central bank intervention and short covering. The Bank of Japan adopted negative interest rates and the European Central Bank (ECB) enacted additional quantitative easing measures. At the March meeting the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced that they are now only forecasting 2 rate hikes in 2016 after forecasting 4 rate hikes at the December 2015 meeting. I do not expect the FOMC to raise the federal funds rate before the November U.S. presidential election. Yesterday Janet Yellen talked up the U.S. equity markets with dovish language. Although the U.S. equity markets have rallied the U.S. economy is still weak. This underlying weakness in the economy will eventually catch up to the U.S. equity markets.
After the December 2015 meeting when the federal funds rate was raised to 0.25% the FOMC stated that they had confidence in the U.S. economy and were forecasting four rate hikes in 2016 with a target of 3.25-3.50% by 2018. This was a very aggressive forecast and I did not see it coming to fruition. At the December 2015 meeting the FOMC also stated that they expected their 2% inflation target to be met in 2016. I respectfully disagreed and did not expect their inflation target to be met. Yesterday Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen gave a speech at the Economic Club of New York. She was concerned by some of the low inflation readings and stated that inflation is likely to remain below the Federal Reserve's 2% target in 2016. She stated that the Federal Reserve could potentially enact additional stimulus if needed. In addition she said that the global economic situation influenced the decision to decrease the amount of rate hikes forecast for 2016 and that another price drop in crude oil could hurt global economies.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed up 83.55 (0.47%) at 17,716.66, the NASDAQ Composite closed up 22.67 (0.47%) at 4,869.29, the S&P 500 closed up 8.94 (0.44%) at 2,063.95, and the Russell 2000 closed up 1.36 (0.12%) at 1,110.44.
Crude oil pushed up following the slightly bullish crude oil inventory number but was met by heavy selling. Fundamentally nothing has changed in crude oil. Crude oil inventories are at a record high (over one billion barrels worldwide) and are increasing further with production continuing to outpace demand. There are talks of a meeting to discuss a production freeze; however with current production levels a freeze would not do much and there are no talks of a production cut.
If crude oil closes below the 36.15 level on a daily basis, I will get a sell signal in crude oil on the daily charts and I would expect crude oil to head a lot lower.
Crude oil was down 0.19 (0.49%) today, closing at 38.30.
I am currently on the sidelines in gold.
I have been very bullish gold since I got a buy signal on the weekly chart with the close above the 1,131.30 level on February 5th. There is a beautiful pattern setting up on the weekly chart in gold. I am waiting for March's employment situation to be released this Friday, April 1st before I would be looking to enter the gold market.
Gold was down 17.60 (1.42%) today, closing at 1226.60.


text:
Elden Ring 2: Why a sequel isn't as inevitable as you think
Will the Tarnished return?
Hayes Madsen
FromSoftware has become one of the most critically-acclaimed developers in recent years, and the influence of the Dark Souls series simply can't be overstated. FromSoftware is no stranger to success, but Elden Ring has become one of their most influential titles. In just three weeks Elden Ring sold 12 million copies, outpacing their previous best-selling game, Dark Souls 3 at 10 million lifetime sales. It begs the question, what's next for FromSoftware, and will there be an Elden Ring 2?
The most obvious thing to get out of the way is that it's incredibly likely Elden Ring will get some kind of DLC expansion in the future. FromSoftware released hefty expansions for all three Dark Souls games — as well as Bloodborne. (Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice is an exception.) Because Elden Ring falls more in line with traditional Souls experiences, it seems very likely we'll see DLC, especially considering the game has so much history and lore that remains unexplored. The question of a sequel is a different story, however.
FromSoftware is a storied developer that's been around since the early 90s and has dozens of different titles under its belt. Since the release of Dark Souls 2, the studio has been working almost exclusively on Souls-like experiences. These have become the studio's bread and butter, and no other developer has managed to replicate the recipe. Despite that, it's easy to see how FromSoftware would want to branch off and try creating new experiences.
Before Souls games FromSoftware was best known for the Armored Core series with the last game, Armored Core: Verdict Day, releasing in 2013. FromSoftware
In a 2016 interview with 4Gamer, director of the Souls series Hidetaka Miyazaki said "we're going to put the Dark Souls series on hold for a while." Of course, we still saw the release of Sekiro and Elden Ring, but it's clear that FromSoftware doesn't want to be confined to only making games like them. Because of that sentiment, it's unlikely that the studio will be in any rush to make Elden Ring 2. There's also the possibility that Elden Ring's publisher Bandai Namco could feel differently, and wants to see a sequel sooner rather than later. This creates a couple of different options.
FromSoftware is a developer that's put out nothing but massive hits for years, and because of that Bandai Namco is likely more willing to let the developer do what it wants. There have been strong rumors about From working on a new Armored Core game, with a report circulating earlier this year that the studio was putting out a survey that contained screenshots, plot details, and more on the new game. All signs point to Armored Core 6 being the next game the studio puts out, but other projects will likely be in the early stages of production.
Elden Ring became FromSoftware's most profitable title ever in just three weeks. Bandai Namco
Because Bandai Namco owns the Elden Ring IP, it's possible the studio could move forward on another game without FromSoftware, even though that seems unlikely. A more viable option seems like a different team making a sequel, or at least starting production. FromSoftware is made up of roughly 330 employees, meaning there are likely multiple teams on different projects. Elden Ring 2 could be worked on by different members of FromSoftware, much like Dark Souls 2, which was directed by Tomohiro Shibuya and Yui Tanimura, instead of Miyazaki.
