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Fusion and sex in protocells & the start of evolution
December 18, 2016 by Artem Kaznatcheev 11 Comments
In 1864, five years after reading Darwin's On the Origin of Species, Pyotr Kropotkin — the anarchist prince of mutual aid — was leading a geographic survey expedition aboard a dog-sleigh — a distinctly Siberian variant of the HMS Beagle. In the harsh Manchurian climate, Kropotkin did not see competition 'red in tooth and claw', but a flourishing of cooperation as animals banded together to survive their environment. From this, he built a theory of mutual aid as a driving factor of evolution. Among his countless observations, he noted that no matter how selfish an animal was, it still had to come together with others of its species, at least to reproduce. In this, he saw both sex and cooperation as primary evolutionary forces.
Now, Martin A. Nowak has taken up the challenge of putting cooperation as a central driver of evolution. With his colleagues, he has tracked the problem from myriad angles, and it is not surprising that recently he has turned to sex. In a paper released at the start of this month, Sam Sinai, Jason Olejarz, Iulia A. Neagu, & Nowak (2016) argue that sex is primary. We need sex just to kick start the evolution of a primordial cell.
In this post, I want to sketch Sinai et al.'s (2016) main argument, discuss prior work on the primacy of sex, a similar model by Wilf & Ewens, the puzzle over emergence of higher levels of organization, and the difference between the protocell fusion studied by Sinai et al. (2016) and sex as it is normally understood. My goal is to introduce this fascinating new field that Sinai et al. (2016) are opening to you, dear reader; to provide them with some feedback on their preprint; and, to sketch some preliminary ideas for future extensions of their work.
Prior work on the primacy of sex to evolution
Most biologists view, at least implicitly, asexual reproduction (asex) as simpler and more foundational than sexual reproduction (sex). They take asex as the obvious default state and thus leave sex as the thing to be explained. That is how the problem of sex arises (Barton & Charlesworth, 1998).[1] On the one hand, it is clear that sex is helpful because it can combine and thus share information between already adapted lineages, thus speeding up evolution. On the other hand, this combination is reshuffled after each reproduction by the random mixing of chromosomes from the parents. The question is then framed as: how do we balance these (and other similar) forces? There are countless explanations for this with varying sets of preconditions and assumptions, and the leading theory is one of plurality: sex arose in different lineages for different reasons (West et al., 1999).
Adi Livnat is not satisfied with this explanation. Instead, Livnat (2013; and others, see: Williams, 1966) argues that sex is the default state and without it evolutionary innovation is impossible. Empirically, he supports this by the rarity of obligate asexuals (Vrijenhoek, 1989) and that the ones we know of are all evolutionary dead-ends (Stebbins, 1957) that are confined to recent twigs on the tree of life (Williams, 1966; Van Valen, 1975), plus the rampant gene exchange in early life (Woese, 2002; Brosius, 2003; 2005). Theoretically, he proposes concrete mechanisms like writing phenotypes (Livnat, 2013; generalizing Wagner's work, see Heard et al., 2010) and mutations from unsupervised Hebbian learning (Livnat & Papadimitriou, 2016). Although Sinai et al. (2016) do not reference this literature, they can be seen as working within it. Their aim is to show that the first protocells wouldn't be able to get sufficiently complex to get metabolism and reproduction — and, with them, evolution — going without an analog of sex (protocell fusion) to assemble the pieces.[2]
Sketch of the mathematical model and results
Sinai et al. (2016) suppose that a protocell[3] needs to contain N different parts to have sufficient complexity to start metabolism and reproduction. Their model tracks a single protocell — an accumulator — that is initialized with the possibility to get each of the N components with probability p. Thus, by random chance, we can only expect a viable cell containing all N components to arise with an exponentially low probability . Converting to the time domain, this means that we can expect to wait exponentially long ( ) for the first viable cell to arise. To overcome this, they consider that a protocell has a probability of losing its membrane integrity before incountering a fusion partner. For simplicity, call this duration a time-step. In the case of disintegration, a new accumulator has to be sampled from scratch to replace it (so the case is pure random sampling that takes exponentially long to converge). Otherwise, with probability the cell fuses with another randomly created protocell and absorbs its components. This means that if an accumulator has K out of N components already then we can expect it to gain an average of p(N – K) for each time-step it maintains membrane integrity.
Sinai et al. (2016) go on to carefully approximate the expected time until a protocell accumulates all N components for all and also calculate it exactly for . For they show that the convergence time growns polynomially as where . In the limit of this is approximately . Even more exciting is that for the important case of the time to convergence scales logarithmically as . Thus, they achieve an exponential gap between de novo generation via random sampling and their fusion process. This separation becomes double exponential in the case of . Since we are not satisfied with life arising as an exponentially unreasonable event, we can argue that protocell fusion could have been the process that underlies the emergence of evolvable cells. Thus, sex is essential and foundational to evolution.
Prior mathematical modeling & the smooth fitness landscape assumption
The most exciting case for me is the huge speed up in the case of . Although Sinai et al. (2016) don't discuss the connection, their model and analysis in this case is actually equivalent to the classic work of Wilf & Ewens (2010).[4] However, Wilf & Ewens (2010) did not think of their mechanism as sexual — they actually explicitly avoid using 'alleles' for gene variants to avoid potential confusion — but as typical mutation. In their model, at each time step, one of the genes (or molecules or whatever) that has not yet arisen can arise with some probability. This is just mutation in an asexual population on a Mt. Fuji fitness landscape with elitist dynamics.
This smooth fitness landscape assumption is essential for both Wilf & Ewens (2010) and the more general analysis by Sinai et al. (2016). As I've shown before, in rugged fitness landscapes like the NK-model (Kauffman & Levin, 1987)[5] even finding a local optimum (nevermind the global one they are hunting for) can be impossible in polynomial time (Kaznatcheev, 2013). And in this case, I don't think such landscapes are just a more complicated special case, but reveal an important feature of early chemical interaction networks.
To get rugged fitness landscapes, we need to have epistatic interactions in our model. There are a couple of ways to think about epistasis in the Sinai et al. (2016) model. First is to consider interactions like: if molecule A is added to a protocell that already contains molecule B then molecule A degrades molecule B. This would be equivalent to f(Ab) > f(aB) > (f(AB), f(ab)) epistasis where lower case letters mean the absence of the molecule. Second is to consider interactions like: if molecule A or B are added to a protocell on their own then they degrade, but if the are added together than the maintain each other. This would be equivalent to reciprocal sign epistasis with: f(AB) > f(ab) > (f(Ab), f(aB)). In the figure below, I consider examples of how to build up fitness landscapes from chemical interaction networks.
Chemical interaction networks for molecular epistasis. In this figure, I translate between chemical interaction networks implicit in Sinai et al. (2016) and the fitness landscapes implicit in Wilf & Ewens (2010). In the top panels, we see an example protocell containing two molecules A and B. The interaction of the molecules is given by feedback lines. In the top center panel, for example, we see that A is self-inhibited (or limited by an external process) and that this self-inhibition is itself inhibited by the presence of B. In the bottom panels, we see the equivalent fitness landscapes where upper case letters correspond to the presence of the molecule in the protocell and the lower case letters represent the absence of the corresponding molecule. Both Wilf & Ewens (2010) and Sinai et al. (2016) only consider the non-epistatic (i.e. non-interacting) cases on the left-most panels. However, if we want to model enzymic parasitism then we should consider the center and right panels. From just the sign epistasis of the center panels we can build up semi-smooth landscapes of Kaznatcheev (2013) and from both the center and right panels we can build the NK-model of rugged fitness landscapes (Kauffman & Levin, 1987).
Although Sinai et al. (2016) don't consider interacting molecules like the above, I think they are the most interesting cases. The reason we are trying to collect all N components together is because we think that in combination they are so reactive that they will implement primordial metabolism or force the reproduction of the protocell.[2] But then why would the molecules be completely independent of each other and unreactive when a subset is assembled? Of course, all subsets could interact positively such that adding an extra component always makes the system just as durable or more. However, from the perspective of the emergence of higher levels of organization — or 'evo-ego' in the terminology of Watson & Szathmary (2016) — the interesting cases are those where the interests of the sub-components aren't already aligned. I think these epistatic interactions between components need to be considered if we want to have a full response to the problem of parasitism of cooperative enzymes (see Hogeweg & Takeuchi, 2003; Bianconi et al., 2013; Bansho et al., 2016) that Sinai et al. (2016) engage with.
Differences between sex and fusion
Finally, returning to a central tenet of Sinai et al. (2016): the identification of protocell fusion and 'sex'. Although fusion and sex do have some conceptual overlap, fusion lacks the essential parts of both (1) separation/recombination and the (2) joining of successful lineages.
In their discussion, Sinai et al. (2016) write:
the expected time to reach the target set of N components is reduced if cells divide (and retain some components) instead of losing all components through death.
This is true if the cell division is as infrequent as death is in their model. For example, if cells divide with probability and fuse with probability . However, for sexual organisms, the child does not simply get the genomes of both parents — as happens with fusion. Instead, the genomes of the parents are recombined at random, and so the child gets a (strict, for non-identical parents) subset of the parents' combined genome. In the Sinai et al. (2016) model this would be a 'fusion' that is instantly followed by a 'division'. But in that scenario, their arguments for speed-up no longer holds. The 'problem of sex' (Barton & Charlesworth, 1998) that Livnat (2013) and others tackle is that it is difficult to off-set the tendency of sex to break up good combinations of genes (or acquired molecules). Sinai et al. (2016) only allow fusion to expand good combinations. We would need to extend their work to handle cases of frequent reshuffling to turn fusion into sex and directly address the problem of sex.
A way forward with this is to recognize one of the greatest benefits of sex: combining information from separately evolved lineages. Instead of tracking a single accumulator and adding a freshly generated protocell to it during fusion, we could track a number of accumulator lineages and allow two established accumulators to merge.
Without this merging of established accumulators, the Sinai et al. (2016) model cannot be separated from an asexual variant. I will sketch such a variant of the Sinai et al. (2016) model. Consider an accumulator with K out of N parts already in place. At each time-step, it either dies with probability or if it survives (with probability ) then with probability p it absorbs a single other molecule. Maybe the molecule is able to diffuse across the protocell membrance or some such mechanism. This molecule with probability 1 – K/N is new to the accumulator and thus increases the accumulator to state K + 1. This replaces the step of merging with another brand new accumulator used by Sinai et al. (2016) that on average gave about pN opportunities that each increase the accumulator with probability 1 – K/N. I don't think that any biologist would read my model of a single molecule defusing across a membrane as 'sexual'. In particular, it is equivalent to the classical model of genes being fixed one after the other in an asexual clonal population. However, in the case of my model would converge to all N parts in time roughly , giving the same huge speed up over the exponential search of blind luck. Further, the factor of N slowdown compared to the Wilf & Ewens (2010) and Sinai et al. (2016) model is not due to some deep effect but simply that fusing with a new accumulator gives pN opportunities for new component per time step instead of just 1 in the model that I described. So it isn't surprising to see a roughly factor of N slowdown.[6] To say that sex gives a speed up over asex (and to thus argue that it is essential for starting evolution), we would need to separate our model of sex from the absorption of one part model sketched above. However, I am sure this is possible if we consider the case of merging already established accumulators. The difficulty, of course, hides in the detailed mathematical analysis.
