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text:
Brexit could delay coronavirus vaccine reaching UK, experts warn
Britain could have to wait longer for a coronavirus vaccine because of Brexit , experts have warned.
Senior academics, writing in the Guardian, said Boris Johnson's decision to leave the European Medicines agency – which is in charge of monitoring the safety of medicines – could slow the process down.
Leaving the EU's regulatory regime means we will no longer have the benefit of "accelerated assessment" of new drugs, the authors argue.
The experts behind the article include Martin McKee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and legal academics Anniek de Ruijter of Amsterdam Law School and Mark Flear of Queens University, Belfast.
They wrote: "For all these reasons … the UK is likely to have to join the queue for access with other countries outside the EU, and to pay more than it would otherwise as an EU member state.
"Looking further ahead, this problem will not be limited to emergencies and the UK can expect slower and more limited access to medicines, especially those for rare conditions or those used to treat children, where the market is small."
(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
Former chief scientific adviser Sir Mark Walport told Sky News the country is several months away from a vaccine.
He said: "Vaccines are being developed at a very fast rate so there are a number of candidates: large companies, small companies, universities all working.
"The challenge here is to make sure the vaccine is safe and it works, and unfortunately, that takes a period of time to do so realistically.
"It's very unlikely that we are going to have a vaccine for the present round of this epidemic.
"We are talking months, up to a year."
Sir Mark added it was "quite likely" that a large percentage of the population would get coronavirus, but many would be mild or sub-clinical.
Meanwhile, a team of scientists say a vaccine for the Covid-19 illness is on the verge of being developed.
Researchers, led by Mucosal Infection and Immunity head Dr Robin Shattock, told the Daily Express they have successfully trialled the vaccine in mice and are hopeful it could be ready for human trials by June.
Senior researcher Dr Paul McKay, of Imperial College London, told the paper: "I've got results from a month after I injected (the mice) and the vaccine works really, really well."
The team is working with scientists in Paris to determine the vaccine's effectiveness in monkeys.
Dr McKay said they have applied for further funding from the Medical Research Council to conduct human clinical trials.
As Britain Exit the EU tonight and post-Brexit Nigeria – By Godson Azu
'Long term peace' not possible between Israel and Palestine'- Baldwin
Pastor Nims Obunge OBE, the Nigerian-British Independent London Mayoral Candidate for London