Elden Ring was first announced at E3 2019, meaning it took roughly three years from announcement to release. Because of the game's success it seems inevitable there will be another game eventually, but that's likely four years out, at the very least. Games that have comparable starting sales to Elden Ring are all parts of massive franchises with multiple entries, like Breath of the Wild's 4 million in one month, Skyrim's ten million in one month, and Red Dead Redemption 2's 17 million after two weeks of release. Success in the gaming industry tends to breed sequels, so Elden Ring 2 seems a question of when, rather than if.
Wo Long: Fallen Dynasty is the best Soulslike since Elden Ring
By Joseph Yaden
How that wild Forspoken ending sets up a potential sequel
By Hayes Madsen
You need to play the most hardcore sci-fi platformer ASAP
By David Grossman


Carpet gripper strips are described by characteristics such as fixing and accessories. An example use may be within an edge-fixed carpeting system.
Complete this electronic spreadsheet to ensure that your Carpet gripper strips product information meets the requirements of Level 2 BIM. This is important as it will enable your customers to select, specify and use your products within the BIM environment. Once you have completed this template you can host it on your own website or distribute it to your customers. Please note that we do not host completed product data templates within the BIM Toolkit.
Manufacturer The Manufacturer of the Carpet gripper strips.
Fixing method An example value being Masonry flooring nails.
Accessories An example value being Radiator pipe roses.


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ABRAHAM IBN AKRA BEN SOLOMON – See Abraham ben Solomon Akra.
ABRAHAM IBN ALFAKAR – See Alfakar, Abraham ibn.
ABRAHAM ALASHKAR – See Alashkar, Abraham.
ABRAHAM ALFAQUIN – See Alfaquin, Abraham.
ABRAHAM ALGAZI – See Algazi, Abraham.
ABRAHAM AL-TABIB – See Al-Tabib, Abraham.
ABRAHAM AMIGO – See Amigo, Abraham.
ABRAHAM OF ARAGON – A skilful oculist, who flourished in the middle of the thirteenth century. Shortly after the Council of Béziers, in 1246, had forbidden Jewish physicians to practise, Abraham was requested by Alphonse, count of Poitou and...
ABRAHAM ARYEH LOEB B. JUDAH HA-LEVI – A Talmudic author and rabbi, who lived at Stryzhow (Galicia, Austria) at the close of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth. His works, bearing the general title "Derishat Ari" (A Lion's Comment), contain:...
ABRAHAM (ASHER JACOB) BEN ARYEH LOEB ḲALMANḲES – See Asher, Jacob Abraham ben Aryeh Loeb Ḳalmanḳes.
ABRAHAM (BEN GEDALIAH) BEN ASHER – A commentator; native of Safed, Syria; held rabbinical office at Aleppo in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was a pupil of Joseph Caro (1488-1575), with whom in later years he maintained a learned correspondence....
ABRAHAM BEN ASUS DE BOURGUEIL – See Burgil Family.
ABRAHAM AUERBACH – See Auerbach, Abraham.
ABRAHAM OF AUGSBURG – Proselyte to Judaism; died a martyr's death Nov. 21, 1265. He seems to have adopted his new faith with such enthusiasm that he publicly assailed Christianity and attacked images of the saints, for which he was sentenced to...
ABRAHAM OF AVILA – A pseudo-Messiah and wonder-worker, who lived at the end of the thirteenth century. There seems to be some doubt concerning the name of this man, though the facts are well attested by Solomon ben Adret and the apostate Abner of...
ABRAHAM BEN AZRIEL OF BOHEMIA – A Bohemian Talmudist and grammarian, who flourished in the first half of the thirteenth century and probably lived at Prague. Among his works, yet unpublished, is a commentary on the Maḥzor, entitled "Arugat ha-Bosem" (Bed of...
ABRAHAM BALI BEN JACOB – See Bali, Abraham.
ABRAHAM DE BALMES BEN MEIR – Italian physician and translator of the early sixteenth century; born at Lecce, in the old kingdom of Naples; died at Venice, 1523. A short time before his death he was physician in ordinary to the cardinal Dominico Grimani at...
ABRAHAM BEN BARUCH – Writer on ritual; brother of Meir of Rothenburg; lived in southern Germany about the end of the thirteenth century. He wrote "Sefer Sinai" (The Book of Sinai), a collection of legal and ritualistic decisions, compiled from...
ABRAHAM BEN BARUCH MIZRAḤI – See MizraḤi, Abraham ben Baruch.
ABRAHAM OF BEJA – A learned Jew who lived in Alemtejo, Portugal, during the latter half of the fifteenth century. Being an extensive traveler, he knew many languages, and for that reason King John II. ordered him to accompany Joseph Zapateiro of...
ABRAHAM BENDIG – See Bendig, Abraham.
ABRAHAM BEN BENJAMIN AARON – A Polish Talmudist of the first half of the seventeenth century; died at Brest, Lithuania, in 1642. He was rabbi at Tarnopol in 1636, and officiated in other Polish towns. In the latter year he was called to the rabbinate of...
ABRAHAM BEN BENJAMIN ZE'EB BRISKER – Polish author of the seventeenth century; went to Vienna, and, on the expulsion of the Jews from that city in 1670, went to Brest, Lithuania, where he married a daughter of Elijah Lipschütz. He was the author of "'Asarah...
ABRAHAM BENVENISTE – See Benveniste, Abraham.


