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At The Border - Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller - An Ultraviole(n)t Border
At The Border
Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller
An Ultraviole(n)t Border
US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Agents amass in the shadow of the San Ysidro Port of Entry. Source: CBP.
The US-Mexico borderlands can be defined by shifting and intensifying bands of ultraviolet radiation that impact bodies in asymmetrical ways, enact new forms of migration, and condition space and power relations. Operating within this framework, the national security apparatus has become expert at deploying tactical infrastructures that mitigate the impact of ultraviolet radiation on its agents in order to inspect and manage other bodies more efficiently. Border agents deploy, manage, and appropriate shade in the name of state security. While state agents and security space are increasingly protected from impacts of ultraviolet radiation, the borderland public and public space beyond the limits of security space are routinely exposed.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a result of the high sun exposure that routinely and relentlessly impacts border cities, landscapes, and populations. Latitudinal parallels are commonly used to approximate the boundaries of shared territories with common UV exposure.1 But, in the borderland, these east-west transects hold a looser grip over the limits of the ultraviolet frontier. Shared ultraviolet territories appear to bend along the boundary, their geometry complicated by the strong form of the border. Inflected by changes in altitude, topography, and vegetation, maps showing distribution patterns of UV exposure risk in the region tightly parallel the meandering line of the international boundary. These maps position the border as an organizing feature in UV distribution while thickening and blurring the border line into a transnational border zone of shared atmospheric risk.2
UV Exposure Risk: February, March, and April 2015. Source: NASA Earth Observatory.
This ultraviolet border is unstable, conditional, ephemeral, volatile. It migrates with changes in solar exposure and atmospheric pollution throughout each day and throughout the year, contorting itself to the geography of the borderland. Climate change is mobilizing the ultraviolet border, expanding territories of ultraviolet radiation exposure risk to the north. The ultraviolet border correlates with a frontline in a widening global ultraviolet exposure gap, in which ultraviolet radiation will asymmetrically impact populations closer to the equator. Studies show that by 2100, UV radiation at tropical latitudes will continue to intensify, while mid- and polar latitudes will see decreasing amounts, exacerbating the inequity of exposure to already-vulnerable regions.3
Zone of Increased Ultraviolet Risk. Background Image: US-Mexico International Migration based on US and Mexico Census Data, with dark grey showing percentage of population currently residing in but not born in the area. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller.
The US-Mexico borderlands fall closely to the 30th parallel north, which delimits a particularly relevant boundary with respect to human health impacts of ultraviolet exposure. According to research supported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),4 populations living between 30° north latitude and 30° south latitude will see increased incidences of sunburns over the next thirty years, while populations living outside these boundaries will likely see reduced exposure. The 30th parallel is thus a charged exposure boundary, which happens to bisect the US-Mexico borderland near its geographic center, passing about 100 miles south of the El Paso/Ciudad Juárez metroplex. Roughly half the population of the metroplex region occupies the UV exposure zone of increased risk.
Global UV Index Visualization, with dangerous exposure levels at the center in red, and decreasing risks in yellow and grey. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller.
Taking into account the geographic distortions of UV exposure boundaries along the border, it follows that the entire borderland falls within the ultraviolet frontier. UV index maps show consistent exposure similarities throughout the borderland in a thickened band that follows the meandering line of the border, unconstrained by the abstract grid of the parallels, suggesting that the entirety of the borderland is subjected to increased risk.
The ultraviolet frontier is migrating, and with it, populations are newly and asymmetrically exposed. Domestic migration patterns in the US since 1981 show hundreds of thousands of people moving primarily to southern and western states, with the largest number focused on a few southern counties that represent some of the most quickly growing cities in the nation. Texas and California—two border states—saw some of the most in-migration in the last four decades.5 As the frontier moves north, and as populations from northern latitudes migrate closer to the equator, they enter an unfamiliar ultraviolet regime and are subject to new risks, with higher incidences of melanoma than rates at their origin, along with other adverse health impacts.6
In addition to these southward flows, large populations from Central America are migrating northward to the borderland as well, due in part to the effects of climate change and shifts in UV exposure affecting agricultural production and livelihood at lower latitudes. As populations from southern latitudes move north, they face a different set of health challenges. With the reduction in UV exposure, they produce less Vitamin D, and are subject to increases in blood pressure and reduced auto-immune functions.7 Conversely, migrant workers are more prone to disease due in part to increased UV exposure when working long hours outdoors.8
The most vulnerable populations in the ultraviolet frontier face devastating impacts. Migrants to Mexico and the US face prolonged sun and heat exposure on their journey north, with heat exposure a leading cause of death. Exposure is a continued threat even within US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) custody. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has reported the detention of "thousands of migrant families outdoors, without protection from … the sun," and similar conditions have been widely reported in the press.9 A Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) report revealed photos of an overcrowded El Paso facility showing dozens of families and individuals waiting for processing exposed in a sun-bathed parking lot, their numbers far exceeding the capacity of the two minimal shade structures provided.10 Detained migrants in McAllen, denied sufficiently protective cover from the Texas sun while they awaited processing, have been forced to fashion makeshift awnings by stringing together rows of reflective blankets into a military-style tent.11 The struggle to combat conditions of over-exposure continues beyond the borderland. The United Nations International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) are reportedly building sun protection for migrants returning to El Salvador after having been denied asylum.12
Temporary border checkpoint under shade of overpass. Source: GAO Report 19-534.
Shading the Security State
State security forces navigate the irradiated atmosphere of the borderland, brokering power relations by deploying and denying protection from the elements. Shade is at the service of the state, determining who and what is exposed. Covered positions are rare in the desert landscape, but quickly identified and exploited by border agents. Absent any dedicated structures, patrols will appropriate the shade provided by existing infrastructure to locate temporary checkpoints.13 And where shade is unavailable, the state creates and shapes it to its purposes. Tactical inspection positions are routinely augmented with deployable fabric canopies and tents, extending the capability of security agents to occupy and surveil within the hostile desert environment.
Checkpoint canopies and operations. Source: GAO Report 19-534.
Building on these tactical interventions, the federal border security apparatus has developed an appetite for shade in the borderland, and has continued to invest in more permanent, purpose-built structures to extend their cover and strengthen their position in the landscape, resulting in an extensive inventory of shade structures serving the security state. Shade structures at security checkpoints and ports of entry orchestrate a biopolitical choreography, mitigating the impact of solar exposure while facilitating the inspection of bodies and vehicles and smoothing the flow of transnational commerce.
Inspection Canopies, Stanton Street Port of Entry. Source: CBP.
In contrast to the border wall and other vertical barriers which control the territory through rigid partitioning of the ground plane, the shaded space of national security is defined by floating horizontal planes which subtly shift the atmospheric conditions of the ground and support asymmetrical relationships between security forces and the public. Security canopies proliferate throughout the far reaches of the ultraviolet frontier.14 Canopies cover conditioned and fortified inspection booths for security personnel, as well as open areas for agents to conduct vehicular or pedestrian inspection.15
Inspection Canopies, San Ysidro Port of Entry. Source: CBP.
At international crossings and ports of entry, more complex arrangements of canopies orchestrate a series of interrogative spaces, coordinated to assist agents in identifying and isolating individuals and vehicles deemed suspect. From pre-screening areas to primary and secondary inspection areas, the scale and orientation of the canopies shift to facilitate specific types of human, canine, and technologically-enhanced searches.16 Crossing the shade from one stage of inspection to the next signals a progressively more intense encounter with enforcement.
Security Canopy. Source: GAO Report 19-534.
At a port of entry, shade is not a public amenity, but a national security concern. When screening technologies like license plate readers and radiation monitors are not protected by shade, they can overheat and fail to operate, drawing concern and additional government oversight.17 The General Services Administration (GSA) publishes guidelines for how to classify and quantify these spaces, noting the canopies "perform the essential function of sheltering inspection-related activities."18 While canopies cover critical security functions, they also claim territory for the security state. The coverage of each canopy contributes to the total value and extent of GSA real estate. While uncovered booths are "measured and assigned" in the GSA inventory only to the extent of their walls, canopies are counted as real property based on the coverage of their drip lines, inflating the inventory by counting not only the booths they cover, but all exterior inspection activities shaded below.
Inspection Canopies, Paso del Norte International Bridge Port of Entry. Source: CBP.