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text:
An Assessment of the Health Risks of Seven Pesticides Used for Termite Control (1982)
Chapter: CHLORDANE
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Suggested Citation:"CHLORDANE." National Research Council. 1982. An Assessment of the Health Risks of Seven Pesticides Used for Termite Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/665.
CHLORDANE BACKGROUND INFO RMAT ION chlordane is a member of a group of chemical compounds generically termed "chlorinated cyclodienes." For its use as an insecticide, and especially as a termiticide, it is available in pure and technical grades. Pure chlordane in a viscous, colorless , odorless liquid. Its Volubility in water is approximately 9 ~g/L at 2S°C. It is highly soluble in most organic solvents, including petroleum hydrocarbons (Brooks, 1974a,b). Physical and chemical properties of chlordane are shown in Table 1. Technical chlordane is usually sold as an emulsifiable concentrate for use in dilute water suspension as a spray, but is also supplied in powder form diluted with talc or other inert mineral dust (Aldrich and Holmes, 1969) . Firs t produced connnercia1 ly in 194 7, chlordane has been used primarily for termite eradication around housing foundations and for control of soil insects in corn production. chlordane also has been an ac Live Ingredient in many household and garden pesticides (Infante et al., 1978~. The present review stems from exposure of several families living in housing on military bases; chlordane had been applied as a tenmiticide in and around the housing foundations several years earlier. Modifications in the heating systems and disruptions of the inground heat ducts are believed to nave resulted in the entry and dispersion of chlordane through the duct systems, which let to mitt to moderate systemic symptoms in residents. Such release of chlordane into the house environment can generally be controlled by repairing ducts or by c losing of f and c ircumventing the underground duct system. There are several reports of detection of airborne chlordane in residences. Livingston and Jones ( 1981 ) sampled the air of apartments at a Midwestern Air Force base for chlordane. These units had intraslab or subelab heating ducts arid had been treated with chlordane by high-pressure subelab injection or by soil drench before pouring of the slab. In a preliminary survey, 13 units treated in 1978 and 43 treated before 1978 were sampled. All but five of the apartments had detectable concentrations of airborne culordane, ranging from 0.4 to 263.5 ~ g/~3 . The ma jority had concentrations below 7.4 ug/~3, with only four units exceeding 22 ug/~3. In a wiser survey, 435 apartments treated with chlordane were investigated. Of these apartments, 335 had measurable airborne chlordane, ranging from trace amounts to 37.8 ng/~3. The mean chlordane concentration was approximately 2 ug/~3. The authors found no correlation between airborne chlorate concentrations and barometric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, or year of treatment. Lillie (1981) reported the results of an investigation of housing units at seven Air Force bases. Airborne chlordane was measured in 474 houses; 469 had the ventilation ducts in or below the slab, and five nad the ducts in crawl spaces. Houses were treated with chlordane by subelab injection or exterior ditching. The _ 9 _
concentration of airborne chlortane was below 0.b ~gtm3 in 130 of the rouses, 0.7-3.4 ~g/m3 in 278 of the houses, 3.5-6.5 1lg/m3 in 56 of the houses, and above 6~5 ug/m3 in 10 of the houses. There was no correlation between concentration of airborne chlordane and temperature, barometric pressure, or relative humility. Wright and Leidy ( 1982) reported the results of sampling of six single~family homes with a crawl space or combination crawl space-alab construction. Three houses were treated with chlordane and three with a chlordane/hepeachlor emulsion. Air samples were taken immediately after termiticide application and at 1 and 1 d and 1, 6, and 12 mot Concentrations of chlortane ranged from ().3 ng/m3 before treatment to 2.34-5.01 ug/m3 after treatment. me mean concentration of heptachlor was ().01 p'g/m3 before treatment and 1.0-1.8 pg/m3 after treatment . SUMMARY OF TOXICITY INFORMAT ION l Several reviews on the toxicity of chlordane are available (NRC, 1977a,b; EPA, 197Sla; IARC, 1979~. Acute poisoning associated with spraying, manufacture, or accidental ingestion of cyclodienes produces central nervous system symptoms, including headache, blurred vision, dizziness, alight involuntary muscular movements, tremor, sweating, insomnia, nausea, and general malaise. More severe illness is characterized by involuntary contractions of muscles or groups of muscles ant by epileptifonm convulaione, with lose of consciousnese, urinary ant fecal incontinence, disorientation, personal ity changes, psychic disturbances, and lose of memory. SUCh episodes, which may recur for 2-4 mo after cessation of exposure, are marked by abnormal encephalographic patterns (NRC, 1977b). The limited human studies with long-tenm exposure have not revealed any consistent or significant detrimental effect. Carcinogenicity data are essentially limited to lottery higb-dose exposure of mice (rats appeared res istant ~ . Chlordane absorption through the skin can produce toxic effects (Goseelin et al.' 1976~. Dental exposure is expected in manufacture or use of the pesticide. Absorption can range from negligible to that producing acute effects, depending on the degree of exposure. Ct~lordene could persist for tong periods on the skin of persons using it. In one study, bexane rinsings of the hand e of a former pest-control operator contained chlordane 2 ye af ted his last known exposure ~ haven at al ., 1974) . Niabet ( 1976resti~ted total tally intake of chlordane on the basis of the concentration of oxychlordane stored in tissue. A chiordane intake of 9 ug/day was calculated. Nisbet also identified highly exposed aegaents of the general population: children, as a result of mills consumption; fishermen and their families, because of high consumption of fish and shellfish, especially freshwater fish; persons living downwind from treated fields; and persons living In houses treated with chlordane to control pests. — 10 —
EFFECTS IN INS Case Histories Several incident o involving accidental poisonings with chlordane have been reported. It is sometimes difficult to isolate the effects of chlordane from those of other fac tore. Aldrich and Holmes ( 1969) reported a case of chlordane ingestion in a 4-yr-old girl that resulted in intermittent clonic convulsions, loss of coordination, and increased excitability. Spontaneous vomiting was not reported. The use of gastric ravage and parenteral phenobarbital was followed by disappearance of these necrologic ~ igns and restoration of heal th. No residual manifestations were observed 24 h after the acute illness. Serum half-life was found to be 88 d. Curley and Garrettson ( 1969) reported an accidental ingestion of an unknown quantity of chlordane by a 20-mo-old boy. C1 inical features included vomiting and short interrupted seizures on admittance to the hospital. Results of liver-function tests and electroence p alographic and electrocardiographic tests were within normal limits 24 h after ingestion. Blood and fat samples were analyzed for culordane and contained 0.27 mg/100 ml and 3.1 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase content was increased af ter 3 ma of observation. Infant e _ al. (1978) reported a series of cases in children seen at a single pediatric hospital. Of 14 children diagnosed as having neuroblastoma between December 1974 and February 1976, five were known to b eve been exposed to chlordane during prenatal and postnatal development; the remaining nine had unknown chemical-exposure histories. Three cases of aplastic anemia ant three cases of acute leukemia associated with chlordane exposure were diagnosed in the same period. The f ive patients with neuroblastoma and chlordane exposure were 32 ma to 6 yr old at the time of diagnosis. In each case, either the child or the mother (while pregnant) lived in a house that had recently been treated with chlordane for termite infestation. No information on a control series ze available for comparison, and these case reports provided insufficient information to support conclusions concerning the 1 otters heal to risks of chlordane. Occupational Exposure Princi and Spurbeck (1951 ) evaluated 34 persons engaged in the manufacture of insecticides, including chlordane, and exposed through skin contact and inhalation for 11-36 mot Physical examinations, chest x rays, urinary dilution and concentration tests, complete blood coupes, routine urinalysis, hemoglobin measurement, sedimentation rate, and urinary porphyrin determinations failed to suggest any abnormalities in the men. Air was analyzed at several test locations f or total chl orinated hydrocarbons . The authors concluded that no adverse effects were detected in men working in a plant with air concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons as high as 10 mg/m3. — 11 —
