text:
New York Almanack
History, Natural History & the Arts
Adirondacks & NNY
Capital-Saratoga
Hudson Valley & Catskills
NYC & Long Island
Birds of New York: Scientific Cataloging In Historical Context
January 3, 2021 by Editorial Staff Leave a Comment
In 1844 New York State published a volume on birds in Natural History of New York. Written by James E. DeKay with hand-colored lithographs by John William Hill, it was the State's first attempt at a comprehensive scientific cataloging of New York's birds. At the time about 301 species of birds were known to be present in the state.
Sixty years later another effort was made to bring together the State's bird knowledge. The first of the two-volume of Birds of New York – Water Birds and Game Birds – was published to much acclaim. The book was a collaboration between wildlife artist Louis Agassiz Fuertes and author Elon Howard Eaton. Birds of New York listed an additional 100 species – several of which were then "well known," but unknown in the 1840s. The book would serve as a model for those that followed.
[Read more…] about Birds of New York: Scientific Cataloging In Historical Context
Filed Under: Adirondacks & NNY, Capital-Saratoga, History, Hudson Valley - Catskills, Mohawk Valley, Nature, New Exhibits, New York City, Western NY Tagged With: birding, birds, Climate Change, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, DEC, Environmental History, John James Audubon, Natural History, New York State Museum, Office of Cultural Education, Science, Science History
NYS Pandemic Documentation Initiative Underway
June 26, 2020 by Editorial Staff Leave a Comment
The Office of Cultural Education (OCE), made up of the New York State Archives, Library and Museum, has been working to support New York State's cultural community throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic. [Read more…] about NYS Pandemic Documentation Initiative Underway
Filed Under: Adirondacks & NNY, Capital-Saratoga, History, Hudson Valley - Catskills, Mohawk Valley, New York City, Western NY Tagged With: Cultural History, Material Culture, Medical History, New York State Archives, New York State Museum, Office of Cultural Education, Public Health, Social History
County and Borough Historians' Institute Announced
June 5, 2017 by Editorial Staff Leave a Comment
On August 25th, 2017 from 9 am to 5 pm the County and Borough Historians' Institute will be held at the New York State Museum Huxley Theater, 222 Madison Avenue, Albany.
The County and Borough Historian's Institute is a free learning opportunity for County and Borough Historians hosted by the Office of Cultural Education and facilitated by the New York State Historian, the Association of Public Historians of New York State and the Government Appointed Historians of Western New York. [Read more…] about County and Borough Historians' Institute Announced
Filed Under: Events, History Tagged With: Municipal Historians, Office of Cultural Education, Public History
State Museum's Mark Schaming Named Deputy Education Commissioner
March 15, 2017 by Editorial Staff 1 Comment
The State Board of Regents and State Education Department Commissioner Mary Ellen Elia today announced the appointment of Mark Schaming as Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education.
In his new role, Schaming will oversee the Office of Cultural Education, which includes the State Museum, New York State Archives and New York State Library. [Read more…] about State Museum's Mark Schaming Named Deputy Education Commissioner
Filed Under: History Tagged With: Board of Regents, Education, Museums, New York State Museum, NYSEd, Office of Cultural Education
History In New York: Where Are We Headed?
August 16, 2016 by Robert Weible Leave a Comment
Is New York's "historical enterprise" really entering a new phase, as Bruce Dearstyne contends in his recent post? There certainly seems to have been some change going on in the New York State Office of Cultural Education. Perhaps most notably, New York is now employing a full-time State Historian for the first time since 1976 (not 1994, as Bruce suggests).
While this is certainly a step in the right direction, it would be naïve to allege that today's State Historian position holds the same power and responsibility that it once did. [Read more…] about History In New York: Where Are We Headed?
Filed Under: History Tagged With: Board of Regents, New York State Archives, New York State Museum, Office of Cultural Education, Office of State History, Public History, State Historian
Feinman: We Need A NYS History Advisory Coalition
June 26, 2016 by Peter Feinman 3 Comments
In a previous post, I reviewed the position of the Commissioner of Education. Mary Ellen Elia had received an open letter from two prominent state historians about the state historian position. In this post, I'll consider what happened next. [Read more…] about Feinman: We Need A NYS History Advisory Coalition
Filed Under: History Tagged With: Comminsioner of Education, New York State Education Department, Office of Cultural Education, Public History, State Historian
New York State Historian: The Weible Years
New York State now has a new historian. In some ways that should seem like a routine announcement since the State is required to fill that position. However as people in the history community well know, the State, like many counties, cities, towns, and villages does not always comply with regulatory requirements. There is no penalty to the State for the failure to comply either and only a trivial unenforced one at the municipal level.
Even when the State and the municipalities do comply with the letter of the law, they don't necessarily comply with the spirit. The position is often disrespected and/or disregarded excluding some ceremonial occasions and is not taken seriously when the real decisions of government are involved. The diminishment of the State position sets a poor but accurate example to the county executives, mayors, and town supervisors that local and state history really aren't important regardless of any lip service at the press release level. How often is the voice of the history community actually heard in the REDC funding process (which is now beginning again for the 2016 cycle). How much funding is there for collaboration in the Path through History project regardless of how often the jargon is spoken? Message received. [Read more…] about New York State Historian: The Weible Years
Filed Under: History Tagged With: Andrew Cuomo, New York State Museum, Office of Cultural Education, Public History, State Historian
The Commissioner of Education and the NYS Historian
May 24, 2016 by Peter Feinman 1 Comment
At present the position of the New York State Historians lies deep within the bowels of the state bureaucracy, starved for resources, and scarcely able to see the light of day through all the bureaucratic levels above it.
Formerly, the State Historian reported to the Director of the New York State Museum, who reports to the Deputy Commissioner for the Office of Culture and Education, who reports to the Executive Deputy Commissioner of Education, who reports to Commissioner of Education, who answers to the Board of Regents.
But what does that mean? [Read more…] about The Commissioner of Education and the NYS Historian
Filed Under: History Tagged With: Education, New York State Education Department, Office of Cultural Education, Public History, State Historian
Devin Lander Appointed New York State Historian
May 5, 2016 by Editorial Staff 2 Comments
State Education Commissioner MaryEllen Elia today announced the appointment of Devin Lander as New York's State Historian. Lander, who currently serves as the Executive Director of the Museum Association of New York (MANY), is expected to join the Education Department on May 19, 2016.
The State Education Department, the Department's Office of Cultural Education, and the State Museum have been under fire for their handling of the State Historian's position in recent years, including their downgrading the job to a lesser-paid position reporting to the Chief Curator of the State Museum. Among those critical of the decision to reduce the role of State Historian have been former State Historian Robert Weible and members of the Commission on Local and Public History, convened ten years ago by Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Carole Huxley to advise the Department of Education on the appointment of a State Historian. [Read more…] about Devin Lander Appointed New York State Historian
Filed Under: History Tagged With: MANY, Municipal Historians, New York State Education Department, New York State Museum, Office of Cultural Education, Public History, State Historian
An Open Letter To NYS The Education Commissioner
April 12, 2016 by Guest Contributor 4 Comments
What follows is an open letter sent to New York State Education Commissioner MaryEllen Elia from Carol Kammen and Judy Wellman.
We write as members of the Commission on Local and Public History that was convened ten years ago by Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education Carole Huxley to advise the Department of Education on the appointment of a State Historian. [Read more…] about An Open Letter To NYS The Education Commissioner
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Noel A. Sherry on Frank Tweedy: A Tenderfoot Becomes An Experienced Surveyor
James Grice on Esopus: Wiltwyck School For Boys Lecture
Noel Sherry on An Adirondack Surveyor's Unpublished Work Reflects On A "Wild and Woolly" Career
Noel Sherry on Early Adirondack Surveys: The Great Corner & An Ancient Boundary
Bob Meyer on An Adirondack Surveyor's Unpublished Work Reflects On A "Wild and Woolly" Career
Bob Bradley on Early Adirondack Surveys: The Great Corner & An Ancient Boundary
Bob Bradley on Frank Tweedy: A Tenderfoot Becomes An Experienced Surveyor
JanecKushner on Will Lewis: Interview With A Public Radio Pioneer
Sam on Colonial Canandaigua In War And Peace
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Donation to Museum of the Confederacy. Museum has since been renamed the American Civil War Museum.
Anchor of the CSS Virginia
The American Civil War Museum comprises three sites: The White House of the Confederacy and Historic Tredagar, both in Richmond, and The Museum of the Confederacy-Appomattox in Appomattox Virginia. It maintains a comprehensive collection of 15,000 documents and wartime artifacts including 500 original battle flags, weapons, manuscripts, Confederate Imprints (books and pamphlets), and photographs the Civil War. In November 2013, the Museum of the Confederacy merged with the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar. The new combined institution was renamed the American Civil War Museum. The Museum of the Confederacy was founded 25 years after Lee's Surrender in Appomattox in the historic home that served as the White House of the Confederacy.
Expansion of Tredegar Iron Works
The museum is in the process of constructing a major new building on the site of the historic Tredegar Iron Works in downtown Richmond. The new building will feature more than 7,000 square feet of new gallery space for permanent and changing exhibitions of items from the museum's renowned collections of Civil War artifacts, as well as an "immersion theater" highlighting Richmond's role in the war. The 8.9 acre site also will feature a new outdoor exhibit, living history demonstrations, and a new Family Resource Center, to be located in the historic Administration Building. Groundbreaking and site preparation for the outdoor exhibit will take place in early 2018. Those projects will include a reconfiguration of the site's landscaping, repair of the historic canal wall and leveling of the grounds on the site's upper level.
George A. Custer Symposium
The Hunley Submersible – A Harbinger of WWI Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Broken Country, Broken Families, Broken Hearts: Divided Families of the Civil War
Remarkable Civil War Women You Never Knew
150th Anniversary Memorial Day Observance at Spring Grove Cemetery
2010 – Museum of the Confederacy
2011 – Replace and Update Interpretive Markers at Perryville Battlefield
2012 – Purchase and Placement of Interpretive Marker for Burnet House
2013 – Lytle Monument at Chickamauga Battlefield
2014 – General Lew Wallace Study
2015 – James A. Ramage Civil War Museum
2016 – Harriet Beecher Stowe House
2017 – John Parker House
© 2016 The Cincinnati Civil War Round Table


Alexander Cartwright has been credited with inventing the game of baseball in 1845. It's all here in our Museum Series Baseball design: the bats, balls, gloves, and cleats, which together offer a fascinating glimpse at the evolution of America's favorite pastime. We'll just start with the baseball for the younger set, but below is a glimpse of other historical changes in baseball.


