The operations last week against migrants triggered clashes between Congolese, security forces and local Angolans.
Life fell apart last week for mother of four Dorcas who was among 200,000 Congolese attacked and then forcibly thrown out of neighbouring Angola despite having lived there for a decade.
Speaking in Kamako, a frontier town in southern Democratic Republic of Congo, the woman in her forties said she and her husband had made their lives in the Angolan border town of Lupaca until the nightmare began.
"There were rumours circulating that the Angolan authorities would be expelling foreigners," from Lunda Norte province which borders on DRC, she said.
Congolese migrants who were living in Angola carry belongings near the Congolese border town of Kamako, on October 12, 2018, after returning to their country following a security crackdown by Angolan authorities. – Angola has returned over 180,000 illegal migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo back across the border since the start of the security crackdown, Angolan authorities saidon October 9.
"Suddenly on Monday (last week) we saw youths from the Tchiokwe community with Angolan policemen starting to burn the homes of those perceived to be foreigners.
"When they came to our house, they attacked my husband with a machete and we were forced to flee taking whatever little we could carry," she said.
"All our children were born in Angola and only speak Portuguese," she said.
Angola was a former Portuguese colony while DR Congo was ruled by the Belgians and is a francophone country.
Congolese migrants who were living in Angola stand in truck as they leave the Congolese border town of Kamako, on October 12, 2018, after returning to their country following a security crackdown by Angolan authorities. – Angola has returned over 180,000 illegal migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo back across the border since the start of the security crackdown, Angolan authorities saidon October 9.
Oil-rich Angola attracts hordes of Congolese as it is relatively more stable and offers better employment prospects.
DR Congo has an abundance of mineral wealth but large swathes are rocked by unrest and violence unleashed by rebel groups and militias from within and neighbouring nations such as Uganda and Rwanda.
Local media and an NGO reported that several migrants have been killed, though Angolan authorities deny any deaths or forcible repatriations.
Trucks were seen plying incessantly over the weekend taking Congolese nationals to the border from Dundo, the capital of Lunda Norte.
Several Congolese patiently waited outside the Angolan consulate in Kamako, brandishing their Angolan residence permits. The doors of the mission were closed.
"What are we going to do in DRC? We have all lived in Lucapa for 10 or 20 years," said Daniel Mukenge, a man in his forties.
Congolese migrants who were living in Angola gather near the Congolese border town of Kamako, on October 12, 2018, after returning to their country following a security crackdown by Angolan authorities. – Angola has returned over 180,000 illegal migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo back across the border since the start of the security crackdown, Angolan authorities saidon October 9.
"Our papers are all in order. We have invested and built homes," he said.
"Now the authorities are refusing to recognise the documents that they themselves delivered. We are now asking our authorities to intervene so that the Angolan authorities buy our houses otherwise we are condemned to death here," he said.
And an Angolan immigration official at the Kamako border outpost feigned incredulity.
"How can these people refuse to go back to their country? It makes me laugh," he said.
The Congolese authorities say they are struggling to cope with the returnees, with up to 1,000 arrivals every hour.
Congolese migrants who were living in Angola carry belongings in the Congolese border town of Kamako, on October 12, 2018, after returning to their country following a security crackdown by Angolan authorities. – Angola has returned over 180,000 illegal migrants from the Democratic Republic of Congo back across the border since the start of the security crackdown, Angolan authorities saidon October 9.
"At this rate we cannot register them," said Mahieu Boma, a local official from the national commission of refugees.
In Kamako, the new arrivals take shelter wherever they can — under mango trees, in schools and churches.
Sunday mass in many churches began late as a result of the influx.
"For the present, there are 750 families of between three and four people each who are sheltering in our facilities," said Father Crispin Mfamba from the local Saint Gabriel parish.
Dorcas meanwhile has lost track of one of her four children during the move.
"We are here in Kamako without money," she said. "We are selling what little we have so that we can eat.
"My four-year-old child has disappeared and I sold my dress for $1.20 to pay for a radio announcement to help find my child," she said.


text:
Home Small Business Overcoming the Telecom Madness
Overcoming the Telecom Madness
At first, you might wonder why Seattle-based Telicor calls its Network Operations Center (NOC) a CNRC (Customer Network Response Center). But after finding out that many of the company's employees are former Nordstrom IT managers, things begin to make a lot more sense.
The one-year old company apparently is making a lot of IT Managers happy with its unified telecommunications technology platform. Telicor, whose typical client is a medium sized business with about five regional offices, helps companies out with everything from negotiating rate deals and billing to monitoring the network and fixing broken routers.
As companies rely on an increasingly complex telecom infrastructure ranging from long distance services to wireless, telecom management is getting more cumbersome and expensive. In fact, Yankee analysts say 72 percent of mid-tier businesses are looking for help to minimize the burden on IT and administrative staff.
Telicor's Unified InfoBill is a perfect example of how things can be made a lot simpler. The Unified InfoBill is a single Web-enabled invoice that spans multiple providers, services and geographic locations, with detailed cost and usage reporting. That way, a company receives just one bill instead of multiple bills.
One of Telicor's clients includes hi-tech PR firm WaveRock. According to WaveRock CEO Ryan Wilson, another key benefit of using Telicor is that now, if a system goes down, he just has to make one phone call to get things taken care of. Even better, sometimes its Wilson that gets the call from his Telicor advisor to let him know that a problem was fixed before WaveRock's system was even affected.
According to Telicor CTO John Fleming, Telicor doesn't just help companies make the best of their current telecom systems. Telicor also advises companies on the latest technologies and how a company can integrate the latest systems into their network. Fleming notes that his company basically looks out for its clients telecom interests...so that the client's IT manager can focus on his/her core competencies.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HOME BROWSE COLLECTIONS JOURNALS RESOURCES MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Germans in India
Elite European migrants in the British Empire
Author: Panikos Panayi
While most of the Germans who suffered expulsion during the First World War lived within British shores, the Royal Navy brought Germans from throughout the world to face incarceration in the their network of camp. This book offers a new interpretation of global migration from the early nineteenth until the early twentieth century. It examines the elite German migrants who progressed to India, especially missionaries, scholars and scientists, businessmen and travellers. The book investigates the reasons for the migration of Germans to India. An examination of the realities of German existence in India follows. It then examines the complex identities of the Germans in India in the century before the First World War. The role of the role of racism, orientalism and Christianity is discussed. The stereotypes that emerged from travelogues include: an admiration of Indian landscapes; contempt for Hinduism; criticism of the plight of women; and repulsion at cityscapes. The book moves to focus upon the transformation which took place as a result of this conflict, mirroring the plight of Germans in other parts of the world. The marginalisation which took place in 1920 closely mirrored the plight of the German communities throughout the British Empire. The unique aspect of the experience in India consisted of the birth of a national identity. Finally, the book places the experience of the Germans in India into four contexts: the global history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; German history; history of the British Empire in India; and Indian history.
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Pages: C1–iv (6 total)
Pages: v (1 total)
Pages: vi–vii (2 total)
Pages: viii (1 total)
Pages: ix–xiv (6 total)
Pages: xv–xvi (2 total)
Pages: xvii (1 total)
Nineteenth-century Indian place names with contemporary variants and twenty-first-century equivalents
Pages: xviii–xx (3 total)
Chapter 1: The Germans in India as elite European migrants
Pages: 1–39 (39 total)
Chapter 2: Passages to India
Pages: 40–72 (33 total)
Chapter 3: Everyday life
Pages: 73–110 (38 total)
Chapter 4: Community
Pages: 111–144 (34 total)
Chapter 5: Interethnic perceptions and interactions
Chapter 6: The impact of the Great War
Chapter 7: Endings, new beginnings and meanings
Email - Recommend to your librarian
British Empire; Christianity; cityscapes; elite German migrants; First World War; German existence; German history; global history; global migration; Hinduism; Indian history; Indian landscapes; missionaries; national identity; orientalism; plight of women; racism; Royal Navy
(308 total)
Series: Studies in Imperialism
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Civilising rural Ireland
The co-operative movement, development and the nation-state, 1889–1939
Author: Patrick Doyle
Civilising Rural Ireland examines how modern Ireland emerged out of the social and economic transformation prompted by the rural co-operative movement. The movement emerged in response to systemic economic problems that arose throughout the nineteenth century and coincided with a wide-ranging project of cultural nationalism. Within a short space of time the co-operative movement established a swathe of creameries, agricultural societies and credit societies, leading to a radical reorganisation of rural Ireland and helping to create a distinctive Irish political economy. The work of overlooked co-operative experts is critically examined for the first time and reinserted into the process of state development. The interventions of these organisers, intellectuals and farmers built up key institutions that shaped everyday life across rural communities. The movement weathered war and revolution, to become an indispensable part of an Irish state infrastructure after independence in 1922. The strained relationship and economic rivalry that developed between Irish and British co-operators is also explored in order to illuminate the changing relationship between Ireland and the United Kingdom from an economic perspective. Civilising Rural Ireland will appeal to a wide audience interested in modern Irish history and readers are introduced to an eclectic range of personalities who shared an interest in co-operation and whose actions possessed important consequences for the way Ireland developed. The creative use of local and national sources, many of which are examined for the first time, mean the book offers a new perspective on an important period in the making of modern Ireland.
Male witches in early modern Europe
Authors: Lara Apps and Andrew Gow
In 1997, Stuart Clark published the first monograph since the time of Jules Michelet to focus on pre-modern ideas about witches. The language of belief in witchcraft studies betrays an anachronistic, modernist and dismissive approach to a mental universe quite different from our own. This book makes the male witch visible, to construct him as a historical subject, as a first step toward a deeper understanding of the functions and role of gender in pre-modern European witch-hunting and ideas about witches. The overtly political dimension to the study of witches in early modern Europe demands a high level of consciousness and reflexivity regarding language, representation, and meaning. William Monter provides a wealth of data about male witches, in an 'unremarkable province' close to 'the heart of northern and western Europe'. Here, men comprised the majority of those tried and executed for witchcraft. The book examines cases in which men were accused of witchcraft. The examples are drawn from several different regions, in order to test conventional generalisations about male witches. The agency theory posits that actors always have choices; 'agent-centred' morality proposes a novel twist on both traditional Kantian internalist categories. The problems of both male and female witches' agency and selfhood are discussed. The book also presents data compiled from ten canonical works, and a brief discussion of demonological illustrations. Finally, it addresses the question of what it means to label a man as a witch within a framework that explicitly and implicitly feminised witchcraft.
Witchcraft Continued
Popular magic in modern Europe
Editors: Willem de Blécourt and Owen Davies
The study of witchcraft accusations in Europe during the period after the end of the witch trials is still in its infancy. Witches were scratched in England, swum in Germany, beaten in the Netherlands and shot in France. The continued widespread belief in witchcraft and magic in nineteenth- and twentieth-century France has received considerable academic attention. The book discusses the extent and nature of witchcraft accusations in the period and provides a general survey of the published work on the subject for an English audience. It explores the presence of magical elements in everyday life during the modern period in Spain. The book provides a general overview of vernacular magical beliefs and practices in Italy from the time of unification to the present, with particular attention to how these traditions have been studied. By functioning as mechanisms of social ethos and control, narratives of magical harm were assured a place at the very heart of rural Finnish social dynamics into the twentieth century. The book draws upon over 300 narratives recorded in rural Finland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that provide information concerning the social relations, tensions and strategies that framed sorcery and the counter-magic employed against it. It is concerned with a special form of witchcraft that is practised only amongst Hungarians living in Transylvania.
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Birthdays are great fun around our house. It's also a time that can be easy to spend uncontrollably. The children deserve it – after all. The truth is that the children could care less. They just want to get together, eat some cake, and have a good time.
Because the budgets have been tight in the past, I have learned some big money saving tips for birthday parties. Some take time instead, but all are great ways to get more for your money when it comes to a child's birthday.
1. NO MORE GOODY BAGS. This isn't a tip as much as it should be a law. I hate taking my kids to birthday parties where they come home with tiny toys (that their baby brother can just fit into his mouth) and noise makers!
2. Make the cake yourself. The truth is that many bakeries used packaged mixes these days. You can get fancy with the decorations, or just stick to chocolate.
3. Limit the guest list. For the best party (and to maintain some kind of control) limited the guest list to the birthday boy's age plus one (with an 11 birthday coming up, the invitations will be 12). This is ESPECIALLY valuable to parent's of small children. Having 30 toddlers rampaging through your house is enough to scare even a veteran.
4. Let the kids create their own favors. If it's a princess party, let them decorate a crown. Are you having an animal party? Then let the kids decorate or make animal masks. Not only will it give them something to remember the party (and still not clutter up the car on the way home) but it will take up some of the time!
5. Let the kids have fun. Don't try to fill the day with stuff and activities. Let them run and play and use their imaginations. Give them a treasure map and they are likely to even forget about the cake.
6. Have the party at home. Renting a facility can cost a bundle. You don't need a huge home to host a great party. Our first birthday party in our home was a pirate party. The weather was horrible, so the kids had to "hunt" inside. The house was ONLY 1100 square feet (and six rooms, including bathrooms). Following the clues from space to space was still thrilling for them. Kids don't notice how big, or how small a house is – they just tend to notice the warmth ;).
Birthdays at our house usually run under $100 (and that often includes a gift for the birthday boy). We make the event a family affair (with the whole family planning, preparing, and – YES – even cleaning up). Time, creativity, and a sense of humor will carry you across the finish line.
This blog is being featured at http://carnivalofpersonalfinance.com/. Please swing by for a visit.


