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4 edition of Atlantis found in the catalog.
by Gerhart Hauptmann
Published November 3, 2006 by Hard Press .
Atlantis can also optionally generate eBooks in the Amazon Kindle (MOBI) format. All eBooks created in Atlantis can be viewed on your computer in desktop eReaders. They can also be viewed on portable devices supporting eBooks in the EPUB format. You can create eBooks in Atlantis for personal or professional use. The Atlantis Motherland book, and the newest research by Flying Eagle and Whispering Wind, present a revolutionary and controversial new scenario, which supports the authenticity of these ancient sacred records. We describe the sudden devastating earthquake and resulting catastrophic flood, which.
The Royal at Atlantis is the icon of Atlantis featuring the awe-inspiring mythology of the Lost City of Atlantis risen from the sea. From the artwork to the experiences, a our Atlantis hotel on Paradise Island is larger than life, with intimate proximity to the world's largest open air marine habitat situated at its center and the famed Atlantis casino by its side.4/4(8K). Aug 21, · Atlantis Reemerges. In the first centuries of the Christian era, Aristotle was taken at his word and Atlantis was little discussed. In , the English philosopher and scientist Francis Bacon.
Atlantis Books has bookstores in Rotorua and Tokoroa with a focus on quality used books at great prices. We have the added facility of accepting used books in exchange for store credit. Looking for a particular book or author? NIKTOS: Dawn of the Atlantis Grail, Book Three GHOST: Dawn of the Atlantis Grail, Book Four. More on that soon! As far as paper print editions, there may be a novella bundle edition in hardcover and paperback, just like the main series books. TAG SWAG! - The Atlantis Grail Store on Zazzle.
Backward Virginians
The great game of business
The constitution of England
Direct cost of silvicultural treatments on national forests, 1975-78
Parish of Northmavine.
Curiosity at the center of ones life
Popular Organ Classics
Effects of water on coal cutting forces and primary dust distribution
Sir Thomas Lawrence, PRA, 1769-1830
Undocumented immigrants and higher education
Barry Farbers Guide to Handling Sales Objections
Commonwealth mining and metallurgical congress, ninth, 1969: Mining and petroleum technology, volume 1. edited by M.J. Jones
The Current State of the Chinese Communist Party in the Countryside (East Asian Institute Contemporary China, 25)
The battery book
Midhurst Intermediate School, West Sussex Local EducationAuthority
Wigalois
Chaim Weizmann
Atlantis by Gerhart Hauptmann Download PDF EPUB FB2
Aug 13, · Read the novel that started it all: The Atlantis Gene is the first book in A.G. Riddle's bestselling Origin Mystery trilogy, which has sold OVER THREE MILLION COPIES WORLDWIDE (in twenty languages) and received over 27,+ reviews on Amazon, 18,+ ratings on Audible, and overreviews & ratings on GoodReads/5(K).
Mar 29, · What Plato called "Atlantis" described a sea-going empire based on Crete and Thera which traded in copper, tin, and many other minerals from North America to the Indian sub-continent. Menzies' book is well-documented with many kinds of facts and proof, but reads as easily and as enjoyably as a sunshinesteaming.com by: 1.
Set in the Bahamas on Paradise Island, Atlantis is a world immersed in the beauty and mystery of a lost civilization - where exotic marine surroundings and superb accommodations create a.
The Atlantis series is an interesting book series of thriller, science fiction, war, and fantasy books. It Atlantis book written by a highly reputed American author named Bob Mayer under the pen name of Greg Donegan.
The series is comprised of a total of 6 books, which were released between the years and Atlantis Series 4 primary works • 13 total works Enter a mythical world of dragons, demons and nymphs enter a world of dark seduction and powerful magic enter Atlantis.
The Atlantis Bookshop is the home of living history of magic and we offer services across the whole world of the occult, including personal advice and help. Here is just snippet of what we do.
New Books about Magic We have a large and comprehensive selection of books which is replenished every week. Atlantis Book Design helps bring your books to life through eye-catching covers. We provide a variety of services for authors, including ebook and print design.
Atlantis Book Design helps bring your books to life through eye-catching covers. We provide a variety of. The Blue Project is Atlantis, Paradise Island's foundation, committed to sustaining, protecting and supporting the health of the oceans.
The Atlantis Race & Sports Book is Reno's hot spot for betting on your favorite sports. Immerse yourself to state-of-the art wagering technology. Resort. Rooms Atlantis Tower Rooms Luxury Tower Rooms Concierge Tower Rooms Bar Suite Spa Suite Executive Spa Suite Atrium Paradise Suite.
The Web's most complete, most updated Stargate news and reference guide. The most up-to-date Stargate news, episode summaries and in-depth analyses, plus spoilers and info on upcoming episodes, photos, weekly episode reviews and articles, online forums, The Stargate Omnipedia, and more.
Atlantis Books is located on the main marble street of Oia, Santorini. We offer literature in English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Chinese, and, of course, Greek. We focus on new and used books of modern classic fiction and non-fiction but also offer selections of.
Jan 10, · Well we only went to Athens, Naxos, Santorini and Crete, but out of those places, Atalantis Books was by far, the best stocked book store of English language books, both of mainstream stuff and quality literature My friend and I are huge book lovers, so this has been the best shop we've found in Greece.5/5().
Discover all the attractions and activities at Atlantis Paradise Island with these special vacation packages. Learn more about our Bahamas vacation deals and book your getaway. Atlantis as a concentric-ringed island in the Atlantic which sank under the sea is almost certainly a fiction based on some ancient political realities.
Scholars have suggested that the idea of Atlantis as an aggressive barbarian civilization is a reference to either Persia or Carthage, both of them military powers who had imperialistic notions.
In his book "Meet Me In Atlantis: Across Three Continents in Search of the Legendary Lost City" Mark Adams explains how an otherwise unremarkable Greek legend became so widely known. It was due to. PART I. THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. CHAPTER I. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK.
This book is an attempt to demonstrate several distinct and novel propositions. These are: 1. That there once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, a large island.
Atlantis Books opened in the spring of with the hope of bringing great art, literature, and conversation to one of the most beautiful environments in the world.
We host writers and artists if they promise to make our place a little more interesting. When you are looking for something from the Pegasus Galaxy, you can browse the extensive range of STARGATE ATLANTIS books, but if you are looking for a recommendation, we might suggest the very popular Legacy series, beginning with book one, STARGATE ATLANTIS: Homecoming.
Book Now. Atlantis Cruises. Atlantis Cruises introduces Hawaii's next generation of cruise vessels to enjoy dinner cruises at sunset and special events in the waters off Oahu. The vessel's name, Majestic, truly matches its character and the famous waters it cruises.
Short fiction. The official Stargate Magazine, produced by Titan Publishing, began publishing short stories written by Fandemonium authors in their 8th sunshinesteaming.com stories alternate between both SG-1 and sunshinesteaming.com magazine was available in the UK and internationally through Diamond Comic Distributors' Previews catalogue, and ended with issue #.
Atlantis, The Palm A Dubai icon, Atlantis, The Palm is the regions most Instagrammed hotel. The ultimate holiday destination it offers unforgettable experiences for all ages from thrill-seekers to food lovers and fitness freaks; here every moment sunshinesteaming.comon: Cresent Road The Palm, Dubai, Book your Spa Atlantis appointment online.
Log in to your MyAtlantis Online Account for an even quicker sunshinesteaming.com Hot Towel Massage 90min: $Atlantis is a legendary city, which is described in the work of the Greek philosopher Plato (c.
– BCE). The story of Atlantis with its fabulously wealthy and advanced civilization which was swept into the sea to be lost for ever has captured the imagination of readers for over two millennia.
Without any archaeological evidence or substantial information from sources besides Plato.
sunshinesteaming.com - Atlantis book © 2020


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6 Foods That Most Diabetics Should Avoid (and 8 Foods They Can Safely Eat)
By: Melissa Rudy, Staff Writer, 10/2/2017
So, you've seen your doctor and your fears have been confirmed. The "D word" has entered into your life—and this uninvited guest won't be leaving anytime soon. Diabetes can be a scary diagnosis, largely because it's not a temporary one.
Unlike a nasty cold or a sprained ankle, diabetes is not just an annoying hiccup that can be fixed and forgotten—it's a chronic disease that has no cure. It can be daunting to realize that for the rest of your life, you'll need to monitor your blood sugar and take steps to keep it at a safe level—but with the right treatment and adjustments, it is manageable.
What Is Diabetes?
Diabetes is all about insulin, the hormone that helps move the glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream into the cells so it can be used as fuel for the body. When the body is low on insulin does not make enough of it, or doesn't process the insulin properly (a condition called insulin resistance), it leads to a buildup of glucose in the bloodstream, which causes blood sugar levels to spike.