GSA Public Buildings Service Design Guidelines specify and articulate the relationship between security and shade. As vehicle inspections at the southern border often face south, "canopies must protect inspectors from sun in their eyes," with precise calibrations depending on "sun angles and the orientation of the booths."19 Additional shading is required below the canopy in west-facing orientations, and architect-engineers are required to conduct sun-angle studies to ensure performance.
Shade structures in the borderland can also conceal and enhance surveillance features. A non-descript canopy in Nogales, Arizona, in 2016 hosted an array of cameras testing next-gen facial recognition software.20 The tech has since been deployed at Anzalduas, Texas, for a "voluntary biometric processing test" on the public that ran from 2018–2019.21 The cameras themselves are shaded with a deep hood, and located under an inspection canopy, presumably to improve image capture by reducing effects of glare on vehicle windows.22
Emphasis is routinely placed on the ability of shade structures at ports and inspection areas to protect security officers, not the public. Thus, makeshift canopies are meant to "protect [CBP] officers from the elements," assist with their "temperature regulation," and are designed to provide "dogs, the handlers, and other agents shelter from the heat." In early 2018, four structures added to Nogales Port of Entry were lauded for their ability to improve officers' comfort while noting that "nothing's changing for the people that are coming across."23
Canopy space, like security space itself, is seemingly insatiable, expanding as the security complex grows. A "pre-primary canopy" is currently in the works at Calexico, extending inspection coverage further to the edge of the port. Shifting canopies around is common practice. In Laredo, Texas, an eastern vehicular canopy was demolished and a new structure was built at a neighboring bridge in an effort to re-route SENTRI traffic and smooth commuter flows.24 A similar canopy relocation was in the works in Columbus, New Mexico, in 2017.25
Security Canopies, Tornillo Port of Entry. Source: CBP.
Shifts in overhead cover respond in near-real time to shifting needs of security and interstate trade. At the Paso del Norte International Bridge in El Paso, a makeshift canopy was erected beyond the limits of the pedestrian cover. Extending to the international boundary, it protected agents conducting irregular document checks and assisting in the number of "pushbacks" of asylum seekers, effectively denying them entry to the port beyond.26
The national security apparatus appropriates shade as needed. In March 2019, the untapped shade below the Paso del Norte International bridge was opportunistically exploited by CBP to set up a makeshift detention processing site, holding an unexpected migrant influx at the border.27 The makeshift site became semi-permanent, and was in operation for several months before closing.
Compared to the use of shade to facilitate explicit port trade and security functions, the provision of public shade in security space is of secondary concern to the state. Shade is a daily necessity for commuters, and perennial matter of concern for human rights advocates working in the borderland. Border cities, especially in Mexican border towns, "lack a tradition of urban planning,"28 which leaves pedestrian routes to and from crossings in substantial shade deficits. Areas around ports of entry are especially shade deficient. In 2008, the Border Network for Human Rights identified shade to be among the basic human services lacking at the nation's land ports.29 A resident of Presidio, Texas, petitioned to provide additional shade at the Presidio port of entry, as long lines of seasonal travelers were commonly waiting, exposed to the sun for hours.30 The CBP responded that funds were not available and travelers had other options for places to wait.31 Government audits routinely assess the need for more shade at crossings, and several sites have had pedestrian shade added over the last decade, including El Paso, Hidalgo, and Columbus, among others.32 Where shaded pedestrian walkways have been planned and realized at ports of entry, they have largely been limited—targeted interventions to facilitate orderly arrivals, processing, and departure.
An Invisible/Insensible Threat
On the US-Mexico border, there is a contrast between shade surplus in security space and shade deficit in public space. Novel representational techniques can be used to investigate and highlight the unequal UV exposure within and around the borderspace, where inspection infrastructure is prioritized over the protection of the public—or detainees—and where control processes and commerce are facilitated over human care. Given that the impact of irradiation on the human body is invisible, the best way to expose this discrepancy is to rethink how maps and urban space are drawn and render it visible.
Recent scientific findings prove that UV damage does not, as is commonly assumed, correlate to the visible light spectrum and to shade, which contributes to a false sense of security in urban shade. As climate change continues to push the ultraviolet border across the US-Mexico border, local exposure inequalities will only increase. A means of uncovering, representing, and designing for the unseen dangers of irradiated shade is necessary.
The highly securitized El Paso-Ciudad Juárez metroplex is one of the largest binational urban environments in the Western Hemisphere, where physiological effects of solar radiation are relentlessly rendered upon vulnerable populations. The metroplex is host to some of the most-traveled international pedestrian bridges between the US and Mexico, connecting the adjacent downtown areas of the sister cities. Within the increasingly austere and securitized public spaces of the border zone, pedestrians are subjected to high levels of solar radiation on daily cross-border commutes. Shade, here more than anywhere, in a desert city subject to unparalleled geopolitical and environmental stresses, is an "index of inequality."33 Central American migrants, asylum seekers, and detainees have been kept under makeshift shade structures beneath bridges for days at a time and exposed to UV damage while waiting to cross the border.
Migrant Processing Overflowing Shade. Source: DHS/OIG.
Atmospheric scattering of UV wavelengths allows UV to enter even shaded conditions, rendering bodies in them susceptible to damage. Directional scattering at high angles of incidence, as well as multi-directional scattering at low angles, bounces ultraviolet waves throughout the borderland. The El Paso-Ciudad Juárez metroplex is highly susceptible to this kind of atmospheric scattering due to the high density of airborne particulate matter in the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources and airborne dust from the surrounding Chihuahuan Desert. The dust scatter creates diffuse conditions of sunlight and radiation. Even in shaded areas, "a large fraction of the diffuse UV radiation is always present."34 As climate change continues to cause desertification and climate migration, El Paso and Ciudad Juárez will continue to urbanize, further increasing levels of airborne particulate matter and pollutants.
Existing techniques to capture the effects of UV radiation on populations vary widely in scale and leave blind spots regarding its impact. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has run the UV-B Monitoring and Research Program (UVMRP) since 1992, using thirty-seven "climatologic" sites and three "long-term research sites."35 It monitors large areas and is geared mostly towards agricultural science research purposes. Researchers in the network study "crops, plants, animals, and ecosystems" with an eye toward how changing atmospheric radiation conditions drive changes in "terrestrial ecosystems." Sensor locations throughout the country are deployed in order to be spatially diverse, and while they are mostly agricultural, "several urban sites are [also] included."36
The UVMRP system is based on "North American ecoregions (ecologically and geographically defined areas)."37 The Chihuahuan Desert Province is designated as USDA Eco Region 321, and has UVMRP stations in El Paso, Las Cruces (Jornada Experimental Range), and Panther Junction (K-Bar and Castolon Sites at Big Bend National Park). A few experimental sites have been deployed as part of the network internationally, including several sites in Mexico City at Universidad Tecnológica de Tecámac, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Mexicao del Petróleo. However, the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez region is under-represented in national UV index maps, which represent stations in Dallas and Houston, but none in the border region.38 The region is typically mapped as having a higher UV index than the other Texas cities (despite sharing their latitudes), and shares more with the Albuquerque, New Mexico station to the north. The degree of natural shade and density of built environment—which contributes to shade—is much lower here than at equivalent latitudes, suggesting greater environmental risk in the border cities.
Irradiated Ground: Remote Sensing, Land Surface Temperature in Paso del Norte. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller, derived from LANDSAT/TIRS data.
Mapping Overexposure
Operating at the periphery of information, and contending with layers of jurisdictional silos, over the past year we have explored techniques to image and imagine UV radiation at various scales, from the territory to the city, in order to develop visualization and design tools that engage conditions of irradiated shade in the borderland. Additionally, to mitigate the limited availability of corresponding and correlated data across the national divide, the project uses remote sensing to bridge the data divide, albeit at coarse geospatial scales. By developing a land-use classification index, we can better understand the location of urbanized development and emission sources that contribute to atmospheric scatter. Using a false color image, we can further discern and catalog natural shade, vegetation, and urbanized land. Satellite images are used to measure the impact of irradiation to produce a land surface temperature map. These images show cool mountain peaks and intense heat of the urban heat island within which populations seek shade. More specifically, the public space of the international border suffers from a shade deficit, especially near the international crossings, where urban density, building heights, and amount of street trees are low, despite the high volume of pedestrian traffic through the ports each day.
