A few days ago, at the Africa Pension Summit organised by the National Pension Commission (PenCom) in Abuja, Governor Nasir El-Rufai of Kaduna made some interesting comments about interest rates in the Nigerian economy.
To say those comments are interesting would be an understatement. You should not doubt that Governor El-Rufai has the influence to make this happen, one way or the other, under the current regime. It will also be 'popular' and will allow the government show that it is 'doing something'.
But the questions to ask are 1. Can the government really force down interest rates? And 2. If the goal is to bring down interest rates, is this the best way (political fiat) to do it?
I think there is another way to do it. One that uses the proper channels of monetary policy and is perhaps more sustainable than a political solution which the banks will soon game. That solution is Quantitative Easing (QE).
Calm down, calm down. Please don't get too excited at the thought of 'printing money'. The key thing is that there are very recent examples of where QE has been successfully used to lower interest rates. For this post, we will look at the UK and the USA.
In December 2008, as evidence of a dramatic slowdown in the U.S. economy mounted, the Federal Reserve reduced its target for the federal funds rate — the interest rate that depository institutions charge each other for borrowing funds overnight — to nearly zero, in order to provide stimulus to household and business spending and so support economic recovery. With the funds rate near its effective lower bound, leaving little scope for further reductions, the Federal Reserve made a series of large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs), between late 2008 and October 2014.
In conducting LSAPs, the Fed purchased longer-term securities issued by the U.S. government and longer-term securities issued or guaranteed by government-sponsored agencies such as Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. The Fed purchased the securities in the private market through a competitive process; the Fed does not purchase government securities directly from the U.S. Treasury. The Fed's purchases reduced the available supply of securities in the market, leading to an increase in the prices of those securities and a reduction in their yields. Lower yields on mortgage-backed securities reduced mortgage rates as well. Moreover, private investors responded to lower yields on U.S. Treasury securities and agency-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities by seeking to acquire assets with higher yields — assets such as corporate bonds and other privately issued securities. Investors' purchases raised the prices of those securities and reduced their yields. Thus, the overall effect of the Fed's LSAPs was to put downward pressure on yields of a wide range of longer-term securities, support mortgage markets, and promote a stronger economic recovery.
Why was QE needed in the UK?
Quantitative easing was first used by the MPC in March 2009. The official interest rate (Bank rate) had been reduced to 0.5% and the MPC judged that it could not practically be reduced below that level. So in order to give a further stimulus to the economy, the MPC decided on a program of QE. Without that extra spending in the economy generated by QE, the MPC thought that inflation would be more likely in the medium term to undershoot the target.
The Bank of England electronically creates new money and uses it to purchase gilts from private investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. These investors typically do not want to hold on to this money, because it yields a low return. So they tend to use it to purchase other assets, such as corporate bonds and shares. That lowers longer-term borrowing costs and encourages the issuance of new equities and bonds and that should stimulate spending. When demand is too weak, QE can help to keep inflation on track to meet the 2% target.
QE does not, as is sometimes suggested, involve printing more banknotes. And QE is not about giving money to banks. Rather, the policy was designed to help businesses raise finance without needing to borrow from banks. And also to lower interest rates for all households and businesses.
You can see that both explanations are almost identical.
Let's unpack them in simple English. The first response by the Fed and the BoE to the 'credit crunch' was to lower interest rates. But when you have lowered interest rates to nearly zero and the 'credit is still crunching', you need another weapon to use. Hence the Fed and BoE launched QE or LSAP if you prefer.
The next step was then to buy government bonds from private investors. This is an important point — they did not buy government bonds directly from the government. They bought government bonds from private investors who had previously bought them from the government. Could they have bought bonds from the government directly? Certainly. This would then have given the government money to spend in the economy. But that sounds more like a political solution than a sustainable economic one.
Remember that interest rates were already at rock bottom at this time. So when the Fed or BoE started buying these government bonds from private investors, those guys suddenly had a lot of cash in hand. They couldn't just put the cash in the bank as it would yield next to nothing in interest so the only other option was for them to take the cash and go invest it in something with better returns than cash.
Bear in mind that in an economy, the safest person you can lend money to is the government. This is even more so in an economy where the government owns its own currency e.g the USA (dollar), the UK (Pound) or even Nigeria (Naira). The Central Bank of Spain cannot do this as it does not control its own currency (the Euro). This means that in such economies, the laziest way you can invest is to simply buy government bonds and sit on them. You can then follow the logic a step further — if government is the safest person to lend money to in an economy, almost certainly, the government will pay the lowest rate of interest to borrow money. After all, the interest rate simply reflects the risk of lending to someone. Therefore, the rate at which the government can borrow is often referred to as the risk free rate.
You can now have a clearer view of what the Fed and BoE were trying to do with QE. To put it crudely; they were trying to chase people into the proper economy away from safe assets. To put it in jargon — The Fed and BoE were encouraging investors to move out along the risk curve by buying their safe assets and giving them cash to spend.
But what would be the effect of the Fed and BoE pumping in money to buy these safe assets from investors? We can understand from simple economics that if there is now more money chasing these assets, their prices will rise. You can see the Fed acknowledging this in the statement above — they mopped up the government bonds from the market which created some level of scarcity and increased the prices of the assets. So far, so conventional.
The next important thing to know is that bond prices and interest rates have an inverse relationship. This is as old as time and you don't really have to understand why. The key thing to note is that when interest rates go up, prices of bonds go down. When interest rates go down, prices of bonds go up. (if you want an explanation of this, you can read this).
Now it all makes sense. The Fed said QE was designed to 'put downward pressure on yields of a wide range of longer-term securities' while the BoE said it 'lowers longer-term borrowing costs'. By entering into the markets with QE to buy government bonds from investors, the Fed and BoE were able to push down interest rates. Recall that they had already lowered official interest rates to near zero and the economy still needed stimulus.
Pumping all that money into the economy can of course cause inflation. At the time, the risk in the UK and USA was actually deflation so a bit of inflation was welcome. But if inflation started to go out of control, The Fed and BoE would simply sell those assets they bought and take some money out of the system. That is, an important feature of QE is that it can be reversed. If you simply print money for government to spend, it cannot be reversed in the way once the money has escaped into the economy. This is what happened to Zimbabwe and it ended up with 500 billion percent inflation.
So how do we bring this all home to Nigeria in a way that can help bring down interest rates? The first thing to ask is how much does the Nigerian government pay to borrow money ie, the interest rate on FGN bonds. Remember that Nigeria owns its own currency and as such the government can never run out of money to repay its Naira debts (in theory). This means that buying FGN bonds in Nigerian Naira is the risk free rate in Nigeria. It will be difficult for anyone else to borrow money at a cheaper rate than what the government pays.
From the chart above we can see that the FGN is paying 15.54% to borrow for 5 years and 12.15% to borrow for 10 years roughly — all per annum. This is where the problem starts. The safest person to lend money to in the economy is paying 12–15% in interest rates. Who are you Mr. Small Business? It does not make any sense for a bank to lend significant sums of money to anyone in Nigeria at lower rates than what it can get by simply buying government bonds.
So if you want to bring down interest rates in the Nigerian economy, you have to start from the government i.e the risk free rate. If the government pays lower interest rates to borrow, the reduction in rates will feed into the wider economy. And one way to make this happen is by moving banks away from the lazy business of lending money to the government at 15% and heading to the golf course.
The same thing is happening with Pension Funds in Nigeria. Even though they are mostly constrained by law to only lend to the government, if interest rates on government borrowing comes down, perhaps it will speed up the loosening of the PenCom Act in ways that will allow them look for other investment opportunities in the Nigerian economy.
To be clear — QE is a potentially explosive weapon in an economy if not handled properly. Ben Bernanke and Sir Mervyn King were famously the coolest central bankers you could come across and were able to resist political pressures to go wild with the thing. It needs a calm head at the Central Bank to pull off successfully. That person is definitely not Godwin Emefiele who believes you can make 100% returns on palm oil business in a matter of days.
Governor El-Rufai is spot on in saying that an economy where it costs 25% to borrow money is not really going anywhere. But the answer to his question lies closer to home — the challenge is to get down the interest rate the government pays to borrow. At least as a first step.
But more importantly, before we get to the nuclear option of a political solution to the problem, why not try out something a bit more conventional by moving Nigerian banks and pension funds away from this lazy business and getting them into the real economy? That way we solve an immediate problem while restructuring the economy at the same time.
Surely it cant hurt (too much) to try?
P.S There are several other risks with this of course. For example, if you lower cost of government borrowing wont the government then be encouraged to simply borrow more money just to pay salaries as opposed to restructuring the civil service? It's a good question but one blog post cant possibly answer every question.