The problem of cooperation follows a similar structure. We assume that selfishness is the default state and that leaves the evolution of cooperation as the thing to be explained. But should we turn this question on its head and instead ask about the evolution of selfishness? One of the things that makes reading Kropotkin's Mutual Aid — and apparently other Russian naturalists from that time, although I need to read more on this — so refreshing is that he doesn't take selfishness as the starting point; he just marvels at the cooperative nature of the world and slowly explores how we've become more selfish. There are probably deep connections between why selfishness feels like the clear default and the naturalization of capitalism and ideology of (neo)liberalism, but this footnote can only hold so much. I'll leave that exploration for future posts.
This approach of considering a period of protocells that are incapable of primarily vertical gene transfer and must rely on horizontal transfer is akin to Carl Woese's genetic annealing model (Woese, 1998) and the 'Darwinian thershold' (Woese, 2002) where the annealing switches from horizonal to vertical gene transfer. Like Sinai et al. (2016), Woese (2002) aims to show that initially cellular evolution was primarily driven by an analog of sex (horizontal gene transfer) and only after gaining sufficient complexity, was evolution able to switch to the vertical gene transfer associated that characterizes asexual reproduction. Although Sinai et al. (2016) cite the classic Woese (1967) book on the genetic code, they do not go into an explicit discussion of his work on this transition from horizontal to vertical gene transfer.
For an introduction to protocells, see Eric Bolo's review of the Bianconi et al. (2013) work on abiogenesis; earlier protocell work that Nowak was also involved with. For a quick overview of Albert Libchaber's work on experimentally creating artificial protocells, see my old post on the algorithmic view of historicity and separation of scales in biology.
It is nice to see that both Wilf & Ewens (2010) and Sinai et al. (2016) acknowledge their debt to the analysis of algorithms. Wilf & Ewens (2010) reference the analysis of radix-exchange sorting including Knuth's (1973) textbook analysis of it. Sinai et al. (2016) reference the analysis of skip lists (Pugh, 1990). Both are topics that computer science students would typically encounter in a course on probabilistic algorithms. This gives me even more hope for what theoretical computer science can offer biology, and I hope that cstheory professors will start to incorporate such examples from the foundational theory of evolutionary biology in future courses.
In fact, the landscape doesn't even need to be that rigid. Sinai et al. (2016) use a rule similar to 'random fitter mutant', and so my analysis of semi-smooth fitness landscapes and the simplex algorithm (Kaznatcheev, 2013) also applies. This has the added benefit of being a result that doesn't need the assumption of PLS being hard. Although since the Sinai et al. (2016) model considers only adaptive steps, even the general hardness result doesn't need PLS being hard because we know that we can construct instances of weighted 2-SAT where any adaptive path to any local optimum is exponentially long from a random start.
I expect similar polynomial scaling to Sinai et al. (2016) for my model in the case of but I did not have either the space or time to verify this for this post. Of course, there would be roughly a (approximately for small and p) slow down due to less frequent sampling in my model (1 versus pN per time-step). But we would also expect a much lower death rate in my model since, for me, measures the approximate time to encountering a new molecule while for Sinai et al. (2016) measures the approximate time to encountering another proto-cell full of approximately pN molecules.
Bansho, Y., Furubayashi, T., Ichihashi, N., & Yomo, T. (2016). Host–parasite oscillation dynamics and evolution in a compartmentalized RNA replication system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201524404.
Barton, N. H., & Charlesworth, B. (1998). Why sex and recombination? Science, 281(5385): 1986-1990.
Bianconi, G., Zhao, K., Chen, I.A., & Nowak, M.A. (2013). Selection for replicases in protocells. PLoS Computational Biology, 9(5).
Brosius, J. (2003). Gene duplication and other evolutionary strategies: from the RNA world to the future. Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics, 3(1-4): 1-17.
Brosius, J. (2005). Echoes from the past–are we still in an RNP world? Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 110(1-4): 8-24.
Heard, E., Tishkoff, S., Todd, J. A., Vidal, M., Wagner, G. P., Wang, J., Weigel, D., & Young, R. (2010). Ten years of genetics and genomics: what have we achieved and where are we heading? Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(10): 723-733.
Hogeweg, P., & Takeuchi, N. (2003). Multilevel selection in models of prebiotic evolution: compartments and spatial self-organization. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, 33(4-5), 375-403.
Kauffman, S., & Levin, S. (1987). Towards a general theory of adaptive walks on rugged landscapes. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 128(1): 11-45
Kaznatcheev, A. (2013). Complexity of evolutionary equilibria in static fitness landscapes. arXiv preprint: 1308.5094.
Knuth, D.E. (1973). The Art of Computer Programming (Vol 3): Sorting and Searching. Addison-Wesley.
Livnat, A. (2013). Interaction-based evolution: how natural selection and nonrandom mutation worktogether. Biology Direct, 8(1): 1.
Livnat, A. & Papadimitriou, C. (2016). Evolution and learning: used together, fused together. A response to Watson and Szathmary. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(12): 894-896.
Pugh, W. (1990). Skip lists: a probabilistic alternative to balanced trees. Communications of the ACM, 33(6): 668-676.
Sinai, S, Olejarz, J, Neagu, IA, & Nowak, MA (2016). Primordial Sex Facilitates the Emergence of Evolution arXiv arXiv: 1612.00825v1
Stebbins, G. L. (1957). Self fertilization and population variability in the higher plants. The American Naturalist, 91(861): 337-354.
Van Valen, L. (1975). Group selection, sex, and fossils. Evolution, 87-94.
Vrijenhoek, R. C. (1989). Genetic and ecological constraints on the origins and establishment of unisexual vertebrates. Evolution and Ecology of Unisexual Vertebrates, 466, 24-31.
Watson, R.A. & Szathmary, E. (2016). How can evolution learn? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(2): 147-157.
West, S. A., Lively, C. M., & Read, A. F. (1999). A pluralist approach to sex and recombination. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12(6): 1003-1012.
Williams, G. S. (1966; 8th edition 1996). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wilf, H. S., & Ewens, W. J. (2010). There's plenty of time for evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(52): 22454-22456.
Woese, C. R. (1967). The Genetic Code. New York: Harper and Row.
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Filed under Commentary, Models, Preliminary, Reviews Tagged with abiogenesis, current events, evolution, evolution of cooperation, Martin A. Nowak, Peter Kropotkin, single cell organisms
11 Responses to Fusion and sex in protocells & the start of evolution
Andriy Marusyk says:
What is the difference between red and green arrows in the figure (lower panel)?
No big difference between them. I just wanted to emphasize that they point in the other direction to the green ones. However, if you were imagining all-capitals as the fittest genotype and not too much epistasis (say there is a single peak, like for a semi-smooth landscape) then the red segments would be going downhill over a predominantly green uphill trend.
By the way, Andriy, I think you might enjoy Livnat's paper that I reference in the article:
It is a bit (actually, way too) lengthy, but if you get a chance to glance at parts of it then I'd love to chat to you about your impressions.
Thanks for the reply and pointing to the reference! I am highly interested in the subject of cell fusions and sexual recombination, as we are playing with these in context of cancer evolution. As for your ideas regarding extending the study I thin you are making valid points. I find it difficult to imagine how things could work in reality one way or another. Even normal metabolism is impervious to my intuition (as things are more transient and everything is about fluxes), and things are much more murkier in primordial protocells. Still, your idea of rugged landscapes and interacting subnetworks intuitively makes a lot of sense. Sub-networks (perhaps transient) rather than individual metabolites are probably the functional units required for the assembly of more complex self-replicating networks; this probably leads to different consequences regarding time and probability. Too bad there is no feasible way to test these things experimentally.
David Basanta says:
Good points Andriy, does this mean that this idea will remain theoretical for the time being? I am guessing it might be possible to engineer something in vitro but it might be difficult to argue that this would be a lot less artificial than a math model.
My point was more about applicability of framework of selection toward metabolites and chemical reactions. Lots of good food for thought regarding to evolution of sexual recombination in Artem's and cited arguments, but I cannot imaging how this logic will work for metabolic networks.
I was thinking of you and your talk on cancer cell fusion/un-fusion and phoenix cells while I was writing the post. But I couldn't find a real way to connect to cancer in this post. Maybe in some future follow up.
My original excitement about your phoenix cells talk back in February was in how it relates to Julian Xue's work on supply driven evolution:
Xue, J.Z., Costopoulos, A., & Guichard, F. (2015a). A Trait-based framework for mutation bias as a driver of long-term evolutionary trends. Complexity.
Xue, J.Z., Kaznatcheev, A., Costopoulos, A., & Guichard, F. (2015b). Fidelity drive: A mechanism for chaperone proteins to maintain stable mutation rates in prokaryotes over evolutionary time. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 364: 162-167.
In particular, how the mechanism you described in cancer cells seems to greatly lengthen the tail distribution of fitnesses for cells. The fused cancer cell has the benefit of storing much richer genetic variety in it (good for evolvability) but when it decides to divide, it has to unscramble that two genomes of its parent cells into daughter cells. Most cases do this unscrambling poorly and die (i.e. body/median of the fitness distribution is non-viable) but a few survive with either advantages mutations or with the fusion state having allowed them to survive therapy stress (i.e. a few very high-fitness cells in the tail).
If somebody wanted to extend Sinai et al. (2016) to capture sex by modelling un-fusions (as I describe), then this is exactly the sort of puzzle they would be up against. So maybe that is a more direct connection to your work on phoenix cells?
As for experiments, I agree that it looks like we have no or little hope in the abiogenesis case. But I am more optimistic for an experimental system existing for studying the effects of fusion on the evolvability of cancer cells. Would you agree with my optimism? Or is it also an unreachable experimental system in cancer? If you agree then it'd be another great opportunity for using cancer to understand fundamental biology and thus something I could tease Jacob Scott with :D.
Hi Artem, thank you for the additional links! Still going through Livnat one, which is very interesting and thought provocative. Selection for network interactions rather than individual alleles makes lots of sense. As for the cell fusions in cancers, we still have to address experimentally whether recombination happens. If it does, it opens up a lot of interesting questions.
Yeah, I got confused by the choice of colors as well. I am used to green= go and red=stop.
Yes, that is what I meant in my clarification for Andriy:
if you were imagining all-capitals as the fittest genotype and not too much epistasis … then the red segments would be going downhill over a predominantly green uphill trend.
In other words, if you were trying to get from aa to AB (which we suppose is higher fitness) and could only follow fitness increasing paths then you could follow a green arrow (it points in the direction you want to go), but a red arrow would stop you.
Sorry for not being sufficiently clear on the point.
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Jack in the box was created for the course "Homo Ludens" (trans. The Playing Man) hosted by the School of Arts and Crafts in Gothenburg, Sweden….


