text:
\section{Introduction}

Polyelectrolyte solutions are of great interest both in the field of science as well as industry. The electrostatic interactions
of charged biopolymers with proteins and membranes are the underlying mechanisms of many biological processes \cite{C2SM27002A,
cooper2005polyelectrolyte,katchalsky1964polyelectrolytes}. In the industry
they have wide range of applications from gels and surfactants to waste water treatment. Polyelectrolyte mediated interactions
have been well-studied in the field of colloidal science also \cite{van2013polymer,becker2012proteins,turgeon2007protein,
cooper2005polyelectrolyte,krakoviack2004integral}. Many experiments have been performed to study the different phases
of colloid-polymer mixtures \cite{turgeon2007protein,dickinson2006colloid,sennato2012aggregation,chollakup2013polyelectrolyte,
pelaez2010structure,spruijt2010binodal}. Recently new kind of phenomena like overcharging, charge reversal and
like-charge attractions in the presence of polyelectrolytes have attracted renewed attention to the study of polyelectrolyte mediated
interactions \cite{hansen2000effective,rouzina1996macroion,perel1999screening,ha1999counterion,podgornik1998charge,dutta2015adsorption,
dutta2015strong}. Polyelectrolytes are also known to cause charge bridging and depletion interactions among colloidal particles
\cite{netz2003neutral,dobrynin2008theory,dobrynin2005theory,van1988polyelectrolytes,aakesson1989electric,miklavic1990interaction,
podgornik1991electrostatic,podgornik1993variational,woodward1994forces,huang2004bridging}.

Many theoretical studies have been made on the polyelectrolyte mediated interactions, and have found a rich phase diagram depending
on the nature of the solution, pH level and salt concentrations \cite{messina2004polyelectrolyte,ryden2005monte,
jonsson2001polyelectrolyte,carrillo2007molecular,dias2005polyion,carlsson2001monte,blaak2012complexation,ulrich2005complexation,
turesson2007interactions,ulrich2011formation,truzzolillo2010interaction,antypov2005incorporation,PhysRevLett.111.168303}.
Khokhlov and Khachaturian \cite{khokhlov1982theory} obtained a diagram
of states for weakly charged polyelectrolytes depending their concentration using an effective potential (EP) approach. Borue and Erukhimovich
\cite{boryu1988statistical} obtained a screened Coulomb potential of a test charge in weakly charged polyelectrolyte solution within the random
phase approximation and found that the potential has an oscillatory regime specially in poor solvents. By employing a
variational field theoretic calculation to treat monomer density correlations, Muthukumar \cite{muthukumar1996double} derived an EP
between the segments of the polymers. The EP has a short ranged attraction due to the entropy and the connectivity of the chains
and a longer ranged repulsion from the electrostatic interactions. Borukov, Andelman and Orland \cite{borukhov1999effect} described the effects of
adsorbed polymers on the inter-colloidal forces using a self-consistent field theory. They however predicted a short ranged repulsion
and long ranged attractions between the colloid surfaces. Simulations by Turesson \textit{et al.} \cite{turesson2007interactions} however show that many different
kind of interactions like short-ranged attractions, longer ranged repulsions and at larger distances weak oscillatory decaying
interactions are possible in polyelectrolyte solutions. Pryamitsyn and Ganesan \cite{pryamitsyn2014interplay} have
recently modeled the short ranged attractions in the EP in polyelectrolyte-nanoparticle systems by depletion forces
and the long range repulsions by the Debye-Huckel potentials. Most of these theories are restricted mainly to the mean field (weak coupling)
regime. Our objective is to develop a formalism that would enable us to investigate the role of correlations in the effective
interactions mediated by the polyelectrolytes.

In this work we study the effective interactions due to a fixed charge distribution in a polyelectrolyte solution
using the integral equation theory developed by the current authors \cite{dutta2015shell}. Using the linear response theory together with the Poisson-
Boltzmann equation, we derive an expression for the effective interactions due to the fixed charge distribution
in the polyelectrolyte solution. In the course
of derivation we obtain a static form of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem \cite{hansen1990theory} for polymers which was known in
some other form \cite{hayter1980correlations}.
In the mean field approximation, our EP still has a contribution from the configurational entropy of a single polymer
which gets stronger when the polymer length or charge increases. Because of this contribution the EP develops a
short ranged attraction as previously found by Muthukumar \cite{muthukumar1996double}. When the inter-polyelectrolyte correlations,
calculated using the Laria, Wu, and Chandler (LWC) theory \cite{laria1991reference,shew1997integral}, is taken into account the attractions in the EP
become even stronger and for larger polymers or stronger Coulomb couplings the EP develop an oscillatory behavior similar to the ones obtained in
the simulations \cite{turesson2007interactions}. We illustrate our model for the case of rod-like and Gaussian polyelectrolytes in presence of a point
test charge. In particular we explore the origin of the attractive regions in the EP and the screening of the test charge potential due to
these polyelectrolytes.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section \ref{Sec1} we derive an EP due to a fixed charge distribution starting from the Poisson-Boltzmann equation
along with the integral equation theories \cite{dutta2015shell,shew1997integral,schweizer1994prism}.
We look at the mean field limit of the EP and study its dependence
on the geometry of the polymers and the strength of the Coulomb interactions in Section \ref{Sec2}.
In Section \ref{Sec3} we calculate the polymer-polymer correlations self-consistently
using the PRISM and LWC equations and use them to obtain the EP beyond the mean field approximation.
In both the mean field and the correlated cases we investigate the screening by the polyelectrolytes though the Debye length and study its
dependence on the polymer length, monomer length and the polymer charge. We discuss the regime of validity of our model and its
possible generalizations in Section \ref{Sec4}.

\section{The Effective potential}
\label{Sec1}

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[trim={7cm 4cm 0 2cm},clip,height=6.2cm]{Fig1a.pdf}%
           }
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[trim={6cm 2.5cm 0 2cm},clip,height=6.2cm]{Fig1b.pdf}%
           }
           \caption{Schematic diagram of the effective potential due to a test charge in presence of (a) point salt ions and
           (b) polyelectrolytes and point salt ions. }
           \label{Fig0}
 \end{figure*}

Consider a system of $N_p$ polyelectrolytes, each consisting of $L$ monomers of length $\sigma$ and charge $q_p$ uniformly smeared over each monomer.
The diameter of the monomers is assumed to be the same as the monomer length.
Other $N_s$ point salt ions of charge $q_s$ are also present in the system along with a fixed charge distribution $\rho_{f}(\mathbf{r})$.
The densities of the point ions and monomers are given by
$n_s = N_s/\Omega$ and $n_p = N_pL/\Omega$, where $\Omega$ is the volume of the system. The electrostatic Coulomb interactions are denoted by
$v(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert) = 1/\epsilon\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert$, where $\epsilon$ is the dielectic constant
of the solvent. The schematic diagram of the system is shown in Figure \ref{Fig0}-(b). The Hamiltonian of the system is
\begin{align}
 H_N = \sum_iH_i^0 + \frac{1}{2}\int d\mathbf{r}\int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\left[q_p\hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{r})+\rho_f(\mathbf{r})+q_s\hat{\rho}_s(\mathbf{r})\right]
 v(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)\left[q_p\hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})+\rho_f(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})+
 q_s\hat{\rho}_s(\mathbf{r}^{\prime})\right],
 \label{eq1.1}
\end{align}
where $\hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{r})$, $\hat{\rho}_f(\mathbf{r})$ and $\hat{\rho}_s(\mathbf{r})$ are the densities of the polyelectrolytes,
fixed charge and the salt ions respectively. $H_0^i$ is the single polymer Hamiltonian which contains the information about the bending rigidity,
connectivity and structure of the polymer. The densities of the monomers and the salt are given by
\begin{align}
 \hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{r}) & = \sum_{i=1}^N\int_0^L ds\delta(\mathbf{x}_i(s)-\mathbf{r}),  \label{eq1.2}\\
 \hat{\rho}_s(\mathbf{r}) & = \sum_{i=1}^{N_s}\delta(\mathbf{r}_i-\mathbf{r}),
 \label{eq1.3}
\end{align}
respectively.

