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             Coq bench

Unstable

8.5.dev / contrib:ruler-compass-geometry dev

2015-02-03 00:28:27

About

            « Up

              contrib:ruler-compass-geometry

                dev
                53 s

 (2015-02-03 00:28:27 UTC)

Lint

Command

ruby lint.rb unstable ../unstable/packages/coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry/coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.dev

Return code

0

Duration

0 s

Dry install

Dry install with the current Coq version:

Command

opam install -y --dry-run coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.dev coq.8.5.dev

Return code

0

Duration

2 s

Dry install without Coq, to test if the problem was incompatibility with the current Coq version:

Command

true

Return code

0

Duration

0 s

Install dependencies

Command

ulimit -Sv 2000000; timeout 5m opam install -y --deps-only coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.dev

Return code

0

Duration

2 s

Install

Command

ulimit -Sv 2000000; timeout 5m opam install -y --verbose coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.dev

Return code

0

Duration

53 s

Installation size

Total: 2,097 K

104 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D7_NonParalleles_Secantes.glob

82 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D7_NonParalleles_Secantes.vo

81 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C4_Triangles_non_degeneres_egaux.glob

46 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D5_ParalleleConst.vo

45 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B11_Angle_prop.glob

44 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B10_Longueur_Prop.glob

43 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E3_Congruence.glob

43 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D5_ParalleleConst.glob

42 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E3_Congruence.vo

42 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C13_Angles_Supplem.glob

40 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D6_SumAnglesProp.vo

36 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C10_Milieu.vo

36 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C4_Triangles_non_degeneres_egaux.vo

36 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D6_SumAnglesProp.glob

35 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D2_Axe.vo

34 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D4_CongruenceProp.vo

33 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C14_Angle_Droit.glob

32 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E2_Ordre.vo

31 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C3_Triangles_Egaux.glob

31 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C11_Mediatrice.glob

30 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C13_Angles_Supplem.vo

28 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E5_Parallelisme.vo

28 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C8_DroitesConfondues.glob

27 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D3_Triangle_Prop.vo

26 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C5_Droite_Prop.glob

26 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B12_Tacticques_base.vo

25 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B11_Angle_prop.vo

25 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C7_DroitesSecantesProp.glob

25 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E1_Incidence.vo

25 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C7_DroitesSecantesProp.vo

24 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D7_NonParalleles_Secantes.v

24 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B10_Longueur_Prop.vo

24 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D4_CongruenceProp.glob

24 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C9_Triangles_Emboites.glob

23 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E4_Continuite.vo

22 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C8_DroitesConfondues.vo

22 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C2_Entre_Prop.glob

22 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E2_Ordre.glob

21 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B12_Tacticques_base.glob

21 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C10_Milieu.glob

20 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C2_Entre_Prop.vo

20 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C11_Mediatrice.vo

19 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C5_Droite_Prop.vo

19 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C12_Angles_Opposes.glob

19 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A3_Metrique.glob

16 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C6_Parallele_Prop.vo

16 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C9_Triangles_Emboites.vo

16 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D1_DistanceProp.glob

15 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C4_Triangles_non_degeneres_egaux.v

14 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B7_Triangle_Equilateral.vo

14 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C6_Parallele_Prop.glob

14 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C3_Triangles_Egaux.vo

13 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C12_Angles_Opposes.vo

13 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C14_Angle_Droit.vo

12 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A2_Orientation.glob

12 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B8_Point_Def.vo

12 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B7_Triangle_Equilateral.glob

11 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D1_DistanceProp.vo

11 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B3_Alignes_Prop.glob

11 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D3_Triangle_Prop.glob

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A6_Intersection.vo

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B8_Point_Def.glob

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E1_Incidence.glob

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C13_Angles_Supplem.v

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D5_ParalleleConst.v

10 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C15_Parallelogramm.vo

9 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C15_Parallelogramm.glob

9 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A6_Intersection.glob

9 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B2_Orient_Prop.vo

9 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E5_Parallelisme.glob

8 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B2_Orient_Prop.glob

8 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A3_Metrique.vo

8 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A2_Orientation.vo

8 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A5_Cercle.vo

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B3_Alignes_Prop.vo

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B10_Longueur_Prop.v

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D2_Axe.glob

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D6_SumAnglesProp.v

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E3_Congruence.v

7 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B11_Angle_prop.v

6 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B5_Entre_Prel.vo

6 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A4_Droite.vo

6 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C1_DemiDroite_Prop.vo

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B5_Entre_Prel.glob

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A5_Cercle.glob

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C1_DemiDroite_Prop.glob

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B12_Tacticques_base.v

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C7_DroitesSecantesProp.v

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C9_Triangles_Emboites.v

5 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C5_Droite_Prop.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C11_Mediatrice.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C8_DroitesConfondues.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B1_Confondu_Prop.vo

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B6_Cercle_Def.vo

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A1_Plan.vo

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E2_Ordre.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C10_Milieu.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B4_Droite_Def.glob

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C3_Triangles_Egaux.v

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B4_Droite_Def.vo

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A4_Droite.glob

4 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D4_CongruenceProp.v

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C12_Angles_Opposes.v

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B9_Inegalite_Triang.glob

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C2_Entre_Prop.v

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C14_Angle_Droit.v

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B9_Inegalite_Triang.vo

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B6_Cercle_Def.glob

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B1_Confondu_Prop.glob

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C6_Parallele_Prop.v

3 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D1_DistanceProp.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E4_Continuite.glob

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A6_Intersection.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B7_Triangle_Equilateral.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B8_Point_Def.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B3_Alignes_Prop.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E5_Parallelisme.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E1_Incidence.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A3_Metrique.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A2_Orientation.v

2 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D3_Triangle_Prop.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B2_Orient_Prop.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C15_Parallelogramm.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A1_Plan.glob

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/E4_Continuite.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/D2_Axe.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A5_Cercle.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B5_Entre_Prel.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A4_Droite.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/C1_DemiDroite_Prop.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B4_Droite_Def.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B6_Cercle_Def.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B9_Inegalite_Triang.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/B1_Confondu_Prop.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq/user-contrib/RulerCompassGeometry/A1_Plan.v

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/lib/coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry/opam.config

1 K /home/bench/.opam/system/install/coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.install

Uninstall

Command

opam remove -y coq:contrib:ruler-compass-geometry.dev

Return code

0

Duration

2 s

Missing removes

                none

Wrong removes

                none

          Sources are on GitHub. © Guillaume Claret.


Our ambition is to be the world's leading professional services organisation, thereby solving complex business problems for clients in global, national and local markets. In order to succeed in this ambition, we must grow and develop both as individuals and as a business – our firm's core values of Leadership, Teamwork and Excellence help us to achieve this growth.
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Large underwater monster with a ranged spit attack doing about 26 damage.
In death, the Thalatte looks like the gristly collage of an untamed vivisectionist. Mercifully, most of it has stopped moving.
Perhaps it will make more sense in pieces?
"I can't make head nor tail nor stomach lining of it, skipper."
You run out of note-cards before you run out of different parts to classify, and after a while you can't tell the difference between the 'before' and 'after' piles. You'll get as much out of this beast by organising a game of footy with what's left.
"Finished, skipper. Now, what about a spot of lunch?"
The dissection and classification goes slowly. What manner of creature would need a beaked mouth, a hooked sucker-maw, and a double handful of maxillipeds? And several organs once removed simply will not stay put in their designated piles - not until you start staking them to the deck, anyway. By the end you have a new appreciation for what astonishing contortionist-acts Mother Nature can perform under duress. And you have enough spare parts to open an avant-garde restaurant, besides.
"Just close your eyes and hold your nose! Look, you don't even need to swallow - see? Down it goes. I think it likes the dark.
You never determine exactly which bit it was that Zeeman Hodgkiss ate. She never said; she simply folded her napkin, rose carefully from the table, strode down to the engine room, and flung herself into the main boiler. You doubt the cook has enough pepper in stock to mask a taste like that. The crew pitch the rest over the side, followed by what little's left of Hodgkiss.
The cook and the surgeon work together, and good thing too: the creature's outermost eyesocket is filled with virulent acid; the liver-brain is covered in stinging hairs; and the swim bladder appears to have teeth. When they are finished, the contents of the cookpot do look marginally more appetising than what ended up in offal-bin. And after all - anything can be a bisque after it's been boiled for nine hours.
Its wound is fatal. It will surely head to the Gant Pole.
The crew watches uncomfortably as the red wake spreads. Is this mercy, or cruelty? The murmured arguments continue long into the night. The looks they shoot you are all the harsher for their uncertainty.
Game note: This will send this beast to the Gant Pole.
Game note: This will send this beast to the Gant Pole. The Fading Haruspex may no longer make use of them, but others in there may appreciate it.
This page was last edited on 8 April 2017, at 15:07.