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Catholicism New Testament Christianity Authors, Poets, and Playwrights All Topics
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint for motorcyclist?
Christopher is not the patron saint of motorcyclist, that responsibility falls on St. Columbanus, Our Lady of Grace and Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal.
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint of basketball?
No, Christopher is not the patron saint of basketball. There is no patron saint of basketball except for Saint Sebastian who is the patron saint of all athletics.
What is Saint Christopher the patron saint of?
He is the patron Saint of travellers.
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint of most sports?
Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of athletics and athletes, not St. Christopher.
Who was the patron saint of fruit?
There is no patron saint of fruit but Saint Christopher is the patron saint of fruit sellers.
Why is Saint Christopher the patron saint of hockey?
Christopher is not the patron saint of hockey. There are no patrons of individual sports. St. Sebastian is the patron saint of athletics and athletes in general. (as per Patron Saint Index)
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint of travelers?
Yes, Saint Christopher is one of several patron saints of travelers.
Why is Saint Christopher the patron saint of soccer?
Christopher isn't the patron saint of soccer. Luigi Scrosoppi (1804-84) has recently been appointed patron saint of footballers by the Vatican.
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint of athletes?
Christopher is the patron saint of many things but not athletes. That position was assigned to St. Sebastian
Who is the patron saint of gymnastics?
As per the Patron Saint Index, there is no patron saint of gymnastics. The patron saint of all athletes or athletics is Saint Sebastian, not Saint Christopher as some are prone to guess.
Who is the saint of strength?
The Patron Saint Index lists no patron saints of strength. Don't believe me? Click on this link.
Why is Saint Christopher the patron saint of sports?
Saint Sebastian is the patron saint of athletics and athletes, not St. Christopher. He was a Roman soldier and would have been in top physical condition,
Why is St. Christopher the patron saint of softball?
Christopher is NOT THE PATRON SAINT OF ANY SPORT!!! St. Sebastian is the patron saint of all athletics and athletes, male or female.
Is Saint Christopher the patron saint of football?
Luigi Scrosoppi (1804-84) has recently been appointed patron saint of footballers, not St. Christopher.
Who is patron saint of transport?
The patron saint of transportation and transportation workers is St. Christopher.
What did Christopher do to become the patron saint of basketball?
There is no official patron saint of basketball. However, St. Sebastian is the patron saint of all athletics and athletes.
Why does hockey use Saint Christopher?
That is a good question because St. Christopher is not the patron saint of any sport. The only saint I can find who is listed as a patron saint of athletes and athletics is St. Sebastian.
Why is Saint Christopher the patron saint of basketball?
St. Christopher is not the patron saint of basketball or any other sport. That honor falls to St. Sebastian. See the link below.
Why is St. Christopher the patron of basketball?
St. Christopher is not the patron saint of basketball. There is no patron saint of individual sports. St. Sebastian is the patron of athletes and athletics in general.
What does the Saint Christopher medal stand for?
Safety of travelers. St. Christopher is the patron Saint of travel. He protects you on land, sea or air. St. Christopher is the patron Saint of travel. He protects you on land, sea or air.
How tall was Saint Christopher?
The height of Saint Christopher is not known. He died around 251 AD and is the Patron Saint of bachelors, travel, and sailors.
Who was the st Christopher airport name after?
Saint Christopher.Formerly the patron saint of travelers.
Who is the patron saint of roads?
There is no patron saint of roads but Saint Sebastian of Aparicio is the patron saint of road builders.
Why is Saint Christopher revered by athletes?
Christopher is the patron saint of many things but not athletes. That position was assigned to St. Sebastian.
Who is the patron saint for motorists?
St Christopher, commonly revered as the patron saint of travellers. And who was St Christopher? Although a very popular 'Saint', the Catholic Church suggests that almost nothing certain is known about his life and death.
What is the patron saint of cars?
There is no patron saint of cars. However, there are patron saints of car drivers: Christopher Elijah the Prophet Frances of Rome Sebastian of Aparicio
Who is the patron saint of cars?
What does patron saint of travelers mean?
A patron saint of travellers is a saint we pray to before we embark on a trip, asking the saint to be with us and protect us from all harm during our journey. One of the patron saints we pray to for travelling is St. Christopher.
Who is Saint Lillian the patron saint of?
Saint Lillian is not a patron saint as per the Patron Saint Index.
What is Saint Angelico the patron saint of?
A patron saint is supposed to be a protector in the Catholic religion. Patron Saint Angelico is the patron saint of artists. A patron saint is a protector of life.
Who is the patron saint of vehicles?
There is no patron saint of vehicles but there are patron saints of motorists:Balthasar Blaise Caspar Christopher Elijah the Prophet Frances of Rome Melchior Sebastian of Aparicio
When did Saint George replace Saint Michael as patron saint of England?
Saint George was declared the patron saint of England during the reign of Pope Benedict XIV who ruled from 1740 to 1758. Saint Michael the Archangel continues to be another patron saint of England. For additional information click on this link.
Who is the guardian angel of travelers?
The patron saint of travellers is Saint Christopher, although the Catholic Church has acknowledged that Christopher never really existed.
Why do people give St. Christopher pendants?
Christopher is the patron saint of travelers. The medals invoke the protection of the saint for a safe trip.
What is Saint Cedd the patron saint of?
As per the Patron Saint Index, Saint Cedd is not a patron saint at this time.
Why is Saint David the patron saint of England?
Saint David is not a patron saint of England. He is the patron saint of Wales.
What is Saint Mark the patron saint of?
Saint Mark the Evangelist is the patron saint of:against impenitence against insect bites against scrofulous diseases against struma struma patients attorneys barristers captives imprisoned people glaziers lawyers lions notaries prisoners stained glass workers Egypt Arezzo-Cortona-Sansepolcro, Italy, diocese of Arica, Chile, diocese of Cortona, Italy, diocese of Infanta, Philippines, prelature of Venice, Florida, diocese of Ionian Islands Boretto, Italy Buttigliera Alta, Italy Caerano di San Marco, Italy Campochiaro, Italy Camporotondo di Fiastrone, Italy Casirate d'Adda, Italy… Read More
What is Saint Cocca the patron saint of?
Saint Cocca is not a patron saint.
What is Saint Babylas the patron saint of?
Babylas is a saint but not a patron saint.
Is Saint Mellon a patron saint?
Mellon is a saint but not a patron saint.
What is Saint Allen the patron saint of?
Saint Allan is not a patron saint.
What is Saint Noel the patron saint of?
Saint Noel Chabanel is a saint but not a patron saint.
Patron saint of England and Ireland?
Saint George is the patron saint of England and Saint Patrick is the patron saint of Ireland.
Who is the patron saint of military?
Patrons of soldiers Acacius Adrian of Nicomedia Faith George Ignatius of Loyola James the Greater Joan of Arc Louis IX Martin of Tours Maurice Michael the Archangel Sebastian Stanislaus of Cracow Theodore Stratelates
Who are the patron saints of Scotland Ireland and Wales?
The patron saint of Scotland is Saint Andrew. The patron saint of Ireland is Saint Patrick. The patron saint of Wales is Saint David.
In Canterbury Tales what is a Christopher?
Christopher is the patron saint of travelers and the Yeoman wore him on his chest.
What is Saint Julia the patron saint of?
Saint Julia is the patron saint of Corsica. Saint DeVota is also the patron saint of Corsica in the Catholic church.
What country is Saint Rebecca a patron saint of?
Saint Rebecca (Saint Rafqa) is not the patron saint of any country as per the Patron Saint Index.
Saint Marcelline is the patron saint of what?
Blessed Marcelina Darowska is neither a saint nor a patron saint. Saint Marcelino Champagnat is not a patron saint
Who is the patron saint of food service?
There isn't a saint with the exact title of 'patron saint of food service.' The patron saint of cooking is Saint Lawrence, and patron saint of wait-staff is Saint Martha.
What is Saint Zoe of Rome the patron saint of?
As per the Patron Saint Index, Zoe is not a patron saint.