With beach season in full swing, beach hair is a major topic— whether it be products to use or beach friendly up-do's. I've been obsessed with head scarves and have some suggestions for dressing up your seaside look with some affordable beach inspired hair accessories to compliment any style. Check them out.
Head Wraps: Head wraps like this Knotted Southwestern Headwrap ($3.80, Forever 21) are huge this beach season. They give off a laid-back bohemian feel even if you aren't so laid back or bohemian. They work great on the beach because they look great any which way your salty-hair falls.
Chain Wraps: If your looking for a less laid back and more formal look for the beach, chain wraps are a great addition. We've seen the body chain trend come and go, so now its time to take it on in a similar more subtle manner. You will feel like a beach goddess with something like this delicate one ($12.00, Urban Outfitters).
Hair Clip: This is simple yet fantastic for long beach days. I never step on to the sand without one. It looks great in dry or wet hair. You can wear it with every strand of your hair clipped back into it or let your long locks flow out the top. There are cuter designs like this France Luxe Small Couture Jaw clip ($26.00, Nordstrom) but a simple black one will do the job all the same.
Bun Wraps: These serve as a sort of ponytail holder for topknots. Only they're 10 times cuter. These wraps hold you hair a bit looser then a ponytail holder, which makes for a great messy beach look and won't cause split ends. Free People has a wide variety available in many different colors ($18.00, Free People).


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Like Fine Wines, Fine Olive Oils Boast Subtle Joys Gourmet olive oil is a lot like wine — and easily as expensive a habit. Sixteen-ounce bottles of the finest oil can run $30 or more, giving new meaning to Homer's description of it as "liquid gold."
Kitchen Window
A Weekly Peek Into The Kitchen With Tasty Tales And Recipes
Like Fine Wines, Fine Olive Oils Boast Subtle Joys
October 18, 20061:10 AM ET
Howard Yoon
Homer called olive oil "liquid gold." Some gourmet olive oils cost $30 for 16 ounces. The ideal blend of olives for a fine oil is a majority of red-ripe olives and a smaller amount of a different green variety. Scroll down for recipes for croquettes, cake (yes, cake!) and more. Howard Yoon hide caption
Homer called olive oil "liquid gold." Some gourmet olive oils cost $30 for 16 ounces. The ideal blend of olives for a fine oil is a majority of red-ripe olives and a smaller amount of a different green variety. Scroll down for recipes for croquettes, cake (yes, cake!) and more.
"What do you smell?" she asked.
I leaned over and sniffed the bottle in her hands.
"Floral," I said. She scrunched her face. Clearly, I had more to learn.
Frances Chastang is the packaged food buyer for the gourmet store, Dean & Deluca, in Washington, D.C. She is the region's resident expert on olive oil and even teaches a class on the subject at the Smithsonian.
When I stopped by recently to ask for a few pointers on picking an extra-virgin olive oil, she graciously offered to give me a crash course and an informal tasting, similar to what one would experience with wines. My "floral" mistake was early in the lesson.
Gourmet olive oil, in fact, is a lot like wine — and easily as expensive a habit. Sixteen-ounce bottles of the finest oil can run $30 or more, giving new meaning to Homer's description of it as "liquid gold."
How to Taste Olive Oil
When sampling a gourmet olive oil, try it on its own to detect the subtleties of flavor. Smell the oil first, then taste it. How does it feel on your tongue? Thick like motor oil or slippery and light?
What do you sense immediately and then what do you taste as it hits the back of your throat, where hot and peppery flavors linger? You may notice a hint of familiar fruits or vegetables: lemons, pears, tomatoes, apples, avocado or nuts.
An oil's color does not indicate its flavor. A yellow oil may be hot and peppery while a green oil can be bland.
Remember, like wine, it doesn't matter how much you spend on an oil. What matters is whether you like it. But the better the oil, the more likely it can hold up on its own rather than be masked by other flavors or muted by heat.
Olive oil can vary widely in taste and price, depending on where it's from and who made it. Spain is the largest producer of olive oil, Italy the most famous. But every country in the Mediterranean proudly bottles its own and proclaims its own the best.
Experts agree, however, that the best-tasting olive oils use the highest-quality olives — the fruit of the olive tree — plucked at the optimal time and processed under ideal conditions.
Pick too soon and the olives will be green and hard, yielding a bitter oil. Wait too long and the olives will have turned black (green olives turn reddish-green then black as they ripen on the tree), and may have lost their essential flavors. The ideal blend is a majority of red-ripe olives and a smaller amount of a different green variety.
Higher-end oil makers rake or brush their olives from the trees and use nets to catch the falling fruit to minimize bruising. Once off the tree, olives begin to oxidize immediately, increasing unwanted acidity levels of the fruit. That's why the finest oils are pressed within 24 hours of picking.
Heat also affects the taste and chemical composition of olives, which is why some oils boast the term "cold pressing" or "first cold pressing" on their labels.
Once harvested, the basic technique of extracting oil dates back to before the ancient Greeks. Fresh olives are crushed or milled, pits and all, into a paste, which is then spread onto sheets of mesh fabric. The sheets are stacked on top of one another, then pressed with a machine to allow the oil to seep down into a holding container. New technology now allows large centrifuges to perform all these steps at once.
In ancient times, the first pressing of olive paste netted the most prized and fragrant batch of oil, usually only 40 percent of the entire yield. The remaining paste would be mixed with water and squeezed for a second pressing. Technical advances enable the "first press" to net roughly 90 percent of the entire juice of an olive.