On occasions, You can record the slower and more detailed video. A slow video will be possible to observe the details and pictures with a great visualization. We take a tutorial on the best slow-motion camera apps for android as well as ios. These apps help you, creating best slow motion videos with the best visual effects.
SloPro is the best slow motion camera app. This camera app brings the difficult to the simple since it incorporates good and easy options for editing shots. It allows editing the captures with the wide range of tools that it integrates.
In addition, This slow motion video maker app offers the alternative for the user to perform Time Lapse effects, optical flow (at 500fps and 1000fps) with superimposed images and a fusion of frames and shots that go from fast to slow, and from slow to fast. Slopro mobile app is available on google play store and app store at no cost.
Videoshop is an also best alternative of slow motion camera apps. Video shop video maker app has more extensive features and greater options for users.
It allows to cut, edit text and audio, merge several videos in one in slow and fast motion with filters, animated titles, in Stop Motion, create slides, show videos in the opposite direction, voice over and change the scale of the shots, all in high resolution.
In addition, after having the file ready, it can be shared on Instagram, Facebook, Email, Snapchat and YouTube. Also a free option for users with iOS and Android devices.
Slow Motion Video FX app is also a good option for the users who want to make a slow video using the slow motion video maker apps. Using this slow motion mobile app, you can take slow down, fast and quick capture. You can also accelerate the sound so that it occurs like a whole mouse. This option is good for those who want to spend time making videos and slowing down to watch them from another perspective. This slow motion video app is available only for Android.
These 3 apps integrate excellent specifications for the user to be distracted and begin to observe what they record from another point of view.


This post is in response to the Bedroom Tag that I've been nominated to do by Amanda Gene – thanks Amanda! There isn't a lot I can say about my bedtime routine particularly, but it's not something I've written about on here before, so I hope you enjoy reading my answers.
What is your usual bedtime routine?
I usually finish off my evening by updating my journal on my computer, then having a drink and maybe a snack while watching a bit of TV (either something I've recorded, or a DVD, or a streaming service like Netflix or Amazon), before cleaning my teeth and going to bed.
What are some of your favorite pyjamas to wear to bed?
I don't have favourite pyjamas particularly. But the pyjamas I have are dark colours like navy or a dark red, either plan or with a simple pattern on them (checkered or stripes) And sometimes I don't bother wearing anything at all, if it's not cold and I feel comfortable that way. It's not like anybody's going to see me, and I can quickly slip on my pyjamas or dressing gown, or a casual jumper and trousers, if I need to get out of bed for some reason.
What is your current bedtime reading?
I don't bother reading in bed. When I get under the covers, I just want to go to sleep as I'm nice and cosy. If I start listening to a book, which I've tried in the past, I'll just doze off and miss some of it.
What would I find on your bedside table?
An Amazon Echo Dot, which I use as my radio alarm clock, and my iPhone.
What scent makes you sleepy?
I've never really thought about that to be honest. We have had diffusers in the house before – which are small glass jars containing a fragrant liquid with sticks stood in them, so the scent gets absorbed up the sticks and gradually disperses into the room. But they just added a nice aroma to the place, they didn't send me off to sleep.
What is your usual bedtime and wakeup time?
Depends when I need to be up the next day really. I'm a bit of a night owl though, I'm quite happy to stay up watching TV for a while. So I set myself limits rather than an exact bedtime. If I'm at work the next day, the latest I'll go to bed is around 1am. My alarm is then set for 7am, and I'll get up at 7:30am. That gives me half an hour to relax, wake up and listen to the music that my Echo Dot has shuffled for me (it currently wakes me up to 80s songs, but I'll occasionally change it for variety). Bear in mind that I'm a homeworker as well, so I haven't got to worry about travelling anywhere. That's a real plus! If I had to commute each day, I would have to get up a bit earlier, and thus have to go to bed a bit earlier.
On Friday and Saturday nights, when I don't have to be at work the next day, I might stay up to 2am or 3am depending on what I'm watching and how tired I feel. The time I get up on Saturdays and Sundays varies wildly though, given how often I go out and about to do different things. But if I haven't arranged an early meetup or a special event, then on a Saturday I'll get up around 9 or 10am to go grocery shopping with Mum, to get it out of the way and leave the rest of the day available. And on a Sunday I can quite easily stay in bed until noon for a nice lie-in.
What are your top three bedtime products?
Toothpaste and a toothbrush are the only things I use before bed. I don't do any pampering or use beauty products.
What is your most common sleeping position?
Do you have anything you like to take to bed with you?
No. When I was a kid I used to have loads of cuddly toys on my bed, but that was a long time ago. I do still have a couple of cuddly toys in the house, which have sentimental value, but they don't come to bed with me.
What is your worst bedtime habit?
Maybe not going to bed as early as I should sometimes. I think the recommended amount of sleep is 8 hours, whereas I tend to spend about 6 hours in bed. But I feel I function fine that way, I've been in that routine for many years, and I've known of others who live on much less. I think it's a very individual thing, rather than the 8 hours being a strict requirement. We're all different. Snacking before bed probably isn't always sensible either, but I don't do that heavily.
So that's it. Thank you again to Amanda for nominating me, and I hope you all liked my answers. And I nominate anyone reading this who fancies doing the tag themselves!


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Glitterati*Lobotomy
Content about content
How Long Should You Play Oculus Quest 2?
How long should you play Oculus Quest 2? The short answer is two hours or less.
But if you'd like a more detailed answer or just want to stick around to support the site, then we have at least 1,000 words here for you, since Google prefers longer text content. It's a whole thing and it's kind of ruining the only publishing space. But hey, let's get started.
If you're new to VR or you're currently considering purchasing the Oculus Quest 2/Meta Quest 2, then you might be wondering what the actual limits of VR are. Don't try to say that sentence out loud, it's not my best.
The Quest 2 is still the most affordable VR headset on the market, despite its recent substantial and unprecedented price hike.
It's an especially great choice for anyone who wants to try out VR for the first time. It's also a good option for anyone who doesn't have $1,000 to blow on Valve's high-end headset, which also requires a bunch more gear and a beefy PC to run it off of.
But VR safety is important, and overall playtime is a big part of that. We also have to account for the fact that different people will have different responses to VR entertainment. After all, VR is built on the process of tricking your brain into thinking you're somewhere else, and it can very easily strain your eyes and/or give you a headache.
We'd like to talk about a few different factors to consider when limiting your VR play time.
Game Intensity
Probably one of the most obvious things to consider is the intensity of the game you want to play for an extended period of time.
Even if you're generally comfortable in VR, an especially intense game can make you uncomfortable faster than you can say, 'Wow, it's so immersive!'
There are quite a few horror games available for the Quest 2, including the excellent VR version of Resident Evil 4. When we say that these are intense, we mean it. Even for horror game veterans, nothing can quite compare to feeling like you're actually there in the game world, dodging zombies and cultists. It's genuinely unsettling.
That's a big part of the fun, but it also makes it difficult to play for more than twenty minutes at a time.
In contrast, playing something much more mellow, like a minigolf game, won't tax your senses nearly as much.
Maybe the single biggest limiting factor to a play session on your Quest 2 is the device's battery life, especially in relation to whatever you're playing.
The Quest 2 is a self-contained system, meaning all the necessary hardware is inside the headset (except for the controllers of course), and that means the battery is under a lot of strain at basically all times, even when you're just sitting in one of the lovely home environments.
On a good day, the Quest 2's battery life is between two and three hours. In general, we don't think that you should play for more than two hours at a time. And to be honest, in our own play sessions with the Quest 2, it's pretty rare to play for much more than an hour and a half before you start getting low battery warnings, especially if you're playing something that's more visually impressive.
The big exception here is that you can technically play for quite a while longer if you're willing to keep the headset connected to a charger the whole time, though this makes for a pretty uncomfortable play experience with most games.
If you're worried about playing for too long in a single session, then simply let the battery be your guide. When it starts to fail, take that as your cue to save and quit. Easy.
Your Poor, Poor Eyes
Your poor eyeballs already have to put up with so much. From dawn 'til dusk, they have to stay open more or less at all times and look at all kinds of screens, which can potentially be damaging over time.
A VR headset is really just two screens in a box, set very, very close to your eyes. And in VR, your eyes have to work overtime to guess at distances that aren't actually there and focus on various virtual objects.
It's hard work, and subjecting your eyes to this workout for extended periods can definitely be uncomfortable, and there are potentially risks to your general vision as well.
If you notice that your eyes are starting to strain or if you suddenly have a headache, it's time to take a break.
The Transition Back to 'Real Life'
Obviously, one of the most fascinating aspects of virtual reality, in general, is the overall sense of immersion. Yes, it really does make you feel like you're somewhere else. That's great, and it opens up all kinds of creative and practical opportunities.
But of course there's a downside, too. In addition to everything else we've talked about in this article, longer play sessions can also make for a strange experience when you're ready to come back to real life.
This is something that we've experienced firsthand when playing RE 4 on the Quest 2. As we talked about already, it's an intense experience, to say the least, and the world of the game looks very different to the real world, especially since the graphics are pretty old at this point.
Removing ourselves from an intense zombie-killing experience to suddenly 'wake up' in our home is a major transition, and in fact, we don't recommend going right from a game to real life.
Instead, we recommend closing whatever game you're playing (after saving, of course) and staying in the Quest 2 home environment of your choice for a few minutes. These home environments are comfortable and calming by design, and they give you a great chance to rest a bit and come down from the intensity of whatever you've been playing.
The longer the play session, the more difficult it is to transition back to real life. We're not talking about a dystopian Matrix-style future here. It's really not that bad. But it's still significant, and it can potentially be uncomfortable.
So take it easy, listen to your body, and take breaks when you need to.
Note: the included images are not of the Quest 2. I just thought they were funny.
Posted in gaming, InformativeTagged how long should you play oculus quest 2, Meta Quest 2, Quest 2, VR, VR gaming, VR health, VR safetyBy Gordon LevittLeave a comment
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Numbered geekery here. 30 GMail tricks. And 101 share- and freeware apps.And whisky! Of course! In a challenge!And lastly, via the BA, an old link. I read it when it was posted, and I completely agree with Mr Plait, 'tis a brilliant post indeed. What phychics I ask you?
Ok, so this has been all over the place already. It is still very good. Here.