Irradiated Ground: Disinvestment in Public Shade, US/Mexico International Boundary. Irradiated Ground: Remote Sensing, Land Surface Temperature in Paso del Norte. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller, derived from LANDSAT/TIRS data.
Closer inspection of the land surface temperature map reveals a number of hotspots that highlight locations where shade inequality is most extreme, with intense heat around the pedestrian approaches to the international bridges and neighborhoods in and around the border. The latter locations are where many border-crossers wait or meet their relatives. The approach to the Paso del Norte International Bridge, an area that sees high volumes of pedestrian traffic throughout the day, is a clear hotspot. Cross-border commuters face long, sun-exposed walks from the port of entry to public transit facilities blocks away. Taxi and private car pick up locations are south-facing without street trees, awnings, or canopies. In 2010, the Center for International Intelligent Transportation Research identified the need for a canopy connecting the covered bridge with these drop-offs, though the proposal has never been realized.39 Pedestrian travel paths from ports of entry to denser urban fabric traverse parking lots and other port facilities, attenuating travel time and heat exposure. Some efforts including a plaza with light shade trees have been developed around the Stanton Street port of entry by the City of El Paso in 2012.
Borderland Sky Exposure Catalog. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller.
Representing the Dangers of Shade
While increased shade in public spaces has been advocated as a strategy for "mitigation [of] climate change," it is not a panacea to the threat.40 Even in apparent shade, the body is still exposed to harmful ambient or scattered UVB radiation. This indirect radiation exposure is dependent on the amount of sky visible from the position of the observer.41 Researchers have found that the overall size of a shade structure, as well as the design of openings along sides, can greatly impact the UPF (UV protection factor), leading some structures to provide inadequate protection.42 Shade, therefore, is not the discrete condition captured in ubiquitous urban and architectural "sun" and "shadow studies," which focus only on optical qualities of light and shadow; flattening the three-dimensional nature of radiation exposure and the ultraviolet spectrum. Safe shade is contingent on the nuances of the surrounding built environment, and designers must observe and respond to a wider context than current representational tools allow.
Standard approaches to representing solar exposure need to be turned inside-out to image the environment from the perspective of UV radiation. Drawing on evidence that the amount of UV radiation entering a shaded condition is directly proportional to the amount of visible sky seen from the shade, we have developed a technique for spherical projection which takes any point in the city, scans the surrounding cityscape, and masks any obstructions on a sky dome. The resultant drawings give a computable surface that yields not only a graphic representation of the areas of potential vulnerability, but other metrics as well, including the percentage of sky cover and other orientation vectors. This projection can be unrolled into a panorama-style drawing to better understand how the surrounding city offers protection against UV exposure, and to optimize ways in which to mask the sky dome, which becomes the representation of the optimized form of UVB protection.
Borderland Sky Exposure Catalog: Adjacent Intersections. The evolution of spherically projected sky exposure domes (black) at four adjacent intersections (rows) shown from four different aerial views (columns, from left to right: SE, SW, NE, NW), reveals changing directional vulnerabilities as pedestrians navigate different conditions of urban density. Image: Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller.
This set of tools is just the beginning of developing an ability to address the biopolitics enmeshed in UV exposure and the provision of shade in the border region. While the federal government and CBP focus investment in shade structures that solely protect their agents and security equipment, the public spaces of migration and cross-border flows are increasingly exposed to high levels of UV radiation, leaving the borderland public on a dangerously irradiated ground.
At The Border is a collaboration between A/D/O and e-flux Architecture within the context of its 2019/2020 Research Program.
Ersela Kripa & Stephen Mueller are faculty at Texas Tech University College of Architecture (CoA), where they direct POST—Project for Operative Spatial Technologies, a CoA research center. Kripa and Mueller are architects and founding partners of AGENCY.
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Conversations - An Ultraviole(n)t Border
Notes - An Ultraviole(n)t Border
"COUNTY PROFILE: El Paso County, Texas," Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, ➝.
US Counties adjacent to the international boundary have significantly higher daily doses of UV exposure throughout the year than other counties even within the "Sun Belt," ➝.
The studies use complex models to forecast current trends in stratospheric ozone depletion and repair. See Solar Ultraviolet radiation in a changing climate.
Craig E. Williamson, Richard G. Zepp, Robyn M. Lucas, Sasha Madronich, Amy T. Austin, Carlos L. Ballaré, Mary Norval et al., "Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in a Changing Climate," Nature Climate Change 4, no. 6 (2014): 434–441.
"The South drew about 412,000 people from the Northeast, 356,000 from the Midwest, and 459,000 from the West. The region lost about 317,000 to the West and 276,000 to the Midwest." Cities absorbing the influx include Los Angeles (Los Angeles, San Bernadino, Riverside, Orange Counties), Houston (Harris County), Phoenix (Maricopa County), Dallas (Dallas County), and San Diego (San Diego County). The El Paso/Ciudad Juarez metroplex like many border counties is drawing its population from a spatially diverse set of counties, including many at higher latitudes. Kristin Kerns and L. Slagan Locklear, "Three New Census Bureau Products Show Domestic Migration at Regional, State, and County Levels," US Census Bureau, April 29, 2019, ➝.
Shasa Hu, Fangchao Ma, Fernando Collado-Mesa, et al., "UV Radiation, Latitude, and Melanoma in US Hispanics and Blacks," JAMA Dermatology 140, no. 7 (2004): 819–824, ➝.
"Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change: 2018 Assessment Report," United Nations Environment Programme Ozone Secretariat (2019), ➝.
Michael A. Celone, "Undocumented and Unprotected: Solutions for Protecting the Health of America's Undocumented Mexican Migrant Workers," Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 29 no. 1 (2012): 117–151. Effects of exposure include skin damage, immune inhibition, and eye health deterioration. Especially UVB radiation is believed to be more damaging to the immune system than UVA, and is linked to increased risk of cataracts, "The known health effects of UV," World Health Organization, ➝. UV initiates chemical reactions that contribute to production of smog / ozone / air pollution in urban environments, resulting in more hospitalizations in affected areas.
Shaw Drake and Rochelle Garza, "Re: Abusive Conditions in Border Patrol Detention Facilities in the Rio Grande Border Patrol Sector," ACLU Texas, May 17, 2019, ➝.
John V. Kelley, "Management Alert - DHS Needs to Address Dangerous Overcrowding Among Single Adults at El Paso Del Norte Processing Center (Redacted)," Office of Inspector General, May 30, 2019, OIG-19-46, ➝.
Loren Elliot, "Migrants sleep on ground, rig awnings at Texas Border Patrol station," Reuters, May 16, 2019, ➝.
"UN Migration Agency, USAID Build Protective Environments for Returnees to El Salvador," International Organization for Migration, August 18, 2017,➝.
"BORDER PATROL: Available Data on Interior Checkpoints Suggest Differences in Sector Performance," US Government Accountability Office, GAO-05-435, July 22, 2005, ➝.
Canopies are routinely deployed at roadside and interstate checkpoints throughout the 100-mile border zone, covering areas for inspection of vehicles and passengers traveling through the region. Checkpoints without canopies are deemed deficient. See: GAO-05-435, ➝.
Canopy construction is especially common for land ports along the US/Mexico border, where they span over primary and secondary processing areas and other managerial spaces. One exaggerated example is in development at the most trafficked checkpoint in Falfurrias, a vast canopy covering a multi-lane highway with multiple primary and secondary inspection lanes. Sandra Sanchez, "Border Patrol's most trafficked checkpoint gets new state-of-the-art station," Border Report, September 5, 2019, ➝.
Pre-primary inspection spaces are not always covered with canopies, but may support agents with canines inspecting vehicles. Primary inspection lanes are often canopies covering enclosed, bullet- and blast-proof booths. Secondary inspection lanes are similary under canopies which then may work into enclosed, permanent facilities. Outbound lanes often consist of canopies collecting several inspection functions. "BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE: Actions Needed to Improve Information on Facilities and Capital Planning at Land Border Crossings," US Government Accountability Office, GAO-19-534, July 11, 2019, ➝.
Office of Portfolio Management and Customer Engagement, "Land Port of Entry (LPOE) Space Assignment Policy," GSA Public Buildings Service (November 2018), ➝.