With Type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks cells in the pancreas so they can't produce insulin. If you have Type 2 diabetes, that means your pancreas doesn't make enough insulin or your body doesn't use it properly (or both).
Over time, elevated blood glucose levels can lead to serious health hazards, including higher risk of heart attack and stroke, kidney failure, loss of limbs and blindness. To prevent this, your doctor will likely recommend a modified diet and exercise plan, supplemented by insulin injections and/or diabetes medications as necessary.
How Will Diabetes Affect Your Diet?
You almost certainly have lots of questions, perhaps the biggest of which is, "What the heck am I allowed (and not allowed) to eat?" You may be wondering whether you'll still be able to enjoy the foods you love, or if you're destined to lead a tasteless, sugar-free life.
Don't fear: A diabetes diagnosis doesn't have to mean a lifetime of bland meals. The key is to choose more of the "good foods" and less of the "not-so-good" foods. As always, you can still enjoy some of your favorite indulgences, as long as you practice moderation and portion control.
Stephanie Perruzza, registered dietitian for KIND, says there are three key things to keep in mind when managing diabetes for your individual eating style: balance, consistency and portion control. "Choose balanced meals and snacks that offer a variety of nutrients like fiber, protein and healthy fats," she suggests. "It's important to eat consistent, evenly spaced meals throughout the day and watch your portion sizes to aid in blood sugar management."
We asked some nutrition experts what those with diabetes should consider before choosing what goes on their plates—and what to eliminate.
7 Foods to Watch if You Have Diabetes
Registered dietitian Ilana Muhlstein refers to fruit juices as "liquid candy," and says they should be largely avoided by those with diabetes. "Juices give you the sugars from all of the fruits without the fiber from the pulp, which is meant to help curb the sugar load in your blood stream," she says.
For hydration, it's best to stick to water or tea. And if it's the fruit you crave, opt for a whole piece of fresh produce rather than just the juice.
Flavored Plain Yogurts
Those yummy, fruit-flavored yogurts may seem like the best of both worlds, but they could actually be sugar traps masquerading as health food. When buying yogurt, Muhlstein says it's always best to make sure there are more grams of protein than grams of sugar.
"If you are buying a flavored plain yogurt, as opposed to a higher-protein Greek yogurt variety, you can expect as much as three times more sugars than protein, which can certainly spike your blood sugar," she says. Instead, she recommends choosing plain Greek yogurt with real fresh fruit or Stevia mixed in, or find a yogurt that has more grams of protein than sugar on the label, such as Siggi's.
100-Calorie Packs of Cookies
These petite-sized snack bags may seem like a smart way to satisfy your sweet tooth without busting your calorie budget, but Rissetto says those pre-portioned packs of cookies might not be as innocent as they seem.
"While they're only 100 calories, they're still purely sugar and not helping your glucose levels," she says. "If you're looking for something sweet, [have] some fruit with a small amount of dark chocolate. The fat from the chocolate will help stabilize blood sugar and keep you feeling full longer."
Sauces & Condiments with Hidden Sugars
Registered dietitian Dr. Catherine Metzgar is on the clinical team at Virta Health, a type 2 diabetes clinic that helps patients through nutritional intervention. She warns that people with diabetes should avoid foods that contain hidden sugars, which includes certain salad dressings, marinara sauces and barbeque sauces.
"Even though these foods don't taste sweet, just one tablespoon of conventional barbecue sauce has about six grams of sugar," Dr. Metzgar warns. There are low-sugar versions of sauces and condiments, so check the label before dousing your sandwich or salad.
Pumpkin Pastries & Drinks
At first glance, pumpkin seems like an excellent choice for a diabetic, as the food itself is low in calories, high in fiber and low in sugar. However, Muhlstein points out that it's not very sweet in and of itself, and is often supplemented with added sugars.
"When a bakery or coffee shop starts selling pumpkin scones, cookies, muffins and lattes, it is likely coated in sugar, maple syrup, honey and every other code name for sugar, and can be harmful for someone with diabetes," she warns.
Instead, Muhlstein suggests getting canned pure pureed pumpkin—the only ingredient should be pumpkin—and whipping it up with plain Greek yogurt, or ricotta cheese and a pinch of stevia, cinnamon and nutmeg, to make your own delicious pumpkin mousse for breakfast or a quick snack.
Muhlstein calls pretzels "white bread with better PR." While the low sugar content may initially make the salty snack seem like a good choice for diabetics, they're also high in carbohydrates, low in fiber and low in protein. And because diabetes is a risk factor for high blood pressure, the high salt content makes pretzels a poor snack choice.
Instead, Muhlstein recommends snacking on high-fiber crisp breads or crackers, like the kinds by Wasa, GG Scandinavian or Mary's Gone Crackers.
8 Foods That Are Good Choices for Those With Diabetes
Berry Fruits
Before reaching for that apple or banana, you might want to consider hopping on the berry bandwagon. Metzgar recommends choosing berry fruits—like raspberries, strawberries, blackberries and blueberries—instead of higher-sugar fruits.
"Berry fruits are lowest in carbohydrates and pack a powerful punch when it comes to antioxidants," she says. "Plus, they're a rich source of fiber, making them a perfect fruit choice for morning yogurt or a quick afternoon snack."
"Cauliflower is so high in fiber, and works great as a swap for higher carbohydrate dishes, making it an excellent choice for someone with diabetes," says Muhlstein. She also appreciates the veggie's versatility—cauliflower can be steamed and mashed like potatoes, spiced and roasted or even turned into pizza crust for a low-carb alternative when you're craving pizza.
Registered dietitian Toby Smithson, a certified diabetes educator and person living with diabetes herself, recommends oatmeal as a staple of any diabetic's diet.
"Oatmeal is a whole-grain cereal that contains fiber and no fat, which makes it a diabetes-friendly and heart-healthy food choice," she says. "People with diabetes are two to four times more likely to develop heart disease, so it's good to choose foods that can help lower the risk of heart disease, such as foods with soluble fiber, like oatmeal."
Due to its high fiber content, Smithson says the carbohydrate in oatmeal is absorbed slower than other ready-to-eat cereals, which can assist with better blood sugar control.
Research has shown that for people with diabetes, adding nuts to a meal or snack in place of carbohydrates can help to improve blood sugar control. In addition to being chock full of protein, nuts also contain fiber and heart-healthy fats.
"Consuming nuts is similar to strapping on a seat belt as a protective heart health component," says Smithson. "Walnuts contain an extra bonus as a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids."
Almonds are another great nut for controlling blood sugar levels and even preventing pre- diabetes, says Smithson. "Almonds are a low glycemic food, high in unsaturated fats and fiber, which all may be reasons they do not raise blood sugar levels when combined with a high-carbohydrate meal," she says.
As always, portion control is important when snacking on nuts. SparkPeople's registered dietitian nutritionist, Becky Hand, recommends using this resource for portion sizing.
If you have diabetes, Perruzza says refined starches, which can actually behave a lot like sugar when ingested into the body, should be among the first to go. "Whole grains—like quinoa, oats, amaranth and buckwheat—contain carbohydrates, but also provide nutrients like fiber, which slows down digestion and helps to manage blood sugar levels," she says. Perruzza says it's important to stick to portions of 1/3 to ½-cup of cooked grains when consuming whole grains as part of a meal.
These versatile, plant-based foods serve as lean sources of protein and fiber, which help to slow absorption of glucose into the bloodstream. Lentils and beans are specifically high in soluble fiber, which has been found to decrease cholesterol levels. They're also rich in iron, folate, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, magnesium, thiamine and zinc.
Muhlstein says lupini beans—a type of ancient Italian beans—have the highest amount of plant-based protein per calorie when compared to other beans. They're also very high in fiber, making them an incredible choice for stabilizing your blood sugar and also for weight control.
However, Smithson points out that for people with diabetes, it's important to consider that beans and legumes are also a source of carbohydrate. "This doesn't mean you can't have legumes, but it does mean that you will need to fit it into your carbohydrate choices for that meal," she says.
Fish High in Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Because people with diabetes have a higher risk for heart disease, it's more important for them to consume a heart-healthy diet. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease triglyceride levels and lower the risk of heart disease.
Smithson recommends incorporating fish high in omega-3s—such as salmon, sardines, mackerel, lake trout, herring or Albacore tuna—as lean, heart-healthy protein sources. "Make sure your fish is cooked using a fat-free method—baked, grilled or broiled—in order to keep it low in fat content," she suggests.