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Chat with Michael Weiner
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Michael Weiner took over the MLBPA in December.
Welcome to SportsNation! On Wednesday, Major League Baseball Players' Association Executive Director Michael Weiner drops by SportsNation to chat some baseball.
Weiner took over as the head of the players' union when former director Donald Fehr retired in December. He first joined the MLBPA in September 1988 and most recently served as general counsel, a position he occupied since 2004.
Weiner graduated from Williams College in 1983, majoring in political economy, before graduating from Harvard Law School in 1986. In the past, he has also served as counsel to the National Hockey League Players Association in salary arbitrations.
Send your questions now and join Weiner Wednesday at 2:30 p.m. ET!
More Special Guests: Previous chats | SportsNation
Buzzmaster
(2:18 PM)
MLB Players Association Executive Director Michael Weiner will be here at 2:30 p.m. ET to take your questions!
Michael should be here in minutes!
Michael's just wrapping up his last meeting. He's got a busy schedule while here at ESPN today.
Michael's here!
Evan (DC)
What was the most surprising part of your job that you didn't know about when you first took over last winter?
Michael Weiner
I guess I didn't view it as big a change as some others did. Having worked for the union for 20 some years, I kind of viewed it as a progression. I came to view it from coverage as a pretty big deal.
Jeff (RI)
I'm sure you're tired of talking about steroids, but the subject seems to stay in the news. What does the MLBPA do to educate the players about PEDs?
We start with a joint program for rookies that we administer with MLB. Each year we, in spring training, discuss the latest developments in terms of testing and in terms of dangers. We regularly update players directly on dangerous supplements and that sort. And most recently, we hired Tim Maxey as a joint strength and conditioning coordinator so that teams and players have information about the safe ways to train and condition and how to avoid products that can get you in trouble.
Devin (Kansas)
Michael, I'm sure you've heard about what Hanley Ramirez said about his manager's playing experience. What do you think? How much does having big league playing experience help further a post-playing career, whether it be as a coach, manager, GM, front office person?
First, there are plenty of very successful Major League managers who didn't play in the major leagues or played little. Having said that, I think having been a major league player is an experience that helps a lot of people in post playing opportunities, whether it's staying in the game or other post playing ventures.
Kevin (Boston)
Word within the industry is that the union is likely to give the owners some form of hard slotting in the Rule 4 draft. While amateur players aren't union members at the time that they're drafted, why would the union want to grant the owners any kind of rule that limits player compensation and transfers wealth from players to owners?
Historically, the union has been against any kind of hard cap for drafted players. That was our position in the last two rounds of bargaining. We're in the process of preparing for bargaining now and talking to the players aobut issues, but I would anticipate that the current union members would stick to the previous view.
Freddie (NYC)
Any cool perks to your job? Free tickets to games? Limo rides? Anything fun?
There's a lot that's fun. There are no free tickets or anything like that, because there are very strict laws, as there should be, to regulate labor unions. But the best perk is to get to know the people involved in the game of baseball, players, coaches, managers, GMs. To get to work in baseball every day is a good perk.
David (NYC)
What do you tell fans that have to watch as the owners and players try to haggle over the split of billions of dollars, when 99 percent of the working people out there will never know that kind of money?
I say to them that they should try to be patient. I understand the fans frustration with anything that might prevent games from being played. There is a lot of money involved here and sometimes it takes a while to work through those issues. I understand the fans frustration that threatens the play of games. I'm certain the bargaining parties take that into account.
Kyle (Chicago)
In the last couple of days, reports have said that the Canadian doctor Galea worked with some professional athletes, including A-Rod. How closely will the MLB and MLBPA be following this case?
I think everyone connected to baseball follows any case like this closely.
Mike (Chippewa Lake, OH)
What's your take on the fact that there are several teams that pretend revenue sharing doesn't exist already in MLB? Isn't if fair that teams should afford a $70-80M payroll in the current format?
The union pays a lot of attention to that subject. Both when we bargain and every year as we enforce our agreements. For the most part, we think clubs have put revenue sharing dollars to good use, but there have been some instances when that hasn't happened. We're going to continue to focus on this issue as best we can.
Thanks for your interest. We appreciate how closely you follow the game and your support for the players.
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LiKE WORSHiP brings you an inspiring collection of worship songs from many of today's most gifted writers in this genre performed by top session musicians.
Like Worship 2CD by Various Artists was published by Essential Christian in June 2014 and is our 3708th best seller. The ISBN for Like Worship 2CD is ELE2008D.
Be the first to review Like Worship 2CD!
Got a question? No problem! Just click here to ask us about Like Worship 2CD.
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This is the dental podcast focused on helping you create experiences worth sharing. This is your one-stop for everything you need to know to have a thriving dental practice and a fulfilled life. From conversation on providing extraordinary patient experiences to strategies in practice growth, we will help take your practice to the next level. To have an exemplary dental practice, you must also take time for personal growth and team development. With all-star guests, you will learn the latest dental hacks and tips and trick to help you be extraordinary.
In this Season One Finale, practice coach and renown inspirational speaker, Judy Kay Mausolf talks with Ryan Vet about office culture. Keeping an upbeat attitude in offices can be challenging. Especially with the busyness of the holiday season. Listen as Ryan and Judy Kay talk about creating wonderful experiences for your team. Visit Judy Kay's site by clicking here. You can buy her books on her website or by clicking here.
We know you're so upset that this is the last episode of Season One. However, do not fret! The Dental Experience Podcast will return in January 2019. Thank you for making this one of the most loved dental podcasts this year. Just because the podcast is on a quick break, doesn't mean that Ryan Vet has stopped consulting and speaking. Be sure to visit his site.
Episode 109: Dental Membership Plans - What's the Big Deal?


107" x 98" Designed by Bob as the best one dog or lightweight in the world. Because of the Down and shell this has an extremely wide comfort range! For an average temp sleeper from 15 above to 75 degrees.
I received my Beachcomber last night and slept like a babe!!!! It has been very cold down here (Colorado) the past 2 months and my 3 Dog Down sheet has just not been warm enough. Beachcomber really hit the bulls eye J what an awesome down comforter J my sensitive shoulder really enjoyed the non weight warmth. Your products are superb!


During a national poll, less than 50% of respondents could give a definite answer to this question. This was not only caused by a tradition to believe the official point of view, advocated in the most easily accessible mass media, but also by general indifference towards parliamentarism and democracy as a whole. The group, which disagreed with the view of the opposition and the technical mission of the OSCE (28.0%), is dominated by A. Lukashenko's convinced supporters.
The analysis of respondents' answers shows that the general public traditionally sees social and economic problems as the most urgent. Table 1 shows that the most serious problems are always price growth, impoverishment of people and unemployment. However, their aggregate rating has had a tendency to decrease slowly over the last two years.
What place do mass media currently occupy among other institutions in the Belarusian society? What social transformation do they facilitate? These questions are complicated enough, because one can answer them from multiple points of view – the political perspective (the place of mass media in the political system), the economic perspective (their place in the economic system), the legal perspective (their place in the legal system), social and cultural perspective (their place in the cultural framework) etc. Let us try to answer these questions from a sociological perspective and explain how mass media are viewed by society, and what are the results of the interaction between the two.
A Russian proverb says: "If somebody is lying in the center of the road, he gets ran over". In our case the opposition may meet this tragic end. And the factor, which may ruin it, is the relations with Russia. Let us remind you that this factor together with the concept of two national languages were among the reasons why S. Shushkevich and Z. Paznyak lost the presidential elections in spring 1994. Today's situation is very similar. It is all the more dangerous because opponents of the present regime keep chanting their old party slogans and make believe that everything is OK. If somebody thinks that the opposition has left it all behind, we would recommend them to read the criteria for a democratic candidate for presidency, adopted by a BPF session.
Table 1 shows that the overwhelming majority of opinion leaders (90.6%), regardless of the structures which they represent, do not want Alexander Lukashenko to be president of Belarus for another term. Therefore, elections are an important issue for them, as well as the question, who a possible candidate for presidency may be.
PRESIDENTIAL RACE BEGINS: HOW TO AVOID FALSE START?