The Christmas Themed Bounce House is a play house with a licensed themed banner. The banner is a licensed product from Ninja Jump. The step is helpful for assisting with kids exiting and entering the ride. The inside of the front of the unit has a safety net.
We offer several different themed banners for Holiday parties including The Grinch, Penguins, Snow themed, Frozen, and Christmas.


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The Perkins Arboretum (128 acres; 51.2 hectares) is the Colby College arboretum, located at 5600 Mayflower Hill Drive in Waterville, Maine, United States. It is used for teaching and research, but its trails are also open to the public.

The Arboretum was established in 1946, later dedicated to the memory of Professor and Mrs. Edward Henry Perkins, and in 1969 expanded to its current size. The Colby Board of Trustees has mandated that the Arboretum "be preserved and protected in its natural state without cutting or changes in the growth and natural habitat as time proceeds".

Arboretum trees include Apples, White Ash, Quaking Aspen, Gray Birch, Paper Birch, Yellow Birch, American Beech, Black Cherry, Dogwood, Eastern Hemlock, Hop-hornbeam, Red Maple, Sugar Maple, Northern Red Oak, White Oak, and Eastern White Pine. Other plants include Speckled Alder, Cattails, Sensitive Fern, Christmas Fern, Bracken, Clubmoss, Partridge Berry, Trillium, and Wintergreen.

See also
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

External links
Field Guide to the Perkins Arboretum
Arboretum trail maps from Colby College

Arboreta in Maine
Botanical gardens in Maine
Colby College
Protected areas of Kennebec County, Maine
Tourist attractions in Kennebec County, Maine
Waterville, Maine

