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The Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)
Battalions of the Regular Army
August 1914 : at Woolwich.
11 August 1914 : landed at Le Havre as Lines of Communication troops.
22 August 1914 : came under command of 19th Infantry Brigade, which was not allocated to a Division but was an independent command at this time.
12 October 1914 : transferred with Brigade to 6th Division.
31 May 1915 : transferred with Brigade to 27th Division.
19 August 1915 : transferred with Brigade to 2nd Division.
25 November 1915 : transferred with Brigade to 33rd Division and battalion transferred to 98th Brigade in same Division.
August 1914 : at Malta. Returned to England in September and moved to Hursley Park, attached to 23rd Brigade in 8th Division.
7 November 1914 : landed at Le Havre.
August 1914 : in Cawnpore, India. Returned to England in December 1914, moved to Winchester and attached to 85th Brigade in 28th Division.
Landed at Le Havre 19 January 1915.
25 October 1915 : moved to Egypt and went on to Salonika, arriving 2 December 1915.
4th Battalion
August 1914 : in Devonport, part of 8th Brigade in 3rd Division.
14 August 1914 : landed at Boulogne.
14 November 1915 : transferred to 63rd Brigade in 21st Division.
8 July 1916 : moved with the Brigade to 37th Division.
5th and 6th (Reserve) Battalions
August 1914 : in Mill Hill. Depot/training units, they moved on mobilisation to Rochester (5th) and Gillingham (6th), latter going on to Chatham in November 1915 and 5th to same place in March 1916. In 1917 and 1918 the 5th Bn was at Chatham. Both were part of the Thames & Medway Garrison.
The badge of the regiment as depicted on a CWGC war grave headstone. From the PaulHP collection at flickr, with my thanks.
Battalions of the Territorial Force
1/7th Battalion
August 1914 : in Hornsey. Part of Middlesex Brigade in Home Counties Division. Moved on mobilisation to Isle of Grain.
September 1914 : left the Division and moved to Gibraltar, arriving 17 September.
February 1915 : returned to England. Moved to Barnet.
13 March 1915 : landed at Le Havre and two days later attached to 23rd Brigade in 8th Division.
Between 23 June and 2 August 1915, amalgamated with 1/8th Bn.
8 February 1916 : transferred to 167th Brigade in 56th (London) Division.
August 1914 : in Hounslow. Part of Middlesex Brigade in Home Counties Division. Moved on mobilisation to Sheerness and then to Sittingbourne.
February 1915 : returned to England.
9 March 1915 : landed at Le Havre and two days later attached to 85th Brigade in 28th Division.
Between 23 June and 2 August 1915, amalgamated with 1/7th Bn in 8th Division.
27 August 1915 : transferred to 25th Brigade in 8th Division.
23 October 1915 : transferred to 70th Brigade in same Division.
August 1914 : in Willesden Green. Part of Middlesex Brigade in Home Counties Division. Moved on mobilisation to Sheerness and then to Sittingbourne.
30 October 1914 : sailed from Southampton for India, arriving Bombay on 2 December 1914. The Bn eventually moved to Mesopotamia, arriving Basra on 24 November 1917, and joined the 53rd Brigade of the 18th Indian Division. It remained in that theatre until the end of the war.
1/10th Battalion
August 1914 : in Ravenscourt Park. Part of Middlesex Brigade in Home Counties Division. Moved on mobilisation to Sheerness and then to Sittingbourne.
30 October 1914 : sailed from Southampton for India, arriving Bombay on 2 December 1914. It remained in India until the end of the war.
Formed at Hornsey in September 1914 as a second line unit. Moved to Barnet and then Egham, where attached to 2/Middlesex Brigade (201st), 2/Home Counties Division (67th). Left the Division in February 1915 and moved to Gibraltar.
August 1915: moved to Egypt. Formed part of the Western Frontier Force.
May 1916 : moved to France, arriving Marseilles on 15 May 1916. Whole Bn went into quarantine camp for Typhus.
Disbanded in France on 10 June 1916, whereupon the 3/7th Bn in England (see below) was retitled the 2/7th.
Formed at Hampton Court in September 1914 as a second line unit. Moved to Staines. Record same as 1/7th Bn.
Formed at Willesden in September 1914 as a second line unit. Moved to Staines and in November 1915 to Sevenoaks. Went on to Barham in July 1916 and a year later was at Patrixbourne. Disbanded in England in November 1917.
Formed at Stamford Brook in September 1914 as a second line unit. Moved to Staines and attached to 2/Middlesex Brigade (201st), 2/Home Counties Division (67th).
24 April 1915 : moved to 160th (Welsh Border) Brigade in 53rd (Welsh) Division. Moved to Cambridge and in May to Bedford.
18 July 1915 : sailed from devonport, going via Imbros and landed at Suvla Bay on 9 August 1915.
December 1915 : evacuated from Gallipoli and moved to Egypt.
19 August 1918 : left the Division and disbanded in Egypt.
Formed at Hornsey in February 1915 and moved to Staines.
Became 2/7th Bn (see above) at Barham.
November 1917 : disbanded.
Formed at Hounslow in February 1915 and moved to Staines.
Became 2/8th Bn (see above) at Bourne Hill.
October 1917 : disbanded.
Formed at Willesden in March 1915 and moved to Cambridge.
8 April 1916 : retitled as 9th Reserve Bn.
July 1916: moved to Bourne Park Camp near Canterbury in Kent.
1 September 1916: absorbed in 7th Reserve Bn at Purfleet (see below).
Formed in May 1915 and moved, after a period in Kent, to Bourne Park.
1 June 1917 : landed at Le Havre and attached to South African Brigade in 9th (Scottish) Division.
2 August 1917 : transferred to 10th Brigade in 4th Division.
20 February 1918 : disbanded in France.
Formed in May 1915 and moved to Cambridge, going later to Purfleet.
8 April 1915 : retitled 7th Reserve Bn.
1 September 1916: absorbed 8th, 9th and 10th Reserve Bns. Moved to Tunbridge Wells in September 1916.
4/8th and 4/10th Battalions
8 April 1915 : retitled 8th and 10th Reserve Bns.
1 September 1916: absorbed into 7th Reserve Bn.
On 1 January 1917, the 63rd Provisional Bn became the 32nd Middlesex. It had been formed in June 1915 from Home Service personnel. Remained in UK throughout the war.
Battalions of the New Armies
11th (Service) Battalion
Formed at Mill Hill in August 1914 as part of K1 and came under command of 36th Brigade in 12th (Eastern) Division. Moved to Colchester, going on to Shorncliffe in November and in February 1915 went into Ramillies Barracks at Aldershot.
June 1915 : landed at Boulogne.
7 February 1918 : disbanded in France.
Formed at Mill Hill in August 1914 as part of K2 and came under command of 54th Brigade in 18th (Eastern) Division. Moved to Colchester and then on to Codford in May 1915.
26 July 1915 : landed at Le Havre.
Formed at Mill Hill in September 1914 as part of K3 and came under command of 73rd Brigade, 24th Division. Moved to the South Downs. Went to billets in Hove in December 1914 and thence to Shoreham in May 1915 and Pirbright in June.