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ArtCrawl Harlem 2022 Artist Residency Prgram
Boundaries & Connections on Governors Island
Opportunity and Space to Create
The ArtCrawl Harlem Boundaries & Connections residency house is located on the scenic setting of Governors Island, NYC. The program is ideal for artist who do not have access to functional studio space in which to work, exhibit and safely engage the community. Here, artists and curators in residence meet with ArtCrawl Harlem staff, conduct research, and produce work.
The theme of the 2022 Residency Program is "Boundaries & Connections. Submitting artists are asked to ponder and consider the theme as it relates to potentially creating a series of work as a ArtCrawl Harlem Artist in Residence. It is left to the artist to interpret the theme as it related to them personally and professionally based upon your experiences, socio-political and economic issues, women's rights, beauty, race relations, gender/sexual identity, climate control, education, healthcare, poverty, immigration, etc.
ArtCrawl Harlem welcomes artists working in various visual arts mediums to apply. ArtCrawl Harlem is interested in the work of individual artists whose work is process-based and geared towards filling gaps in historical knowledge. Six artists will be selected by a jury of arts professionals to participate in the the 2022 residency program
ArtCrawl Harlem on Governors Island
ArtCrawl Harlem Boundaries & Connections
Residency House on Governors island
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HomeNewsBetter dead than disabled?
Better dead than disabled?
By Ann Farmer
Following the suicide of 104-year-old David Goodall in Switzerland, writer Tom Welsh says the decision was treated by the media as 'almost the natural thing for a person of such a great age to do'. Welsh, a self-styled 'free radical', fears that disdain for the disabled is leading to a culture where death is seen as a logical solution to their problems – that instead of helping them to live, helping them to die is coming to predominate.
As a relative of a person with learning difficulties, Welsh notes the collective 'shrug' that greeted a report into the treatment of such people in the health system, which found that in a sizeable proportion of cases their health was adversely affected by failings in care, and that such individuals have significantly shorter life expectancy than the general population.
As a libertarian, Welsh maintains: 'People should have the right to end their own life, especially if they are in terrible pain and terminally ill', but adds that 'there is no reason to celebrate when they do so'.
Unfortunately, experience shows that the 'right to die', while sounding like a fine idea, is a terrible reality, and in practice swiftly becomes the first choice rather than the last. Rather than being celebrated, it is greeted with that collective shrug he noted regarding disabled lives being cut short by neglect and negative discrimination.
He himself notes that the 'slippery slope' is not a figment of the imagination but a terrifying reality, and there is a good reason why the 'right to die' campaign attracts more support from the well and wealthy than from the disabled and poor. While emphasising compassion and dignity for the latter, it plays on the fears of the former, fostering the feeling that 'if I were like that, I would want to kill myself'. The last thing most sick or elderly people want is the right to kill themselves, but once the line is crossed from true compassion to utilitarianism masquerading as compassion it becomes very hard to get a society to crawl back up the slippery slope.
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Ann Farmer
Ann Farmer is the author of By Their Fruits: Eugenics, Population Control, and the Abortion Movement (Catholic University of America, 2008).


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https://www.barrons.com/news/congress-panel-calls-on-amazon-chief-bezos-to-testify-01588354805
Congress Panel Calls On Amazon Chief Bezos To Testify
The US House Judiciary Committee wants to hear from Jeff Bezos -- pictured in May 2019 -- over reports that Amazon used sensitive data from third-party sellers on its platform in order to develop competing products
SAUL LOEB
A US congressional panel on Friday called on Amazon chief Jeff Bezos to testify about allegations the online giant used sensitive data from third-party sellers on its platform to develop competing products.
In a letter to Bezos, the House Judiciary Committee said the claim, if true, would contradict sworn testimony by Amazon's general counsel last year.
"We expect you, as chief executive Officer of Amazon, to testify before the committee," read the letter signed by its chairman Jerry Nadler, a Democratic congressman from New York, and others.
"Although we expect that you will testify on a voluntary basis, we reserve the right to resort to compulsory process if necessary," said the committee, which said it had additional questions for Bezos about e-commerce competition.
The Judiciary Committee specifically cited a Wall Street Journal report from April 23, based on interviews with former and current employees as well as internal company documents, which claimed Amazon used sensitive information from private sellers for its own competitive advantage.
"If the reporting in the Wall Street Journal article is accurate, then statements Amazon made to the committee about the company's business practices appear to be misleading, and possibly criminally false or perjurious," the panel wrote.
While testifying before a subcommittee last year, Amazon general counsel Nate Sutton said the company did not use seller data to compete with them, the letter noted.
"As we told the Wall Street Journal and explained in our testimony, we strictly prohibit employees from using non-public, seller-specific data to determine which private label products to launch," an Amazon spokesman said in response to an AFP inquiry.
"While we don't believe these claims made in the Journal story are accurate, we take these allegations very seriously and have launched an internal investigation."
The request for Bezos to testify came as Amazon shares skidded in the wake of the company cautioning that second quarter earnings would be wiped out by expenses related to COVID-19 as it works to keep up with surging demand at a time when many brick-and-mortar stores are closed.
gc/ft


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HomeThe BasementREVIEW: Boom Shankar (Basement Theatre)
REVIEW: Boom Shankar (Basement Theatre)
Review by Tim George
June 9, 2021 Tim George The Basement, Theatre Reviews
[Heaven & Hell walk into a bar…]
In the six-ish years that I have reviewed shows at Basement Theatre, I have never found a formula for writing about them. Regardless of my opinion, it requires a completely different approach every single time.
I do not like to lump different shows into categories, but one 'genre' I have noticed that keeps popping up in the Studio is the epic fantasy. The budget may be nil and the set may be a cardboard box but if you put the right ideas and words into the audience's minds, the scope for performers is limitless.
Created and performed by Aman Bajaj and Bala Murali Shingade, Boom Shankar is the meeting point between workplace satire and end-of-life parable. With occasional dance numbers.
In logline, Shingade plays a bomb disposal expert who winds up in the afterlife after a workplace accident. Bajaj plays the celestial beaurocrat tasked with processing his arrival into heaven. As he processes what has happened, he relives moments from his life and considers the choices that have led him to here (here being the lowest level of Heaven).
Just thinking about this show, I can see where it could go wrong. The concept is big, there are a number of characters and mini-sodes, plus it is dependent (to an extent) on some specific audience participation. But it works. It works well.
There is a clarity of vision here which is summed up by Natasha Iyer's set: a series of panels of glass or plastic positioned in staggered intervals in the middle of the room. Add a box for elevation or sitting, and presto! You have every location you could possibly need.
Hell is demarcated by glowing red light against the right wall of the room, a constant reminder that Shingade barely made it through the pearly gates.
That simplicity in execution is important because it gives space for the two actors to shine, while the audience can use their imagination to fill out the world.
As the title character, Shingade is personable and very funny. His timing and audience control are a joy. Bajaj matches him in a variety of roles, from a former angel in love to Shingade's mother.
Operating on a spectrum from straight man and weirdo, they are a great double act who keep the show moving – there are a number of transitions necessary to the story, but it never feels clunky or confusing. Plus they found ways to work with members of the audience in a way that was both functional to the story and very funny.
While the themes are dark, the execution is the total opposite. This is a very silly show, where angels have performance reviews and the almighty insists on recurring dance breaks to Justin Bieber. Taken in overview, this view of the afterlife is pretty bleak, but in context the contrast between the supernatural and the super-banal led to some big laughs.
Definitely worth checking out – especially if you sit in the front row…
Boom Shankar plays Basement Theatre 8-12 June, 2021.
Aman Bajaj
Bala Murali Shingade
Boom Shankar