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IBM System/370
(Redirected from System/370)
"IBM 370" redirects here. For the printer, see IBM 370 printer.
The IBM System/370 (S/370) was a model range of IBM mainframe computers announced on June 30, 1970 as the successors to the System/360 family. The series mostly[NB 1] maintained backward compatibility with the S/360, allowing an easy migration path for customers; this, plus improved performance, were the dominant themes of the product announcement. In September 1990, the System/370 line was replaced with the System/390.
System/370
Register-Register
Register-Memory
Memory-Memory
Variable (2, 4 or 6 bytes long)
Condition code, indexing, counting
ESA/390
4 64-bit
EvolutionEdit
The original System/370 line was announced on June 30, 1970 with first customer shipment of the Models 155 and 165 planned for February 1971 and April 1971 respectively.[1] System/370 underwent several architectural improvements during its roughly 20-year lifetime.The 155 first shipped in January 1971.[2]
Initial modelsEdit
The first System/370 machines, the Model 155 and the Model 165, incorporated only a small number of changes to the System/360 architecture. These changes included:[3]
13 new instructions, among which were
MOVE LONG (MVCL);[3]:23-25
COMPARE LOGICAL LONG (CLCL);[3]:22-22
thereby permitting operations on up to 2^24-1 bytes (16 MB), vs. the 256-byte limits on the 360's MVC and CLC;
SHIFT AND ROUND DECIMAL (SRP), which multiplied or divided a packed decimal value by a power of 10, rounding the result when dividing;[3]:25-26
optional 128-bit (hexadecimal) floating point arithmetic, introduced in the System/360 Model 85[4][5]
a new higher-resolution time-of-day clock[3]:6
support for the block multiplexer channel[3]:18 introduced in the System/360 Model 85.[6]
These models had core memory and did not include support for virtual storage.
Logic technologyEdit
All models of the System/370 used IBM's form of monolithic integrated circuits called MST (Monolithic System Technology) making them third generation computers. MST provided System/370 with four to eight times the circuit density and over ten times the reliability when compared to the previous second generation SLT technology of the System/360.[2]
Monolithic memoryEdit
On September 23, 1970, IBM announced the Model 145, a third model of the System/370, which was the first model to feature semiconductor main memory made from monolithic integrated circuits and was scheduled for delivery in the late summer of 1971. All subsequent S/370 models used such memory.
Virtual storageEdit
In 1972, a very significant change was made when support for virtual storage was introduced with IBM's "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement. IBM had initially (and controversially) chosen to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 line.[2][7] The August 2, 1972 announcement included:
address relocation hardware on all S/370s except the original models 155 and 165
the new S/370 models 158 and 168, with address relocation hardware
four new operating systems: DOS/VS (DOS with virtual storage), OS/VS1 (OS/360 MFT with virtual storage), OS/VS2 (OS/360 MVT with virtual storage) Release 1, termed SVS (Single Virtual Storage), and Release 2, termed MVS (Multiple Virtual Storage) and planned to be available 20 months later (at the end of March 1974), and VM/370 – the re-implemented CP/CMS
System/370-145 3D Rendering
3D Rendering of computer center with IBM System/370-145 and IBM 2401 tape drives
System/370-145 system console.
Virtual storage had in fact been delivered on S/370 hardware before this announcement:
In June 1971, on the S/370-145 (one of which had to be "smuggled" into Cambridge Scientific Center to prevent anybody noticing the arrival of an S/370 at that hotbed of virtual memory development – since this would have signaled that the S/370 was about to receive address relocation technology). (Varian 1997:p29[8]) The S/370-145 had an associative memory[9][10] used by the microcode for the DOS compatibility feature from its first shipments in June 1971;[9] the same hardware was used by the microcode for DAT. Although IBM famously chose to exclude virtual storage from the S/370 announcement, that decision was being reconsidered during the completion of the 145 engineering, partly because of virtual memory experience at CSC and elsewhere. The 145 microcode architecture simplified the addition of virtual storage, allowing this capability to be present in early 145s without the extensive hardware modifications needed in other models. However, IBM did not document the 145's virtual storage capability, nor annotate the relevant bits in the control registers and PSW that were displayed on the operator control panel when selected using the roller switches. The Reference and Change bits of the Storage-protection Keys, however, were labeled on the rollers, a dead giveaway to anyone who had worked with the earlier 360/67. Existing S/370-145 customers were happy to learn that they did not have to purchase a hardware upgrade in order to run DOS/VS or OS/VS1 (or OS/VS2 Release 1 – which was possible, but not common because of the limited amount of main storage available on the S/370-145).
Shortly after the August 2, 1972 announcement, DAT box (address relocation hardware) upgrades for the S/370-155 and S/370-165 were quietly announced, but were available only for purchase by customers who already owned a Model 155 or 165.[citation needed] After installation, these models were known as the S/370-155-II and S/370-165-II. IBM wanted customers to upgrade their 155 and 165 systems to the widely sold S/370-158 and -168.[11] These upgrades were surprisingly expensive ($200,000 and $400,000, respectively) and had long ship date lead times after being ordered by a customer; consequently, they were never popular with customers, the majority of whom leased their systems via a third-party leasing company.[citation needed] This led to the original S/370-155 and S/370-165 models being described as "boat anchors". The upgrade, required to run OS/VS1 or OS/VS2, was not cost effective for most customers by the time IBM could actually deliver and install it, so many customers were stuck with these machines running MVT until their lease ended. It was not unusual for this to be another four, five or even six years for the more unfortunate ones, and turned out to be a significant factor[citation needed] in the slow adoption of OS/VS2 MVS, not only by customers in general, but for many internal IBM sites as well.
Subsequent enhancementsEdit
Later architectural changes primarily involved expansions in memory (central storage) – both physical memory and virtual address space – to enable larger workloads and meet client demands for more storage. This was the inevitable trend as Moore's Law eroded the unit cost of memory. As with all IBM mainframe development, preserving backward compatibility was paramount.[citation needed]
In October 1981, the 3033 and 3081 processors added "extended real addressing", which allowed 26-bit addressing for physical storage (but still imposed a 24-bit limit for any individual address space). This capability appeared later on other systems, such as the 4381 and 3090.
The System/370 Extended Architecture (S/370-XA), first available in early 1983 on the 3081 and 3083 processors, provided a number of major enhancements, including: expansion of the address space from 24-bits to 31-bits; facilitating movement of data between two address spaces; and a complete redesign of the I/O architecture. The cross-memory services capability which facilitated movement of data between address spaces was actually available just prior to S/370-XA architecture on the 3031, 3032 and 3033 processors.
In February 1988, the Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370) was announced. It added sixteen 32-bit access registers, more addressing modes, and various facilities for working with multiple address spaces simultaneously.
Expanding the address spaceEdit
As described above, the S/370 product line underwent a major architectural change: expansion of its address space from 24 to 31 bits.
The evolution of S/370 addressing was always complicated by the basic S/360 instruction set design, and its large installed code base, which relied on a 24-bit logical address. (In particular, a heavily used machine instruction, "Load Address" (LA), explicitly cleared the top eight bits of the address being placed in a register. This created enormous migration problems for existing software.)
The strategy chosen was to implement expanded addressing in three stages:
first at the physical level (to enable more memory hardware per system)
then at the operating system level (to let system software access multiple address spaces and utilize larger address spaces)
finally at the application level (to let new applications access larger address spaces)
Since the core S/360 instruction set remained geared to a 24-bit universe, this third step would require a real break from the status quo; existing assembly language applications would of course not benefit, and new compilers would be needed before non-assembler applications could be migrated. Most shops thus continued to run their 24-bit applications in a higher-performance 31-bit world.
This evolutionary implementation (repeated in z/Architecture) had the characteristic of solving the most urgent problems first: relief for real memory addressing being needed sooner than virtual memory addressing.[citation needed]
31 versus 32 bitsEdit
IBM's choice of 31-bit (versus 32-bit) addressing for 370-XA involved various factors. The System/360 Model 67 had included a full 32-bit addressing mode, but this feature was not carried forward to the System/370 series, which began with only 24-bit addressing. When IBM later expanded the S/370 address space in S/370-XA, several reasons are cited for the choice of 31 bits:
The desire to retain the high-order bit as a "control or escape bit."[12] In particular, the standard subroutine calling convention marked the final parameter word by setting its high bit.
Interaction between 32-bit addresses and two instructions (BXH and BXLE) that treated their arguments as signed numbers (and which was said to be the reason TSS used 31-bit addressing on the Model 67). (Varian 1997:p26, note 85[8])
Input from key initial Model 67 sites, which had debated the alternatives during the initial system design period, and had recommended 31 bits (instead of the 32-bit design that was ultimately chosen at the time). (Varian 1997:pp8–9, note 21,[8] includes other comments about the "Inner Six" Model 67 design disclosees)
Series and modelsEdit
Models sorted by date introduced (table)Edit
The following table summarizes the major S/370 series and models. The second column lists the principal architecture associated with each series. Many models implemented more than one architecture; thus, 308x processors initially shipped as S/370 architecture, but later offered XA; and many processors, such as the 4381, had microcode that allowed customer selection between S/370 or XA (later, ESA) operation.
Note also the confusing term "System/370-compatible", which appeared in IBM source documents to describe certain products. Outside IBM, this term would more often describe systems from Amdahl Corporation, Hitachi Ltd., and others, that could run the same S/370 software. This choice of terminology by IBM may have been a deliberate attempt to ignore the existence of those plug compatible manufacturers (PCMs), because they competed aggressively against IBM hardware dominance.
1970 System/370 (no DAT) high-end System/370-xxx -155, -165, -195
1970 System/370 (DAT) mid-range -145[13] and -135
1972 System/370 high-end -158 and -168
entry -115 and -125
mid-range -138 and -148
1977 System/370-compatible[14] high-end 303x 3031, 3032, 3033
1979 entry/mid 43xx 4331, 4341, 4361
1980 high-end 308x 3081, 3083, 3084
1981 System/370-XA
1983 mid-range 4381 4381
1986 high-end 3090 -120 to -600
1986 System/370-compatible[15] entry 937x 9370, ...
1988 ESA/370 high-end ES/3090 ES/3090
1988 mid-range ES/4381 -90, -91, -92
Models grouped by Model number (detailed)Edit
IBM used the name System/370 to announce the following eleven (3 digit) offerings:
System/370 Model 115Edit
The IBM System/370 Model 115 was announced March 13, 1973[16] as "an ideal System/370 entry system for users of IBM's System/3, 1130 computing system and System/360 Models 20, 22 and 25."
It was delivered with "a minimum of two (of IBM's newly announced) directly-attached IBM 3340 disk drives." Up to four 3340s could be attached.
The CPU could be configured with 65,536 (64K) or 98,304 (96K) bytes of main memory. An optional 360/20 emulator was available.
(The 115 was withdrawn Mar 9, 1981)
The IBM System/370 Model 125 was announced Oct 4, 1972.[17]
Two, three or four directly attached IBM 3333 disk storage units provided "up to 400 million bytes online."
Main memory was either 98,304 (96K) or 131,072 (128K) bytes.
The IBM System/370 Model 135 was announced Mar 8, 1971.[18] Options for the 370/135 included a choice of four main memory sizes; IBM 1400 series (1401, 1440 and 1460) emulation was also offered.
A "reading device located in the Model 135 console" allowed updates and adding features to the Model 135's microcode.
(The 135 was withdrawn Oct 16, 1979)
The IBM System/370 Model 138 which was announced Jun 30, 1976 was offered with either 524,288 (512K) or 1,048,576 (1 MB) of memory. The latter was "double the maximum capacity of the Model 135," which "can be upgraded to the new computer's internal performance levels at customer locations."[19]
(The 138 was withdrawn Nov 1, 1983)
Main article: IBM System/370 Model 145
The IBM System/370 Model 145 was announced Sep 23, 1970, three months after the 155 and 165 models.[13] It first shipped in June 1971.[2]
Thr first System/370 to use monolithic main memory, the model 145 was offered in six memory sizes. A portion of the main memory, the "Reloadable Control Storage" (RCS) was loaded from a prewritten disk cartridge containing microcode to implement, for example, all needed instructions, I/O channels, and optional instructions to enable the system to emulate earlier IBM machines.[13]
The 145 was withdrawn Oct 16, 1979.
The IBM System/370 Model 148 had the same announcement and withdrawal dates as the Model 138.[20]
As with the option to field-upgrade a 135, a 370/145 could be field-upgraded "at customer locations" to 148-level performance. The upgraded 135 and 145 systems were "designated the Models 135-3 and 145-3."
The IBM System/370 Model 155 and the Model 165 were announced Jun 30, 1970, the first of the 370s introduced.[21] Neither had a DAT box; they were limited to running the same non-virtual-memory operating systems available for the System/360. The 155 first shipped in January 1971.[2]
Both the 155 and the 165 were withdrawn Dec 23, 1977.
The IBM System/370 Model 158 and the 370/168 were announced Aug 2, 1972.[22]
It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a pre-requisite for the new virtual memory operating systems (DOS/VS, OS/VS1, OS/VS2).
A tightly coupled multiprocessor (MP) model was available, as was the ability to loosely couple this system to another 360 or 370 via an optional channel-to-channel adapter.
Emulation for 7070/7074, 1401/1440/1460, and 1410/7010 were included, and they could operate concurrently with standard System/370 workloads.
(The 158 and 168 were withdrawn Sep 15, 1980)
The IBM System/370 Model 165 was described by IBM as "more powerful"[23] compared to the "medium-scale" 370/155. It first shipped in January April.[2]
Some have described the 360/85's use of microcoded vs hardwired as a bridge to the 370/165[24]
The IBM System/370 Model 168 included "up to eight megabytes"[25] of main memory, double the maximum of 4 megabytes on the 370/158.[22]
It included dynamic address translation (DAT) hardware, a pre-requisite for the new virtual memory operating systems.
Compatibility features included emulation for 7070/7074, 7080, and 709/7090/7094/7094 II.
Although the 168 served as IBM's "flagship" system,[26] a 1975 newbrief said that IBM boosted the power of the 370/168 again "in the wake of the Amdahl challenge... only 10 months after it introduced the improved 168-3 processor."[27]
The 370/168 was not withdrawn until September 1980.
The IBM System/370 Model 195 was announced Jun 30, 1970 and, at that time, it was "IBM's most powerful computing system."[28]
Its introduction came about 14 months after the announcement of the 360/195. Both 195 machines were withdrawn Feb. 9, 1977.[29][28]
System/370-compatibleEdit
Beginning in 1977, IBM began to introduce new systems, using the description "A compatible member of the System/370 family."[30][31]