2 September 1915 : landed at Boulogne.
14th (Reserve) Battalion
Formed at Gravesend in October 1914 for K4 and came under command of 93rd Brigade of original 31st Division. Moved to Halling in Kent.
10 April 1915 : converted into a reserve battalion. Moved in May 1915 to Colchester and went on in October to Shoreham.
1 September 1916 : converted into 24th Training Reserve Battalion of 5th Reserve Brigade at Shoreham.
Formed at Gillingham in October 1914 for K4 and came under command of 93rd Brigade of original 31st Division. Moved to Snodland in Kent.
1 September 1916 : absorbed into the Training Reserve Battalions of 5th Reserve Brigade at Shoreham.
16th (Service) Battalion (Public Schools)
Formed in London on 1 September 1914 by Lt-Col. J.J.Mackay. Moved to Kempton Park racecourse, going on in December to Warlingham.
July 1915 : moved to Clipstone Camp and came under command of 100th Brigade in 33rd Division. Moved in August to Perham Down.
17 November 1915 : landed at Boulogne.
25 February 1916 : left Division and transferred to GHQ Troops.
25 April 1916 : transferred to 86th Brigade in 29th Division.
11 February 1918 : disbanded near Poperinghe in Belgium.
Staff Sergeant (pointing to his right) of the 16th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (29th Division) with a group of troops of the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, parading at the "White City" opposite Hawthorn Ridge for the attack on Beaumont Hamel. Behind them is a party from the 2nd Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders of the 4th Division. Note white cloth carriers "C" letter badges on arms of two soldiers from that group. Imperial War Museum image Q796
17th (Service) Battalion (1st Football)
Formed in London on 12 December 1914 by W. Joynson Hicks MP. Moved to White City, going on in April 1915 to Cranleigh.
8 December 1915 : transferred to 6th Brigade in 2nd Division.
18th (Service) Battalion (1st Public Works Pioneers)
Formed in London on 19 January 1915 by Lt-Col. John Ward MP. Moved to Alexandra Palace, going on in May 1915 to Rayleigh.
July 1915 : moved to Clipstone Camp and came under command of 33rd Division as Pioneer Battalion. Moved in August to Salisbury Plain.
15 November 1915 : landed at Le Havre.
19th (Service) Battalion (2nd Public Works Pioneers)
Formed in London in April 1915 by Lt-Col. John Ward MP. Moved to Hornsey.
July 1915 : moved to Aldershot and came under command of 41st Division as Pioneer Battalion.
2 May 1916 : landed at Le Havre.
November 1917 : moved with the Division to Italy but returned to France in March 1918.
20th (Service) Battalion (Shoreditch)
Formed in Shoreditch on 18 May 1915 by the Busby Bird, the Mayor of Shoreditch and a committee from the Borough.
The battalion initially trained at Victoria Park in Hackney and was accommodated at Columbia Market in Bethnal Green.
24 September 1915: began to move to Albuhera Barracks at Aldershot and came under command of 118th Brigade in 39th Division.
8 November 1915: moved to "C" Lines at Witley.
2 February 1916 : moved to Ramillies Barracks at Aldershot for rifle range training and returned to Witley on 14 February.
3 April 1916: moved to Pirbright and transferred to 121st Brigade in 40th Division.
6 June 1916 : landed in France.
6 May 1918 : reduced to cadre strength.
31 May 1918 : transferred to 16th (Irish) Division.
16 June 1918 : moved to Boulogne and transferred to 43rd Brigade in 14th (Light) Division. Crossed to England next day. Moved to Brookwood.
20 June 1918 : reconstituted by absorbing 34th Bn.
5 July 1918 : landed at Boulogne.
21st (Service) Battalion (Islington)
Formed in Islington on 18 May 1915 by the Mayor and Borough.
July 1915 : came under command of 118th Brigade in 39th Division. Moved to Aldershot in October.
February 1916 : moved to Witley and transferred to 121st Brigade in 40th Division.
June 1916 : landed in France.
5 February 1918 : transferred to 119th Brigade in same Division.
3 June 1918 : transferred to 34th Division.
30 June 1918 : moved to Boulogne and transferred to 74th Brigade in 25th Division. Crossed to England next day. Moved to Aldershot. Left the Division and moved to Cromer.
22nd (Service) Battalion
Formed at Mill Hill in June 1915 as a Bantam Battalion.
October : moved to Aldershot and came under command of 121st Brigade in 40th Division. Moved to Witley in February 1916.
2 April 1916 : disbanded in England.
23rd (Service) Battalion (2nd Football)
Formed in London on 29 June 1915 by W. Joynson Hicks MP. Moved to Cranleigh.
November 1915 : moved to Aldershot and came under command of 123rd Brigade in 41st Division.
May 1916 : landed in France.
Formed at Tring in October 1915 from the depot companies of 16th Bn. Moved to Northampton and in May 1916 on to Aldershot.
1 September 1916 : converted into 100th Training Reserve Battalion of 23rd Reserve Brigade at Aldershot.
Formed at Tring in October 1915 from the depot companies of 18th, 19th and 26th Bns. Moved to Northampton and in May 1916 on to Aldershot.
1 September 1916 : converted into 25th (Garrison) Bn.
3 November 1916: transferred to 213th Brigade of 71st Division.
11 November 1916: converted into 25th Bn.
22 December 1916: left Brigade and sailed from Devonport, arriving Hong Kong 1 April 1917 although two companies were left at Singapore.
August 1918 : reassembled as a battalion and landed at Vladivostock on 3 August 1918.
Remained in Siberia until September 1919.
26th (Service) Battalion (3rd Public Works Pioneers)
Formed in London on 9 August 1915 by Lt-Col. John Ward MP. Moved to Alexandra Park.
24 August 1916 : landed at Salonika and came under command of 27th Division as Pioneer Battalion.
27th and 28th (Reserve) Battalions
Formed 1915 from the depot companies of 17th, 20th, 21st and 23rd Bns. Moved to Northampton in May 1916 on to Aldershot.
1 September 1916 : converted into 101st and 102nd Training Reserve Battalions of 23rd Reserve Brigade at Aldershot. 27th Bn later converted into 52nd (Graduated) Bn and 28th became 53rd (Young Soldier) Bn (see below).
Other Battalions
29th (Works) Battalion
Formed at Mill Hill on 29 June 1916. Possibly at Pease Pottage by August 1916. By March 1917 was at Thetford. In April 1917, transferred to the Labour Corps as 5th Labour Bn.
30th (Works) Battalion > Details
Formed at Crawley in July 1916. Moved to Reading where it then remained.
31st (Works) Battalion > Details
Formed at Mill Hill in September 1916. Moved to Sevenoaks, going on to Reigate, Harpenden and Croydon.
33rd (Works) Battalion
Formed at Mill Hill in January 1917. In April 1917, transferred to the Labour Corps as 6th Labour Bn.
Formed at St Olaves (Lowestoft) on 1 June 1918 but absorbed by 20th Bn at Brookwood on 20 June.
1st (Home Service) Garrison Battalion
Formed at Mill Hill in May 1916. By August 1917 was at Chattenden. Converted into 16th Bn, the Royal Defence Corps.
