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First French Empire
Empire of Napoleon I of France between 1804–1815
French Empire
Imperium Francicum
1804–1814, 1815
Imperial Coat of arms
Anthem: " Chant du départ " (de facto)
(English: "Song of the Departure")
The First French Empire at its greatest extent in 1812
Directly Administered
Client States
French (official)
Latin (formal)
Breton, Basque, Occitan, Picard, Polish, Franco-Provençal, Dutch, Serbo-Croatian, Catalan, German, Italian, Slovene, Spanish
Constitutionally absolute monarchy
• 1804–1814/1815
Napoleon I
Napoleon II Note 2
• Upper house
Sénat conservateur
• Lower house
Corps législatif
French Revolutionary Wars
• Constitution adopted
• Coronation of Napoleon I
• Treaty of Tilsit
• Invasion of Russia
• Treaty of Fontainebleau
• Hundred Days
20 March – 7 July 1815
2,100,000 km2 (810,000 sq mi)
French First Republic
Kingdom of Holland
Ligurian Republic
S. Principality of the United Netherlands
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
Moresnet
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Part of a series on the
History of France
Palaeolithic
Greek colonies 600 BC – 49 BC
Celtic Gaul until 50 BC
Roman Gaul 50 BC – 486 AD
Merovingians 481–751
Carolingians 751–987
Direct Capetians 987–1328
Valois 1328–1498
Valois-Orléans kings 1498–1515
Valois-Angoulême kings 1515–1589
Bourbon kings 1589–1792
Long 19th century
French Revolution 1789–1799
Kingdom of France 1791–1792
First Republic 1792–1804
First Empire 1804–1814
Restoration 1814–1830
July Monarchy 1830–1848
Second Republic 1848–1852
Second Empire 1852–1870
Third Republic 1870–1940
Free France
Vichy France
Provisional Republic 1944–1946
Fourth Republic 1946–1958
Fifth Republic 1958–present
Franceportal
The First French Empire, [2] officially the French Empire (French : Empire Français; Latin : Imperium Francicum), Note 1 was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Although France had already established an overseas colonial empire beginning in the 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the First Empire to distinguish it from the restorationist Second Empire (1852–1870) ruled by his nephew as Napoleon III.
Early victories
Height of the Empire
Intrigues and unrest
Nature of Bonaparte's rule
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (L'Empereur des Français, pronounced [lɑ̃.pʁœʁ de fʁɑ̃.sɛ] ) by the French Sénat (Senate) and was crowned on 2 December 1804, [3] signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. [4] French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807. [5] He was defeated during the 1815 battle of Waterloo.
A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, ruled over 70 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw, and counted Prussia and Austria as nominal allies. [6] Early French victories exported many ideological features of the French Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland. [7] France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the Empire.
Main articles: 18 Brumaire and French Consulate
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès—one of five Directors constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a coup d'état to overthrow the Constitution of the Year III. The plot included Bonaparte's brother Lucien, then serving as speaker of the Council of Five Hundred, Roger Ducos, another Director, and Talleyrand. On 9 November 1799 (18 Brumaire (VIII under the French Republican Calendar)) and the following day, troops led by Bonaparte seized control.[ clarification needed ] They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the Consulate, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the Constitution of the Year X, which made him First Consul for life.
The Battle of Marengo (14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's Moscow campaign. Napoleon planned only to keep the Duchy of Milan for France, setting aside Austria, and was thought[ by whom? ] to prepare a new campaign in the East. The Peace of Amiens, which cost him control of Egypt, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the Piedmont and by acquiring Genoa, Parma, Tuscany and Naples, and added this Italian territory to his Cisalpine Republic. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the Concordat of 1801 to control the material claims of the pope. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the Articles Organiques (1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like Charlemagne. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the Rhine and beyond, to Hanover, Hamburg and Cuxhaven. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy. [8]
On 12 May 1802, the French Tribunat voted unanimously, with the exception of Carnot, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. [9] [10] This action was confirmed by the Corps Législatif. A general plebiscite followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. [11] On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1806
Imperial standard of Napoleon I
Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden to France's side. William Pitt the Younger, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.
On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "Emperor of the French" by the Senate; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was solemnly crowned, after receiving the Iron Crown of the Lombard kings, and was consecrated by Pope Pius VII in Notre-Dame de Paris. Note 3
In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "Carolingian" feudal republican and federal empire into one modelled on the Roman Empire. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after Julius Caesar and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague plan for an invasion of Great Britain was never executed, the Battle of Ulm and the Battle of Austerlitz overshadowed the defeat of Trafalgar, and the camp at Boulogne put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of La Grande Armée .
In the War of the Third Coalition, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old Holy Roman Empire and created in southern Germany the vassal states of Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt and Saxony, which were reorganized into the Confederation of the Rhine. The Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the occupation of Ancona, and his annexation of Venetia and its former Adriatic territories marked a new stage in his Empire's progress.
The Battle of Austerlitz
To create satellite states, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The Bonapartes began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many nations. Joseph Bonaparte replaced the dispossessed Bourbons in Naples; Louis Bonaparte was installed on the throne of the Kingdom of Holland, formed from the Batavian Republic; Joachim Murat became Grand-Duke of Berg; Jérôme Bonaparte was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and King of Westphalia; and Eugène de Beauharnais was appointed Viceroy of Italy while Stéphanie de Beauharnais married the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of French Prince and formed the Imperial House of France.
Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the Habsburgs abdicated their title of Holy Roman Emperor in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of Hanover to stay out of the Third Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. This, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into Bavaria on 1 October 1806. In this War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon destroyed the armies of Frederick William at Jena-Auerstedt. Successive victories at Eylau and Friedland against the Russians finally ruined Frederick the Great's formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at Tilsit.
The Arc de Triomphe , ordered by Napoleon in honour of his Grande Armée , is one of the several landmarks whose construction was started in Paris during the First French Empire.
The Treaties of Tilsit ended the war between Russia and the French Empire and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against Ottoman Turkey, while Russia agreed to join the Continental System against the British Empire. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the Anglo-Russian War and to instigate the Finnish War against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
More specifically, the Tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812. The Ionian Islands and Cattaro, which had been captured by Russian admirals Ushakov and Senyavin, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the Duchy of Oldenburg and several other small states ruled by the Tsar's German relatives.
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory: Cottbus passed to Saxony, the left bank of the Elbe was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia, Białystok was given to Russia, and the rest of Polish lands in the Prussian possession were set up as the Duchy of Warsaw. Prussia was ordered to reduce their army to 40,000 and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
Napoleon reviewing the Imperial Guard before the Battle of Jena, 1806
Talleyrand had advised Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After the Treaties of Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of the northern powers, he added the league of the Baltic and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of Copenhagen by a Royal Navy fleet he responded by a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to the first struggles with the Pope, centered around Pius VII renewing the theocratic affirmations of Pope Gregory VII. The Emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the Marches, and by the entry of Miollis into Rome; while Junot invaded Portugal, Joachim Murat took control of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after Napoleon had his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.
Napoleon tried to succeed in the Iberian Peninsula as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Royal Family to Bayonne, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the Dos de Mayo riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local Juntas. The Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw Imperial Armies facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese Forces. Dupont capitulated at Bailén to General Castaños, and Junot at Sintra, Portugal to General Wellesley.