IBM 303XEdit
Main article: IBM 303X
The first of the initial high end machines, IBM's 3033, was announced March 25, 1977[32] and was delivered the following March, at which time a multiprocessor version of the 3033 was announced.[33] IBM described it[34] as "The Big One."
IBM noted about the 3033, looking back, that "When it was rolled out on March 25, 1977, the 3033 eclipsed the internal operating speed of the company's previous flagship the System/370 Model 168-3 ..."[26]
The IBM 3031 and IBM 3032 were announced Oct. 7, 1977 and withdrawn Feb. 8, 1985.[30][35]
Three systems comprised the next series of high end machines, IBM's 308X systems:
The 3081[36] (announced Nov 12, 1980) had 2 CPUs
The 3083[37] (announced Mar 31, 1982) had 1 CPU
The 3084[38] (announced Sep 3, 1982) had 4 CPUs
Despite the numbering, the least powerful was the 3083, which could be field-upgraded to a 3081;[37] the 3084 was the top of the line.[38]
These models introduced IBM's Extended Architecture's 31-bit address capability[39] and a new set of backward compatible "XA" software [40]
All three systems were withdrawn Aug 4, 1987.
IBM 3090Edit
Main article: IBM 3090
The next series of high-end machines, the IBM 3090, began with models[NB 2] 200 and 400. [41] They were announced Feb. 12, 1985, and were configured with two or four CPUs respectively.
Other models were the 120, 120E, 150, 150E, 180, 300, 600, 600E, 600S. The 300 had three CPUs and the 600s had six CPUs. The others were uniprocessor systems.[42]
IBM's offering of an optional vector facility (VF) extension for the 3090 came at a time when Vector processing/Array processing suggested names like Cray and Control Data Corporation (CDC).[43][44]
The 200 and 400 were withdrawn May 5, 1989.
The first pair of IBM 4300 processors were Mid/Low end systems announced Jan 30, 1979[45][46] as "compact (and).. compatible with System/370."
The 4331 was subsequently withdrawn November 18, 1981, and the 4341 February 11, 1986.
Other models were the 4321,[47] 4361[48] and 4381.[49]
The 4361 has "Programmable Power-Off -- enables the user to turn off the processor under program control";[48] "Unit power off" is (also) part of the 4381 feature list.[49]
IBM offered many Model Groups and models of the 4300 family,[NB 3] ranging from the entry level 4331 to the 4381, described as "one of the most powerful and versatile intermediate system processors ever produced by IBM."[NB 4]
The 4381 Model Group 3 was dual-CPU.
This low-end system, announced October 7, 1986,[50] was "designed to satisfy the computing requirements of IBM customers who value System/370 affinity" and "small enough and quiet enough to operate in an office environment."
IBM also noted its sensitivity to "entry software prices, substantial reductions in support and training requirements, and modest power consumption and maintenance costs."
Furthermore, it stated its awareness of the needs of small-to-medium size businesses to be able to respond, as "computing requirements grow," adding that "the IBM 9370 system can be easily expanded by adding additional features and racks to accommodate..."
This came at a time when Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and its VAX systems were strong competitors in both hardware and software.[51]
ClonesEdit
In the 360 era, a number of manufacturers had already standardized upon the IBM/360 instruction set and, to a degree, 360 architecture. Notable computer makers included Univac with the UNIVAC 9000 series, RCA with the RCA Spectra 70 series, English Electric with the English Electric System 4, and the Soviet ES EVM. These computers were not perfectly compatible, nor (except for the Russian efforts)[52][53] were they intended to be.
That changed in the 1970s with the introduction of the IBM/370 and Gene Amdahl's launch of his own company. About the same time, Japanese giants began eyeing the lucrative mainframe market both at home and abroad. One Japanese consortium focused upon IBM and two others from the BUNCH (Burroughs/Univac/NCR/Control Data/Honeywell) group of IBM's competitors.[citation needed] The latter efforts were abandoned and eventually all Japanese efforts focused on the IBM mainframe lines.
Some of the era's clones included:
Amdahl Corporation 470 series
ES EVM
Univac
Architecture detailsEdit
IBM S/370 registers
63 . . . 47 . . . 31 . . . 15 . . . 00 (bit position)*
General-purpose registers
0 R0
Floating-point registers
FP0 FP0
CR0 CR0
CR10 CR10
Program status word / Instruction address
PSW (40 bits) IA (24 bits) Program Status Word
Note that IBM documentation numbers the bits in reverse order to that shown
above, i.e., the most significant (leftmost) bit is designated as bit number 0.
S/370 also refers to a computer system architecture specification,[3] and is a direct and mostly backward compatible evolution of the System/360 architecture[54]:9 from which it retains most aspects. This specification does not make any assumptions on the implementation itself, but rather describes the interfaces and the expected behavior of an implementation. The architecture describes mandatory interfaces that must be available on all implementations and optional interfaces which may or may not be implemented.
Some of the aspects of this architecture are:
Big endian byte ordering
One or more processors with:
16 32-bit General purpose registers
16 32-bit Control registers
4 64-bit Floating-point registers
A 64-bit Program status word (PSW) which describes (among other things)
Interrupt masks
Privilege states
A condition code
A 24-bit instruction address
Timing facilities (Time of day clock, interval timer, CPU timer and clock comparator)
An interruption mechanism, maskable and unmaskable interruption classes and subclasses
An instruction set. Each instruction is wholly described and also defines the conditions under which an exception is recognized in the form of program interruption.
A memory (called storage) subsystem with:
8 bits per byte
A special processor communication area starting at address 0
Key controlled protection
24-bit addressing
Manual control operations that provide:
A bootstrap process (a process called Initial Program Load or IPL)
Operator-initiated interrupts
Resetting the system
Basic debugging facilities
Manual display and modifications of the system's state (memory and processor)
An Input/Output mechanism – which doesn't describe the devices themselves
Some of the optional features are:
A Dynamic Address Translation (DAT) mechanism that can be used to implement a virtual memory system
Floating point instructions
Because of the extensible nature of the interface specification, new interface could be devised without breaking the initial interface contract. Such examples are:
ECPS:VM, a feature to assist the VM/370 operating system
ECPS:VSE, a feature to assist the DOS operating system
Great care was taken in order to ensure that further modifications to the architecture would remain compatible, at least as far as non-privileged programs were concerned. This philosophy predates the definition of the S/370 architecture and started with the S/360 architecture. If certain rules are adhered to, a program written for this architecture will run with the intended results on the successors of this architecture.
One of the key aspect that allows this compatibility is to define that unused fields are to be set to a predetermined value (usually 0) - and that using another value leads to an exception condition being recognized.[54]:10 When the interface is modified, this unused field can then be used to alter the interface contract. A well formed program can then still produce the expected result even when executing on an implementation of the new interface.
Such an example is that the S/370 architecture specifies that the 64-bit PSW register bit number 32 has to be set to 0 and that doing otherwise leads to an exception. Subsequently, when the S/370-XA architecture was defined, it was stated that this bit would indicate whether the program was a program expecting a 24-bit address architecture or 31-bit address architecture. Thus, most programs that ran on the 24-bit architecture can still run on 31-bit systems; the 64-bit z/Architecture has an additional mode bit for 64-bit addresses, so that those programs, and programs that ran on the 31-bit architecture, can still run on 64-bit systems.
However, not all of the interfaces can remain compatible. Emphasis was put on having non control programs (called problem state programs) remain compatible.[55] Thus, operating systems have to be ported to the new architecture because the control interfaces can (and were) redefined in an incompatible way. For example, the I/O interface was redesigned in S/370-XA making S/370 program issuing I/O operations unusable as-is.
S/370 replacementEdit
The System/370 line was replaced with the IBM System/390 in the 1990s, and the architecture was similarly renamed from ESA/370 to ESA/390. This was essentially just a rename for marketing reasons, rather than major architectural change.[citation needed]
In 2000, the System/390 was replaced with the zSeries (now called IBM System z). The zSeries mainframes introduced the 64-bit z/Architecture, the most significant design improvement since the 31-bit transition.[citation needed] All have retained essential backward compatibility with the original S/360 architecture and instruction set.
GCC and Linux on the S/370Edit
The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) had a back end for S/370, but it became obsolete over time and was finally replaced with the S/390 backend. Although the S/370 and S/390 instruction sets are essentially the same (and have been consistent since the introduction of the S/360), GCC operability on older systems has been abandoned.[56] GCC currently works on machines that have the full instruction set of System/390 Generation 5 (G5), the hardware platform for the initial release of Linux/390. However, a separately maintained version of GCC 3.2.3 that works for the S/370 is available, known as GCCMVS.[57]
I/O evolutionsEdit
Main article: IBM System/360 § Channels
As in System/360, peripherals attached to the system via channels, in this case, evolved as follows:
The block multiplexer channel, previously available only on the 360/85 and 360/195, was a standard part of the architecture. For compatibility it could operate as a selector channel.[3]
Also, as part of the DAT announcement, channels were upgraded to have Indirect Data Address Lists (a form of I/O MMU).
IBM ESA/390
IBM System z
PC-based IBM-compatible mainframes
Hercules emulator
^ E.g., programs that depended on getting program interrupts for alignment errors might fail.
^ IBM used a lower case "m"
^ One announcement alone featured mention of "Twelve models of the 4381" for just 3 "Model Groups" and also listed 6 other Model Groups
^ The same IBM web page notes the following date announced/withdrawn dates: Model Groups 1 & 2 (Sep 15, 1983 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Group 3 (Oct 25, 1984 - Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 11, 12, 13 & 14 (announced Feb 11, 1986), Model Groups 21, 22, 23 & 24 (May 19, 1987 - Aug 19, 1992).
^ "System/370 Announcement". IBM. June 30, 1970.
^ a b c d e f Pugh, E.W.; L.R. Johnson; John H. Palmer (1991). IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16123-0.
^ a b c d e f g h IBM System/370 Principles of Operation (PDF) (First ed.). IBM. June 1970. GA22-7000-0.
^ "Announcing: System/370 Model 155" (PDF). IBM.
^ "Announcing System/370 Model 165" (PDF). IBM.
^ Richard P. Case; Andris Padegs (January 1978). "Architecture of the IBM System/370" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 21 (1): 73–96. doi:10.1145/359327.359337. The IBM 2880 Block-Multiplexer Channel included most of the System/370 I/O architecture extensions and was made available on System/360 Models 85 and 195.
^ "Information technology industry timeline, 1964–1974".
^ a b c Varian, Melinda Varian (1997). VM and the VM community, past present, and future, (PDF). SHARE 89 Sessions 9059-9061.
^ a b IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance (PDF) (Second ed.). IBM. October 1971. pp. CPU 117–129. SY24-3581-1.
^ IBM Maintenance Library 3145 Processing Unit Theory - Maintenance (Third ed.). IBM. pp. CPU 117–129. SY24-3581-2.
^ A. Padegs (September 1981). "System/360 and Beyond". IBM Journal of Research & Development. IBM. 25 (5): 377–390. doi:10.1147/rd.255.0377. – tables include model characteristics (Table 1) and announcement/shipment dates (Table 2). The S/370-155-II and -165-II are listed under the former but not the latter, because the upgraded systems were not formally announced as separate models. The "System/370 Advanced Function" announcement, including the -158 and -168, was the main public event.
^ A. Padegs (May 1983). "System/370 Extended Architecture: design considerations". IBM Journal of Research & Development. IBM. 27 (3): 198–205. doi:10.1147/rd.273.0198. – a subsection titled "31-bit addressing" begins on page 201.
^ a b c "System/370 Model 145". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "IBM timeline of S/370 series". with surprising term 'System/370-compatible' for the 3xxx and 4xxx series
^ "IBM 9370 announcement letter". to explain why the 9370 is categorized as a System/370 compatible system
^ "System/370 Model 115". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ a b "System/370 Model 158". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ Jon Elson (December 5, 2014). "IBM 360/85 vs. 370/165". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers.
^ a b "IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "IBM boosts power of 370/168 again". Computer Weekly (486). 1975. p. 1.
^ a b "3031 Processor Complex". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "Mainframes - Basic information sources". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "3033 Press announcement". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "3033 Multiprocessor - Press announcement". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "IBM's 3033 "The Big One": IBM's 3033". IBM Archives. IBM. THINK magazine later simply dubbed it – "The Big One."
^ "3032 Processor Complex". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation" (PDF). IBM. March 1983. SA22-7085-0.
^ a Google on IBM "extended architecture" will find http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/0/897/ENUS285-030/index.html and more
^ "IBM 3090 PROCESSOR UNIT MODEL 120E, IBM 3092 PROCESSOR CONTROLLER MODEL 3". IBM. May 19, 1987.
^ the hyperlink on the words "Vector processing" point to an article that has only 2 mentions of IBM, one of which begins "In 2000, IBM, Toshiba and Sony collaborated."
^ The "first to market" advantage can be summarized as "In 1972, computer designer Seymour Cray left CDC and formed a new company" as noted in Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing, 2005, ISBN 0309165512, by National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
^ "4331 Processor". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ https://www-3.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/dpd50/dpd50_chronology5.html
^ a b "4361 Processor". IBM Archives. IBM.
^ "IBM 9370 INFORMATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW". IBM. October 7, 1986.
^ "Report Of The SSC Computer Planning Committee" (PDF). January 1990. chapter 5.4, "SUMMARY OF RELATIVE STRENGTH OF DEC/VMS AND IBM/VM".
^ David S. Bennahum (November 1997). "Heart of Darkness". from 1967 to 1972, it put in place a massive industrial complex to reverse-engineer, copy, and produce IBM mainframes and DEC minicomputers... Once a computer was reduced to its constituent bits on both a software and hardware level, industrial management designed a manufacturing process to replicate the machine... a clone of the IBM 360/40 in 1970, a Cold War coup. Later, he worked on duplicating the IBM 370
^ Re the 370 (followup to 360/40 clone): Michael Weisskopf (September 24, 1985). "Soviet Radar Allegedly Stolen From U.S." WashingtonPost.
^ a b "System/370 Principles of Operation" (PDF). Fourth Edition. IBM. September 1975. GA22-7000-4.
^ ESA/390 Principles of Operation. IBM. Section 1.3.2.2 Problem-State Compatibility. SA22-7201-08.
^ "Removed architectures and systems removed from GCC 3.4".
^ "GCCMVS (GCC 3.2.3 for S/370)".
Prasad, N.S. (1989). IBM Mainframes. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070506868. — Chapter 4 (pp. 111–166) describes the System/370 architecture; Chapter 5 (pp. 167–206) describes the System/370 Extended Architecture.
Hercules System/370 Emulator A software implementation of IBM System/370
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IBM_System/370&oldid=905979089"