51st (Graduated) Battalion
Up to 27 October 1917, this was known as 209th Graduated Battalion and had no regimental affiliation. Before that it had been 97th Battalion of the Training Reserve and up to September 1916 had been the 12th (Reserve) Battalion of the Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment). A training unit based at Taverham, it was part of 193rd Brigade in 64th (2nd Highland) Division. Moved to Norwich, went on to Sheringham in March 1918, then back to Taverham and was once again at Norwich by November 1918.
52nd (Graduated) Battalion
Up to 27 October 1917, this was known as 250th Graduated Battalion and had no regimental affiliation. Before that it had been 101st Battalion of the Training Reserve and up to September 1916 had been the 27th (Reserve) Battalion of the Middlesex (see above). A training unit based at Colchester, it was part of 212th Brigade in 71st Division. In February 1918 when 71st Division was broken up it went to 193rd Brigade of 64th (2nd Highland) Division at Norwich. By May 1918 it had moved to Taverham and was once again at Norwich by November 1918.
53rd (Young Soldier) Battalion
Up to 27 October 1917, this was known as 102nd Young Soldier Battalion and had no regimental affiliation. Before that it had been 28th (Reserve) Battalion of the Middlesex (see above). A basic recruit training unit based at Aldershot, it was part of 23rd Reserve Brigade.
Enemy alien units of the Middlesex Regiment
Other British infantry regiments
12th (Eastern) Division
14th (Light) Division
21st Division
33rd Division
53rd (Welsh) Division
56th (1st London) Division
64th (2nd Highland) Division
Training Reserve


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L'Hilton Fort Worth est un hôtel américain situé à Fort Worth, au Texas. Ouvert en 1921, cet établissement d'Hilton Hotels & Resorts est inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le  et est membre des Historic Hotels of America et des Historic Hotels Worldwide depuis 2016.

Histoire
Le  pendant son voyage pré-électoral au Texas le président des États-Unis John Kennedy accompagné de sa femme Jackie Kennedy passa la dernière nuit de son existence dans la suite 850 de cet hôtel.

Notes et références

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Liens externes

Hôtel inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques au Texas
Registre national des lieux historiques en 1979
Édifice construit en 1921
Recorded Texas Historic Landmark
Historic Hotels of America
Historic Hotels Worldwide
Fort Worth
Fort Worth
École de Chicago (architecture)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HOME INDUSTRIES AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION AEROSPACE ARTICLE
Deciphering Two-Dimensional ID Codes: Reading the Unreadable
Steve Scheiber
The idea of uniquely identifying individual parts, assemblies and systems–such as in the electronics industry–gained attention to trace defective products from parts suppliers to final assemblies and to identify the source of faulty or counterfeit components and process problems, correction of which could prevent future failures. Military and government agencies in particular demand perfect traceability for systems that can remain in service for decades.
From Whence They Came
One-dimensional bar codes originally emerged to measure sales and track inventories in warehouses and retail establishments in real time. But bar codes suffer from two significant drawbacks: they offer meager storage capacity, and although a reader (usually a laser scanner that distinguishes between black and white bars) can detect a bad read, correcting it requires human intervention. Even disoriented and misplaced codes often give unsatisfactory results, and the reader itself contains moving parts tha Structure of a 2D DataMatrix code (Source: Cognex)t can suffer mechanical failures. This combination of factors led to development of two-dimensional codes that carry more information and allow correction as well as detecting misread codes at least most of the time. A two-dimensional code can contain such information as part number, serial number, revision number, test-program name and revision number and a great deal more if needed. As a side benefit, codes on printed-circuit boards containing field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) could allow programming devices on the fly after board assembly, minimizing the chance that obsolete versions find their way onto products during manufacturing. Of the proposed 2D alternatives, the DataMatrix code has emerged as the accepted standard for the electronics and other manufacturing industries.
A DataMatrix code consists of a quiet zone that separates it from its surroundings, a "finder" or "L" pattern that allows reading software to orient the code correctly, a clocking pattern of black and white cells that define the size of the 1s and 0s in the code, and a data region. In addition to the raw data, the data region includes Reed-Solomon error-correction, the same algorithm that allows a CD or DVD player to compensate for scratches or other impediments to playing the content cleanly.
Decoding the Information
Two dimensional codes require vision-based readers, rather than the laser scanners of the bar-code world. This type of reader has no moving parts, dramatically improving its reliability. A camera takes a picture of the code, and the accompanying software finds the code in the image, orients it correctly, and extracts the information. Identification from both shape and textural cues (Source: Cognex)
Most readers rely on shape-based algorithms to find, orient, and interpret the code. But if something obscures the quiet zone, "L" pattern, or clocking pattern–other nearby graphics or possibly components or circuit traces on a PCB, for example–the reader may not have enough information to find and interpret the data. Further processing requires human intervention. To extend the success rate, engineers at Cognex have created a software technology called PowerGrid that takes advantage of both shape-based and texture-based algorithms.
Consider the zoological analogy illustrated in Figure 2. The shape of the first animal clearly identifies it as an antelope. The second animal's shape, however, proves less definitive. It could be depict a horse or any horse-like relative. Using a small square of the silhouette, recognizing either animal proves far more difficult. But looking at texture easily confirms that the second animal is a zebra. If the quiet zone, "L" pattern, and clock pattern are sufficiently legible, PowerGrid easily identifies and positions the code based on its shape and can analyze the data. If that search fails, the technique looks for texture that resembles data elements, determines the data margins from other hints in the field, such as legible remnants of the shape factors and reconstructs the pattern from the inside out, dramatically increasing the success rate, reducing manufacturing costs and providing a considerable boost to the company's bottom line.
The source document includes a more detailed discussion, examining one-dimensional and 2D reading technologies and code application techniques, including printed labels and direct-part marking.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Researchers can now carry out a fish survey using just a glass of the water in which the fish live.
A group of researchers collected about two pint glasses of water from California's Monterey Bay Aquarium's 1.2 million-gallon open sea tank. They then analyzed the DNA in the water samples to determine what fish species were present in the tank.
Researchers compared this DNA to primers – short bits of DNA – from earlier studies. If a match was found, then the specific type of fish could be determined, said Ryan Kelly, assistant professor of marine and environmental affairs at the University of Washington.
Read the full, original story: A fish census in a glass of water? DNA offers clues.


• Wolverine has been many things to Storm over the years: teammate, friend, confidant, mentor and-most recently-lover.
• But upon his death, Storm finds her world thrown into chaos.
• Will finishing a piece of his unfinished business alongside their mutual ally Yukio help her find her way once more?


Refined, rustic and completely in harmony with its surrounding environment, Kapama Karula Lodge is situated in the vast Kapama Game Reserve. The lodge arranges game drives in open safari vehicles, guided by experienced rangers. The spacious suites at Kapama Karula are all elegantly furnished, and come with an outside deck area complete with a heated pool and sun loungers.
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Generous both in size and style, these sumptuous suites each come with a private outdoor decking area to help you soak up the surrounding landscape and its inhabitants. There's no mistaking you're in a five-star establishment in this accommodation.
Kapama have taken an innovative approach towards dining, offering a delectable menu in a variety of venues. Dine indoors, or outdoors in the bush.
Kapama Karula is located close to the western edge of Kruger National Park, just inside the Kapama Game Reserve.