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Lionville – A World Of Fools
Terrific Italian AOR with a touch of Swedish class…
Released by Frontiers Music on 24 February 2017 and reviewed by Stephen Brophy
Italian AOR maestros Lionville return in 2017 with their third album, the follow up to 2013's Lionville II and with a new lineup for the band, A World Of Fools is 11 pure AOR songs written and developed by people that quite obviously understand the music they are trying to make very well. Musically they haven't strayed very far from their previous sound – the core of the band remains with Stefano Lionetti (guitars, vocals, keyboards) and Lars Säfsund (lead vocals), so the songwriting and distinctive vocal sound stay the same – but it does sound a little more expansive in places.
There are many highlights on this release, from the excellent opener 'I Will Wait' that allows Lars to stamp his marker right from the beginning, through the beautiful closing track 'Image Of Your Soul' to the rocking 'Bring Me Back Our Love' and 'One More Night' which begins with a lovely piano intro and then it develops into another really well made song that has just about everything. And there's not one filler on the album.
There is the excellent flow right the way through this album, and as with their previous work, that West Coast feel is still there. It's a very classy sound, a light touch, airy without being too fluffy. The guitar sound is excellent, not too heavy to overpower the sound but with that small amount of crunch in the riffs to add a little punch. Stefano hasn't just pumped up the guitars in the production, he's taken a lot of care to ensure all elements of the band are looked after in the mix and we are presented with a very full and melodic sound. Another great piece of work from the Lionville guys.
This album has everything you want from an AOR album – great hooks, wonderful voice, well written songs, that laidback West Coast vibe, and a more up tempo rock monster pushing through. The band are getting better with every release. I really hope there are a lot of live dates on the back of this one because these songs deserve to be heard live.
Show Me The Love
Bring Me Back Our Love
Heaven Is Right Here
World Of Fools
Livin' On The Edge
Our Good Goodbye
Image Of Your Soul
Jason.Guest
Brian McGowan 3 March, 2017 at 5:25 pm
A Work Of Art?
Stephen Brophy 3 March, 2017 at 10:46 pm
Leaning more towards it in places Brian ;-)
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Soho's hottest hotel launches Walk Out Wardrobe in partnership with Girl Meets Dress, offering guests the chance to wear top designer garments as part of their stay.
LONDON, UK - W London – Leicester Square has announced the arrival of a new designer-wardrobe room service, Walk Out Wardrobe. Featuring a handpicked rail of must-have designer pieces, the service will offer all suite guests complimentary access to the season's hottest looks in time for the summer months. The exclusive service will run in collaboration with luxury digital dress rental destination, Girl Meets Dress.
W London guests could even choose to arrive at the hotel practically suitcase-free, with the Walk Out Wardrobe meaning they are never caught off-guard without the right outfit for an occasion. Whether attending a black-tie film premiere or a glamorous girl's night out, finding the perfect dress for a special occasion can be a challenge. The new personalised service meets this challenge head on by offering access to the Girl Meets Dress online archive of over 4,000 pieces from brands including Victoria Beckham, Stella McCartney, Marc Jacobs and Alexander McQueen.
To borrow a designer outfit, guests simply contact Jess Patman, the hotel's amazing W Insider, via the 24-hour Whatever/Whenever concierge service and the curated wardrobe will be rolled right into their room along with an iPad to access the extensive Girl Meets Dress archive. If guests decide on a spontaneous night out, dresses can be ordered by 2pm to arrive the same day. The Girl Meets Dress personal styling service can also be pre-booked for an array of specially selected dresses to be waiting in the hotel room ready for when guests check-in.
The launch of the Walk Out Wardrobe guest service follows the introduction of The Vinyl Collection, the first-ever vinyl record room service and highlights W London's continued commitment to creating unique forward-thinking experiences for guests. It also follows recent collaborations with leading designers such as Claire Barrow, William Tempest and Sister by Sibling, exemplifying the hotel's passion for fashion.
Anna Bance, Co-Founder of Girl Meets Dress said: "This partnership with W London – Leicester Square is our first-ever hotel collaboration and we can think of no better service to complete a luxury stay than offering a stunning designer dress for guests to wear when enjoying the city. We cannot wait to see W London guests stepping out in our show stopping outfits".
Coen Van Niersen, W London's General Manager, said; "W London is always looking to create innovative experiences for its guests and make their stay truly memorable. The Walk Out Wardrobe service offers our guests the chance to look a million dollars in fashion pieces from some of the world's top designers".