21:05:35 | "kayble HIT TheHellfireShow by fist into LeftArm."
21:13:07 | "Spaggie has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:13:22 | "SoG has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:13:23 | "TheRunningManZ HIT Spaggie by Crafting_LongWoodenStick into LeftArm."
21:13:24 | "Spaggie has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:13:24 | "TheRunningManZ HIT Spaggie by Crafting_LongWoodenStick into head."
21:13:24 | Player "Spaggie" has been killed by player "TheRunningManZ"
21:13:32 | "TheRunningManZ has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:14:50 | "SoG has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:14:50 | "TheRunningManZ HIT SoG by Crafting_LongWoodenStick into head."
21:14:51 | "SoG has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:14:51 | "TheRunningManZ HIT SoG by Crafting_LongWoodenStick into head."
21:14:51 | Player "SoG" has been killed by player "TheRunningManZ"
21:15:34 | "Langeloeg HIT Judge Ned by Cleaver into head."
21:15:34 | Player "Judge Ned" has been killed by player "Langeloeg"
21:22:23 | "Wimpie84 has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:22:23 | Player "Wimpie84" has been killed by player "Rockerz"
21:23:40 | "Rockerz has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:23:41 | Player "Rockerz" has been killed by player "RJ"
21:38:01 | "TheHellfireShow has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:38:01 | "BoXman HIT TheHellfireShow by BaseballBat into head."
21:42:01 | "kayble has fallen into unconsciousness."
21:42:14 | "TheHellfireShow has fallen into unconsciousness."
22:07:40 | "TheHellfireShow HIT kayble by FirefighterAxe into RightArm."
22:47:52 | "litefoot has fallen into unconsciousness."
22:47:52 | Player "litefoot" has been killed by player "SillyBilly"
23:11:09 | "Spaggie has fallen into unconsciousness."
23:11:09 | Player "Spaggie" has been killed by player "edvard"
23:11:26 | Player "Shelly" has been killed by player "edvard"
23:42:34 | "[FTQ]Aleksei has fallen into unconsciousness."
23:42:34 | Player "[FTQ]Aleksei" has been killed by player "Brian"
23:43:47 | "Toex has fallen into unconsciousness."
23:44:00 | "Brian has fallen into unconsciousness."
23:44:09 | Player "Brian" has been killed by player "Red"
23:46:11 | Player "TheHellfireShow" has been killed by player "Aldo Raine"
23:47:06 | Player "TheRunningManZ" has been killed by player "Aldo Raine"
00:15:50 | "BoXman has fallen into unconsciousness."
00:15:50 | Player "BoXman" has been killed by player "TheHellfireShow"
00:27:30 | "Stinky Pocket has fallen into unconsciousness."
00:27:30 | Player "Stinky Pocket" has been killed by player "edvard"
00:35:00 | Player "Toex" has been killed by player "PvtMorph"
00:39:02 | "[FTQ]Neo HIT Greenie77( by WoodAxe into LeftArm."
00:49:48 | Player "[FTQ]Aleksei" has been killed by player "Greenie77"
00:49:56 | Player "Spaggie" has been killed by player "Greenie77"
00:50:35 | Player "Wimpie84" has been killed by player "47thDestroyer"
00:55:22 | "DVS DrFuckallot has fallen into unconsciousness."
00:55:22 | Player "DVS DrFuckallot" has been killed by player "SillyBilly"
00:59:56 | Player "SillyBilly" has been killed by player "edvard"
01:00:17 | "RJ has fallen into unconsciousness. HARD HIT Total S::5651.85"
01:00:17 | Player "RJ" has been killed by player "Greenie77"
01:02:36 | "Greenie77 has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:03:10 | Player "edvard" has been killed by player "Snake"
01:06:52 | "GordonFreeman has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:06:52 | Player "GordonFreeman" has been killed by player "TheRunningManZ"
01:06:55 | "Snake has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:06:55 | Player "Snake" has been killed by player "PvtMorph"
01:10:48 | "TheRunningManZ has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:10:48 | Player "TheRunningManZ" has been killed by player "Nuno"
01:14:26 | "PvtMorph has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:14:26 | Player "PvtMorph" has been killed by player "Nuno"
01:21:52 | "TheHellfireShow has fallen into unconsciousness."
01:21:52 | Player "TheHellfireShow" has been killed by player "kayble"