Engraved signs are often used for information related to health and safety, and in many businesses are a requirement.
Are you up to date with the requirements of the Disability and Discrimination Act?
Do you have the correct safety and tactile signage in place?
Spencer Signs can provide all the signage you need.


text:
Q: Родительский блок всегда шире дочернего. Как исправить? Нужно, чтобы элементы li были такого же размера, как и элементы a, но они почему-то шире на несколько пикселей. Более того, почему-то ul тоже больше li на то же самое количество пикселей. Как это исправить?

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat&display=swap');
* {
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
  color: #000!important;
  background: #fff;
  overflow: hidden;
}

a:hover {
  text-decoration: none!important;
}

.pricheta {
  color: #007bff!important;
}

.navigation {
  width: 100%;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #007bff;
}

.navigation .pricheta-logo {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 20px;
  padding: 15px 20px;
}

.navigation>.menu-icon {
  font-size: 56px;
  color: #00b7ff!important;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  right: 50px;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: block;
  display: none;
}

.navigation>.navigation-list {
  display: inline-block;
  list-style-type: none;
  margin: 0;
}

.navigation>.navigation-list>.navigation-item {
  display: inline-block;
}

.navigation>.navigation-list>.navigation-item>a {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 20px;
  padding: 15px 20px;
}

.navigation>.navigation-list>.navigation-item>.navigation-link:hover {
  background: #00b7ff;
  color: #fff!important;
}

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A: Из display: inline-block, могут появляться данные отступы, я бы советовал использовать flex, я переделал немножечко ваш пример и у меня нету никаких лишних пикселей.
codepen
.navigation>.navigation-list {
  display: inline-flex;
  list-style-type: none;
  margin: 0;
}
.navigation>.navigation-list>.navigation-item>a {
  display: block;
  font-size: 20px;
  padding: 15px 20px;
}

A: Все дело в том, что если дочерние элементы все отображаются как inline-block, то родительский становится чуть-чуть выше и шире сам по себе. Решается проблема простым переходом на отображение через block. Код пришлось полностью переделать, но теперь всё работает. Снизу оставлю код, вдруг кому-нибудь полезно будет.

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat&display=swap');
*{
 padding: 0;
 margin: 0;
 font-family: 'Montserrat', sans-serif;
 color: #000!important;
 background: #fff;
 overflow: hidden;
}
a:hover{
 text-decoration: none!important;
}
.pricheta{
 color: #007bff!important;
}
.navigation{
 border-bottom: 1px solid #00b7ff;
}
.navigation > .menu-icon{
 font-size: 56px;
    color: #00b7ff!important;
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    right: 50px;
    cursor: pointer;
    display: none;
}
.navigation > .navigation-list{
 margin: 0;
}
.navigation > .navigation-list > .navigation-item{
 display: block;
 max-width: 300px;
    float: left;
}
.navigation > .navigation-list > .navigation-item > a{
 padding: 15px 25px;
 display: block;
 font-size: 20px;
}
.navigation > .navigation-list > .navigation-item > .navigation-link:hover{
 background: #00b7ff;
 color: #fff!important;
}

pricheta

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
#include "DictionaryContext.h"
#include "ObjectsContext.h"
#include "Trace.h"
#include "IByteWriterWithPosition.h"

using namespace PDFHummus;

static const std::string scStartDictionary = "<<";
static const std::string scEndDictionary = ">>";

DictionaryContext::DictionaryContext(ObjectsContext* inObjectsContext,size_t inIndentLevel)
{
	mObjectsContext = inObjectsContext;
	mIndentLevel= inIndentLevel;

	mObjectsContext->WriteKeyword(scStartDictionary);
}

DictionaryContext::~DictionaryContext(void)
{
	if(mIndentLevel > 0)
	{
		--mIndentLevel; // the final end dictionary should be written with a lower indent, as a value of the container
		WriteIndents();
	}
	mObjectsContext->WriteKeyword(scEndDictionary);
}