Since we are mostly interested in the role of the polymers, we convert everything to dimensionless quantities by scaling with respect to the
polymer quantities. We scale the distances with respect to the average distances between the monomers $r_0$: $\widetilde{\mathbf{r}} = \mathbf{r}/r_0$,
where $r_0$ is defined in terms of the monomer density $n_p$ by $4\pi n_p r_0^3/3 = 1$. Similarly the momentum
vectors are scaled like $\widetilde{\mathbf{k}} = \mathbf{k}r_0$. The densities are made dimensionless by $\widetilde{\hat{\rho}}(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}})
= \hat{\rho}(\mathbf{r})r_0^3$. Similarly the dimensionless potential is $\Gamma\widetilde{v}(\vert\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}-\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime}\vert)
= \frac{\beta q_p^2}{\epsilon r_0}v(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)$, with $\Gamma = \frac{\beta q_p^2}{\epsilon r_0}$. The charges are scaled by the
monomer charge of the polymer $\widetilde{q} = q/q_p$. Hence for the polymers the scaled charge is $\widetilde{q}_p = 1$ and
the density $\widetilde{n}_p = 3/4\pi$. The dimensionless Hamiltonian reads
\begin{align}
 \widetilde{H}_N = \sum_i\widetilde{H}_i^0 + \frac{1}{2}\int d\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}\int d\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime}
 \left[\widetilde{\hat{\rho}}_p(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}})+\widetilde{\rho}_f(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}})+\widetilde{q}_s\widetilde{\hat{\rho}}_s(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}})\right]
 \Gamma v(\vert\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}-\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime}\vert)\left[\widetilde{\hat{\rho}}_p(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime})+\widetilde{\rho}(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}
 ^{\prime})+ \widetilde{q}_s\widetilde{\hat{\rho}}_s(\widetilde{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime})\right].
 \label{eq1.4}
\end{align}
In the rest of the discussions we only use the dimensionless quantities and drop the $\widetilde{...}$ in their notations.
The canonical partition function with the above Hamiltonian given is
\begin{equation}
 Z = \int \prod\limits_{i=1}^{N_s}d\mathbf{r}_i\prod\limits_{j=1}^{N}\mathcal{D}\mathbf{x}_j\exp\left(-H_N
 [\{\mathbf{r}_i\},\{\mathbf{x}_j\}]\right).
 \label{eq1.5}
\end{equation}
Performing the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation \cite{stratonovich1957method,hubbard1959calculation} we introduce a field $\phi$ and the partition
function transforms to \cite{fredrickson2013equilibrium}
\begin{equation}
 Z[\phi] = \int \mathcal{D}\phi \exp\left(-\mathcal{H}[\phi]\right),
 \label{eq1.6}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}
 \mathcal{H}[\phi] = \frac{1}{2\Gamma}\int d\mathbf{r}\int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\phi(\mathbf{r}) v^{-1}\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)
 \phi(\mathbf{r}^{\prime}) + N_s\ln\mathfrak{z}_s[q_s\phi] + N_p\ln\mathfrak{z}_p[\phi] + \rho_f(\mathbf{r})\phi(\mathbf{r}).
 \label{eq1.7}
\end{equation}
In the mean field approximation using $\delta\mathcal{H}[\phi]/\delta\phi(\mathbf{r}) = 0$ we obtain the non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation
\begin{equation}
 \frac{1}{\Gamma}\nabla^2\phi(\mathbf{r}) = \rho_p(\mathbf{r};\phi) + \rho_s(\mathbf{r};q_s\phi) + \rho_f(\mathbf{r}).
 \label{eq1.8}
\end{equation}
$\rho_p(\mathbf{r};\phi) = -N_p\delta\mathfrak{z}_p[\phi]/\delta\phi(\mathbf{r})$ and $\rho_s(\mathbf{r};\phi)= -N_s\delta\mathfrak{z}_s[\phi]
/\delta\phi(\mathbf{r})$ are the polymer and salt densities respectively in the external potential $\phi$.
We write the polymer and salt densities in the following form
\begin{align}
 \rho_s(\mathbf{r};\phi) & = \int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime} \chi_s(\vert\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)\phi(\mathbf{r}^{\prime}),\label{eq1.9}\\
 \rho_p(\mathbf{r};\phi) & = \int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime} \chi_p(\vert\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)\phi(\mathbf{r}^{\prime}),
 \label{eq1.10}
\end{align}
where $\chi_s(\vert\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)$ and $\chi_p(\vert\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)$ are the response functions
of the salt and polymers respectively \cite{hansen1990theory}.
For simplicity we use the response functions for uniform systems. Taking the Fourier transform of equation \eqref{eq1.8}
we solve for the potential $\phi(\mathbf{r})$ in presence of the fixed charge distribution by
\begin{equation}
 \hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k}) = \frac{\Gamma\hat{\rho_f}(\mathbf{k})}{k^2 - 4\pi\Gamma q_s\hat{\chi}_s(\mathbf{k}) - 4\pi\Gamma \hat{\chi}_p(\mathbf{k})}.
 \label{eq1.11}
\end{equation}
$\phi(r)$ is the effective potential due to the fixed charge distribution in the presence of the point salt and the polyelectrolytes.

The response function of the polymers, $\chi_p(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)$ is obtained by perturbing the system by a small external
potential $\delta\phi(r)$ and the corresponding change in the density of the system \cite{ichimaru1982strongly}
\begin{equation}
 \delta\hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{k}) = \hat{\chi}_p(\mathbf{k})\delta\hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k}).
 \label{eq1.12}
\end{equation}
We use the density equation obtained by the current authors based on the reference interaction site model (RISM) theory of Chandler
\cite{chandler1986density2,chandler1986density1} which relates the density to the external potential by
\begin{align}
 \ln\left(\rho_p(\mathbf{r})\lambda^3/z\right)  = -\int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)
 \phi(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\vert)\omega(r^{\prime\prime}) + \int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}
 d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime\prime}&\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)c(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\vert)\times
 \nonumber\\& \rho_p(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime\prime}\vert),
 \label{eq1.13}
\end{align}
where $\omega(r)$ is the single polymer pair structure factor and $c(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)$ is the direct correlation function. The detailed derivation of the above
equation is given in Appendix \ref{appendixA}. We consider a small fluctuation in the density in the Fourier space and obtain
\begin{equation}
 \delta\hat{\rho}_p(\mathbf{k})\left[\frac{1}{n_p} - \hat{\omega}^2(\mathbf{k})\hat{c}(\mathbf{k})\right] +
 \hat{\omega}^2(\mathbf{k})\delta\hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k}) = 0.
 \label{eq1.14}
\end{equation}
Comparing the above equation equation with the definition of the response function in equation \eqref{eq1.12} we get
\begin{equation}
 \hat{\chi}_p(\mathbf{k}) = -\frac{\hat{\omega}^2(\mathbf{k})}{\frac{1}{n_p} - \hat{\omega}^2(\mathbf{k})\hat{c}(\mathbf{k})}.
 \label{eq1.15}
\end{equation}
Note that in the above derivation the three polymer correlations $\delta c(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)/
\delta\rho_p(\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime})$ have been neglected. We can get rid of the direct correlation function in the
response function in the above equation using the PRISM equation \eqref{eqA1.11}, which relates the direct correlation function
$c(r)$ to the pair correlation function $g(r)$. The Fourier transform of the equation is
\begin{align}
 \hat{h}(\mathbf{k}) = \omega^2(\mathbf{k})\hat{c}(\mathbf{k}) + n_p\omega(\mathbf{k})\hat{c}(\mathbf{k})\hat{h}(\mathbf{k}),
 \label{eq1.16}
\end{align}
 where $h(r) = g(r) - 1$. Using this equation in the static structure factor $S_p(\mathbf{k}) = \omega(\mathbf{k}) +
 n_p\hat{h}(\mathbf{k})$, we see that the response function is related to the static structure factor by
\begin{equation}
 \hat{\chi}_p(\mathbf{k}) = - n_p\omega(\mathbf{k})S_p(\mathbf{k}).
 \label{eq1.17}
\end{equation}
This is the static fluctuation-dissipation theorem for polymers in dimensionless form. The point particle version of the theorem \cite{hansen1990theory}
is recovered by setting $\omega(\mathbf{k}) = 1$. Thus for salt we have $\hat{\chi}_s(\mathbf{k}) = - n_sS_s(\mathbf{k})$.
Thus for polymers we see that the fluctuations (structure factor) are the product
of the single polymer fluctuations and the inter-polymer fluctuations. This form of the fluctuations was originally proposed
in a phenomenological way in Ref \cite{hayter1980correlations}.
Plugging them into the response function in equation \eqref{eq1.11}, the EP becomes
\begin{equation}
 \hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k}) = \frac{\Gamma\hat{\rho_f}(\mathbf{k})}{k^2 + k_s^2S_s(\mathbf{k}) + 3\Gamma\omega(\mathbf{k}) S(\mathbf{k}) },
 \label{eq1.18}
\end{equation}
where $k_s^2 = 4\pi\Gamma q_sn_s$. Similar expressions for EPs were obtained phenomenologically for Gaussian
polyelectrolytes by Khokhlov and Khachaturian \cite{khokhlov1982theory}, and later within random phase approximation
by Boryu and Erukhimovich \cite{boryu1988statistical}. Writing the EP in this form, which has been derived in the linear response
regime, allows us to go to the stronger coupling regimes (beyond linear response) easily using the machinery of the integral
equations. In Section \ref{Sec3} we explicitly work out the EP incorporating stronger correlations beyond the
linear response regime.