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text:
Q: Javascript property declaration using curly brace I am very new to JavaScript and coding in general. I started with a udemy course to learn the basics and began putting what I know to practice by following along with this youtube video. I am trying to build Tetris. The video is great, but in it (at time 7:10) he did something I was hoping for clarification on.
He declared a variable with two properties. The first property contains a value within {}. I have the code below.
const player = {
    pos: {x: 5, y: 5},
    matrix: matrix
}

Can someone explain pos: {x: 5, y: 5}? I am struggling to even articulate a Google search. What is this called? Is this used regularly in JS and for what?
Any info would be a huge help.
Thanks

A: const player = {      // variable (a constant) named "player", whose type is object
    matrix: matrix,   // property of an object, whose key is "matrix" and value is something (another variable, function etc.) named "matrix"
    pos: {x: 5, y: 5} // property of an object, whose key is "pos" and value is another object
}

Object is, simply put, a variable that can contain many pairs key-value (called properties). Value may be an integer, string, ..., or even another object. You can access the properties via dot . notation. For example:
player.pos.x // returns 5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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Since there are millions of magnificent lakes in the world, you most likely live near one of them, but some lakes are simply breathtaking. Here are 8 most incredibly beautiful lakes in the world!
8 Funny Movie Bloopers You Didn't Notice On Your First Viewing
Let's analyze those bloopers and see them up close!
The Best And Worst Movies The Rock Made
Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson seems to be making more movies than anyone can count, these days. Since it's getting so hard to separate his good from his bad movies, it seemed only fair that we list them out for you.
The Top 10 Most Peaceful Countries In The World
Peace seems like a rare thing these days.
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While most remakes are usually empty husks of the original film, some of the remakes we've seen over the years blow the original right out the water. Let's take a look at some remakes that were better than the original movie.
9 Hilarious Disney Face Swaps!
You've already seen these Disney princesses all inked up, dressed in a modern fashion, and probably some of their more disturbing iterations, but this time we're changing the game. Today the heroes of popular fairy tales, myths and stories, you know and love, depicted in the Walt Disney cartoons, became victims of failed face transplantation.
10 Unique People Who Will Hypnotize You With Their Appearance
How would you even define "beauty" in the first place? These people have embraced who they really are, without blindly following what the archaic stereotypes and the social norms dictate. The game has changed for the better. Here are 10 unique people who will hypnotize you with their appearance.
Things Social Media Does To Control Your Mind
If you want to see some of the tricks social media uses to keep you focused, allow us to show you.
9 Ordinary People Who Accidentally Became Hollywood Stars
Here are 9 amazing cases of how the sheer power of circumstance made 9 ordinary people into A-class Hollywood idols.
13 Pics Of Avenger Actors And Their Stunt Doubles That Prove We Have No Idea Of What's Happening On The Set
It's not a secret most actors have stunt doubles, what we don't realize is the amount of work and preparations they undergo to become perfect twins for their superstar alter egos. Actors taking part in the Avengers movies are using the superpowers of stunt doubles to the fullest, which is quite understandable with the amount of action scenes they're going through.
10 Instagram Accounts About Art You Need To Follow Right Now
It's safe to say Instagram is rapidly taking over as the main social media network of choice. Especially when it comes to determining what is cool and what isn't. And because we're all cool people, it seems only fair that we inform you about some cool Instagram accounts you should follow right now if you're into art.
8 Safest, Most Secure Locations in the World
Military bases, libraries, secret warehouses and even a… parking lot? Turns out, there are places that are protected more heavily than the White House! For one reason or another these 8 spots are the most secure locations in the world, so don't go trespassing or you might get shot… or worse!
30 Most Fabulously Messed Up Panorama Pics
Deformed heads, lack of body parts, and arms for days – that's what makes these panoramic photos such a huge hit on the Internet.
9 Little-Known Stunning Natural Wonders
It's hard to believe that all these incredibly gorgeous and unique places really do exist. The pictures you are about to see have not been altered in Photoshop, and you can actually visit these places. It's true what they say: seeing is believing, so prepare those peepers! Here are 9 little-known stunning natural wonders!
90's Stars We Completely Forgot About
Did you ever stop and wonder what happened to some of those stars from the 90's? Surely they've done something since then, right?
The World's Most Daring Swimming Pools
Some pools are exciting and quite the adrenaline rush. Well, swimming in them is probably a lot more expensive too. But let's pretend that's not an issue and take a look at some great locations for your next daring swim!
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Schedule: Expect disruption everyday between 19:00 and 06:00 from 24 Apr 2019 to 27 Apr 2019.
Nearest town: 19.25 miles from Ascott under Wychwood.
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Schedule : Expect disruption everyday between 19:00 and 06:00 from 24 April 2019 to 27 April 2019.


text:
Q: Contest ranking question - how to rank entries in multiple categories? I'm currently developing a video contest web application using Ruby on Rails. It integrates closely with YouTube, which it uses for submitting videos, comments, average rating, and popularity stats. The application will also count Twitter and (possibly) Facebook mentions, and count the number of times visitors have clicked an "Add This" social network button.
Instead of direct voting it will use each video's YouTube rating and social media presence to pick a winner.
My question is: What is the fairest method for ranking the entries?
My basic idea is to just find each video's ranking in each category separately by sorting the results of an ActiveRecord query, then compute the average of all these numbers and use it as the video's master rank. Then I'd sort all the entries by this rank, with the lowest number coming in first, etc. Is this a fair way to rank the contest entries?

A: Shouldn't the contest organizer be telling you how they want everything rated?
I would personally count the number of youtube submissions, add the score for each, then divide by the number to get their average score, and then suppliment that somehow by social media mentions, but it is up to them to tell you which should carry more weight. They have to understand that you can design the app to do whatever they want, but they are in charge of letting you know what precisely they want. That sort of decision should not be left up to the designer. Let them wrestle with it in committee for a bit, don't sweat the actual algorithm until they come up with the answer for you.