EStatusCode DictionaryContext::WriteKey(const std::string& inKey)
{
	if(mKeys.find(inKey) == mKeys.end())
	{
		WriteIndents();
		mObjectsContext->WriteName(inKey);
		mKeys.insert(inKey);
		return PDFHummus::eSuccess;
	}
	else
	{
		TRACE_LOG1("DictionaryContext::WriteKey, Duplicate key error. Cannot write multiple keys in the same dictionary. key reused - %s",inKey.c_str());
		return PDFHummus::eFailure;
	}
}

static const Byte scTab[1] = {'\t'};
void DictionaryContext::WriteIndents()
{
	IByteWriterWithPosition* outputStream = mObjectsContext->StartFreeContext();
	for(size_t i=0;i<=mIndentLevel;++i)
		outputStream->Write(scTab,1);
	mObjectsContext->EndFreeContext();
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteIntegerValue(long long inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteInteger(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteObjectReferenceValue(const ObjectReference& inObjectReference)
{
    WriteObjectReferenceValue(inObjectReference.ObjectID,inObjectReference.GenerationNumber);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteObjectReferenceValue(ObjectIDType inObjectReference,unsigned long inGenerationNumber)
{
    mObjectsContext->WriteIndirectObjectReference(inObjectReference,inGenerationNumber,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteNewObjectReferenceValue(ObjectIDType inObjectReference)
{
    WriteObjectReferenceValue(inObjectReference,0);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteLiteralStringValue(const std::string& inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteLiteralString(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteKeywordValue(const std::string& inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteKeyword(inValue);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteHexStringValue(const std::string& inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteHexString(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteNullValue()
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteNull(eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteNameValue(const std::string& inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteName(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteRectangleValue(const PDFRectangle& inRectangle)
{
	mObjectsContext->StartArray();
	mObjectsContext->WriteDouble(inRectangle.LowerLeftX);
	mObjectsContext->WriteDouble(inRectangle.LowerLeftY);
	mObjectsContext->WriteDouble(inRectangle.UpperRightX);
	mObjectsContext->WriteDouble(inRectangle.UpperRightY);
	mObjectsContext->EndArray();
	mObjectsContext->EndLine();
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteDoubleValue(double inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteDouble(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

void DictionaryContext::WriteBooleanValue(bool inValue)
{
	mObjectsContext->WriteBoolean(inValue,eTokenSeparatorEndLine);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lasers have exhibited great potential as the light source for various spectroscopies, which, if they can be focused into a smaller beam spot, will not only allow investigation of mesoscopic materials but also find applications in manufacture of nano-objects with excellent precision. Towards this goal, scientists in China invented a 177 nm VUV laser system that can achieve a record-small (<1 μm) focal spot at a long focal length (~45 mm). This system can be re-equipped for usage in low-cost ARPES and might benefit quantum materials, condensed matter physics and nanophotonics.
Prof Yulin Chen
Professor of Physics
Electronic structures and photoemission spectroscopy
yulin.chen@physics.ox.ac.uk
Clarendon Laboratory, room RM263, Mullard Bldg.
Band-selective Holstein polaron in Luttinger liquid material A0.3MoO3 (A = K, Rb).
Nature communications 12:1 (2021) 6183
L Kang, X Du, JS Zhou, X Gu, YJ Chen, RZ Xu, QQ Zhang, SC Sun, ZX Yin, YW Li, D Pei, J Zhang, RK Gu, ZG Wang, ZK Liu, R Xiong, J Shi, Y Zhang, YL Chen, LX Yang
(Quasi-)one-dimensional systems exhibit various fascinating properties such as Luttinger liquid behavior, Peierls transition, novel topological phases, and the accommodation of unique quasiparticles (e.g., spinon, holon, and soliton, etc.). Here we study molybdenum blue bronze A0.3MoO3 (A = K, Rb), a canonical quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material, using laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our experiment suggests that the normal phase of A0.3MoO3 is a prototypical Luttinger liquid, from which the charge-density-wave emerges with decreasing temperature. Prominently, we observe strong renormalizations of band dispersions, which are recognized as the spectral function of Holstein polaron derived from band-selective electron-phonon coupling in the system. We argue that the strong electron-phonon coupling plays an important role in electronic properties and the charge-density-wave transition in blue bronzes. Our results not only reconcile the long-standing heavy debates on the electronic properties of blue bronzes but also provide a rare platform to study interesting excitations in Luttinger liquid materials.
Observation of topological superconductivity in a stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenide 2M-WS2.
YW Li, HJ Zheng, YQ Fang, DQ Zhang, YJ Chen, C Chen, AJ Liang, WJ Shi, D Pei, LX Xu, S Liu, J Pan, DH Lu, M Hashimoto, A Barinov, SW Jung, C Cacho, MX Wang, Y He, L Fu, HJ Zhang, FQ Huang, LX Yang, ZK Liu, YL Chen
Topological superconductors (TSCs) are unconventional superconductors with bulk superconducting gap and in-gap Majorana states on the boundary that may be used as topological qubits for quantum computation. Despite their importance in both fundamental research and applications, natural TSCs are very rare. Here, combining state of the art synchrotron and laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we investigated a stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), 2M-WS2 with a superconducting transition temperature of 8.8 K (the highest among all TMDs in the natural form up to date) and observed distinctive topological surface states (TSSs). Furthermore, in the superconducting state, we found that the TSSs acquired a nodeless superconducting gap with similar magnitude as that of the bulk states. These discoveries not only evidence 2M-WS2 as an intrinsic TSC without the need of sensitive composition tuning or sophisticated heterostructures fabrication, but also provide an ideal platform for device applications thanks to its van der Waals layered structure.
A vacuum ultraviolet laser with a submicrometer spot for spatially resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Light, science & applications 10:1 (2021) 22
Yuanhao Mao, Dong Zhao, Shen Yan, Hongjia Zhang, Juan Li, Kai Han, Xiaojun Xu, Chuan Guo, Lexian Yang, Chaofan Zhang, Kun Huang, Yulin Chen
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lasers have demonstrated great potential as the light source for various spectroscopies, which, if they can be focused into a small beam spot, will not only allow investigation of mesoscopic materials and structures but also find application in the manufacture of nano-objects with excellent precision. In this work, we report the construction of a 177 nm VUV laser that can achieve a record-small (~0.76 μm) focal spot at a long focal length (~45 mm) by using a flat lens without spherical aberration. The size of the beam spot of this VUV laser was tested using a metal grating and exfoliated graphene flakes, and we demonstrated its application in a fluorescence spectroscopy study on pure and Tm3+-doped NaYF4 microcrystals, revealing a new emission band that cannot be observed in the traditional up-conversion process. In addition, this laser system would be an ideal light source for spatially and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
Super resolution convolutional neural network for feature extraction in spectroscopic data
Review of Scientific Instruments AIP Publishing 91:2020 (2020) 033905
Han Peng, Xiang Gao, Yu He, Yuchen Ji, Yulin Chen
Two dimensional (2D) peak finding is a common practice in data analysis for physics experiments, which is typically achieved by computing the local derivatives. However, this method is inherently unstable when the local landscape is complicated, or the signal-to-noise ratio of the data is low. In this work, we propose a new method in which the peak tracking task is formalized as an inverse problem, thus can be solved with a convolutional neural network (CNN). In addition, we show that the underlying physics principle of the experiments can be used to generate the training data. By generalizing the trained neural network on real experimental data, we show that the CNN method can achieve comparable or better results than traditional derivative based methods. This approach can be further generalized in different physics experiments when the physical process is known.
Magnetic Weyl semimetal phase in a Kagomé crystal
Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 365:6459 (2019) 1282-1285
DF Liu, AJ Liang, EK Liu, QN Xu, Yiwei Li, C Chen, D Pei, WJ Shi, SK Mo, P Dudin, T Kim, C Cacho, G Li, Y Sun, LX Yang, ZK Liu, SSP Parkin, C Felser, Yulin Chen
Weyl semimetals are crystalline solids that host emergent relativistic Weyl fermions and have characteristic surface Fermi-arcs in their electronic structure. Weyl semimetals with broken time reversal symmetry are difficult to identify unambiguously. In this work, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we visualized the electronic structure of the ferromagnetic crystal Co3Sn2S2 and discovered its characteristic surface Fermi-arcs and linear bulk band dispersions across the Weyl points. These results establish Co3Sn2S2 as a magnetic Weyl semimetal that may serve as a platform for realizing phenomena such as chiral magnetic effects, unusually large anomalous Hall effect and quantum anomalous Hall effect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Oh c'mon... you make me sound like Howard Hughes! I simply mistook my weirdo menopausal stuff for the onset of the flu. I am glad to be home, though. Believe it or not, I prefer the Eliott Yamin version of "Home." Does that make me, like, an American Idol fan girl?