\section{Mean field limit}
\label{Sec2}
In this Section we obtain the EP in the presence of a point charge $Q$ in the mean field approximation.
The fixed charge distribution function is then $\hat{\rho}_f(\mathbf{k}) = Q$.
In the mean field limit $S_p(\mathbf{k}) = S_s(\mathbf{k}) = 1$, hence the EP scaled by $Q\Gamma$ is given by
\begin{align}
 \hat{\phi}^{\ast}(\mathbf{k}) = \frac{1}{Q\Gamma}\hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k})  = \frac{1}{k^2 + k_s^2 + 3\Gamma\omega(\mathbf{k}) }.
 \label{eq2.1}
\end{align}
In the point particle limit, obtained by taking $L \rightarrow 1$, we recover the Yukawa potential with an inverse
screening length $\sqrt{k_s^2 + 3\Gamma}$.
The EP thus captures the screening effects modifying the long ranged Coulomb potential in case of point charges.
For GPEs the single polymer structure factor is given by \cite{schweizer1994prism}
\begin{align}
 \hat{\omega}(\mathbf{k}) = \left(1 - f(k)^2 - 2f(k)/L + 2f(k)^{L+1}/L\right)/(1-f(k))^2,
 \label{eq2.2}
\end{align}
where $f(k) = \exp(-k^2\sigma^2/6)$. For RPEs the corresponding structure factor is \cite{shew1997integral}
\begin{equation}
 \hat{\omega}(\mathbf{k}) = 1 + \frac{2}{L}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{L-1}(L-j)\frac{\sin jk\sigma}{jk\sigma}.
 \label{eq2.3}
\end{equation}
The plots of the single polymer structure factor scaled by the length of the polymers $L$ are shown in Figure \ref{Fig1}-(a)
for both the RPEs and GPEs. At large $\mathbf{k}$, $\omega(\mathbf{k})\rightarrow 1$ and $\omega(\mathbf{k} = 0) = L$. Longer polymers
have longer ranged correlations in position space and hence are short ranged in momentum space.

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[height=6.2cm]{omega.pdf}%
           }
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[height=6.2cm]{v_L_gamma_1.pdf}%
           }
           \caption{(a) The static structure factor for the GPEs (solid) and the RPEs (dashed) for polymer lengths $L = 4$ and $100$.
           (b) EPs from a point charge for GPEs (solid), RPEs(dashed) and point (solid, no markers). For PEs, we consider two polymer lengths $L = 4$ and $100$.}
           \label{Fig1}
 \end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[height=6.2cm]{v_gamma.pdf}%
           }
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[height=6.2cm]{v_sigma.pdf}%
           }
           \caption{(a) EPs from a point charge for GPEs (solid), RPEs(dashed) and point (solid, no markers) for Coulomb couplings $\Gamma = 1$ and $10$.
           (b) EPs for different monomer lengths $\sigma = 0.01$, $0.2$ and $1$ for GPEs and RPEs.}
           \label{Fig2}
 \end{figure*}

Figures \ref{Fig1}-(b) shows the scaled EP as defined in equation \eqref{eq2.1} for RPEs and GPEs of lengths $4$ and
$100$ respectively at $\Gamma = 1$.
At short distances the EPs for polymers are finite unlike the Yukawa potential of the point particles. In the other words
the Coulomb singularity at the origin is softened for polymers. The EPs have a weaker dependence
on the polymer length especially for the RPEs as seen from Figure
\ref{Fig1}-(b). This behavior can be understood from the fact that the integrand of the EP vanishes at $\mathbf{k} = 0$ because of
the 3D measure and at large $k$, $\hat{\phi}(\mathbf{k})\sim \frac{1}{k^2}$ because $\omega(k)\rightarrow 1$. Thus the EPs are almost similar for all polymers
except at intermediate distances.  While the EP for point charges is a Yukawa potential which is always repulsive,
the EP can become attractive for longer polymers more so at higher $\Gamma$s. Unlike the point particles, even in the
mean field limit the EPs can develop an attractive region
due to intra-polymer correlations that are present in the EP as seen from equation \eqref{eq2.1}.
The EP reflects the deviation of the potential of a fixed charge distribution from the Coulomb potential due to the
correlations. The correlations (fluctuations)
tend to lower the energy of the system. When the correlations are sufficiently high, the EPs can become attractive.
Attractions caused by fluctuations are in fact the principal mechanism of the like-charge attractions \cite{ha1997counterion,pincus1998charge}.
For GPEs the single polymer correlations are stronger than the RPEs.
Because of the flexibility of the GPEs, the monomers can easily reorient
themselves inside the chains and have more orientational degrees of freedom to lower their energies than the rigid RPEs.
Therefore the EP for GPEs becomes attractive at lower $\Gamma$s than the rods as seen in Figure \ref{Fig2}-(a).
In the Figure, the tail region of the EPs show a weak oscillatory behavior at large $\Gamma$ especially for the GPEs as obtained by earlier simulations
\cite{turesson2007interactions} and theories \cite{boryu1988statistical}.
Figure \ref{Fig2}-(b) shows that the polymers with smaller monomer lengths $\sigma$ have lower EPs. They have a higher charge density and hence stronger
correlations which lower the EPs. For the flexible GPEs with smaller monomers the energy is lowered further than the RPEs.

In the threadlike limit (polymer thickness goes to zero), we can deduce an analytic form for the EPs. In this limit the intra-molecular structure factor can be
written in the form $\omega(\mathbf{k}) \approx 1/\left(L^{-1} + k^2\sigma^2/12\right)$. The EP in equation \eqref{eq2.1}
in particular in the long polymer limit and low salt limit $k_s \approx 0$ reads
\begin{equation}
 \phi^{\ast}(r) = \frac{1}{4\pi r}\exp\left(-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{(\sigma^2/\Gamma)^{1/4}}r\right)\cos\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{(\sigma^2/\Gamma)^{1/4}}r\right).
\end{equation}
This form of the EPs was obtained by Mutukumar \cite{muthukumar1996double} using a field theoretic argument at low salt concentrations.

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering
           \includegraphics[height=6.5cm]{mean_field.pdf}%
           \caption{The Debye length vs polymer length $L$ for Coulomb couplings $\Gamma = 0.2$ and $1$, and monomer lengths $\sigma = 0.1$ and $0.2$ for GPEs (dashed)
           and RPEs (solid). }
           \label{Fig3}
 \end{figure*}

The polymers also screen charges more effectively than point charges. This is seen from Figures \ref{Fig1}-(b) and \ref{Fig2}. We can
get a quantitative estimate of the screening through the Debye length, $r_D$. The Debye length measures the distance to which the influence of
a charge persists in the medium. Smaller Debye length implies that the charges are strongly screened in the medium. The Debye length can be obtained
from equation \eqref{eq2.1} by solving the following equation self-consistently
\begin{equation}
 r_D = 1/\sqrt{3\Gamma\omega(1/r_D)}.
\end{equation}
For point charges this become $r_D = 1/\sqrt{3\Gamma}$. We plot the Debye length vs the length of the polymers in Figure \ref{Fig3}
for various monomer lengths and $\Gamma$s. Longer and thinner polymers have smaller Debye length and hence they screen the point charge more strongly
then the shorter polymers. However further increasing the polymer length does not change the Debye length because of the steric effects.
Also screening is stronger for GPEs than RPEs. Since $L = 1$ corresponds to point charge, we see from the Figure that screening is stronger for
polymers than point ions.

\section{Beyond mean field}
\label{Sec3}

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering
           \subfloat{%
              \includegraphics[height=6.5cm]{v_corr_MF.pdf}%
           }
           \caption{EP from a point charge for RPEs with the full correlations, calculated from equations \eqref{eq3.1} and \eqref{eq3.2}, at $\Gamma = 1$.}
           \label{Fig4}
 \end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}[h]
        \centering%
           \includegraphics[height=6.5cm]{correlated.pdf}%
           \caption{The Debye length vs polymer length $L$ for GPEs (circle) and RPEs (triangle) showing both the mean field (dashed) and correlated
           results (solid).}
           \label{Fig5}
 \end{figure*}

To obtain the EP beyond the mean field, we calculate the direct correlation function self-consistently using the PRISM equation \cite{schweizer1994prism}
\begin{equation}
 g(r) - 1 = \int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)c(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\vert)
 \omega(r^{\prime\prime}) + \int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)c(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\vert)
 \bar{\rho}h(r^{\prime\prime}),
 \label{eq3.1}
\end{equation}
and the LWC formalism \cite{laria1991reference}
\begin{align}
 \ln g(r) = -\int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)\beta V(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}
 \vert)\omega(r^{\prime\prime}) + h(r) -\int d\mathbf{r}^{\prime}d\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\omega(\vert\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime}\vert)c(\vert\mathbf{r}^{\prime}-\mathbf{r}^{\prime\prime}\vert)
 \omega(r^{\prime\prime}),
 \label{eq3.2}
\end{align}
following the procedure given in Reference \cite{shew1997integral}.
In Figure \ref{Fig4} we plot the EP from equation \eqref{eq1.18} with the full correlations.
Including the intra-polymer correlations further lowers the EP than the corresponding mean field EP as seen in the Figure.
Because of the finite size the polymer-polymer correlations are stronger
for polymers than that of point charges. Figure \ref{Fig5} shows the Debye length for both the GPEs and RPEs in the mean field and after the polymer-polymer
correlations are included. The point particle limit ( $L = 1$ ) and weak coupling, the structure factor $S(k)\approx k^2/(k^2+1/r_D^2)$
and from this the Debye length becoms $r_D \approx \sqrt{2/3\Gamma}$ whereas in the mean field $r_D = 1/\sqrt{3\Gamma_D}$. Therefore
the Debye length is lower in the mean field for point particle in Figure \ref{Fig5}. But as the length of the polymers increases the
screening length for the corelated case decreases faster than the mean field case, implying that inter-polymer correlations cause
stronger screening.