A: It depends on what you're trying to accomplish. However, it seems to me that the social media score is pointless. The net result is that someone bothered to watch and/or rate the video on YouTube. Those scores alone should tell you if someone is "doing a good job" on the social media front.


Dean says he and his girlfriend, Jessica, have had a violent relationship in the past and engaged in 10 physical altercations.
Dean describes an incident a few years ago that led to Jessica and her 13-year-old daughter each filing an order of protection against Dean – but Dean admits that he and Jessica break that order every day by living with each other.
In the video above from Wednesday's episode of Dr. Phil, Dr. Phil has a warning for Dean about his behavior – and offers him advice.
On Wednesday, hear what Jessica says about her relationship with Dean – and her behavior. Check here to see where you can watch.


It's boot season ya'll, and I love it so much!
While I typically opt for shorter, heeled booties, I went for something different recently and picked up these over the knee boots from Seven Dial. To be honest, the girl who did my makeup on my wedding day was wearing them, and I immediately asked her the brand and where she bought them because I knew I had to have them!
I only have one other pair of tall boots, and I knew I didn't want to invest a lot of money in something I wasn't sure how much I would wear, so I was so excited these boots were under $100.
I wanted to show ya'll how I wore these shoes, since it seems like taller boots are so in season this year. I paired these studded OTK boots with my favorite leggings— the Spanx faux leather leggings. These are the BEST ya'll and are worth every dime! My plaid surplice shirt is from beach lunch lounge. I love how loose it is, and how the shirt tail covers my back end. It's easily one of my favorite tops for the cold weather, and I found mine at TJ Maxx!
Do you like tall boots better than booties? How are you styling yours this holiday season?


text:
Finance p/m
Search ()
2008 57 MERCEDES-BENZ M-CLASS 3.0 ML280 CDI SPORT 5d 188 BHP
Sports pedals with steel inserts and rubber studs
Windowbags
Headlamp assist
HP £6849.00 £684.00 £6165.00 £7476.28 £0.00 £1.00 5.08% P.A. 9.9% APR 24 mths £282.97 £282.97 x 22 £283.97 Apply
Used Mercedes-Benz M-Class cars in Southampton
Get the best deal on a used Mercedes-Benz M-Class car for sale in Southampton by making your way to Botley Car Centre Ltd today. You will find every available model listed here on the website, and as all our stock is competitively priced you should have no problem sourcing a pre-owned Mercedes-Benz to suit your budget. Take the opportunity to browse our current range online before contacting a member of the showroom team to find out more. Our friendly and knowledgeable staff will be more than happy to answer any questions and provide advice and guidance when necessary. Alternatively, why not pay a visit to our showroom in person and take a closer look at the selection of used Mercedes-Benz M-Class car models for sale.
Finance is available to UK residents aged 18 years or older, subject to status. Terms & Conditions apply. Indemnities may be required. Other finance offers may be available but cannot be used in conjunction with this offer. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase, commission may be received. We are only able to offer finance products from these providers. Postal Address: Botley Car Centre Ltd, Broad Oak, Botley, Southampton, Hampshire SO30 2FU. Find contact details here.
Botley Car Centre LTD Broad OakBotleySouthamptonHampshireSO30 2FU
Botley Car Centre Ltd are a credit broker and not a lender. We are Authorised and Regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. FCA No: 786004 Finance is Subject to status. Other offers may be available but cannot be used in conjunction with this offer. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase.
Registered Office: Address: Broad Oak, Botley Southampton SO30 2FU
Choose a make: Any makeAlfa RomeoAudiBMWFiatFordHyundaiJaguarKiaMercedes-BenzMevMINIPeugeotSeatToyotaVauxhallVolkswagenVolvo


text:
UN CERD drew attention to the problem of discrimination against Roma children in Georgian schools
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination at the 108th Session in November 2022 reviewed the state report of Georgia and alternative materials submitted by representatives of the civil society. In its recommendations, the Committee expressed concern about the violation of the rights of children from among ethnic minorities, including Roma, to education (the report of the ADC Memorial was devoted to the situation of Roma groups in Georgia).
The Committee noted the general efforts of the Georgian authorities to combat discrimination: in particular, the adoption of amendments to the anti-discrimination law (2014), that took place in 2019, expanding the scope of the law and strengthening the authority of the People's Defender's Office to investigate complaints of discrimination, as well as the adoption of the State Strategy of Civil Equality and Integration in 2021. The Committee considers that the discriminatory attitude towards ethnic minorities is still preserved and that the awareness of the representatives of ethnic minorities about the relevant legislation and compensation mechanisms remains extremely limited.
One of the main topics raised by CERD experts during the session was the violation of the rights of ethnic minorities to education. Noting that school and preschool education serves as the most important factor in the integration of children representatives of ethnic minorities into Georgian society, the Committee noted the shortcomings of school infrastructure in areas of compact ethnic minority residence, poor teacher training and lack of reference materials for teachers of the Georgian language and languages of ethnic minorities.
CERD experts recommended to the authorities of Georgia to amend the educational provision in the areas of compact residence of ethnic minorities, including in relation to access to preschool education, school infrastructure, specialized language training and educational resources for teachers of Georgian as a second language and teachers of minority languages. It also recommended arranging the release of textbooks in minority languages.
In its concluding remarks, the Committee paid special attention to the problem of the education of Roma children. While welcoming the measures taken by Georgia to provide the Roma with personal documents, the Committee noted the persistence of significant problems in regard to the access of Roma children to education and their low learning outcomes, as well as language and cultural barriers, due to which Roma children miss classes and drop out of school more often than other pupils. The Committee is concerned that early marriages continue to hinder access to education for Roma girls. Therefore, the Committee recommended that the Georgian authorities enforce the ban on early marriage and implement the practice effectively, including through awareness-raising campaigns among Roma, educating about the harmful effects of early marriage, and providing victims with appropriate rehabilitation and counselling services.
In other recommendations, the experts of the Committee emphasized the need to facilitate the access of Roma children to pre-school institutions, as well as the need to ensure the effective integration of Roma children into the pre-school environment, so that the children could enter primary school with sufficient knowledge of the Georgian language. It was also recommended to support the organization of extra-curricular activities and clubs, the work of schools and municipal child protection services to attract children to schools and receive a full education.
Themes CERDRoma rights
On the Kyrgyz Republic's Compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination


text:
Ne-Yo to Serve as Principal at NYC High School
April 14th, 2015 by K104
Image courtesy Frank Micelotta/FOX
Some New York City school kids are about to have a pretty cool principal. Ne-Yo will serve as "principal for the day" at the city's High School of Fashion Industries, in celebration of that school's victory in a contest to inspire students to prepare for and apply to college.
The non-profit organization Get Schooled made the announcement Monday. Lucky students who participated in college challenge sponsored by Capital One bank will also get to party with a celebrity.
"I'm looking forward to being principal for the day @getschooled #NONFICTION2015," Ne-Yo tweeted.
The singer has previously served as a principal for the program back for its 2011 Get Schooled Fall Attendance Challenge. To learn more visit GetSchooled.com.
Follow @ABCNewsRadio
Ne-Yo Principal school Serve
Lady Jade's "Scoliosis Exam" Read More
Krispy Kreme Has Freebies For Teachers Read More
DeDe's Hot Topics Read More
Ne-Yo Will Be a Guest Judge on America's Got Talent Read More


I am gainfully employed and car shopping!
I got a job offer for a very entry-level role, which I'm going to take!
I'm looking for a daily driver and my commute is going to be 80km (50 miles) round trip (at least with this job).
Please suggest fairly reliable and fun sedans I can buy in the Toronto area or in Ontario. I would prefer manual but automatic is just fine. My budget is around $8k Canadian dollarydoos.


text:
Янгра, або Ганеш І — семитисячник в масиві Гімалаїв. Це 62-га серед найвищих вершин світу. Лежить на південний схід від Манаслу.

Перше сходження на вершину здійснили 24 жовтня 1955 р. Раймонд Ламберт (Raymond Lambert), Клауді Коган (Claude Kogan) та Ерік Гаучат (Eric Gauchat).

Посилання
 Янгра

Гори Китаю
Гори Непалу
Гори Тибету
Семитисячники
Ультра-піки

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Roughly the size of a hardcover book, but with the power of a high end graphics workstation. The Fulldome.pro NANO server can be carried in shoulder bag, yet it drives 4 projectors, with playback of up to 3K. The perfect solution for simulation, VR and interactive applications.


text:
namespace ash {
namespace network_health {

NetworkHealthManager::NetworkHealthManager() {
  // Ensure that the NetworkHealthService instance is running.
  chromeos::network_health::GetInProcessInstance();
  network_diagnostics_ =
      std::make_unique<network_diagnostics::NetworkDiagnostics>(
          DebugDaemonClient::Get());
}

mojo::PendingRemote<chromeos::network_health::mojom::NetworkHealthService>
NetworkHealthManager::GetHealthRemoteAndBindReceiver() {
  mojo::PendingRemote<chromeos::network_health::mojom::NetworkHealthService>
      remote;
  BindHealthReceiver(remote.InitWithNewPipeAndPassReceiver());
  return remote;
}

mojo::PendingRemote<
    chromeos::network_diagnostics::mojom::NetworkDiagnosticsRoutines>
NetworkHealthManager::GetDiagnosticsRemoteAndBindReceiver() {
  mojo::PendingRemote<
      chromeos::network_diagnostics::mojom::NetworkDiagnosticsRoutines>
      remote;
  BindDiagnosticsReceiver(remote.InitWithNewPipeAndPassReceiver());
  return remote;
}

void NetworkHealthManager::BindHealthReceiver(
    mojo::PendingReceiver<chromeos::network_health::mojom::NetworkHealthService>
        receiver) {
  chromeos::network_health::GetInProcessInstance()->BindReceiver(
      std::move(receiver));
}

void NetworkHealthManager::BindDiagnosticsReceiver(
    mojo::PendingReceiver<
        chromeos::network_diagnostics::mojom::NetworkDiagnosticsRoutines>
        receiver) {
  network_diagnostics_->BindReceiver(std::move(receiver));
}

void NetworkHealthManager::AddObserver(
    mojo::PendingRemote<chromeos::network_health::mojom::NetworkEventsObserver>
        observer) {
  chromeos::network_health::GetInProcessInstance()->AddObserver(
      std::move(observer));
}