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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1829: Thomas Maynard, the last hanged for forgery
Add comment December 31st, 2019 Headsman
The last day of the 1820s marked the last hanging for forgery in Great Britain: that of Thomas Maynard, at London's Newgate Prison.
Maynard was charged with two other men* for forging an order of His Majesty's Customs to pay them £1,973. They got the money and for a few months had that blessed relief from the weight of penury and debt; one of the numerous witnesses in their case described how one of Maynard's confederates "was in difficulties in the year 1828 … I saw him in June last, when he told me his wife had 700l."
It must have been nice, but they weren't quite quick enough about executing their plan to sail for America.
Although the sovereign himself was the victim in this instance, British juries had grown ever more reluctant in the early 19th century to impose capital punishment for faking a document to non-violently steal some money — although there were still 218 such executions over the first 30 years of the century.
The availability of the death penalty for such a deed was repealed in 1832.
* Joseph West, who was acquitted, and Richard Jones, who was convicted only as an accessory and transported to Australia.
1666: James Blackwood and John M'Coul, two Covenanter martyrs - 2018
1793: Armand Louis de Gontaut - 2017
2006: Gong Runbo, serial killer - 2016
1819: John Booth and Thomas Wildish, minor crooks - 2015
1460: Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury - 2014
1502: Vitellozzo Vitelli and Oliverotto da Fermo, Borgia casualties - 2013
1987: Seven Suriname Maroons - 2012
1942: Three Bialystok Jews - 2011
1905: Rebellious workers of the Red Presnia district - 2010
1960: The assassins of Hazza Majali - 2009
1900: En Hai, the murderer of von Ketteler - 2008
1898: Joseph Vacher - 2007
1789: Catherine Murphy, Britain's last burning at the stake
1812: William Booth, forger
1864: Franz Muller, "Ich habe es getan"
1828: William Rice but not John Montgomery, who cheated the hangman with prussic acid
1806: John Docke Rouvelett, malicious prosecutor
1818: Five from the Lancaster Assizes, "most dangerous to society"
1766: John Clark and James Felton
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Counterfeiting,Crime,Death Penalty,England,Execution,Hanged,Milestones,Pelf,Public Executions
Tags: 1820s, 1829, december 31, london, newgate, newgate prison, thomas maynard
1822: Thomas Thomasen Bisp, skull exhibit
Add comment July 22nd, 2019 Headsman
Thomas Thomasen Bisp, an adulterer who fatally poisoned his wife after he got the hots for his maid, became on this date in 1822 the last person executed in the North Jutland city of Hjørring.
Times being what they were, the torture-spectacle parts of the sentence — like having his offending hand struck off — were remitted; all things equal, we assume that Bisp would have best preferred to keep the one extremity he was still required to sacrifice.
This minor milestone is memorable to visitors of the Vendsyssel Historial Museum, where reposes the killer's grisly beheaded skull courtesy of its 1900 accidental discovery in the course of some road work.
1991: Andrew Lee Jones, the last electrocuted in Louisiana - 2018
1587: George Gaspar, an English heretic in the Inquisition - 2017
1916: Arthur Grove Earp, shellshocked - 2016
1799: Elizabeth Lavender, teenage Fairlight infanticide - 2015
1995: 43 armed robbers - 2014
1979: Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath party coup - 2013
1789: Joseph-Francois Foulon, corrupt financier, lynched - 2012
1635: Domingos Fernandes Calabar, traitor? - 2011
1501: Antonio Rinaldeschi, bad gambler - 2010
1209: Massacre of Beziers, "kill them all, let God sort them out" - 2009
1794: Three generations of Noailles women, but not the Marquise de Lafayette - 2008
Themed Set: Thermidor - 2008
1870: Jean-Baptiste Troppmann, mass murderer
1877: Leon Vitalis, inamorato
1824: Johann Christian Woyzeck, non compos mentis?
1830: Agnes Magnusdottir and Fridrik Sigurdsson, Iceland's last executions
1847: Peder Ringeneie
1868: Heli Freymond, the last beheaded by sword in Switzerland
1893: Ai Yone
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Beheaded,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Denmark,Execution,Mature Content,Murder,Public Executions,Sex
Tags: 1820s, 1822, hjorring, july 22, love triangle, poison, poisoner, skulls, thomas bisp
1821: Athanasios Diakos, Greek War of Independence hero
Add comment April 24th, 2019 Headsman
Greek independence hero Athanasios Diakos died by Ottoman impalement on this date in 1821.*
Though he acquired his nickname Diakos ("deacon") from a youthful spell in a monastery, this fellow Athanasios (English Wikipedia entry | Greek) while the Turks still governed Greece made his way as a klepht — Greece's version of the Balkan hybrid outlaw/guerrilla archetype, similar to the hajduk figures among the South Slavs. All of these outlaw types took to the mountains where they could subsist as brigands and mercenaries beyond the reach of the Porte, and seek opportunities where they might to strike at Ottomans. Many of the Greek persuasion, Diakos included, adhered to the Filiki Eteria secret society that aspired to liberate Greece.
With the onset of the Greek War of Independence in early 1821, Diakos jumped right into the fight. Picturesquely, he met a much larger Turkish detachment in battle at Thermopylae where he made like Leonidas and with a handful of companions heroically held out against impossible odds at the Alamana Bridge.
Captured wounded, Diakos spurned the temptation of an officer's commission in the Turkish army should he but switch sides with words that remain legendary in his homeland to this day: "I was born a Greek, I shall die a Greek." He was impaled at the city of Lamia, fearlessly musing, "Look at the time Charon chose to take me, now that the branches are flowering, and the earth sends forth grass."
The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos, by Konstantinos Parthenis (1933).
He's a very famous and beloved figure in Greece, albeit much less so in parts beyond. The village where Diakos was allegedly born has been renamed for him full stop.
* The narratives I've seen run a bit hinkie between the Battle of Alamana on April 22 and the great klepht's death on April 24 since there's a two-day gap and everyone seems to agree that he was ordered for execution "the next day". I'm sticking to the agreed death date here, which is universal, but as best I can discern the timeline alternatives for accounting the missing day appear to break down between the notion that Diakos was impaled on the 23rd and lingered on his spike overnight before death, and that it was not until the 23rd that the Ottoman commander had the opportunity to interrogate him and decide his fate and thus "the next day" was the 24th. I haven't located a source that appears dispositive on this issue.
1752: Nicholas Mooney, penitent thief - 2018
1852: Nathaniel Bowman, William Ide inspiration - 2017
1889: William Henry Bury, Jack the Ripper suspect - 2016
1751: Anna Schnidenwind, the last witch in Baden-Württemberg - 2015
1922: Colin Campbell Ross, for the Gun Alley Murder - 2014
1998: 22 for the Rwanda genocide - 2013
1945: A day in the death penalty around the Reich - 2012
1655: Massacre of Waldensians - 2011
1723: Major Jean Abram Davel - 2010
1521: The Comuneros of Castile - 2009
1868: John Millian, who martyred a madam - 2008
1601: Starina Novak, hajduk
1941: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
1808: The Executions of the Third of May
1836: The defenders of the Alamo, much remembered
1871: The Paris Commune falls
1872: Du Wenxiu, Panthay rebellion leader
1957: Larbi Ben M'Hidi, in the Battle of Algiers
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Arts and Literature,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Execution,Famous,Famous Last Words,Greece,Gruesome Methods,Guerrillas,History,Impaled,Martyrs,No Formal Charge,Occupation and Colonialism,Ottoman Empire,Power,Public Executions,Revolutionaries,Separatists,Soldiers,Summary Executions,Turkey,Wartime Executions
Tags: 1820s, 1821, april 24, athanasios diakos, greek war of independence, hajduk, klepht, nationalism, nationalists, thermopylae
1827: Sarah Jones, firm infanticide
From the Bristol Mercury of April 16, 1827:
EXECUTION OF SARAH JONES.
This unfortunate victim to seduction was 26 years of age, and lived with her father and mother, Thomas and Mary Jones, who resided in a small cottage, forming one of a row of houses, situated on the side of the Sirhowy tram-road, called Pye-corner, in the parish of Bassalleg, in the county of Monmouth.
On Tuesday morning she took a farewell leave of her wretched parents, which she bore with considerable firmness, being the least affected of the three. — A neighbor, who spoke to her character, was, at her desire, permitted to see her the same morning, and speak to her in the Welsh language. She was particularly communicative; detailing the circumstances most minutely, which led to her present situation. She said it was not her intention to have destroyed the hapless infant, until three months before her confinement, when she discovered her seducer, Flook, had married another woman; she then formed the diabolical plan of having her revenge in the murder of his infant.
On Monday, the 23d of October, at breakfast, she found herself ill, and went up stairs; about ten or eleven her mother came up, disturbed by her voice; she sent her down for some fresh linen; and whilst the mother was going down stairs, the child was born: — she immediately seized one of two pen-knives which were in her pocket by her bedside, and in a minute or two after the birth, gave it two gashes in the throat; the mother coming up with the linen, she hid the body between the sacking and the bed, on some straw lying between, and lay on it until the Friday night. On that night Flook came to see her, — she was then down stairs in the chair (her father asleep) — he immediately noticed the alteration in her size, on which she told him of the horrid deed she had committed, and entreated him to assist her, by burying the body; — he consented; and, having sewed it up in some spare sacking, she gave it him through the window.
She positively declares her father knew nothing of the transaction, till Potter, the game-keeper, brought the body to the house; that she had concealed her situation from her mother, denying her pregnancy, even the Sunday evening before her confinement; and that the mother believed the child to have been still-born, up to the time of the coroner's inquisition.
Sarah Burley, a fellow prisoner, under sentence of imprisonment, for stealing money, at Newport, slept with her during the night; — she slept remarkably sound, being only disturbed by supposing she saw her coffin lying by her bedside: she asserts, she has felt ever since her sentence, the sensation of having a rope round her neck, and that she often lifted her hand to remove it. She spoke in the most flattering manner of the attentions of the keeper, Mr. T. Phillips, to whose humanity and instructions she was indebted for her firmness of mind; — she took a prison farewell of the friend to whom she revealed her mind, without tears, and viewed the prospect of the near approach of her death with the greatest resignation.
Additional Particulars. — This unfortunate woman was of short stature, stout made, with nothing in her countenance indicative of ferociousness, she stood during her trial without any perceptible emotion, but on receiving sentence was obliged to be supported by one of the officers in attendance, and was carried from the bar to the chaise which conducted her to the gaol; she has asserted that even then, she was as collected as she ever was in her life, and was only exhausted from the joy she felt that her mother was acquitted. She had made up her mind for the worst on first entering the gaol, and her whole anxiety was, lest her poor mother should be found guilty, and she should be thus accessory to another death.