\section{Conclusion and discussions}
\label{Sec4}
Using the linear response theory in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, we have derived an EP of a fixed charge distribution in a polyelectrolytic
solution. We have calculated the response function of the polymers from the integral equation for the density of polymers. With the help of the PRISM
equation we relate the response function to the static structure factor of the polymers. This relationship is the static fluctuation-dissipation
theorem for polymers, where the fluctuations (structure factor) splits into the fluctuations within the polymers and inter-polymer fluctuations.
The EP can be calculated once the structure factors are known.

In the mean field limit, the inter-polymer structure factor is 1. In this limit we have calculated the EP over a range of lengths of the
polymers, the Coulomb couplings and the salt concentrations. In the low salt and high salt regime our EP coincides with the EP obtained by
Mutukumar using field theoretic arguments. Close to the origin the EP for polyelectrolytes is repulsive but is finite unlike the case
for point charges where it is singular. On increasing the polymer length or the Coulomb coupling, the EP gradually develops an attractive
regime at short distances still having a Debye-Huckel repulsive form at longer distances. At very large polymer lengths the EP has an
oscillatory behavior. The attractive part of the potential is a result of the configurational entropy and the connectivity of the polymers.
The GPEs have more configurational entropy which results in their EP becoming more attractive then the RPEs. The polyelectrolytes screen
charges better than the point charges. We use the Debye length to get the quantitative estimate of the screening by the polyelectrolytes.
On increasing the polymer length the screening rapidly increases at short polymer length but does not change at larger lengths. This is
because of steric effects most part of the large polymers can not penetrate within certain distance of the test charge and so no
further screening is possible after a certain polymer length.

Using the PRISM and LWC equations we have obtained the inter-polymer correlations to calculate the EP beyond the mean field.
Including these correlations further increases the attractive region of the EP compared to the mean field case. In fact the EP becomes
attractive at Coulomb coupling as low as $\Gamma \approx 0.2$. The Debye length also decreases on including the correlations, implying
stronger screening.

The GPEs and RPEs are the two extreme limits for the semi-flexible polymers. Most realistic biological systems are made of semi-
flexible polymers. To accurately characterize the experiments in biopolymers we need to extend our analysis to the semi-flexible
polymers. This would add a new parameter, the rigidity of the polymers, to the problem. But then we can smoothly move between
the two limits: GPEs when the rigidity is zero to RPEs when the rigidity is infinite. This would be done in a subsequent paper.

\section{Acknowledgement}

S.D. thanks P. Benetatos for his valuable comments and discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


A simple, convenient and delicious recipe that can be enjoyed year-round, especially when it's freezing cold outside and you're day-dreaming about sunshine and summer.
If there's one thing that makes me think of winter, it's oatmeal. Anyone else with me? But sometimes hot oatmeal can get a little….boring. That's when I turn to overnight oats.
They are simple, convenient and delicious. I usually make them the night before so I use as little brain power in the morning as possible. The secret to overnight oats is letting them chill in the fridge for a few hours. This will allow the oats and chia seeds to absorb the liquids.
Made with old fashioned oats and greek yogurt, this recipe packs the perfect balance of carbs and protein. Add in some chia seeds and pecans for a healthy dose of omega-3 fatty acids (the healthy fats that you want in your life), top it off with some (or a lot) of cinnamon and you're set. When in doubt, add cinnamon. You can never have too much. Trust me on this one!
Feel free to swap out the berries for other fruits (chopped apples would be another great choice!) or the pecans with other nuts (walnuts, sliced almonds, etc.) Try it out and let me know what you think!
In a small bowl or tupperware container (easy for grab and go in the morning), combine all ingredients. Stir until all ingredients are moistened. Place in the fridge overnight (or for a minimum of 4 hours so the oats and chia seeds can absorb the liquids). In the morning, top with crushed pecans and any other toppings you enjoy!


text:
Hollywood Buzz
We now have a sneak peek of "Miss Americana"
Taylor Swift's Netflix documentary, "Miss Americana" debuts January 31st, and now we're getting the first look at it.
Taylor just dropped a trailer for the flick, which opens with her saying in a voiceover, "Throughout my whole career label executives would just say: 'A nice girl doesn't force their opinions on people. A nice girl smiles and waves and says thank you," adding, "I became the person everyone wanted me to be."
Part of the documentary focuses on her decision to become political and in the clip she says it feels good to no longer be "muzzled," noting "it was my own doing." She also curses in the clip, saying, "it feels f***ing amazing."
There's even a little appearance of Taylor's beau Joe Alwyn. In the clip she's seen hugging her beau, although his face is never shown.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


For filling: Blanch the green beans in boiling water 2 minutes; drain well. In a large saucepot melt butter over medium heat. Add onion and sauté until softened. Stir in the flour and cook 1 minute.
Gradually add the milk, stirring until mixture thickens. Remove from heat and stir in the green beans, mushrooms, pecans, cheddar cheese, Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco, salt and pepper. Spread mixture in a 10" baking dish.
To make Biscuit Topping, combine flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Cut in the butter with a pastry blender or two knives until mixture is crumbly. Stir in buttermilk with a few quick strokes.
Turn dough out onto a well-floured surface and pat out to 1/2" thickness. Cut the dough into random-sized pieces and shapes and arrange on top of vegetable filling in a kind of crazy-quilt pattern, letting the filling poke through in spots.
Bake cobbler 25 minutes or until filling bubbles and biscuit topping is golden. Cool 5 minutes before serving.


Staff from the Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre (BCEC) spent Wednesday 1 October 2008 volunteering their time and skills to give a much needed facelift to Reg Leonard House, a block of 17 self contained units that provide accommodation for regional patients and their families being cared for at Mater Health Services.
Armed with tools and equipment, BCEC staff spent the day helping to create an environment at Reg Leonard House that is warm, inviting and comfortable for patients and their families.
Reg Leonard House is self funding and was established in 1979 by Sir Reg Leonard through funds raised by the Children's Hospital Appeal.
BCEC's ongoing support is part of Mater's Corporate Engagement Program, run by Mater Volunteer Services, where local businesses are able to actively engage in making a positive contribution to the community.


On Saturday, June 27, United Boxing Promotions, in conjunction with OLG Slots Ajax Downs, is proud to present two-division Canadian champion Brandon "Bad Boy" Cook (14-0-0, 8KOs) in WBA Inter-Continental super welterweight championship action against Austrian titlist Gogi "Lionheart" Knezevic (28-5-1, 12KOs) of Vienna.
Scheduled for the Ajax Community Centre, this exciting twelve-round attraction is Cook's first fight in Ajax, Ontario – the "Bad Boy's" hometown – since turning pro in 2011.
United Boxing Promotions is also offering up a prospect-studded undercard for June 27. The always exciting Brock Arthur (2-1-1, 1KOs) of Whitby meets Samer Barakat (5-1-0, 3KOs) of Ottawa in a heavyweight six rounder, while Ryan Young (7-0-0, 6KOs), Tim Cronin (4-1-0), Josh O'Reilly (3-0-0) will all see action against opponents TBA.


ASSET Capacity (previously known as DIMENSION) is an end-to-end network capacity planning tool providing network visualization, capacity management and scenario planning (what-if analysis and forecasting). It lets you model and visualize your entire multi-vendor and multi-layer network topology in one place, from RAN to Core and Transmission. Multiple planners are able to work simultaneously, understanding the network connectivity, identifying capacity bottlenecks and planning the end-to-end network faster and more accurately.
ASSET Capacity allows the capacity resources of the base stations and controllers, as well as their interfaces, to be seamlessly dimensioned based on historical traffic data. It also enables traffic routing, both automatically and manually, as multiple traffic streams per site on the physical layer and on the various logical layers. It also allows quick what-if analysis and powerful scenario planning to help you identify the best plan to meet forecasted network growth.
ASSET Capacity is part of the TEOCO planning portfolio, a set of tightly integrated tools to make the entire planning process as seamless as possible. The other products in the portfolio include ASSET (radio planning), ASSET Design (automated network design), ASSET Geo (geo-located traffic maps) and ASSET Backhaul (backhaul planning).
End-to-end visualization module: Build or import and visualize the end-to-end network topology in different layers. Create plots and reports. Create multiple projects and scenarios. SNMP auto-discovery capabilities and automatic loading of network topology data from the live network.
Network dimensioning module: Dimension base station baseband units and licenses. Calculate the traffic on the mobile network. Generate traffic from the mobile layer to be used for transmission planning.
Traffic forecasting module: Forecast traffic by trending historical performance management data.
Transmission planning module: Plan the end-to-end multi-layer transmission network. Manual and automatic routing. Identify bottlenecks and plan capacity upgrades. Create routing and bottleneck reports.


text:
Q: How do I change the cursor used when the mouse pointer is over a QwtPlot? By default, the cursor changes to a crosshair when it's within a QwtPlot on the screen. Calling
setCursor(Qt::ArrowCursor);

from within my QwtPlot subclass doesn't have any effect. How can I change this cursor to something other than a crosshair?