Non-Starchy Veggies
Perruzza recommends that diabetics add more non-starchy veggies to their diet. "Dark, leafy greens, Brussels sprouts, carrots and tomatoes are lower in carbohydrates and full of vitamins, minerals and fiber, so they have a lower impact on blood sugar levels," she explains. "They are also lower in calories, and a great option to incorporate into meals like a salad or cooked side dish."
Finding the Diabetes Diet That Works for You
It's important to remember that these are all general guidelines, and there is no "one size fits all" diet for everyone with diabetes. If you've been diagnosed, Hand strongly encourages you to meet with a dietitian or certified diabetes educator who can assess your nutritional needs and customize a dietary plan that complements your activity level, lifestyle, medications, food preferences and other factors.
Sick Day Tips for People with Diabetes
Eating with Diabetes: Alcoholic Beverages
Why Do I Need to See a Diabetes Educator?
Diabetes-Friendly Dinners
Eating With Diabetes: Party Food

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Stunning view from Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE
Pigeons in Piazza San Marco
Pigeons in Piazza San Marco on a rainy day with St. Mark's Basilica in the background, by Dmitri Kessel (1952). Source:
The Royal Palace in Bangkok, Thailand
The Royal Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. It's located in the historic city center, on the same compound as the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. Source:
White Temple, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Wat Rong Khun (Thai: วัดร่องขุ่น), more well-known among foreigners as the White Temple, is a contemporary unconventional Buddhist temple in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. It…
Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital is Chennai (formerly known as Madras), the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in…
Rome (Italian: Roma , Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune (named "Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and also…
Taipei officially known as Taipei City (Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak Chhī), is the capital of Taiwan (officially the Republic of…
Cancun, Mexico
Cancún is a city in southeastern Mexico, located on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It is a…
Burj Al-Arab, United Arab Emirates
Burj Al Arab (Arabic: برج العرب,Tower of the Arabs) is a luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It has been called 'The world's…
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Casa Batlló (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkazə βəʎˈʎo]) is a renowned building located in the heart of Barcelona and is one of Antoni Gaudí's masterpieces. Casa Batlló…
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Portofino (Portofin) is an Italian fishing village and upmarket resort famous for its picturesque harbour and historical association with celebrity visitors. It is a comune…
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The Harmandir Sahib (Punjabi: ਹਰਿਮੰਦਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ), also Darbar Sahib (Punjabi: ਦਰਬਾਰ ਸਾਹਿਬ, Punjabi pronunciation: dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb) and informally referred to as the "Golden Temple", is…


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Creative Blog For Study
Is Canada good for data science?
Home Is Canada good for data science?
18/12/2021 | by John A. | No comments
And when it comes to world-renowned top-ranking colleges offering Master's in Data Science degree, Canada is certainly a sought-after destination. There are many top colleges in Canada where students can acquire the array of skills required to practice Data Science at a professional level.
Is data science a high paying job?
An entry-level data scientist can earn around ₹500,000 per annum with less than one year of experience. Early level data scientists with 1 to 4 years experience get around ₹610,811 per annum. A mid-level data scientist with 5 to 9 years experience earns ₹1,004,082 per annum in India.
How is math used at home?
Every financial transaction you have uses some kind of math. You use basic addition and subtraction when you buy groceries. When you leave a tip, you calculate percentages. You use more complex equations involving fractions and percentages when you create a monthly budget.
Which country is first in medical science?
1 United States 26.42
2 China 9.36
3 United Kingdom 24.05
4 Germany 21.84
What jobs make the most money in Canada?
With that in mind, here are the top 5 highest paying jobs in Canada according to data from the Canadian Visa website:
Physician/Doctor – 150,000 CAD/year.
Lawyer – 135,000 CAD/year.
Miner/Oil and Gas Driller – 77,250 CAD/year.
Dentist – 75,000 CAD/year.
Registered Nurses – 74,000 CAD/year.
Who is known as Queen of mathematics?
Carl Friedrich Gauss one of the greatest mathematicians, is said to have claimed: "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences and number theory is the queen of mathematics." The properties of primes play a crucial part in number theory. An intriguing question is how they are distributed among the other integers.
What is a salary of scientist?
The average data scientists salary is ₹708,012. An entry-level data scientist can earn around ₹500,000 per annum with less than one year of experience. Early level data scientists with 1 to 4 years experience get around ₹610,811 per annum which made this one of the highest paid jobs in india in science field.
What is math used for?
It gives us a way to understand patterns, to quantify relationships, and to predict the future. Math helps us understand the world — and we use the world to understand math. The world is interconnected. Everyday math shows these connections and possibilities.
Which country pays highest salary for data scientist?
What is the number 1 country in education?
Is India good at math?
Indian students are great at textbook math, but can hardly solve real-world problems. It's widely believed that Indians are really good at math. Even the late Stephen Hawking agreed. The kids included in the analysis were enrolled from class 6 to class 10 across over 70 Indian cities.
On which rank is India in education?
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
hideNotes
Literacy rate 168 / 234 2011 – 74.04%
Human capital 103 / 130 2017
Education Index 145 / 191 2013
Programme for International Student Assessment 72 to 74 / 74 2009
Where can data scientists work?
Opportunities for data scientists are available in many areas, including the tech industry, related industries that use technology, government research, and academic research posts. In the private sector, the hiring process as a data scientist requires candidates to put their hard skills and soft skills on display.
Which country is best for data science jobs?
London, UK The cost of living is high considering the average salary (just over $57,000), but there are just over 2000 current job postings and plenty of opportunities to network your way to some of the most significant projects happening in data science.
Is data scientist stressful job?
Yes, Data Scientist works in stressful environments. Even though they are part of a team, you might need to work alone more frequently. You might have to work long hours frequently, especially if you're pushing to solve a huge project or finish a project and expectations for your performance are high.
Is math important in life?
Without math, you may not have enough food (or have too much food) to feed your guests… Math helps us have better problem-solving skills. Math helps us think analytically and have better reasoning abilities. Analytical and reasoning skills are important because they help us solve problems and look for solutions.
Do scientists make good money?
Depending on their specialization, scientists can earn a lot of money. Physicists, computer scientists, and paleontologists were among the most lucrative careers, earning six-figure salaries.
What is the rank of India in mathematics?
The Department of Mathematics has been ranked first in India with a subject score of 47.8 and global score of 41.5. The 'US News and World Report' Rankings are an indicator and aid to strategic management of institutions all over the world.
What is the best paying country?
Top 10 countries for expat salary packages in 2020
Switzerland. Regularly topping expat salary lists, Switzerland has bags of earning potential.
United States of America. For those in the right industries, the United States offers the potential for very high earnings and decent benefits packages.
Singapore.
Which country pays scientists most?
What Are The Best Countries For Scientists?
Says CareerAddict, "The average scientist in Switzerland receives an annual salary of roughly $95,000 (in Euros, of course), making Switzerland the country with the highest salary for scientists in the world.
According to the Nature Index, which tracks the globe's best natural science research.
Which country is best at science?
The ten leading countries in natural-sciences research
United States. Share: Count: 28,403; Change in adjusted Share (2018–19): −4.2%
China. Share: Count: 18,026; Change in adjusted Share (2018–19): +15.4%
Germany. Share: 4,545.70; Count: 8,770; Change in adjusted Share (2018–19): −4.1%


We will hold a mix of professional development and networking events throughout the year. They're a great opportunity for professional communicators to build their networks, acquire new skills and learn about the current trends in business communications.
If you are interested in presenting to the IABC Western Australia membership group, we would love to hear from you, too.
IABC Western Australia's inaugural Great Debate on Thursday 21 February 2019 was a sell-out event which did not disappoint.
MC extraordinaire Andrea Burns kept the excellent verbal sparring reasonably under control and the audience was treated to wide-ranging perspectives and plenty of humour.
The negative team, arguing that Communication Professionals Are NOT Just Spin Doctors, won the night and Bill Townsend picked up the gong for Best Debater.
We've all heard the myth that Communication Professionals Are Just Spin Doctors. We'll be putting that theory to the test on Thursday 21 February when we kick off our year with a light-hearted debate featuring some of the best in the business, pitting some of WA's best-known journalists against three of our industry's most senior communication specialists.
Hosted by TV and radio personality Andrea Burns, the debate will feature: ABC Radio's new Focus host and former political reporter Jessica Strutt, Chief Reporter at The Australian Andrew Burrell and ABC News business reporter Kathryn Diss.
Presenting the case for the communicators will be Cannings Purple national director (and ex journo) Karen Brown, INPEX General Manager External Affairs and Joint Venture Bill Townsend and Head of Corporate Affairs, Media and Communication at HBF Andrew Walton.
This IABC Western Australia event is proudly sponsored by Cannings Purple.