Public Buildings Service, United States Border Station Design Guide (US General Services Administration, 1992, ➝.
Russel Brandom, "New Homeland Security system will bring facial recognition to land borders this summer," The Verge, June 5, 2018, ➝.
J. Edward Moreno, "Facial comparison technology being tested at Anzalduas bridge," The Monitor, August 31, 2018, ➝; US Customs and Border Protection, "CBP to Implement a Facial Comparison Technical Demonstration at Anzalduas International Bridge for Vehicle Travelers," August 29, 2018, ➝.
Lynn Brezosky, "Facial recognition cameras may bring exit checks to U.S.-Mexico border," San Antonio Express-News, November 1, 2018, ➝.
"Canopies go up at downtown port of entry," Nogales International, July 9, 2013, ➝; MRM Construction Services, "I-19 Border Patrol Checkpoint," ➝; Department of Homeland Security, "A Review of U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Procurement of Untrained Canines," Office of Inspector General, OIG-08-46, (April 2008), ➝; Max Darrow, "Four canopies installed at Nogales Port of Entry," KGUN 9, March 13, 2018, ➝.
Laredo 1 & 2 Ports of Entry, ➝.
Chuck Harvey, "$85M GSA Project Upgrades New Mexico Port of Entry," Construction Equipment Guide, October 25, 2017, ➝.
Ersela Kripa and Stephen Mueller. "How architecture is aiding detention at the U.S.-Mexico Border," The Architect's Newspaper, July 30, 2018, ➝.
Edwin Delgado, "'Nowhere to hold them': exhausted migrants crowded under a bridge in Texas," The Guardian, March 28, 2019, ➝.
Margaret Wilder et al., "Climate Change and U.S.-Mexico Border Communities." In Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States (Island Press-Center for Resource Economics, 2013).
"Effective Border Policy: Security, Responsibility And Human Rights at the U.S.-Mexico Border," Border Network for Human Rights, November 2008, ➝.
Laurie Holman, "Shade and Seating at Presidio Port of Entry!," change.org, 2016, ➝.
Matthew Rist, "CBP Responds to Petition for Shade at Border Crossing," CBS 7, July 19, 2016, ➝.
In 2009, the Paso Del Norte International Bridge began renovations including pedestrian shade structures. Gregory Scruggs, "Obama's Pledge Could Make It Easier to Walk Across U.S.-Mexico Border," Next City, January 8, 2015, ➝.
See Sam Bloch, "Shade," Places (2019), ➝.
"Environmental Effects and Interactions of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate Change," ➝.
Wei Gao, George Janson and John Davis, "Ground-based monitoring of UV radiation," SPIE, October 7, 2013, ➝.
While there is a UVMRP station in El Paso, its data is not included in UV maps published by the EPA.
Steven P. Venglar and Karen P. Fierro. "Best Practices for Accommodating Pedestrians at International Bridge Crossings," Center for International Intelligent Transportation Research (September 2010), ➝.
George Thomas Kapelos and Mitchell Rolland Sutherland Patterson, "Health, Planning, Design, and Shade: A Critical Review," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 31, no. 2 (2014): 91–111.
Peter Gies and Christina Mackay, "Measurements of the Solar UVR Protection Provided by Shade Structures in New Zealand Primary Schools," Photochemistry and Photobiology 80, no. 2 (2004): 334–339.
David J. Turnbull and Alfio V. Parisi, "Increasing the ultraviolet protection provided by shade structures," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 78, no. 1 (2005): 61–67.
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What is The Way to Happiness?
The 21 Precepts
1. Take Care of Yourself
2. Be Temperate
3. Don't Be Promiscuous
4. Love and Help Children
5. Honor and Help Your Parents
6. Set A Good Example
7. Seek To Live With The Truth
8. Do Not Murder
9. Don't Do Anything Illegal
10. Support A Government Designed and Run For All The People
11. Do Not Harm A Person Of Good Will
12. Safeguard And Improve Your Environment
13. Do Not Steal
14. Be Worthy of Trust
15. Fulfill Your Obligations
16. Be Industrious
17. Be Competent
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20. Try To Treat Others As You Would Want Them To Treat You
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That mission is accomplished on a grass-roots level, worldwide, by individuals who share The Way to Happiness book with others and so bring about an increase in tolerance and understanding between families, friends, groups, communities, nations and Mankind—making a safer, less violent world for all.
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Don't Do Anything Illegal
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Safeguard and Improve Your Environment
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Fulfill Your Obligations
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The Atlantic Fires Writer Over Comments
2018-04-16 by JamesD Leave a Comment
Kevin Williamson did not last very long at The Atlantic magazine. The conservative columnist was hired about a month ago. Now he's been let go after his comments related to abortion created an uproar among Atlantic readers.
Atlantic Editor-in-Chief Jeffrey Goldberg told CNN Williamson's comments "ran contrary to The Atlantic's tradition of respectful, well-reasoned debate, and to the values of our workplace."
What makes the firing interesting is that Williamson made the comments in question four years ago, long before he was hired by the magazine. At the time, Williamson tweeted that "the law should treat abortion like any homicide."
Once again, that was back in 2014. When Williamson was hired, someone grabbed the tweet and sent it around again on Twitter. At the time, Williamson had suggested that the death penalty in question be "hanging."
When the comments began circulating again, Williamson tried to say the comments were just one small exchange, not the sum of his feelings on the topic. "One's life works should be judged by an intemperate tweet and that such an episode should not necessarily stop someone from having a fruitful career at The Atlantic."
Many sprung to Williamson's defense, agreeing with that version of events. Then, Media Matters uncovered a podcast, recorded about the same time, in which Williamson said something similar to what was in the tweet.
Goldberg said it was the podcast, more than the tweet, that caused the company to "reconsider" hiring Williamson: "The language he used in this podcast—and in my conversations with him in recent days—made it clear that the original tweet did, in fact, represent his carefully considered views… The tweet was not merely an impulsive, decontextualized, heat-of-the-moment post, as Kevin had explained it. Furthermore, the language used in the podcast was callous and violent."
Goldberg said he still wants his staff to "grapple with complex moral issues" however Williamson's views went too far. "Some of our colleagues are pro-life, and some are pro-choice; we have pro-death-penalty and anti-death-penalty writers; we have liberals and conservatives… We obviously understood that Kevin himself is pro-life when we asked him to write for us. This is not about Kevin's views on abortion."
That position is going to be a hard-sell to some conservatives who already feel under-represented in the media, especially in traditional print vehicles like The Atlantic. Williamson, at this point, isn't saying much about the dismissal, but that doesn't mean he won't keep silent on the issue forever. In the meantime, the right side of the media spectrum has already started a narrative that accuses The Atlantic of "silencing" dissenting viewpoints. This conversation is just beginning.
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Home » World News » Joanna Gaines back home after undergoing surgery for back injury: 'I'm truly grateful for the forced rest'
Joanna Gaines back home after undergoing surgery for back injury: 'I'm truly grateful for the forced rest'
Joanna Gaines is recovering from back surgery.
The Fixer Upper: Welcome Home star, 44, revealed that she underwent a microdisectomy, a surgical procedure to treat a herniated disc in the spine, two weeks ago and is now home recovering.
"I hurt my back in high school from cheerleading — basically a basket toss turned back injury and I've been dealing with it ever since," the Texas-based TV star wrote Thursday on Instagram. "I had my first microdisectomy in 2001 and had to cancel my second date with Chip Carter Gaines and then had the same procedure on another disc two weeks ago. I've always joked that my back likes to act up at the most inconvenient times and I was a bit stressed bc of the timing of it all with the holiday season."
https://www.instagram.com/p/CmdWFi1OJat">
A post shared by Joanna Stevens Gaines (@joannagaines)
Despite the timing, Gaines said she's "grateful for the forced rest during the busiest time of the year," calling it "a gift to simply stay put, stare at the wonder all around and just be still."
The Magnolia Network honcho and domestic doyenne ended her message by wishing her fans a "beautiful Christmas week," adding, "It may not all go as planned — but may you find the beauty and embrace the wonder of the here and now."
Gaines shared photos of herself in a hospital bed, wearing sunglasses and flashing a peace sign, as well as photos from the couch by a fire.