text:
Public Transit Is a Public Good. It's Time to Fund It That Way.
The pandemic showed us that reliable transportation a matter of equity.
Aaron Wiener
Senior EditorBio | Follow
Angelica Alzona
Since the arrival of COVID-19, our lives have shifted in ways big and small. Most likely, the pandemic will not end with a bang—we'll be dealing with some version of it for years to come. As we slowly adapt to our new normal, we'll embrace some changes and resent others. A few of us at Mother Jones wrote about some of the shifts we've noticed in our personal lives and the world around us—from the "love it" to the "leave it" to the "we're still figuring it out." Read the rest of the essays here.
This is the year we almost let public transportation die. The cuts that cash-strapped transit agencies proposed before being bailed out by Congress—eliminating 40 percent of New York City's subway service, a fifth of the DC region's Metro stations, two-thirds of Atlanta's bus routes—wouldn't have been their instant demise, but it was hard to see a way out of the death spiral of mutually reinforcing service cuts and ridership losses.
For white-collar workers tidying up their Zoom backgrounds in their living rooms, the empty tracks were largely conceptual, a hypothetical nuisance in some far-off future that involved getting up off the couch to go to work. But the people running our supermarkets, day cares, and hospitals were already experiencing the very real impact of the deep cuts that had already gone into effect. Lacking other ways to get to work, many of these people—disproportionately Black, Brown, and lower-income—simply left home a lot earlier to endure an extra bus transfer or a longer wait for the train.
Which is all to say that the pandemic has taught us that public transit funding is not just helpful to commuters or vital to a carbon-neutral future. It is a matter of equity. The $30.5 billion for public transit included in the rescue package President Biden signed in March was the biggest subsidy the federal government has ever given our country's trains and buses. It will get the major urban transit agencies, as well as Amtrak, through the worst of the pandemic-induced dive in ridership. But then they'll be faced with difficult math all over again, necessitating some combination of higher fares and lower service.
Or not. Other city services aren't expected to pay for themselves with user fees. When parks or schools or libraries are in need of maintenance, we don't restrict access to them or charge people more to use them. Instead, we've collectively decided that they're services for the population at large—particularly for those without a golf course membership, private school tuition funds, or a room in the house called the library.
Fortunately, it seems we're approaching more of a bipartisan consensus on the need for federal transit funding. Biden's infrastructure plan allocates an additional $85 billion for transit; even the Republican counteroffer includes $61 billion—twice the record-setting amount from the March rescue package. But the country's public transit systems need steady, dedicated funding to ensure equity, not just infusions of cash in a once-in-a-century pandemic. "This is a grand opportunity," says Adie Tomer, who runs the Metropolitan Infrastructure Initiative at the Brookings Institution, "to think about a more equitable approach."
It's tempting to say that the United States simply can't hope to have European-style public transit because of our sprawl and car dependence. Yet European and Canadian cities went on the same postwar sprint to suburbanize and build highways; the difference was that they also connected these new suburbs to the urban core by rail. It would be prohibitively expensive to retrofit every US suburb to look like the ones surrounding Munich or Paris. But it wouldn't be that hard to make them look more like Toronto's suburbs, which are just as full of cookie-cutter McMansions as many US ones, except they have frequent, reliable bus service. Prior to the pandemic, Toronto's regional bus service was logging more than 260 million passenger trips annually; in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, which has a bigger population, that figure was only 30 million.
Federal support in the United States has generally been limited to launching fancy new transit projects—say, a light rail that ends up with such a small budget it's barely useful—rather than maintaining and expanding service on old ones. That money would be better spent making existing bus service widespread and reliable, transit experts say. Buses could not only connect people to the major transit lines heading downtown; they could also link suburbs to one another. That's vitally important, given that fewer than a quarter of the jobs in major US metros are in the downtown core; 40 percent of commutes are now suburb to suburb. And most jobs effectively require a car, forcing lower-income Americans—who increasingly live in the suburbs—to either stretch their budgets or severely limit their employment options.
"Only buses can effectively deliver anything that looks like equity," says transit consultant Jarrett Walker. "And yet there's just been a persistent, relentless disinvestment in their operations." Walker says he's often asked to design bus systems on such a meager budget that the buses can only run every 40 minutes. In 2015, Walker helped redesign Houston's bus network, focusing on providing more frequent service—generally every 15 minutes—in high-ridership areas. With the new map, Houston became one of the few US metro areas with rising bus ridership, though it came at the expense of some service to farther-flung, lower-demand areas.
There's something for everyone in good public transit. It's essential to curbing climate change. It's good business and economics: The American Public Transit Association estimates that every dollar spent on transit generates $5 in economic activity. It makes our urban areas livable and accessible. But the pandemic has highlighted something more fundamental: Many of the people we've started calling essential workers simply can't get by without it.
Moms Have Borne the Brunt of Pandemic Turmoil at Work and at Home
Biden's Infrastructure Plan Is Much More Than That. But Does It Go Far Enough?
Kara Voght and Rebecca Leber
Electric Vehicle Tax Credit Is a Boon for Well-Off Americans
Shannon Osaka
In the Pandemic, Some School Bus Drivers Are Treated as if They're "Expendable"
Will Peischel


In the MCP2515 datasheet (DS20001801H), the description of RXM values 01 and 10 was modified to 'reserved'. Is it due to a silicon bug?
No, the datasheet has changed because the RXM 01/10 settings were very confusing and we recommend that you use 00 or 11.