Alvarez and Lyman (1953) reported a cl inical and laboratory study of 24 men 21~49 yr old who were exposed to chlordane for 2 mo to 5 yr while Wordily in a plant where it was manufactured. Each man was given a complete examination, including blood chemistry ant urine studies. One person with diabetes and two with essential hyper~cension were found, but their diseases were felt to be incidental findings. Seven men were found to have slight fibrotic changes in the apices of the lunge. It was believed thee these lung findings were not related to the chlordane exposure. None of the 24 men had evidence of abnormalities in liver, kidneys, skin, nervous system, and blood-forming organs. Fifteen workers exposed to airborne chlordane at 0.0012-0.0017 mg/m3 over periods of 1-15 yr showed no evidence of toxic effects (Fishbein_ al., 1964~. Liver-function tests were normal in all instances, and there were no manifestations of nervous system disturbances or gas trointestinal or kidney disorders . Repeated topical exposures to chlortane for over a year produced seizures, elec troencephalographic dyerhythmia, convulsions, and twitching in a 47-yr-old nurseryman; these symptoms ceased when chlordane exposure was stopped (Barnes, 1967~. Wang and MacHshon (1979) studied a cohort of workers employed in the manufacture of chlordane and heptachlor at either of two locations between 1946 and 1976. Data obtained from death records, social security records, and employment History of 1,403 workers employed for longer than 3 ma in the production of the two compounds indicated no overall excess of teethe from cancer. While there were fewer deaths than expected overall for diseases of the circulatory system, there was a statistically significant excess of deaths from cerebrovascular disease (17 observed vet 9.3 expected). These deaths all occurred after ter~i~tion of employment and were not related to duration of exposure. Further study is neater to clarify the relationship between cerebrovascular disease and exposure to these cyclodienes. Shindell and Associates (1980) extended the previous study and reported on all fonner and current employees with 3 ma or more of employment at the Marshall, Illinois, plant of Velaicol Chemical Corporation between 1946 (when the manufacture of chlordane began) and the study cutoff date of June 3(1, 1976. The cohort from the Marshall plant totaled 783 persons: 689 white men, 10 nonwhite men, and 84 women. In only 20 cases could it not be confirmed whether the person was still alive (classified as "status unknowns. Most of the analyses in the report are based on a comparison of the workers' health with the health of comparable segments of the U.S. population. Table 2 summarizes the causes of death in Velaicol workers with Gracious periods of employment, compared with those in the U.S. population, and Table 3 presents the standard morality ratios in Velaicol workers by major cause of death and period of employment. The study concluded that the mortality of these workers was not significantly higher than expected. The "healthyqorker" bias could be a problem here, inasmuch as the observed numbers of deaths are markedly lower than the expected numbers based on the U. S . population. Because of this potential bias, it would have been — 12 —
advantageous to compare production workers with nonproduction workers, whose exposure to chiordane was minim. There was a statistically significant positive trend in standard mortality ratio. for cancer deaths (Table 3) in workers with increasing duration of employment. On the basis of the nonparametric randomized trend test, the statistical significance for these data is ' 0.0083 (one-sided) and p ~ 0.0167 (two-sided). However, the increase in the standard mortality ratio. from one to 20 yr of exposure was not large. Also, these E: values must be interpreted in 1 ight of the fact that a large array of data are presented (which increases the opportunity to f ind unusual permutations); and the actual increase in standard mortal ity ratios may be due to changes in the healthy-worker bias with age, duration of employment, calendar year, etc. The findings on morbidity were entirely descriptive, and the authors described them as "unremarkable." The good health index of 75 percent among plant workers was compared with that of about 66 percent found in previous ~ tudies. Two additional features would have been desirable in thin study ~ Shindel 1 ant Associates , 1980) . First, measurements of extent of exposure presumably were not made; it may be assumed thee some workers--plant operators, engineers, and maintenance workers--were more heavily exposed than white-collar workers. Second, providing data on distributions of the number of years of employment and on the year of hiring would increase knowledge of the numbers of persons "exposed" for various durations ant the time since first exposure. The authors (Shindell and Associates, 1980) concluded that there was no evidence to indicate that current or past workers at Velaicol are at an increased risk for heal th relates problems. However, the suggestion of a trend in cancer deaths with duration of employment indicates thee more complete data are needed before firm conclusions can be reached with regard to the carcinogenicity of chlordane in humane. Publ ic Water Contamination Barrington et ale (1978) reported that a section of the public water system of Chattanooga, Tennessee, supplying 105 people in 42 houses, was contaminated with chlordane on March 24, 1976. Chlordane concentrations in the tap water of affected houses ranged from less than 0.1 to 92,SOO ppb. In 23 houses, the concentration exceeded 100 ppb; 11 of these hat concentrations greater than 1,000 ppb. In a door~to-door survey of 71 residents affected, 13 ( 18 percent) }lad symptoms compatible with milt acute chlordane toxicity, gastrointestinal sympeome ~ nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pain), and necrologic symptoms (dizziness, blurred vision, irritability, headache, paresthesia, or muscle dysfunctions. None was hospitalized, and all recovered within 48 h after exposure with no apparent chronic damage. — 13 —
EFFECTS IN ANIMALS Acut e and Short-Term Exposure Tile oral LV50 of chordane for rats was 335 mg/kg of body weight for males and 430 mg/kg for females, and the derma1 LD50 for rats was 840 mg/kg for males ant 690 mg/kg for females (Gaines 1969~. Chlordane toxicity was characterized by central nervous system stimulation. Truhaut et al . ( 1974) reported that the oral LDso. of chlordane were 350 mg/kg for rats and 1,720 mg/kg for bametere; 200 mg/kg was not lethal to 10 rats, nor was 1,200 mg/kg lethal to 1() hamsters. Toxicity was characterized by liver enlargement and congestion of the 1 icier and kidneys. Were are only a few investigations of the acute inhalation toxicity of chlordane. Frings and O'Tousa (1Sl50) exposed 60 female mice to airborne chlordane; 16 for up to 16 wk at an airborne concentration estimated to be 25-50 percent of saturation and the remainder for up to 4 t to air saturated with chlordane. The chlordane was described as being 60~75 percent chlordane and 25-40 percent unspecified related compounds. In the first group, there was loss of activity and muscle coordination within a few weeks. Liver damage was observed after 6 wk. and all mice had died by 16 wk. In the other group, most mice died within 4 d and the remainder in the next 10 d. Ingle (1953) also investigated the effects of chlortane vapor. Twenty mice each were continuously exposed for 14 d to air saturated with chlordane. Pure and technical-grade chlordane were used, which were obtained from a source different from that reported by Frings and O'Tousa (1950~. Ingle (1953) observed no deaths and no effects on the liver or central nervous system. When hexachiorocyclopentadiene was added to the chlordane, there were toxic effects on the liver and CNS and fatalities. Ingle ( 1953) speculated that the toxicity reported by Frings and O'Tousa (1950) may have been causes by chlordane contaminated wi th hexachl orocyc lopentadiene . Ambrose et al. ( 1953) investigated cumulative effects of chlordane at tally doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg administered to albino rats by gastric intubation for 15 d. Six groups of five rats each were given the compound in cottonseed oil. "ts given chlordane at 25 mg/l~g or less in 15 daily doses showed no toxic reactions with respect to the characteristics evaluated--tremors, conwlsione, and death. However, `he investigators ~ tated that the adverse effect of chlordace was noted on histologic examination of liver at all dosages. The effect consisted of the presence of sbnon~ul intracytoplasaic bodies in the liver cells. These botzes ranged in size from small riDg-like structures to large rings or sheine of casino pilic hyaline material larger than the nuclei of cells. The investigators further stated that there was a positive correlation between the oral dosage and the number and size of the liver-cel1 inclusions. The effects of chlordane on the metabolism of estrogens in rats ant mice have been studied by Welch et al. (1911~. Daily — 14 —