According to the Hospital for Special Surgery, microdiscectomy is sometimes described as minimally invasive spine surgery because it requires just a small incision and the use of a microscope or surgical glasses. The procedure is done to relieve pain and other symptoms caused by the herniated disc pressing on an adjacent nerve root. During it, the surgeon frees the nerve by removing small fragments of disc, bone and ligament.
It's been a busy year for Gaines and her husband of nearly 20 years, who are parents to five. In January, their Magnolia Network officially launched on cable — and the couple made a streaming deal with HBO Max. The pair also received their first-ever Emmy nominations and attended the Creative Arts Emmys in September. In November, she also published her latest book The Stories We Tell: Every Piece of Your Story Matters and promoted it on a book tour.
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Current: PREPARE FOR A DARK AND HEARTBREAKING JOURNEY IN PLUTONA
PREPARE FOR A DARK AND HEARTBREAKING JOURNEY IN PLUTONA
Jeff Lemire, Emi Lenox, and Jordie Bellaire explore the nature of friendship and good and evil
Image Comics is pleased to announce that writer Jeff Lemire, artist Emi Lenox, and colorist Jordie Bellaire will team up to explore the nature of friendship and the line between good and evil in an all-new series—PLUTONA.
"Plutona will use the superhero genre as the entry point into a dark journey that explores the nature of friendship and good and evil, all through the eyes of five children alone in the woods," hinted Lemire.
Lenox added: "The children in Plutona face some really dark situations and will realize that not everything is going to be okay. Don't let the artwork fool you, this is not a children's book. This is the kind of story I've been wanting to create for quite some time and am excited to do so with such talented folks like Jeff and Jordie."
PLUTONA follows the story of five suburban kids who make a shocking discovery while exploring the woods one day after school... the body of the world's greatest super hero, Plutona, laying dead among the mud and grass.
"I don't know which is cooler: That Plutona tells the tale of a group of friends grappling with the realities of good and evil, or that Jeff and Emi themselves are such good friends and they're finally working together on their own project," said Eric Stephenson, Publisher at Image Comics. "Whatever the case, I'm just excited that they've entrusted Image to publish such a cool book."
Led by the headstrong Mie and the troubled Teddy, the kids decide to keep their incredible discovery a secret, but it soon starts to tear their young lives apart, setting them against one another and pulling them into a darkness they may never be able to return from.
The series is set to launch from Image Comics in 2015.


Editor's Note: In 2016, Andrea Dinan, Service-Learning & Experiential Programs, Princeton Public Schools, was awarded a Fulbright Award for Distinguished Teaching to travel to the city of Mérida in Mexico. There she looked at ways to serve the underserved student populations that exist in both Mexico and the United States.
In Mexico, although high school (grades 9-11) is compulsory, there is a lack of high schools for the existing student population. Public high schools require an entrance test plus the purchase of uniforms, books, and additional school fees. This cost is prohibitive to the average family (especially a family with several children). This, of course, is not that different from the invisible fees in our own public schools, for example: pay-to-play, instruments, extracurriculars, field trips, and enrichment programming that many of our students never experience.
Unidad Académica Bachillerato con Interacción Comunitaria (UABIC) is a high school opened by the local university in Mérida. The school was built in 2008 and is located on the southern tip of the city, far from the infrastructures of modern living.Admittance is based on family finances and education history.
In Mexico, Mérida is considered a wealthy city, however the financial statistics of the families attending UABIC are startling. For example, of the 381 families, 203 have a floor of dirt or cement, 45 percent (93) of the families do not have a working bathroom, and 70 percent (143) of heads-of-household did not complete primary school.
The school provides students with free breakfast and lunch and dental, ophthalmology, and medical services. Uniforms are provided, and enrichment programs, including sports and arts, are offered in the afternoon. In return, the students attend a longer-than-average school day (3-4 hours after the typical 12pm dismissal).
Additionally, all students participate in community-based activities—many take place on Saturdays or Thursday evenings. Programming is based on community needs such as replacing open-fire cooking with solar-powered ovens, vaccinations of and caring for pets, and building home gardens for fresh fruit and vegetables. Service-learning pedagogy is woven into all of the programming. The learning and experiences from real-world activities can be applied at a future place of work. The programming instills leadership abilities and builds confidence in students who have previously felt isolated and alienated from their peers. Their success is illustrated in current statistics: in the last two years, approximately 30 percent of graduated students have entered university or vocational school.
U.S. districts can adopt a service-learning curriculum with the goal of guiding students to determine their place within a society and leading them to analyze and integrate an awareness of other persons, beliefs, cultures, and ideas. While participating in these programs, students learn important career skills such as teamwork, problem solving, and critical analysis. These skills are difficult to measure but are key to obtaining the real world global competency skills needed in the 21st century.
Juan Carlos Mijangos Noh, professor of anthropology, is of Mayan descent and has spent most of his career studying drop-out prevention of Mayan students. Mijangos Noh was critical of the UABIC school, stating that government education, no matter how progressive, is continuing an oppressive system that separates indigenous people from their native beliefs.
Instead, he offers a different solution to prevent students from dropping out and to address the lack of structured education available to rural (primarily Mayan) people. For four years, a small group of professors has been working in a small puebla called Canicab located outside of Mérida (pop. 758). Professors and community members planted a large-scale garden with indigenous plants and crops to address food insecurity in the town. An irrigation system (via a bike-pedaling mechanism) and a large windmill generate electricity.
The strategy in Canicab is to make the village self-sufficient and lessen the need for families to travel the 20km to Mérida for work, groceries, and schooling. The hope is that by maintaining the village and honoring the traditional values and beliefs, they will build a community in which their youth would want to grow up and stay in to raise families.
Districts could include new immigrant family members in meetings and programs. The inclusion of parents and community members via community meetings similar to those in Canicab could provide the needed support system for immigrants and other students of poverty attending U.S. schools. Knowing our students and welcoming their families into our schools can only improve relationships and learning. In Canicab, community members worked together to create a school that honors Mayan traditions. The community identified and addressed concerns such as education, food scarcity, and a lack of jobs. It was a slow process with many evening meetings and home visits, but it was worthwhile to include all members of the community that will utilize and support the school. As a result, supplementary education programs were created and are provided by the elders and university professors to students and adults after they complete their daily work.
These concepts can be replicated in our own districts. Too often, new students and families are quickly lost in the business of school. Parents and guardians of underserved students cannot miss work to join a PTO meeting and may miss important information regarding schedule, events, and information regarding the supplementary resources school provide. These are the parents and families that need the most help in joining the community and creating a safety network to support their children.
Schools can offer evening meetings with translation services. Hiring outreach coordinators or assigning a staff member that can communicate in the native languages of families, can ensure that students are not further left behind. In addition, extending partnerships with existing local agencies (such as human services and non-profits) will help ensure that information is shared. My own personal journey to learn Spanish began at a conference workshop led by a parent who had settled in Alabama after moving with her family from Mexico. The parent started her own support group and assisted other Spanish speaking families with the bureaucracy of school paperwork. Her story, the new parent perspective, inspired me to learn the language which eventually led to my Fulbright research.
Telesecundarias are a common solution for reaching the poor and rural areas of Mexico and can be found in many Latin American countries. In many cases, most specifically in rural Mexico, a tele-high school is erected allowing students of multiple ages and backgrounds to complete high school. Class content is communicated through computer and video equipment and may include a full- or part-time teacher overseeing the class.
Mococha, a small village of roughly 2,000 inhabitants, created a new high school co-located on a middle school campus. There are four teachers that work part time with the group of students (ranging from age 15-30 years old) from four nearby villages. Some of the students travel more than an hour to study but would need to travel much further to attend a state-run high school at a cost that their families could not afford. All of the students work after or before school on family farms or in shops or at tourist locations. Most of the students are children of migrant farmers.
Technology can be used to improve our global learning goals. It is easy to connect with experts across the country or facilitate student collaboration internationally—iEarn, Out of Eden Learn, Peace Corps, and Empatico are examples of organizations that can facilitate the process. Free programs such as Flipgrip, Zoom, Skype, and Google Hangouts are web based programs that allow easy communication between classrooms. (Find more organizations and platforms here.) Such experiences create new perspectives and instill critical thinking. It is only through education that we will be able to prepare students to address the global issues of poverty, inequality, and climate change, among others and to inspire students to become lifelong learners.