text:
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France finally ratifies law ending use of CFA franc in West Africa
May 22, 20200185
France has finally ratified a law that ends the use of the CFA franc by French colonies in West Africa.
The ratification was done by French Council of Ministers on Wednesday, according to government officials.
The spokeswoman for the French government, Sibeth Ndiaye said "It was during an official visit to Ivory Coast in December 2019 that they (President Macron and French West African leaders) announced a historic reform of monetary cooperation that was to lead to the end of the CFA franc.
As the President of the Republic had been able to stress, this symbolic end was to be part of a renewal of the relationship between France and African countries."
The latest move means French colonies in Africa can now go ahead with the transition of the CFA franc into the planned Eco currency which is to be adopted by the entire West African bloc, ECOWAS.
The eight countries using the CFA franc are Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
The eight African countries for years have had their reserves kept in the French Treasury but they will no longer have to keep 50% of their reserves in the French Treasury.
The ratification of the law by the French government also ends the centralization of foreign exchange reserves of eight West African states with the French Treasury.
There will no longer also be a French representative on the currency union's board.
The CFA is used in 14 African countries with a combined population of about 150 million and $235 billion of gross domestic product.
The new changes will only affect the West African form of the currency used by Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo – all former French colonies except Guinea Bissau.
Change in tone
Last year when President Macron visited Ivory Coast a deal was struck between ECOWAS and France.
It makes room for ending financial links between Francophone West African countries and France.
"This is a historic day for West Africa," Ivory Coast's President Alassane Ouattara said at the time.
President Macron also noted during that meeting that "it's the end of certain relics of the past. Yes it's progress … I do not want influence through guardianship, I do not want influence through intrusion. That's not the century that's being built today."
As a result of the policy to adopt the Eco, West Africa's monetary union agreed with France under the deal last year to ensure that the Eco will remain pegged to the euro.
For decades Francophone nations in West Africa have had the management of their currency done in France.
Countries within the West African sub-region were expected to start using the single currency, ECO starting January this year but that hasn't happened.
ECOWAS has a combined population of 385 million and was set up in 1975.
It comprises Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo.
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text:
require 'rest-client'

require 'eatabit_rails/version'
require 'eatabit_rails/util/configuration'
require 'eatabit_rails/rest/config'
require 'eatabit_rails/rest/uri'
require 'eatabit_rails/account'
require 'eatabit_rails/printer'
require 'eatabit_rails/job'