intraperitoneal administration of chiordane at 2 or 5 mg/kg for 7 d reduced the uterotropic action of tritiated estrone and the concentration of tritiated estrogen in the uterus. The total-body me tabol ism o f tri t iated es trogen was increased in ra to pre treated daily with intraperitoneal chlordane at 10 or 50 mg/kg for 7 d. Busuland et al. (1948) applies chlordane as a 1.5 percent spray to cattle and hogs and as a dip to sheep and goats. The material was also sponged onto horses. The treatments were applied eight times at 4-h intervals, and observations were continued for 30 d after treatment. The principal signs of toxicity of chlordane were necrologic ; the chief pathologic changer were enlarged ant fatty 1 ivers and subeerosal hemorrhages. Chronic Exposure and Care inogenic ity Lehman (1952) reported studies in which chlordane was administered to rats in the diet at 2.5, 25, or 75 ppm for 104 wk. At 75 ppm, gross e f fects were reported, including appetite 1 oss, growth retardation, and unspecified signs of poisoning. Microscopic changes in the liver were reported at 25 and 2.5 ppm. Ingle (1952) reported a study in which rats were given chlordane in the diet at 5, 10, 30, 150, or 300 ppm for 104 wk. Hyperexcitability, tremors, and convulsions were seen in rats exposed at 300 ppm by the twelfth week and at 150 ppm by the twenty-sixth week. Tremors were seen in some rats exposed at 30 ppm by about the eightieth week. Growth retardation and liver and kidney damage were reported at the two highest dosages. Only one male rat exposed at the highest dosage survived to the end of the experiment. There was a significant increase in mortality in tie group exposed at 150 ppm, compared with controls, by the forty-eighth week; no differences were seen in the rats exposed at 5, 10, or 30 ppm. The carcinogenicity data OF chlordane have been extensively reviewed (Epstein, 1976; NRC 1977a,b; IARC, 1979~. Chlordane was evaluated for carcinogenicity by the National Cancer Institute ( 197 7a) and found to be carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice, with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, chlordane was given in the diet to groups of 50 B6C3F1 mice (at 3~) and 56 ppm for males and 30 and 64 ppm for females) and 50 Osborne-Mendel rats (at 204 and 407 ppm for males and 121 and 242 ppm for females) for 80 wk. There were dose-related increases in hepatocellular carcinomas in mice given chlordane~highly significant, compared with controls, at the nigh dosages and significant only for male mice, compared with pooled controls, at the lower dosage. In contrast with the findings in mice, hepatocellular carcinoma failed to appear at a significant incidence in rate given chlordane. It was concluded that, under the conditions of the bioassay, chlordane is carcinogenic for the liver of mice. Epstein (1976) reported a study of technical chlordane fed to CD-1 mice for 18 ma, in which 27~6 perccat of the test animals diet. "i~le received diets containing technical chlordane at 0, 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of body weight; mortality at 18 ma was 27~49 percent at the lower dosages and 76 percent and 86 percent for females and males, — 15 —
respectively, at the higher dosage. ~patocellular carcinoma incidence s were 3/33, 5t55, 41/52, and 32/39 for males and 0/45, 0/619 32/50, and 26/37 for females at the four dosages noted above, respectively . Teratogenicity ant ReDroductive Ef fects In the study of Ingle (1952) described earlier, 1 female rat from each of the test groups (chlordane in the diet at 0, 5, 10, 30, 150, or 300 ppm) was mated in the twenty-fourth or forty~eighth week. The author reported that there was no effect on litter number or size. Mutagenic ity Pure and technical chlordane has been tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella/microsome assay, in other microbial assays, and in the dominant-lethal test (mouse). The pure compound was negative in all these test systems, but technical chlortane was mutagenic in Sa lmonel 1 a wi shout mama 1 fan ac ~ iva t ing e nzymes ~ ~ icon e t a 1 ., 1977~. The mutagenicity of technical chlordane in this test system may have been due to a chemical impurity. Ahmed et al. (1977) tested chlordane for mutagenicity in an assay based on the induction of ouabain resistance za mutant Chinese hamster V79 cells. A dose of chlortane that killed 55 percent of the cells induced mutations at a frequency of 27 per million surviving cells; in solvent controls, there was a 93 percent survival rate with 2 mutations per million survivors. Whether chlordane increased mutation frequency at concentrations that were not lethal to the test cells was not reported. When chiortane was administered in a single dose at 5¢) or 100 mg/kg of body weight to Charles River CD-1 male mice that were later mated to untreated f emales, no dominant 1 ethal ef facts were noted in the offspring (Arnold et al., 1971~. Toxicokinetice cis-Chlordane ant trane-chlordane are the primary components of the insecticide. Both are stable when heft under ambient conditions or mixed with the feed of experimental animals. A single oral dose of chlordane administered to rate resulted in approximately 6 percent absorption (Bernet" and Dorough, 1974~. Sell daily dosce result in greater absorptio - -10-15 percent. Feeding the pure cis ant bane isolate separately indicates that the cis isomer is more effectively e} if - ted from the rats than the tasks Isomer. Al though the difference is not large, the data indicate that, with locaters exposure, trane-chlordane would contribute more to the body burden of the exposed animals than would ci~chlordane. Polen et al. (1971) and Street and Blau (1972) found oxychlordane to be a primary mammalian metabolize of chlordane and to persist in adipose tissue. Street and Blau (1972) observed that the toxicity of oxychlordane was greater than that of the parent compound. Barnett — 16 —
ant Dorougn (1974) tentatively identified several hydroxylated metabolites of chlordane, including oxychlordane, in rat excrete ant concluded that the metabolism of chlordane takes place via a series of oxidative enzyme reactions. Tashiro and Mate''=ura (1977) attempted to isolate and identify positively the metabolic products from chlordane to establish the route of its metabolism. The major route of metabolism for both cis-chlordane and trans-chlordane is via dichlorochlordene and oxychlordane. These metabol ic intermediates are further converted to two key metabolites, l~exo-hydroxy-2-chlorochlordene and 1-ex~hydroxy-2-endo~culoro-2, 3-exo~epoxychlordene, which are readily degraded further. trans-Chlordane is more readily metabol ized through this route. There za yet another ma jor metabol ic route for cis-chlordane, which involves a more direct hydroxylation reaction to fono 1-ex~hydroxy-dihydroculordenes and 1,2-trans-dihydroxy-dthydro- chlordene. cis-Chlordane is more readily degraded through this latter route. As judged by a toxicity test on mosquitoe larvae, none of the metabol ic end product ~ appears to be more toxic than the original ch 1 ordane or the intermediates. Most chlordane is excreted in the feces of rate. Only about 6 percent of the total intake is voided in the urine. Rabbits, however, provide a different pattern. Urinary el imitation of chlordane in rabbits is greater than excretion in the feces. This suggests that the conjugative metabol ic system is more ef f icient in rabbits than in rats. The patterns of excretion after inhalation of chlordane by rats follow the patterns reported for oral administration ~ Nye and Dorough, 1976) . Human half-life data were obtained when chlordane was accidentally ingested by a young boy (Curley and Garrettson, 1969~. A whole-body half-life of 21 d was calculated--long for a drug used in therapy, but quite short for a chlorinated insecticide. 8arnett and Dorough ( 1974) obtained a half-1 if e of about 23 d in studies with rats ted chlordane for 56 d. The serum half-life of chlordane in a young girl was found to be 88 d by Aldrich and Holmes (1969~. EX ISTING GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS The American Conference of Governmental Industrial ~ygieni8t8 ( 1981 ) has adopted a threshold limit value-time weighted average (TLV-TWA) of 0.5 mg/m3 for chlordane in workroom air. The short-term exposure 1 imit ( 15 min) was Bet at 2 mg/~3 . The Occupational Saf ety and Health Administration (1981) permissible workplace exposure limit is O.5 mg/m3. Both agencies noted that chlordane is absorbed through the skin ant that dermal exposure should therefore be avoided. The Committee on Toxicology (NRC, 1979) suggested an interim guideline for airborne chlordane in military housing of 5 ~g/m3. An acceptable daily tose for man has been estimated to be O.OO1 mung body weight (WHO/FAD, 1968~. Although a limit of 3 ug/L was original 1 y sugges ted f or chl ordane under the proposed Interim Primary Drinking Water Standards (EPA, 1975a), the f inal EPA regulations (EPA, — 17 —
1975b) tid not include a twit, in view of the cancellation proceedings under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticite Act. In 1979, EPA ~19798) estimated that exposure of chiordane in drinking water at 0.12 ng/L would result in a lifetime cancer risk of 1~)~6. Canada nas established a tentative maximal permissible limit for chlordane of 3 ug/L, applicable to raw~water supplies (EPA, 1979a) — 18 — .
Next: HEPTACHLOR »
An Assessment of the Health Risks of Seven Pesticides Used for Termite Control Get This Book
Front Matter i–v
CHLORDANE 9–18
HEPTACHLOR 19–22
ALDRIN/DIELDRIN 23–28
LINDANE 29–32
PENTACHLOROPHENOL 33–36
CHLORPYRIFOS 37–42
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43–50
TABLES 51–58
REFERENCES 59–72
BIOGRAPHIC SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS 73–77