Join us at IABC Western Australia's networking/sundowner event. We are looking forward to a dynamic 2019 for IABC Western Australia. Come and enjoy a drink and network with old and new communications colleagues as the end of this year edges closer. Find out how IABC can support you in your career.
Join us at IABC APAC's networking/sundowner event, following our first ever masterclass, "Leadership Skills for Communication Professionals" in Perth, Tuesday 20 March.
See IABC APAC events page for masterclass info & registration.
We'd love to see you for both, or just come along for the networking. We have big plans for IABC in WA and look forward to sharing them with you then.
Explore the demands of communication leadership and the skills and attributes needed to lead an effective team and achieve key organisational outcomes.
This class is taught by Adrian Cropley, ABC, FRSA and draws on his extensive years of business, HR, communication and change experience, coupled with leading practices of his global clients. During the program, Adrian will help attendees through some of their specific challenges. Expect to walk away with helpful solutions, tools and techniques and have fun in the process.


My washing machine is not draining or filling. How can I fix this?
Cleaning How to check the drain pump filter of my Samsung washing machine?
Function What is Water Consumption per Wash?
Install & Operation Washing Machine: How to Level?


What Makes a Team Successful?
This past week I was sitting with our Hignell Companies President Phil and our VP for Property Management, Greg. We were reflecting on why our nine member Executive Team functions so well as a team. All three of us are aware of another team outside our company that has yet to learn to work together successfully. We identified 5 key attributes for our Executive Team that are, I believe, universal for successful teams. Upon further reflection after our time together, I also added a sixth, competence. Here is a brief description of each of these attributes and how they are at work in our Executive Team.
Love: We genuinely love and care for one another. We have each other's best interest at heart. We serve each other willingly.
Honor: We view each other as created by God in His image with certain gifts and abilities. We choose to focus on our positive characteristics while coming along and supporting or propping up the weaker areas in each other. Honor is "considering others as more important than yourself" (Phil. 2).
Competence: Over time we have built a team where every member has the skills and abilities to fulfill their role with excellence. This excellence is achieved when other team members come alongside with the love and honor described above.
Trust: Flowing from love, honor and competence is a deep level of trust. I trust Phil as President completely. He can and does speak for me in his role as President. I know he has our best interest at heart.
Shared global vision: All the previous attributes can be in place but without a shared vision a team ends up pulling in opposite directions with each team member working to fulfill their specific vision.
Shared agreement on the implementation of that vision: There must be agreement on how best to implement the shared vision. The contrasting organization has a shared vision but the team members have very different ideas on how that vision should be implemented.
I remember clearly the day that Phil came to me and said that he would walk alongside me as President for the remainder of his working life with the goal of seeing my vision and desires implemented in The Hignell Companies. He was expressing love, honor, trust, and a shared vision. Adding to this his excellent competence what more could a team leader ask for?


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text:
Linear Models of Computation and Program Learning
by Michael Bukatin, et al.
We consider two classes of computations which admit taking linear combinations of execution runs: probabilistic sampling and generalized animation. We argue that the task of program learning should be more tractable for these architectures than for conventional deterministic programs. We look at the recent advances in the "sampling the samplers" paradigm in higher-order probabilistic programming. We also discuss connections between partial inconsistency, non-monotonic inference, and vector semantics.
Michael Bukatin
Steve Matthews
Minimum Model Semantics for Extensional Higher-order Logic Programming with Negation
Extensional higher-order logic programming has been introduced as a gene...
Angelos Charalambidis, et al. ∙
Extensional Denotational Semantics of Higher-Order Probabilistic Programs, Beyond the Discrete Case
We describe a mathematical structure that can give extensional denotatio...
Guillaume Geoffroy, et al. ∙
Semantics of higher-order probabilistic programs with conditioning
We present a denotational semantics for higher-order probabilistic progr...
Fredrik Dahlqvist, et al. ∙
Statically Bounded-Memory Delayed Sampling for Probabilistic Streams
Probabilistic programming languages aid developers performing Bayesian i...
Eric Atkinson, et al. ∙
Formal verification of higher-order probabilistic programs
Probabilistic programming provides a convenient lingua franca for writin...
Tetsuya Sato, et al. ∙
Delayed Sampling and Automatic Rao-Blackwellization of Probabilistic Programs
We introduce a dynamic mechanism for the solution of analytically-tracta...
Lawrence M. Murray, et al. ∙
Densities of almost-surely terminating probabilistic programs are differentiable almost everywhere
We study the differential properties of higher-order statistical probabi...
Carol Mak, et al. ∙
One of the key challenges of program learning is that software tends to be too brittle and insufficiently robust with respect to minor variation.
Biological systems tend to be much more flexible and adaptive with respect to variation. In particular, biological cells are capable of functioning at wide ranges of the level of expression of various proteins, which are machines working in parallel. Regulation of the level of expression of specific proteins is a key element of flexibility of biological systems. It is argued in evolutionary developmental biology that the flexible architecture together with conservation of core mechanisms is crucial for the observed rate of biological evolution [16, 22] . It is suggested that morphology evolves largely by altering the expression of functionally conserved proteins [12] .
To incorporate regulation of expression into a system of genetic programming one might evolve programs describing systems of parallel computational processes. Then one might take the CPU allocation and other computational resources given to a particular computational process as computational equivalent of the level of expression of a particular protein.
Of course, many of the architectures for parallel computations are brittle as well, with delicate mechanisms of writing to shared memory and locks. To achieve flexibility one should use parallel architectures which minimize those delicate interdependencies.
Computational architectures which admit the notion of linear combination of execution runs are particularly attractive in this sense. Then one can regulate the system simply by controlling coefficients in a linear combination of its components.
In this paper we consider two computational architectures which admit linear combinations of execution runs.
One such architecture is probabilistic sampling. If one has two samplers generating points of two distributions with a uniform speed, so that the notion of "a number of points generated per unit of time" is well defined for both of them, one can obtain a sampler generating a linear combination of those two distributions with arbitrary positive coefficients simply by running those two samplers in parallel with appropriate relative speeds.
We argue that it should be easier to learn probabilistic programs than to learn deterministic programs due to the fact that probabilistic programs admit linear combinations of execution runs. We also discuss the techniques to allow negative coefficients in those linear combinations later in the text.
There is a lot of affinity between methods of evolutionary programming and methods of probabilistic sampling. Evolutionary schemas can be considered as particular sampling methods, while many sampling schemas have strong evolutionary flavor (more details in Section 0.2).
This means that instead of thinking in terms of genetic programming for probabilistic programs one might think about program learning in terms of the "sampling the samplers" paradigm, namely in terms of probabilistic programs sampling other probabilistic programs (generative models producing other generative models as their points). This "sampling the samplers" paradigm manifests itself, in particular, in recent work on learning probabilistic programs by Yura Perov and Frank Wood [33] and also in recent advances in compositional concept learning obtained by Brenden Lake [24] . We review these and some other recent advances in higher-order probablistic programming in Section 0.3.
0.1.1 Negative Coefficients
Another computational architecture which admits linear combinations of execution runs is generalized animation. We define a generalized (monochrome) image as a map from a set (called the set of points) to reals. We define a generalized (monochrome) animation as a map from time (discrete or continuous) to generalized images. Linear combination of images is defined point-wise. The secondary structure on the set of points might vary. To obtain a conventional monochrome image the secondary structure typically assigns coordinates from a discretized rectangle to points. For display purposes, zero is normally associated with gray level in the middle between the most dark and the most bright possible values. This approach allows the use of both positive and negative coefficients in the linear combinations of generalized images and animations.
Conventional color images and music are examples of generalized animations, and the use of linear combinations of those is standard in video and audio mixing software.
One feature shared between animations and probabilistic programs is that complex behaviors can often be expressed by very short programs. Many software experiments including our own work with simulated reflection in water waves [9, 15] demonstrate that interesting and expressive dynamics can result from simple programs.
Another feature animations seem to share with sampling architecture is that they tend to be non-brittle, and that their mutations and crossover tend to produce meaningful results in the evolutionary setting [13] . This architecture provides a direct way to incorporate aesthetic criteria into software systems. This architecture can also leverage existing animations, digital and physical (such as light refections and refractions in water), as computational oracles.
A lot of expressive power of this architecture comes from the ability to have non-standard secondary structures on the set of points. Points can be associated with vertices or edges of a graph, grammar rules, positions in a matrix, etc. One should be able to formulate mechanisms of higher-order animation programming via variable illumination of elements of such structures.
0.1.2 Negative Probability
In order to enable both positive and negative coefficients for probabilistic sampling one can allow sampling via two parallel sampling channels: a positive one and a negative one.