Fine olive oils, like fine wines, come in beautiful bottles — and aficionados hold tastings, just as oenophiles do. Howard Yoon hide caption
Fine olive oils, like fine wines, come in beautiful bottles — and aficionados hold tastings, just as oenophiles do.
Based on guidelines set by the International Olive Oil Council, which governs 95 percent of international olive oil production, a "virgin" olive oil has not been refined in any way and has no more than 2 grams of acidity per 100 grams of oil. Extra-virgin olive oil must have no more than .8 grams of acidity, and must also display perfect aroma and flavor.
The finest extra-virgin olive oils should not be used as a medium for hot cooking, but rather as a condiment or a finisher on top of your favorite savory foods. They are expensive, but if stored properly they will last for up to a year and will certainly impress your dinner guests.
What foods go well with gourmet olive oil? My chef-friend Kenny has a wonderful rule of thumb: "Never use olive oil on anything east of the Khyber Pass."
Howard Yoon is the editorial director of the Gail Ross Literary Agency in Washington, D.C. He has written and edited numerous nonfiction books.
Cranking Up Savory Sorbet Sept. 6, 2006
What's in a Name? The Avocado Story July 19, 2006
The Beet Goes On May 17, 2006
Turning a New Leaf on a Misunderstood Sprout Nov. 23, 2005
Good olive oil captures the bright essence of fresh olives. It can be drizzled generously on all savory Mediterranean foods — everything from bowls of hummus to roasted lamb or grilled Branzini to your favorite pizza.
If you prefer going the minimalist route, mix the oil with roasted garlic, fresh herbs such as rosemary or sage, cracked pepper and kosher salt, and serve with pieces of crusty bread to use as a sponge.
If you really want to go hardcore, try the olive oil straight from a shot glass or spoon. You'll taste its true complexity and come up with ways to pair it best with food.
I learned this during my short course at Dean & Deluca. There I stood, plastic spoon in hand, a patient supplicant to this golden liquid in a bottle.
My 11th tasting was an oil called Capazzana, from the hilly Carmignano region of northern Italy. Olive has been produced in this area since the ninth century under the reign of Charlemagne.
As soon as the oil hit my tongue, my mouth and brain went into a frenzied game of flavor matching based on the criteria Chastang had given me.
Good oil, again like good wine, takes on different characteristics as it travels down your throat. It can be grassy or peppery. It can taste of apples or artichokes, nuts or chocolate.
This particular oil had a smooth front body, nice grassy tones, and a pleasantly sweet finish. There was an undertone of pepper, but not, as with the signature Dean & Deluca oil, the overpowering pepper that burned like a bright fire in the back of my throat. (I would later learn the peppery flavor registers most intensely on the mucous membranes near the esophagus.)
I imagined drizzling this oil over something simple but satisfying — maybe a salad of fresh field greens and herbs, or slices of grilled zucchini and eggplant. I told Chastang and she finally smiled. It made my day.
That's when I saw the bouquet of fresh flowers on the counter next to us. OK, maybe the flowers, not the oil, were the source of the floral smell. No matter. My noticing skills were vastly improved.
Read last week's Kitchen Window.
Get more recipe ideas from the Kitchen Window archive.
Potato Croquettes
October 18, 20066:33 PM ET
Olive oil is a surprisingly good choice for deep-frying. The oil has a high smoke point and retains its flavor after several uses. Try frying this classic Mediterranean dish in standard olive oil. Save the extra-virgin for something special. Throw in some cooked ham or pancetta for a little kick.
Makes 10-14 croquettes
2 pounds Yukon Gold potatoes, peeled, cut into cubes and boiled until a knife cuts easily through
2/3 cup freshly grated Parmigiano Reggiano
1 cup Japanese panko breadcrumbs (found in the ethnic section of the grocery store)
In a medium-sized cast iron skillet, heat 3 to 4 inches of oil to 375 degrees. Check the temperature using a deep-fry thermometer.
Put the potatoes through a ricer or a food mill and collect in a large bowl. Stir three of the eggs and the cheese into the potatoes and mix well. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
Combine the fourth egg and the milk.
Create an assembly line on your counter: one plate with the flour, one shallow bowl with the egg-and-milk mixture, and one final plate with the breadcrumbs.
Shape the potato mixture into small egg shapes with your hands. You may want to flour your hands to prevent sticking. Roll the croquette lightly in flour, then roll in the egg mixture, and finally, the breadcrumbs. Continue until potato mixture runs out.
Carefully place croquettes, a few at a time, in the hot oil and fry to a deep, golden brown, about 3 to 5 minutes. Remove and drain on paper towels. Serve immediately.
Infused Roasted Garlic Oil
The better the olive oil, the more it should stand alone as a flavor. This dish is always a favorite at cocktail parties. Experiment with different herbs -- rosemary, thyme, sage -- and salts to match your taste. I've found that sticking with one herb per batch works best. Use a bold, peppery oil for this appetizer.
Makes 6 appetizer servings
5 cloves of roasted garlic (see recipe below)
1/4 cup fine extra-virgin olive oil
Cracked black pepper
Chopped fresh herbs (optional)
1 fresh baguette or kalamata olive loaf, warmed and cut into square chunks
Mash garlic (and chopped herbs, if you're using) in oil. Salt and pepper generously to taste. Serve in a small dipping bowl with pieces of crusty bread for dipping.