Aftermath of the Battle of Eylau, 1807
Spain used up the soldiers needed for Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that Austrians could emulate the Spaniards. On April 10, 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the Spanish one. After a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to Vienna for a second time. At Aspern-Essling, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Jean Lannes, an able Marshall and dear friend of the Emperor. The victory at Wagram, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The Treaty of Schönbrunn, 14 December 1809, annexed the Illyrian Provinces and recognized past French conquests.
The Pope was forcibly deported to Savona, and his domains were incorporated into the Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title of King of Rome, and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of Joséphine, and his marriage with Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, followed by the birth of the king of Rome, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty. This was the high point of the empire.
Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Spanish uprising. Men like Baron von Stein, August von Hardenberg and Johann von Scharnhorst had secretly started preparing Prussia's retaliation.
Napoleon demanded that Alexander I of Russia and Frederick William III of Prussia meet him at Tilsit in July 1807.
The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power. Caroline Bonaparte conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defense of the Scheldt, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on North Sea shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.
After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to Metternich and suffered dismissal. Joseph Fouché, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while Bourrienne was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Bernadotte, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Soult, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.
The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of conscription policies gradually turned many of Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the continental blockade by the discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His Six Days Campaign, which took place at the very end of the Sixth Coalition, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when the nations of Europe conspired against France. While the Emperor and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.
Main articles: French invasion of Russia, War of the Sixth Coalition, and Hundred Days
Napoleon and his staff during the War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812–14, by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in Germany when the Tsar of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put a stop to this, to ensure his own access to the Mediterranean and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon made an effort in 1812 against Russia. Despite his victorious advance, the taking of Smolensk, the victory on the Moskva, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all Europe was concentrating against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the action on the Berezina, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June–10 August 1813), from a dread of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite Lützen and Bautzen, and on those of 1802 after his defeat at Leipzig, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General Moreau also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied nations, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.
Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an allied army led by Wellington, the rising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion and the manifesto of Frankfort (1 December 1813) [12] which proclaimed it, he had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and then later was driven yet farther back upon those of 1792—despite the brilliant campaign of 1814 against the invaders. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the Delenda Carthago, pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The Empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at Fontainebleau on 11 April 1814.
After a brief exile at the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped, with a ship, a few men, and four cannons. The King sent Marshal Ney to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, they went to join Napoleon's side shouting "Vive l'Empereur!" Napoleon recaptured the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the Empire in what is known as the Hundred Days. However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. He surrendered himself to the Coalition and was exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, with Louis XVIII regaining the throne of France, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the Congress of Vienna.
Organigramme of the Consulate and later the Empire
The Napoleonic Code
Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of French people. These included dislike of the emigrant nobility who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the Ancien Régime , a dislike and suspicion of foreign countries that had tried to reverse the Revolution—and a wish by Jacobins to extend France's revolutionary ideals.
Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the Concordat of 1801 which confirmed the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time however was not a democrat, nor a republican. He was, he liked to think, an enlightened despot, the sort of man Voltaire might have found appealing. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality. Enlightened despotism meant political stability. He knew his Roman history well, as after 500 years of republicanism, Rome became an empire under Augustus Caesar.
Although a supporter of the radical Jacobins during the early days of the Revolution (more out of pragmatism than any real ideology), Napoleon became increasingly autocratic as his political career progressed and once in power embraced certain aspects of both liberalism and authoritarianism—for example, public education, a generally liberal restructuring of the French legal system, and the emancipation of the Jews—while rejecting electoral democracy and freedom of the press. [ citation needed ]
French départements in 1801 during the Consulate
French départements in 1812
Map of the "First French Empire in 1812, divided into 133 départements, with the kingdoms of Spain, Portugal, Italy and Naples and the Confederation of the Rhine, Illyria and Dalmatia"
Europe in 1812, with the French Empire at its peak before the Russian Campaign
France portal
War portal
List of Napoleonic battles
Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
Paris under Napoleon
^ Domestically styled as French Republic until 1808: compare the French franc minted in 1808 [13] and in 1809, [14] as well as Article 1 of the Constitution of the Year XII, [15] which reads in English The Government of the' Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.
^ According to his father's will only. Between 23 June and 7 July France was held by a Commission of Government of five members, which never summoned Napoleon II as emperor in any official act, and no regent was ever appointed while waiting the return of the king. [16]
^ Claims that Napoleon seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony—to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff—are apocryphal; the coronation procedure had been agreed upon in advance. See also: Napoleon Tiara.
The 1810s decade ran from January 1, 1810, to December 31, 1819.
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. The leaders were conservatives with little use for republicanism or revolution, both of which threatened to upset the status quo in Europe. France lost all its recent conquests while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains. Prussia added smaller German states in the west, Swedish Pomerania and 60% of the Kingdom of Saxony; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy. Russia gained parts of Poland. The new Kingdom of the Netherlands had been created just months before, and included formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806–07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813), and the Seventh (1815).
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, 1st Prince of Benevento, then 1st Duke of Talleyrand, was a French politician and diplomat. After theology studies, he became in 1780 Agent-General of the Clergy and represented the Catholic Church to the French Crown. He worked at the highest levels of successive French governments, most commonly as foreign minister or in some other diplomatic capacity. His career spanned the regimes of Louis XVI, the years of the French Revolution, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, and Louis-Philippe. Those he served often distrusted Talleyrand but, like Napoleon, found him extremely useful. The name "Talleyrand" has become a byword for crafty, cynical diplomacy.
Napoléon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. He is considered one of the greatest commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has endured as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.
The Hundred Days War, also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the period between Napoleon's return from exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815. This period saw the War of the Seventh Coalition, and includes the Waterloo Campaign, the Neapolitan War as well as several other minor campaigns. The phrase les Cent Jours was first used by the prefect of Paris, Gaspard, comte de Chabrol, in his speech welcoming the king back to Paris on 8 July.
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia and several other monarchies. They are divided in two periods: the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802). Initially confined to Europe, the fighting gradually assumed a global dimension. After a decade of constant warfare and aggressive diplomacy, France had conquered a wide array of territories, from the Italian Peninsula and the Low Countries in Europe to the Louisiana Territory in North America. French success in these conflicts ensured the spread of revolutionary principles over much of Europe.