NetworkHealthManager* NetworkHealthManager::GetInstance() {
  static base::NoDestructor<NetworkHealthManager> instance;
  return instance.get();
}

}  // namespace network_health
}  // namespace ash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<title>nl.esciencecenter.xenon.adaptors.torque (Xenon 1.1.0 API for Xenon developers)</title>
<meta name="date" content="2015-12-16">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../../stylesheet.css" title="Style">

nl.esciencecenter.xenon.adaptors.torque

Classes

TorqueAdaptor

TorqueJobScriptGenerator

TorqueSchedulerConnection

TorqueSchedulerConnectionFactory

TorqueXmlParser


text:
<?php

namespace App;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;

class Item extends Model
{
    /**
     * The attributes that are mass assignable.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $fillable = [
        'name', 'category_id', 'created_by',
    ];

    /**
     * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $hidden = [];

    public function category()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo('App\Category');
    }

    public function lists()
    {
        return $this->belongsToMany('App\ItemList', 'list_item');
    }
}


The Jamaican Bauxite Industry: Glimpses Into Its Past, Present, and .
The commercial possibilities of Jamaican bauxite were recognized in 1943 at a . and Revere—were well established, mining and/or processing bauxite in the.
Feb 5, 2014 . The process for mining bauxite is not complex. . Due to Indonesia's ban on exports of bauxite, Jamaica is now seeing a . The Chinese mining company, Chalco, has received contracts for the first two processing plants.
Bauxite: Bauxite, rock largely composed of a mixture of hydrous aluminum oxides. . Bauxites vary physically according to the origin and geologic history of their deposits: some deposits are soft, easily crushed, and . and trihydrate ores in Arkansas, U.S., and in Suriname, Guyana, and Jamaica. . extraction and processing.
Feb 13, 2016 . Bauxite grinding machine configuration Indian bauxite mines act,indian bench grinding machines what machinary is used in bauxite mining.
For the latest data, please see Australia's Identified Mineral Resources 2016. . Alumina is smelted using the energy-intensive Hall-Heroult process to .. Brazil, Vietnam and Jamaica also hold significant resources (more than 2000 Mt) with .. to a bauxite mine, the South of Embley project will comprise processing facilities.
and chemicals for controlling bauxite dust; road and . mineral processing operations. . moisture levels in bauxite ore affects digester .. Jamaican bauxite ore.
derived from bauxite mining, and in the beginnings of improved agriculture on lands rehabilitated to cropping . mina processing in Jamaica and then to exam-.
QEMSCAN mineral maps of bauxite ore-forming pisoliths. Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main . In the case of Jamaica, recent analysis of the soils showed elevated levels of cadmium, . During the processing of bauxite to alumina in the Bayer process, gallium.
Jun 5, 2012 . . I have written about the Jamaican bauxite and aluminium industry in .. and the difficulty of economically processing the Jamaican ore with.
Some bauxite ores are merely crushed, dried and shipped. . all commercial operations, alumina is extracted from the bauxite by the Bayer refining process.
The ore must first be chemically processed to produce alumina (aluminum oxide). Alumina is then smelted using an electrolysis process to produce pure.
Bauxite, containing 15-25 percent aluminium, is the only ore that is used for . World production: Guinea 26%, Australia 21%, Vietnam 7%, Jamaica . Steps of the process: Mining - Transportation - Washing and crushing - Splits in two.
. made from bauxite. Many people are surprised to learn that bauxite is a rock and not a mineral. . The first step in producing aluminum is to crush the bauxite and purify it using the Bayer Process. In the Bayer . Jamaica, 8,100. Russia, 5,600.
Glencore Alumina Jamaica Limited (the Claimant), sustained injuries to which he succumbed . processing or mining of bauxite commenced in Jamaica. Bauxite.
Bauxite ore is the main source of aluminum and contains the aluminum . have the largest reserves of bauxite ore, such as Brazil, Jamaica, Guinea, and Australia. . conveyor systems, for transport to bauxite processing facilities or stockpiles.
In the same year, 2500 tonnes of ore was shipped to the USA for process investigation and it was realised that the bauxite was suitable for processing using.
processing capacity development – the building of alumina refineries and .. Jamaica's Mining and Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell announced he was in.
Alcan built the first alumina processing plant near its mines at Kirkvine, Manchester, and . In 1961, a fourth company, Alcoa, began mining bauxite in the island.
Moreover, the ease of mining bauxite in Jamaica - where ore deposits are located 6 . the ore could be stored, loaded and shipped to Louisiana for processing.
Jul 30, 2015 . Bauxite Jamaica Mining Map shows were bauxite is located in Jamaica. . The Bayer Process is the main industrial way of refining bauxite to . the bauxite is first washed and crushed to increase the surface area before the.
Current Investors in the Bauxite Sector - Ministry of Science, Energy .
Jun 15, 1971 . people of Jamaica and the Companies engaged in mining and processing bauxite in this country. x. The basic policy of Government for the.


I was almost expecting Stray Ashes to be a "modern folk" album, based on the moody black and white cover art. Thankfully, the music completely defied my cynical expectations. The guitars are warm and electric. Reverb is plentiful, though not overbearing. Jesse Marchant's (the man behind JBM) vocals are ideal for the songs. "Thames" makes emotionally effective use of a piano lead line. The following track, "Moonwatcher," contains some of my favorite guitar work on the record. In addition to Marchant, bassist McKenzie Smith and drummer Macey Taylor's performances on Stray Ashes serve the songs. John Congleton's production never gets in the way of a good take. I began listening to this record barely wanting to hear it, but Stray Ashes quickly drew me in before the first track had even finished, and left me interested to find what was coming next. –T.H.


Self storage facilities are altered, designed and made to let you preserve and store different kinds of items on your own, many of the self storage facilities offers staff to maintain stock and inventory, certain paperwork etc., but loading and unloading or shifting of the items are with the owners leisure. Self storage facilities are also good for storing documents, photos, confidential and legal papers etc. You would appreciate them to be stored in the safer place rather than your home, especially when the house is under repair and renovation, or temporary shifting, you would ensure all the documents and items are not exposed to fire, burglary, floods or they are not invaded by pets, insects, mice etc. Self storage facilities gives you much flexibility to access to your stored items, making them an excellent choice for storage, unlike mini storage facilities in apartments you are provided own locks, many self storage facilities are locked ones and you are provided with a key to your unit. Self storage facilities are usually well organized by a numbering system that ensures that you never have to go hunting to find your storage unit. There are also other self storage facilities called as cold storage facilities where perishable items like meat and vegetables, poultry products are stored, they offer users a self controlled temperature setting for the unit that's rented. Smaller or mini storage facilities can be found in many public places such as bus stations, train stations, airports, amusement parks, water parks, swimming clubs ,locker rooms and other similar places, where the self storage is typically for a short period of time. For e.g. mini lockers available in the swimming pool club where one can store their swimming costumes, specs etc. There are certain very important and useful factors to be put under consideration before choosing self storage facilities. First and foremost is Security, certain items that you might want to store since it has some deep emotional value and your family is emotionally attached to, you cannot afford to lose and are often irreplaceable, you would ensure that it has better safety surveillance features. Second is safety from fire, it comes after surveillance, check whether it complies with the safety regulations check whether the mini storage units are equipped with fire alarms and high quality sprinklers or not, whether the staff are well equipped well to prevent fire. Lastly is Insurance, even after convincing yourself of the safety and security measures, anything can happen like flood, fire, theft and to prevent this unpredictable circumstances or for the fear of having lost all the property, it is important to understand that safe self storage space also means planning for the worst disaster. Responsible cheap storage units that care about the security of their clients will include the option of purchasing insurance. This insurance is designed to compensate you if, through no fault of your own, the items you have placed into storage are damaged or ruined. Some storage facilities offer insurance free of charges and others require that you pay a monthly fee.


Published: Nov. 2, 2016 at 12:32 p.m.
Updated: Nov. 2, 2016 at 12:50 p.m.
In April 2007, Randy Moss was a 30-year-old wide receiver who looked like his best days were behind him. Then his phone rang.
"I got a phone call and it was Bill Belichick," Moss told ESPN.com. "I thought it was a friend or somebody playing with my phone. I actually cussed him out. When he kept saying it was Bill Belichick, I knew he was serious. I started being apologetic because I had cussed the man. Then he told me the Raiders were thinking about trading me. I had to be in Foxborough by 10 p.m. Eastern, or the trade would void. So, I just did everything that I could possibly do to get up there by 10 p.m.
"After I got off the phone with him, I was excited. I was hyped. I was in a club that night. Defensive tackle Shaun Rogers, who played for the Detroit Lions at the time, was there, so I went up there, high-fiving him, hugging random people. Shaun asked me what was going on and I said to him, 'I'm getting ready to be a Patriot.' The first thing that came out of his mouth was, 'Man, that's cheatin'.' "
It did feel like cheating once Moss and Tom Brady started playing together. For the cost of a fourth-round pick, the Pats got one of the greatest seasons in the history of the wide receiver position. The Patriots went 16-0, Tom Brady threw a then-record 50 touchdowns and Randy Moss set an NFL record that still stands by catching 23 of those scoring throws.
Quite a jump in production for a guy who had 11 touchdowns in two years during his lost Raiders tenure.
Speaking of the Raiders, coach Lane Kiffin said on the day of the trade he felt it was "the best scenario for both the Raiders and Randy." He was half right. Moss stamped his Hall of Fame ticket that year while the Raiders used their draft choice -- the 110th pick overall -- to select Cincinnati defensive back John Bowie.
Bowie played five games and made two tackles in his career. The Raiders weren't the ones doing the plundering this time.