There is evidence that signed functions are sampled via parallel positive and negative channels in neural system, for example, in retina (see pages 65 and 173 of [29]
). The idea that some of the brain functioning might be understood as Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling was developed in recent years and led to fruitful applications to the computational schemes robust with respect to noise and benefiting from presence of noise and thus suitable for implementation in low-powered circuits (see
[27] and references therein). The combination of this idea and of the evidence for sampling via parallel positive and negative channels is suggestive.
One way to understand and formalize this situation is via allowing negative values for probabilities and probability densities. Quasiprobability distributions allowing both positive and negative probability values have long history. Their first prominent use comes in phase space formulation of quantum mechanics via Wigner quasiprobability distribution in 1940s
[31, 18] . The intuition behind the notion of negative probability is discussed in detail in [14] . More recently, negative probabilities are finding use in quantum algorithms [30] .
In denotational semantics of probabilistic programs, Dexter Kozen found it fruitful to replace the space of probability distributions with the space of signed measures
[23] . This allowed him to express denotations of probabilistic programs as continuous linear operators with finite norms. The probabilistic powerdomain was embedded into the positive cone of the resulting Banach lattice.
0.1.3 Partial Inconsistency, Non-monotonic Inference, and Vector Semantics
Addition of the elements expressing partial degrees of contradiction results in an embedding of an approximation domain into a vector space in yet another important case, the interval numbers, by extending them with pseudosegments [a,b] with the contradictory property that b<a.
The resulting spaces tend to be equipped with two Scott topologies dual to each other, which enables both upwards and downwards computable inference steps, and thus facilitates non-monotonic reasoning.
The resulting mathematical landscape is a field directly adjacent to the main topic of this paper. We review this field and present some of our own results there in Section 0.4.
0.1.4 Almost Continuous Transformations of Dataflow Programs
Because probabilistic sampling and generalized animation are both stream-based, dataflow programming is a natural framework for this situation. Dataflow architecture is convenient for program learning, because syntax of dataflow programs would typically be more closely related to their semantics than the syntax of more conventional programs.
The ability to take linear combinations of execution runs allows us to introduce the notion of almost continuous transformation of dataflow programs [9] . This architecture is applicable to probabilistic sampling and to generalized animation. We implemented an open source software prototype demonstrating the use of those techniques for ordinary animations [15] .
This architecture allows us to evolve dataflow programs in almost continuous fashion while those evolving programs are running. This makes it possible to sample almost continuous trajectories in the space of dataflow programs, in addition to the usual practices of sampling the syntax trees of programs, thus enabling new evolutionary and probabilistic schemas of program learning.
0.1.5 Dataflow Graphs as Matrices
Adopting a discipline of bipartite graphs linking nodes obtained via general transformations and nodes obtained via linear transformations makes it possible to develop and evolve dataflow programs over these classes of computations by
continuous program transformations. The use of bipartite graphs allows us to represent the dataflow programs from this class as matrices of real numbers and evolve and modify programs by continuous change of these numbers [10] .
The representation of programs as matrices of real numbers makes the task of program learning more similar to the task of machine learning for more narrow and conventional classes of models.
0.2 Parallels between Methods of Evolutionary Programming and Probabilistic Sampling
The connections between probabilistic programming and genetic programming are much tighter than it is usually acknowledged.
Many variants of MCMC are evolutionary in spirit. Acceptance/rejection of the samples corresponds to selection. Production of new samples via modifications of the accepted ones corresponds to mutations to produce offspring from the survivors.
The Bayesian Optimization Algorithm changes the procedure of producing the next generation in genetic algorithms from pairwise crossover to resampling from the estimated distribution of the individuums selected for fitness
[32] . This scheme of crossover is used by the seminal MOSES system [26] . This is similar in spirit to population-based methods of sampling.
0.3 Some Recent Advances in Higher-Order Probabilistic Programming
We are seeing very rapid progress in probabilistic programming in recent years.
What particularly catches our attention is a series of results solving various computer vision problems as Bayesian inverse problems to computer graphics rendering, starting with
For an example of a powerful model learning scheme for probabilistic programs using matrix decomposition and a context-free grammar of models see [19] .
The term "higher-order probabilistic programming" usually means a higher-order functional programming language implementing sampling semantics. Recently we are seeing examples of research implementing higher-order sampling schemas in a more narrow and focused sense of the word: samplers which generate other samplers, probabilistic programs sampling the space of probabilistic programs.This is a particularly important development for program learning.
A recent work on learning probabilistic programs within the "sampling the samplers" paradigm by Perov and Wood allows, in particular, "compilation" of probabilistic programs so that the resulting samplers just sample the posterior directly without sampling the whole joint distribution (another possible name for this procedure which comes to mind is "partial evaluation", although neither term is quite adequate for this novel procedure). The work is done using the new Anglican engine which implements a probabilistic programming language similar to Venture, but is written in Clojure (which should enable better parallelization and better performance scaling with more hardware) and uses a higher-order PMCMC ("Particle Markov Chain Monte Carlo") sampling scheme, where efficient high-dimensional proposal distributions for MCMC are generated by particle filters. The work follows earlier successes of Maddison and Tarlow in capturing frequent context-dependent syntactic patterns of code from open source repositories within generative models (see
[33] and references therein).
Another important work done with the use of multilevel "generative models emitting generative models" architecture is the research by Lake in compositional concept learning [24] . The typical tasks performed are learning the letters of synthetic alphabet and spoken Japanese-like words. The author claims that this is the first time when a machine learning system combines learning from one or a few examples (rather than from big data corpora) with learning rich conceptual representations.
0.4 Partial Inconsistency, Non-monotonic Inference, and Vector Semantics
The traditional mathematical view is that there is only one kind of contradiction and that all contradictions imply each other and everything else. However, there is also rich tradition of studying various kinds of graded or partial contradictions.
There are a number of common motives appearing multiple times in various studies of graded inconsistency. These common motives link a variety of independently done studies together and serve as focal elements of what we call the partial inconsistency landscape [5] . We list many of these common motives and some of their interplay.
An especially important motive is that in the presence of partial inconsistency many otherwise impoverished algebraic structures become groups and vector spaces. In particular, domains for denotational semantics tend to acquire group and vector space structure when partial inconsistency is present.
Known applications include handling of inconsistent information and non-monotonic andanti-monotonic inference. Perhaps even more importantly for the advanced AI, vector semantics is likely to offer new powerful schemes for program learning, as we are arguing in this paper.
We provide a necessarily incomplete overview of this field here and present some of our results. For more details, see [6] and other materials in [3] .
0.4.1 Focal Elements of the Partial Inconsistency Landscape
Various forms of negative measure (negative length and distance, negative probability and signed measures, negative membership and signed multisets)
Bilattices
Bitopology
Domains with group and vector space structures
Bicontinuous domains
The domain of arrows, DOp×D or COp×D
Non-monotonic and anti-monotonic inference
Modal and paraconsistent logic and possible world models
Hahn-Jordan decomposition or "bilattice pattern":
x=(x∧0)+(x∨0) or x=(x∧⊥)⊔(x∨⊥)
0.4.2 Partially Inconsistent Interval Numbers
Interval numbers are segments [a,b] on the real line where a≤b. One can extend interval numbers by adding pseudosegments [a,b] with the contradictory property that b<a. This structure was independently discovered many times and is known under various names including Kaucher interval arithmetic, directed interval arithmetic, generalized interval arithmetic, and modal interval arithmetic (a comprehensive repository of literature on the subject is maintained by Evgenija Popova [34] ). The first mention known to us is by Warmus in 1956 [40] . Our group tends to call this structure partially inconsistent interval numbers.
There are two partial orders on partially inconsistent interval numbers. The informational order, ⊑, is defined by reverse inclusion on interval numbers: [a,d]⊑[b,c] iff a≤b and c≤d. The same formula is used for partially inconsistent interval numbers. The material order is component-wise: [a,b]≤[c,d] iff a≤c and b≤d.
Addition on interval numbers (and partially inconsistent interval numbers) is defined component-wise: [a1,b1]+[a2,b2]=[a1+a2,b1+b2].
The operation of weak minus is defined as −[a,b]=[−b,−a]. Addition and weak minus are monotonic with respect to ⊑.
Consider −[a,b]+[a,b]=[−b,−a]+[a,b]=[a−b,b−a]. If a<b, then the strict inequality, [a−b,b−a]⊏[0,0], holds. So if a<b, −[a,b]+[a,b] approximates [0,0], but is not equal to it, hence interval numbers with weak minus don't form a group.
If one allows pseudosegments, one can define the component-wise true minus: −[a,b]=[−a,−b]. Partially inconsistent interval numbers with the component-wise addition and the true minus form a group (and a 2D vector space over the reals). The true minus maps precisely defined numbers, [a,a], to precisely defined numbers, [−a,−a]. Other than that, the true minus maps segments to pseudosegments and maps pseudosegments to segments. The true minus is anti-monotonic with respect to ⊑.