She slept soundly the last night, awaking about 6 o'clock, and on viewing the fatal spot observed that every thing was ready and she was so herself. After divine service she received the sacrament with several other criminals, and was from thence ushered to the drop, walking with a steady step, on arriving at the lodge she took a last farewell of several around her, expressing her confidence of being in a few minutes happy, she then ascended the place where the executioner awaited her, in the performance of his painful duty, the only observation she made, was not to draw the rope too tight, and having kissed those around her, begged the cap might be then pulled over her face, she then stept on the platform with firmness, on the rope being adjusted, she begged the executioner to draw her clothes tight around her, which he did by tying a handkerchief, having retired, the drop fell, and in about a minute vitality ceased.
After hanging an hour her body was delivered to her friends, for interment in Bassalleg churchyard; on its being made known that the part of her sentence relating to her dissection was remitted, she felt much gratified and hoped they would let her body remain one night at her father's house. Thus died this unhappy woman in her 26th year, her fate has excited much commiseration and miserable must be the recollections of her seducer; her resignation was praiseworthy, her repentance contrite, and her conduct firm and decided beyond precedent under such circumstances; endued with great strength and presence of mind, she only wanted the advantages of education, and to have been under the moral restrictions of the Christian code to have been an useful character in society, may her end be (in the impressive language of the Learned Judge who tried her) a warning to the unguarded of her age, and to those wretches unworthy the name of men who have, or who may seduce females to a similar state of degradation; throughout the trial the humanity of the Learned Sergeant was apparent, and the feeling manner in which he pronounced the dreadful fiat of the law drew tears from the eyes of a majority of the largest assemblage of spectators within that court. The crowd assembled at her execution was unusually large, and, as is customary, but no ways creditable to them, two thirds were females.
1775: A robber under the apartments of Joseph Jekyll - 2018
1730: A Natchez woman tortured to death at New Orleans - 2017
1947: Louise Peete, Tiger Woman - 2016
1945: Pvt. Benjamin Hopper - 2015
1859: The martyrs of Tacubaya - 2014
1944: Joseph Epstein, Polish Communist French Resistance hero - 2013
1612: Refried Edward Wightman - 2012
1705: Captain Thomas Green and two of his crew on the Worcester - 2011
1554: Thomas Wyatt the Younger, with the Queen's life in his hands - 2010
2003: Three ferry hijackers - 2009
1670: Major Thomas Weir, a Puritan with a double life - 2008
1849: Rebecca Smith, to save her children from want
1825: Peggy Facto, Plattsburgh infanticide
1805: Mary Morgan, anomalously
1780: Elizabeth Butchill, Trinity College Cambridge bedding-girl
1897: Scott Jackson and Alonzo Walling, Pearl Bryan's murderers
1556: Beatrice, a servant
1701: Esther Rodgers, repentant
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Abortion and Infanticide,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Execution,Hanged,Murder,Public Executions,Wales,Women
Tags: 1820s, 1827, april 11, monmouth, sarah jones
1820: John and Lavinia Fisher
Add comment February 18th, 2019 Headsman
February 18, 1820 was the execution date of South Carolina crime Hall of Famers John and Lavinia Fisher.
By legendary repute the first serial killer in America, Fisher and her husband John were said to lure travelers to their Six Mile Wayfarer House near Ashley Ferry outside Charleston where they'd be poisoned, stabbed, and robbed.
Alas, the Fishers were actually a more conventional sort of brigand.
National Advocate for the Country (New York, N.Y.), January 28, 1820.
Quite incredible legends have been embroidered for this purported Bates Motel of the early Republic: for instance, that their cover was blown by a man named John Peoples/Peeples who grew suspicious enough to avoid drinking the poisoned tea and then sat up all night like young Felix Platter until he caught wind of the imminent attack, sprang out a window, and fled to safety. If so, it was a woeful failure of the period's journalists merely to report that he had been savagely beaten and robbed.
A few books about the Lavinia Fisher case
Instead, these two seemed to be part of a gang of bandits who occupied not only their Six Mile House but also the Five Mile House, and Lavinia wasn't the only woman in the lot: one Jane Howard was among the half-dozen arrested when the Six Mile lair was raided by a vigilante posse in February 1819, along with William Heyward, James M'Elwray, and Seth Young, along with others uncaptured. (Names via National Advocate, March 3, 1819) Papers of the time slate them with offenses like stealing livestock and highway robbery, and it's the latter crime — not murder — that brought the Fishers to their gallows.
Either way, Charleston tour guides will tell you that she haunts the old city jail to this day. She's also famous for her purported last words, "If you have a message you want to send to Hell, give it to me; I'll carry it," which might even be a real quote.
Alexandria [Va.] Gazette & Daily Advertiser, Feb. 26, 1820
1974: Khosrow Golsorkhi and Keramat Daneshian, Iranian revolutionaries - 2018
1836: Felipe Santiago Salaverry, President of Peru - 2017
1719: Collmore, Hang'd, Quarter'd and his Intrals burn'd - 2016
Corpses Strewn: Collmore and his gang - 2016
1813: W. Clements, War of 1812 deserter - 2015
1478: The Duke of Clarence, in a butt of malmsey - 2014
1862: Margaret Coghlan, the last woman hanged in Tasmania - 2013
1799: Constantine Hangerli, tax man - 2012
1957: Walter James Bolton, the last hanged in New Zealand - 2011
1960: Oliviu Beldeanu, for the Berne incident - 2010
1957: Dedan Kimathi, Mau Mau commander - 2009
1873: Vasil Levski, for Bulgarian independence - 2008
1888: Jochin Henry Timmerman, "don't let them take you alive"
1884: Maggie and Michael Cuddigan lynched in Ouray
1885: George Miller, Inkster axster
1751: John Morrison, Francis McCoy, and Elizabeth Robinson, robbers
1744: The Black Boy Alley Gang hanged at Tyburn
1735: Alice Riley, Savannah ghost
1868: Charles Martin and Charles Morgan lynched in Cheyenne, Dakota Territory
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Execution,Famous Last Words,Hanged,History,Organized Crime,Public Executions,South Carolina,The Supernatural,Theft,USA,Women
Tags: 1820, 1820s, charleston, february 18, ghosts, john fisher, lavinia fisher
1821: Henry Tobin, extortionist
Add comment January 31st, 2019 Headsman
Five men hanged together at Newgate Prison on this date in 1821.
All stood convicted of stealing by means of violence. In four cases, they'd deployed fists and blades further to grim street muggings in the Great Wen.
The fifth, Henry Tobin, used the executioner as his weapon of choice — in the form of a threat to expose a man named Charles Overall for sexual deviance. Such a threat would carry public obloquy and the potential for capital punishment.
The historian Rictor Norton's archive of reportage on same-sex news from that period informs us that
Tobin was convicted, upon the most satisfatory testimony, of extorting money from a respectable tradesman in Thames-stereet, by threatening to charge him with an unnatural crime; and the audacity with which he several times repeated his extortions has seldom been equalled. He was a young man of genteel appearance and insinuating manners, and possessed talents, which, if well applied, would have rendered him an ornament of society.
In fact, Norton notes at least three other people executed in this same year of 1821 for blackmailing "unnatural criminals." Yet for this period the same courtrooms where this hard line was held against exploiting sodomites were ones in which sodomy cases were also prosecuted; no doubt there were a few black caps which came out of the drawer on this day for the one varietal and the next day for the other.
The noose ceased to threaten English same-sexers inside of a generation. Extortioners kept up their predations for many, many years beyond.
1851: Ruben Dunbar, Destructiveness and Combativeness - 2018
1731: Alejo Calatayud, Mestizo - 2017
1550: Four Anabaptist martyrs at Lier - 2016
1679: Robert Foulkes, adulterous minister - 2015
1902: A day in the death penalty around the Pacific Northwest - 2014
1923: Eligiusz Niewiadomski, assassin-artist - 2013
1632: Aris Kindt, Rembrandt subject - 2012
1879: Takahashi Oden, dokufu and she-demon - 2011
1955: Moshe Marzouk and Shmuel Azar - 2010
1945: Private Eddie Slovik, the last American shot for desertion - 2009
1606: Guy Fawkes and other Gunpowder Plot conspirators - 2008
1809: Four by William Brunskill at Horsemonger Lane
1814: Six slaves in Guyana
1814: John Ashton, Lord Wellington, at Horace Cotton's first hanging
1803: Joseph Samuel survives three hangings
1841: The Jewboy's Gang
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Disfavored Minorities,England,Execution,Hanged,Homosexuals,Mass Executions,Public Executions,Theft
Tags: 1820s, 1821, charles overall, henry tobin, january 31, london, newgate prison, rictor norton
1823: Giles East
Add comment January 20th, 2019 Meaghan
(Thanks to Meaghan Good of the Charley Project for the guest post. -ed.)
On this date in 1823, Giles East was hanged for the rape of a girl, Sarah Potter, who was under ten years of age.
In spite of the difference in ages, the sixteen-year-old East cohabitated with Sarah's forty-five-year-old mother, who was also called Sarah, and was named in some accounts as her husband.
The elder Sarah stood beside her husband in the dock as an accessory after the fact; she had allegedly tried to cover up the crime. However, writes Martin Baggoley of this case in his book Surrey Executions: A Complete List of those Hanged in the County during the Nineteenth Century:
Part way into the trial the judge, Baron Graham, apparently unable to believe that any mother would act in such a manner directed that she be discharged. The judge had been especially moved when the victim described her mother crying when she learnt of the crime.
There was an expectation that East would be reprieved because of his youth and it was widely reported that the foreman of the Grand Jury, Grey Bennet MP, who had found the bill against East, had made a strong appeal to the Government on his behalf. However, he issued a statement strongly denying this and added he thought it inconceivable that any member of the Grand Jury would make such an appeal. Furthermore, he suggested that although a strong opponent of capital punishment, he had never known a case of greater atrocity.
East was hanged at Horsemonger Lane Gaol.
1875: A day in the death penalty on opposite sides of Pennsylvania - 2018
1905: John Johnson - 2017
1922: Eleuterio Corral and Rumaldo Losano, escapees - 2016
1979: Julio Vargas Garayar, the last executed in Peru - 2015
2013: Alireza Mafiha and Mohammad Ali Sorouri, viral video stars - 2014
1964: Preap In, Khmer Serei operative - 2013
1880: Andrew Scott and Thomas Rogan, bushrangers - 2012
250: Pope St. Fabian - 2011
1677: William Drummond, for Bacon's Rebellion - 2010
1758: Francois Macandal, forgotten black messiah - 2009
Feast Day of St. Sebastian - 2008
1629: John Dean, boy arsonist
1887: Israel Lipski
1675: Samuel Guile, Puritan rapist