Up in the part of Ireland that was my home it is the 12th of July.
The Loyal Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organisation based primarily in Northern Ireland. It also has a significant presence in the Scottish Lowlands and lodges throughout the Commonwealth and United States.
It is also a day that often in the past has come to represent the huge gulf between two sides of a community. It has also, often, been accompanied by violence sparked by symbolism and history.
The history of the Order itself is weird, wonderful, intertwined with sectarian movements on both sides of the "religious divide" and depending on what your opinion is, it is violent, intimidating and intolerant or… pacifistic, culturally significant and historically vital.
The truth, as usual in Northern Ireland, is somewhere in between.
The Order is portrayed in modern media as being celebrated, embraced and participated in by all of Northern Ireland's protestants. It isn't. Just like all other simplifications of the Northern Irish situation the truth is far from black and white, or rather, orange and green. Many protestants I know do not appreciate a bunch of folk walking up and down celebrating the victory of King William III (a foreign King) over King James II (technically for Ireland, also a foreign king) at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.
Some of my protestant friends do appreciate it but not necessarily for the reasons you think. Likewise many of my Catholic friends really appreciate and embrace the Royal Family and all things British. Some of them don't.
I'll leave you with a couple of paragraphs to highlight the complexity and surrealism of the actual circumstances on our little Island. Some indicators that not only are things complicated but they are actually getting better and above all, our history, Green, Orange and whatever, is closely and ironically intertwined.
Tomorrow, as the Orange marches set off (not on the actual 12th this year as the 12th falls on the Sabbath) there will be a Lord Mayor resident in both Belfast and Dublin. For the first '12th of July' in history each of the positions is now held by a Sinn Féin councillor. In case you don't know, Sinn Féin are the 'traditional republican' party of Ireland and again according to the media and popular perception, very much "against the Orange tradition" – except of course they were the ones who promoted the Irish flag as being Green and Orange for both traditions. The white in the middle was for a meaningful and lasting peace. But that's a different story.
The Lord Mayor of Dublin, Críona Ní Dhálaigh, yesterday attended (and rightly so) a Royal British Legion's war commemoration. It took place at the Irish National War Memorial Gardens at Islandbridge. She was joined by her Sinn Féin colleagues, Lord Mayor of Belfast Arder Carson and Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly Mitchel McLaughlin. She laid a wreath in tribute to the dead of Word War One and World War Two. A large number of the southern Irish lads who died in World War One had originally been members of the Irish Volunteers, a movement closely aligned to the Sinn Féin traditions. A large number weren't. The Mayor laid a wreath for all, regardless of their backgrounds.
The Lord Mayor of Belfast, attending in his official capacity, wore the Mayor's chain of office. This chain was presented to Belfast City in 1874 and for the vast majority of its history has been worn by those from the Unionist, (Orange) tradition. Proudly British, proudly Northern Irish after 1922, mostly rejecting the rest of Ireland. Yet the chain is made up of medallions that display the Belfast coat of arms and is surrounded by symbols representing the four provinces of Ireland – a hand representing Ulster, a round tower for Munster, a harp for Leinster and a wolfhound for Connaught.
The Lord Mayor of Dublin, also attending the ceremony in her official capacity, wore the Lord Mayor of Dublin's chain. It's quite fancy, has decorative links including the Tudor rose, a harp, a trefoil shaped knot and the letter S all wrought in gold. It was presented to the city by King William III in 1698. Eight years after his victory at the Battle of the Boyne. It's a funny old world.
Have a happy and peaceful '12th' wherever or "whatever" you are.
(Orange Order March © RTE.ie, Lord Mayor of Dublin © Dublincity.ie, Orange Lilly, Dollar Photo Club used under licence).
PreviousAll this "Gay" stuff… I'm over it.