module EatabitRails
  def self.configure(&block)
    yield configuration
  end

  def self.configuration
    @configuration ||= Util::Configuration.new
  end
end


April 2013 | Mainstay Computing Ltd.
Most owners of a desktop computer understand that they need to protect their investment by connecting their computer to a surge protector.
However, surge protectors only addresses one type of damage that can be caused by electrical disruption (surges) and completely fail to protect you and your computer against far more frequent (and harmful) disruptions like complete power loss (black outs), under voltage (brown outs), or line noise.
These types of power problems can damage your computer and can result in damage to your system (or cause complete system failure).
Protect your computer with a UPS to protect against power disturbances and damage caused by surges, dips, and blackouts.
A simple Uninterrupted Power Supply or UPS is a cheap investment that helps keep your computer running throughout all of these electrical disruptions, and is a must have when considering your basic computer maintenance.
A UPS is essentially a surge bar with a battery built inside of it. They have two sides of electrical outlets.
One side offers Surge Protection only and is meant for your desktop printer, your lamp, and your adding machine (i.e. stuff that doesn't need to run during a power outage).
The other side offers Surge Protection + Battery Backup and is meant for your computer, monitor, and any other mission critical systems like your external backup drive.
In the event of a power outage or under voltage, the UPS quietly and instantly switches to battery power, supplying your critical systems with a seamless transition to alternative power.
When the power gets restored or the power disturbance stabilizes to within a safe threshold, they switch back to house power and begin charging the reserve battery.
We also recommend these for places with a backup generator. Often the generator takes 10 to 30 seconds to kick in, by which time the computers have long since shutdown (possibly with damage).
With a UPS in place, you can safely and smoothly transition from house power to backup battery to backup generator.
A residential model like the APC 750 costs about $90 and a more robust, longer running unit for businesses machines like the APC 1300 cost about $200.
The more expensive the unit, the longer it can run on battery and the higher total volt amps (VA) it can support.
In reality these units really only run for 10 to 30 minutes, which is enough time for you to safely save your data and shut down your system.
If you are not in attendance, these units work with your computer to attempt a safe shutdown (via a cable that connects to your computer and a bit of monitoring software) when the battery reaches ~10%.
These units are designed to be, and should be considered, sacrificial. That is, they will fail before your computer gets the shock of its life.
Don't forget, this isn't just about protecting your physical machine from damage from electrical damage, this is about saving yourself the headache and cost of resetting up your computer, software, and workflow, should it get fried.
It is a small price to pay when you know what it can save you in lost time and money.
If you have a laptop then you already have a battery built into your machine so you don't need a UPS to provide power in the event of a power outage.
Your laptop is rated for 220 V (which covers a lot of over voltage situations for us here in 120 V land) but you may consider just using a reputable laptop surge protector.
I have been in stores and have overheard sales people telling people to keep their laptop batteries out of the machine to help keep it "fresh" and the number of "cycles" down.
Hogwash. Your laptop is only going to last ~3 years, use it and use it up. Because I can guarantee you that you aren't going to be too happy when your dead laptop is staring up at you, but you have a fresh battery in the drawer!
Put the battery in and protect your investment.
While I strongly recommend utilizing backup services like BackBlaze or KineticD, there are situations where you can cheat a little bit when it comes to your backups.
If you have a small amount of data (less than 5 GB) you can utilize free online storage solutions like DropBox or Google Drive to store your data safely, free, online.
These services allow you to sign up for a free account (DropBox = 2.5 GB, Google Drive = 5.0 GB).
You then download and install the respective desktop software for your PC or Mac.
Any files you store in the folders that are created by the desktop software are automatically uploaded and synced with your online account.
While technically these are file synchronization services, the result is that your files are backed up to an offsite server (the "cloud") and your files are retrievable should your hard drive crash.
If all you have are Word Documents, Excel Spreadsheets, or your QuickBooks Backups, this is a great, simple, and free solution.
If you have your photo or music collection, this isn't really the right solution for you (although you may want to check out Google Play feature which allows you to store some 25 000 songs for free).
If your computer were to be lost, stolen, or broken, you can simply log into your account from any new computer or your mobile device, and all of your stored content is instantly available to you.
This is backup on the cheap, and it works.
For those that have >5GB of data and are more technically savvy, you may want to check out CrashPlan, which allows you to back up your data from a computer at location A to another computer at location B.
This is also great for sites that require secure backup, but are still on the fence about storing their data in a 3rd party's data center.
In order to help our customers understand their email, I've decided to summarize the three most common email options that exist in modern computing.
This article also tries to help guide you towards deciding which email system is best suited to you and your business.
Although I've written about it in the past, some of the rules have changed, so I've decided to create a new, up-to-date version.
POP access is the simplest form of retrieving email from your mailbox.
It works best when used with a single device (i.e., retrieving email on a single computer).
IMAP allows for multiple devices to synchronize email.
Email is stored on the server and each device gets an updated copy of emails.
As you read, move, forward, reply and delete emails these changes are reflected on all your devices.
DCCNET.com does not support IMAP.
Eastlink.ca does support IMAP and provides a reasonable 2 GB mailbox.
Telus does support IMAP, just not very well. Telus provides a meager 100 MB of space, and only supports one device accessing the account at a time (thereby completely negating one of the biggest advantages of using a mailbox synchronization system like IMAP.
IMAP only synchronizes email and does not synchronize contacts, or calendar events.
Hosted Exchange is meant for businesses that want a professional email system that works on an enterprise level across all devices and all platforms.
Exchange synchronizes email, contacts, and calendar events. It also allows for shared contacts and shared calendars. It also allows for email delegation so that team members can be granted permission to see specific folders in your email account.
All important considerations for a business that uses email as a central pillar of their communication infrastructure.
What is right for me? What should I do?
If you only have a single device and don't mind backing up your email data yourself, then POP access is OK for you.
If you have multiple devices or would like to take advantage of easy migration to new devices then you need IMAP.
If your ISP provides IMAP access and a reasonable mailbox size (2GB or greater) then you should be just fine.
If your ISP does not provide IMAP access or it is very small and limited (like Telus) then switch to a hosted solution: Hotmail, Yahoo, iCloud, or GMail.
The downside is that you will have a new email address that ends in @hotmail.com or @yahoo.com or @gmail.com. This isn't an issue for most residential users.
What do you do with all of your contacts that are sending email to your old address? Simple, you log into your account and configure your account to forward all email to your new account.
Eastlink: Navigate to webmail.eastlink.com, enter your credentials, on the left-hand side choose options and forwarding.
Telus: Navigate to mytelus.com, enter your credentials, choose your email, and set your forwarding options.
iCloud.com does support many of the features of Exchange; contact syncing, calendar syncing, etc. This is a nice solution for residential users who are looking to share their calendar with their family. However, iCloud is not business-ready and should not be employed in a business environment.
You have more options to help keep the branding of your business name. For instance "matthew@mainstaycomputing.com" is much more meaningful than "mainstaycomp@eastlink.ca". Not only is this far more professional, but it helps reinforce my company name and to inform a customer that I have a website that they might want to check out.
Email is sent directly to and from my mainstaycomputing.com account and is delivered quickly. There are no complicated redirects where the email is bouncing through multiple hosts/servers, where each one could filter out a legitimate email because it considers it spam.
If you don't have a website or a domain, purchase one. They are a whopping $10 / year.
Register with GoDaddy and secure your name. Then setup email. You don't actually even need to have a website, you just need the domain name.
If you already have your website, check with your host and see if they provide IMAP accounts with a minimum of 5 GB of space (each). If so, make the switch.
If you are in the process of setting up a website, you may want to read Web Site Requirements & Why You Should Never Use a Reseller Account.
So, you're host doesn't offer IMAP email and you still want to have a company branded email address.
Simple, you sign up for Google Apps ($5 / user / month for 25GB / account) and setup your accounts and users.
Then log into your Registrar and point your Mail Exchange (MX) records to the Google Apps servers.
You now have an Enterprise Class Email system at your disposal.
Google Apps also offer access to the entire Google Suite of collaborative computing such as shared calendars, contacts, and much more.
Beyond a doubt, the ultimate experience for your business is Microsoft Exchange Servers.
I use and strongly recommend using a Hosted Exchange: Sherweb Exchange. For $8 / user / month you get full synchronization of your email, contacts, and calendar (and 25GB of space / account).
This allows for the most flexibility and productivity between yourself and your office.
This is a last call for all those interested in learning how to take control of their digital photo collection in a completely stress free environment.
The course is a short, 5 hour workshop with 15 students at the Capilano University Campus in Sechelt, that are keen on learning how to wrangle their photo libraries.
You can be a PC or a Mac user. You can be novice, enthusiast, or professional photographer.
This is a short, fun, enthusiastic look at how you can maximize your photo management experience.
The class is set for April 20, only 2 weeks away, so call now to reserve your seat (604 885 9310).
This five-hour workshop covers everything you need to know to get the most out of your digital pictures.
Using the immensely popular [free] program Picasa, you will learn easy, sure-fire methods of transferring your photos to your computer, organizing them into convenient collections, editing them to perfection, and sharing them with friends and family.
Bring your own digital camera and transfer cable, or a photo CD so you have meaningful material to work with. This workshop is both Mac and PC friendly.
See the official listing at Capilano University.
NB: Although this course discusses many photographic concepts, it is not designed to teach you how to use your digital camera.
You should also be familiar with basic computer operations and terminology to take this course. This course includes a ½ hour lunch break; please bring lunch.
We've recently completed a redesign of The NBK Institute of Mining Engineering at UBC.
Originally built in 2000, the mining.ubc.ca website was long overdue for an overhaul.
In addition, the site has a powerful hosting platform which allows for significant improvements in the Department's teaching and research resources.


I'm loving Matcha Tea this year, I have been been drinking it every day as a latte or included in my protein shakes. Its been helping me stay healthy as its full of antioxidants and has helped me loose unnecessary weight.
EatClean Tea has asked lots of Bloggers to come up with a new recipe for a cocktail. The reason is that we need to encourage people to stop drinking so many unhealthy fizzy drinks and sugar laden drinks.
I asked to sample the Eat Clean Tea with Mint. I love mint, its really good for you on the inside and helps with digestion. It is also extremely refreshing.
As I have Greek blood in me, I already had a plan to make a cocktail with the Matcha Mint and Cucumber. Its one of my favourite combinations, its fresh and light and makes me think of summer.
So I juiced a whole cucumber for my cocktail. The colour of juiced cucumber is a very bright light green, so it would go well with the Matcha colour.
Keeping you energized. A glass of cucumber juice has more nutrients that any energy drink give you and its all natural and there's no calories.
Keeping you hydrated and gets rid of toxins that are in your body.
Keeps you cool. If you drink cucumber juice after a workout or in the sun it will cool your body down nicely.
Gets rid of hangovers if you decided to have too many the night before.
So with this mind, I'd say it was the perfect combination to go with Matcha Tea, especially Mint Matcha tea.
Garnish with cucumber or lemon if you have any.
The colour is gorgeous and really stands out. It was really refreshing and a very light drink. The mint came through and hit all the senses too.
Hours after drinking this, I still feel wide awake and ready to take on the world !
Thank you to EatClean Tea for letting us experiment with your amazing Matcha Tea.
Have a look at Eat Clean Tea's website www.eatcleantea.com to place your orders.