The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état, overthrowing the Directory, establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the Convention. In 1804 Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.
In the War of the Sixth Coalition, sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812, the continental powers joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.
The War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, various German monarchies and Sweden, though Prussia did not join this coalition and Spain supported France.
The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. The second was signed with Prussia on 9 July. The treaties were made at the expense of the Prussian king, who had already agreed to a truce on 25 June after the Grande Armée had captured Berlin and pursued him to the easternmost frontier of his realm. In Tilsit, he ceded about half of his pre-war territories.
The Fourth Coalition fought against Napoleon's French Empire and were defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. The main coalition partners were Prussia and Russia with Saxony, Sweden, and Great Britain also contributing. Excluding Prussia, some members of the coalition had previously been fighting France as part of the Third Coalition, and there was no intervening period of general peace. On 9 October 1806, Prussia joined a renewed coalition, fearing the rise in French power after the defeat of Austria and establishment of the French-sponsored Confederation of the Rhine. Prussia and Russia mobilized for a fresh campaign with Prussian massing troops in Saxony.
The War of the Fifth Coalition was fought in 1809 by a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and its allied Allied German states, including Bavaria. Prussia and Russia did not participate. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of Central Europe from April to July, with very high casualty rates for both sides. Britain, already involved on the European continent in the ongoing Peninsular War, took advantage of the Austrian intervention to launch the Walcheren Campaign, although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict.
The Congress of Erfurt was the meeting between Napoleon, Emperor of the French, and Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia, from Tuesday 27 September to Friday 14 October 1808 intended to reaffirm the alliance concluded the previous year with the Treaties of Tilsit which followed the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition.
The Battle of Paris was fought on March 30–31, 1814 between the Sixth Coalition, consisting of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, against the French Empire. After a day of fighting in the suburbs of Paris, the French surrendered on March 31, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition and forcing Emperor Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
The Treaty of Chaumont was a series of separately signed but identically worded agreements between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom dated 1 March 1814, although the actual signings took place on 9 or 19 March. The treaty was intended to draw the powers of the Sixth Coalition into a closer alliance in the event that France rejected the peace terms they had recently offered. Each agreed to put 150,000 soldiers in the field against France and to guarantee the European peace against French aggression for twenty years.
Alexander I was the Emperor of Russia (Tsar) between 1801 and 1825. He was the eldest son of Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. Alexander was the first king of Congress Poland, reigning from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland, reigning from 1809 to 1825.
In Northern European historiography, the term French period refers to the period between 1794 and 1815 during which most of Northern Europe was controlled by Republican or Napoleonic France. The exact duration of the period varies by the location concerned.
The Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur is a legislative decision taken by the Sénat conservateur on 2 April 1814, recognising the downfall of Napoléon I of France.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 475–504. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793 . Retrieved 16 September 2016.
↑ texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804). "Bulletin des lois de la République française". Gallica.
↑ Thierry, Lentz. "The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur". napoleon.org. Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
↑ "Battle of Austerlitz". Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
↑ Hickman, Kennedy. "Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Friedland". militaryhistory.about.com. about.com. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
↑ Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. p. 232
↑ Martyn Lyons pp. 234–36
↑ Haine, Scott (2000). The History of France (1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-30328-9.
↑ Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 211. ISBN 978-1851096466. Elected to the Tribunate in 1802, he [Carnot] showed himself increasingly alienated by Napoleon's personal ambition and voted against both the Consul for Life and the proclamation of the Empire. Unlike many former Revolutionaries, Carnot had little (...)
↑ Chandler, David G. (2000). Napoleon. Pen and Sword. p. 57. ISBN 978-1473816565.
↑ Bulletin des Lois
↑ The Frankfort Declaration, 1 December 1813: http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_frankfort.html
↑ http://www.lesfrancs.com/francais/1f1808rh.jpg
↑ "Constitution de l'An XII - Empire - 28 floréal An XII". Conseil constitutionnel.
↑ texte, France Auteur du (23 April 1815). "Bulletin des lois de la République française". Gallica.
Bruun, Geoffrey. Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814 (1938) online.
Bryant, Arthur. Years of Endurance 1793–1802 (1942); and Years of Victory, 1802–1812 (1944) well-written surveys of the British story
Colton, Joel and Palmer, R.R. A History of the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. ISBN 0-07-040826-2
Esdaile, Charles. Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815 (2008); 645pp excerpt and text search a standard scholarly history
Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory. The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2004. ISBN 1-84176-831-6
Godechot, Jacques; et al. (1971). The Napoleonic era in Europe. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Grab, Alexander. Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (Macmillan, 2003), country by country analysis
Hazen, Charles Downer. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1917) online free
Lefebvre, Georges (1969). Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807 . Columbia University Press. influential wide-ranging history
Lefebvre, Georges (1969). Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815. Columbia University Press.
Lyons, Martyn. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. (St. Martin's Press, 1994)
Muir, Rory. Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon: 1807–1815 (1996)
Lieven, Dominic (2009). Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. p. 617. Literary Review - Charles Esdaile on Russia Against Napoleon by Dominic Lieven
Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848. Oxford U.P. pp. 177–560. ISBN 9780198206545. advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era
Pope, Stephen (1999). The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Cassel. ISBN 978-0-304-35229-6.
Rapport, Mike. The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford UP, 2013)
Ross, Steven T. European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe (1969)
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon". Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 18 (4): 771–793. doi:10.2307/204824. JSTOR 204824.
Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) 920pp; online; advanced analysis of diplomacy
Dwyer, Philip. Napoleon: The Path to Power (2008) excerpt vol 1; Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) excerpt and text search v 2; most recent scholarly biography
Englund, Steven (2010). Napoleon: A Political Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0674018037.
McLynn, Frank. Napoleon: A Biography. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc., 1997. ISBN 1-55970-631-7
Johnson, Paul (2002). Napoleon: A life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03078-1. ; 200pp; quite hostile
Markham, Felix (1963). Napoleon. Mentor. ; 303pp; short biography by an Oxford scholar
McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6247-5. ASIN 0712662472. ; well-written popular history
Mowat, R.B. (1924) The Diplomacy of Napoleon (1924) 350pp online
Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon: A Life (2014)
Thompson, J.M. (1951). Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall. Oxford U.P. , 412pp; by an Oxford scholar
Bell, David A. The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It (2008) excerpt and text search
Broers, Michael, et al. eds. The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture (2012) excerpt and text search
Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-02-523660-1
Elting, John R. Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée. New York: Da Capo Press Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-306-80757-2
Gates, David. The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 (NY: Random House, 2011)
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. Napoleon's Military Machine (1995) excerpt and text search
Uffindell, Andrew. Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars. Kent: Spellmount, 2003. ISBN 1-86227-177-1
Rothenberg, E. Gunther. The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (1977)
Smith, Digby George. The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery (1998)
Anderson, F.M. (1904). The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901. The H. W. Wilson company 1904. , complete text online
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Coordinates: 48°49′N2°29′E / 48.817°N 2.483°E / 48.817; 2.483