A: You need to call setCursor on the plot's canvas. From a QwtPlot subclass, for example,
canvas()->setCursor(Qt::ArrowCursor);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Heather Forest (author), Susan Gaber (illustrator)
The baker, Van Amsterdam becomes known in Colonial America for baking his St. Nicholas cookies but his greed drives hime to he become stingy in his business. When an old woman buys a dozen cookies from him and expects to receive 13, he withholds the last one. Unfotunately, his business goes downhill until the day she returns for 12 more cookies. But this time he gives her an extra measure and the custom of offering a "baker's dozen" or 13 items spreads throughout the colonies.
When Turtle Grew Feathers
Tim Tingle (author), Stacey Schuett (illustrator)
In this Choctaw variant of Aesop's fable "The Tortoise and the Hare," master storyteller Tim Tingle reveals some unexpected twists and expands the cast to include a wild turkey, a colony of ants, and a cheering squad of Little Bitty Turtles as well. When Rabbit boastfully challenges Turtle to a race, he gets his comeuppance and Turtle gets a little assist from his winged friend, Turkey. In the process, we learn why Turtle's shell is cracked and why you never see Rabbit racing Turtle today. The bold and vibrant illustrations capture not only the grasslands of the High Plains but also the demeanor of its animal inhabitants and the humor of the tale.
Why Alligator Hates Dog
J.J. Reneaux (author), Donnie Lee Green (illustrator)
Deep in the Cajun country of Louisiana, Alligator is king of the swamps king to everyone that is, except a sassy clever old Dog. Storyteller J.J. Reneaux's musical rendering of this classic Cajun folktale explains how the feud between Alligator and Dog got started in the first place. When Alligator finally corners Dog in his swamphole, he falls for the oldest trick in the book and barely escapes with his life back to where he belongs. After being tricked by Dog, Alligator thinks he's a lot smarter. As he floats alone in the dark swamp water waiting for Dog, he promises that next time he'll get that Dog for sure. But will he? The combination of Cajun dialect and beautifully illustrated acrylic paintings, capture the unique flavor and mystery of the region.
Surf War!
Margaret Read MacDonald (author), Geraldo Valerio (illustrator)
Sandpiper finds her daily stroll on the beach interrupted by Whale, who boasts that he is ruler of the sea. Sandpiper responds with equal bravado, asserting her rights to the sand and seawater. Soon the rivals are calling in their cousins, and the beach and sea are filled with shorebirds and sea mammals of every stripe. The standoff grows ominous as Whale leads his cousins in an assault on the beach, eating the sand from under the birds. Sandpiper retaliates by ordering her cousins to drink up the ocean. Soon the landscape is filled with fish, crabs, and sea creatures gasping for survival. How will this end? The outcome of this timely yet timeless nature tale suggests that we are all connected in the ecological chain.
Holy Molé !
Stefan Czernecki (author), Stefan Czernecki (illustrator)
Carlos is working in the kitchen of the Mexican monastery when the cook enters the room in a panic. The Spanish Viceroy is on his way for a surprise visit and will arrive by noon, expecting dinner. What will the brothers feed this important ambassador to the king? Carlos tries to stay out of the way as lunch is hastily prepared, but his curiosity gets the best of him. His eagerness results in a moment of crisis, followed by what the brothers can only assume is a miracle. This story, inspired by the Mexican folk tradition, explains the origins of molé , the popular national dish that combines chocolate with turkey, spices, and nuts. Stefan Czernecki's amusing, angular illustrations capture the chaos in the kitchen as well as the folk tradition behind the tale.
Go to Sleep, Gecko!
Geraldo Valerio (author), Geraldo Valerio (illustrator)
Gecko may be small, but he has a giant-sized problem. Every night he is awakened by the fireflies outside his window. And when Gecko doesn't get his rest, he gets a little grumpy. So he goes to Elephant, the head of the village, to complain. His request that the fireflies stop working at night sets off a comical chain of problems for everyone in the village and complicates everyones life. Through this cumulative tale from the Balinese tradition, Gecko learns that his well-being depends on that of the entire village and he finally goes to sleep, a little wiser.
Ghost Catcher
Martha Hamilton, Mitch Weiss (author), Kristen Balouch (illustrator)
This story is a retelling of a traditional Bengali tale in which a kind and generous Indian barber, pressed by his father and then his wife to earn more money, cleverly persuades a ghost to bring him riches.
The Girl Who Wore Too Much
Yvonne Davis (author), Yvonne Davis (illustrator)
In this timeless tale from Thailand, a girl cannot decide which of her many silken dresses and lavish jewels to wear to the dance. So she wears them all. Her foolish decision teaches her a valuable lesson.
Erin Bennett Banks (author), Erin Bennett Banks (illustrator)
When the animals get together in the jungle, they discover that the noise that they have been making is indeed music. Celebrated author and master storyteller, Dylan Pritchett weaves a tale that helps us discover that we all have music inside just waiting to come out when the time is right. This original award winning story is based on the model of traditional African folktales.
For Sure! For Sure!
In Mus White's skillful adaptation of Hans Christian Andersen's classic folk story, "There Is No Doubt About It", the news that a hen has lost a feather grows into a humorous tale of five chickens engaged in battle as the story spreads from coop to coop and from hen to hen. Stefan Czernecki's bright primary illustrations and panel design reflect the comic boldness as each chicken passes along the story, until it is no longer recognizable to the original hen who started it in the first place.
Dancing Turtle
Pleasant DeSpain (author), David Boston (illustrator)
Turtle loves to dance and play the flute. But her exuberance puts her at risk when her music attracts the attention of a brave hunter who brings her home to make turtle stew. After she is caught, her only hope for escape is the hunter's children ... and her own wit. This folktale, first told by the indigenous people of Brazil, is now told throughout Latin America. Like the people of Latin America, Turtle always seems to survive any challenge by using her courage and wit. Beautiful watercolors radiant with the dense foliage and hardy wildlife of the Amazon rain forest, guides the reader through this timeless adventure story.
Conejito
Margaret Read MacDonald (author), Valerio Geraldo (illustrator)
In this action packed folktale from Panama, a clever little rabbit and his Tía Mónica find ways to outwit a fox, a tiger, and a lion, all of whom want to eat him for lunch.
Contest Between the Sun and the Wind
Based on a fable from Aesop, the Sun and the Wind test their strength by seeing which of them can cause a man to remove his coat, demonstrating the value of using gentle persuasion rather than brute force as a means of achieving a goal.
Martha Hamilton, Mitch Weiss (author), Carol Lyon (illustrator)
This collection of 31 stories comes from all over the world and different variations can be found in a variety of cultures that have been passed over the grapevine and adapted in different cultural traditions.
How & Why Stories
This collection of delightful tales from around the world and through the ages explains why an animal, plant, or natural object looks or acts the way it does.
Five-Minute Tales
Margaret Read MacDonald (author)
As a companion to her award-winning story collection Three Minute Tales, Margaret Read MacDonald has compiled another delightful collection of entertaining stories from around the world edited especially for the tastes and interests of young readers.


Our practical and contrasting key ring !
The workshop that realized this card holder is located in Colombier-Saugnieu in France. It's Maud and Jacqueline that create each product with passion. They make persist artisanal French know-how. Both leathers come from French tanneries respecting strict environmental rules (REACH norms). One of them is made from a vegetable tanning process and the other from a mineral one. This difference will make you appreciate their beauty !


Image Title: Mies Van Der Rohe Barcelona Chair Knoll Palette Parlor For White Prepare 9. Post Title: White Barcelona Chair. Filename: mies-van-der-rohe-barcelona-chair-knoll-palette-parlor-for-white-prepare-9.jpg. Image Dimension: 600 x 600 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Toy Lubowitz. Uploaded Date: Friday - July 20th. 2018 22:12:23 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: houseandgarden.co.uk. Order Mies WHITE To Barcelona 8. Vintage In Of Chair 2 Ottoman Throughout Thorns Designs Furny Amazon MoDecor Chairs Premium Within Replica With 3. Group Regarding White 13. Plan 10. Der Film Hire And Retro Decor Leather At Furnitures 1. Rohe Com 7. Living Van Inspirations Design 2. Furniture For Editeestrela 12. Regard 5. Set Idea Prepare 17.


Inheriting a tax-qualified retirement plan from a loved one can cost an LGBT person thousands of dollars per year in retirement income because of different treatment under the law. This inequity is especially significant given that LGBT elders are poorer and less financially secure than Americans as a whole. One of eleven issue briefs based on the SAGE/MAP report Improving the Lives of LGBT Older Adults.


Fixed wall mount for 6010.
Short Ceiling Mount. For 8010, 8X20, 8X30. Black Finish.
Short Ceiling Mount. For 8010, 8X20, 8X30. White Finish.
Table Stand L-Shape. For 8X3X. Black Finish.
Table Stand L-Shape. For 8X3X. White Finish.
Table Stand L-Shape. For 8X4X 8X5X. Black Finish.
Table Stand L-Shape. For 8X4X 8X5X. White Finish.
Floor stand for 8010, 8020 and 8030, preferably used together with stand plates.
Suitable for 8010, 8020, 8030 and 8040.
Stable steel stand with a broad round cast iron base.
Short ceiling mount for all 8000 series models. Available in black or white.
Adapter plate for Genelec 8320 and 8330.
T-adapter plate for Genelec 8320 and 8330.
Short slotwall bracket Slotwall bracket for 8010, 8020 and 8030 / 8130.
Slotwall bracket for 8040 / 8240 and 8050 / 8250.
Soft transportation bags for Genelec loudspeakers.