Accurate evaluation and diagnosis of orthopedic problems requires advanced medical training. Greenwich Hospital orthopedists are highly skilled in the use of the latest techniques to reach a proper diagnosis.
X-ray. A diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film.
Arthrogram. An x-ray used to view bone structures following an injection of a contrast fluid into a joint area. Fluid leaks may indicate a tear, opening or blockage.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). A procedure that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to create pictures of organs and structures inside the body.
Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan). A combination of x-rays and computer technology that creates highly detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat and organs.
Electromyography (EMG). A needle placed in the muscle records and analyzes the electrical activity in the muscle.
Arthroscopy. A minimally invasive procedure in which a tiny tube fitted with miniature camera (arthroscope) is inserted into the joint to allow the surgeon to look for joint damage or disease. The arthroscope also permits reconstructive procedures on the joint, if needed.
Myelogram. A test that uses dye injected into the spinal canal to make the structure clearly visible on x-rays.
Bone Density Test. A test that uses x-rays to measure how many grams of calcium and other bone minerals are in a segment of bone.


lebanon | Urban Monkey Warfare.
is this what the new executive order is about?
JERUSALEM – Israeli media today reported on a series of Syrian military moves aimed at preparing for a confrontation with the Jewish state – all of which were first exclusively reported by WND, in some cases almost one year ago. In a secret message relayed to Jerusalem through diplomatic channels, Syria warned it will launch imminent "resistance" against Jewish communities in the Golan Heights if Israel doesn't soon evacuate the strategic territory, according to what was deemed an "exclusive" report today in Israel's leading Yediot Aharonot daily.
The Golan Heights is mountainous territory looking down on Israeli population centers twice used by Syria to mount ground invasions into the Jewish state.
WND broke the story last month Syria warned it will launch guerrilla operations against the Golan's Jewish communities if Israel doesn't retreat from the territory in August or September.
According to today's Yediot report, which was quoted widely by other Israeli media outlets, Israeli security officials received reports in recent days of an increased Syrian presence on its side of the Golan Heights in preparation for a possible war.
WND first reported from the Golan two weeks ago an increased Syrian military presence and quoted Israeli security officials warning of a stepped-up military deployment of Syrian troops near the Syrian side of the Golan Heights with strengthened forces after carrying out increased training the past few months. The Israeli security officials said Syria recently also increased production of rockets and acquired missiles capable of hitting central Israeli population centers.
Yediot today reported Syrian government officials have been encouraging their citizens to settle on the Syrian side of the Golan Heights. Yediot said Israeli security officials recently learned many of the Syrians who have made the Golan their new home were officers in active or reserve army duty placed there in the event of confrontations with Israel.
WND first broke the story in September 2006 that top members of Syrian President Bashar Assad's Baath Party and other Syrians were advised in a private briefing to purchase real estate in the Golan Heights to be used for possible "resistance" against Israel.
For dozens of years, Syrians wishing to visit the Golan Heights were required to apply for special entry permits. But Yediot and other Israeli outlets reported today Syria suddenly has been allowing its citizens to pass freely to the city of Quneitra, which borders the Golan, and other towns in the region.
WND broke the story two weeks ago that Syria for the first time in 30 years has opened a strategic border road at Quneitra to civilian traffic in a move some Israeli security officials worry could help facilitate guerrilla attacks against Golani Jewish communities.
Yediot today said Syria warned it would launch a war of attrition against Jewish communities in the Golan and quoted Israeli security officials expecting groups on the Syrian side of the Golan border to spearhead guerrilla operations against Israel.
WND broke the story in September 2006 that Syrian officials claimed in an interview a new guerrilla group, the Committees for the Liberation of the Golan, was formed to launch "resistance" against Israeli troop positions and Jewish communities in the Golan Heights.
Hezbollah claims its goal is to liberate the Shebaa Farms, a small, 12-square-mile bloc situated between Syria, Lebanon and Israel. The cease-fire resolution accepted by Israel to end its military campaign in Lebanon one year ago called for negotiations leading to Israel's relinquishing of the Shebaa Farms.
The Baath official told WND Syria's new Committees for the Liberation of the Golan Heights consists of Syrian volunteers, many from the Syrian border with Turkey and from Palestinian refugee camps near Damascus. He said Syria held registration for volunteers to join the Committees last June.
In an interview last month, a top Baath official warned Syria was preparing for war.
"More and more of our units have undergone intensive trainings starting at 6 a.m. and finishing late into the evening. If the need arises, we are ready for a war," said the official.
He claimed Syria has "proof" Israel is also readying for a war.
"We hear about special Israeli trainings to take Damascus. We see that Israel is re-establishing bases of the Israeli army in the Golan that are unusual and not needed except for war. We believe the Israeli government has an interest in confronting Syria to rehabilitate its image of losing to Hezbollah," he said.
He said Syrian war preparations are so specific, the Syrian government has given its officials and top contacts alternative phone numbers to key government ministries in case the Damascus phone system is knocked out during an Israeli aerial bombardment.
Israeli security officials confirmed Syria has been strengthening its forces and noted the movement of Syrian Scud missiles near the border with Israel.
The Syrian army has improved its fortifications, according to the Israeli security officials, and has received modern, Russian-made anti-tank missiles similar to the missiles that devastated Israeli tanks during the last Lebanon war, causing the highest number of Israeli troop casualties during the 34 days of military confrontations. Syria also received from Russia advanced anti-aircraft missiles.
The security officials said any conflict with Syria could degenerate into a larger war involving Hezbollah along Israel's northern border and Palestinian terror groups launching attacks from Gaza in the south and the West Bank toward the center of Israel.
The officials noted Syria stepped up the pace of weapons, including rockets, being shipped from the Syrian border to the Lebanese Hezbollah militia.
The security officials said the greatest threats Syria poses to the Jewish state are the country's missiles and rockets. They noted Syria recently test-fired two Scud-D surface-to-surface missiles, which have a range of about 250 miles, covering most Israeli territory. The officials said the Syrian missile test was coordinated with Iran and is believed to have been successful. It is not known what type of warhead the missiles had.
In addition to longer-range Scuds, Syria is in possession of shorter-range missiles such as 220 millimeter and 305 millimeter rockets, some of which have been passed on to Hezbollah.
Israel also has information Syria recently acquired and deployed Chinese-made C-802 missiles, which were successfully used against the Israeli navy during Israel's war against Hezbollah one year ago. The missiles were passed to Syria by Iran, Israeli security officials told WND.
Israeli security officials said Syria is indeed preparing for a summer war. But they said there was an argument within the Israeli intelligence community whether the military buildup is for an attack or is meant by Syria to pressure Israel into vacating the Golan Heights. Some officials said Syria estimates the U.S. or Israel will attack Iran, and Syria will be drawn into a larger military confrontation by opening up a front against northern Israel. Also, the officials said, Syria might believe Israel will attack first and its preparations are defensive in nature.
I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, determine that the actions of certain persons to undermine Lebanon's legitimate and democratically elected government or democratic institutions, to contribute to the deliberate breakdown in the rule of law in Lebanon, including through politically motivated violence and intimidation, to reassert Syrian control or contribute to Syrian interference in Lebanon, or to infringe upon or undermine Lebanese sovereignty contribute to political and economic instability in that country and the region and constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security and foreign policy of the United States, and I hereby declare a national emergency to deal with that threat.