text:
Genio Rurale è stata una rivista edita a Bologna dalla casa editrice Edagricole che faceva capo al preside della facoltà di agraria Luigi Perdisa.

Ha operato con tale testata negli anni 1951-1998, ma si considera la continuazione della Rivista di Estimo agrario e genio rurale, fondata nel 1937. Il primo numero era uscito il settembre del 1936 con la denominazione Tecnici agricoli dell'Emilia: Nel 1938 si trasforma in I tecnici agricoli professionisti

Dal 1976 porta come sottotitolo: Rivista professionale dell'agricoltura e dell'assetto territoriale.

A sua volta Genio rurale continua ora con la testata Estimo e territorio, sempre edita da Edagricole, ma che fa capo ora al gruppo editoriale Il sole 24 ore.

Genio rurale fu diretta da Antonio Saltini dal 1979 al 1988.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma: «Rivista di estimo agrario e genio rurale» (raccolta digitalizzata, annate dal 1939 al 1943 e 1946)
Rivista I tempi della terra

Mensili italiani del passato
Periodici fondati nel 1948
Cultura a Bologna

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text:
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Ad Networks, Ad Exchanges and Demand-Side Platforms - Which are Programmatic?
With so many choices for how to purchase media, it's important to take the time and understand all of the options available — so at the end of the day you are choosing the best possible way to reach your customers on the path they take to find you, research your inventory, compare you to other options and choose (or don't choose) you. Even though programmatic has become the dominant way for digital advertisers to purchase media — according to eMarketer 67% of display advertising, 69% of mobile advertising and 56% of digital video advertising was programmatic in 2016 — it's always valuable to understand what other methods are available to you.
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· Programmatic has more data available than any other medium, and this can be used to evaluate each impression individually to determine what it is worth.
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This September I've teamed up with the Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center for Project Push-Up. The program is designed to raise awareness for prostate and colorectal cancers as well as help fight the deadly disease. The Ambrosia Bakery in Baton Rouge is also doing their part with the "Push-Up Cake Pop." These delicious treats, made in house at Ambrosia's bakery, can be purchased in store or online and sent anywhere in the country. They come with either white or chocolate cake and blue icing for the awareness campaign. $1 for each cake pop sold will go directly to Mary Bird Perkins and their efforts. Please help with this truly worthy cause. Swing by The Ambrosia Bakery on Siegen Lane or visit www.ambrosiabakery.com to place an online order!


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text:
Земля́ Са́нникова (Санникова земля) — «остров-призрак», расположенный севернее Новосибирских островов в Северном Ледовитом океане, который якобы видели некоторые исследователи в XIX веке, в том числе Яков Санников.

Свидетельства и поиски

Гипотеза Якова Санникова
Впервые о Земле Санникова как об отдельном массиве суши сообщил в 1810 году добывавший песцов и мамонтовую кость на северных берегах Новосибирских островов купец-зверопромышленник Яков Санников, опытный полярный путешественник, ранее открывший острова Столбовой (1800) и Фаддеевский (1805). Он высказал мнение о существовании «обширной земли» к северу от острова Котельного. По словам охотника, над морем поднимались «высокие каменные горы».