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Surviving the Flame: Notre Dame de Paris
April 18, 2019 July 10, 2020
The world stood still on Monday evening when we all watched in horror. Located on Paris' Ile de la Cite the iconic monument that graces the cities skyline was set ablaze. The spire, originally built in the 13th century and roof were destroyed in the fire. The artistic lost in Notre Dame could have been horrific. Thankfully, the Parisian fire department and officials were able to save many of the priceless artifacts. Most notably among them the Rose windows, a trio of immense stained- glass windows, and the Crown of Thorns which the cathedral calls its "most precious and most venerated relic" were snatched from the fires grip. Also saved from serious damage were the twin bell towers and the original Great Organ.
Many of the artworks have survived the devastating fire from Monday evening. According to the New York Times, works which were evacuated during the blaze are being relocated to the Louvre. French Culture Minister Franck Riester states that many of the large paintings inside the Cathedral suffered smoke damage and perhaps also water damage. These works will move to the Musee de Louvre as well.
More than just a Cathedral
Cathedral Notre Dame De Paris
La Notre Dame de Paris, commonly known as Notre Dame is a medieval Catholic cathedral. It sits on the Ile de la Cite, in the 4th arrondissement of Paris. Construction on this iconic cathedral began in 1160, under Bishop Maurice de Sully. Initial completion one hundred years later in the 1260s. Throughout its history – it has seen two world wars, undergone several modifications, and yet it has stood tall at the center of the city. Much more than a religious house, the Notre Dame is a museum from the 13th century. It is home to priceless relics and religious artifacts from that time. It witnessed the coronation of an emperor and the focal point for visitors the world over.
The Notre Dame is more than just a cathedral. Equally, i is much more than a landmark. Taking over one hundred years to complete the Notre Dame is a physical testament of medieval ingenuity and strength. It is also a testament to the artistic quality and workmanship of that era. The Last Judgement at the main entrance of the cathedral – is a wonderful display of the artistic genius of that epoch. It is culturally significant for not only the people of France but the world over.
Artistic Loss In Notre Dame
Rose Window North
However tragic Monday's events were – artistic loss in Notre Dame is not new. During the 1790s French Revolution, the Notre-Dame suffered desecration. Much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. Somehow it survived.
Initially fearing that the stand out features of the church would be lost due to water and heat damage. Experts set out to inspect the building as early as Tuesday. According to Franck Riester, the building is structurally sound.
The stained glass windows of Notre-Dame, particularly the three rose windows, are among the most famous features of the cathedral.
"Stained glass, of course, is made in heat," says Sarah Brown. She is the director of York Glaziers Trust, which preserves and restores the stained glass at York Minster. She immediately reached out her French counterparts to offer her help and support.
In addition to the stain glass windows, there is much concern for the large paintings that are throughout the cathedral. "The large paintings, at first glance, have not been affected by the fire," says, Mr. Riester. There is very little news regarding the other items of importance that call the cathedral home.
Many artifacts were saved before the fire spread to other parts of the cathedral. The copper statues that are normally on the now collapsed spire were removed from the building a week prior. The stone vaulting that forms the ceiling of the cathedral remains largely intact. Preventing the burning timbers falling into the building below.
Officials including firefighters and police officers formed a human chain to save these objects. Removing them immediately to Paris's city hall just to the north of the Île de la Cité.
Notre Dame de Paris at night
Restoration of the Cathedral
Overwhelming support came in from around the world to help build the Notre Dame. Approximately 500 firefighters helped to battle the fire.
The restoration of the Notre Dame project will not only depend on the availability of materials but on the availability of skilled craftspeople.
The restoration will take time, effort and especially resources from the global community. The help of the world over will restore the Notre Dame to its original glory. Helping it regain its position as a monument loved the world over. Helping restore the artistic loss in Notre Dame.
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Cassette-worthy bands of today
Comedy – Parody
MixTape Fitness
Official T-Shirt
The Time – What Time Is It
Now that Prince has passed, a thought occurred to me. Perhaps The Time has won the eternal struggle to be the coolest cool thing in Minneapolis in the Purple Rain movie-universe. Really, I've always thought of them as an adversary to my man The Kid. In my mind I know that isn't the case, that Morris Day and Prince were friends – and even that The Time was more of an offshoot of Prince than anything else.
Prince guided the band, hell – he even put them together. Prince's contract with Warner Brothers let him act as a recruiter and artist developer, so he creaqted the Time from artists he knew around his hoetown scene. They were kind of an outlet for his creativity even when he had moved past the funky fresh sound of the late 70s/very early 80s.
"What Time Is It" dropped at the end of 1982. That was a year before Purple Rain came out, and Prince was still best known for funky ass movers like "I Wanna Be Your Lover." Even after the purple one had moved on to more elevated artistic pursuits, the Time helped his funky side live on. They were funk rock kings in their own right, and only flourished more with Prince as a guide. The band eventually couldn't live under the thumb of the Purple one, and split. And reformed. Quite a few times, actually.
But this is about "What Time Is It" – the before they were huge album that is just funky fun for the whole family. The cassette reminds us of a young band, burning to come up in the world (on track "Onedayi'mgonnabesomebody") and also that "Gigolos Get Lonely Too," which was the closest thing to a hit the band had before skyrocketing due to Purple Rain. The Prince influence is so overwhelming on this album, that Prince fans might as well just embrace it and add it to his catalog. He wrote and sang a lot of the jams before Morris Day re-recorded the lead vocals. If you want more early Prince to assuage your pain, this cassette is something to collect.
By Lauren R|April 25th, 2016|Uncategorized|0 Comments
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Issue Date: November/December 2011
Published Online: November 01, 2011
Effects of a Father-Based In-Home Intervention on Perceived Stress and Family Dynamics in Parents of Children With Autism
Roxanna M. Bendixen; Jennifer H. Elder; Susan Donaldson; John A. Kairalla; Greg Valcante; Richard E. Ferdig
Roxanna M. Bendixen, PhD, OTR/L, is Research Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, PO Box 100164, Gainesville, FL 32610-0164; rbendixe@phhp.ufl.edu
Jennifer H. Elder, PhD, RN, RAAN, is Professor and Associate Dean for Research, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville
Susan Donaldson, MSN, ARNP, PMHNP-BC, is Nurse Manager, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville
John A. Kairalla, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville
Greg Valcante, PhD, is Director, Center for Autism and Related Disabilities, University of Florida, Gainesville
Richard E. Ferdig, PhD, is Professor, Lifespan Development and Educational Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
Research Article | November 01, 2011
Roxanna M. Bendixen, Jennifer H. Elder, Susan Donaldson, John A. Kairalla, Greg Valcante, Richard E. Ferdig; Effects of a Father-Based In-Home Intervention on Perceived Stress and Family Dynamics in Parents of Children With Autism. Am J Occup Ther 2011;65(6):679–687. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2011.001271
Parents of children with autism report high rates of stress. Parental differences in stress are inconsistent, with most research indicating that mothers report higher levels of stress than fathers. We explored parental differences before and after an in-home training program. Fathers were taught an intervention designed to improve their child's social reciprocity and communication; they then trained mothers. Stress was assessed with the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form, and family dynamics was assessed with the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II. Both mothers and fathers reported high preintervention levels of stress. After intervention, fathers' stress was reduced, but not significantly, possibly because of the variability in fathers' scores; mothers' stress scores were significantly reduced. Parenting styles were significantly different before and after intervention. Interdisciplinary teams, including occupational therapists, nurses, and special educators, can work together to have a positive impact on the lives of families of children with autism.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including classic autism, is a complex, lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in early childhood and persists into adulthood. People with ASD exhibit varying levels of deficits in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors and interests (National Institute of Mental Health, 2007). The prevalence of ASD has continued to increase significantly; the reported occurrence among children in the United States is estimated to be as many as 1 in 90 births (Ganz, 2007). This increase in autism has fueled the demand for services and assistance. Annually, costs associated with this disorder, including health care and rehabilitation, education, transportation, and caregiver expenses, are estimated at nearly $90 billion per year (Autism Society of America, 2008), with each person with ASD accruing approximately $3.2 million in costs to society over his or her lifetime (Ganz, 2007).