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10 Steps to Create a Successful Content Strategy
By Manuel Scherrer
Would you like to gain new customers and increase existing customers' loyalty with your content? We explain in ten easy steps how to develop a content strategy, why you should take enough time for analysis and why it is so important to strike the right chord with your audience.
1. Find and Convince Stakeholders
We start by finding out who your stakeholder groups are and place them on a stakeholder map. Who takes strategic decisions regarding corporate communications? Who is in charge of the priorities in product management? Who decides on the budget? We don't just spark their curiosity – together we convince them that you need a content strategy. To do that, we identify problems that need solving and opportunities we want to seize.
2. Create a Common Understanding
Now that we have identified our stakeholder groups, we create a common understanding. What do we mean when we talk about a content strategy? What is out of scope here? Getting everyone on board right from the start sounds mundane, but it is important. For one thing, your content strategy will affect countless people in your company. But at the same time, many colleagues will have relevant input for your strategy and influence it in some way. As well as the marketing team, your colleagues from legal may also have something important to contribute. We agree on roles and expectations in a joint kick-off meeting.
3. Taking Stock: A Content Audit Offers Valuable Insights
As soon as we have convinced our stakeholder groups and created a common understanding, we take stock. To do this, we determine how comprehensive we want the audit to be. Do we want to evaluate all the existing content on our website? Or just parts of it, such as a certain product category or the online magazine?
During the content audit, we create an inventory of existing content and assess it based on qualitative and quantitative criteria. In this post, our SEO expert Matthias Schmid explains what a data-based content audit can look like.
4. Why It Is so Important to Listen
Now that we have taken stock of what content performs well and how, we want to find out how this performance came about. Don't worry, we don't want to linger in the past too long. But it is still important to know what internal and external factors influenced our content and in what way. The key to that is listening. We talk to employees to find out which target groups were served which messages in the past. By doing user research, analytics and usability testing, we listen to the market to find out what our target groups want, how they behave and what their issues are.
5. The Core of the Content Strategy
Enough with the analysis, time to face forward. Together, we develop the core of your content strategy. Brain Traffic's "core strategy model" has proven to be a helpful starting point. To develop our core strategy, we look at the following components and ask the related questions:
Substance – What do we want to achieve with our content? What needs of our target groups do we want to fulfil with our content?
Structure – What is the right format for our content? How do we prioritise our content?
Workflows – What workflows do we need to establish as an organisation to make the required content available? What methods and tools do we want to use for that?
Governance – How will we update our strategy? How will we make decisions, what responsibilities lie with which role?
We capture the essence of these four components in a core strategy statement. This sums up in one sentence what our content should look like, who it is for and what problems it solves.
Let's look at the four components of the core strategy in more detail.
6. What kind of Content Do We Need – and Why?
All content serves a purpose. Our content only makes sense when it helps us achieve our business objectives, serves the needs of our target group and is tailored to the channel we're using it in. Creating content can never be an end in itself, because then it has no purpose.
So, when we ask about the kind of content that is needed, we focus on the needs of the people who will be consuming the content. Does a person require certain information at a specific point in time? Does that person want to validate their opinion, obtain instructions or just be entertained? All content needs to be the answer to one of these needs. All content serves a purpose.
7. Striking the Right Chord
The right content in the right format won't get you far if you can't find just the right words. Together, we craft language that fits with the values and identity of your company and is easy to understand for your target group. Do we want to show off our expertise and give advice? Do we pose as buddies and use the language of our customers? When do we stay serious and factual, and when do we crack a joke? Striking the right chord at the right time can increase customer loyalty – getting it wrong may cause permanent damage.
8. What Is the Right Format, Structure and Priority for the Distribution of our Content?
Now we know what kind of content we want to create and what language and tone we need to use. We are ready to ask: What is the best format and structure for its distribution?
Do we want to publish mostly static content in a traditional, hierarchical structure? Or do we want to publish dynamic content, such as blog posts? What attributes to we attach to them? Which ones will we make public? The publication date, or the author? Which ones will we only use internally?
Content Modelling
Content modelling will help you answer these questions. It visualises the relationships between different content, which can later be used for cross-linking in the content management system (CMS). We also visualise which content items and pages will become pillar pages, serving as hubs, and which will become blog posts with categories and tags. These are ideal teasers for newsletter campaigns or content snippets for social media.
9. Workflows and Methods for Content Production
Now that we have defined the type, form and structure of our content, we need to figure out the workflows, roles and tools required for content production. How do we organise this? Which roles will have which responsibilities? Is there a chief editor? What tasks will the web editor do? And how is this different from the content creator? How will we include input from the subject matter experts (SMEs) in the creation process? Together, we set up these roles and establish workflows and tools for editorial planning.
In an additional step carried out in parallel, we discuss how you can secure the quality of your content over the long term. More specifically: What criteria will we use to assess the content? How often will we audit our content? What tools will we need in our daily work to ensure quality? Simple checklists with requirements for good content are often an excellent start.
10. How Do We Govern Content Management?
After all that strategising and a lot of work up front, how do we ensure the team will keep challenging and developing the strategy? What decisions do we need to take? Which roles are involved in the decision-making? What projects need to be set up to ensure high quality over the long term?
Together we determine which tools, guidelines, prioritisation matrices or meeting formats will help us achieve these goals.
Last, but not least: Share your findings with your stakeholders. Celebrate successes, learn from mistakes. By sharing with those around you, you generate interest in the content strategy of your company, turning sceptics into supporters.
Our Service Content Strategy – with the Right Content to Success
Offer valuable contents that create added value and persuade your clients because: Content is the king!
Magazine Data-based Revision of Your Content
By Matthias Schmid
on 29. August 2019
We show you how to better structure your content production and therefore, how to improve your web presence in search engines. A four-step tutorial.
Read more about our Expertise in Content Strategy
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"A headless CMS can be worthwile with just one channel"
By Unic
on 09. April 2019
With Headless CMS, once created content can be published on different channels. Olaf Kaiser-Otto, Application Architect at Unic, reveals how this works and for whom it is worthwhile.
Caffeine boost and hummingbird precision. How the Knowledge Graph is changing Google search.
We now use search engines as part of our everyday routine. Among the masses of data, Google and others help us find the relevant information.
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Eze 26 | Clarke | STEP | CHAPTER XXVI This prophecy, beginning here and ending in the twentieth verse of the twenty-eighth chapter, is a declaration of the judgments of God against Tyre, a very famous commercial city of antiquity, which was taken by Nebuchadnezzar after an arduous siege of thirteen years. The prophet begins with introducing Tyre insulting Jerusalem, and congratulating herself on the prospect of accession to her commerce now that this city was no more , 1, 2. Upon which God denounces utter destruction to Tyre, and the cities depending on her , 3-6. We have then a particular account of the person raised up in the course of the Divine providence to accomplish this work. We see, as it were, his mighty hosts, (which are likened to the waves of the sea for their multitude,) raising the mounds, setting the engines, and shaking the walls; we hear the noise of the horsemen, and the sound of their cars; we see the clouds of smoke and dust; we see the sword bathed in blood, and hear the groans of the dying. Tyre, (whose buildings were very splendid and magnificent, and whose walls were one hundred and fifty feet in height, with a proportionable breadth,) immediately disappears; her strong (and as she thought impregnable) towers are thrown down; and her very dust is buried in the sea. Nothing remains but the bare rock , 7-14. The scene is then varied. The isles and adjacent regions, by a very strong and beautiful figure, are represented to be shaken, as with a mighty earthquake by violent concussion occasioned by the fall of Tyre. The groans of the dying reach the ears of the people inhabiting these regions. Their princes, alarmed for themselves and grieved for Tyre, descend from their thrones, lay aside their robes, and clothe themselves with-sackcloth?-no, but with trembling! Arrayed in this astonishing attire, the prophet introduces them as a chorus of mourners, lamenting Tyre in a funeral song or dirge, as customary on the death of renowned personages. And pursuing the same image still farther, in the person of God, he performs the last sad office for her. She is brought forth from her place in solemn pomp; the pit is dug for her; and she is buried, to rise no more , 15-21. Such is the prophecy concerning Tyre, comprehending both the city on the continent and that on the island, and most punctually fulfilled in regard to both. That on the continent was razed to the ground by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 572, and that on the island by Alexander the Great, B.C. 332. And at present, and for ages past, this ancient and renowned city, once the emporium of the world, and by her great naval superiority the centre of a powerful monarchy, is literally what the prophet has repeatedly foretold it should be, and what in his time was, humanly speaking, so highly improbable -a BARE rock, a place to spread nets on! NOTES ON CHAP. XXVI Verse 1. The eleventh year ] This was the year in which Jerusalem was taken; the eleventh of the captivity of Jeconiah, and the eleventh of the reign of Zedekiah. What month we are not told, though the day is mentioned. There have been many conjectures about this, which are not of sufficient consequence to be detailed.
cities depending on her, 3-6.
the course of the Divine providence to accomplish this work.
buried in the sea. Nothing remains but the bare rock, 7-14.
in the person of God, he performs the last sad office for her.
dug for her; and she is buried, to rise no more, 15-21.
by Nebuchadnezzar. It flourished long after his time.
sometimes the one seems to be spoken of, and sometimes the other.
formed only one city, and one state.
obliged to do before he could take it.
the top of a rock, a place for fishers to dry their nets on."
such as Leptis, Utica, Carthage, Gades, &c. See Calmet.
main land. And this work cost his army seven months of labour.
Judea so called, the land of the living God.
there, (see Ac 21:3, 4, &c.,) which afterwards became famous.


text:
Das Holozän (populärwissenschaftlich auch Nacheiszeitalter genannt) ist der gegenwärtige Zeitabschnitt der Erdgeschichte. In der Chronostratigraphie und der Geochronologie ist das Holozän eine Serie bzw. Epoche und wird laut Beschluss der International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) seit 2018 in drei geologische Stufen unterteilt (Grönlandium, Northgrippium, Meghalayum). Es begann vor etwa 11.700 Jahren mit der Erwärmung der Erde am Ende des Pleistozäns.