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Die Wahl des Parlaments der Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt 2019 fand am 26. Mai 2019 statt, zeitgleich mit der Europawahl und der Wahl zum föderalen Parlament. Gewählt wurden die Mitglieder der Legislative der Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt, eine der drei Regionen Belgiens, für die Legislaturperiode 2019–2024.

Die Parteien waren aufgeteilt in französischsprachige und flämischsprachige Parteien. Es kandidierten 14 französischsprachige und 10 flämischsprachige Listen

Es gab zwei französischsprachige Listengruppierungen: Listes Destexhe und Parti Populaire sowie PTB, DierAnimal und PlanB
und eine flämischsprachige Listengruppierung: PVDA und DierAnimal-NL

Ergebnisse

Sitzverteilung
Die Anzahl der Sitze wurde 2004 von 75 auf 89 Sitze vergrößert. Die Aufteilung wurde auf 72 Sitze für die französischsprachigen und 17 Sitze für die flämischsprachigen Listen festgelegt. Innerhalb der Sprachgruppen wurden die Sitze nach dem D'Hondt-Verfahren vergeben. Ebenfalls neu eingeführt wurde eine Sperrklausel von 5 % der Stimmen für die jeweilige Sprachgruppe, wobei sich mehrere Listen zu einer Listengruppierung zusammenschließen können, für die dann die 5 % Schwelle gilt. Innerhalb der Listengruppierung werden die Sitze nach D'Hondt verteilt.

Anmerkungen
Die Fédéralistes démocrates francophones (FDF) nannten sich 2015 in Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant (DéFI) um.

Die Socialistische Partij Anders (sp.a) trat 2019 mit Unabhängigen auf ihrer Liste als one.brussels-sp.a an.

Literatur

Weblinks

2019
Brussel
Belgische Geschichte (21. Jahrhundert)

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In a class that is safe for seniors and beginners, as well as relaxing and stress-releasing for pros, veteran instructor Raghavan guides you through a gentle session of yoga and meditation. Space is limited. Please bring a mat or towel to the program.


Indraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL), the sole supplier of clean-burning natural gas as automotive and kitchen fuel in the National Capital Region (NCR), has joined hands with Mahindra Waste to Energy Solutions (MWESL) , a subsidiary of Mahindra & Mahindra, for designing and developing plants for producing gas from crop stubble and organic waste, providing cultivators a remunerative alternative to burning farm waste, The Times of India reported.
IGL is the second company to join efforts at stopping stubble burning. Public sector power generation company National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) earlier this month started the process of procuring crop stubble pellets to fuel at its Dadri power plant with the aim of giving farmers a profitable alternative to burning crop residue and opening up a new market for rural entrepreneurship, the newspaper report says.
The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by IGL and MWESL envisages setting up such plants in Delhi and other cities such as Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Rewari, Gurugram and Karnal where IGL supplies CNG and PNG. The plants in Gurugram and Karnal are set to start operations shortly, according to the TOI report.
The project aims at converting paddy and wheat straw into gas which can be used to run generators for lighting up villages or boost IGL's supplies for meeting its expanding consumer base. The leftovers will be used as organic fertiliser to improve soil quality, the newspaper reported.


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Why writing a will is so important
If 'write a will' sits permanently on your to-do-list without ever actually getting done, now's the time to finally put a line through it. Get your affairs in order with these simple steps:
By The GH Consumer Team
Sofie DelauwGetty Images
We all know how important it is to have a will, but how many of us have actually written one?
According to insurance firm Royal London 54% of us don't have a will. More worryingly, nearly 60% of parents of school-age children do not have one or have not updated theirs to include a guardian for their children should they die.
But the good news is that the recent pandemic as resulted in more people making enquiries into either updating or getting a will. The deVere group, for example, reported a 76% jump in demand for wills earlier this year.
"Getting will is important as it will give you certainty. It isn't just about who get what when you pass away, it is also about who will look after your children," Rod Smith, co-chair of the wills committee, The Law Society.
While it's true that joint bank accounts and mortgages will pass to the surviving account holder regardless, there's huge risks and complications to not having a will.
How to leave money to charity
Forget about yourself... those you leave behind face large legal fees and lengthy court procedures if there is no will. Rather than your estate going to your nearest and dearest, the State will allocate it to your nearest kin – that could be your husband or wife, but for unmarried couples your partner will be losing out. There is no automatic right to inherit, regardless of how long you've been together for, if you're unmarried. Dying without a will (known as 'dying intestate') also means estranged family members could potentially have a claim to part of your estate.
And, according to Royal London, 39% of people incorrectly believe that the legal responsibility for children will automatically go to the immediate family if both parents died. But without a will, the responsibility for dependents under age 18 would go to the courts to decide who takes care of them.
stocknsharesGetty Images
How to find a service
To begin your search, you can try using the find-a-solicitor tool at Law Society to find a legal professional in England or Wales. Alternatively go to the Law Society of Scotland's tool or the Law Society of Northern Ireland's directory.
Whilst solicitors are an obvious port of call as they offer a bespoke service, they are also the most expensive option: some charge by the hour (check quotes include VAT), while others offer a fixed-fee service. Expect to pay from £200 for a simple will and from £400-plus for a more complex version, such as if you've remarried and have children from previous relationships who you want to benefit, for example.
Another option is to use an online will writing service. For example, Co op legal services offers will writing services from £90 for a Living Will, from £150 for a Single Will, £245 for Mirror Wills and a fixed fee Lasting Power of Attorney starts from £270.
If you are unable to see a solicitor in person because of coronavirus, many now offer virtual meetings.
"Earlier this year, legislation also came into force to allow remote witnessing of wills," Mr Smith added. This will make it easier for anyone anyone self-isolating or vulnerable to have their will recognised legally.
How to invest for your kids
October is also Free Wills Month - a campaign which brings together a number of charities and solicitors to allow anyone over age 55 to make or update a will in exchange for a donation. Some of the charities include Marie Curie, Breast Cancer Now, and the British Hearst Foundation.
What to think about when writing your will
As well as the large financial decisions, think about and include your last wishes – such as where you want your ashes scattered and who receives what keepsakes.
Don't forget to update your will if your circumstances change. Existing wills are revoked (made void) when you remarry, so updating wills when there are changes to circumstances is essential, too – amendments to a will costs from around £50.
Remember to consider inheritance tax. The current inheritance tax (IHT) threshold is £325,000 per person (£650,000 for couples). Anything over this is taxed at 40%. This takes into account the value of your whole estate, so may include property, land, cash, stocks and shares and valuables. You can also pass your home or a share of it up to the value of £475,000 per person to your children or grandchildren under Residence Nil Rate Band.
"You can also leave money to charity in your will. This is known as a legacy donation, and it also affects inheritance tax. 'Gifts to charities are tax free. If you leave 10% or more of your net estate to charity, the tax rate applicable to the rest of your estate is also reduced from 40% to 36%," says Fiona Smith, private client partner, Forsters.
kate_sept2004Getty Images
How to set up shared parental responsibility
Writing a will isn't just working out who your possessions and assets go to; if you've got younger children it's also important to establish in writing who would look after your children if you die. You also need to consider what happens if you divorce or remarry and take on partners' offspring. The decision may not be clear cut.
In blended families, stepchildren do not inherit anything if a step-parent dies intestate. Unless you have what is legally known as step-parental responsibility, you don't have a legal right to look after your partner's children. A step-parental responsibility will allow you to make an application to look after the children along with the other biological parent and then a court will decide. A solicitor will prepare the forms concerning step-parental responsibility for a cost.
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Historian Greg Dening likened them to characters in the film Monsieur Hulot's Holiday, rushing from platform to platform in search of a train.
But figures released yesterday show that most of the crowd at the Sydney Writers' Festival found their destination.
The total attendance, according to the festival, hit a record 50,000 - double the number that came to the first festival at Pier 4/5 in Walsh Bay seven years ago.
Much of the 5000 increase on last year owed to the proliferation of ticketed events away from the wharf itself.
Four years ago the number of events, limited by the venue, was 130, and all were free; this year, as the festival spread across and out of Sydney, 240 events took place.
The two biggest events were David Suzuki's conversation with Peter Garrett in the Sydney Town Hall (1500 attended) and the Kids' Night Out event, where 1200 crowded into the same venue.
The 896-seat Sydney Theatre was booked out for writers Li Cunxin, Alice Sebold, Alan Hollinghurst, Jared Diamond and Lewis Lapham. Five hundred saw Lapham in conversation with the Premier, Bob Carr, in Newcastle, and 300 attended the Kids' Night Out there. Literary lunches with Sebold (before she left the festival prematurely) and Helen Garner also sold out. The festival's director, Caro Llewellyn, said the increases reflected the success of some "gambles".
"We wondered if enough people were attending on the Thursday and Friday to sustain holding big events in the Sydney Theatre, and it turned out there were," she said. "We also held a lot of free events later at night at the wharf, and that paid off too, because more people stayed around after dark."
While nearly all the 200-plus authors appeared in at least one free event, many headliners spoke in ticketed events at the theatre. Ms Llewellyn said: "We're wedded to the idea that if it's not free, it has to be cheap. For $5 or $7, people can experiment with writers they don't know. If tickets were $15, or $30 for a couple, they'd be less willing to experiment."
Her three-year employment contract with the festival expires in October, but Ms Llewellyn said she would "love to continue if the board wants me to".
In the Gleebooks festival bookshop, the top-selling author was Suzuki, along with overseas visitors Diamond, Lapham, Sebold, Hollinghurst, as well as Suad Amiry, Lee Stringer, Karen Levine, Nancy Pearl and Augusten Burroughs. The highest-selling Australian author, according to Gleebooks, was the poet, novelist and memoirist Kate Llewellyn - coincidentally, the festival director's mother.