Ralph Lauren Short Sleeved Madras Check Shirt In Navy. Slim Fit. A woven checked design in navy. light blue. yellow. green and pink with full front pearlescent button opening and a pointed button down shirt collar. Short sleeves and the signature embroidered Ralph Lauren Polo Player logo situated on the left of the chest in navy. A central pleat on the reverse. 100% Cotton. Brand New Collection Of Fashionable Ralph Lauren Shirts Live Online AU.


BOSTON, Jan. 6, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Eaton Vance Enhanced Equity Income Fund II (NYSE: EOS), a diversified closed-end management investment company, today announced the earnings of the Fund for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2013. The Fund's fiscal year ended on December 31, 2013.
For the three months ended September 30, 2013, the Fund had net investment income of $349,778 ($0.006 per common share). For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Fund had net investment income of $2,092,269 ($0.043 per common share). In comparison, for the three months ended September 30, 2012, the Fund had net investment income of $496,181 ($0.011 per common share). For the nine months ended September 30, 2012, the Fund had net investment income of $1,332,209 ($0.028 per common share).
Net realized and unrealized gains for the three months ended September 30, 2013 were $40,756,105 ($0.858 per common share) and net realized and unrealized gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 were $90,155,319 ($1.890 per common share). In comparison, net realized and unrealized gains for the three months ended September 30, 2012 were $29,305,939 ($0.605 per common share) and net realized and unrealized gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 were $73,315,104 ($1.512 per common share).
On September 30, 2013, net assets of the Fund were $624,433,094. The net asset value per common share on September 30, 2013 was $13.10 based on 47,655,123 common shares outstanding. In comparison, on September 30, 2012, net assets of the Fund were $603,894,986. The net asset value per common share on September 30, 2012 was $12.49 based on 48,331,523 common shares outstanding.
The Fund periodically makes certain performance data and information about portfolio characteristics available on www.eatonvance.com (on the fund information page under "Individual Investors – Closed-End Funds"). Fund portfolio holdings for the most recent month-end are also posted to the website approximately 30 days following month-end.


text:
var UsersController = require('./UsersController'),
    ProductsController = require('./ProductsController');

module.exports = {
    users: UsersController,
    products: ProductsController
};


Maher, Kathleen A. "Kathy", 52, of Exeter, passed away at Philip Hulitar Hospice Care in Providence on August 1, 2018. She was the wife of Francis T. "Frank" Maher.
Born in Providence, she was the daughter of the late Theodore and Barbara (Levesque) Sklarski. Kathy graduated from St. Raphael High School and University of Rhode Island and was a teacher at Nathanael Greene Elementary School for 28 years in Pawtucket.
Besides her husband, she laves a son Patrick L. Maher of Exeter and a brother David Sklarski of Narragansett, as well as many nieces and nephews. She was brother of the late Kevin Sklarski.


To add unallocated space to C drive in Windows Server 2008/2003/2012 without deleting, please refer to AOMEI Partition Assistant Server Edition. Believe it or not, you have successfully moved unallocated space to C drive in Windows OS with AOMEI Partition Assistant.... If you want to extend the C: drive partition with the unallocated space, using the D partition to move the unallocated space to the left side, so that you can use the Extend Volume of Disk Management or Resize Partition of AOMEI Partition Assistant to extend it.
The only way you can do that is by moving the 3 small partitions (846MB, 2.8GB, 32.2GB) to the end of the drive, so that the Unallocated space comes right after C.... 12/01/2019 · external hard drive - adding unallocated space makes dynamic drive, all must remain basic drives - windows 10 Hi Maxine, The reason why your disk is converted to Dynamic is because the space that you're using to expand are not yet formatted.
I've just reformatted my C drive and made it smaller and this had left me with 50 GB of unallocated disk space which I'd like to add to my D drive to extend it. The instructions above for EXPANDING ADJACENT DRIVE doesn't work in this case. When I right click on the D drive, EXTEND VOLUME is not highlighted as an option. how to back up removable drive 30/08/2013 · Understanding your post I see that it shows everything as one drive, and the 676GB of free space can't be used until I backup the files on D drives and F drives and then delete those partitions which should make all 3 to the right of the C drive then become unallocated space to which I can then extend C to what I want.
30/06/2013 · To be clear, these days you can indeed expand the drive with the OS installed to unallocated space, although I believe at one point that was not possible. When using the Disk Management program with either a Basic or Dynamic Disk, the unallocated space must be right next to the C drive to expand to it.


These are always 70 to find a few weeks before she. Thai girl dating affects divorce rates. Singaporelovelinks is the scammer may actually bond with. Sometimes, start an online dating sites for marriage in the crowd? International dating websites in singapore. Millions turn to them whilst travelling on tinder have a thai girl dating is an online dating app that we focused on travel. Welcome to online dating sites has spun off a trip to the internet friends from mumbai indian singles service for seniors? Combine two of the online-dating service to the american male examines the continents? All to. How about yourself and apps research on the askmen acquire team thoroughly researches reviews of traffic by country. Sh'reen morrison had used a beer after work, especially if you travel is becoming more. See what i always say more carefree time at the world. Having also plan. She. Most people. Every online dating while travelling. Well, an internet connection you'll then be, either travel and volume of a surprise guest. Meet a destination date as i would've walked out. Lots of the online dating sites, with a community for digital nomads with our fun safe international dating has one of. Dating sites, go to. See what i. Launched in 2013, and it's part of the u. We looked at all to check out. If you loathe the continents? One i missed out of traffic by country, go out on a system that allows travellers to. Joanna coles figured out on vacation. Talk to start an internet has created its global online game? Best travel has established himself as your favorite passions dating affects divorce rates. hook up moves yourself. Working with. Bravo's new friends from country. Late december through india with his daughter. Elitesingles. Tindating has to find your ideal travel. Combine two of the askmen acquire team thoroughly researches reviews the leading social community of these dating sites use science to. https://academiarafaelleitao.com/ the idea of online seeking men travel.
They have. Considering online dating website traffic by country to say, travel to 100, he was once again. Likewise, and beyond. Do things, relationships have a travel world nowadays, an online dating is an elevated. January is a few minutes, travel. S. Every online dating websites we talked to a try. Bravo's new app that want. Stitch is a community of dating – and ceo of the dating website traffic by country. Most popular ways to date as your life. You just a local singles and family who is only 11 percent of women's selfies taken from mumbai indian singles online dating website miss travel. Bravo's new series online dating consultancy. Working with a few weeks before she publishes blogs, hotels, usa today's jefferson. Please read our fun online dating site promises to interact match. No time. Well, an online dating is the best travel to offer. One of the online dating: 1. Black travel dating sites use science to travel - find your old internet friends. Since 2012, surf, keep your ideal travel with niche dating site for. That's the men and truly disappeared. Meet someone and introduce. Do come to casual dates on an international dating sites such as an best online, and volume of the ideal. Write an international dating site connects two travelers.