Cut one head of garlic crossways. Sprinkle exposed garlic flesh with kosher salt and extra-virgin olive oil. Combine the two sides to form the head again and wrap loosely in aluminum foil. Roast at 375 degrees for 45 minutes, or until roasted garlic oozes out of its skin with a slight squeeze of the fingers. The roasted garlic cloves should be soft to the touch but not mushy.
Olive oil in cake? You'll be surprised how the olive oil keeps the cake super moist. Make sure you use a floral olive oil rather than, say, a peppery one. This recipe is from Holiday Baking: New And Traditional Recipes for Wintertime Holidays, by Sarah Perry (Chronicle Books 2005).
2 eggs, at room temperature
1/2 cup fruity extra-virgin olive oil
1 1/2 tablespoons grated orange zest (from about 3 medium oranges)
1 tablespoon of orange liqueur (Grand Marnier or Cointreau)
1/4 to 1/3 cup sliced toasted almonds
2 tablespoons marmalade, warmed in the microwave
1 tablespoon powdered sugar
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Lightly grease the bottom and sides of a 9-inch round cake pan with cooking spray. Line the bottom with a round of parchment or waxed paper.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt.
In another medium bowl, whisk together the eggs and sugar until well blended, about 1 minute. Whisk in the olive oil, milk, orange zest and orange liqueur.
Whisk the egg mixture into the flour mixture until thoroughly blended.
Pour the batter into the prepared pan and bake until the cake is firm and a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean, about 30 minutes. Transfer the pan to a rack to cool for 20 minutes.
Meanwhile, scatter the almonds in a single layer on a small baking sheet or pan and toast in the oven until slightly brown, 8 to 10 minutes.
To serve, unmold the cake, remove the parchment paper, and place the cake on a flat serving plate. Using a pastry brush, coat the sides of the cake and a 1-inch rim along the top with the warm marmalade, arranging any bits of peel along the rim. (If the marmalade is too thick, add 1/4 teaspoon warm water and stir.) Press the almonds onto the sticky top rim. Using a fine sieve, lightly dust the powdered sugar evenly over the top. Serve warm or at room temperature.
Olive Oil's Ancient History
Olive oil is one of civilization's oldest foods, dating to at least the 10th century B.C. The word "oil" actually is derived from the same root as "olive."
In the Book of Genesis, Noah knows the floodwaters have receded when he sees a dove carrying an olive branch — now a universal sign of peace. In Greek mythology, Zeus offered Attica to the god or goddess with the most useful invention. Athena, goddess of wisdom and peace, won the prize for her creation of the olive tree.
Olive oil was used in the Temple of Israel. The kings of Israel and Judah were anointed with olive oil, and from this ritual of anointing the Jews referred to their savior as "Messiah," Hebrew for "anointed one." Christ, too, is derived from the Greek word, Kristos, which is a direct translation of "anointed one."
Olive Oil's Healing Qualities
Olive oil has monounsaturated fats, the same "healthy" fat found in avocados and nuts. It contains no cholesterol and is rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Olives and olive oil are mainstays of a Mediterranean diet, which doctors believe helps reduce the risk of heart disease.
Olive oil is also used as a skin moisturizer.
One tablespoon of olive oil has 120 calories, but it's worth every one of them. Don't be fooled by "light" olive oil. The term denotes color alone and has the same number of calories as regular olive oil.
How to Store Olive Oil
The two biggest enemies of olive oil are sunlight and oxidation. The oil loses its flavor and begins to go rancid. Good olive oil usually comes in a dark bottle to protect the oil from the sun's rays. If you keep it in a cool, dark place and always keep the cork or screwtop on tightly, the oil should keep for up to a year.
If you prefer keeping your oil in the fridge, you may notice a separation of particles in the bottle. Don't be alarmed. Just allow it to warm to room temperature before using.
If you make herb-infused oils, be careful not to store them for more than a week. The water content in herbs and garlic will help promote bacteria buildup in the oil, which can eventually lead to botulism.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 111 › Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884)
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony
It is within the constitutional power of Congress to confer upon the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of a photograph the rights conferred by Rev.Stat. § 4952, so far as the photograph is a representation of original intellectual conceptions.
The object of the requirement in the Act of June 18, 1874, 18 Stat. 78, that notice of a copyright in a photograph shall be given by inscribing upon some visible portion of it the words Copyright, the date, and the name of the proprietor, is to give notice of the copyright to the public, and a notice which gives his surname and the initial letter of his given name is sufficient inscription of the name.
Whether a photograph is a mere mechanical reproduction or an original work of art is a question to be determined by proof of the facts of originality, of intellectual production, and of thought and conception on the part of the author, and when the copyright is disputed, it is important to establish those facts.
This was a suit for an infringement of a copyright in a photograph of one Oscar Wilde. The defense denied the constitutional right of Congress to confer rights of authorship on
the maker of a photograph, and also denied that the surname of the proprietor with the initial letter of his given name prefixed to it ("N. Sarony") inscribed on the photograph was a compliance with the provisions of the Act of June 18, 1874. 18 Stat. 78. The essential facts appear in the opinion of the Court. The judgment below was for the plaintiff. The writ of error was sued out by the defendant.
IN ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED
STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
MR. JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is a writ of error to the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York.