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Utah is experiencing one of those magical economic times where the growth is happening quickly, and somewhat behind the scenes. Many established businesses gutted their marketing budgets when the economy went south in 2007. Now, the smart ones, are plumping up their marketing budgets and are looking for a Utah SEO consulting firm to help them get up to speed with the changed landscape of business marketing.
One thing is for sure, the price of entry to call yourself an "SEO expert" is unfortunately not very high. Nestled in cheap offices and mom and dad's basements are these so-called SEO experts that will be more than happy to take your money. Sadly for your business, your newly hired expert doesn't understand how to properly strategize your campaign towards sales conversion. You know that its not something that can be taught in the class room, its a skill thats earned after years in the trenches. You've earned it, thats why you're running a successful business.
You need to vet your SEO consultant just like you'd vet any other professional who'll be representing you. You wouldn't hire a non-competent or shady character to represent your brand out on the street, why would you do it online? Innovation Simple has a proven track record of successful SEO campaigns for businesses just like yours. Large or small, broad audience or specific, we have the strategies for your business to find a higher level of success.
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Richard Williams was born in 1874 to Owen Williams and Ann Hughes in Llechynfarwy, Anglesey, one of their five children. Owen was a Farm Labourer as was Richard's older brother Owen in the 1881 census, and Richard himself, in 1891. He married Catherine Williams in Holyhead in 1900 and in the following year's census they were living in Lligwy Street in Holyhead. He gave his occupation as 'Railway Brakesman'. In 1911 there were four children in the family and they were living with Catherine's mother, Mary Williams, who had a shop at 55 London Road. Richard's occupation at that time was 'Carter Town'. Three more children were born in the following years.
Richard was an accomplished musician and conductor of a children's choir, winning prizes at the local Eisteddfod, and unsurprisingly his children also had musical abilities.
Prior to joining the City of Dublin Steam Packet Company about 1912 he worked as a Vanman for Llewellyn Jones of Denbigh House, a bakery and shop that supplied the mailboats with provisions.
His name is recorded on the Tower Memorial in London and on the War Memorial in Holyhead. He was awarded the Mercantile Marine Medal and the British War Medal.


Volvo Cars began its long tradition of developing emergency service vehicles back in 1929 with the Swedish police force. Today, every Volvo police car comes with a unique chassis, tuned to satisfy heavy load and high performance driving requirements, whilst retaining the comfort and high levels of safety that Volvo is known for.
Volvo Cars develops, tests and manufactures turn-key police vehicles in-house according to customer specifications. Designed to carry all the equipment you require, all of our police cars maintain the same high safety and quality standards as our civilian models. We also work closely with national rebuilders in order to meet local customer needs in each market.
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Diversity at Smith
Smith Leadership
The Location - DC Metro Area
Directions to Smith
Rudy's Cafe
Rudy's Cafe is located on the first floor of Van Munching Hall. It features hot entrées, hot sandwiches, salad bar, Uno's Pizza, chicken sandwiches, cold beverages, Starbuck's Coffee, and fresh baked goods. The following forms of payment are accepted: Terp Bucks, Terrapin Express, major credit cards, and cash.
Normal In-semester Hours:
Monday through Thursday: 7:30 a.m. - 7:30 p.m.
Monday through Friday: 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.
Rudy's Cafe is named after former dean of the Robert H. Smith School of Business, Rudy Lamone.
For a current menu visit the University of Maryland Dining Services website.
Lactation Rooms
A newly renovated dedicated lactation room is available to Smith School faculty, staff, students, and visitors. The room is located to your right as you enter the women's bathroom outside of the Frank Auditorium (1522B) on the first floor of Van Munching Hall. The room does not have to be reserved ahead of time and is outfitted with a lock to ensure privacy. If you have suggestions or recommendations please contact Darrell Claiborne at 301-405 -7134 or Sharon Strange Lewis at 301-405-9285.
Shady Grove:
A dedicated lactation room is located in Building III. Faculty, staff and students can contact Jessica Nardi at x6324 or visit her in office III-3137, or Erin Ward at x6376 to access the facility.
Baltimore:
Please contact Ashley Pickett at 410-706-4052 to arrange for access to a private lactation room.
Washington, D.C.:
Please contact Brian Bartholomay at 202-898-1948 to arrange for access to a private lactation room.
Need more information about our facilities? Visit the Smith Operations website.


In need of Jamestown Bail Bonds? Numerous Jamestown bail bond agents can bail you (or another person) out anytime of the day or night in Jamestown. BailBondsNetwork.com helps you find and contact a licensed bail bonds company in Jamestown, Colorado. At your convenience, many bail bond agents will come pick you up discreetly. Installment payment plans are usually available depending on each case.
Upon arrest anywhere in Boulder county, a person is usually processed at the Boulder county jail. To be released from Boulder jail, a few steps must occur, including being booked and posting bail. When the bail bond amount is confirmed, a bail bonds agent is sent to post the bail bond at the local jail. Now the release procedure starts and typically takes anywhere from 1 to 2 hours to complete. Although cash bonds are acceptable, it is usually not a common practice due to it's high expense.