I like to play "guess the secret ingredient" when I serve dessert. I used to do this with my sister when we were kids, but my intentions were much more dark. Don't worry. I don't do that anymore. But I do still like to make things that have unexpected ingredients.
This after-dinner sorbet just for adults tastes bright and summery, but also spicy and garden fresh. It tastes like a frozen pineapple margarita or a pineapple mojito, depending on your choices. The best part? It has several secret ingredients that will keep your guests guessing.
Blend all ingredients in a blender until smooth. Strain the pulp and toss (or use for something else). Pour the remaining liquid into an ice cream maker and freeze. Serve in a cocktail glass with a sprig of cilantro or a lime twist.
For even more spice, pour a jigger of white rum or tequila into the bottom of the glass first, then top with a scoop of sorbet. Cheers!
Note: If you choose tequila over rum, I suggest calling this Pineapple Margarita Sorbet, instead.
Caution: I suppose you should ask your guests first if they have allergies. Or issues with rum or tequila. You don't want a swollen guest on your conscience. Double caution: this frozen treat is not for kids; hide it in a safe place in your freezer!
Photo by GaryAllard.com. No reproductions permitted. Thanks!


Singapore's decorative tiles are often a favourite feature of shophouses, and loved by both local residents and tourists alike. I'm excited to bring together my passion for design and history in an exciting project to uncover the stories behind Singapore's decorative past. In uncovering the cultural, historical and international connections of these beautiful surfaces in places of worship, we go beyond the shophouse facade to a unique and unchartered territory.
Subscribe for updates and be a part of the journey.
My introduction to the existence of tiles beyond shophouse ones was rather abrupt. I hadn't long moved to Singapore when in late 2012, my uncle rang me up and asked to meet him there to do something-something. He didn't actually explain in advance that I would be attending the exhumation of my great grandfather and his brother. In the pouring rain, I stood shell-shocked at a Taoist priest chanted prayers while tomb keepers hacked and dug away the earth.
As I soon learned, the removal of their graves was due to the construction of a highway through part of what I know realise was Bukit Brown Cemetery. Since then, I've been compelled to get to know this overgrown and untouched part of Singapore. Through the help of volunteers from Heritage Singapore - Bukit Brown Cemetery Facebook page, I managed to discovered four relatives still buried at the cemetery.
As an artist with architectural training, I've been increasingly inspired by the various types of tiles at Bukit Brown. I'm especially drawn to the decorative tiles commonly found on Peranakan Chinese graves and the various styles and types evident. In Singapore and neighbouring cities like Malacca and Penang, such tiles can still be seen on some shophouses once owned primarily by wealthy Peranakan Chinese. The fact that these tiles were used points to a possible wish for the deceased to enjoy beauty in the afterlife, and for their descendants to remember them in style.
The international flavour of the tiles is quite amazing with nearly 60% apparently from Japan. The rest were manufactured in England, Germany and Belgium. With a number of shophouses demolished in the 70's in Singapore*, it leads to strong possibility that some tiles at the cemetery may be found nowhere else in Singapore, let alone Asia. It will be interesting to try to find out!
This project is about bringing people together in a shared love of discovery and learning. I hope you'll support my efforts to find out more about this amazing corner of Singapore, and be part of upcoming excursions, sharing sessions and updates on new tile tales.
Come and visit the new Facebook page!
Follow me on Instagram to see photos of my discoveries of trade tiles.
Amid the leafy canopy, tweeting birds and the steady hum of insects, you may find here some of the most beautiful antiques in Singapore. Bukit Brown Cemetery is my favourite place to see what are more commonly know as 'Peranakan' tiles. These charming ceramic beauties with a touch of Art Nouveau and hailing from overseas, are often seen on restored shophouses in the old Peranakan enclaves of Joo Chiat Road, Ang Siang Hill and Emerald Hill.
I prefer the rough terrain of this 'outdoor museum', and over the past few years it has become a wonderful place of learning and lotion (mosquito repellent a must) for me! It is named after George Henry Brown, a Briton who came to Singapore in the 1840s. Interestingly, it was also the first official hybrid English and Malay place name in Singapore. The cemetery opened on 1 January 1922 as a municipal cemetery administered by the British and adopted the unconventional idea of allowing any Chinese to be buried there regardless of dialect group and status. Located roughly in the north-west central area of Singapore, it has the largest number of Chinese graves outside mainland China.
Most of these colourful wall tiles at the cemetery date back to the early 20th century and are mainly found adorning the graves of Chinese Peranakans. With an eclectic taste for decorative items from Europe, Peranakans are said to have been fond of such tiles despite their presumably hefty price. Shophouses and graves were rumoured to have sometimes been decorated with the same tiles so that that deceased could continue to enjoy their beauty 'in the next life'.
I took these photos on an overcast day, which soon became a tropical downpour. Amid the overgrowth, the cemetery has an amazing quietness and serenity despite how close to town it is. Since its closure in 1973, the grounds have been maintained only minimally and as a result, the jungle has reclaimed its might with many graves covered in grass and tree roots. Despite this, the condition of many tiles is reasonable in the face of constant exposure to the elements. None of these photos are edited, so what you see is the natural patina of nature over the course of a hundred years.
Support Bukit Brown Cemetery by joining a wonderful complimentary tour by the volunteer group All Things Bukit Brown.
What Language Do Peranakans Speak?
What languages do Chinese Peranakans or Straits Chinese speak? Find out more.
I'm very pleased to be showing some of my new artwork from the Singapore Heritage Collection at the Peranakan Tiles Gallery. Drop in for some kueh sweets or noodles at the Chong Wen Ge Cafe inside the gallery to enjoy my heritage inspired designs! Open Monday to Sunday from 12pm - 5pm @ 168 Telok Ayer Street, Singapore 068619.
The Three Stars - Chinese characters for Luck, Longevity and Prosperity.
Since moving to Singapore from Australia five years ago, I've been researching my father's family tree. My research has involved visiting clan associations and participating in cultural festivities, being present at the exhumation of family graves and squeezing under joss tables to take photos!
It's been over three years since my father showed me the streets where he grew up. Now for the sake of my children, and because of his severe stroke, I feel it's my duty to carry on where he left off. And so I have spent time visiting temples, shophouses and landmarks connected to my family.
Thian Hock Keng Temple - this is one of the oldest Hokkien temples in Singapore where Chinese migrants used to offer thanks to Goddess Mazu for a safe voyage. This is where my great great grandfather from China visited to pray.
Tse Tho Aum Buddhist Temple - located in Bishan where my grandparents and others rest.
Hall of Nine Dragons - located on Cantonment Road and established in 1928 by donations including from my great grandfather Lim Nee Yam.
42 Club Street - where my great grandfather worked and lived as a 'bum boat' lighter operator and president of the lighter boat association.
Bukit Brown Cemetery - officially established as a municipal cemetery in 1922 with over 100,000 graves dating as far back as 1833. This is where my Peranakan great grandparents and Chinese great grandfather rest.
Visiting Bukit Brown Cemetery with my Australian mother to visit my Peranakan great grandparents.
It's been a rewarding and emotional journey so far. I've been blessed to have support from volunteers, community members and my family to help uncover my connection to Singapore and beyond. I hope you'll find your own connection through the new Singapore Heritage Collection.


Transfer level courses for everyone. No placement test needed.
Do you need a CCCID?
Two head athletic coaches from Fresno City College (FCC) received the Coaching Achievement Award 2019 from the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA).
We would like to thank our community partners for all the work done over the past few months. The dedication and commitment has resulted in the Transformative Climate Community (TCC) proposal for the Fresno City College West Fresno Satellite becoming one step closer to reality.
The Basic Fire Academy program prepares students with the knowledge and skills necessary to become a State of California Certified Firefighter 1. The curriculum is designed to provide the extensive hands-on training required by many fire agencies for entry-level employment as a firefighter.
The Performing Arts at Fresno City College are vibrant and alive. Check out the latest events! Something is always happening.
Want to be a chef? Start your career in under 18 months. Three levels of certification. Learn everything you need to know to work in the food industry.
Interested in Nursing or one of the health sciences? Fresno City College has one of the highest pass rates in the state. Our health service programs are among the most comprehensive and affordable.