0.4.3 Bilattices
A bilattice is a set equipped with two lattice structures defining two partial orders, the material order, ≤, and the informational order, ⊑, and Ginsberg involution111an involution is a function f such that f(f(x))=x for all x in the domain of f monotonic with respect to ⊑, anti-monotonic with respect to ≤, and preserving appropriate lattice structures. Additional axioms are often imposed.
Bilattices were introduced by Matthew Ginsberg [17] to provide a unified framework for a variety of inferences schemes used in AI, such as non-monotonic inference, inference with uncertainty, etc. They are now ubiquitous in the studies of partial and graded inconsistency.
The simplest example of a bilattice is the four-valued logic: f<⊥<t,f<⊤<t, ⊥⊏f⊏⊤,⊥⊏t⊏⊤.
Partially inconsistent interval numbers form a bilattice. Sometimes one wants both orders to form complete lattices. This can be achieved by allowing a and b to also take −∞ and +∞ as values, or by confining a and b within a segment [A,B], in both cases sacrificing the property of partially inconsistent interval numbers being a group.
If we consider all partially inconsistent interval numbers without infinities or allow a and b to take −∞ and +∞ values, or if we confine a and b within segment [−A,A], then Ginsberg involution is the weak minus. If we confine a and b within a segment [A,B], then Ginsberg involution maps [a,b] to [A+B−b,A+B−a]. One important case here is [A,B]=[0,1].
0.4.4 Bitopology and Non-monotonic Inference
Asymmetric topology such as Scott topology generated by a partial order ⊑ is often used in computer science to encode monotonic inference and limits of monotonic inference. For example, the upper topology on the real line consists of the open rays (a,+∞) (take a=−∞ and a=+∞ to represent the whole space and the empty set). This topology encodes the processes generating monotonically non-decreasing sequences of reals, x1≤x2≤…, and their limits.
Scott continuous functions are functions respecting this structure. More specifically, Scott continuous functions between two spaces with Scott topologies are monotonic functions preserving appropriately defined limits. A classic exposition of these ideas is [37] .
For an exposition of inference in Scott domains see, for example, Chapter 5 of [4] . Because Hasse diagrams depict partially ordered sets in such a fashion that the larger elements are above the smaller elements, we say that the standard monotonic inference in Scott domains is directed upwards (the elements become larger in the process of inference).
If there are two Scott topologies on the same set with associated partial orders pointing into opposite directions, one can infer both upwards and downwards, thus enabling non-monotonic inference.
In our example, one can also consider the lower topology on the real line consisting of the open rays (−∞,b), and this is the second Scott topology, encoding the processes generating monotonically non-increasing sequences of reals, y1≥y2≥…, and their limits. Switching between these two topologies one can encode non-monotonic sequences.
A space with two topologies is called a bitopological space, and a space with Scott topologies generated by ⊑ and ⊒ with certain additional properties is called a bicontinuous domain [21] .
0.4.5 Order Reversal and the Domain of Arrows
Consider a bicontinuous domain, (X,⊑,⊒). The partial order ⊒ which is the order opposite to ⊑ then defines the dual space, XOp=X∗=(X,⊒,⊑), which is also a bicontinuous domain.
For a bicontinuous domain (X,⊑,⊒) we say that ⊑ is pointing upwards ("the main partial order of the space") and ⊒ is pointing downwards ("the auxiliary or dual order of the space").
If we think informally about an arrow from space X to space Y, then our intuition tells us that the arrow is greater if it "points more upwards", that is, if its right end is higher, and its left end is lower.
Formalizing this intuition we define the space of arrows from X to Y as X∗×Y.
If we consider real numbers R with the standard order, ⊑=≤, then partially inconsistent interval numbers are a space of arrows pointing from the right ends of the segments to the left ends of the segments, R×R∗.
If R is modified to become a domain, R (by adding −∞ and +∞ as values or by taking a finite segment), we call R×R∗ a domain of arrows.
There are two ways to describe Scott topology in terms of generalized distances. One is via asymmetric quasi-metrics, with d(x,y)=0 if and only if x⊑y. Another is via dropping the d(x,x)=0 requirement which leads to relaxed and partial metrics. Quasi-metrics of this kind are monotonic with respect to one of the variables and anti-monotonic with respect of another variable. So the only way to have these generalized distances to be Scott continuous as functions from X×X to the domain representing distances is via the route of relaxed and partial metrics [11] .
In the bicontinuous situation, quasi-metrics can be understood as (Scott continuous) order-preserving maps from the domain of arrows, X∗×X, to the domain representing distances.
Order-reversing involutions (x⊑y⇔f(y)⊑f(x) and f(f(x))=x) play a prominent role in this context. From the viewpoint of domain theory, order-reversing involutions should be thought of as order-preserving maps X→X∗ (or X∗→X). Hence order-reversing involutions are order-preserving maps X∗×X→X×X∗ (and vice versa) on the domain of arrows.
0.4.6 Bitopology and Partial Inconsistency
There are at least three ways bitopologies occur in studies of partial inconsistency. The connections between partial inconsistency and bitopological Stone duality via the notion of d-frame (Jung-Moshier frame) are explored in [20] (see also [25] ). A fuzzy bitopology valued in lattice L is a fuzzy topology valued in the bilattice L2 (in particular, an ordinary bitopology is a topology valued in the four-valued logic) [36] . Finally, in the context of bitopological groups and the anti-monotonic group inverse the following situation is typical: two topologies, T and T−1, are group dual of each other (i.e. the group inverse induces a bijection between the respective systems of open sets), the multiplication is continuous with respect to both topologies, and the group inverse is a bicontinuous map from (X,T,T−1) to its bitopological dual, (X,T−1,T) [1] .
All these motives are prominent for the case of partially inconsistent interval numbers [6] .
D-frames.
Partially inconsistent interval numbers over reals extended with ±∞ are isomorphic to the d-frame of the (lower, upper) bitopology on the reals.
Consider the (lower, upper) bitopology on the real line, that is the bitopology where the first topology is the lower topology, and the second topology is the upper topology (see Section 0.4.4). Define the bilattice isomorphism between the d-frame elements, i.e. pairs ⟨L,U⟩ of the respective open sets, and partially inconsistent interval numbers. A pair ⟨L,U⟩ is a pair of open rays, ⟨(−∞,a),(b,+∞)⟩ (a and b are allowed to take −∞ and +∞ as values). This pair corresponds to a partially inconsistent interval number [a,b]. Consistent, i.e. non-overlapping, pairs of open rays (a≤b) correspond to segments. Total, i.e. covering the whole space, pairs of open rays (b<a) correspond to pseudosegments.
Group dual topologies.
The minus operation on real numbers is bicontinuous from the (lower, upper) bitoplogy to the (upper, lower) bitopology and vice versa. The corresponding map between the d-frames is very similar to the weak minus (Ginsberg involution), except that the order of bitopological components also needs to be swapped to respect bitopological duality in this case (partially inconsistent interval numbers are a Cartesian product of lower and upper bounds; swapping can be thought of as changing the order of components in this Cartesian product).
In a similar fashion, the true minus operation on the partially inconsistent interval numbers is bicontinuous between a (T,T−1) bitopology on the partially inconsistent interval numbers and its dual (T−1,T) bitopology. (Here T and T−1 must be group dual topologies of each other, e.g. the Scott topology corresponding to ⊑ and the Scott topology corresponding to ⊒.)
Rodabaugh correspondence.
Any real-valued fuzzy bitopology can be represented as fuzzy topology valued in partially inconsistent interval numbers.
The open sets of the upper topology on the reals is a particular representation of real numbers extended with ±∞, the same is true about the open sets of the lower topology on the reals. Consider a particular form of real-valued fuzzy bitopology, namely the multivalued bitopology where the first multivalued topology is valued in the lower topology, and the second multivalued topology is valued in the upper topology, that is a (lower, upper)-valued bitopology.
Consider the following mild generalization of the correspondence described in [36] . (L,M)-valued bitopology can be understood as L×M-valued topology via LX×MX≅(L×M)X isomorphism.
Hence the (lower, upper)-valued bitopology can be understood as the topology valued in the (lower, upper) d-frame, i.e. the topology valued in partially inconsistent interval numbers over reals extended with ±∞. Further discussion of the intuition involved here is in the slides 37-38 of [6] .