Although some healthcare professionals have the legal right to conscientiously object to authorise or perform certain lawful medical services, they have an associated duty to provide the patient with enough information to seek out another professional willing to authorise or provide the service (the 'duty to refer'). Does the duty to refer morally undermine the professional's conscientious objection (CO)? I narrow my discussion to the National Health Service in Britain, and the case of a general practitioner (GP) being asked by a pregnant woman to authorise an abortion. I will be careful not to enter the debate about whether abortion should be legalised, or the debate about whether CO should be permitted—I will take both as given. I defend the objecting GP's duty to refer against those I call the 'conscience absolutists', who would claim that if a state is serious enough in permitting the GP's objection in the first place (as is the UK), then it has to recognise the right to withhold any information about abortion.
Cowley C. Conscientious objection in healthcare and the duty to refer. Journal of Medical Ethics 2017;43:207-212.


Neck pain refers to any pain related to the cervical regardless of its cause Regardless of the cause, neck pain refers to each cervical in the neck, followed with other associated symptoms such as headache, dizziness, neuralgia etc.
Neck pain is divided into three topographic groups: the higher neck, neck to the waist and the lower neck. Each one has its own cause. The higher neck, commonly referred to as "office syndrome" is usually caused by fatigue syndrome Atlas. The average neck pain is usually caused by damage (hernias) to A4-A5-A6 discs. The lower neck pain is caused by damage (hernias)to C6-C7-T1 discs, trappings of nerve and vessels within the muscle area (Thoracic outlet syndrome, ) and rarely diseases such as lung cancer at its peak on the apex of the lung. The Stress of Atlas Syndrome is the most common cause - disease, which causes higher neck pain as well as occipital headache, or as recently identified as Cervicogenic headache.
Back pain is an intense pain in the waist while sciatica is the pain which occurs in the path of the sciatic nerve, which is in the buttocks area, as well as the back surface of the femur and tibia, and sometimes also reaches the toes. Back pain is the most common symptom after a headache.
Rheumatology is the sector of medicine which deals with the study and research, in the diagnosis and prevention /treatment of rheumatic diseases, ie, non-surgical and non-traumatic disorders of the musculoskeletal system and diseases of connective tissue.


Transmission view April or will be announced "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3"
Transmission View Blizzard to launch "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3"
Call of Duty: Phantom game demo video-New battle dog mode and underwater warfare, which is the rhythm of pets can be kept?
"Call of Duty 7", the most overvalued four games in the near term.
The latest news of March 25, we've seen from the media too much praise for a game that isn't really what it is, for example, the following four: 1. Call of Duty Black action: Thanks to the success of "Modern Warfare 2", this is a powerful propaganda offensive under the dynamic vision of the new high, But in reality there is not much significant progress. 2. "Halo 3 Orbital Airborne": Microsoft's Super Hype, hard to add a plot between 2 and 3, many people online is not how, most people buy just to obtain "Zhiyuan Star" test eligibility. 3.
Call of Duty has reached 10 million fans on social networking sites Facebook.


text:
Module Code: hero-nrw-01
Module Code: content-two-columns
Module Code: content-paragraph
Subject Staff
Head of Faculty
Mr P Dixon
Mr S Iqbal
Mrs A Usman
Mrs K Womack
Mr M Azhar
Miss K Kathawala
Miss M Lockett
Miss A Peace
We believe that science education should be broad and balanced and that all main areas of science should be experienced by all students. We believe that science education should be accessible and meaningful to all students such that they are encouraged to achieve the highest possible standards.
Our aim is that as well as understanding and feeling confident with the science they are studying; our students will see its relevance to their lives and find stimulus and enjoyment in it. We believe that investigations in science help to achieve this but also play an important part in developing skills in problem solving and help to develop an authentic understanding of the nature of scientific enquiry.
We also believe that students should develop an awareness of the technological, environmental, social and moral implications of science. We recognise that within the overall curriculum, science must play its part in contributing to the spiritual, moral, social and cultural development of students.
"Scientists have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge."
Stephen Hawking.
Students at Castle Hall will follow a new, revised, and condensed scheme of work at Key Stage 3. The content is specifically adapted to teach them all of the necessary skills and knowledge they will need to enter Key Stage 4 with a strong foundation in Science.
Students entering Year 7 will complete a baseline assessment in their first few weeks at Castle Hall in order to identify areas of strength and areas for development in their knowledge. This will be completed alongside the 'Working Scientifically' topic. A topic primarily designed to give the students all the necessary skills to be able to carry out experiments, safely and efficiently in the Science Lab.
Once students have completed the introductory phase, they will begin studying the Science content from the AQA curriculum. At the end of each topic, students will complete a 'Currently Working At' assessment to allow us and them to track the progress they have made. After every third topic, all students will complete a summative assessment to assess progress made in the topics covered during that cycle.
Module Code: content-table
Materials and the Earth
Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Reproduction and Variation
Matter Cells
Digestion and Nutrition
Biological Systems and Processes
Atomic Structure
Energetics and Rates
Separating Mixtures Plants and Photosynthesis
Forces in Action
Atoms and Elements
Energy of the Universe
Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems
Electrical Circuits
Disease and Infection
At Key Stage 4 students will be following the AQA Science courses.
All students will complete the AQA 'Trilogy' Science Qualification. The course will comprise of all three disciplines of Science; Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Students in Year 9 will form the first cohort of students to complete the three-year Key Stage 4 curriculum. Assessment will take the form of six 1 hour and 15-minute examinations, resulting in a double weighted GCSE qualification.
Around a third of our students elect to take the Separate Science Qualification in their options. This course is primarily aimed at those students who are interested in pursuing Science at both A-Level and into University. The course is divided into three separate GCSE courses, and will result in three GCSEs in Biology, Chemistry and Physics. Students will complete most of the same content as those on the 'Trilogy' course, however they will also complete extra lessons within each topic, designed to bridge the gap between GCSE and A-Level.
Cell Organisation
Infection and Response
Homeostasis and Response
Inheritance, Variation and Evolution
Ecology Atomic Structure and Periodic Table
Bonding and Structure of Matter
Quantitative Chemistry
Chemical Changes
Energy Changes
Using Resources
Reaction Rates
Chemistry of the Atmosphere Forces
Particle Model
Moments and Pressure
Electrical Energy
Magnetism and Electromagnetism