Future eating, future drinking, future love, future working – what will our everyday life be like in the not too distant future?
The Laboratory is a cross-disciplinary workshop that brings together architects, artists and researchers to speculate about our life in the future. Participants are asked to develop proposals about our life in tomorrow's world through an exploration of our social, cultural, spatial and technological present.
The Laboratory will be run by experts from different fields such as architecture, nano science, entertainment design, trend research and photography. A series of field trips will explore centres of innovation in and around Stuttgart.
The Laboratory is based at the Stuttgart State Academy of Art and Design, one of the oldest and biggest art schools in Germany sited adjacent to the reknown Weissenhof Estate, an experimental prototype for future ways of living.
The Laboratory is organised by the Architectural Association one the world's most reknown and forward-thinking architecture schools. Programme Heads are Marianne Mueller and Fahim Mohammadi.
The workshop will be concluded by a public presentation, an exhibition and a publication.


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Philonthus debilis är en skalbaggsart som först beskrevs av Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst 1802.  Philonthus debilis ingår i släktet Philonthus, och familjen kortvingar. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.

Källor

Kortvingar
debilis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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MAJOR "WATCH ACTIVE" One Ui 1.5 UPDATE: Do not buy the Galaxy Watch Active 2 yet! Watch THIS VIDEO!
At smart watch ticks com you're, looking at the Galaxy watch, active 2 right here and I'm, not gon na take much of your time today. I have something very important to tell you and first of all, apologies for pulling off the video that I had up there that compared the original Galaxy watch active with the active 2, but everything just changed and that's. Why this video? Do you really want to or need to buy the more expensive new Galaxy watch active 2? Or can you work with the original up until now? The big new feature of the fancy active 2 was the bezel that they added. Where, like a mechanical bezel, you could simply slide around the edge and cause it to move through different screens, go to different places. Well, there's been an update for this one and sure enough. You can do it now on the original. So really the only major difference between the new one and the old one is the new one has a speaker built into it with the microphone so that you can do phone calls from it. You can play music, you can have all kinds of activities that involve sound. The original does not have sound with it, not the ability to play anything through a speaker. You can see. The bezel is a little larger if I could keep them on on the new one, one millimeter or so than the other one, but they both have this twirling capability that's.
The bottom line, if you're interested in learning more about these head over to tinyurl.com, slash, go Samsung. I got that linked over to Amazon for you in their SmartWatch arena, and you can learn about both of these plus. All of the other Samsung watches that are out there now, if you have the original you're gon na, get a push for an update, there's the version number there's, the information about what it does from the original is add. This fancy touch bezel that we're. Seeing now that allows you to mimic the experience of a regular rotary bezel in a digital watch and it's easier for navigation and control, and it really is – and all you got to do – is just touch that black edge and move around the screen on the old Original active uh huh in addition to that there's, some new complications that have been added for the watch faces like beginning workouts, breathing and others that you can see there's. Also a new watch face called my style and you're looking at it here. This is the one that lets you take a picture and then it'll automatically choose the watch face that suits the outfit that you're wearing that's right and that's been a big feature of the new one as well. So a lot of the feature set that is software driven, has now migrated back to the original. The is an added indicator feature in the watch face to show background running apps such as workout tracking timer tapping on the indicator will take you back to the app and there's additional emoticons to provide a variety of different skin tones now added to the original improved User interaction for these following features – the always on display screen, is easier to read, while on the charging dock or in a battery savings mode.
That'S a nice feature, enhancement, customizing, the order of the icons and the quick panel is easy. The Samsung health improvement, the app has been improved with lap time tracking has been improved for running and cycling activities and data sync via NFC, with this special line of workout equipment has even been added for the original as far as the new one. If you do get the new active, okay, you're gon na, have a software update waiting for you, this revision it's a small one, typical bug fixes that you see in any new generation. By the way, the lines you may see here, they're, not in the watch that's. Just a relationship between the frequency of the camera shooting and the refresh rate of the screen. It doesn't look like that at all in person, it's, nice and smooth improved accuracy of the calorie measurement based on the heart rate sensor and there's. Some improved stability for bixby features that are in the brand new active too. So what are you looking at you're, looking at a solid shiny gold versus a brushed gold case, this band by the way? This is not the band that came with the original active misses, ticks likes a more of a black band like this against the solid gold. It came with exactly the same bands you're seen on this one, so there's no change in the bands and quick note. You see the little metal plates on the back here of the new active two that's that what's required.
Those are electrodes for when EKG or ECG is added to the watch to take an electrocardiogram it's not out yet, but the circuitry is here so eventually in a software update to the new watch, you may be able to do like the Apple watch and do that Heart analysis, stuff, you're not going to be able to physically do that? Look it did it changed the background automatically that's cool you're not going to be able to do that on the original one, because it does not have the electrodes so for the price. Difference and they're both still available used, you're gon na get that sliding rotating bezel on both of them now just with firmware updates. But you do get a speaker. You do get the future potential of electrocardiograms on the new one that you won't, get on the old one, one more time, tinyurl.com go Samsung that will take you over to Amazon if you buy any of these watches through them. You'Ll help us out here at this channel and if you learn something today, we hope you'll use this link and get over there or check the show notes for individual links. For each of these watches, you've been watching. Smart watch ticks again. Apologies for pulling the earlier comparison, video. I know it just said private got you all confused, but you would have been much more confused if you watched it.
#40mm, #42mm, #46mm, #5ATM, #Active, #blood pressure, #compared, #competitor, #firmware update, #first look, #fitbit, #fitbit like, #fitness, #Galaxy, #Galaxy Watch Acrive 2 Review, #Galaxy Watch Active 2, #Galaxy Watch Active 2 Compared, #gps, #health, #IP67, #ip68, #NFC, #one minute review, #One Ui 1.5, #overview, #Review, #samsung, #unboxing, #watch, #Watch Active 2, #waterproof, #which is best
Samsung Galaxy Watch Active 2 (FitBit Competitor) Smartwatch: Unboxing & Comparison Review
Samsung UPGRADED Galaxy Watch Active 2 (FitBit Competitor) Smartwatch: One Minute Review


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Snake Charmers
Snake Charmers GIFs Cliparts
Snake charming is the practice of appearing to hypnotize a snake (often a cobra) by playing and waving around an instrument called a pungi. A typical performance may also include handling the snakes or performing other seemingly dangerous acts, as well as other street performance staples, like juggling and sleight of hand. The practice was historically the profession of some tribesmen in India but this is no longer the case. Snake-charmer performances still happen in other Asian nations such as Pakistan. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and south-east Asian nations like Thailand and Malaysia are also home to performers, as are the North African countries of Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. Ancient Egypt was home to one form of snake charming, though the practice as it exists today likely arose in India. It eventually spread throughout Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Despite a sort of golden age in the 20th century, snake charming is today dying out. This is due to a variety of factors, chief among them is the enforcement of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 in India banning ownership of snakes. In retaliation, snake charmers have organized in recent years, protesting the loss of their only means of livelihood, and the government has made some overtures to them. Snake charming is almost extinct in India. Many snake charmers live a wandering existence, visiting towns and villages on market days and during festivals.
Download Snake Charmers Animated GIF Images. Snake Charmers belongs in Games Folder. There are a total of 9 Images. Click on any of Snake Charmers Image to open and download it.
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Округ Лейк () — округ (графство) у штаті Каліфорнія, США. Ідентифікатор округу 06033.

Історія
Округ утворений 1861 року.

Демографія

За даними перепису
2000 року
загальне населення округу становило 58309 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 32325, а сільського — 25984.
Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 28796, а жінок — 29513. В окрузі було 23974 домогосподарства, 15370 родин, які мешкали в 32528 будинках.
Середній розмір родини становив 2,92.

Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці:

Суміжні округи
 Гленн — північний схід
 Колуса — схід
 Йоло — південний схід
 Напа — південний схід
 Сонома — південний захід
 Мендосіно — захід

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Salt Lake City police have identified a Texan as the victim of a fatal accident involving an automobile and a pedestrian in late June.
Late last month, Adrian Gonzalez of Brownsville, Texas, was lying or kneeling in the street when a moving vehicle struck and killed him. The incident occurred in at approximately 3:30 a.m., leaving no other witnesses to the incident, aside from the driver.
It was the driver of the automobile who immediately called police at the scene. According to authorities, the driver was immediately cleared of any wrongdoing, and was not found to be driving while impaired by drugs or alcohol. Police also ruled out speeding at the time of the incident.
It is still not known why Gonzalez, who was wearing all black clothing at the time of his death, was idling in the street. Police indicated that investigators were awaiting further toxicology results, which will determine if Gonzales was impaired by drugs and/or alcohol at the time of his death.
Although police only have pieces of the puzzle at this point in the case, Salt Lake City police have confirmed that the victim was not a transient, and had been working and residing in Salt Lake City for some time.
It can be difficult to prove liability in pedestrian incident cases, as evidence typically comes down to unpredictable or conflicting eyewitness accounts. Cases involving children also pose a certain difficulty, as a driver may confuse the children involved with their account of the story. These types of cases come down to two key factors – top-notch investigation and a firm, unwavering, dedication to the truth.
If you or someone you know has been involved in a pedestrian accident, a qualified pedestrian accident attorney can help you build a strong case that will protect your interests and hold those responsible accountable for their actions. Since many such accidents involve hit-and-run scenarios, or uninsured motorists, it is important to enlist the assistance of legal counsel.
In El Paso and Las Cruces, our pedestrian accident attorneys at The Ruhmann Law Firm are experts regarding personal injury and pedestrian accident claims. We have an excellent record of securing winning settlements for our personal injury clients, and we are committed to serving as advocates on behalf of each of our clients.
We understand that pedestrian accident injuries can be life-changing events, and our team's superior investigative skills and legal expertise can provide you the protection you need as you pursue compensation.
To discuss your claim with one of our dedicated El Paso injury attorneys, we welcome your call today at (915) 845-4529. At The Ruhmann Law Firm we offer a free preliminary consultation to evaluate your case.