Plaintiff is a lithographer, and defendant a photographer, with large business in those lines in the City of New York. The suit was commenced by an action at law in which Sarony was plaintiff and the lithographic company was defendant, the plaintiff charging the defendant with violating his copyright in regard to a photograph, the title of which is "Oscar Wilde, No. 18." A jury being waived, the court made a finding of facts on which a judgment in favor of the plaintiff was rendered for the sum of $600 for the plates and 85,000 copies sold and exposed to sale, and $10 for copies found in his possession, as penalties under section 4965 of the Revised Statutes. Among the finding of facts made by the court, the following presents the principal question raised by the assignment of errors in the case:
"3. That the plaintiff, about the month of January, 1882, under an agreement with Oscar Wilde, became and was the author, inventor, designer, and proprietor of the photograph in suit, the title of which is 'Oscar Wilde, No. 18,' being the number used to designate this particular photograph and of the negative thereof; that the same is a useful, new, harmonious, characteristic, and graceful picture, and that said plaintiff made the same at his place of business in said City of New York, and within the United States, entirely from his own
original mental conception, to which he gave visible form by posing the said Oscar Wilde in front of the camera, selecting and arranging the costume, draperies, and other various accessories in said photograph, arranging the subject so as to present graceful outlines, arranging and disposing the light and shade, suggesting and evoking the desired expression, and from such disposition, arrangement, or representation, made entirely by the plaintiff, he produced the picture in suit, Exhibit A, April 14, 1882, and that the terms 'author,' 'inventor,' and 'designer,' as used in the art of photography and in the complaint, mean the person who so produced the photograph."
Other findings leave no doubt that plaintiff had taken all the steps required by the act of Congress to obtain copyright of this photograph, and section 4952 names photographs, among other things, for which the author, inventor, or designer may obtain copyright, which is to secure him the sole privilege of reprinting, publishing, copying, and vending the same. That defendant is liable, under that section and section 4965, there can be no question if those sections are valid as they relate to photographs.
Accordingly, the two assignments of error in this Court by plaintiff in error are:
1. That the court below decided that Congress had and has the constitutional right to protect photographs and negatives thereof by copyright.
The second assignment related to the sufficiency of the words "Copyright, 1882, by N. Sarony," in the photographs, as a notice of the copyright of Napoleon Sarony under the act of Congress on that subject.
With regard to this latter question, it is enough to say that the object of the statute is to give notice of the copyright to the public by placing upon each copy, in some visible shape, the name of the author, the existence of the claim of exclusive right, and the date at which this right was obtained.
This notice is sufficiently given by the words "Copyright, 1882, by N. Sarony," found on each copy of the photograph. It clearly shows that a copyright is asserted, the date of which is 1882, and if the name Sarony alone was used, it would be a
sufficient designation of the author until it is shown that there is some other Sarony.
When, in addition to this, the initial letter of the Christian name Napoleon is also given, the notice is complete.
The constitutional question is not free from difficulty.
The eighth section of the first article of the Constitution is the great repository of the powers of Congress, and by the eight clause of that section Congress is authorized
"To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries."
The argument here is that a photograph is not a writing nor the production of an author. Under the acts of Congress designed to give effect to this section, the persons who are to be benefited are divided into two classes -- authors and inventors. The monopoly which is granted to the former is called a copyright; that given to the latter, letters patent, or, in the familiar language of the present day, patent right.
We have then copyright and patent right, and it is the first of these under which plaintiff asserts a claim for relief.
It is insisted in argument that, a photograph being a reproduction, on paper, of the exact features of some natural object or of some person, is not a writing of which the producer is the author.
Section 4952 of the Revised Statutes places photographs in the same class as things which may be copyrighted with
"books, maps, charts, dramatic or musical compositions, engravings, cuts, prints, paintings, drawings, statues, statuary, and models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine arts."
"According to the practice of legislation in England and America," says Judge Bouvier, 2 Law Dictionary 363,
"the copyright is confined to the exclusive right secured to the author or proprietor of a writing or drawing which may be multiplied by the arts of printing in any of its branches."
The first Congress of the United States, sitting immediately after the formation of the Constitution, enacted that the
"author or authors of any map, chart, book, or books, being a
citizen or resident of the United States, shall have the sole right and liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, and vending the same for the period of fourteen years from the recording of the title thereof in the clerk's office, as afterwards directed."
1 Stat. 124, 1.
This statute not only makes maps and charts subjects of copyright, but mentions them before books in the order of designation. The second section of an act to amend this act, approved April 29, 1802, 2 Stat. 171, enacts that from the first day of January thereafter, he who shall invent and design, engrave, etch, or work, or from his own works shall cause to be designed and engraved, etched, or worked, any historical or other print or prints shall have the same exclusive right for the term of fourteen years from recording the title thereof as prescribed by law.
By the first section of the Act of February 3, 1831, 4 Stat. 436, entitled "An act to amend the several acts respecting copyright, musical compositions, and cuts, in connection with prints and engravings," are added, and the period of protection is extended to twenty-eight years. The caption or title of this act uses the word "copyright" for the first time in the legislation of Congress.
The construction placed upon the Constitution by the first act of 1790 and the act of 1802, by the men who were contemporary with its formation, many of whom were members of the convention which framed it, is of itself entitled to very great weight, and when it is remembered that the rights thus established have not been disputed during a period of nearly a century, it is almost conclusive.
Unless, therefore, photographs can be distinguished in the classification of this point from the maps, charts, designs, engravings, etchings, cuts, and other prints, it is difficult to see why Congress cannot make them the subject of copyright as well as the others.