text:
Home Editor's Note Young People Speak Up
Young People Speak Up
Just over a year ago, the movement against compulsory national education in Hong Kong's schools galvanised the city. Support for the campaign came from people in different sectors of society and of all ages. But it was the secondary school students rallying under the banner of Scholarism who attracted the most attention. Many in Hong Kong were astonished by the teenagers' ability to take the initiative to organise and mobilise. Their hunger strike and occupation of the plaza outside the government headquarters proved to be a turning point in the campaign.
Then, last month, tens of thousands of black-clad demonstrators once again occupied what has now become known as Civic Square. This time they were demanding the government explain why it had rejected Hong Kong Television's bid to operate free-to-air television services. The massive demonstration was, in large part, started by a Facebook page set up by a university student.
In the past, the younger generation in Hong Kong often found themselves described as being unmotivated and having little interest in social issues and politics. Today, we are consistently seeing more and more young people in our society making bold statements on an array of social issues. Most importantly, their actions are as loud as their words. Young people have demonstrated their commitment and their ability to make a difference.
Varsity explored this territory in our April 2010 issue on the young activists referred to as the post-80s. Three years on, young people's participation in social affairs has not diminished. If anything, it has increased and those taking part are getting younger.
We want to look at what may have triggered the increasing social and political participation among young people, and how that participation is manifested.
To that end, this issue of Varsity looks at the Liberal Studies generation. Given Hong Kong's notorious examination-oriented education system, it was understandable that in the past, students felt they could ill afford to spend time absorbing information about current affairs that would not be tested in their exams.
But the picture changed after the introduction of Liberal Studies as a compulsory core subject in the New Senior Secondary Curriculum in 2009. The subject should help students develop a more critical mindset, particularly about social issues. Students, teachers and legislators tell us how they view the link between social awareness and social participation.
We also look at some of the alumni groups that emerged during and after the anti-national education movement. Traditionally, alumni associations have been more concerned with organising social and leisure activities than social movements. Yet, over the summer, an alumni group from St. Stephen's Girls' College took to the streets to fight against the school's decision to join the Direct Subsidy Scheme. Some of the core members were students who had only recently graduated from the school. How will the involvement of younger alumni change the dynamics of alumni-school relations?
While young people have become more outspoken, there is a common perception that they are overwhelmingly pro-democracy or anti-establishment. However, it must be remembered there are young conservatives on the pro-establishment side and they too are becoming more outspoken. As they see more radical pan-democrat groups and parties gaining support, particularly from young people, with their bold tactics, it seems natural that they would follow suit.
Social and political participation among Hong Kong's young people is perhaps more varied than people realise. But whatever their stance or form of expression, it is encouraging to see more young people participating. After all, young people are part of our society and their voices count.
Matthew Leung
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Bon Voyage – Editor's Note


Preheat oven to 350°F. Trim meat and excess fat from 1/2 pound chicken skin (from about 2 whole chickens or 3 pounds thighs); cut into 3" pieces. Flatten, flesh side down, on a parchment-lined baking sheet. Season with salt and pepper; top with another sheet of parchment and baking sheet (to keep skin from curling). Bake until browned and crisp, about 1 hour. Remove top baking sheet and paper; let cool 10 minutes.
Skin can be baked 3 hours ahead. Store airtight at room temperature.
Delicious - savory, crispy, and perfect for keto. Use a cookie sheet with sides, to avoid fat dripping in oven. I bake for 50 minutes at 340, more was too much.
4 forks just to counteract the bizarre other non-review that's here. I used 5 chicken legs that I was braising elsewhere. It just about filled one sheet pan. I ended up taking them out at 45 minutes. Delicious!


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The Redevelopment Authority of the County of Washington, also known as the Washington County Redevelopment Authority is the redevelopment authority for Washington County, Pennsylvania.  It is charged with redeveloping blighted areas and administering the county's Community Development Block Grant.  It was created in 1956.  Its operation is governed by the Pennsylvania Housing and Assistance Law of 1949 as well as the Urban Redevelopment Law of 1956.

The redevelopment authority managed the creation of Southpointe.  It played a role in the redevelopment of the Washington Trust Building.

References

Government of Pennsylvania
Special administrative structures in the United States
Washington County, Pennsylvania
Urban development authorities

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Freeport to Cut 430 Jobs at Sierrita Mine
Posted on October 28, 2015 by Rachel in Energy & Resources // 0 Comments
Workers tend to a truck at Freeport-McMoRan's Sierrita Mine in Green Valley. Photo credit: Freeport-McMoRan
By Tony Davis for Arizona Daily Star
Freeport McMoRan Inc. will eliminate 430 jobs — more than one-third of the workforce — at its Sierrita Mine in Green Valley in January because of plunging prices for the molybdenum and copper mined there.
The company is also evaluating the economics of shutting down the operation, Freeport officials said Thursday.
For now, production at the open-pit mine will be cut 50 percent, said Colette Brown, Freeport's Southern Arizona regional community development manager, in an email to the company's Green Valley-based Community Partnership Panel.
The Phoenix-based company had already announced another 130 job cuts at the Sierrita Mine in August. About 1,310 people currently work there, and the August job cuts have yet to take effect.
The company anticipates the Sierrita layoffs will occur between Jan. 11 and Jan. 25, 2016, Brown wrote. Those whose jobs are eliminated are encouraged to apply for openings at Freeport mine sites in Morenci in Eastern Arizona, at the Chino Mine near Silver City, New Mexico, and the Climax Mine in Colorado, Brown wrote.
These are the latest in a series of job losses at Arizona mines this year due to the sinking price of copper and, in Sierrita's case, molybdenum, as well. Freeport suspended mining in Miami, in Eastern Arizona, in August, and Asarco announced that month that it would lay off up to 211 workers in Hayden.
The job cuts come six years after it appeared Freeport would expand operations in the area — with copper prices soaring then — when it purchased the adjoining Twin Buttes Mine in Sahuarita, which has been shut since 1994. But that mine has not reopened.
Read more at Arizona Daily Star
Community Partnership Panel
Sierrita Mine
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Hey guys and gals! This is our first post to our new website and blog! Stay tuned for more important information from us or the State of Texas!


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Sign Up For Our Free Newsletter Now Or This Baby, Puppy and Kitty Will Be Beheaded In The Next Hour
Here's a prediction: In two years, Washington Babylon will be like the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, which I delivered on my bicycle when I was a youngster. [Note: I didn't deliver the Post or any newspaper by bike or any means when I was a youngster. To the best of my recollection I was high at that time. But let's get back to the point.]
Why, you may be asking? Because within two years at the most Washington Babylon will be essentially banned and the only way you'll be able to read our exclusive mix of politics, satire and true crime coverage (like the hard hitting story noted in the headline above) will be to get it delivered daily via email. But don't wait for two years, because our effective banning could happen any day so sign up for our FREE NEWSLETTER NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK.
It will take no more than 15 seconds of your time and you'll gain access to exclusive information not available to people who don't sign up for OUR FREE NEWSLETTER.
Why, you may be asking, won't you be able to read our exclusive coverage if you don't sign up for our newsletter. Because I've already been banned for periods of time by Facebook and Twitter even though I'm just as sane as Alex Jones.
(Note: Jones possibly should be banned, though I'm of mixed mind about this because while he is bat shit crazy, if Facebook and Twitter and other companies owned by our horrible tech overlords can ban him, they can ban someone normal like me. Also, I know for a fact that Jones doesn't have the integrity necessary to execute a baby, puppy and kitten. He's all talk, no action.)
Seriously, many other publications on the "fringes" — as defined by the tech oligarchy, other powerful financial interests and our beloved mainstream media — have been temporarily or permanently silenced by social media companies. Some of these publications espouse repugnant views — for example, far-right Christian nuttiness, racism, sexism, homophobia, Nazism, white nationalism, etc. — and I detest what they have to say.
But some of us are serious journalists that just have controversial views. Like me.
That' s not me. That's Charles Manson.
I've been a journalist for decades and have written thousands of stories for countless magazines, newspapers and websites. I was on staff and/or on the masthead at the Associated Press in Brazil, the Los Angeles Times, Harper's, VICE and many other outlets. To name just two others, and these I deeply regret, Al Jazeera and The Intercept, which is about as low as you can sink other than writing an op-ed or two for the New York Times, which I've also done.
Look, I was desperate and worried about money, but I guess some concentration camp guards were pressed for cash too so that's no real excuse. What is an excuse or two or three is that Al Jazeera — and let me emphasize I have a few friends there who do great work — fired me after sixty days because I wouldn't participate in a journalism fraud conducted by a clown named Clayton Swisher, who is not even a journalist, he was "a low-level' security agent for the U.S. State Department," according to Wikipedia, and I know that is correct and what follows. "He served as a bodyguard for Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright and Colin Powell, as well as other leaders, including head of the PLO Yasser Arafat." Now he writes for The Intercept, which proves he's not a journalist.
The Intercept basically fired me because I detested the place — but let me note that a few good people still work there but everyone left should quit after the publication put its third whistleblower in prison. Technically I wasn't fired because editor Betsy Reed apparently didn't want me to get unemployment so she wouldn't fire me, thereby forcing me to quit. Or maybe Reed is just evil, like Pierre Omidyar, who pays her salary, and Glenn Greenwald, Pierre's pet puppy who defends the dying publication even after it has put multiple whistleblowers in prison, Edward Snowden rots in Moscow and The Intercept has locked up his leaked NSA documents.
Anyway, I was basically fired and immediately published this story at VICE and became a contributing editor there back in its late heyday. The Intercept wouldn't publish the story. Why not? I don't know but maybe because Omidyar has a lot of first hand knowledge of offshore bank accounts and didn't want to attack an industry that helps him reduce his taxes. But that's just a guess.
Excuse three: the New York Times hasn't asked me to write any op-eds or anything else for many years, though a few of its reporters — a couple who I like but most who I can't stand — call me periodically looking for information and then publish it in their newspaper without credit or completely distort or ignore what I told them, also without credit.
Anyway, the other reason you won't be able to read Washington Babylon if you don't sign up for our free newsletter is that the Google search algorithm will have rigged things so we show up lower than Alex Jones, who fundamentally is within the mainstream of American politics and we are very definitely not, and never will be. We are out to destroy capitalism and that makes us Enemies of the State, which is exactly the place I want to be.
So we at Washington Babylon are already preparing for the future by returning to the past — daily delivery — and staying ahead of the curve — via email instead of bicycle and 100 percent free, unless you have money to spare. We don't discriminate if you don't have money to spare so here's the link to sign up for our newsletter if you want to support independent journalism, keep reading us and save these adorable creatures.
https://washingtonbabylon.com/newsletter/
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This entry was posted on Sunday, April 15th, 2018 at 5:47 pm	and is filed under Cinema, Culture, Japan. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.