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Steve Lacy, właśc. Steve Thomas Lacy-Moya (ur. 23 maja 1998 w Compton, w Kalifornii) – amerykański muzyk, wokalista, kompozytor piosenek i producent muzyczny. Jest jednym z członków zespołu muzycznego The Internet, w którym pełni rolę gitarzysty. Urodził się w Compton gdzie, jako dziesięciolatek zaczął swoją muzyczną działalność, grając w szkolnych zespołach.

Jego debiutancki album, Apollo XXI, wydany w maju 2019 r., został nominowany do muzycznej nagrody Grammy w kategorii Best Urban Contemporary Album.

Kariera muzyczna
W wieku siedmiu lat Thomas miał pierwszy kontakt z grą Guitar Hero, która rozwinęła w nim zainteresowanie grą na gitarze. W szkole średniej poznał jednego z członków The Internet, Jameela Brunera, z którym występował w tym samym szkolnym zespole jazzowym. Pierwszy kontakt z produkcją muzyki miał tworząc beaty za pomocą swojego Iphone'a, a swoją pierwszą piosenkę wykreował za pomocą wtyczki gitarowej iRig.

W 2013 zaczął współtworzyć trzeci album studyjny zespołu o tytule Ego Death. W 2016 r. album Ego Death został nominowany do nagrody Grammy w kategorii Best Urban Contemporary Album.

Pojawił się gościnnie na dwóch solowych albumach członków The Internet. Wyprodukował piosenki dla takich artystów jak: Denzel Curry, J. Cole, GoldLink, Twenty88 czy Isaiah Rashad. Jest producentem utworu Pride, który pojawił się na zwycięskim albumie nagrody Grammy Kendricka Lamara, Damn.

W kwietniu 2019 r. Lacy wypuścił singiel N Side, który znalazł się na jego debiutanckim albumie Apollo XXI. Tydzień po premierze albumu, która odbyła się 24 maja, Steve prezentuje dwa nowe single Playground i Hate CD.

Kompilacja jego prac muzycznych z wczesnych lat pojawiała się 4 grudnia 2020 r. i nosi tytuł The Lo-Fis.

Najnowszy singiel Mercury wraz z teledyskiem Steve wydał 16 czerwca 2022 r. Drugi album studyjny, Gemini Rights pojawił się 15 lipca w 2022 r.

Życie prywatne
W 2017 r. Lacy określił się osobą biseksualną.

Dyskografia

Albumy

EP

Przypisy

Amerykańscy producenci muzyczni
Amerykańscy wokaliści
Ludzie urodzeni w Compton (Kalifornia)
Urodzeni w 1998


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Sirennet Blog May 27, 2020
Hong Kong police arrest hundreds and fire pepper pellets amid fresh unrest
From the BBC
Police in Hong Kong have arrested about 300 people and fired pepper pellets amid new anti-mainland unrest.
Protesters were rallying against a bill on China's national anthem and Beijing's planned introduction of a national security law.
Police said most arrests were on suspicion of unauthorised assembly.
Protesters oppose the anthem bill, which would criminalise insulting it, and the security law, which they fear will strip Hong Kong of basic freedoms.
Meanwhile in the US, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo says he has certified to Congress that Hong Kong no longer merits special treatment under US law.
"No reasonable person can assert today that Hong Kong maintains a high degree of autonomy from China, given facts on the ground," he said in a statement.
How did the protests play out?
The initial call by demonstrators had been to gather at the Legislative Council (Legco) building in the Central district. But it had been surrounded by riot police and blocked off by water-filled barriers and large protests there failed to materialise.
MPs there have been debating the second reading of the national anthem bill.
Image caption from BBC: Protesters were rallying against a bill on China's national anthem and a national security law
Protesters took to the streets, blocking traffic in both Central and Causeway Bay. Police said on a Facebook post they had arrested 180 people there.
They later added that another 60 had been arrested in the Mongkok district for blocking traffic, and 50 more in Wan Chai.
Other arrests were made for suspicion of possessing offensive weapons, including petrol bombs.
Marches and protests have taken place in a number of other districts.
One protester in Central told the South China Morning Post: "We want to protect our freedom of speech. It will no longer be Hong Kong, but will become just another Chinese city."
Another demonstrator told Reuters: "Although you're afraid inside your heart, you need to speak out."
What is the anthem bill?
If it becomes law, anyone who misuses or insults China's national anthem, the March of the Volunteers, would face a fine of up to HK$50,000 (£5,237; $6,449) and up to three years in prison.
If it passes the second reading in Legco on Wednesday, it could go to a third reading and a vote early next month.
Hong Kong does not have its own anthem and so the Chinese anthem is sometimes played at events like football matches.
In recent years, the anthem has been booed frequently. A 2022 Fifa World Cup qualifier, for example, saw thousands booing.
What is the security law about?
Beijing has proposed imposing it in Hong Kong.
It would ban treason, secession, sedition and subversion and China says it is needed to combat violent protests that have grown in the territory.
The anti-mainland sentiment was fuelled last year by a proposed – and later scrapped – bill that would have allowed criminal suspects to be extradited to China.
Image caption from BBC: Pro-democracy supporters shout slogans in the Central district
Critics say the security law is a direct attempt to curtail the freedoms given Hong Kong in the mini-constitution that was agreed when sovereignty was handed back to China in 1997.
Hong Kong's Chief Executive Carrie Lam has denied that the law, which is set to go to a vote this week and could be in force as early as the end of June, will curtail the rights of Hong Kongers.
A group of 200 senior politicians from around the world have issued a joint statement criticising China's plan.
On Tuesday, President Donald Trump said the US would announce a "very powerful" response to the proposed legislation before the end of the week. China's plans had already been condemned by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, who described them as a "death knell" for the city's freedoms.
The UK, Australia and Canada have also expressed their "deep concern".
Minnesota violence: Clashes over death of black man in police custody
Ga. senators worried about law enforcement furloughs


Radeon RX 460 should hit the shelves very soon, and a new batch of graphics cards based on the newest member of Polaris 11 family is on its way. Gigabyte, PowerColor, and Asus recently announced their take on RX 460, find out details here.
RX Windforce OC comes in two flavors, featuring 2GB or 4GB of vRAM. The card is equipped with Gigabyte's WINDFORCE 2X cooling system, packing two semi-passive 80mm fans, offering low GPU temperature; fans are off during light gaming sessions, allowing for zero noise. The card is powered just from the PCIe slot since TDP rating is below 75W. Clock speed can go up to 1212MHz, the card is equipped with Ultra Durable chokes and capacitors, and backed up with 4+1 power phase. As you know all RX 460 cards have 128-bit memory bus and Ultra HD HEVC Encode and Decode, allowing video game streaming without any performance impact. The card comes with one DVI, one DisplayPort, and one HDMI video connectors.
PowerColor also offers two variants; one with 2 gigs and one packing 4 gigs of vRAM. Cards are equipped with 896 Stream Processors, offering smooth eSports performance in 1080p resolution. RX 460 Red DRAGON ships with 1212 MHz core clock, and 1750 MHz memory clock (GDDR5); as with other RX 460 cards, the memory bus is 128-bit wide. 2GB edition comes with one fan, while 4GB edition sports Double Blade cooling solution, offering 2 80mm fans for low noise levels and prevention of dust deposition. TDP is bellow 75W so both cards are powered via PCIe slot.
The last card presented is ASUS RX 460 STRIX, factory overclocked to 1256MHz (noticeably faster than 1212 MHz seen on previous models), allowing it to perform up to 8.2 percent faster during 3DMark Fire Strike Extreme, and up to 38.6 percent faster in the newest Hitman title. The card comes with 2GB or 4GB of vRAM and is powered entirely via PCIe slot. As all RX 460 cards, STRIX is equipped with one DVI, one DisplayPort, and one HDMI video connector.
The card is equipped with DirectCU II offering 0dB fan design, making the card 30 percent cooler and three times quieter than the reference model. Auto-Extreme technology in combination with Super Alloy Power II ensures premium quality and high durability of all components used. Aura RGB lighting ensures that all gamers will find their favorite tint, and GPU Tweak II couple with XSplit Gamecaster brings easy performance tweaking and instant gameplay streaming option.