Другим свидетельством в пользу существования обширных земель на севере стали многочисленные наблюдения за перелётными птицами — полярными гусями и прочими, весной улетающими дальше на север, а осенью возвращающимися с потомством. Так как птицы не могли обитать в ледяной пустыне, то высказывались предположения, что расположенная на севере Земля Санникова относительно тепла и плодородна, и птицы летят именно туда. Однако возникал очевидный вопрос: как севернее пустынного побережья Евразии могут располагаться плодородные земли?

Подтверждение или опровержение существования Земли Санникова было сопряжено со значительными трудностями. Новосибирские острова находятся возле самой границы постоянной северной ледяной шапки: даже в тёплые годы океан в окрестностях островов доступен для навигации два-три месяца в году, поздним летом и ранней осенью; в холодные годы острова могут оставаться скованными льдами всё лето. Гипотетическая новая земля на расстоянии нескольких сотен километров от Новосибирских островов могла быть скована льдами непрерывно на протяжении десятилетий. Полярная ночь, продолжающаяся в этих широтах около четырёх месяцев, исключала всякие возможности исследований с ноября по март.

Большая часть экспедиций, исследовавших регион в XIX веке, совершалась на собачьих упряжках в весенние месяцы; попытки добраться до Земли Санникова на собачьих упряжках (в том числе Санниковым в 1810—1811 и Анжу в 1824 году) зачастую прерывались торосами и полыньями.

Экспедиция Эдуарда Толля

Именно на поиски Земли Санникова были нацелены арктические экспедиции барона Э. В. Толля, убеждённого в существовании Арктиды — северного полярного континента, побережье которого, по его мнению, и наблюдал Яков Санников. 13 августа 1886 года Толль записал в своём дневнике:

Горизонт совершенно ясный. В направлении на северо-восток ясно увидели контуры четырёх столовых гор, которые на востоке соединились с низменной землёй. Таким образом, сообщение Санникова подтвердилось полностью. Мы вправе, следовательно, нанести в соответствующем месте на карту пунктирную линию и написать на ней: «Земля Санникова»…
Толль нанес гипотетический остров на карту с координатами .Впрочем, по другим данным, координаты острова, определенные Толлем, составили .

В 1893 году Толль вновь наблюдал на горизонте полоску гор, которые он отождествил с Землёй Санникова.

В том же году Фритьоф Нансен прошёл на своем судне «Фрам» мимо Новосибирских островов и достиг 79 градуса северной широты, но не нашёл никаких следов Земли Санникова. В своём двухтомном описании похода на «Фраме» Нансен записал:
[20 сентября 1893 г.] Мы находились значительно севернее того места, где, по мнению Толля, должен был лежать южный берег Земли Санникова, но примерно на той же долготе. По всей вероятности, эта земля — лишь небольшой остров, и во всяком случае она не может заходить далеко к северу.
В сентябре 1902 года в ходе Русской полярной экспедиции на шхуне «Заря», одной из целей которой был поиск Земли Санникова, группа Эдуарда Толля пропала без вести.

Советские исследования
В СССР интерес к поискам неизвестной земли возродил известный учёный-геолог и палеонтолог, академик В. А. Обручев в научно-фантастическом романе «Земля Санникова» (1926).

В 1937 году советский ледокол «Садко» во время своего дрейфа прошёл возле предполагаемого острова и с юга, и с востока, и с севера, — но ничего, кроме океанских льдов, не обнаружил.

По просьбе В. А. Обручева в тот же район были посланы самолёты арктической авиации. Однако, несмотря на все усилия, и эти поиски дали отрицательный результат: было установлено, что Земли Санникова не существует.

Разгадка
По мнению ряда исследователей, Земля Санникова, как и многие арктические острова, в том числе и большая часть Новосибирских, была сложена не из скал, а из ископаемого льда (вечной мерзлоты), поверх которого был нанесён слой грунта. Со временем лёд растаял, и Земля Санникова исчезла подобно некоторым другим островам, сложенным ископаемым льдом — Меркурию, Диомида, Васильевскому и Семёновскому. Исследователями была обнаружена только подводная банка, которую назвали банкой Санникова.

Позже была раскрыта и тайна перелётных птиц, которые весной улетают дальше на север, а осенью возвращающимися с потомством. Орнитологи установили, что пути сезонной миграции полярных гусей и других перелетных птиц до берегов Северной Америки и островов Канадского архипелага из Сибири проходят над приполярными районами Арктики.

Земля Санникова в искусстве
 1926 — «Земля Санникова» — научно-фантастический роман В. А. Обручева.
 1973 — «Земля Санникова» — художественный фильм режиссёров А. С. Мкртчяна и Л. С. Попова по мотивам книги В. А. Обручева.
 1952 — «Архипелаг исчезающих островов» — приключенческая повесть Л. Д. Платова.

Примечания

Литература
В хронологической последовательности:
 Толль Э. В. Проект экспедиции на Землю Санникова // Известия Императорского Русского географического общества. 1898. Т. 34. Вып. 3. Приложение. С. 382—386.
 Толль Э. В. Очерк геологии Ново-Сибирских островов и важнейшие задачи исследования полярных стран. — СПб.: Тип. Имп. АН, 1899. — 24 с.
 Пименова Э. К. Завоевание полюсов. — Л.: Брокгауз-Ефрон, 1930. — 240 с.
 Дьяконов М. А. История экспедиций в полярные страны. — Архангельск: Архангельское обл. изд-во, 1938. — 487 с.
 Толль Э. В. Плавание на яхте «Заря» / Перевод с немецкого З. И. Виттенбург. — М.: Географгиз, 1959. — 340 с.
 Виттенбург П. В. Жизнь и научная деятельность Э. В. Толля. — М.—Л.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1960. — 248 с.
 Пасецкий В. М. Поиски неведомых земель. Земля Санникова. — М.: Географгиз, 1960. — 56 с.: — (Замечательные географы и путешественники).
 Пасецкий В. М.. Арктические путешествия россиян. — М.: Мысль, 1974. — 230 с.
 Пасецкий В. М. Русские открытия в Арктике. — Часть 1. — СПб.: Адмиралтейство, 2000. — 606 с. — (Золотое наследие России).
 Непомнящий Н. Н., Низовский А. Ю. Загадки пропавших экспедиций. — М.: Вече, 2003. — 384 с. — (Великие тайны). — ISBN 5-7838-1308-7.