Most White Wire Heart Shelf Photos - Thanks for this post. About to embark on a bathroom redecorate and we're turning the prevailing shower stall area into a further deep linen/garage closet. This is exactly the appearance i was trying so this will not had been found at a better time. Additionally, high-quality to recognise i'm now not alone in my pure hatred for wire shelving. My house is complete of it and slowly, but sury, it will get replaced.
Hubs used a degree and marked at the wall in which the cabinets would cross. ?we used pieces of 1×2 that have been reduce to the period that we wanted the cabinets to be (depth). ?we used our mitre saw to make the cuts, but you can use any noticed, even a hand saw to reduce those pieces to duration.
Unfold a touch love into your private home with the wooden heart shelf! This gorgeous wood coronary heart design is break up into lots of various sized cubicles, best for retaining all of your household odds and ends secure and cozy!.
We started out by means of putting off all the antique twine shelving (which i plan to donate); and then marking on the wall where the new cabinets will pass. ?i simply stayed with the equal spacing as it had labored before, but this is the ideal time to replace up your shelf spacing if you want to.
I painted one coat of primer and two coats on each aspect of the pine shelves that i bought on the hardware shop – i used our dining room table with a drop material as a surface, and used a foam curler. ?it dried pretty speedy so i was capable of paint one facet, dry, turn it and paint the other side, and so forth. ?in a reasonably short time period. I didn't paint the edges of the pine because i didn't need them to get thicker and now not in shape within the closet properly – and at the the front we were going to be placing a dealing with so it didn't need to be painted.


Would you read the last chapter of a book and assume you knew the whole story? Some people might, but let's face it: there's more to a story than the ending.
As we celebrate Older Americans Month, it's a great reminder to connect with the senior adults who have a few more chapters to share with all of us, if we take the time to listen! It's easy to go about our day tackling our to-do list, sometimes forgetting to take the time of actually engaging in the moment.
I was reminded of this last week while visiting with some new friends at the Columbia Cottage Assisted Living in Hershey. My goal was to capture a few words of wisdom to include as part our social media efforts. What may have seemed like an ordinary project soon transformed into something more as I found myself thoroughly enjoying the conversations that transpired from the group. The chapters of their lives quickly unfolded…their childhood, careers, stories about children/grandchildren, travel and current hobbies and interests. I soon discovered that they wanted to share the whole story of their life with me…not just the last few chapters.
I could have easily gone thru the motions that day, but I'm grateful that I took the time to get to know Bill, Walt, Ellen and Carolyn. I left the group with a full heart and I couldn't wait to share their inspiration with my family and friends. I highly recommend that you visit with some seniors and hear their story. You'll leave enlightened, and if you're lucky, maybe with a new friend, too!
Click here for their inspirational quotes and words of wisdom.


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Greening a Greene and Greene House
A Large Home Gets a Smaller Footprint
Revamping an Older Tract House
A Solar Home That's Ahead of the Curve
A Green Approach to Traditional Design
The American Green Home
"A lot of our clients want to go green but very few mean it to the level and depth that Frank Levinson has taken this home."
– Colleen Mahoney,
Printable PDF of this page
WHOLE HOUSE LABEL
Project Stats
Tiburon, CA
GreenPoint rated score:
Original size:
5,500 square feet (Including a separate 2-bedroom apartment)
New size:
Project scope:
Whole house remodel to reduce the home's carbon footprint and
update it with contemporary design and green materials.
Mahoney Architects and Interior
Larwood Construction
GreenPoint Rater and green building consultant:
A luxury home approaches zero net energy use thanks to extensive efficiency improvements, renewable energy systems, and a "dashboard" for tracking energy and water consumption.
Frank Levinson wanted a dashboard that told him the energy-saving performance of his house in real time. After completing an extensive remodel of his Tiburon home, Mr. Levinson has just that – a resource monitoring system that displays information about his resource usage. These days, the resource monitor isn't showing much waste, thanks to a major overhaul of the home's energy-using systems and building envelope. The stunningly situated house, with sweeping views of the San Francisco Bay, was also updated with contemporary and green finishes, better lighting and changes to the floor plan to enhance flow and views.
Energy Use
Even after taking basic energy-saving steps like substantially improving insulation in walls, roof, and floor, adding double-paned windows, and using LED and fluorescent lighting, Mr. Levinson wanted to do more to ensure that most of his energy came from sustainable sources. So he had a photovoltaic system mounted on the garage roof. Gas furnaces were replaced with efficient dual-source (electric and gas) heat pumps and tightly sealed new ductwork. A solar hot water system serves the main house, the apartment and an endless pool, with a gas water heater providing supplemental domestic hot water during cloudy spells.
Mr. Levinson now uses 90 percent less gas than he previously used, and is making more electricity than he consumes.
Throughout the interior, Mahoney specified healthier finishes, including low-VOC paints and natural stucco. Other healthy home features include high efficiency HVAC filters, bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans vented to the outside to remove moisture and odors, and insulation that gives off few or no indoor air pollutants compared to conventional insulation.
Mr. Levinson prioritized durability in his choice of materials. His classic maple floors will stand the test of time, and have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council to have come from sustainably managed forests. The new exterior cedar siding, as well as cabinets, new interior doors and the entry door are also FSC certified.
Underneath the house, Mr. Levinson had two 7,500 gallon cisterns built to collect rainwater for landscape irrigation. To further reduce water use in and around his home, he selected dual-flush toilets, an on-demand recirculation pump that reduces the time it takes for water to reach fixtures, and drought-tolerant plants for the gardens.
Community & Living Green
The home has a number of design elements that accommodate diverse households, including a fully functional independent apartment and accessibility features such as a main floor with a zero-step entrance, doors and passageways with at least 32 inches of clear passage space, and bathrooms with blocking for grab bars. The home is within walking distance of public transit and neighborhood services.


The new scholarship "CCP Focus" is open to applicants from the MENA region, Central, South and Southeast Asia. Participants of this scholarship share a common thematic and professional focus. This is 2019: Civic education. For the first time in 2019, interested persons can apply exclusively for pre-defined job offers. The stay in Germany is 2-3 months.
In 2019, the focus will be on civic education. The new scholarship is therefore explicitly aimed at those applicants who deal with this topic professionally in the narrower or broader sense.
Civic education plays an important role in the development of an active civil society. It fosters the capacities of citizens, both youth and adults, to better understand societal and political circumstances, in order to engage actively in their society.
Furthermore, digital tools play an increasing and essential role in our daily life. They create new ways of interaction in high speed, which also affects the field of civic education. Therefore, two of the fellowships concentrate on digital aspects of civic education.
Selected participants from abroad complete an eight to twelve-week scholarship at one of the pre-selected organisations in Germany between May and December 2019. "CCP Focus" provides fellows with the opportunity to establish professional contacts and to familiarise themselves with the specificities of the host-organisations operational procedures, methods and tools in the field of civic education. In addition, "CCP Focus" is closely linked to the other CCP scholarships so that a professional exchange among fellows from different countries and regions is possible. Fellows are invited to share experiences with their professional networks in their home country in order to promote the building and maintenance of intercultural and cross-national networks.
For further information, please see our frequently asked questions (FAQ).


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> Jaqueline Hanson
Primary Medical Qualification: MB ChB
Other Qualifications: BSc first class honours Microbiology, FRCS London, FCEM
GMC Number: 3068986
Career history: Obtained a first class honours degree in Microbiology prior to entering medicine, both at Leeds University. Trained in surgery and emergency medicine in Leeds and Manchester.
Appointed Consultant in Emergency Medicine at Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation trust in 1995, and is an Associate Undergraduate Dean.
Director of Continuing Professional Development and Director of Revalidation for the College of Emergency Medicine. Examiner for the Fellowship of the College of Emergency Medicine.
Specialist areas/interest:
Clinical interests include resuscitation and trauma as well as musculoskeletal injuries and medical education and research. Developed an interest in simulation from teaching on Advanced Life Support Courses.
Director of the Simulation Centre at Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, and involved in developing postgraduate and undergraduate training in simulation.
Use of Stroke distance measured with ultrasound in assessment of hypotensive states. She won the EMRS prize for research in 1993 and presented the work in Washington D.C. at SAEM in 1994.
Current research interest is in Simulation in medical education
Presented internationally in China, Hong Kong, Australia and Canada.