1678: Stephen Arrowsmith
1848: Harriet Parker, crime of passion
1830: Charles Wall
1823: John Newton, violent spouse
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Children,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,England,Execution,Guest Writers,Hanged,Other Voices,Public Executions,Rape
Tags: 1820s, 1823, family, giles east, january 20, london
1829: William Maxwell, the last hanged for sodomy by the Royal Navy
Add comment January 7th, 2019 Headsman
On this date in 1829, boatswain William Maxwell became the last British Navy sailor ever hanged for sodomy.
He'd been condemned only two days previous by a bare-bones Admiralty court at the Simon's Town naval base at the Cape of Good Hope; his charge was buggery upon one of the ship's boys of the 28-gun frigate HMS Tweed. This accuser, William Pack, was supported by four other boys from the Tweed alleging "uncleanness and other scandalous actions in corruption of good manners" which certainly described Pack's experience as well.
"On the third daay after he joined the Tweed, he summoned Pack to his cabin on the larboard side of the lower deck," we find in B. Burg's Boys at Sea: Sodomy, Indecency, and Courts Martial in Nelson's Navy, which has an extensive narrative of the case* —
and, as the boy explained, "he then throwed me down on the deck. He then hauled my trousers down … He then turned to put his pintle into my backside. I felt him do all this. He hurt me very much." … The boy continued his testimony by detailing four additional instances when he had been sodomized by Maxwell. The occurrences were all much the same. Pack added only that the boatswain neither used alcohol nor offered him money after he forced his attentions on him.
In an affecting detail that doesn't appear to have carried any special legal import, Pack had diligently tallied his assaults in chalk on a mainmast hoop.
The other four boys' allegations fell a bit short of violent rape but still followed a pattern of aggressive approaches by Maxwell shortly after the youth came aboard, with pretty obvious intent. The boatswain wanted to "do a dirty trick with me," one said. Another euphemized the deed as "poking him about." Citing fear of flogging or doubt that their claims would be believed, these boys hadn't reported Maxwell — and indeed the panel pressed all of the witnesses on whether they'd been receiving gifts from Maxwell, suggesting a more reciprocal arrangement.
These private and unmentionable acts formed a difficult class of crime for the judiciary, and Maxwell knew it.** Much of his defense is taken up attacking the credibility of these boys — their questionable and perhaps interested testimony, and legal scholars who by 1829 counseled as one to err heavily towards caution in such difficult-to-prove cases.
He impugned Pack's testimony, honing in on inconsistencies between different statements during a direct cross-examination that must have been dramatic for all involved. It didn't work.
The youth of the victims, according to Burg, didn't particularly exacerbate the crime in the eyes of Maxwell's judges nor in general throughout the Navy; he wasn't being read as a pedophile, but as a sodomite who happened to find the ship's boys the easiest prey. This indeed they commonly were, occupying the very bottom of a ship's hierarchy, but the same vulnerable stature also cut against their credibility as accusers since it made them liable to threats or cajoling to supply false accusations, or simply to the impetuosity of childish malice. Absent sterling character testimonials from other mariners, they carried scant weight as witnesses even in multiples; in an 1805 case, the judges who convicted a man named Barrett Ambler had put into the Admiralty for a pardon because they disliked "condemn[ing] a man to death, upon the evidence of four boys, the eldest not more than thirteen years of age."
But no matter the evidence, the time for outright executing same-sexers was coming to an end in Britain. Even in the ranks of the Navy there had been no such punishment meted out since 1816. That was just weeks after (and for actions committed during) the Napoleonic Wars. But perhaps the ensuing era of peace helped more lenient attitudes take hold permanently — for until Maxwell, no Briton had swung for sodomy in the peacetime Navy in many decades.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the number of buggery trials was directly related to whether or not England was at war. After the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) and the Seven Years War (1756-1763), there were few trials and no executions for sodomy. Between 1756 and 1806, as Table 5 shows, fear and assiduous prosecution of sexual deviance was a wartime phenomenon. (Arthur Gilbert, "Buggery and the British Navy, 1700-1861," Journal of Social History, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Autumn, 1976))
* I have not been able to locate the original 62-page court record anywhere online.
** He knew it because he'd previously been prosecuted for buggery — in fact, sentenced to death and then spared. Although he had no barrister at his last and fatal trial, he'd enjoyed legal assistance during his previous brush and ably deployed what he learned. It's hard not to think that everyone's awareness of this previous proceeding helped to shape the outcome of his second trial.
1959: Col. Cornelio Rojas - 2020
1528: Augustin and Christoph Perwanger - 2018
1755: Henri Mongeot, Lescombat assassin - 2017
1859: William Burgess - 2016
2015: Ahmed Ali and Ghulam Shabbir, Pakistan terrorists - 2015
1355: Ines de Castro, posthumous queen - 2014
1889: Alfred Schaeffer, diabolical dynamiter, lynched near Seattle - 2013
1612: John Selman, Christmas cutpurse - 2012
1611: Three accomplices of Elizabeth Báthory, the Countess of Blood - 2011
2009: Haidar Ghanem, human rights activist - 2010
1898: Theodore Durrant, the Demon of the Belfry - 2009
2007: 23 Shia hostages - 2008
1835: John Smith and James Pratt, the last hanged for sodomy in Great Britain
1833: Captain Henry Nicholas Nicholls, sodomite
1816: Four sodomite sailors of the Africaine
1806: Hepburn Graham, HMS St. George rapist
1823: William North, prostrated homosexual
1819: John Markham, abominable offence
1869: Hamiora Pere, Maori "traitor" to the Queen
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Disfavored Minorities,England,Execution,Hanged,History,Homosexuals,Milestones,Sex,South Africa
Tags: 1820s, 1829, january 7, william maxwell
1822: Johan Wilhelm Gebhardt, Junior, slave-slayer
Add comment November 15th, 2018 Headsman
On this date in 1822, Johan Wilhelm Gebhardt was executed at the Dutch-founded South African settlement of Paarl. His offense, unusual but not unheard-of in our executioner's annals: killing his slave.
According to Alex Mountain in An Unsung Heritage: Perspectives on Slavery, the 21-year-old Gebhardt, who managed the farm belonging to his father, Rev. Johan Wilhelm Gebhardt Sr., had ordered a slave named Joris flogged "for not working properly."
the flogging was done repeatedly by a slave called November who had been warned by Gebhardt, who remained present throughout the torture, that he too would be severely punished if he did not flog Joris properly. The flogging was done with a variety of instruments and from time to time salt and vinegar were rubbed into his wounds.
It was only when Joris lost consciousness that the torture stopped.
Joris died that night.
The western Cape had recently been taken under British management, and these looked with surprising hostility on the murder of Joris. Gebhardt was not suffered to plead to manslaughter in order to escape his fate.
Mountain reproduces a photo of Gebhardt's gravestone (found "being used as a small bridge across a ditch") with the lines
Unfortunate Youth
Your Career was short
and you were led Astray
Few were the Pleasures of your Life
And many your Sufferings!
There's no gravestone for Joris, of course.
1615: Anne Turner - 2019
1892: Thomas Neill Cream, "I am Jack the ..." - 2017
2016: Jia Jinglong, nail gun avenger - 2016
1996: Ellis Wayne Felker - 2015
1591: Barnabe Brisson, at the hands of the Sixteen - 2014
2011: Reginald Brooks, flipping the bird - 2013
2011: Oba Chandler - 2012
1781: Tupac Katari - 2011
1808: Sultan Mustafa IV, by his brother - 2010
1539: Richard Whiting, the last Abbot of Glastonbury - 2009
1924: Daisuke Namba, for the Toranomon Incident - 2008
1949: Nathuram Godse, Gandhi's assassin - 2007
1883: Patrick O'Donnell, avenger
1872: William Frederick Horry, Marwood's first
1648: Alice Bishop
1821: Ketaukah and Kewahiskin, the first hangings in the Michigan Territory
1863: William Ockold, the last hanged at Worcester
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Businessmen,Capital Punishment,Crime,Death Penalty,England,Execution,Hanged,History,Milestones,Murder,Occupation and Colonialism,South Africa
Tags: 1820s, 1822, johan gebhardt, november 15, paarl, slavery
1826: Seventy-two Janissaries
Add comment October 21st, 2018 Headsman
We credit the London Times of November 27, 1826 for this tidbit on the Ottoman Empire's mop-up of the Janissaries, the truculent infantry elites who had been shattered earlier that same year during the "Auspicious Incident".
The news from Constantinople extends to the 25th ult. It is stated that on the 18th a plot was discovered which had for its object to kill MEHEMED PACHA, who commands in Asia, the SERASKIER-PACHA, and the TOPCHI-BACHI [chief of the cannoneers -ed.]. The ex-Janissaries who are incorporated with the new troops were the authors of this project. They had agreed to come to a review, which was to take place on the 19th, provided with ball-cartridges, and on the order to fire, had resolved to discharge their muskets on these Pachas and their Staff-officers. The conspiracy was revealed to MEHEMED PACHA by a Captain and four Topchis, whom the conspirators had endeavoured to gain over to their cause. The information was immediately conveyed to the SULTAN and the Government, who took prompt and decisive measures to punish the guilty and intimidate the disaffected. They despatched 1,500 of the most suspected towards Nicomedia, under the pretext of suppressing a revolt, but with the real design of getting rid of obnoxious and dangerous defenders. It is supposed that when this detachment arrives at the Dardanelles it will be sent to Chios. On the 20th ult. the GRAND VIZIER ordered the execution of eight Mussulmans, and the SERASKIER commanded six to be strangled, on a charge of corresponding with the disaffected. On the 21st, the latter officer is said to have executed in secret, and without trial, 72 more, among whom were four captains. The Government banishes all the unmarried Janissaries, even though they exercise trades and are entirely unconnected with the soldiers of that suppressed corps. The Mussulman population, it is said, are to be disarmed, as well as those whom they call "Christian dogs."
1773: Levi Ames, Boston burglar - 2019
1898: George Clark, fratricide - 2017
1573: Hugh Cahun, unjustly - 2016
2009: Soheila Ghadiri - 2015
1621: Rodrigo Calderon, ambitious - 2014
1698: 250 Streltsy from the walls of Moscow - 2013
1865: An unnamed Obeah man - 2012
1803: Thomas Russell, the man from God knows where - 2011
1869: Charles Carpentier - 2010
1865: Mexican Republican officers, under the Black Decree - 2009
1407: Chen Zuyi, Zheng He's prisoner - 2008
1826: Janissaries during the Auspicious Incident
1396: Thousands of knights of the Last Crusade
1818: Abdullah ibn Saud, last ruler of the first Saudi state
1480: The Martyrs of Otranto
1781: Twelve Aymara rebels
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Execution,History,Known But To God,Mass Executions,Ottoman Empire,Power,Soldiers,Summary Executions,Turkey
Tags: 1820s, 1826, auspicious incident, istanbul, janissaries, october 21