ASD varies widely in severity and symptoms. Typically, children with classic autism demonstrate impairments in the ability to make friends with peers and initiate or sustain a conversation with another person. They often show a lack of imaginative or social play, a preoccupation with certain objects, and inflexible adherence to specific routines or rituals (McConachie & Diggle, 2007; National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2009). Many of these behaviors interfere with daily functional tasks and require additional caregiving to manage and facilitate functional performance. The many behavioral characteristics associated with autism have been shown to increase demands on parents, increase parental stress (Phetrasuwan, Miles, Mesibov, & Robinson, 2009), and predict parental psychological distress (Abbeduto et al., 2004; Lecavalier, Leone, & Wiltz, 2006). Only a few decades ago, most children diagnosed with autism were institutionalized. Today, most live with their families, who must deal with the considerable challenges of raising a child with autism.
The challenges of raising a child with autism have been well documented over the past several decades. Research has demonstrated that parents of children with autism experience greater stress than parents with typically developing children and, in fact, experience greater stress than parents of children with other disabilities, including intellectual disabilities and Down syndrome (Dabrowska & Pisula, 2010; Davis & Carter, 2008; Hastings et al., 2005; Herring et al., 2006; Jones & Passey, 2005; Rao & Beidel, 2009). Early stress studies (Sharpley & Bitsika, 1997) led to subsequent research comparing stress and coping among mothers of children with autism and mothers of typically developing children without autism (Montes, Halterman, & Magyar, 2009; Schieve, Blumberg, Rice, Visser, & Boyle, 2007). Montes et al. (2009) studied >60,000 parents and demonstrated that mothers of children with autism have significantly higher ratings of parental stress and negative psychological functioning than mothers of children without autism.
Although caring for a child with ASD has an impact on quality of life for both parents (Giarelli, Souders, Pinto-Martin, Bloch, & Levy, 2005), most research has focused on mothers (Phetrasuwan et al., 2009; Tomanik, Harris, & Hawkins, 2004), who report higher stress levels than fathers (Beckman, 1991; Davis & Carter, 2008; Herring et al., 2006; Sharpley & Bitsika, 1997). Two studies spanning a decade found no parental differences in stress levels (Hastings et al., 2005; Trute, 1995).
Evidence has linked troublesome behaviors of children with autism to high levels of maternal and paternal stress (Hastings et al., 2005; Herring et al., 2006; Lecavalier et al., 2006; Rao & Beidel, 2009; Schieve, Boulet, Boyle, Rasmussen, & Schendel, 2009; Tomanik et al., 2004). In a recent qualitative study, Larson (2010) presented findings from mothers of children with autism who defined their caregiving as more like "vigilance" than "burden" (p. 19). For these mothers, caregiving, which focuses on managing behaviors and providing oversight during participation in self-care and social activities, was perceived as intense, fatiguing, and stressful. Davis and Carter (2008) reported that although mothers had higher rates of stress and higher rates of depression, fathers reported more difficulty interacting with their children with autism. Mothers were more likely to be involved with everyday activities and were more often affected by their child's inability to eat, sleep, and self-regulate emotions. In contrast, fathers were more affected by externalized behaviors, such as tantrums, and loud or peculiar vocalizations or mannerisms, which may be more difficult to manage and uncomfortable for fathers in public settings (Davis & Carter, 2008). Moreover, the core disability associated with autism is a social one. Parents can find it stressful to deal with a child who does not like to be touched or held, will not respond to their affectionate displays, or will not look them in the eye.
Only a few studies have explored the effects of an in-home intervention on changes in parental stress levels (McConachie & Diggle, 2007). Hastings and Johnson (2001) surveyed parents of children with autism who had participated in a variety of intensive home-based behavioral interventions developed under the direction of Lovaas (1987) . Reportedly, both the child's age at the initiation of the intervention and the length of the intervention correlated with stress. Mothers reported less stress when the intervention was initiated at a younger age and extended for a longer period of time. In contrast, Wong and Kwan (2010) designed a 2-week early intervention program for parents of children with autism that focused on simple, home-based techniques to increase communication skills and social interaction. After this limited intervention, improvements in the children's behaviors appeared to significantly reduce perceived parental stress.
The literature has clearly indicated that parents of children with autism experience high levels of stress and that interventions designed to improve parent–child interactions and difficult child behaviors may reduce stress in both mothers and fathers. Yet, to date, little is known about fathers of children with autism relative to mothers. Fathers have long been thought to have a significant influence on their child's development (Lamb, 1987), and healthy father–child interactions have been shown to positively affect child development (Tiedje & Darling-Fisher, 1996). However, literature regarding fathers of children with autism remains sparse, and because mothers are the more common intervening parent, few parent-training methods have been tested with fathers.
Parent training has been empirically validated as a cost-effective treatment technique for teaching parents to modify problematic child behaviors and facilitate child learning (Graham, Rodger, & Ziviani, 2010; Stahmer & Gist, 2001). Historically, the development of more family-focused interventions has shifted from didactic teaching and family therapy models to a more interactive approach in which parents are active participants in the training process (Gross, Fogg, & Tucker, 1995; Webster-Stratton & Herbert, 1993). Although parents can play key roles in ongoing child training and skills generalization over time (Elder, Valcante, Yarandi, White, & Elder, 2005; Elder et al., 2010; Rogers & Vismara, 2008), clinicians have also long understood not to expect parents to perform actual intensive therapy (Hinojosa & Anderson, 1991). Evidence has suggested that interventions in which parents are taught to relate, play, and synchronize with their child's attentional focus may be more effective than directive approaches for children with autism, who have difficulty establishing joint attention and learning from the intervention (Wetherby, Watt, Morgan, & Shumway, 2007).
We used a quasi-experimental research design to examine perceived maternal and paternal stress and family functioning before and after an in-home father-based parent training intervention. This study received institutional review board approval from the University of Florida–Gainesville, and all participating parents provided signed informed consent for themselves and their children.