Holozän und Pleistozän gehören zum Quartär, dem jüngsten System des Känozoikums. In der englischen Terminologie wird das Holozän mitunter auch als Present (deutsch "Gegenwart") bezeichnet.

Namensgebung und Begriffsgeschichte
Die Bezeichnung Holozän stammt aus dem Altgriechischen und bedeutet sinngemäß "das ganz Neue" ( hólos 'ganz' und  kainós 'neu'). Der Begriff wurde 1867/1869 bzw. schon 1850 von dem französischen Zoologen Paul Gervais geprägt. Bereits 1833 hatte Charles Lyell für diesen Zeitabschnitt der Erdgeschichte den Begriff Present ("Gegenwart") geprägt. Auf dem Dritten Geologischen Kongress in London 1885 setzte sich jedoch die Bezeichnung Holocene (eingedeutscht Holozän) gegen Present durch. In der englischsprachigen Literatur ist der Begriff Present im Sinne von Holozän gelegentlich immer noch zu finden.

Eine veraltete Bezeichnung ist auch Alluvium (von ), also etwa "Zeitalter der Anschwemmungen". Diese Bezeichnung geht auf den britischen Geologen William Buckland zurück, der 1823 die jüngste Erdgeschichte in das (vor-)sintflutliche Diluvium (entspricht etwa Pleistozän) und das nachsintflutliche Alluvium (entspricht grob dem Holozän) unterteilte.

In jüngerer Zeit setzte sich der Begriff auch gegen Begriffe wie Neo-Warmzeit oder Flandrische Warmzeit (Flandrium) durch. Der Begriff Flandrium wurde 1957 von Jean de Heinzelin & René Tavernier für marine Transgressionssedimente an der belgischen Küste geprägt. Er wurde vor allem von Autoren verwendet, die meinten, dass das Holozän nur ein Interglazial des aktuellen Eiszeitalters sei und deshalb in das Pleistozän mit einbezogen werden sollte (z. B. West, 1977). Wegen der besonderen Bedeutung des Holozäns für die Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit hat sich dieser Vorschlag nicht durchsetzen können und wird auch nicht weiter diskutiert. Aufgrund der kürzlich erfolgten Festlegung eines Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) und der Definition des Holozäns als eigene Serie hat dieser Vorschlag nur noch wissenschaftshistorische Bedeutung.

Definition

Zur Definition des Beginns des Holozäns gibt es zahlreiche Ansätze aus den verschiedenen Teildisziplinen der Stratigraphie. Übereinstimmend versuchen alle Ansätze, den scharfen Temperaturanstieg am Ende der letzten Kaltzeit möglichst genau zu fassen. Die International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) hat 2008 den Vorschlag der Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy und anschließend durch die International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) ratifiziert, einen GSSP (engl. Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point "globales Referenzprofil zur Festlegung der Stufengrenzen") für den Beginn des Holozäns zu definieren.

Als GSSP Pleistozän/Holozän dient der Eisbohrkern-2 des North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP; Koordinaten, 75.10° N, 42.32° W), der an der Universität Kopenhagen archiviert ist. Für die Untergrenze des Holozäns wurde die 1492,45-m-Tiefenmarke bei diesem Kern ausgewählt. In diesem Bereich des Kerns ist in einem höchstens 3 Jahre umfassenden Eis-Intervall ein Abfall des Deuteriumüberschusses von typisch glazialen Werten auf typisch interglaziale Werte messbar. Zudem steigt ab ungefähr dieser Marke – wenngleich über ein ausgedehnteres Intervall hinweg – der δ18O-Wert von typisch glazialen Werten auf typisch interglaziale Werte an. Diese Änderungen in den Isotopenwerten dokumentieren den schnellen Temperaturanstieg am Übergang der Jüngeren Dryaszeit zum Präboreal des Holozän. Das Eis an der 1492,45-m-Tiefenmarke des NGRIP2-Kerns ergab mittels einer Multiparameter-Jahresschichtzählung für die Basis des Holozäns ein Alter von 11.700 Kalenderjahren b2k (vor 2000 n. Chr.) mit einem maximalen Zählfehler von 99 Jahren. Dies dient damit als offizielle Richtmarke für den Beginn des Holozäns.

Der "Hohenheimer Jahrringkalender" ist ein Forschungsprojekt des Institutes für Botanik der Universität Hohenheim in Stuttgart zum Aufbau einer lückenlosen Jahresringtabelle. Mit Stand 2021 reicht er bis zur letzten Eiszeit vor etwa 12.500 Jahren zurück, aktuell wird daran gearbeitet, ihn auf 14.400 Jahre zu verlängern.

Nach Warvenzählungen im Meerfelder Maar in der Eifel begann das Holozän um 11.590 Warvenjahre v. h. (d. h. bezogen auf das Jahr 1950; oder 9.640 v. Chr.). Die Warvenzählungen der Eifelmaare (oder Warvenchronologie) sind jedoch eine sogenannte "schwimmende Chronologie", d. h., sie beruhen auf Einhängung in andere Chronologien, z. B. der Dendrochronologie und den grönlandischen Eisbohrkernen (GICC05-Chronologie). Inzwischen wurde jedoch eine hohe Übereinstimmung aller drei Chronologien erreicht, der Beginn des Holozäns differiert daher nur noch um wenige Jahrzehnte und liegt innerhalb der Fehlergrenzen. Dies kann jedoch auch auf der regional etwas unterschiedlich einsetzenden Erwärmung beruhen.

Korrelation
Das globale chronostratigraphische Holozän wird mit der Stufe 1 (MIS 1) der Sauerstoff-Isotopenkurve korreliert.

Untergliederung

Das Holozän wird in der Chronostratigraphie im Rang einer Serie definiert. Die von Axel G. Blytt und Rutger Sernander ausgeschiedenen Klimastufen aufgrund von paläobotanischen Daten aus skandinavischen Mooren sind im Prinzip nur auf der Nordhalbkugel, z. T. sogar nur in Nordeuropa nachweisbar. Sie geraten allmählich außer Gebrauch und werden durch die Begriffe frühes, mittleres und spätes Holozän ersetzt. Trotzdem werden sie immer noch in vielen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen benutzt. Auch absolute Altersdaten finden zunehmend Verwendung.
 Subatlantikum
 Subboreal
 Atlantikum
 Boreal
 Präboreal

Einige Autoren lassen dem Holozän als gegenwärtige Epoche das Anthropozän folgen, da das physikalische System Erde mittlerweile gravierend vom Menschen beeinflusst wird. Es hat aber bisher noch keine allgemeine Anerkennung gefunden, zumal es für die angewandte Geologie kaum Relevanz hat. Da der Beginn des Anthropozäns für das Jahr 1800 angesetzt ist, umfasste dieses gerade erst 200 Jahre währende Zeitalter geologische Bildungen, die allgemein mit dem Begriff rezent ausreichend charakterisiert sind.

Verlauf

Altholozän
10. – 8. Jahrtausend v. Chr.
Geobotanische Untergliederung: Präboreal – Boreal

Nachdem die letzte Kaltzeit (in Nordeuropa etwa die lokale Weichsel-Kaltzeit) etwa 16.000 v. Chr. ihren Höhepunkt überschritten hatte, begann eine phasenweise Klimaerwärmung. Währenddessen kam es immer wieder zu sprunghaften Klimaschwankungen, den sogenannten Dansgaard-Oeschger-Ereignissen. Im Vergleich zu früheren Warmzeiten (Eem-Warmzeit) dauerte der Übergang in die anschließende Warmzeit allerdings ungewöhnlich lange, und nach der Allerödzeit, in der die Temperatur schon fast ihr Warmzeitniveau erreicht hatte, fiel sie in der sogenannten Jüngeren Tundrenzeit 10.700 v. Chr. noch einmal in einen Kaltzustand zurück.