Online technology can be utilized for academic work—there are academic courses available in a variety of languages, plus online options can offer extra assistance, including 1:1 tutoring (for example: Learn to Be). These programs can be used as supplements or for classroom differentiation. Many public libraries offer paid services free to local teachers and students. Platforms such as Start Sole enable students to contribute thoughtfully both inside and outside of the classroom.
These are not new ideas, but to see them first-hand, encompassing all of the tenets needed for comprehensive community programming was a transformative experience. The experience has inspired me to look for innovative ways to utilize technology and service-learning pedagogy to teach, inspire, and change the world through daily activities in our school.
Connect with Andrea, Heather, and the Center for Global Education on Twitter.


After a pretty calm and early night the children are currently tucking into a hearty breakfast before the day's long walks. They are all smiling and excited about the day ahead, if somewhat unsure what a 6 hour walk will do to their legs!
Happy to say, after a hazy start to the day, it's looking like it's going to be a beautiful sunny day!


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Definitions of aviation-related terms used on this site:
$100 Hamburger Syndrome
a financially irrational urge to fly somewhere just to grab a casual meal.
ADF (automatic direction finder)
A device which shows the direction to a specified NDB.
A required inspection and maintenance operation done every year to keep the airplane legal.
AOPA (Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association)
Probably the largest general aviation educational and lobbying organization around.
approach plate
A diagram which shows the procedures for a specific instrument approach at an airport. It is usually one page in a
booklet which covers one or more entire states.
the third leg of the pattern, perpendicular to the runway, from which the turn is made to the final leg. Not a good place to be distracted.
the bottom of the lowest layer of clouds. If the ceiling is 12,000 feet, and we're flying at 1000 feet, there's 11,000 feet of clear air above us. A satellite view could show the area completely blanketed by clouds, but as long as the ceiling is far enough above us, we'll be fine.
Cessna 150/152
the type of plane I fly. The 152 has a more powerful engine, and some of the instruments are in different places, but otherwise the two models are the same. They are single-engine two-seaters and are perhaps the most popular trainers. Going from one to the other is not a big deal. None were built for about a decade starting in the mid 1980's. Thanks a lot, lawyers!
certificated flight instructor. Some instructors, including mine, have a CFII certificate; the second I is for instrument.
class B airspace
airspace surrounding the busiest airports. Requires permission of Air Traffic Control to enter. Starts at the surface within a few miles of the airport; farther out there are usually several layers, each beginning at higher altitudes than the previous layer. The shape of the airspace is often compared to an upside-down wedding cake. Ever flip a wedding cake upside down? It makes a real mess.
class E airspace
another type of controlled airspace even harder to describe than class B, but doesn't require permission to enter.
class G airspace
uncontrolled airspace. My personal favorite. Yes, there is class A, C, and D airspace, too, but not F, in the U.S. I'm glad they simplified the system a few years ago.
Instructions from a controller, which can include such things as routes, altitudes, etc.
computer guy
someone who makes his living playing with computers. Also called programmer, software engineer, developer, coder, bit twiddler, glorified typist, hacker, etc., but doesn't care about titles as long as the checks clear.
controlled airport
one which requires permission from Air Traffic Control for landings, takeoffs, etc.
crosswind component
the portion of the wind directly across the runway. If the wind is straight down the runway, the component is zero.
engine time/overhaul
Airplane engines are recommended (but not required) to be overhauled (essentially taken apart, inspected, repaired,
and reassembled with many parts replaced) after a certain number of hours, known as the time between overhauls (TBO).
the last leg of the pattern, which includes the runway.
A specified point on the ground, which could be an NDB, a VOR, an intersection of radials/bearings, etc.
Flight Service Station
the service pilots call for weather briefings, among other things. The office looks like a much larger version of
a TV weather center.
glasses used for instrument training. Only the bottom half of each lens is transparent.
fuel measuring stick
a straw-like device which displays the amount of fuel in a tank. Put a finger over the top, insert the stick in the tank, and remove it. The fuel will stay in the tube long enough to read the amount. The stick is specific to the model of airplane, since the tank shapes and sizes vary. (The brand name of mine is FuelHawk. It's well worth having- no more guessing that the tank is about two-thirds full.)
glideslope
A device used for instrument approaches. Two needles, one horizontal and one vertical, indicate whether the plane is on the correct descent path. (Actually, the glideslope is just the horizontal needle, and the vertical one is the localizer, but the entire instrument is often called a glideslope.) It doubles as a VOR.
go-around
an aborted landing resulting in another trip around the pattern.
GPS (global positioning system)
An electronic gadget which was so rare when I first created this site that I had to define it because most people had not heard of it.
A device resembling an odometer which measures the number of hours the engine runs.
any device used to partially block vision during instrument training, known as being "under the hood". The intent is to allow the wearer to see the instrument panel but not outside, to simulate non-visual flight conditions. A cap with an extended visor is often used.
IFR (instrument flight rules)
The system under which pilots fly by reference to the instruments, possibly in clouds and bad weather, under the
direction of air traffic controllers. It requires a airplane to have certain equipment and the pilot to have an instrument rating.
ILS (instrument landing system)
The most precise type of instrument approach.
IMC (instrument meteorological conditions)
Weather which requires instrument flight due to poor visibility.
Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc.
a leading manufacturer/publisher of aviation training and reference materials.
pro football team from New Jersey. Also, a type of plane I'm unlikely to be operating anytime in the near future.
license to learn
realistic term for a private pilot certificate, aka license.
maneuvers booklet
a pocket-size guide which contains diagrams and step-by-step instructions for normal and crosswind taxi, takeoffs, landings, stalls, S-turns, turns around a point, and a bunch of other stuff I need to learn. Only costs a few bucks, and everyone who sees it wants one. A book included with my pilot course covers this material in more detail, but the booklet is designed for quick reference in flight.
A device used for instrument approaches.
NAV/COM (navigation/communication)
A radio that can be used for sending/receiving calls and as a tuner for navigational equipment like a VOR.
NDB (non-directional beacon)
A radio station on the ground which transmits a signal in all directions that can be tracked by an ADF. The concept is similar to a VOR.
a rectangular course around an airport, one leg of which includes the runway.
pilot in command
the person responsible for the safety of the flight. (That's how the regulations define it.) If I'm alone, it's me. With an instructor, him. (Sort of.)
push-to-talk switch
a $20 device which lets me use my $300 headset to talk on the radio. Without it, I have to use a hand-held, CB-radio style mike.
quartering tailwind
a wind coming from the right or left rear of the plane (i.e., southeast or southwest when headed north). It is the trickiest wind in which to taxi; if strong enough it can flip a light high-wing plane over.
rotating beacon
a flashing light installed at an airport to help pilots locate it at night, like a lighthouse for aircraft
The airport doesn't have 18 runways, just one. The number indicates the compass heading (direction); 18 means 180 degrees, which is south. When the same runway is used from the other direction, headed north, it's runway 36.
stabilator
a device, on the tail of the plane, which is a combined horizontal stabilizer and elevator (used for climbing and descending).
loss of lift, caused by the wing being at too steep an angle. Has nothing to do with engine failure.
STC (supplemental type certificate)
a document that allows me to legally use auto gas in the airplane. (The STC was purchased by a previous owner and stays with the airplane. Nothing was physically done to the airplane to allow use of the car gas, but without the document, the gas can't be used legally.) There are STC's for all kinds of things, mostly for alterations and installation of equipment.
touch and go
a landing immediately followed by a takeoff, without stopping.
A device which sends out an identifying signal which controllers can use to track a airplane on radar.
triskaidekaphobe
someone who fears the number 13.
VOR (VHF omnidirectional range)
A device on the ground which transmits a radio signal in all directions, and an instrument in the airplane which uses that signal to determine the plane's direction from the transmitter.
winds aloft
wind speed and direction at various altitudes, which can vary greatly from winds at the surface. Used partly to select a cruising altitude.
a control which looks something like a steering wheel but cannot be used as one on the ground, since it isn't connected to the wheels (at least not in the Cessnas I fly). Source of amusement for CFI after a few lessons.