 Кузнецов Н. В. В поисках Земли Санникова. Полярные экспедиции Толля и Колчака. — М.: Paulsen 2014. — 40 с. — (Библиотека полярных исследований). — ISBN 978-5-98797-081-2.

Ссылки

 «В поисках земли Санникова», описание фильмa телепроекта «Искатели», 2007 год
 «В поисках земли Санникова», фильм телепроекта «Искатели», 2007 год
 Василий Щепетнев «Компьютерра» № 18 от 18 мая 2006 г.

Арктическая часть России
Острова Северного Ледовитого океана
История Сибири
Острова-призраки
Гипотетические земли
Гидрологические гипотезы


Big Hunks are available at Candy Mountain Fudge.
Big Hunk is a candy bar made by Annabelle Candy Company. It is a bar of roasted peanuts covered in honey sweetened nougat. It was featured in Steve Almond's book, Candyfreak, as being one of the only successful candies made by a small company. Big Hunk was acquired by Annabelle Candy Company when the company purchased Golden Nugget Candy Company in 1970.


text:
SBS Mega Blockbuster Drama "VAGABOND" Finally Confirms Airing Date
It's finally coming.
SBS's new mega blockbuster drama VAGABOND has finally confirmed its premiere date, September 20, on both SBS and Netflix.
The premiere of the drama was intended to be in April, but due to prolonged discussions with Netflix, the release was delayed. The drama finished its filming in May 2019, unintentionally making the drama a fully pre-produced one.
VAGABOND tells the story of a man involved in the crash of a civilian aircraft, that devolves into a huge state of corruption that is discovered while trying to find out the truth to the crash.
Lee Seung Gi will play the role of Cha Geon, a stuntman who aspires to become an action film actor and dominate the action film industry in the future. He is full of confidence and doesn't show much respect to others.
Suzy will play the role of Go Hae Ri, an NIS agent whose father died during an operation with the Marines. Although she appears to be patriotic, she actually chose to join the NIS to help support her mother and younger brother.
VAGABOND is a spy and action thriller with many twists, but also incorporate melodrama and comedy aspects into the drama.
VAGABOND will be directed by Yoo In Shik PD, whose resume includes Giant, History of a Salaryman, Incarnation of Money, You're All Surrounded, Mrs. Cop, and Dr. Romantic. It will be written by Jang Young Chul and Jung Kyung Soon, who worked on Giant, History of a Salaryman, and Incarnation of Money with Yoo In Shik.
Source: Ilgan Sports
The Top 30 Most Searched K-Pop Idols On Google In 2021
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See more Suzy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Vince D'Arcy was admitted as a solicitor in 1999 and began practising in 2000 as an employee of White & Downey Solicitors. In 2003, in conjunction with Des, Vince took over the firm and has been here ever since.
Prior to becoming a solicitor, Vince worked as a legal clerk/manager at several Local Courts for nearly 15 years, during which time he held various positions including Registrar and Chamber Magistrate positions. As such, Vince has very extensive knowledge from inside and outside the Local Court system, particularly in the criminal jurisdiction.
When Vince first came to work as a solicitor for White & Downey Solicitors, he took on matters in many areas of law including family law. Since taking over the firm Vince has gradually been able to narrow his focus to specific areas of law, in particular focusing on Local Court criminal matters.
Both Local Court and District Court matters but specialising in Local Court matters which, combined, is about 1/3 of his workload.
In Local, District and Supreme Courts as well as NCAT (formerly Consumer, Trade & Tenancy Tribunal) with an emphasis on construction law. These areas combined take up about 1/3 of his workload.
With the assistance of his paralegal Kerry Holmes Vince has completed hundreds upon hundreds of conveyancing and probate files. He also does off the plan conveyancing which many solicitors now refuse to do. This work takes up the balance of his time and of all Kerry's workload.


The boss of rail operator c2c has apologised after commuters suffered disruption for two consecutive rush hours.
Passengers faced delays and cancellations on the route yesterday evening and again this morning.
In a statement, c2c managing director Julian Drury and Network Rail's Anglia managing director Meliha Duymaz attributed the disruption to "severe damage to the overhead wires".
It went on: "Yesterday evening only two out of four platforms at Fenchurch Street were available, which meant we could only run a reduced train service during the evening peak.
"Engineers worked tirelessly to fix the damage through the night, but this morning no services could run between Barking and Fenchurch Street until repairs were completed at 07.30 and knock-on delays continued throughout the morning peak.
"There was also further disruption yesterday afternoon following a separate problem with the overhead wires near Grays.


Let me start by saying, WE LOVE AUSTIN. We seriously love Austin. We stayed for 2 nights and it was fabulous!
We rolled in Friday night and met up with my good friend. He took us out to a couple of super mod bars. First, we went to the East Side Showroom. This bar was so rad. The music was some kind of polka fusion and the drinks were a work of art. It took us about fifteen minutes to get the drinks but let me tell you, WORTH IT. Claudio had an 'Old Fashioned', which is not only a classic… but he looked so suave drinking it. I had 'The Gilmore' it was a delicious twist of vodka, pear, pineapple, lime and elderflower. Have you ever heard of Elderflower? If not, you must try it. Last New Year I was out shopping with my girlfriend Ashley, from Letter a photo, and we picked up a bottle to try it. Our life was changed on that day!
The next bar we went to was called 'Easy Tiger'. It is a specialty beer and wine bar with the most excellent patio you have every seen! I had the Domaine Lafond Tavel Rose, it's a very dry wine with fabulous strawberry and cinnamon undertones. Claudio had one of their specialty beers, Ommegang Hennepin. It has a very citrusy taste, like a blue moon. We were certainly satisfied!
East Side treated us very well.