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text:
// Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making RapidJSON available.
//
// Copyright (C) 2015 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company, and Milo Yip. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the MIT License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
// in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
// under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
// CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_
#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_

#include "../rapidjson.h"

#ifdef __clang__
RAPIDJSON_DIAG_PUSH
RAPIDJSON_DIAG_OFF(padded)
#endif

/*! \file error.h */

/*! \defgroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS RapidJSON error handling */

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE

//! Character type of error messages.
/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
    The default character type is \c char.
    On Windows, user can define this macro as \c TCHAR for supporting both
    unicode/non-unicode settings.
*/
#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE
#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE char
#endif

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING

//! Macro for converting string literial to \ref RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE[].
/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
    By default this conversion macro does nothing.
    On Windows, user can define this macro as \c _T(x) for supporting both
    unicode/non-unicode settings.
*/
#ifndef RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING
#define RAPIDJSON_ERROR_STRING(x) x
#endif

RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_BEGIN

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ParseErrorCode

//! Error code of parsing.
/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
    \see GenericReader::Parse, GenericReader::GetParseErrorCode
*/
enum ParseErrorCode {
    kParseErrorNone = 0,                        //!< No error.

    kParseErrorDocumentEmpty,                   //!< The document is empty.
    kParseErrorDocumentRootNotSingular,         //!< The document root must not follow by other values.

    kParseErrorValueInvalid,                    //!< Invalid value.

    kParseErrorObjectMissName,                  //!< Missing a name for object member.
    kParseErrorObjectMissColon,                 //!< Missing a colon after a name of object member.
    kParseErrorObjectMissCommaOrCurlyBracket,   //!< Missing a comma or '}' after an object member.

    kParseErrorArrayMissCommaOrSquareBracket,   //!< Missing a comma or ']' after an array element.

    kParseErrorStringUnicodeEscapeInvalidHex,   //!< Incorrect hex digit after \\u escape in string.
    kParseErrorStringUnicodeSurrogateInvalid,   //!< The surrogate pair in string is invalid.
    kParseErrorStringEscapeInvalid,             //!< Invalid escape character in string.
    kParseErrorStringMissQuotationMark,         //!< Missing a closing quotation mark in string.
    kParseErrorStringInvalidEncoding,           //!< Invalid encoding in string.

    kParseErrorNumberTooBig,                    //!< Number too big to be stored in double.
    kParseErrorNumberMissFraction,              //!< Miss fraction part in number.
    kParseErrorNumberMissExponent,              //!< Miss exponent in number.

    kParseErrorTermination,                     //!< Parsing was terminated.
    kParseErrorUnspecificSyntaxError            //!< Unspecific syntax error.
};

//! Result of parsing (wraps ParseErrorCode)
/*!
    \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS
    \code
        Document doc;
        ParseResult ok = doc.Parse("[42]");
        if (!ok) {
            fprintf(stderr, "JSON parse error: %s (%u)",
                    GetParseError_En(ok.Code()), ok.Offset());
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
    \endcode
    \see GenericReader::Parse, GenericDocument::Parse
*/
struct ParseResult {
    //!! Unspecified boolean type
    typedef bool (ParseResult::*BooleanType)() const;
public:
    //! Default constructor, no error.
    ParseResult() : code_(kParseErrorNone), offset_(0) {}
    //! Constructor to set an error.
    ParseResult(ParseErrorCode code, size_t offset) : code_(code), offset_(offset) {}

    //! Get the error code.
    ParseErrorCode Code() const { return code_; }
    //! Get the error offset, if \ref IsError(), 0 otherwise.
    size_t Offset() const { return offset_; }

    //! Explicit conversion to \c bool, returns \c true, iff !\ref IsError().
    operator BooleanType() const { return !IsError() ? &ParseResult::IsError : NULL; }
    //! Whether the result is an error.
    bool IsError() const { return code_ != kParseErrorNone; }

    bool operator==(const ParseResult& that) const { return code_ == that.code_; }
    bool operator==(ParseErrorCode code) const { return code_ == code; }
    friend bool operator==(ParseErrorCode code, const ParseResult & err) { return code == err.code_; }

    bool operator!=(const ParseResult& that) const { return !(*this == that); }
    bool operator!=(ParseErrorCode code) const { return !(*this == code); }
    friend bool operator!=(ParseErrorCode code, const ParseResult & err) { return err != code; }

    //! Reset error code.
    void Clear() { Set(kParseErrorNone); }
    //! Update error code and offset.
    void Set(ParseErrorCode code, size_t offset = 0) { code_ = code; offset_ = offset; }

private:
    ParseErrorCode code_;
    size_t offset_;
};

//! Function pointer type of GetParseError().
/*! \ingroup RAPIDJSON_ERRORS

    This is the prototype for \c GetParseError_X(), where \c X is a locale.
    User can dynamically change locale in runtime, e.g.:
\code
    GetParseErrorFunc GetParseError = GetParseError_En; // or whatever
    const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE* s = GetParseError(document.GetParseErrorCode());
\endcode
*/
typedef const RAPIDJSON_ERROR_CHARTYPE* (*GetParseErrorFunc)(ParseErrorCode);