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text:
• seller to ascertain license or permit requirements of other states
• seller's records
(1) It is unlawful for any person to sell fireworks at wholesale to any out-of-state resident who does not possess and present to the seller for inspection at the time of sale a valid license or permit issued in the name of such out-of-state resident, if such license or permit is required to purchase, possess, transport, store, distribute, sell or otherwise deal with or use fireworks by the laws of such other state.
(2) The burden of ascertaining whether the laws of such other state require a license or permit and whether the purchaser possesses such a valid license or permit shall be entirely on the seller. Each seller shall record, in a manner prescribed by the State Fire Marshal, each sale described in this section. The record shall include the identification of type and quantity of fireworks sold, name of purchaser, state of destination, state issuing license or permit and number or other identifying description and date of issue of license or permit. [1985 c.789 §9; 2013 c.24 §8]
Where statute was challenged as unconstitutionally vague, determinative factor was whether there is reasonable degree of common understanding of what is encompassed by prohibition in statute; wording of this section is sufficiently specific to inform person of what conduct is prohibited. Cascade Fireworks v. State of Oregon, 86 Or App 355, 738 P2d 1013 (1987)
Where statute was challenged as an unconstitutional restriction on interstate commerce under Art. I, section 8, of the United States Constitution, any effect on interstate commerce could only be incidental and outweighed by state's interest in safety of its citizens. Cascade Fireworks v. State of Oregon, 86 Or App 355, 738 P2d 1013 (1987)


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NFL Training Camp Tour: Laurinaitis on 1st year with Saints: 'Like being a rookie again'
James Laurinaitis sits down with Jim Miller and Pat Kirwan
For James Laurinaitis, his first training camp with the New Orleans Saints after spending seven seasons with the Rams has been about more than Xs and Os.
He's working on getting to know his teammates, on building relationships, on proving he has something to bring to the table with his talent and experience.
"When you're the new guy, I try to treat it like kind of like being a rookie again," Laurinaitis told Jim Miller and Pat Kirwan at Saints camp in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. "They don't really know who you are as a person. Your reputation might precede you about what they think of you. Man, (the approach is) just trying to basically keep your mouth shut early and just go to work and try to gain their trust and respect by the way you work, day in, day out."
Even though the Rams were his only other employer, Laurinaitis understands what it means to start anew each day and feel the constant need to make a good impression.
"Luckily, coming from (Rams defensive coordinator) Gregg Williams, he used to always put that pressure on you as a player that every day's an interview. And you're interviewing very well or you're interviewing poorly, but there's no just kind of staying still," Laurinaitis said. "Once I heard that, I've kind of taken that motto day in and day out."
It helps that there are similarities between that scheme that Saints defensive coordinator Dennis Allen run and the one in which Williams used with the Rams.
Still, Laurinaitis feels greater urgency than ever to practice at a high level each day.
"There's more pressure, I think, when you're the new guy to perform well on a daily basis where, when you're with an organization for a long time and you have an off day, a lot of those guys already know you," he said. "They know, 'OK, he had an off day, he's going to correct it.' But here, you don't have that luxury right off the bat. You want to make sure that every day's a good day."
NFL Training Camp Tour: Brees: Saints should score 'every time we touch the ball'
Drew Brees sits down with Pat Kirwan and Jim Miller
Drew Brees makes no attempt to pretend that the formula has suddenly changed for the New Orleans Saints.
They must be prolific scorers, or they probably don't stand a great chance of winning. How else can you look at a team that finished next-to-last in the NFL in defense last season?
"I think our mentality is, obviously, every time we touch the ball, we should be getting points," Brees told Jim Miller and Pat Kirwan Sunday at the Saints' training camp in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. "That's kind of mentality, that's our swagger. I think we've always been pretty aggressive-minded. But, yeah, you're always paying attention to the flow of the game and then kind of reacting accordingly."
The Saints' hope is that this year, the flow won't always dictate that the offense needs to generate a tidal wave of points because the defense is allowing the opponent to do so. And, based on what he has seen during the offseason and training-camp practices,Brees sees reason to believe the tide could be turning.
"Listen, I think our guys on the defensive side of the ball are playing with a ton of energy, a ton of physicality right now. They're doing a lot of things, too. I think (new defensive coordinator) Dennis Allen has done a tremendous job with the scheme and, also, I think our scouting department, everybody, has done a great job of getting the free agents they got and drafted some of these young guys that I think are going to play a big role."
Brees sees confidence growing on the other side of the line of scrimmage. He is pleased with the high level of competitiveness in drills.
"We're going at it," he said. "It's the old adage, iron sharpens iron. Listen, I feel like we're pretty good offensively, but I feel like we can get a lot better. And, listen, our defense has handed it to us a time or two our here. That's good for us and it's good that we throw the kitchen sick at them just like they do at us, so by the time you get to game day, I want our defense to be able to say, 'Man, we've seen just about everything you could see based upon going against our offense,' and I'd love for us, as an offense, to be able to say, 'Well, we're not going to be able to see as much or as complex as we've seen throughout camp.'"


Less framework has made the large scale production house really come on to their feet. The application and the team support they are going to get is making the management more than happy. What is the core reason for such enthusiasm? Just learn the different contributions, a less framework is going to give a big enterprise. You will identify soon, what is the core reason for the joy of top management. To be a part of this highly appreciated team of experts, you might opt for the Less Framework For Large Scale Product Course in Singapore. This is going to make your career strong and well aligned. Here are the areas where less framework has created a difference for the larger production units.
Initially based on the hill of backlogs, large production units were lagging their ground from time to time. With the less framework in support of them, the backlogs are cleared every time with a special care from the scrum team leaders. This is not only creating a dynamic environment in the production units, but is motivating all the staffs in the company for maintaining their work profile neatly and cleanly. Product backlogs are often the reason for the companies to incur huge loss in their business. When that is curbed short, the entire ground is made stronger than ever.
The second area where less framework has caught the attention of all is the minimization of the production wastes. There are two type of common wastes in the large scale production houses – time loss and wrong investment. When production is not according to the need of the stakeholders, situation changes in the house and the entire production turns out to be a loss. With less framework in action, this is never the case ever. The scrum team masters and owners will be in touch with the production unit and that is going to be working for the support of the wastes.
On the other hand, since there will be no wastage of products and no left out backlogs, there will be no loss of time. You can work out on the same and that is essentially make the company and the production unit stand at its feet, all the time. Hence, production and productivity of the team will be at the high peak with the less framework. That is the core reason why it is favored by the top management at every moment.
You understood by now the actual framework of business and with that you are also aware that there is ample business scope in the field for you. Just go through the Less Framework For Large Scale Product Certification and make your skills sharpened for the same work. Make it a point that this is the team which works in a dynamic style. So, bet there and work accordingly. Retrospective nature of the employees is something that is essential here. Your scrum master will be guiding you in the same direction.


This ceiling lamp features whitewashed wooden beads on a metal frame. The combination of metal and wood gives this piece a modern, yet romantic look. Bring beautiful light to any room with this pendant.
Measures 19.5 inches round and 20.25 inches high. Ships within two weeks.


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Polar Bear Cams Showcase Annual Migration
Laura Moss is a journalist with more than 15 years of experience writing about science, nature, culture, and the environment.
Photo: explore.org.
Philanthropic media organization explore.org is broadcasting its annual polar bear cam, which follows the bears' migration near Churchill, Manitoba, a city dubbed the "Polar Bear Capital of the World."
The live high-definition video streams deliver footage during daylight hours from multiple cameras and locations as captured on Tundra Buggies roving the tundra. The day's highlights are replayed at night.
Explore.org hopes that the polar bear cams — made possible through partnerships with Polar Bears International (PBI) and Frontiers North Adventures (FNA) — will bring attention to the hardships the animals face due to global warming.
"The relationship between this polar bear population and the sea ice on Hudson Bay is one of the most clear illustrations of global climate change," said John Gunter, president of FNA, whose Tundra Buggies allow the footage to be captured.
Higher temperatures cause sea ice in the Hudson Bay to break up earlier in the spring and form later in the fall, forcing polar bears to remain on land where they're deprived of food and must subsist on stored energy reserves.