Police are investigating a bank robbery Tuesday afternoon in the northern Maine town of Patten.
State Police received a 911 call shortly after 2:30 p.m. reporting the East Mill Federal Credit Union on Church Street had been robbed. The caller stated that a man had entered the bank, demanded money and fled on foot.
State Troopers, Game Wardens, and Aroostook and Penobscot County Sheriff's Deputies converged on the area and began a search for the suspect. A State Police K-9 team was also brought in.
Police remained in the area throughout most of the evening continuing to interview witnesses and follow up on leads. Although state police do not believe that there is any immediate threat to the public, they urge Patten residents to remain vigilant and keep their homes and vehicles locked.
Anyone who may have noticed suspicious individuals or activity in the area Tuesday is urged to call the Maine State Police, Troop F in Houlton at 532-5400 or Aroostook County Crimestoppers at 1-800-638-8477. Trooper Tim Saucier is the lead investigator in the case.


text:
To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI
Ru H. Dai, Hsueh Chih Chen, Yu C. Chan, Ching Lin Wu, Ping Li, Shu L. Cho, Jon Fan Hu
It is well accepted that the humor comprehension processing involves incongruity detection and resolution and then induces a feeling of amusement. However, this three-stage model of humor processing does not apply to absurd humor (so-called nonsense humor). Absurd humor contains an unresolvable incongruity but can still induce a feeling of mirth. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the neural mechanisms of absurd humor. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the neural substrates associated with the complete resolution of incongruity resolution humor and partial resolution of absurd humor. Based on the fMRI data, we propose a dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor. According to this model, the detection and resolution for the incongruity of incongruity resolution humor activate brain regions involved in the temporo-parietal lobe (TPJ) implicated in the integration of multiple information and precuneus, likely to be involved in the ability of perspective taking. The appreciation of incongruity resolution humor activates regions the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), implicated in autobiographic or event memory retrieval, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), implying the funny feeling. By contrast, the partial resolution of absurd humor elicits greater activation in the fusiform gyrus which have been implicated in word processing, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the process of incongruity resolution and superior temporal gyrus (STG) for the pragmatic awareness.
Frontiers in Psychology
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00498
Published - 2017 Apr 24
Absurd humor
Dual-path model
Incongruity resolution humor
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Wit and Humor Medicine & Life Sciences
Emotions Medicine & Life Sciences
Parietal Lobe Medicine & Life Sciences
Temporal Lobe Medicine & Life Sciences
Word Processing Medicine & Life Sciences
Parahippocampal Gyrus Medicine & Life Sciences
Gyrus Cinguli Medicine & Life Sciences
Dai, R. H., Chen, H. C., Chan, Y. C., Wu, C. L., Li, P., Cho, S. L., & Hu, J. F. (2017). To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(APR), [498]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00498
To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question : The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI. / Dai, Ru H.; Chen, Hsueh Chih; Chan, Yu C.; Wu, Ching Lin; Li, Ping; Cho, Shu L.; Hu, Jon Fan.
In: Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 8, No. APR, 498, 24.04.2017.
Dai, RH, Chen, HC, Chan, YC, Wu, CL, Li, P, Cho, SL & Hu, JF 2017, 'To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI', Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, no. APR, 498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00498
Dai RH, Chen HC, Chan YC, Wu CL, Li P, Cho SL et al. To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017 Apr 24;8(APR). 498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00498
Dai, Ru H. ; Chen, Hsueh Chih ; Chan, Yu C. ; Wu, Ching Lin ; Li, Ping ; Cho, Shu L. ; Hu, Jon Fan. / To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question : The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI. In: Frontiers in Psychology. 2017 ; Vol. 8, No. APR.
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title = "To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question: The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI",
abstract = "It is well accepted that the humor comprehension processing involves incongruity detection and resolution and then induces a feeling of amusement. However, this three-stage model of humor processing does not apply to absurd humor (so-called nonsense humor). Absurd humor contains an unresolvable incongruity but can still induce a feeling of mirth. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the neural mechanisms of absurd humor. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the neural substrates associated with the complete resolution of incongruity resolution humor and partial resolution of absurd humor. Based on the fMRI data, we propose a dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor. According to this model, the detection and resolution for the incongruity of incongruity resolution humor activate brain regions involved in the temporo-parietal lobe (TPJ) implicated in the integration of multiple information and precuneus, likely to be involved in the ability of perspective taking. The appreciation of incongruity resolution humor activates regions the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), implicated in autobiographic or event memory retrieval, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), implying the funny feeling. By contrast, the partial resolution of absurd humor elicits greater activation in the fusiform gyrus which have been implicated in word processing, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the process of incongruity resolution and superior temporal gyrus (STG) for the pragmatic awareness.",
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author = "Dai, {Ru H.} and Chen, {Hsueh Chih} and Chan, {Yu C.} and Wu, {Ching Lin} and Ping Li and Cho, {Shu L.} and Hu, {Jon Fan}",
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doi = "10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00498",
journal = "Frontiers in Psychology",
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number = "APR",
T1 - To resolve or not to resolve, that is the question
T2 - The dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor by fMRI
AU - Dai, Ru H.
AU - Chen, Hsueh Chih
AU - Chan, Yu C.
AU - Wu, Ching Lin
AU - Li, Ping
AU - Cho, Shu L.
AU - Hu, Jon Fan
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Dai, Chen, Chan, Wu, Li, Cho and Hu. Copyright: Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
N2 - It is well accepted that the humor comprehension processing involves incongruity detection and resolution and then induces a feeling of amusement. However, this three-stage model of humor processing does not apply to absurd humor (so-called nonsense humor). Absurd humor contains an unresolvable incongruity but can still induce a feeling of mirth. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the neural mechanisms of absurd humor. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the neural substrates associated with the complete resolution of incongruity resolution humor and partial resolution of absurd humor. Based on the fMRI data, we propose a dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor. According to this model, the detection and resolution for the incongruity of incongruity resolution humor activate brain regions involved in the temporo-parietal lobe (TPJ) implicated in the integration of multiple information and precuneus, likely to be involved in the ability of perspective taking. The appreciation of incongruity resolution humor activates regions the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), implicated in autobiographic or event memory retrieval, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), implying the funny feeling. By contrast, the partial resolution of absurd humor elicits greater activation in the fusiform gyrus which have been implicated in word processing, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the process of incongruity resolution and superior temporal gyrus (STG) for the pragmatic awareness.
AB - It is well accepted that the humor comprehension processing involves incongruity detection and resolution and then induces a feeling of amusement. However, this three-stage model of humor processing does not apply to absurd humor (so-called nonsense humor). Absurd humor contains an unresolvable incongruity but can still induce a feeling of mirth. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify the neural mechanisms of absurd humor. Specifically, we aimed to investigate the neural substrates associated with the complete resolution of incongruity resolution humor and partial resolution of absurd humor. Based on the fMRI data, we propose a dual-path model of incongruity resolution and absurd verbal humor. According to this model, the detection and resolution for the incongruity of incongruity resolution humor activate brain regions involved in the temporo-parietal lobe (TPJ) implicated in the integration of multiple information and precuneus, likely to be involved in the ability of perspective taking. The appreciation of incongruity resolution humor activates regions the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), implicated in autobiographic or event memory retrieval, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), implying the funny feeling. By contrast, the partial resolution of absurd humor elicits greater activation in the fusiform gyrus which have been implicated in word processing, inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for the process of incongruity resolution and superior temporal gyrus (STG) for the pragmatic awareness.
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KW - Incongruity resolution humor
KW - Perspective taking
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DR. LOUPE is an iris recognition device that helps medical technicians respond to medical emergencies quickly and make the right diagnosis. It identifies the patient's identity and suggests appropriate first-aid based on vital data from the patient's medical history. Emergency medical technicians often have to go through different tools and procedures just to get the biometric information of the patient. Pressed for time, it is easy to make mistakes. DR. LOUPE unifies and synchronises various procedures and information for the technicians. At every step in the first-aid process, the exact status can be verified through DR. LOUPE, which is already synchronised with the emergency procedure. This allows medical staffs to focus on assessing and responding to the patient's condition. An effort has also been put into designing the functions of DR. LOUPE. The lower part of the handle has a respiratory rate sensor and the upper part of the device has a display monitor. Other functions of the device include a camera, LED lights, iris recognition infrared ray sensor and a charging port. The charging cradle also fans out into a screen that beam-projects the patient's medical history and current diagnosis data. The cradle would be normally attached to the wall of an ambulance.