Children were recruited from the University of Florida's Center for Autism and Related Disabilities for the purpose of completing a 12-wk, in-home training intervention. Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) a diagnosis of autistic disorder according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–R;American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000); (2) scores above cutoff on each subscale of the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI–R; Lord, Rutter, & Le Couteur, 1994) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 2002); and (3) residence ≤150 mi of the study site. Children were excluded if their medical history, physical examination, or both indicated they had physical or sensory impairments or significant medical problems (e.g., seizure disorders, chronic otitis media). Fathers were included in the study if they were biological fathers residing with their autistic child and agreed to be videotaped with their child during the 12-wk protocol. Exclusion criteria for fathers consisted of any physical, major psychiatric, or sensory problems as noted during the intake evaluation (e.g., speech and language disorders, hearing loss) that might affect their ability to conduct training or interact with their children. We applied identical inclusion and exclusion criteria to mothers who agreed to participate.
Before inclusion in the study, each child was screened with the ADI–R, ADOS, and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland; Sparrow, Balla, & Cicchetti, 1984). The ADI–R is a standardized parent interview used to assess the presence and severity of autistic symptoms. A diagnosis of autism is established if a person scores at or above the cutoff score in the three International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th rev.; ICD–10;World Health Organization, 2007) symptom domains (social interaction, communication, repetitive behaviors). The ADOS is a semistructured observational assessment administered directly to the child. Like the ADI–R, instrument validity is based on DSM–IV–TR diagnostic criteria for autism (APA, 2000) and ICD–10 symptom domains. The Vineland is a widely used measure of adaptive behaviors from birth to age 18. This semistructured interview with a parent or a caregiver assesses adaptive (real-life) skills in communication, daily living, maladaptive behavior, and socialization. It is commonly used in autism research because it describes overall areas of deficits in people with autism and measures such hallmark deficits as socialization or social competence (Volkmar, Klin, & Cohen, 1997). All of these instruments have well-established psychometric properties. We also identified communication deficits from parental reports and observations of the evaluative team during the initial outpatient assessment.
Parenting Stress Index–Short Form.
The Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI; Abidin, 1995) is a self-report questionnaire that evaluates stress in parents of children the age of our sample. The PSI evaluates perceptions of the parent regarding both self and child. Total PSI scores ≥90 indicate clinically significant levels of stress. Scores on subscales have been reported to range from 0.70 to 0.83 for the child domains and from 0.70 to 0.84 for the parent domains. Test–retest reliability coefficients have ranged from .63 to .82 for child domains and from .71 to .91 for parent domains (Abidin, 1995).
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II.
The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II (FACES–II; Olson, Portner, & Bell, 1982) is a 20-item, 5-point Likert scale instrument that measures family cohesion and adaptability as well as perceived and ideal family functioning. Scores provide information on family cohesion (very connected to disengaged), adaptability (very flexible to rigid), and family type (balanced to extreme). Although a newer and shorter version of the scale (the FACES–III) is available, FACES–II has higher α reliability and correlation between subscales (cohesion, r = .93; adaptability, r = .79) than the FACES–III (cohesion, r = .84; adaptability, r = .45; Olson, 1985).
We report findings of perceived maternal and paternal stress and family functioning before and after the in-home parent training intervention. Jennifer H. Elder, who developed the model and has been researching and refining this method for >20 yr, taught this father-based in-home intervention to the fathers. Training was standardized and consistent across all participants. Only the father and child were present during the intervention training. After training, fathers were instructed to use the strategies in everyday interactions with their children with autism and to train mothers.
This intervention was unique in that fathers were directly trained to use four strategies designed to promote social interaction and parent–child reciprocity in children with autism. These strategies are linked to social interaction theory (Dawson & Galpert, 1990; Stahmer, 1995) and designed to promote social reciprocity between parents and children with autism. The father-training intervention contained the following components:
Following the child's lead in play rather than sitting passively or directing the child
Imitating the child's vocalizations and movements in an exaggerated, lively, and animated manner to enhance basic turn-taking play interactions
Providing clear signals (i.e., facial expressions, verbal requests, labeling) and waiting expectantly for the child to respond in lieu of continuous directive questioning; during this time, eager attention is focused on the child, ending with the desired child response or a parental prompt if the response does not occur after a ≥3-s lapse in time
Commenting on the child's actions, responses, or verbalizations instead of asking questions (a more common parental behavior).
Training and data collection occurred in the participants' homes in a room in which the child was most often exposed to informal family interactions (e.g., family room, den). A research team member administered the PSI and the FACES–II independently to intervention group fathers and mothers at baseline and after the last in-home session before the maintenance condition. Research assistants, who successfully completed extensive training in the study protocol, independently videotaped father–child and mother–child in-home play sessions 2 times/wk for the 12-wk study. Data collectors were not blinded to the study purposes. A more complete description of this intervention and the child behavioral results has been published (Elder et al., 2010), as have prior studies (Elder, Valcante, Won, & Zylis, 2003; Elder et al., 2005).
We used SAS Version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) for data analyses. The primary analysis involved a pretest–posttest design to examine changes over the course of the study in PSI total, FACES–II compatibility, and FACES–II adaptability scores. We used paired t tests to test for significant groupwise changes between pretest and posttest for both mothers and fathers of children with autism. As a secondary analysis, we also analyzed the individual components of the PSI for change during the study. These components include Defensive Response, Parental Distress, Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction, and Difficult Child. Further secondary analysis compared father and mother values for PSI total, FACES–II compatibility, and FACES–II adaptability at pretest and posttest timepoints.
Nineteen children with autism (ages 3–8) and their respective parents participated in this study. The sample of children included 18 boys and 1 girl and four ethnicities. Table 1 provides demographic characteristics of the sample. The analysis involved grouped data across the 19 children and their parents. Note that no significant relationships existed before intervention with children's scores on the ADI–R, ADOS, or Vineland and mother–father report of stress (PSI) or family adaptability and cohesion (FACES–II). Total scores (n = 19) were mean (M) = 44.32 and standard deviation (SD) = 6.0 for the ADI–R; M(SD) = 24.68 (5.8) for ADOS; and M(SD) = 60.58 (11.1) for the Vineland.
Demographic Characteristics of Sample
Demographic Characteristics of Sample×
Characteristic Father (n = 19) Mother (n = 19) Child (n = 19)
Age, M(SD) 33.33 (7.16) 36.17 (6.11) 4.41 (1.36)
Gender, n (%)
Male 18 (95)
Female 1 (5)
Ethnicity, n (%)
White 15 (78.9) 13 (68.5) 14 (73.7)
African-American 2 (10.5) 2 (10.5) 2 (10.5)
Hispanic or Latino 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5) 1 (5.3)
Asian 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5) 2 (10.5)
Education, n (%) N/A
< High school 2 (10.5)
High school 1 (5.3) 2 (10.5)
Some college 8 (42.0) 4 (21.1)
Bachelor's degree 4 (21.1) 5 (26.3)
Master's degree 2 (10.5) 5 (26.3)
Doctorate 4 (21.1) 1 (5.3)
Table Footer NoteNote. M = mean; N/A = not applicable; SD = standard deviation.
Note. M = mean; N/A = not applicable; SD = standard deviation.×
The primary analysis involved pretest–posttest examination of PSI Total, FACES–II Compatibility, and FACES–II Adaptability. Paired t-test results for father sessions are provided in Table 2. The largest observed effect was in PSI total, with M decrease from 90.5 to 83.7 (p = .095). We found that none of the secondary analysis changes (PSI component scores) were statistically significant, although each of them showed an estimated decrease during the study. The largest effect of the PSI components for fathers was the Difficult Child component, with a decrease from 36.2 to 32.8 (p = .066). No statistically significant changes were found for fathers' FACES–II scores over time. Fathers' M FACES–II Compatibility change score at pretest was 66.1, with no significant difference at posttest (M = 65.7). Mean FACES–II Adaptability change scores for fathers also failed to show a significant difference from pretest to posttest.