RAPIDJSON_NAMESPACE_END

#ifdef __clang__
RAPIDJSON_DIAG_POP
#endif

#endif // RAPIDJSON_ERROR_ERROR_H_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
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4 Essential Corner Rounding End Mill Decisions
June 8, 2018 /1 Comment/in CNC Machining, Milling, Specialty Tools, Tool Selection /by Tim Lima
A Corner Rounding End Mill is typically used to add a specific radius to a workpiece, or in a finishing operation to remove a sharp edge or burr. Prior to selecting your Corner Rounding End Mill, mull the following considerations over. Choosing the right tool will result in a strong tool with a long usable life, and the desired dimensional qualities on your part. Choosing wrong could result in part inaccuracies and a subpar experience.
Selecting the Right Pilot Diameter
The pilot diameter (D1 in the image above) determines the tool's limitations. When pilot diameters are larger, the tool is able to be run at lower speeds. But with smaller pilot diameters, the tool can be run faster because of its larger effective cutter radius. The effective cutter diameter is determined by the following equations depending on the radius to pilot ratio:
For a Radius/Pilot Ratio < 2.5, Effective Cutter Diameter = Pilot Diameter + Radius
For a Radius/Pilot Ratio ≥ 2.5, Effective Cutter Diameter = Pilot Diameter + .7x Radius
Larger pilot diameters also have more strength than smaller pilot diameters due to the added material behind the radius. A smaller pilot may be necessary for clearance when working in narrow slots or holes. Smaller pilots also allow for tighter turns when machining an inside corner.
Flared or Unflared
Putting a full radius on a part has the potential to leave a step or an over-cut on a workpiece. This can happen if the tool isn't completely dialed in or if there is minor runout or vibration. A slight 5° flare on the pilot and shoulder blends the radius smoothly on the workpiece and avoids leaving an over-cut.
A flared Corner Rounding End Mill leaves an incomplete radius but allows for more forgiveness. Additionally, this tool leaves a clean surface finish and does not require a second finishing operation to clean leftover marks. An unflared corner radius leaves a complete radius on the workpiece, but requires more set-up time to make sure there is no step.
Front or Back
Choosing between a Corner Rounding End Mill and a Back Corner Rounding End Mill boils down to the location on the part you're machining. A Back Corner Rounding End Mill should be utilized to put a radius on an area of the part facing the opposite direction as the spindle. While the material could be rotated, and a front Corner Rounding End Mill used, this adds to unnecessary time spent and increased cycle times. When using a Back Corner Rounding End Mill, ensure that you have proper clearance for the head diameter, and that the right reach length is used. If there is not enough clearance, the workpiece will need to be adjusted.
Flute Count
Corner Rounding End Mills are often offered in 2, 3, and 4 flute styles. 2 flute Corner Rounding End Mills are normally used for aluminum and non-ferrous materials, although 3 flutes is quickly becoming a more popular choice for these materials, as they are softer than steels so a larger chip can be taken without an impact on tool life. 4 flutes should be chosen when machining steels to extend tool life by spreading out the wear over multiple teeth. 4 flute Corner Rounding End Mills can also be run at higher feeds compared to 2 or 3 flute tools.
Corner Rounding End Mill Selection Summarized
The best corner rounding end mill varies from job-to-job. Generally speaking, opting for a tool with the largest pilot diameter possible is your best bet, as it has the most strength and requires less power due to its larger effective cutter diameter. A flared Corner Rounding End Mill is preferred for blending purposes if the workpiece is allowed to have an incomplete radius as this allows more forgiveness and can save on set up time. If not, however, an unflared Corner Rounding End Mill should be utilized. As is often the case, choosing between number of flutes boils down to user preference, largely. Softer materials usually require fewer flutes. As material gets harder, the number of flutes on your tool should increase.
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Corner-Rounding-End-Mill-Featured.jpg 600 1599 Tim Lima http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Tim Lima2018-06-08 10:00:442020-04-09 15:40:014 Essential Corner Rounding End Mill Decisions
Ideal Tooling for Machining Composites
May 21, 2018 /0 Comments/in CNC Machining, Composites, Material Specific, Tool Selection /by Tim Lima
A material is classified as a composite if it is made up of at least two unique constituents that when combined yield beneficial physical and mechanical properties for a number of different applications. A binding agent that is the matrix material is filled with either particles or fibers of a second material that act as reinforcements. The combination of strength, weight, and rigidity make composites extremely useful for the automotive, aerospace, and power generation industry. Often the matrix material of particulate-reinforced composites is some form of plastic, and the reinforcement material is either glass or carbon particles. These are sometimes called "filled plastics," and are typically very abrasive materials. Many composites are layered with varying fiber orientations, which increase the strength of the material and are called fiber-reinforced composites.
Common Problems When Machining Composites
Delamination of composite layers
Uncut Fibers
Fiber tear-out
Uneven tool wear
Poor surface finish due to "competing" materials
These problems are all caused by unique conditions created by composite materials, and can be very tricky to correct. The simple fact of cutting a combination of multiple materials at the same time introduces many factors that make it difficult to strike the right balance of the proper tool for the job and appropriate running parameters. The following tool styles provide solutions for a wide array of composite concerns. Composite Drilling Applications can face the same issues, and proper drill choice can help as well.
Straight Flute End Mill
Straight Flute Composite Cutters are designed to prevent delamination of layered materials by applying all cutting forces radially, eliminating axial forces from a typical helical cutting edge. Cutting action is improved with a high positive rake angle for shearing fibers and eccentric relief for improved edge life. Shallow ramping operations can be performed with this tool, but the largest benefits are seen in peripheral milling applications.
Compression Cutters
The Compression Cutter consists of an up cut and down cut helix. The top portion of the length of cut has right-hand cutting teeth with a left-hand spiral. The lower portion of the length of cut has right-hand cutting teeth with a right-hand spiral. This creates opposing cutting forces to stabilize the material removal process when cutting layered composites to prevent delamination, fiber pullout, and burs along the surface. Compression of the top and bottom of the workpiece keeps the layered bonded together.
Chipbreaker Cutter
The Chipbreaker Cutter is ideally suited for roughing and profiling composites with a high percentage of fiber fill. The notch-like chipbreakers shear fibers and shorten chips for improved material evacuation. This specialized geometry is great for keeping chips small and avoiding "nesting" of stringy fibrous chips around the cutter.
Diamond Cut End Mill
Diamond Cut Composite Cutters come in two different geometries: End Mill Style and Drill Mill Style. Although the end mill style tool is center cutting, the drill mill style has a 140° point angle, making it more suitable for plunge cutting. This is great for clearing out pockets in the middle of composite sheets.
End Mills for Composites – Diamond Cut – End Mill Style
End Mills for Composites – Diamond Cut – Drill Mill Style
Both the end mill and drill mill style share the same downcut geometry on the outside diameter. This diamond cut tool receives its name from the combination of left-hand and right-hand teeth. The tool is predominantly a downcut style – a geometry that allows for these tools to effectively rough and profile high fiber reinforced or filled composites, breaking up chips and shearing through fibers.
Diamond Cut vs. Chipbreaker Style
The diamond cut tools have a higher flute count, which some may intuitively think would lead to a better finish, but this is not the case as this line of tools contains right-hand and left-hand teeth. There is a trade-off between an increased ability to shear fibers and leaving a poorer finish. The chipbreaker style tool, although not as effective as shearing fibers, is ultimately designed for the same purpose but leaves a better finish as all of the flutes are facing the same direction.
Composite Finisher
The Composite Finisher has optimized geometry for finishing in composite. A slow helix and high flute count for more contact points ultimately renders a smooth finish by minimizing fraying of fiber-reinforced and layered materials.
Coating or No Coating?
Composite materials, especially those with glass or carbon fiber, can be particularly abrasive and have a tendency to wear down the cutting edge of carbide tools. If one is looking to achieve the best tool life and maintain a sharp cutting edge, then choosing an Amorphous Diamond coated tool is the best option. This thin coating improves lubricity and wear resistance over its uncoated counterpart. Using a tool with CVD diamond coating can be very beneficial in extreme cases, when fiber fill percentage is very large. This is a true diamond coating, and offers the best abrasion resistance, but a slightly less sharp cutting edge as it is a thicker coating. PCD diamond tooling offers the best tool life. If it a solid diamond wafer brazed to a carbide shank, and can maintain the sharpest edge of any diamond tooling. However, PCD is limited to straight flutes, and can come at a higher price.
Composite materials are being increasingly utilized in today's manufacturing world for their impressive strength to weight ratio. This growth has stimulated innovative techniques of cutting composites seen in the tool choices above. Harvey Tool's variety of geometries helps any machine shop tackle composite cutting applications and will continue to offer groundbreaking solutions to these types of manufacturing problems.
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Composite-Featured-Image-1.jpg 600 1599 Tim Lima http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Tim Lima2018-05-21 15:10:122021-01-11 17:08:34Ideal Tooling for Machining Composites
4 Important Keyseat Cutter Considerations
November 15, 2017 /2 Comments/in CNC Machining, Machining Techniques, Tool Geometry, Tool Selection /by Megan L
Keyseat cutters, also called woodruff cutters, keyway cutters, and T-slot cutters, are a type of cutting tool used frequently by many machinists – some operations are impractical or even impossible without one. If you need one of these tools for your job, it pays to know when and how to pick the right one and how to use it correctly.
1. Keyseat Cutter Geometry
Selecting and utilizing the right tool is often more complicated than identifying the right diameter and dialing in the speeds and feeds. A keyseat cutter's strength should be considered carefully, especially in tricky applications and difficult materials.
As with any tool, a longer reach will make a keyseat cutter more prone to deflection and breakage. A tool with the shortest allowable reach should be used to ensure the strongest tool possible.
A keyseat cutter's neck diameter greatly affects its performance. A thinner neck allows for a comparatively larger radial depth of cut (RDOC) and more clearance, but makes for a weaker tool. A thicker neck reduces the keyseat cutter's RDOC, but greatly strengthens the tool overall. When clearances allow, a keyseat cutter with a thicker neck and larger cutter diameter should be chosen over one with a thinner neck and smaller cutter diameter (Figure 1).
Cutter width has an effect on tool strength as well. The greater a keyseat cutter's cutter width, the more prone to deflection and breakage it is. This is due to the increased forces on the tool – a greater cutter width equates to an increased length of engagement. You should be particularly careful to use the strongest tool possible and a light RDOC when machining with a keyseat cutter with a thick cutter width.
2. Radial Depth of Cut
Understanding a keyseat cutter's RDOC is critical to choosing the correct tool, but understanding how it affects your tool path is necessary for optimal results. While it may be tempting to make a cut using a keyseat cutter's maximum RDOC, this will result in increased stress on the tool, a worse finish, and potential catastrophic tool failure. It is almost always better to use a lighter depth of cut and make multiple passes (Figure 2).
When in doubt about what RDOC is correct for your tool and application, consider consulting the tool manufacturer's speeds and feeds. Harvey Tool's keyseat cutter speeds and feeds take into account your tool dimensions, workpiece material, operation, and more.
3. Desired Slot Size
Some machinists use keyseat cutters to machine slots greater than their cutter width. This is done with multiple operations so that, for example, a keyseat cutter with a 1/4" cutter width can create a slot that is 3/8" wide. While this is possible and may save on up-front tooling costs, the results are not optimal. Ideally, a keyseat cutter should be used to machine a slot equal to its cutter width as it will result in a faster operation, fewer witness marks, and a better finish (Figure 3).
4. Staggered Tooth Geometry
When more versatility is required from a keyseat cutter, staggered tooth versions should be considered. The front and back reliefs allow the tools to cut not only on the OD, but also on the front and back of the head. When circumstances do not allow for the use of a cutter width equal to the final slot dimensions as stated above, a staggered tooth tool can move axially in the slot to expand its width.
Machining difficult or gummy materials can be tricky, and using a staggered tooth keyseat cutter can help greatly with tool performance. The shear flutes reduce the force needed to cut, as well as leave a superior surface finish by reducing harmonics and chatter.
Having trouble finding the perfect keyseat cutter for your job? Harvey Tool offers over 1,800 keyseat cutter options, with cutter diameters from 1/16" to 1-1/2" and cutter widths from .010" to ½".
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/keyseats-featured-image.jpg 600 1599 Megan L http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Megan L2017-11-15 15:35:012021-01-11 15:17:484 Important Keyseat Cutter Considerations
Why Flute Count Matters
September 26, 2017 /7 Comments/in CNC Machining, High Efficiency Milling, Machining 101, Milling, Tool Geometry, Tool Selection, Trending Now /by Jeff Rauseo
One of the most important considerations when choosing an end mill is determining which flute count is best for the job at hand. Both material and application play an important role in this critical part of the tool selection process. Understanding the effects of flute count on other tool properties, and how a tool will behave in different situations is an essential consideration in the tool selection process.
Tool Geometry Basics
Generally, tools with more flutes have a larger core and smaller flute valleys than tools with fewer flutes. More flutes with a larger core can provide both benefits and restrictions depending on the application. Simply put, a larger core is directly proportional to tool strength; the larger the core, the stronger a tool will be. In turn, a larger core also reduces the flute depth of a tool, restricting the amount of space for chips to exist. This can cause issues with chip packing in applications requiring heavy material removal. However, these considerations only lead us part way when making a decision on which tool to use, and when.
Material Considerations
Traditionally, end mills came in either a 2 flute or 4 flute option. The widely accepted rule of thumb was to use 2 flutes for machining aluminum and non-ferrous materials, and 4 flutes for machining steel and harder alloys. As aluminum and non-ferrous alloys are typically much softer than steels, a tool's strength is less of a concern, a tool can be fed faster, and larger material removal rates (MRR) is facilitated by the large flute valleys of 2 flute tools. Ferrous materials are typically much harder, and require the strength of a larger core. Feed rates are slower, resulting in smaller chips, and allowing for the smaller flute valleys of a larger core tool. This also allows for more flutes to fit on the tool, which in turn increases productivity.
Recently, with more advanced machines and toolpaths, higher flute count tools have become the norm in manufacturing. Non-ferrous tooling has become largely centered on 3 flute tools, allowing greater productivity while still allowing proper chip evacuation. Ferrous tooling has taken a step further and progressed not only to 5 and 6 flutes, but up to 7 flutes and more in some cases. With a wider range of hardness, sometimes at the very top of the Rockwell hardness scale, many more flutes have allowed longer tool life, less tool wear, stronger tools, and less deflection. All of this results in more specialized tools for more specific materials. The end result is higher MRR and increased productivity.
Running Parameters
Just as material considerations will have an impact on the tool you choose, operation type and depth of cut requirements may also have a big impact on the ideal number of flutes for your application. In roughing applications, lower flute counts may be desirable to evacuate large amounts of chips faster with larger flute valleys. That said, there is a balance to find, as modern toolpaths such as High Efficiency Milling (HEM) can achieve extreme MRR with a very small step over, and a higher number of flutes. In a more traditional sense, higher flute counts are great for finishing operations where very small amounts of material are being removed, and greater finish can be achieved with more flutes, not worrying as much about chip evacuation.
Flute count plays a big role in speeds and feeds calculation as well. One common rule of thumb is "more flutes, more feed," but this can be a very detrimental misconception. Although true in some cases, this is not an infinitely scalable principle. As stated previously, increasing the number of flutes on a tool limits the size that the flute valleys can be. While adding a 5th flute to a 4 flute tool theoretically gives you 25% more material removal per revolution with an appropriately increased feed rate, feeding the tool that much faster may overload the tool. The 25% increase in material removal is more likely closer to 10-15%, given the tool is exactly the same in all other specifications. Higher flute count tools may require speeds and feeds to be backed off so much in some cases, that a lower flute count may be even more efficient. Finding the right balance is key in modern milling practices.
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/flute-count-featured.jpg 600 1599 Jeff Rauseo http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Jeff Rauseo2017-09-26 15:00:092021-01-11 14:41:09Why Flute Count Matters
Tackling Titanium: A Guide to Machining Titanium and Its Alloys
August 8, 2017 /3 Comments/in CNC Machining, Gummy Materials, Machining Techniques, Material Specific, Milling /by Jeff Rauseo
In today's manufacturing industry, titanium and its alloys have become staples in aerospace, medical, automotive, and firearm applications. This popular metal is resistant to rust and chemicals, is recyclable, and is extremely strong for its weight. However, there are several challenges that must be considered when machining titanium and selecting the appropriate tools and parameters for the job.
Titanium Varieties
Titanium is available in many varieties, including nearly 40 ASTM grades, as well as several additional alloys. Grades 1 through 4 are considered commercially pure titanium with varying requirements on ultimate tensile strength. Grade 5 (Ti6Al4V or Ti 6-4) is the most common combination, alloyed with 6 percent aluminum and 4 percent vanadium. Although titanium and its alloys are often grouped together, there are some key differences between them that must be noted before determining the ideal machining approach.
Helical Solutions' HVTI End Mill is a great choice for high efficiency toolpaths in Titanium.
Titanium Concerns
Although titanium may have more desirable material properties than your average steel, it also behaves more flexibly, and is often not as rigid as other metals. This requires a secure grip on titanium workpieces, and as rigid a machine setup as is possible. Other considerations include avoiding interrupted cuts, and keeping the tool in motion at all times of contact with the workpiece. Dwelling in a drilled hole or stopping a tool next to a profiled wall will cause the tool to rub – creating excess heat, work-hardening the material, and causing premature tool wear.
Heat Generation
Heat is a formidable enemy, and heat generation must be considered when selecting speeds and feeds. While commercially pure grades of titanium are softer and gummier than most of its alloys, the addition of alloying elements typically raises the hardness of titanium. This increases concerns regarding generated heat and tool wear. Maintaining a larger chipload and avoiding unnecessary rubbing aids with tool performance in the harder titanium alloys, and will minimize the amount of work hardening produced. Choosing a lower RPM, paired with a larger chipload, can provide a significant reduction in temperature when compared to higher speed options. Due to its low conduction properties, keeping temperatures to a minimum will put less stress on the tool and reduce wear. Using high-pressure coolant is also an effective method to reduce heat generation when machining titanium.
These camshaft covers were custom made in titanium for Mitsubishi Evos.
Photo courtesy of @RebootEng (Instagram)
Galling and Built-Up Edge
The next hurdle to consider is that titanium has a strong tendency to adhere to a cutting tool, creating built up edge. This is a tricky issue which can be reduced by using copious amounts of high pressure coolant aimed directly at the cutting surface. The goal is to remove chips as soon as possible to prevent chip re-cutting, and keep the flutes clean and clear of debris. Galling is a big concern in the commercially pure grades of titanium due to their "gummy" nature. This can be addressed using the strategies mentioned previously, such as continuing feed at all times of workpiece contact, and using plenty of high-pressure coolant.
Titanium Solutions
While the primary concerns when machining titanium and its alloys may shift, the methods for mitigating them remain somewhat constant. The main ideas are to avoid galling, heat generation, work hardening, and workpiece or tool deflection. Use a lot of coolant at high pressure, keep speeds down and feeds up, keep the tool in motion when in contact with the workpiece, and use as rigid of a setup as possible.
In addition, selecting a proper tool coating can help make your job a successful one. With the high heat being generated during titanium machining operations, having a coating that can adequately deal with the temperature is key to maintaining performance through an operation. The proper coating will also help to avoid galling and evacuate chips effectively. Coatings such as Harvey Tool's Aluminum Titanium Nitride (AlTiN Nano) produce an oxide layer at high temperatures, and will increase lubricity of the tool.
As titanium and its many alloys continue to grow in use across various industries, more machinists will be tasked with cutting this difficult material. However, heat management and appropriate chip evacuation, when paired with the correct coating, will enable a successful run.
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/titanium-machining-guide.jpg 600 1599 Jeff Rauseo http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Jeff Rauseo2017-08-08 16:00:512021-01-07 15:41:43Tackling Titanium: A Guide to Machining Titanium and Its Alloys
Overcoming Composite Holemaking Challenges
April 21, 2017 /0 Comments/in CNC Machining, Composites, Drilling & Holemaking, Holemaking, Machining Techniques, Material Specific, Milling, Tool Selection /by Jeff Rauseo
Harvey Tool's Miniature High Performance Composite Drills are specifically designed with point geometry optimized for the unique properties of composite materials. Our Double Angle style is engineered to overcome common problems in layered composites and our Brad Point style is built to avoid the issues frequently experienced in fibrous composites.
https://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/harvey-composite-drill-feature.jpg 600 1599 Jeff Rauseo http://www.harveyperformance.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Logo_HarveyPerformanceCompany-4.png Jeff Rauseo2017-04-21 10:00:312021-01-05 16:39:16Overcoming Composite Holemaking Challenges
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