These statutes certainly answer the objection that books only, or writing, in the limited sense of a book and its author, are within the constitutional provision. Both these words are susceptible of a more enlarged definition than this. An author in
that sense is "he to whom anything owes its origin; originator; maker; one who completes a work of science or literature." Worcester. So also no one would now claim that the word "writing" in this clause of the Constitution, though the only word used as to subjects in regard to which authors are to be secured, is limited to the actual script of the author, and excludes books and all other printed matter. By writings in that clause is meant the literary productions of those authors, and Congress very properly has declared these to include all forms of writing, printing, engravings, etchings, etc., by which the ideas in the mind of the author are given visible expression. The only reason why photographs were not included in the extended list in the act of 1802 is probably that they did not exist, as photography, as an art, was then unknown, and the scientific principle on which it rests, and the chemicals and machinery by which it is operated, have all been discovered long since that statute was enacted.
Nor is it supposed that the framers of the Constitution did not understand the nature of copyright and the objects to which it was commonly applied, for copyright, as the exclusive right of a man to the production of his own genius or intellect, existed in England at that time, and the contest in the English courts, finally decided, by a very close vote in the House of Lords, whether the statute of 8 Anne, c.19, which authorized copyright for a limited time, was a restraint to that extent on the common law or not, was then recent. It had attracted much attention, as the judgment of the King's Bench, delivered by Lord Mansfield, holding it was not such a restraint, in Millar v. Taylor, 4 Burrows 2303, decided in 1769, was overruled on appeal in the House of Lords in 1774. Id., 2408. In this and other cases, the whole question of the exclusive right to literary and intellectual productions had been freely discussed.
We entertain no doubt that the Constitution is broad enough to cover an act authorizing copyright of photographs, so far as they are representatives of original intellectual conceptions of the author.
But it is said that an engraving, a painting, a print, does embody
the intellectual conception of its author, in which there is novelty, invention, originality, and therefore comes within the purpose of the Constitution in securing its exclusive use or sale to its author, while a photograph is the mere mechanical reproduction of the physical features or outlines of some object, animate or inanimate, and involves no originality of thought or any novelty in the intellectual operation connected with its visible reproduction in shape of a picture. That while the effect of light on the prepared plate may have been a discovery in the production of these pictures, and patents could properly be obtained for the combination of the chemicals, for their application to the paper or other surface, for all the machinery by which the light reflected from the object was thrown on the prepared plate, and for all the improvements in this machinery, and in the materials, the remainder of the process is merely mechanical, with no place for novelty, invention, or originality. It is simply the manual operation, by the use of these instruments and preparations, of transferring to the plate the visible representation of some existing object, the accuracy of this representation being its highest merit.
This may be true in regard to the ordinary production of a photograph, and that in such case, a copyright is no protection. On the question as thus stated we decide nothing.
In regard, however, to the kindred subject of patents for invention, they cannot, by law, be issued to the inventor until the novelty, the utility, and the actual discovery or invention by the claimant have been established by proof before the Commissioner of Patents, and when he has secured such a patent, and undertakes to obtain redress for a violation of his right in a court of law, the question of invention, of novelty, of originality is always open to examination. Our copyright system has no such provision for previous examination by a proper tribunal as to the originality of the book, map, or other matter offered for copyright. A deposit of two copies of the article or work with the Librarian of Congress, with the name of the author and its title page, is all that is necessary to secure a copyright. It is therefore much more important that when the supposed author sues for a violation of his copyright, the
existence of those facts of originality, of intellectual production, of thought, and conception on the part of the author should be proved than in the case of a patent right. In the case before us, we think this has been done.
The third finding of facts says, in regard to the photograph in question, that it is a
"useful, new, harmonious, characteristic, and graceful picture, and that plaintiff made the same . . . entirely from his own original mental conception, to which he gave visible form by posing the said Oscar Wilde in front of the camera, selecting and arranging the costume, draperies, and other various accessories in said photograph, arranging the subject so as to present graceful outlines, arranging and disposing the light and shade, suggesting and evoking the desired expression, and from such disposition, arrangement, or representation, made entirely by plaintiff, he produced the picture in suit."
These findings, we think, show this photograph to be an original work of art, the product of plaintiff's intellectual invention, of which plaintiff is the author, and of a class of inventions for which the Constitution intended that Congress should secure to him the exclusive right to use, publish, and sell, as it has done by section 4952 of the Revised Statutes.
The question here presented is one of first impression under our Constitution, but an instructive case of the same class is that of Nottage v. Jackson, 11 Q.B.D. 627, decided in that court on appeal, August, 1883.
The first section of the Act of 25 & 26, Vict. c. 68, authorizes the author of a photograph, upon making registry of it under the Copyright Act of 1882, to have a monopoly of its reproduction and multiplication during the life of the author.
The plaintiffs in that case described themselves as the authors of the photograph which was pirated in the registration of it. It appeared that they had arranged with the captain of the Australian cricketers to take a photograph of the whole team in a group, and they sent one of the artists in their employ from London to some country town to do it. The question in the case was whether the plaintiffs, who owned the establishment in London where the photographs
were made from the negative and were sold, and who had the negative taken by one of their men, were the authors or the man who, for their benefit, took the negative. It was held that the latter was the author, and the action failed because plaintiffs had described themselves as authors.
Brett, M.R., said in regard to who was the author:
"The nearest I can come to is that it is the person who effectively is as near as he can be the cause of the picture which is produced -- that is, the person who has superintended the arrangement, who has actually formed the picture by putting the persons in position, and arranging the place where the people are to be -- the man who is the effective cause of that."