text:
Colora, MD (View All Cities)
39.67, -76.10
ZIP (~3 mile radius)
Colora, MD
ZIP code 21917 is located in northeast Maryland and covers a slightly less than average land area compared to other ZIP codes in the United States. It also has a slightly less than average population density.
The people living in ZIP code 21917 are primarily white. The number of middle aged adults is extremely large while the number of people in their late 20s to early 40s is large. There are also a large number of families and a small number of single adults. The percentage of children under 18 living in the 21917 ZIP code is slightly higher than average compared to other areas of the country.
322 people per sq mi
Male 68 93 113 110 78 40 50 90 107 128 128 88 79 69 40 23 12 12
Female 50 85 78 76 53 55 60 90 107 130 103 74 77 51 28 33 22 20
Total 118 178 191 186 131 95 110 180 214 258 231 162 156 120 68 56 34 32
Owner 7 48 163 231 148 96 47 17
15-24 7 8 15
Male 19 10 13 17 14 25 20 16 18 26 22 27 19 19 24 24 20 24 18 19
Female 9 11 5 11 20 16 12 13 24 14 16 13 19 16 20 17 18 12 9 14
ZIP code 21917 has a small percentage of vacancies.
The majority of household are owned or have a mortgage. Homes in ZIP code 21917 were primarily built in the 2000s or the 1980s. Looking at 21917 real estate data, the median home value of $253,100 is high compared to the rest of the country. It is also slightly higher than average compared to nearby ZIP codes. So you are less likely to find inexpensive homes in 21917. Rentals in 21917 are most commonly 3+ bedrooms. The rent for 3+ bedrooms is normally $1,000+/month including utilities. Prices for rental property include ZIP code 21917 apartments, townhouses, and homes that are primary residences.
9 21%
The median household income of $85,234 is compared to the rest of the country. It is also compared to nearby ZIP codes. So 21917 is likely to be one of the nicer parts of town with a more affluent demographic.
As with most parts of the country, vehicles are the most common form of transportation to places of employment. In most parts of the country, the majority of commuters get to work in under half an hour. However, that is not the case in 21917. It has a much lower than average number of people that make it to work in under half an hour. It is much more common for employees to have to travel over 45 minutes to their place of employment than most parts of country which could indicate bad traffic or that people typically live far from where they work.
The area has some of the highest percentages of people who attended college of any ZIP.
333 59.3%
62 11.0%
Schools in ZIP Code 21917
ZIP Code 21917 is in the Private. There are 1 different elementary schools and high schools with mailing addresses in ZIP code 21917.
Download a List of High Schools
Download a List of Elementary Schools
West Nottingham Academy
1079 Firetower Rd
Colora, MD 21917
Grade Level: High/Secondary
District: Private
Port Deposit, MD
Rising Sun, MD
Conowingo, MD