0.4.7 Paraconsistent Version of Fuzzy Mathematics
It seems that mathematics of partial inconsistency should be bilattice-valued. The Rodabaugh correspondence is one of the indications of that, as L×M is naturally a bilattice, with the informational order, ⊑L×M, being obtained from the product (L,⊑L)×(M,⊑M) and the material order, ≤L×M, being obtained from the product of L by the dual of M, (L,⊑L)×(M,⊒M).
While the fuzzy mathematics in general is lattice-valued, the situations where the lattice is [0,1] or otherwise based on real numbers remain important. Similarly, while mathematics of partial inconsistency is in general likely to be valued in bilattices, the particular situations where the bilattice is based on partially inconsistent real numbers (whether confined within [0,1], [−1,1], or [−∞,+∞]) are likely to play important roles.
The paraconsistent equivalent of real-valued fuzzy mathematics is mathematics valued in partially inconsistent interval numbers.
0.4.8 Partial and Relaxed Metrics
The standard partial metric on the interval numbers is p([a1,b1],[a2,b2])=max(b1,b2)−min(a1,a2) [8] . Hence the self-distance for [a,b] is b−a. If we extend this formula to pseudosegments, the self-distance of pseudosegments turns out to be negative.
Partial metrics can be understood as upper bounds for "ideal distances". One often has to trade the tightness of those bounds for nicer sets of axioms. E.g. the natural upper bound for the distance between [0,2] and [1,1] is 1, and there is a weak partial metric which yields that. However, if one wants to enjoy the axiom of small self-distances, p(x,x)≤p(x,y), one has to accept p([0,2],[1,1])=2, since p([0,2],[0,2])=2.
A similar trade can be made for lower bounds. The standard interval-valued relaxed metric produces the gap between non-overlapping segments as their lower bound, but takes 0 as the lower bound for the distance between overlapping segments (hence 0 is also the lower bound for self-distance). If one settles for a less tight lower bound and allows the lower bound to be negative in those cases, one can obtain a distance with much nicer properties: l([a1,b1],[a2,b2])=max(a1,a2)−min(b1,b2).
We think about the pair ⟨l,p⟩ as a relaxed metric valued in partially inconsistent interval numbers. The self-distance of [a,b] is [a−b,b−a] and the self-distance of a pseudosegment is a pseudosegment.
The map [a,b]↦[b,a] expressing the symmetry between segments and pseudosegments also transforms ⟨l,p⟩ into ⟨p,l⟩.
0.4.9 Signed Measures and Signed Multisets
One way to think about p([a,b],[a,b])=b−a is to say that a pseudosegment has a negative length.
We can also revisit the correspondence between the elements of the (lower, upper) bitopology d-frame, {⟨(−∞,a),(b,+∞)⟩}
, and the partially inconsistent interval numbers. Consider the characteristic function mapping the real line to 1 and subtract from it the characteristic functions of
(−∞,a) and (b,+∞). If [a,b] is a segment, the result is the characteristic function of that segment (valued 1 for the points belonging to the segment and 0 for the points outside the segment). If [a,b] is a pseudosegment and if we allow for the overlap between (−∞,a) and (b,+∞) to be subtracted twice, the result is the generalized characteristic function, which equals to -1 in the open interval (b,a) and equals to 0 outside (b,a). So we obtain a signed multiset here allowing negative degree of membership.
This construction is topologically asymmetric in the following sense. Algebraically we can say that totally defined numbers [a,a] belong to both segments and pseudosegments, or to neither. But topologically (and via characteristic functions), this symmetry must be broken. We break it in favor of the "natural" viewpoint: totally defined numbers are segments, and not pseudosegments. But one could also break it in favor of the dual viewpoint, by considering dual d-frames of closed sets (and stipulating that characteristic functions of segments take value 1 only on their interiors).
0.4.10 Negative Probability and Vector Semantics
One can think about probabilistic programs as transformers from the probability distributions on the space of inputs to the probability distributions on the space of outputs. Dexter Kozen showed that it is fruitful to replace the space of probability distributions by the space of signed measures [23] . One defines ν<μ iff μ−ν is a positive measure. The space of signed measures is a vector lattice (a Riesz space) and a Banach space, so people call this structure a Banach lattice. Denotations of programs are continuous linear operators with finite norms. The probabilistic powerdomain is embedded into the positive cone of this Banach lattice. The structure of Hilbert space on signed measures can be obtained via reproducing kernel methods (see Chapter 4 of [2] ).
0.4.11 Hahn-Jordan Decomposition and the Bilattice Pattern:
The Hahn-Jordan decomposition, μ+=μ∨0,μ−=μ∧0,μ=μ++μ−, holds, due to the fact that x=(x∧0)+(x∨0) is a theorem for all lattice-ordered groups.
Defining ν⊑μ iff ν+≤μ+ and ν−≤μ−, one also obtains μ=μ+⊔μ−, making this an instance of the "bilattice pattern", x=(x∧⊥)⊔(x∨⊥). The "bilattice pattern" appears independently in a variety of studies on partial inconsistency [5] .
It looks like the right degree of generality here might be lattice-ordered monoids with an extra axiom, x=(x∧0)+(x∨0).
0.4.12 Possible Worlds Indexed by Measures
William Wadge explored various ways to index possible worlds in the context of intensional logic and data flow programming [39]
In our case, possible worlds would be indexed by measures, which is quite attractive and feels natural: a world is distinguished by how often one observes various phenomena, and we do sampling observations to figure out what kind of world we currently inhabit.
In a classical situation one would normally consider probability measures for this role, but in a quantum situation signed quasi-probability distributions or complex-valued amplitudes would naturally play this role.
0.4.13 Distances Between Programs
On one hand, Anthony Seda and Máire Lane note that there is a natural norm for Kozen semantic spaces, which allows us to define a conventional metric on program denotations and hence a conventional distance between programs [38] .
On the other hand, in the context where everything is a function of a measure (possible worlds are indexed by measures), the standard constructions of generalized distances (partial metrics, relaxed metrics, and quasi-metrics) over Scott domains which tend to be parametrized by measures (see, for example, Section 7 of [7] ) look quite natural.
We tend to view the dependency of those constructions on a measure as an obstacle which needs to be overcome, but perhaps it is actually a desirable feature.
0.4.14 Computational Models with Involutions
We are currently looking at various computational models involving involutions.
Given a domain of arrows X×X∗, a sequence (x1,y1),(x2,y2),… is called a monotonic sequence with involutive steps, if for any n∈N either xn⊑xn+1 and yn⊒yn+1 (in which case the step n is called monotonic) or xn=yn+1 and yn=xn+1 (in which case the step n is called an involution).
One can define a notion of convergence robust with respect to the insertion of pairs of involutive steps and prove that if (x,y) is a limit under this notion, then x=y.
Architectures based on involutive steps are rather prominent in the context of reversible and quantum computations. For example, the well-known Grover's quantum algorithm can be described as a sequence of reflections of subsets of a plane [35] .
Architectures where the state of an abstract machine is an image on the plane, and an involutive computational step selects a line on this plane and a subset symmetric with respect to this line, and performs a reflection of the image within this subset, seem to be quite attractive in the context of classical computations as well.
It is possible to talk about linear combinations of probabilistic programs when their semantics is expressed as linear operators [23] .
For 0<α<1 and random
being a generator of uniformly distributed reals between 0 and 1, the linear operator corresponding to the program
if random <α then P else Q is a linear combination of the linear operators corresponding to programs P and Q with coefficients α and 1−α.
However, when one aims for better schemes of program learning, the situations where one can consider linear combinations of single execution runs rather than linear combinations of the overall program meanings should be especially attractive. In this paper we consider two such architectures, probabilistic sampling and generalized animation, and the recent progress in this field looks very promising.
We give an overview of mathematical material tightly connected to linear models of computations via the partial inconsistency landscape. Vector semantics is an integral part of the partial inconsistency landscape, and we expect that other key elements of that landscape will be finding more uses as linear models of computations and their applications are further explored.
We would like to conclude by describing a possible hybrid approach to program learning. Instead of implementing everything in terms of architectures admitting linear combinations of single execution runs one can use a hybrid approach, mixing these architectures and traditional software. In this context we might be inspired by hybrid hardware connecting live neural tissue and electronic circuits.
One might decide to use large existing software components and try to automate the process of connecting them together using flexible probabilistic connectors. Here one should note the progress in automated generation of test suites for software systems.
Another hybrid approach involves the use of small inflexible components inside the flexible "tissue" of linear models. Our experiments in dataflow programming with streams supporting the notion of a linear combination of streams described in Sections 0.1.4, 0.1.5 are examples of this hybrid approach [9, 10] . In particular, the template operations play the role of small inflexible components in [10] , where dataflow graphs are represented by matrices of real numbers describing the flexible connectivity patterns from the outputs to the inputs of a potentially countable number of template operations.