"In 2011, the polar bears near Churchill had to wait until early December to return to the sea ice — three weeks later than just 30 years ago," said PBI senior scientist Dr. Steve Amstrup. "As a result of reduced feeding opportunity, we are seeing thinner bears and poorer survival of cubs. Ultimately, all polar bears will disappear if the world continues to warm. But the most important thing to remember is that hope remains. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we can arrest the rise in temperatures and save polar bears from extinction."
In addition to the polar bear cams, explore.org is also broadcasting Tundra Connections, a live, interactive 15-part educational series featuring polar bear and environmental experts.
"We have an amazing collection of talent in Churchill this year, from polar bear and sea ice scientists, to filmmakers, conservationists, climate experts and biologists who work with other arctic species," said Barbara Nielsen, PBI's director of communications. (Read interview with team members below.)
PBI has also created Actions with Impact, a place where people can commit to reducing their carbon footprints and interact with like-minded people across the globe.
The polar bear cams are the latest addition to explore.org's Pears of the Planet collection, which were created to inspire people to protect the Earth. 12 months.
Check out a video and some of the photos from this year's polar bear migration below.
explore.org
Erica E. Wills
Free 'Vacation' via the Live Polar Bear Cam
Life in the 'Polar Bear Capital of the World'
How Many Polar Bears Are There?
Why Are Some Polar Bear Populations in Decline While Others Are Stable?
This Canadian Town Hosts Over 1,000 Polar Bears Every Year
See What Polar Bears Are Up to Right Now
Best Spots for an Arctic Adventure
What Do Polar Bears Eat and How Is Their Food Threatened?
Why Alaska Hasn't Had a Polar Bear Attack Since 1993
Arctic Fox: Perfectly Adapted to Frigid Environment, but What's Next?
Taking a Close Look at the "Last Ice Area"
Plight of the Reindeer
7 Reasons Why Arctic Sea Ice Matters
Video Shows Stunning Loss of Oldest Arctic Sea Ice in Last 30 Years
7 Unlikely Things Global Warming Could Take Away
Scientists Launch Mission to Find the Oldest Ice on Earth


text:
Movers and shakers: Grey, Dentsu Aegis, Oliver, Rapp, Medialab and more
Welcome to Campaign's weekly round-up of the hires, departures and promotions from across the industry.
Caroline Pay: Grey's joint creative chief is joining Headspace
Caroline Pay is leaving Grey London and splitting with creative partner Vicki Maguire to join Headspace. She will become chief creative officer of the meditation app and relocate to Los Angeles for the job, which starts 4 September. She joined Grey London at the start of last year. She was previously deputy executive creative director at Bartle Bogle Hegarty London and also worked at Mother. Grey plans to replace Pay.
Mark Creighton is leaving Dentsu Aegis Network as chief operating officer. He joined DAN in 2015 from Mindshare UK where he was chief executive. There are currently no plans to replace him.
Rapp Worldwide has promoted Anne Marie Neal to global chief marketing officer. Agency veteran Neal was previously president of Rapp San Francisco.
Tug, the digital performance marketing agency, has appointed Trefor "Tom" Thomas to the role of global chief creative officer. Thomas has held senior positions in companies such as SapientNitro, RMG Connect, Saatchi & Saatchi and most recently as CCO of loyalty agency, LIDA.
Medialab has made a number of key senior hires. Stewart Easterbrook, a former chief executive of Starcom MediaVest Group UK, becomes chairman. He also remains chairman of MiQ. Steve Venes, formerly of John Ayling, has been hired as broadcast director while Tony Oakley becomes head of digital, joining from MC&C where he was digital director.
Charlie Bigham, the upmarket ready-meals brand, has named Kerry Collinge as marketing director. She previously served as marketing director at healthy snack brand Nine Foods and has also worked in senior marketing positions for food and drink brands including Cadbury's, Ab InBev and Carlsberg.
New media-buying entity Anything is Possible has appointed Sam Fenton-Elstone as chief executive. Fenton-Elston was most recently chief digital officer for VCCP Media, a post he left at the end of last year.
Phil Toms has joined Pilgrim, the agency launched by former Britvic marketing director Andrew Marsden last year, following stints as marketing director for Charles Wells Brewery and before that head of marketing for Nestle Cereals. He has most recently been an independent brand consultant. Kat Mitchell and Jason Vrakas, previously executive creative directors at You agency, have joined Pilgrim as executive creative director and head of art respectively. The appointments follow 14 consecutive new business wins.
In-house specialist Oliver has appointed Lisa Bonney as its global chief marketing officer. Bonney brings with her nearly three decades of experience. During a fifteen-year tenure at The Marketing Store, she progressed from client service director to European managing director.More recently, Bonney was European head of client services at worldwide Japanese technology company Konica Minolta.
Adtech company RhythmOne has appointed Natalie Dawson as head of sales. Dawson joins from Oath, where she was a senior strategist.
The Dining Club Group has appointed Anwar Sultan to the newly created role of chief marketing officer. He was previously global digital and ecommerce director at The Hut Group.
Brilliant Basics, Infosys' digital studio, has hired Richard Hartley to launch a network of innovation labs as part of an expansion across Europe and Middle East. Hartley, a former senior emerging technologist at WPP's Wunderman and Jaguar Land Rover's Spark 44, will be the agency's first head of emerging tech and innovation labs and will lead lab openings in Berlin and London.
Gutenberg Global, Adam & Eve/DDB's global production and adaptation agency, has promoted Claire Bowers from managing partner to managing director while Gary Whipps, who has 45 years' production experience, has been promoted from operations director to chief operating officer.
Rebecca Gleeson has joined We are Vista as strategist from Skating Panda where she held the same role. She has also worked at Ogilvy & Mather and Publicis. The agency has also promoted project manager Sarah Beresford to research and insights manager.
MiQ has appointed Giles Ivey in the newly created role of chief executive, UK. Joining in June, he was most recently managing director, UK, at Collective, where he oversaw the acquisition of the company by Time Inc. UK. Ivey has also held commercial lead roles at BSkyB, News UK and AOL.
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Estée Lauder set to pick Dentsu Aegis Network for EMEA media
Mark Creighton to leave Dentsu Aegis Network
Caroline Pay leaves Grey London after a year for Headspace
Olivia Browne departs Grey London
ITV boss McCall slams 'arbitrary, ineffective' pre-9pm junk food ad ban plan
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Muscant suddenly exits as Dentsu Aegis Network North CEO
Rapp poaches Rapier's Mackie as chief creative officer


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Q: What properties do L2 functions have other than going to zero in infinity? Reading some Quantum Mechanics, I encountered essentially the following claim: Let $f(x):\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{C} \ $ where $f \in L_2$  (an square-integrable function integrated over $x \in (-\infty, \infty)$, i.e. $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |f(x)|^2 dx < \infty$);
then, $$\lim_{x\to \pm \infty} xf^*(x)\frac{df(x)}{dx}$$
not only exists, but it is zero. I know from Barbalat's lemma that why $f(x)$ and $\frac{df(x)}{dx}$ should go to zero in infinity, however, we have them both multiplied by $x$ itself blowing up which is an indeterminate case of $0 \cdot \infty$.
Are there any additional properties to have in mind when working with such functions in the limiting cases?
Edit 1: $f^*$ is the complex conjugate of $f$.

A: As people have basically pointed out in the comments, the claim is false.
A first problem is, that the derivative $\frac{df(x)}{dx}$ does not need to exist.
Even if we assume that it exists (or exists in a weak sense),
one could construct a counterexample
by using spikes $g_n$ which are active near $n\in\Bbb N\subset Bbb R$
and whose contribution to the $L_2$-norm of the function is exponentially small,
for example $\|g_n\|_{L_2}\leq 2^{-n}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We can't seem to get enough of Beata Heuman's wonderfully eclectic style. Unexpected colour combinations, bold patterns and if I'm seeing this correctly, an absolutely awesome floor painted with a extra-large sized tumbling block pattern. That wall colour above may just be the most perfect shade of pink.
This place is like afternoon tea at the ritz, scrumptious! More please!
Oh que oui! I love it when I have to stop and really observe each photo and marvel at the apparent simplicity which is the result of high talent and imagination. And I agree that the pink is perfect here.
I would pack my bags today and move there if I could .. there is nothing that I don't Love in this home !
Great room styles! Perfect mix of patterns and colors! Thanks for sharing.
You're right Kim about that being the perfect shade of PINK! I also like the style of all the rooms.