text:
China Minutes / 22 October 2019
/ Categories: News, Business
London Welcomes Highly Anticipated 15th World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention to The ExCel
London UK, 21st October 2019 – Amidst the prolonged uncertainty and anxiety that UK businesses are facing due to Brexit, ExCel London opened its doors today as the official venue for the 15th World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention (WCEC).
The WCEC showcases the potential for business growth, innovation and stronger relationships between the UK and China. It was organised by the Chinese Business Association and is considered to be one of the most significant events on the Chinese trade calendar. With the aim of promoting and establishing positive global relationships, the annual WCEC attracted a number of high-profile attendees including China's ambassador to the UK, Mr Liu Xiaoming, Lord William Hague, Chair of the WCEC steering Committee, James Harding, Founder of Tortoise Media, who moderated the main discussion during the morning of WCEC on the theme of New World, New Opportunities, with panellists including Sir Martin Sorrell, Executive Chairman of S4 Capital and Lord Green, Chairman of Asia House.
Contributing his wealth of business knowledge and experience, Sir John Peace, Chairman of the 15th WCEC Steering Committee, greeted guests by delivering the opening address. He stated, "The 15th World Chinese Entrepreneurs Convention is not just an event, but a celebration of the golden age of UK and Chinese relations." Sir John Peace highlighted that trade between the UK and China is growing - Twenty years ago, China ranked 15th among the UK's trading partners. Today, China accounts for 7.5% of UK trade, with Chinese investment in the UK over the last 5 years exceeding that of the previous 30 years. According to Sir John Peace, there will be continued high volume transactions and future cooperation between the UK and China.
Delivering on the promise to promote prosperity and opportunity in both the UK and China, the WCEC provided guests with a packed agenda, including speeches from Xu Yousheng, the Director of The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council, Sir Ken Olisa OBE, The Lord-Lieutenant of Greater London, Liu Xiaoming, China's UK Ambassador.
The theme of this year's WCEC was 'Reaching to the World for Mutual Prosperity - New Opportunities with World Chinese Entrepreneurs'. In addition, the event explored the following areas: 'China's Belt and Road Initiative,' 'Looking Back Over the Last Century,' 'Industrial Revolution 4.0', 'Chinese Business Leadership' and 'Investing in the UK.'
China's UK Ambassador, Liu Xiaoming, commented: "As the world has undergone a major change over the past 100 years, global Chinese businessmen have not only seized new opportunities, but have created new patterns. The current spread of protectionism and unilateralism has caused uncertainty to rise significantly and the world economy urgently needs a new injection of vitality. Chinese businessmen should grasp new opportunities for reform and create a new pattern of shared development."
The 15th WCEC will continue until the 24th of October 2019 at ExCel London. For further information please visit the official website at http://www.wceclondon.uk/en
Traditional performances staged at Wuwang Temple in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi More clean energy used for heating
China MinutesChina Minutes
Other posts by China Minutes


text:
Cape Elizabeth United Methodist Church
We welcome all!
By ceumc on March 6, 2018
Lenten service
March 7 service postponed
Because of the forecast for a significant Nor'easter snowstorm, the Casco Bay Cluster's Wednesday, March 7 Lenten service at the Peoples United Methodist Church has been postponed.
The service has been rescheduled for Wednesday, March 21 at Peoples at 7 p.m.
Sunday School lesson
March Nor'easter


text:
President Trump to Propose Payroll Tax Cut Over Coronavirus: "This was something that we were thrown into and we're going to handle it"
By Leisa Audette | Mar 9, 2020
President Trump held a press conference today to say he will ask Congress to approve a payroll tax cut and relief for hourly workers to try and help stop the economic fallout from the coronavirus.
The president told reporters at the White House:
"This was something that we were thrown into, and we're going to handle it, and we have been handling it."
President Trump is handling the seriousness of the coronavirus outbreak and knows he needs to stimulate the economy to avoid a recession. He's firing on all cylinders to multitask on the economy and the health of all Americans.
He also said that he would be asking the Small Business Administration (SBA) to issue loans to small businesses.
The travel industry will also be working hand in hand with the Trump administration as airlines, hotels and cruise lines have been impacted by the spread of the coronavirus.
https://twitter.com/TeamTrump/status/1237147995524792320?s=20
Vice President Pence also spoke about support for hourly workers:
"The president has tasked the team with developing economic policies that will make it very, very clear we will stand by those hard-working Americans… and make it possible for us… to put the health of America first."
VP Pence also had good news on testing for the coronavirus:
"Testing is now available in all state labs in every state in the country. Over a million tests have been distributed. Before the end of this week, another 4 million tests will be distributed. … That's all a direct result of @realDonaldTrump's leadership." – @Mike_Pence pic.twitter.com/NRipnc4EoV
— Ronna McDaniel (@GOPChairwoman) March 10, 2020


Just got back from taking pictures at the Baldwin Park Shelter. We do this every other week with a group I volunteer for, United Hope For Animals.
We come together to take pictures, video, and write up a bio for each animal, all while spending time with them socializing them and seeing how they do in certain situations. This is all in an effort to network these dogs to get them adopted/rescued. The Baldwin Park Shelter is an LA County facility, and does practice euthanasia, so we have a very limited time to get these dogs out.
Today was a fun day. It's so close to Valentine's day, that we decided to bring in a bunch of props to help make the puppies look cute, especially some of the bigger dogs.
We even got some of the smaller dogs in on the cuteness action!
And of course, this month is Black Dog Syndrome Awareness month. If you are looking for an amazing companion, please go to your local shelter. They have some amazing animals ready to love you.
And here are a few more from our fun set-up today. All in all, we wind up doing between 70-80 dogs every other week. We have a 96% success rate with the animals we network, and in the last 2 years, we have adopted/rescued over 5000 dogs. I am exceptionally proud of all the hard work this group does.
Nice blog. Let me know if I can help shoot sometime. It is precious!!!


text:
The Alta Redshift MX brings electricity to the dirt track
Say goodbye to noise and hello to torque.
R. Baldwin|05.04.17
@strngwys
R. Baldwin
In this article: alta, Altamotors, DirtBike, gear, green, hands-on, motorcross, motorcycle, MX, RedshiftMX, transportation
It's been a long time since I've ridden anything motorized on dirt, but I do remember the noise. The growl of the ATC I rode as a kid, the dirt bikes that sounded like lawnmowers with the muffler replaced with a megaphone. That racket is such a fundamental part of the off-road experience that children put playing cards in their spokes to recreate the sound. But that might change, thanks to the Alta Motors' Redshift MX. The Bay Area-based company is electrifying the race track, and if you can handle the $15,000 price tag, the results are tremendous.
Across the street from Alta Motors' factory, on a dirt trail, through a tunnel and along the Caltrain tracks of Northern California, the company let me ride the Redshift MX motorcycle. The bike is meant to be the equivalent of a 250cc petroleum-powered engine. With 40 horsepower it's right on par with offerings from all the major bike makers. But then there's that electric torque. The Redshift MX delivers 120 foot-pounds (about 100 pounds more than gas-guzzling competitors) that you feel right away when you get on the bike and twist the throttle.
At least, I did. Again, I haven't been on a dirt bike in decades. (I ride on the street nearly every day, so I'm not a total noob.) But like electric cars, the Redshift MX doesn't have a transmission, which lowered the time I needed to acclimate to the bike. The expectation that the lack of a clutch would lead to slow take-offs or other performance-issues hits never materialized. Down the straights, coming out of corners, no matter how fast I was already going, if I twisted the grip, the power just appeared.
That power is controlled by the bike's four power settings, which Alta calls "maps." Map 1 has the most grip and is for low-speed trail riding. Maps 2 and 3 are for recreational track rides, and Map 4 is for all-out pro racing. I stuck with Maps 1 and 2.
What's nice is that you can switch between Maps on the fly. For example, coming out of a corner, if you want a little extra juice, you can switch up to the next power level via the up and down buttons next to the left-hand grip. During my tests, it was seamless as I switched up to Map 2 and then tumbled over the handlebars after approaching a corner too quickly and locking up the front tire in the mud.
When you ride in the dirt, you fall; that's what happens. But while I was (and still am) a bit sore, the bike was no worse the wear. That might seem like a no-brainer, but for a company that's new and producing four to five bikes a day, it's important to know that if you throw down your cash on its vision of the motocross future, your investment can handle the crashes you'll encounter. Because it's not if you crash your bike -- it's when.
As for ways to minimize those accidents, the bike is outfitted with Brembo brakes and WP suspension. Both are names that most riders should recognize. Because the Redshift MX is silent when on, Alta added a pulsing green light around the dash cluster to let the rider know the accelerator is active. My ride was during the morning and afternoon on a sunny day and the display and throttle indicator were both easy to see.
One issue I did have was the rear-brake pedal, which could have used a bit more traction. A few times my foot slipped off it ahead of corners. It's a small quibble, and after a few days on the bike, I'm sure I would have acclimated. Needless to say, it's always nicer to be brake-ready as soon as you get a bike.
While the bike was outstanding, it's important to remember it's electric and built in the US, which explains its high price. Alta says it can't yet compete on price with other MX bikes on the market, so it made sure that performance-wise the bike is on par with what you'd usually see ripping around tracks.
Even with a premium price tag, there are upsides of having an electric bike -- like never having to deal with oil changes and exhaust or fuel-system issues. But the trade-off is a bike that takes about two-and-half hours to recharge via 240 volt outlet. Alta rates ride time at about four hours in Map 1 mode and 20 minutes in Map 4.
Before you write off the Alta Redshift MX because it's a few grand more than a comparable bike from Honda, Kawasaki and KTM, find a local dealer and give it a ride. The bike is in 13 showrooms out West, but the company expects to be in 55 to 60 throughout the nation by the end of the year. Schedule a demo ride and whip it around the corners and over the whoop-dee-doos. You might be surprised how much you don't miss the clutch and, of course, the noise. I know I didn't.
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