Acknowledgments. We would like to thank Ralph Kopperman, Lena Nekludova, Leon Peshkin, Josh Tenenbaum, and Levy Ulanovsky for helpful discussions.
[1] S. Andima, R. Kopperman, and P. Nickolas. An asymmetric Ellis theorem. Topology and Its Applications, 155:146–160, 2007.
[2] A. Berlinet and C. Thomas-Agnan. Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces in Probability and Statistics. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 2004.
[3] M. Bukatin. Partial inconsistency and vector semantics of programming languages (a repository of research materials). http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/partial_inconsistency.html.
[4] M. Bukatin. Mathematics of Domains. PhD thesis, Brandeis University, 2002. http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/Mathematics-of-Domains.pdf.
[5] M. Bukatin, R. Kopperman, and S. Matthews. Partial inconsistency landscape: an overview. 28th Summer Conference on Topology and Its Applications, Nipissing University, July, 2013. http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/PartialInconsistencyJul24.pdf.
[6] M. Bukatin, R. Kopperman, and S. Matthews. Progress report on partial inconsistency, bitopology, and vector semantics. Conference on Computational Topology and Its Applications, Kent State University, Ohio, November 2014. http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/PartialInconsistencyProgressNov2014.pdf.
[7] M. Bukatin, R. Kopperman, and S. Matthews. Some corollaries of the correspondence between partial metrics and multivalued equalities. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 256:57–72, 2014.
[8] M. Bukatin, R. Kopperman, S. Matthews, and H. Pajoohesh. Partial metric spaces. American Mathematical Monthly, 116:708–718, 2009.
[9] M. Bukatin and S. Matthews. Almost continuous transformations of software and higher-order dataflow programming, Preprint (2015). http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/HigherOrderDataFlow.pdf.
[10] M. Bukatin and S. Matthews. Dataflow graphs as matrices and programming with higher-order matrix elements, Preprint (2015). http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~bukatin/DataFlowGraphsAsMatrices.pdf.
[11] M. Bukatin and J. Scott. Towards computing distances between programs via Scott domains. In S. Adian and A. Nerode, editors, Logical Foundations of Computer Science, LNCS, vol. 1234, pages 33–43. Springer, 1997.
[12] S. Carrol. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: A genetic theory of morphological evolution. Cell, 134:25–36, 2008.
[13] S. Draves. The Electric Sheep screen-saver: A case study in aesthetic evolution. In F. Rothlauf et al., editors,
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[14] R. Feynman. Negative probability. In F. Peat and B. Hiley, editors, Quantum Implications : Essays in Honour of David Bohm, pages 235–248. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. http://cds.cern.ch/record/154856/files/pre-27827.pdf.
[15] Fluid. Project "Fluid" github repository, 2015. https://github.com/anhinga/fluid.
[16] J. Gerhart and M. Kirschner. The theory of facilitated variation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104(Suppl 1):8582–8589, 2007.
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[22] M. Kirschner and J. Gerhart. The Plausibility of Life: Resolving Darwin's Dilemma. Yale University Press, 2005.
[23] D. Kozen. Semantics of probabilistic programs. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 22(3):328–350, 1981.
[24] B. Lake. Towards More Human-like Concept Learning in Machines: Compositionality, Causality, and Learning-to-learn. PhD thesis, MIT, 2014. http://cims.nyu.edu/~brenden/LakePhDThesis.pdf.
[25] J. Lawson. Stably compact spaces. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, 21(1):125–169, 2011.
[26] M. Looks. Competent Program Evolution. PhD thesis, Washington University in St. Louis, 2002. http://metacog.org/doc.html.
[27] W. Maass.
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[34] E. Popova. The arithmetic on proper & improper intervals (a repository of literature on interval algebraic extensions). http://www.math.bas.bg/~epopova/directed.html.
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Should Have Never Left – Mario Gotze Returns to Borussia Dortmund
July 21, 2016 December 4, 2020 by Rhys Desmond, posted in MOST RECENT, WORLD FOOTBALL
Isn't it embarrassing when you return to the club who made you into one of the best footballers in the world that you left for money and trophies three years ago and completely failed at? Well that is exactly what is happening to Mario Gotze right now. After making 116 appearances for Borussia Dortmund, scoring 31 goals in all competitions and winning the German Bundesliga twice before he even reached the age of 21, Mario Gotze made a big-money €37 million move, becoming the most expensive German footballer of all time to Dortmund's arch-rivals Bayern Munich. But at der FCB the competition for places was just far too great for Gotze and his lack of minutes resulted in him losing confidence by the day. Now whenever he hits the pitch he looks shattered and often goes completely anonymous in games. But now today, July 21, 2016, Mario Gotze has returned to the club who made him as a footballer, hoping to regain top form. The 24-year old signs a four year deal that will last until June 2020, completing a 26 million euro move.
Listen, Mario Gotze was atrociously bad under Pep Guardiola at Bayern Munich, he wasn't even Borussia Dortmund's primary target in that position this season, but a deal for Andre Schurrle just wasn't going to happen. Now he returns to the club a changed footballer hoping to regain confidence and become great again. At a club, he loves, playing day in and day out, Mario Gotze seriously could become one of the best footballers in the world again.
In Dortmund's lengthy announcement of the signing, the German midfielder apologized for ever leaving Borussia Dortmund in the first place. He said in a long message in my best German to English translation, "When I switched from BVB to Bayern in 2013, it was a conscious decision that I know many fans could not understand. If that offer had been made today I would not take it as I look back on that decision with a different viewpoint. When I return to my home, I want to try to convince all people, especially those who do not receive me with open arms that I can play my best football again, for all of us, the club and the BVB fans"
Mario Gotze we forgive you for leaving der BVB for Bayern Munich three years ago. But, it'll take a Shinji Kagawa styled return to truly get back into our good graces, even if you were one of Borussia Dortmund's best players in our glory years. Having said that, the future looks bright for Gotze and in his message to the fans he's pretty much promising that he's never going to leave the club again. That kind of loyalty is something us Borussia Dortmund fans love in our players as pretty much anyone who becomes even remotely successful at BVB leaves for bigger things.
It'll be very interesting to see where Mario Gotze lines up next season. Reus and Gotze played together in Dortmund's season in which they made it to the Champions League final, but that was when Kagawa was at Manchester United. Meanwhile Kagawa and Gotze played together through two Bundesliga title wins but that was when Reus was at Monchengladbach. With the three of them all in the side now it'll be interesting to see how Dortmund lineup next season, especially when you add Aubemeyang in to that mix and young wingers like Christian Pulisic and Ousmane Dembele. It's quite possible that Gotze will slot right into Kagawa's spot, pushing the Japansese international into a central midfield role. But that is probably too much of a stretch. The more likely scenario is that he takes Mkhitaryan's right wing spot in the team, a position that Gotze has hardly ever played in his career, but will be able to adapt to quite easily. Wherever he lines up next season, Mario Gotze is almost guaranteed to start and won't have to worry about the stern competition for places in the team at Dortmund like he did at Bayern Munich.
In his time at Bayern Munich, Gotze scored 36 goals in 114 matches in all competitions. Although that is slightly better than his previous spell with BVB, he was much younger when he was playing for the Black and Yellows and his overall play was far superior. Just last season with Bayern Munich, the 24 year old played just 14 Bundesliga matches, scoring just 3 goals and assisting only 4. It wasn't a good season from the German international by any means and the assumption was that under Carlo Ancelotti next season that things weren't going to improve. So, he returns to Borussia Dortmund with the club in open arms for the German midfielder, hoping he can regain his reputation as one of the brightest talents in the game. Mario Gotze was excellent in his time at Borussia Dortmund and if he hadn't left, we're looking at the possibility that he is one of the top 30 footballers on the planet right now. But, Mario Gotze did leave BVB and after struggling at Bayern Munich he returns a much-changed player.
Mario Gotze's return to Borussia Dortmund is an exciting one for many fans, but one just has to wonder what his career would have been like today had he never left Borussia Dortmund in the first place. As a die-hard Borussia Dortmund fan, I sincerely hope Mario Gotze can regain top form and become one of the greatest footballers in the world again.
Tagged 2016 FOOTBALL SUMMER TRANSFER WINDOW, BAYERN MUNICH, BVB, MARCO REUS, MARIO GOTZE BORUSSIA DORTMUND, PEP GUARDIOLA, SHINJI KAGAWA, THOMAS TUCHEL
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Hannibal Sehested (Gudme,  – Gudme, ) foi um político da Dinamarca. Ocupou o cargo de primeiro-ministro da Dinamarca.

Ver também
 Lista de primeiros-ministros da Dinamarca

Alunos da Universidade de Copenhague
Primeiros-ministros da Dinamarca

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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