Do you have make-up accidentally smashed up into pieces and feel sorry because you can't do anything about it. Worry no more! You can now make your make-up pieces put into one in an easy steps.
Step 1. wrap it up with any plastic wrapper to secure it in place.
Step 2. Smash it up with your spatula to evenly mash up into pieces. I used my worn out eyeshadow applicator brush here you can use any as long as it's flat and sturdy.
Step 3. Add 70% alcohol. Put few drops of alcohol depending on the size of make-up you will be fixing. make sure you will add only drops alcohol just enough for what you need. I add 10 drops on mine here.
Step 5. Wait for it to dry. The end results? it's like it never happened.


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Q: Dialog Removes All My Binds That are not related to it Everytime I use dialog, all my other elements bind get lost, for example, I bind click event of elements with class '.submit-button' it works fine until I open a dialog...
Any idea?
Yours,
Diogo
edit:
Example:
Sure!
Open Dialog
alert ok

When I click 'open dialog','alert ok' stops working...

A: Found the problem, it was nothing related to dialog,
Found this line on my code, it was resetting everything:
jQuery.cache = { };

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Wow. Look at me. I'm just a blogging fool this week. Weeks of nothing, and all of a sudden, three posts in one week while I'm working on a fourth for someone else. Seriously, time is a lovely thing to have on one's hands. Unless you're the people reading all of this crap and going: SHUT UP, SHUT UP, SHUT UP, AND GO BACK TO WORK ALREADY.
Next week, darklings, next week. Meanwhile, I'm-a-blogging away.


My org and many others need to be able to use CiviMember for organizational memberships. Currently, when you sign up for any kind of membership it will attach that membership to the individual. However, an organizational membership would make much more sense to get attached to the organization so that all employees who are attached via a relationship have the ability to reap the benefits if they come in the form of website access, etc.
So, when signing up for an organizational membership that membership should get connected to the Current Employer of whatever individual signs up for it (and pays for it). And perhaps a note or some other kind of tracking mechanism in CiviMember can be added that shows which individual of the org is the person who actually signed up the org.


Cloth Diaper Revival: #miniSPbdaybash Day 6! Prizes from Kelly's Closet, Baby Mushroom, Sticky Bellies, and Rock-a-bums!
#miniSPbdaybash Day 6! Prizes from Kelly's Closet, Baby Mushroom, Sticky Bellies, and Rock-a-bums!
Mini Spray Pal 2.0 is turning 3! What better way to celebrate Ryan than with a giant giveaway every day! The Spray Pal family has won the hearts of the cloth diaper community (and beyond!) with their incredible story of Ryan hearing for the first time. If you haven't seen the below, it's a must watch!
This giveaway is open worldwide and the prizes for today are amazing! Be sure to check out the Spray Pal blog so you don't miss one of the many birthday giveaways!
4 weeks or 1 month next Thursday!
We would be putting an 8 month sticker on her little belly.
My next belly sticker would be a 6 month sticker - due in July!
2 years for next month, and a next belly sticker would be 5 months! Due in August with number two!
My son turned 2 last December and I used sticky bellies poster. When he turns 3 this year I would do the same!
My DS' s next milestone is 6 months! Where did the time go?!?
I am due with my first child in April!!
My son would wear a 15 month sticker next. Thanks!
Id use them for the next kiddo!
I'm expecting in the first week of May!
#3 will be 1 on Tuesday and our #4 is due early May. Thank you for chance to win.
My youngest turned 1 in January and we just started cloth diapering and I'm loving it! My oldest turns 4 in June!!!
First one due in May!!
My son just turned one in February!


Hola! My Name is Mariana Alvarez and I am so happy to share my journey with you.
Once upon a time in Mexico City, a very extroverted little girl armed with her Daddy's Panasonic recorder and microphone, recorded her first of many radio programs filled with imaginary stories, anecdotes, and hilarious comedy. The joy I felt performing, singing and dancing in front of an audience, was unveiled in my early childhood years, that is why I always took the opportunity to put on a major production anytime we had family or friends over at home (Mi Casa).
Genetics played an important role in my love for the arts, since in many branches of my family tree, there have been musicians and even an opera singer. And now, I have enriched this tapestry, by being the first voice over artist and actress that does this professionally.
I graduated with honors from College with a Major in Accounting and a Masters Degree in Finance. I held the position of Broker in a multinational company, but in the year 1999, I left my job and my Mexico, to move to the United States to support my former husband's career.
I was very blessed to be a stay at home Mommy and be fully devoted to my two beautiful boys, Diego and Sebastian. One amazing day while living in Colorado I made the brave decision to follow my dreams. I decided to finally follow that persistent inner voice and started submitting to the main talent agencies in Denver. At that moment, the only experience in my acting resume was a principal role in a Musical I was part of, at one of the most prestigious theaters in Mexico City, Teatro Jorge Negrete. I submitted through the websites of two different agencies, and even though I did not hear back from them, I decided to try one more time, and wrote an email to one of the most experienced agents in Denver: Peter DeAnello. That night, the words flowed freely from my heart in the most genuine and honest way, I explained my situation, shared about my acting background and wrote "I believe in destiny, but also in the power of WILL to make it happen, and angels in your life that lead you to your DREAM. I know It is not a coincidence that I found you in cyberspace. Is there any way I can get an appointment with you?" The very next day, Mr. DeAnello replied my email, asking me to prepare a Monologue for our first meet. It went really well, as he became my very first agent. Very quickly I started booking TV Commercials, industrial projects, and since I am bilingual, I was part of various industrial voice overs in Spanish and even gave the voice to a cartoon character !.
I have been extremely fortunate to be able to do what I love, and to work at a craft that has brought me so much satisfaction. Now that I live in Austin, I have been able to break into Film and TV.
I have always loved being a storyteller, the heart connector with an audience, and the voice that brings many characters to life. Being a native from Mexico City and fully bilingual has opened so many opportunities for me. Let's create more MAGIC and meet you soon in the booth! Gracias!


Insulation has become an important part of the rooms and residential areas where the room needs to insulated to make it heat or winter proof by placing specialized materials inside the room and premises. The insulation materials is mostly used between the roof and the false ceiling of the room but, it can also be used inside walls to prevent the outside-weather changes from changing the inner temperature.
The insulation plays are pivotal role in keeping the room warm or cold and a good insulation materials is important for that purpose. The insulation and accessories offered by us include tissue faced insulation of differing thickness and the roofing adhesives while the roof deck insulation fixings is placed on top of roofs.
Our provide insulation and accessories are made from premium quality materials like rubber and plastic which are aimed to provide durable and long lasting insulation. We offer premium quality insulation at reasonable rates where the accessories can also be bought at competitive prices. You can also get the insulation and accessories delivered to your doorsteps anywhere in the United Kingdom.


Did you know that Croatia has more than 130 authentic wine sorts? Fortunately, more and more winemakers are getting back to those almost forgotten grape varieties and are producing exceptional wines. Through this tour go back in time, travel through Dalmatia and experience those authentic wines, one of which is the original Zinfandel!
One of the closes Islands to Split is the island of Šolta, home of Dobričić wine sort. Dobričić is a very important wine because though crossing of Dobričić and Crljenak or Tribidrag wine most famous Croatian red wine was created, Plavac Mali. Spend your day on the island exploring the vineyards, tasting great wine and olive oil as well as enjoying great food. Return to Split in the evening.
Meet up with your tour leader and set off for Imotski county and its pearls, Imotski and Vrgorac. This is a county of spectacular nature, long history and resilient people with excellent gastronomic specialties, high-quality wine sorts, and the first Dalmatian champagne. After the visit to the wine cellars and savoring the best Kujundžuša wine and homemade grappa, you will continue your journey while enjoying panoramic views of Blue and Red Lakes and sunset on Biokovo mountain.
This day is reserved for exploring the area north of Split. Your first stop will be National Park Krka. Intact nature, rich green forestry and breathtaking waterfalls are some of the highpoints of Krka National Park. Clear blue water is very tempting, so many people take a swim at one of the waterfalls. But, the most attractive part is Skradinski Buk, a crystal clear natural pool surrounded by high waterfalls and mesmerizing greenery, but the walking tour will let you experience it for yourself. After the park tour, you will make a stop in Skradin, a town situated at the spring of Krka river. Skradin inhabitants are very proud of its 6,000- long history and will gladly offer you a taste of some of the finest wines of Dalmatia. This luxurious gift of nature is also one of the Skradin pinpoints. That is the reason why we will visit local winemaker where you will taste authentic wine varieties of the area. Later you will continue to Šibenik. The city of Šibenik is also known as King Krešimir's town, one of the greatest and one of the first Croatian kings who reigned this area at the spring of Krka river and protected the large bay of Šibenik in the eleventh century. This historical city was a fort which defended from the enemies, so the city is surrounded by four magnificent fortresses made to make people safe. The fortress of St. Michael has nowadays become a cultural center for many summer festivals, but other fortresses like St. Nicholas, St. John's and Šubičevac also have a lot to offer to their visitors. But the most famous architectural accomplishment is St. Jacob's cathedral, whose construction was accompanied by some of the most influential architects of the Middle Ages. After an authentic dish followed by some of more prime wines of the region, you will have the time to explore the rest of the royal city, return to Split in the evening.