Diese Tundrenzeit endete etwa 9640 v. Chr. mit der Friesland-Phase, einer extrem schnellen Wiedererwärmung zum Präboreal, dem ersten Abschnitt des Holozäns. Bedingt durch Veränderungen von Meeresströmungen stiegen die Durchschnittstemperaturen auf Teilen der Nordhalbkugel innerhalb von nur 20 bis 40 Jahren um sechs Grad Celsius, in Grönland sogar bis zu 10 Grad.

Diese Erwärmung führte u. a. zur Öffnung der sogenannten Billinger Pforte, durch die das Wasser der zum Eissee angestauten Ostsee ins Weltmeer abfließen konnte. Dadurch sank der Wasserspiegel des Baltischen Eisstausees um 26 m auf Meeresspiegelniveau und umgekehrt drang mit dem Meerwasser arktische Fauna mit Yoldia (Portlandia arctica) in das Ostsee-Becken ein (Yoldia-Meer).

Der abrupte Klimawechsel zog zunächst eine Veränderung der Flora, damit verbunden auch der Fauna nach sich. Viele Arten wanderten mit den sich verschiebenden Vegetationszonen nordwärts. Zugleich verschwanden am Übergang des Pleistozäns in das Holozän in Amerika und Eurasien viele der großen Säugetiere vollständig. Dieses sogenannte Quartäre Aussterbewelle fand auf dem amerikanischen Doppelkontinent in dem relativ kurzen Abschnitt von etwa 13.000 bis 10.000 v. Chr. statt, dauerte in Eurasien länger. In Australien verschwanden die meisten Arten bereits inmitten des Spätpleistozäns. In welchem Ausmaß der Mensch bzw. dessen Einwirken auf das Ökosystem Ursache für das abrupte auftretende Massensterben war, ist umstritten.

Am Übergang vom Pleistozän zum Holozän wurde das Klima in den nördlichen Zonen der Erde langsam wärmer und feuchter. Gleichzeitig wandelte sich die bis dahin wasserlimitierte Steppenvegetation allmählich, aber fundamental: Das Weideland dehnte sich zunächst aus, später entwickelte sich eine Tundra aus Hochstauden, Büschen und Wäldern, deren Pflanzengemeinschaft sich in zunehmendem Maße aus für Herbivoren (Pflanzenfressern) ungenießbaren oder sogar giftigen Pflanzen, wie der Zwergbirke (Betula), zusammensetzte und so deren Bestand und Verbreitung beeinflusste. Strittig ist, ob die Änderung der Vegetation im Vergleich zum vorangehenden Pleistozän Ursache oder Folge des Verschwindens der Großsäuger ist. Entweder waren die Großsäuger also durch klimabedingte Vegetationsveränderungen verschwunden, oder die Vegetation änderte sich, weil menschliche Jäger die Großtiere des Nordens ausrotteten. In jedem Fall hatten sich die Lebensbedingungen der betroffenen Tiere so dramatisch geändert, dass rasche Anpassungen erforderlich waren, die vermutlich nicht alle Spezies leisten konnten, wodurch es zu der beobachteten drastischen ökologischen Restrukturierung gekommen sei.

Im Altholozän ereignete sich ein Umbruch in der Ernährungsweise der Menschen, zunächst in der Levante, später in China, Mittelamerika und anderen Teilen der Welt: Die Jäger und Sammler begannen, Getreide und andere Pflanzen anzubauen sowie Ziegen, Schafe und andere Tiere zu domestizieren. Diese "Neolithische Revolution" verbreitete sich nach und nach auch in Richtung Europa.

Mit der Erwärmung einher ging ein Abschmelzen der Eismassen. Nachdem bereits am Ende des Eiszeitalters das Inlandeis den südlichen Ostseeraum freigegeben hatte, teilte sich um 6800 v. Chr. das Eis in Skandinavien, bis es am Ende des Altholozäns um 6000 v. Chr. schließlich ganz verschwand. Die von dieser Last befreite Erdkruste begann sich seit etwa 7700 v. Chr. bis heute um etwa 300 m isostatisch zu heben. Noch heute erfahren Landstriche in Skandinavien Hebungsraten bis zu 1 cm pro Jahr.

Mittelholozän
8.–4. Jahrtausend v. Chr.
Geobotanische Untergliederung: Atlantikum

Das beschleunigte Abtauen des nordamerikanischen Inlandeises, des größten Eisschildes auf der Nordhalbkugel, führte zu Anfang des Mittelholozäns zu einem weiteren Anstieg des Meeresspiegels (Gesamtanstieg im Vergleich zum Minimalstand während der Eiszeit etwa 120 m). Damit ging zum einen eine Überflutung weiter Küstenräume einher, die sich phasenhaft vollzog und letztlich die heutigen Küstenlinien ausbildete (Flandrische Transgression, Dünkirchen-Transgression). Zum anderen wurden einige Nebenbecken vom Meereswasser überspült und so selbst zu Nebenmeeren, so etwa die Hudson Bay (zwischen 6000 und 5500 v. Chr.). Um 5000 v. Chr. (womöglich auch früher) wurden die dänischen Inseln, Großbritannien und Irland vom europäischen Festland getrennt; ein Vorgang, der durch eine lange Serie von verheerenden Sturmfluten vonstattenging und in dessen Folge auch die Ostsee zu einem Nebenmeer des Atlantiks wurde. Die Überflutung des Schwarzen Meeres um 6700 v. Chr. lief ähnlich dramatisch ab und führte womöglich zur Entstehung der Sintflut-Legenden bei den vorderasiatischen Völkern (Utnapischtim, Noach, Deukalion).

Durch das wärmer werdende Klima wich in Mitteleuropa (aber auch in Nordamerika) die Tundrenvegetation der Eiszeit zunehmend einer Bewaldung, zunächst durch Birken und Kiefern, später auch Eichen, Ulmen, Erlen und andere Arten. Im selben Zuge wandelten sich bis dahin unwirtliche, weiter nördlich gelegene Gebiete von polaren Kältewüsten zu Tundren.

Die Zeit vom 6. bis ins 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. stellt das Temperaturoptimum des Holozäns (Atlantikum, veraltet auch Altithermum) dar. Für die Zeit des Optimums gibt es nur unsichere Angaben zu den herrschenden Jahresdurchschnittstemperaturen. Klar scheint heute, dass lokal deutlich unterschiedlichere Temperaturen vorherrschten als in der jüngeren Vergangenheit. Zum Teil lagen die Temperaturen um mehrere Grad Celsius über den vor Beginn der Industriellen Revolution und damit vor der allmählich einsetzenden globalen Erwärmung dort üblichen Werten, stellenweise jedoch auch deutlich unterhalb davon. Mehr als 2 °C wärmer waren vor allem Teile der Nordhalbkugel, darunter Südosteuropa (zwischen 13.000 und 11.000 Jahren v. Chr.), die Nordmeere (12.000 bis 10.000 Jahre v. Chr.) und der Osten Chinas (10.000 bis 6.000 Jahre v. Chr.). Entsprechend war beispielsweise auch die Baumgrenze in den Alpen zeitweise um 200 bis 300 m höher, in Sibirien und Nordamerika lag die Baumgrenze bis zu 300 km weiter nördlich als heute. Gleichzeitig lagen die Wassertemperaturen im nördlichen Indischen Ozean und im tropischen Pazifik zwischen 13.000 und 7000 v. Chr. um 0,5 bis 2 °C unter den Werten vor der industriellen Revolution, stiegen aber im Altithermum auf 1 °C über dem heutigen Niveau. Global gemittelt wird eine Temperatur von weniger als 0,4 °C über den heute üblichen Werten angenommen. Das holozäne Optimum war demnach kein global einheitliches Phänomen, sondern wie jede Klimaphase regional ganz unterschiedlich ausgeprägt.

Der bemerkenswerteste Unterschied des Altithermums im Vergleich zu heute war ein deutlich feuchteres Klima in den Wüstengebieten. Es gibt Anzeichen für ganzjährige Flüsse in der Sahara und anderen heutigen Wüsten. Der Tschadsee hatte zu dieser Zeit etwa die Ausdehnung des Kaspischen Meeres. Wie etliche Felszeichnungen aus der Sahara zeigen, gab es zahlreiche Großtierarten wie Giraffen, Elefanten, Nashörner und sogar Flusspferde. Siedlung und Viehhaltung war den Menschen damals in diesen Gebieten möglich. Gleiches wurde durch das feuchte Klima in der Thar (Pakistan) ermöglicht, wo der indische Sommermonsun deutlich stärker ausgeprägt war als heute.