Two-Sided Tests of Change From Baseline: Fathers (N = 19)
Two-Sided Tests of Change From Baseline: Fathers (N = 19)×
Response Baseline Posttest T p
Total −1.76 .095
M 90.5a 83.7
SD 23.5 17.5
DR −1.63 .120
SD 5.8 4.2
PD −1.35 .194
PCD −1.09 .292
DC −1.96 .066
FACES–II C −0.30 .273
FACES–II A −0.13 .281
Table Footer NoteNote. df = 18 for all T scores. A = Adaptability; C = Compatibility; DC = Difficult Child; DR = Defensive Response; FACES–II = Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II; PCD = Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction; PD = Parental Distress; PSI = Parenting Stress Index–Short Form.
Note. df = 18 for all T scores. A = Adaptability; C = Compatibility; DC = Difficult Child; DR = Defensive Response; FACES–II = Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales II; PCD = Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction; PD = Parental Distress; PSI = Parenting Stress Index–Short Form.×
Table Footer NoteaClinically significant scores.
Clinically significant scores.×
The primary analysis involved pretest–posttest examination of PSI Total, FACES–II Compatibility, and FACES–II Adaptability; paired t-test results for mother sessions are provided in Table 3. We observed a significant decrease in PSI Total for mothers (M decrease = 6.5, p = .013). Interestingly, this estimated difference is less than that observed for fathers, but with reduced variability (the SD of change was 16.8 for fathers and 10.3 for mothers). Secondary analysis of PSI components revealed significant decreases for Parental Distress (M decrease = 2.0, p = .041) and Difficult Child (M decrease = 2.5, p = .003) and nonsignificant decreases for Defensive Response (p = .156) and Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction (p = .160). At pretest, mothers' FACES–II Adaptability scores were significantly higher than fathers' scores. We found no significant changes in mothers' scores at posttest, and significant differences between fathers' and mothers' Adaptability scores remained. We found no differences or changes for the FACES–II Cohesion variables.
Two-Sided Tests of Change From Baseline: Mothers (N = 19)
Two-Sided Tests of Change From Baseline: Mothers (N = 19)×
Response Baseline Post T p
Total −2.75 .013*
PD −2.20 .041*
DC −3.37 .003*
M 38.5a 36.1a
FACES-II-C −1.54 .142
FACES-II-A 0.04 .263
Table Footer Note*p ≤ .05.
p ≤ .05.×
Fathers and Mothers
As a secondary analysis, we compared father and mother values for PSI Total, FACES–II Compatibility, and FACES–II Adaptability at pretest and posttest. We found no statistically significant differences for PSI Total, although observed effects showed fathers having a PSI Total 5.4 points (p = .334) lower at pretest and 6.3 points (p = .168) lower at posttest. Similarly, we found no statistically significant differences in FACES–II Compatibility, with observed effects showing fathers having FACES–II Compatibility of 3.2 points (p = .075) lower at pretest and 1.8 points (p = .202) lower at posttest. Significant differences were found, however, between FACES–II Adaptability scores for fathers and mothers at both pretest and posttest, with fathers reporting FACES–II Adaptability scores an average of 5.4 points (p < .001) lower at pretest and 5.6 points (p = .0019) lower at posttest.
As previously noted, much research has focused on the complex lives and daily challenges faced by families of children with autism. Our findings were consistent with this view in that both mothers and fathers reported extremely high and comparable stress levels on the PSI before the intervention.
On the basis of PSI normative data, scores within the 15th–80th percentiles are considered normal. High scores are ≥85th percentile, and scores ≥90th percentile are considered clinically significant. Scores for fathers in the PSI component areas of Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction and Difficult Child, as well as PSI Total, demonstrated that fathers were experiencing clinically significant levels of stress before the intervention. Although comparisons of preintervention and postintervention scores were not statistically different, each score fell below the clinically significant range after the intervention. Clinically significant scores on the Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction subscale imply that fathers do not feel their child is meeting their expectations and personal interactions are disappointing. Past research has demonstrated that the needs of fathers are related to the degree of enjoyment experienced while spending time with the family (Wang et al., 2006). We propose, after years of working with these families, that fathers may also feel isolated and unable to form a secure bond with their child. Clinically significant scores on the Difficult Child subscale imply the father thinks that his child is difficult to manage, defiant, and demanding. Because the intervention's focus was to provide the father with tools to enhance his ability to manage his child and increase father–child reciprocity, decreased scores on these subscales after intervention are important outcomes of this study. Additionally, despite significant decreases in mean PSI scores (e.g., a 6.8-point average decrease in PSI Total), large variability in fathers' change scores and a small sample size may have made it more difficult to obtain statistical significance.
Mothers' PSI scores in the areas of Parental Distress, Difficult Child, and PSI Total were in the clinically significant range before intervention. Scores for PSI Total and Parental Distress fell below this critical point after the 12-wk intervention, whereas scores for Difficult Child remained at the cutoff point for clinical significance. These three areas were those in which mothers' scores were statistically lower after the intervention. Two of these areas, Difficult Child and PSI Total, were observed in fathers, but Parental Distress (which focuses on sense of parenting competence, stressors associated with restrictions placed on other life roles, conflict within the family, lack of social support, and possible presence of depression) was observed only in mothers. This finding is consistent with other literature in that mothers often report higher rates of depression, especially when emotional and social support is lacking (Davis & Carter, 2008; Lin, Tsai, & Chang, 2008; Pottie, Cohen, & Ingram, 2009).
We found significant differences between mothers' and fathers' FACES–II Adaptability scores at pretest; these differences remained at posttest, although their individual scores did not change over the course of the intervention. The FACES–II Adaptability dimension explores the extent to which the family system and established family roles are flexible and able to change. Within established adaptability levels of very flexible, flexible, structured, and rigid, mothers scored within the flexible level, implying that they were more easily able to adapt and change in response to situational and developmental stressors. In contrast, fathers scored within the structured level both before and after intervention, indicating that they preferred to maintain family-based relationships and established rules and were less willing to negotiate or adapt to change. The FACES–II Cohesion dimension measures the degree to which family members are separated from or connected to their family. Within Cohesion levels of very connected, connected, separated, and disengaged, both mothers' and fathers' scores were in the connected range, demonstrating an emotional connection with the family. Adaptability levels of flexible and structured and a Cohesion level of connected are considered in the moderate range and are hypothesized to be viable for healthy family functioning (Olson et al., 1982).
Both parent groups appear to have been positively affected by the 12-wk intervention, as evidenced by observed decreases on average in postintervention PSI Total and Component scores. It is interesting that although fathers were the primary training recipients instead of mothers, father's reactions to the intervention appeared to vary more than did mothers'. This variation may be the reason that although fathers' average PSI Total scores decreased slightly more than mothers' scores at posttest, the fathers' change was not statistically significant. Less variability in mothers' PSI scores may indicate that because of their more traditional caregiving roles and frequent child contact, they were more accustomed to the challenges of raising a child with autism (Hastings et al., 2005) and were more accepting of daily changes and intervention effects than fathers. On the basis of results from the FACES–II Adaptability measure, mothers' high adaptability scores also demonstrated their flexibility within the family system.