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Interview: NJ Native Matt de Rogatis Stars in LONE STAR at 13th Street Repertory Theater in NYC
by Marina Kennedy May. 30, 2019
Ruth Stage will present Lone Star by James McLure for eight performances from June 6 to June 16 at the 13th Street Repertory Theater in New York City.
Broadwayworld.com interviewed New Jersey native, Matt de Rogatis who stars as Roy in the production.
James McLure's iconic story takes place in the cluttered backyard of a small-town Texas bar in 1972. Roy, a brawny, macho type who had once been a local high-school hero, is back in town after a hitch in Vietnam and realizes that about all he has left are memories of his glory days, his adoring younger brother Ray, his wife Elizabeth and his now-crumbling 1959 pink Thunderbird.
de Rogatis most recently appeared as Richard III in Austin Pendleton's Shakespearean mashup of King Henry VI Part III and Richard III entitled Wars of the Roses: Henry VI & Richard III. Some previous Off Broadway and New York credits include Roy in Lone Star, the title role inHamlet, The Elephant Man in The Exhibition, Charlie Gordon in Flowers for Algernon, Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire, Ken in Red, revived and uniquely staged at the Jim Kempner Fine Art Gallery, and Frederick Clegg in the United States Premiere of The Collector at 59E59 Theaters.
We know you are New Jersey born and bred. What have been some of your theatrical experiences in the Garden State?
Yes. I've lived at the Jersey Shore for most of my life and my acting career got started in Freehold, New Jersey at The Center Playhouse. That small theater will always be a special place for me as the first few shows I ever did were all in that venue, produced by various organizations. The very first show I ever did was The Mousetrap by Agatha Christie. I played Detective Sergeant Trotter. After that I played Tom in The Glass Menagerie, followed by some leading roles in Arsenic and Old Lace and Dracula. All four of these productions, albeit community theater, were some of the strongest shows I'd ever been a part of. My mentor, the late Bob Lamb, directed them all.
Who has inspired or supported your theatrical career?
Many people have inspired and supported my career. However, Bob Lamb has been the most influential. As a kid, acting was something I always knew I wanted to do, but I didn't have the guts to start pursuing it until my mid 20's. I went to an audition one summer evening for The Mousetrap and was asked to attend a callback. Bob Lamb was one of the directors on the project. He offered me the role of Sergeant Trotter and I learned so much from him, not only in that production, but also in the many years that followed. He passed away very recently but his memory will forever live on. He has always been my biggest supporter and has done so much to help me with my career, not only as a director but also as a co-star on the stage with me, and later as a producer. I was blessed to have his friendship and his mentorship and if I can keep climbing the ranks, my hope is that one day I can tell the world about this unique friendship and how he selflessly gave so much to help me in the pursuit of my life's passion. His knowledge was invaluable and far more beneficial than anything I could've ever learned in an over crowded New York City class.
Tell us a little about your recent work with Austin Pendelton in his recent Shakespearean mash-up.
More recently, Austin Pendleton is certainly someone that has helped my career. What a joy it is to work with him not only artistically but he's also a really sweet man and a legend. I was so fortunate to be able to be a part of Wars of the Roses: Henry VI & Richard III; the mashup you refer to. Austin and I had been talking about doing a show together for years and we finally got together last summer and made it happen. The concept was to combine large parts of Henry VI Part III with parts of Richard III to create, essentially, a new play by Shakespeare. The modus operandi of that production was to show how Richard III ascended into madness and became the evil tyrant he is most known for in Shakespeare lure. He wasn't always evil, as witnessed in Henry VI, III. I played Richard III and so it was a lot of fun to Take That journey every night, starting more innocent and evolving into a monster. The show was a great success and we had another, shorter run, in December, which, in my opinion was even more impressive than our summer run. The show still has legs and we are working on yet another, more extended run, likely in 2020. This was all due in part to our wonderful press agent, Glenna Freedman, who was instrumental in giving that show tremendous exposure and the attention that it deserved. As I said, we'll be back. New York City hasn't heard the last of Wars of the Roses.
Your production of Lone Star has appeared on several NYC stages. What makes the upcoming production different?
Of course I'm going to say this but, the truth is, I really mean it: This is going to be the best run of Lone Star yet for so many reasons. I think the biggest reason this is going to be such an exciting show is because of the vibe we are crafting for the play. Lone Star, by James McLure, is typically paired with its sister show, Laundry and Bourbon. We are mixing things up a bit though and adding live music instead. We did it in 2017 at The Triad during our last run but we are going much further with the concept this time. Lone Star takes place outside of Angel's Bar on a summer night in 1972. However, this time we are letting everyone in on what's happening inside the bar on this same night. In creating an immersive experience with our audience, we are implementing an actual bar room setting with live music and competitive drinking contests. Patrons should feel as though they are inside an actual bar. Our attending barkeeps and wait staff will serve food and drinks prior to intermission, wherein, following a change of set, the audience's orientation shifts to the back of Angel's Bar. This will be a unique manipulation, an original concept, both in design and in execution. Fun for all!
Can you give us some insight into your character of Roy in Lone Star?
I love playing Roy and it's the reason I keep coming back to him. He's so well written and so layered and such a wonderful character to play. At the start of the show we learn that Roy is a returning home Vietnam Vet struggling with PTSD. He's turned to alcohol and junk food and he just can't seem to get his life together after what he experienced in war. Every night, for two years, he goes out back behind Angel's bar and gets trashed and talks about the past he's still so attached to. On this particular night though, events happen between him and his brother Ray, as well as Cletis, the son of the local hardware store owner, that makes Roy realize it's time to move forward and let go of the past. It's superb storytelling.
We'd love to know a little about the team that is making Lone Star happen again.
If you go to http://www.lonestarplay.com/ (designed by Lou Gutowski Jr of BrandMark), you can learn more about everyone involved in a more in depth manner. Our director Joe John Battista is really doing a wonderful job at creating this unique night of theater. He's got such an interesting eye and adds so much to the creative process. Chris Loupos is back to play Ray, and aside from being a very skilled actor, he's a leading celebrity photographer. Mike Villastrigo plays our psychopathic Cletis and his 20-minute scene with Ray is worth the price of admission. The all-female band, The Chalks, performs our live music. Broadway's Leenya Rideout is one of the musicians along with Mary Brienza and Kathryn Markey. They are a fictional Oklahoma based band and have been playing all over New York City for more than a decade. They've also been featured on Comedy Central and are just a really fun group of ladies. They are going to be such an important element to the evening. Tony del Bono and John Constantine are featured and Allison Hohman, Kerrielle Sollecito, Roslyn McKay and Wendy Tonken also deserve mention for their tremendous behind the scenes work.
Can you share any of your future plans?
Ah yes, some very exciting things coming up after Lone Star but I'm sworn to secrecy at the moment. What I will say is, "I have tricks in my pocket."
In the meantime, I hope everyone gets a chance to see Lone Star at the 13th Street Repertory Theater in NYC from June 6th through June 16th. We are a limited engagement for eight performances only.
Lone Star will be performed at the 13th Street Repertory Theater at 50 West 13th Street in New York City from June 6th to June 16th. The performance schedule is Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays at 7:30pm and Sundays at 3pm. Visit the Lone Star web site at http://www.lonestarplay.com/ and on Facebook @lonestarplay
Photo Credit: Chris Loupos
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