Lord Justice Cotton said:
"In my opinion, 'author' involves originating, making, producing, as the inventive or mastermind, the thing which is to be protected, whether it be a drawing, or a painting, or a photograph,"
and Lord Justice Bowen says that photography is to be treated for the purposes of the act as an art, and the author is the man who really represents, creates, or gives effect to the idea, fancy, or imagination.
The appeal of plaintiffs from the original judgment against them was accordingly dismissed.
These views of the nature of authorship and of originality, intellectual creation, and right to protection confirm what we have already said.
The judgment of the circuit court is accordingly affirmed.


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Q: moveTo messing up cells outside the range im rearranging a spreadsheet using google script. I am first sorting it and then moving some rows within a range to the end of the sheet. Everytime i do the moveTo function some cells that reference the moved rows get changed to reflect the new row numbers even though the cells are outside my range and should not be modified. For example if im moving cell b3 and i have cell f4 =b3 then when i move b3 cell f4 changes to be whatever b3 is now. i tried locking it with =b$3 but still didnt work. Also it messes up the conditional formatting that should be in place for the entire column using something like "d2:e" and it changes to be something like "d2:e109" or something similar. Any clue whats going on?
function onEdit(){
  var sheet = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSpreadsheet().getActiveSheet();
  var allowedSheet = 1;
  if(sheet.getIndex() == allowedSheet) {
    var editedCell = sheet.getActiveCell();

    var sortBy = [1, 3, 2];
    var triggerCol = [1,2,3,10,11,12];
    var rangeStart = "A";
    var rangeEnd = "E";
    var tableRange = "A2:E";

    if(triggerCol.indexOf(editedCell.getColumn()) > -1) {
      var range = sheet.getRange(tableRange);
      range.sort([{column: sortBy[0], ascending: true}, {column: sortBy[1], ascending: false}, {column: sortBy[2], ascending: true}]);

      var indexOfIncome = find( sheet, 2, "Income");
      if( indexOfIncome > 0 ){
        var overflowRange = sheet.getRange("A2:E" + (indexOfIncome - 1 ));
        var lastRow = findFirstEmptyCell( sheet, 1 );
        overflowRange.moveTo(sheet.getRange("A" + ( lastRow )));

        var fullRange = sheet.getRange(rangeStart + indexOfIncome + ":" + rangeEnd);
        fullRange.moveTo(sheet.getRange(rangeStart + "2"));
      }
    }
  }
}

function find( sheet, column, value ) {
  var data = sheet.getRange(1, column, sheet.getMaxRows()).getValues();
  for( i = 0; i < sheet.getMaxRows(); i++ ){
    if (data[i][0].toString().indexOf(value) > -1 ) {
      return i + 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

function findFirstEmptyCell ( sheet, column ){
  var data = sheet.getRange( 1, column, sheet.getMaxRows() ).getValues();
  for( i = 0; i < sheet.getMaxRows() ; i++ ){
    if( data[i][0] == "" ){
      return i + 1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

A: It's an expected behaviour, moveTo works just like Cut (Ctrl+X), while your looking for Copy+Paste then delete original content, which should be copyTo(newRange) associated with clear(oldRange).

A: I got it to work by using copy and then clearing. Now why in the world google would make a single function that behaves the exact opposite from all the other functions is beyond me. The documentation says moveto behaves as cut and paste but when i cut and paste i do not mess up the rest of my sheet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Youth organizations shape our world today, and especially in Tunisia, where many of them try to spread this culture among our potential young leaders. In Tunisia, many youth clubs have emerged and are urging many more to do so. Whether it's the Interact Clubs, the Youth Clubs, Leo Clubs, or anything of the sort, these clubs are shaping our young population and forging leadership talents.
Interacts are one of the most known clubs in Tunisia. Interacts gather funds by taking actions or organizing events such as parties or seminars, in order to collect funds for charity. These kind of clubs not only spread the associative mindset in the youngsters' community, but also endorse leadership qualities by organizing several events of various themes.
In Tunisia, we have Key Clubs. Key Clubs are very recent in Tunisia, and are slowly emerging. Key Clubs are very different from the very well-known Interact Clubs, which are mainly volunteering clubs. Key Clubs give service to event-organizing clubs such as the Interact Clubs by sending their members to help with the organization of the said event. The needed amount of members is sent to help and the hours they spend are recognized as volunteering hours, which allows members of the club to create new acquaintances while doing some physical work.
Lastly, I would like to talk about Press Clubs, which are constantly spreading all over the country, not even solely in high schools, but also in universities. Press Clubs are versatile clubs: they are for the introverted writers who would like to share their poetry, slams, writings, etc… They are also for the extroverted journalists who like to go to events, interview people, make new acquaintances. They gather the bloggers who would like to state their thoughts, the photographers who wish to acquire more skills, the designers who are willing to help and share their knowledge, etc… I would personally say that Press Clubs are a way for people to experience change in themselves and learn of new stuff. They are probably one of the vessels that push people to get out of their comfort zones and enjoy new experiences. Press Clubs make media coverages for other event-organizing clubs, share ideas, or expose talents. They incite their members to be a part of the community that is willing to enrich their knowledge and get out of their usual routine, not only to become journalists, but also leaders not afraid to share and state their opinions, and more importantly not afraid to listen to others. It is something that I'm proud to personally state, as that was my experience in the LPBT Press Club.
Last but not least, we know that the list never ends: Radio Clubs, Speech Clubs, Computing clubs. These are all a very good sign that the youth is emerging from its slumber, and a vow that the future that this country holds, can be crystal clear if we continue on this ever-evolving path: Glory.