Während des Klimapessimums von 4100 bis 2500 v. Chr., das deutlich niedrigere Temperaturen als das Hauptoptimum 1 aufwies, zog sich die Savannenvegetation abrupt zurück. 3200 bis 3000 v. Chr. wurde das Klima in den Wüstengebieten deutlich trockener, es begann die Desertifikation der Sahara. Die Bewohner der Sahara und anderer werdender Wüstengebiete mussten ihre Lebensräume verlassen und sammelten sich in den Flusstälern des Nils, Nigers, des Huang-Ho (China) und Indus (Pakistan) sowie in Mesopotamien an Euphrat und Tigris. In den meisten dieser Gebiete blühten durch die Notwendigkeit einer staatlichen Organisation sowie einer deutlichen Bevölkerungszunahme erste Hochkulturen auf.

Jungholozän
4. Jahrtausend v. Chr. – heute
Geobotanische Untergliederung: Subboreal – Subatlantikum

Gegen Ende des 4. Jahrtausends v. Chr. begann eine weltweite Dürreperiode, die mehrere Jahrhunderte andauerte. In Ägypten brach durch das Ausbleiben des Nilhochwassers das Alte Reich zusammen, es folgte die Erste Zwischenzeit. Die von der Trockenheit aus ihrer Heimat vertriebenen Amurriter wanderten in Mesopotamien ein und zerstörten dort das Akkadische Reich. Im Industal führte ein Abschwächen des Monsuns um bis zu 70 % zur Bildung der Wüste Thar und zum Untergang der Harappa-Kultur.

Ab etwa 3000 v. Chr. setzte im europäischen Raum eine ausgeprägte Kaltepoche, das sogenannte Klimapessimum der Bronzezeit, ein. Die Jahresmitteltemperatur war deutlich kälter als heute, womit diese Periode die kälteste seit Ende der Weichsel-Kaltzeit darstellt. Sie hielt bis etwa Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr. an und ging dann in ein neues Klimaoptimum über, das sogenannte Optimum der Römerzeit. Die Sommertemperaturen in Europa stiegen und könnten Werte ähnlich denen des vergangenen Jahrhunderts erreicht haben, lagen aber unter den heutigen. In dieser Zeit gelang zum einen dem karthagischen Feldherrn Hannibal die Überquerung der Alpen mit Elefanten (217 v. Chr.), zum anderen den Römern der Anbau von Wein auf den Britischen Inseln.

Auffallend ist der Zusammenhang zwischen einer erneuten Klimaverschlechterung (Pessimum der Völkerwanderungszeit) und einer Phase des Umbruchs bzw. des Niedergangs des Römischen Reichs. So begann die Epoche der Völkerwanderung mit dem Vorstoß der Hunnen, der wiederum durch eine Trockenperiode in deren zentralasiatischer Heimat ausgelöst wurde. In Nord- und Nordwesteuropa führten Ernteausfälle zu massiven Versorgungsproblemen. Eine Dürreperiode in Zentralasien im 4. Jahrhundert brachte schließlich den Handel auf der Seidenstraße zum Erliegen.

Die Erwärmung im 8. und 9. Jahrhundert wird als Mittelalterliche Klimaanomalie bezeichnet. Die Wikinger begannen mit der Besiedlung Islands ("Eisland") und Grönlands ("Grünland"), das damals wie heute an den südlichen Küstenstreifen "grünes Land" aufweist. Gleichzeitig kam es in Amerika zu katastrophalen Dürren und in Europa gehäuft zu katastrophalen Sturmfluten, siehe dazu Liste der Sturmfluten an der Nordsee. 1362 erfolgte die Abtrennung der friesischen Inseln vom norddeutschen Festland durch die Zweite Marcellusflut.

Ab Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts setzte eine Klimaveränderung ein, die insbesondere zwischen 1550 und 1850 ihren Höhepunkt fand. Diese Neuzeitliche Klimaanomalie wird als Kleine Eiszeit bezeichnet. In nasskalten Sommern reifte das Getreide nicht mehr aus, häufig traten nach Missernten Hungersnöte auf. Verheerende Seuchen (wie die Pest) und Kriege (wie der Dreißigjährige Krieg) belasteten die Bevölkerung zusätzlich. Die einsetzende Landflucht sowie die spätere Abwanderung großer Bevölkerungsteile in die "Neue Welt" wurde so zum Teil auch durch diese Klimaveränderung verursacht. Im Laufe der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts klang die Kleine Eiszeit zusehends aus.

"Anthropozän"

Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts hatte sich die Weltbevölkerung innerhalb von 150 Jahren verdoppelt und England trug die Industrielle Revolution in die Welt. Durch die Entwaldung für die Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft (Nahrung, Baumwolle) und die Verbrennung fossiler Brennstoffe (zunächst Kohle, später zunehmend auch Kohlenwasserstoffe) ist bereits für das 19. Jahrhundert ein signifikanter Anstieg des atmosphärischen Kohlendioxids (CO2) feststellbar. Die anthropogenen CO2-Emissionen werden gemeinsam mit den seit dem Beginn der Industrialisierung ebenfalls stark gestiegenen Methan- und Lachgasemissionen für die globale Erwärmung verantwortlich gemacht, die besonders deutlich ab der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts beobachtet wird. In diesem Zusammenhang ist umstritten, wann auf das derzeitige Interglazial das nächste Glazial folgen wird – und ob es überhaupt kommt. Manche Forscher sind der Ansicht, die globale Erwärmung werde den seit vielen hunderttausend Jahren stetig wiederkehrenden Zyklus von Glazialen und Interglazialen stören und dadurch den Beginn eines neuen Glazials verhindern. Nach dem Stand der Wissenschaft würde das gegenwärtige Interglazial ohne menschliche Einflüsse noch für mindestens 30.000 Jahre andauern, da die geringe Bahnexzentrizität der Erde die Einflüsse der Präzession minimiert. Zudem führen die anthropogenen CO2-Emissionen zu einer Versauerung der Meere mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf die biogene Karbonatproduktion.

Neben dieser Klimaveränderung und dem damit verbundenen Meeresspiegelanstieg sind auch andere anthropogene Emissionen, z. B. Stickstoff und Phosphor aus Düngemitteln, Schwermetalle aus der Metallverhüttung und der Verbrennung fossiler Energieträger sowie künstliche Radionuklide, die oberirdischen Kernwaffentests oder der technischen Nutzung der Kernspaltung entstammen, in den jüngsten Ablagerungen des Jungholozäns (die prinzipiell auch als rezent angesprochen werden können) global nachweisbar. Regional unterschiedlich spiegeln sich das aktuelle Artensterben, die Verschiebung der Klimazonen und die Einschleppung exotischer Arten im Fossilbericht wider. Auch führen großflächige Entwaldung, einhergehend mit verstärkter Erosion, oder die Begradigung von Flüssen und Eindeichung von Küstenregionen zu Veränderungen in der Sedimentationsdynamik der angeschlossenen Ablagerungsräume.

All dies sind konkrete Belege dafür, dass der Mensch im Verlauf der letzten 200 Jahre ein bedeutender Einflussfaktor für die geologische Überlieferung geworden ist. Für diese anthropogen beeinflussten und zum Teil auch rein anthropogenen Sedimente bzw. den Zeitraum, in welchem selbige abgelagert und aufgeschüttet wurden und sowohl gegenwärtig als auch noch in Zukunft abgelagert und aufgeschüttet werden, prägte der Meteorologe Paul J. Crutzen den Begriff "Anthropozän". 2019 sprach sich die weit überwiegende Mehrheit der 34-köpfigen Anthropozän-Arbeitsgruppe (Anthropocene Working Group, AWG) dafür aus, bis 2021 eine Definition, die den Beginn des Anthropozän etwa in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts verortet, zu erarbeiten und als offizielle geologische Epoche vorzuschlagen.

Das Anthropozän-Konzept ist zwar geowissenschaftlich fundiert, hat aber für heutige Geologen kaum praktischen Wert. Größere Bedeutung besitzt es für die in der AWG zahlreich vertretene "Global Change research community", also jene Wissenschaftler, die sich unmittelbar mit dem vom Menschen beeinflussten Wandel des Systems Erde beschäftigen. Darüber hinaus ist es auch zu einem nicht geringen Teil als ein von der Umweltbewegung inspiriertes philosophisches und politisches Konzept aufzufassen, das die Öffentlichkeit für all die oben aufgelisteten anthropogenen Veränderungen, von denen einige den Fortbestand der menschlichen Zivilisation ernsthaft gefährden könnten, sensibilisieren soll.

Siehe auch
 Holozän-Kalender
 Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän (Roman von Max Frisch)

Literatur

Weblinks

 International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2018 (PDF; 300 kB)
 Der Mensch erscheint im Holozän – und verschwindet auch gleich wieder?, Essay und Diskurs: Gespräch mit Florian Felix Weyh, Deutschlandfunk, gesendet am 8. Januar 2023

Einzelnachweise

Zeitalter des Quartär
Ur- und Frühgeschichte

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