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CPC and O2 Ireland – A Match Made In Heaven!
We're delighted to announce that our Managing Director, Brendan Higgins, has been chosen to 'front' O2's new Autumn advertising campaign targeting small-business customers in Ireland.
Keep an eye out for him emblazoned across O2 outlets nationwide!


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Can You Sue a New Jersey Municipality for Violating Your Civil Rights?
Posted on January 7, 2019 in Civil Rights by Paul Jensen
Federal law allows you to file a lawsuit against any person who deprives you of "any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws . . . ." 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This is commonly known as a civil rights lawsuit because the plaintiff must allege a violation of a civil right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States and must show that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 84 (1988). Examples of civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of religion, due process, or equal protection of law.
"[A] local government may not be sued [in a civil rights lawsuit] for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents." Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). This is in contrast to the general principle of respondeat superior, where an employer can be found liable for the negligence of an employee where the employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment. See Carter v. Reynolds, 175 N.J. 402, 408–09 (2003) (citing Lehmann v. Toys 'R' Us, Inc., 132 N.J. 587, 619 (1993)). "A municipality may, however, be sued directly . . . . where 'the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body's officers.'" Bocchino v. City of Atl. City, 179 F. Supp. 3d 387, 400 (D.N.J. 2016) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690).
Municipal liability may be premised on a custom or policy. See McTernan v. City of York, 564 F.3d 636, 657 (3d Cir. 2009). "Policy is made when a decisionmaker possess[ing] final authority to establish a municipal policy with respect to the action issues an official proclamation, policy, or edict." Andrews v. City of Phila., 895 F.2d 1469, 1480 (3d Cir. 1990). Conduct is considered a custom "when, though not authorized by law, such practices of state officials [are] so permanently and well-settled as to virtually constitute law." Id. at 1480. "Custom requires proof of knowledge and acquiescence by the decisionmaker." McTernan, 564 F.3d at 658.
Establishing municipal liability in a civil rights lawsuit is a high bar to clear. As one federal court explained:
The plaintiff must show that through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the moving force behind the injury alleged. Specifically, the plaintiff must show that the municipal action was taken with "deliberate indifference" as to its known or obvious consequences. A showing of simple or even heightened negligence will not suffice. Where the policy concerns a failure to train or supervise municipal employees, liability . . . requires a showing that the failure amounts to "deliberate indifference" to the rights of persons with whom those employees will come into contact. A failure to train claim also requires that the identified deficiency in a city's training program must be closely related to the ultimate injury; or in other words, the deficiency in training must have actually caused the constitutional violation.
Bocchino, 179 F. Supp. 3d at 400 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).
In Bocchino, the plaintiff alleged that two Atlantic City police officers violated his federal civil rights in the court of arresting him following his removal from a night club. Id. at 390. The plaintiff named the two officers and Atlantic City as defendants. Id. The court dismissed the plaintiff's claims against Atlantic City, finding that the plaintiff failed to set forth any evidence that Atlantic City had a policy or custom that caused his injuries. Id. at 402.
On the other hand, in Worrall v. City of Atlantic City, the plaintiff "allege[d] that he was assaulted both inside of an Atlantic City night club and afterward by the police . . . ." Civil Action No. 11-3750 RBK/JS, 2013 WL 4500583, at *1 (D.N.J. Aug. 20, 2013). The plaintiff provided evidence that, over a four-year period, one defendant officer was the subject of 21 citizen complaints, 15 of which involved excessive force. 2013 WL 4500583, at *3. In addition, the plaintiff provided an internal affairs report on the complaint of another individual who alleged to have been assaulted at the same location and on the same evening as the plaintiff. Id. While "teeter[ing] on the border of insufficiency," the court declined to dismiss the plaintiff's claim that Atlantic City was "deliberately indifferent to the violent propensities of its police officers" including those named as defendants in that case. Id. at *3-4.
Contact an Experienced Civil Rights Attorney
If you or someone you know has been deprived of a civil right, contact an experienced civil rights lawyer at Folkman Law Offices, P.C. for a free case review. Contact us online or call 856-354-9444 today.


With the Germans taking over the library every Saturday morning, the French-speaking contingent around here have settled on Thursdays for their particular love-ins.
If your French is a little rusty, and you'd like to oil that particular part of the brain a little, Let's Talk French is a new conversational group in the town.
The level of French needed is Intermediate, the time is 11am every Thursday, the place, the Greystones Library, and the cost is rien.
Given that numbers are limited though, it's best to book your spot, by calling John [pronounced ~+*^^ in French] on 012875981.


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516 ARTS and Westbund West have teamed up to present a pop-up exhibit at Westbund West featuring fresh new collages by over 20 local artists exploring the subject of Albuquerque's eclectic identity, all created during a workshop at 516 ARTS for On the Map: Unfolding Albuquerque Art + Design. The workshop, taught by artists Katya Crawford, Mira Woodson and Suzanne Sbarge, focused on imagery of, or inspired by, Albuquerque's incongruous juxtapositions reflecting Albuquerque's eclectic nature. Participants each created a 10" x 10" collage on board for this culminating pop-up exhibit.
Westbund West is a design collaborative operating in a warehouse space north of Downtown Abuquerque. It houses a small shop, a gallery, a fabrications lab and workshop. The Westbund West collective of designers engages the realms of industrial design, graphic design, furniture, architecture and landscape architecture. They seek the extraordinary in the ordinary.
516 ARTS is an independent, nonprofit organization. Its mission is to forge connections between art and audiences, and its vision is to be an active partner in developing the cultural landscape of Albuquerque and New Mexico. Its values are inquiry, diversity, collaboration and accessibility. Its programs inspire curiosity, engagement, dialogue, risk-taking and creative experimentation, showcasing established and emerging local, national and international artists from a variety of cultural backgrounds.