The small sample size and lack of a control group may limit our ability to deduce that the intervention alone directly affected perceived levels of stress and family dynamics. Additionally, because the main focus of the study was to evaluate the effects of the in-home training program on acquisition of skills by fathers and social reciprocity and precommunication skills by the children themselves, care must be used in drawing conclusions. Limitations notwithstanding, in-home parent training interventions, such as the one referred to in this study, have shown much promise for families of children with autism.
Despite the limited research conducted thus far on fathers of children with autism, the provision of family-centered services, often by occupational therapists, has been associated with decreased parental stress and positive child outcomes (Law et al., 2003). Our study has shown that teaching parents strategies for relating, communicating, and managing their children may also positively affect family dynamics. It follows from the results of this study that parents of children with autism should be supported in developing methods that will protect them from stress and reduce its negative consequences. We have also provided evidence that mother–father differences in stress and adaptability exist, a finding suggesting that training strategies may need to be tailored to reflect parental gender and roles. Our preliminary findings also demonstrate that fathers can be the primary targets of home-based programs and can effectively learn important interventions for interacting and with promoting social reciprocity skills in their children with autism. Fathers can effectively train mothers to use these strategies. Clearly, more research is urgently needed as occupational therapists endeavor to develop and implement the most effective treatment options for these deserving families.
The complexity of care required by many children with autism and their families often requires an interdisciplinary team of interventionists. This project partnered occupational therapy with nursing and special education. Together, we have shown the value of expanding individual roles to work as a team to provide comprehensive home-based interventions. More important, nurses are often the first to meet with parents of children with autism and assist families with understanding and adjusting to the diagnosis (Elder & D'Alessandro, 2009), and they may refer families to occupational therapists to address daily living skills, participation, and social engagement. Working together, occupational therapists can establish family-based interventions and assist families of children with autism with meeting their present needs and planning for their futures.
We acknowledge the participating families and children, who have gained our admiration; the editorial assistance provided by Pamela Selby; and the assistance of Yoonjeong Lim, rehabilitation science doctoral student. The research was funded by National Institute of Nursing Research Grant R01 5R01NR004297; Roxanna M. Bendixen is supported through a K–12 Rehabilitation Research Career Development grant.
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RedMagic 8 Pro is official with Snapdragon 8 Gen 2 and an extremely affordable price tag
January 16, 2023 by saka
There is no shortage of gaming phones in the market, and today, Nubia presented us with the RedMagic 8 Pro, the latest and greatest gaming phone from the company, and the phone is now available globally for those who are interested.
Of course, no gaming phone would be complete without one, and the RedMagic 8 Pro is probably one of the best looking devices on the market. If you're worried about the specs, fret not, as the phone is packed with some excellent hardware.
Nubia RedMagic 8 Pro is one of the fastest and cheapest gaming phones on the market
We start with the trusty Snapdragon 8 Gen 2, coupled with 12 or 16GB of LPDDR5X RAM, and a choice of 256 or 512GB of UFS 4.0 storage. Powering the RedMagic 8 Pro is a massive 6,000mAh battery that can be charged with 65W fast wired charging. The phone runs on ICE 11.0 cooling system that includes a dedicated fan to improve the overall temperature.
On the front, you'll find a 6.8-inch 120Hz FHD+ AMOLED panel with a 960Hz touch sampling rate, DC dimming, and Gorilla Glass 5 coating for protection against scratches and drops. It's safe to say that the RedMagic 8 Pro won't hold back when it comes to offering one of the best gaming experiences one could hope for.
Gaming phones usually suffer from mediocre camera systems, but that's not the case with the RedMagic 8 Pro because you get a 50MP Samsung ISOCELL GN5 sensor as the main camera, along with an 8MP ultra-wide sensor and a 2MP macro camera. At the front, you have a 16MP selfie camera.
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The RedMagic 8 Pro is perhaps one of the more aggressive looking phones out there; It follows a boxy design language with some nice RGB lighting, along with an aluminum frame. However, the best thing is the fact that the phone has a 3.5mm headphone jack.
The RedMagic 8 Pro will ship with Android 13 pre-installed along with some customizations from Nubia to make your phone truly your own. For those wondering about pricing and availability, the phone will start at $649 for the 12/256GB variant and $799 for the 16/512GB variant, making this phone one of the most affordable flagship phones out there. The phone will be available in Matte and Void colors only.
Categories News Tags affordable, extremely, Gen, official, Price, Pro, RedMagic, Snapdragon, tag
Skyblivion Total Conversion Mod is officially set for a 2025 release
It is a more interesting experience


Hearts for Hearts doll Rahel is a girl from Ethiopia. Every Hearts for Hearts Girls doll represents a real girl from a real place around the world. Each has her own story to tell and ideas about how to make life better for her family, community, country, and the world around her. Rahel is a courageous 10-year-old girl living in Ethiopia. Lack of rain dries up the crops and food is scarce, but when the rain finally comes in brings mosquitoes carrying malaria. One stormy night a supply truck turns over and Rahel journeys with her family into the bush to help bring back aid to her neighbors. She dreams of becoming a doctor so she can make a real difference when she grows up. Doll measures 14' and includes a comb, a girl-size bracelet, and a mini-book.
Winner of the 2017 Top Toy of the Year Award from the 2017 Creative Child Magazine awards.
Recommended for ages 6 to 10 years.


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NPR CEO Vivian Schiller "Ousted" Amid Political Fallout
Barely two years after she arrived, Vivian Schiller has resigned from her post as CEO of NPR. What we're looking at, at least in the latter case, is a new kind of political dirty trick: the ACORN-ing or Planned Parenthood-ing, this time of a major news org.
By Anya Kamenetz 1 minute Read
Barely two years after she arrived, Vivian Schiller has resigned from her post as CEO of NPR. David Folkenflik, NPR's own media reporter, has gone on record as saying she was "forced out" due to a series of political dustups: first the firing of conservative commentator Juan Williams, and most recently some anti-Tea Party (and funding) comments by Ron Schiller (no relation), then a fundraiser for NPR, caught on tape.
What we're looking at, at least in the latter case, is a new kind of political dirty trick: the ACORN-ing or Planned Parenthood-ing, this time of a major news organization. In all three cases, conservative activists concocted video stings featuring outlandish characters–pimps, in the case of Planned Parenthood and ACORN, and in the case of NPR, members of the Muslim Brotherhood–to manufacture scandals out of thin air. Anyone who's watched Borat knows that people sometimes have regrettable reactions when presented in social situations with utterly bizarre, off-the-wall behavior, but the man responsible has already stepped down. Are these gotcha comedy techniques really grounds to get rid of a media CEO with a keen eye for the future of digital media and a formula for reporting the news that actually seems to be financially successful?
[Image: Julian Dufort]
Anya Kamenetz is the author of Generation Debt (Riverhead, 2006) and DIY U: Edupunks, Edupreneurs, and the Coming Transformation of Higher Education, (Chelsea Green, 2010). Her 2011 ebook The Edupunks' Guide was funded by the Gates Foundation
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