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Making sense of IRS Form 1099 in legal settlements
By Robert W. Wood | Dec. 16, 2019
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self-study / Tax 1 Credit
Robert W. Wood
Managing Partner, Wood LLP
San Francisco , California 94111-3601
Email: wood@WoodLLP.com
Univ of Chicago Law School
www.woodLLP.com
Robert is the author of "Taxation of Damage Awards and Settlement Payments," "Qualified Settlement Funds and Section 468B," and "Legal Guide to Independent Contractor Status," all available at www.TaxInstitute.com. This discussion is not intended as legal advice.
IRS Forms 1099 match income and Social Security numbers. Most people pay attention to these forms at tax time, but lawyers and clients alike should pay attention to them the rest of the year, too. Failing to report one is guaranteed to give you an IRS tax notice to pay up. These little forms are a major source of information for the IRS. Copies go to state tax authorities, and they are equally useful in collecting state tax revenues.
Forms 1099 allow computer matching of Social Security numbers and dollar amounts, so IRS collection efforts are streamlined and mechanized. It takes no effort for the IRS to spew out a bill to a taxpayer who fails to include a payment reported on a Form 1099.
Lawyers and law firms send as well as receive them. Lawyers receive and send more Forms 1099 than most people, in part due to tax laws that single them out. Lawyers make good audit subjects because they often handle client funds. They also tend to have significant income. The IRS has a keen interest in the tax treatment of litigation settlements, judgments and attorney fees. The tax code requires companies making payments to attorneys to report the payments to the IRS on a Form 1099.
Each person engaged in business and making a payment of $600 or more for services must report it on a Form 1099. The rule is cumulative, so while one payment of $500 would not trigger the rule, two payments of $500 to a single payee during the year require a Form 1099 for the full $1,000. Lawyers must issue Forms 1099 to expert witnesses, jury consultants, investigators and even co-counsel where services are performed and the payment is $600 or more.
A notable exception from the normal $600 rule is payments to corporations. Payments made to a corporation for services are generally exempt. However, an exception applies to payments for legal services. Put another way, the rule that payments to lawyers must be the subject of a Form 1099 trumps the rule that payments to corporation need not be. Thus, any payment for services of $600 or more to a lawyer or law firm must be the subject of a Form 1099. It does not matter if the law firm is a corporation, LLC, LLP or general partnership.
It does not matter how large or small the law firm may be. A lawyer or law firm paying fees to co-counsel or a referral fee to a lawyer must issue a Form 1099 regardless of how the lawyer or law firm is organized. Plus, any client paying a law firm more than $600 in a year as part of the client's business must issue a Form 1099. Forms 1099 are generally issued in January of the year after payment. In general, they must be dispatched to the taxpayer and IRS by the last day of January.
Issuing Forms 1099 to Clients
One confusing tax reporting issue for law firms is whether to issue Forms 1099 to clients. Practice varies considerably, and many firms issue the forms routinely. However, most payments to clients do not actually require the forms.
Of course, many lawyers receive funds that they pass along to their clients. That means law firms often cut checks to clients for a share of settlement proceeds. Even so, there is rarely a Form 1099 obligation for such payments. Most lawyers receiving a joint settlement check to resolve a client lawsuit are not considered payors.
In fact, the settling defendant is considered the payor, not the law firm. Thus, the defendant generally has the obligation to issue the Forms 1099, not the lawyer.
Example 1: Larry Lawyer earns a contingent fee by helping Cathy Client sue her bank. The settlement check is payable jointly to Larry and Cathy. If the bank doesn't know the Larry/Cathy split, it must issue two Forms 1099, to both Larry and Cathy, each for the full amount. When Larry cuts Cathy a check for her share, he need not issue a form.
Example 2: Consider the same facts as in Example 1. However, suppose that Larry tells the bank to issue two checks, one to Larry for 40% and the other to Cathy for 60%. Here again Larry has no obligation to issue a form, because Cathy is getting paid by the bank. The bank will issue Larry a Form 1099 for his 40%. It will issue Cathy a Form 1099 for 100%, including the payment to Larry -- even though the bank paid Larry directly. Cathy will have to find a way to deduct the legal fee.
Physical Injury Payments
One important exception to the rules for Forms 1099 applies to payments for personal physical injuries or physical sickness. Think legal settlements for auto accidents and slip and fall injuries. Because such payments for compensatory damages are generally tax-free to the injured person, no Form 1099 is required.
Example 1: Hal Hurt is in a car crash and receives a $1 million settlement. Defendant Motors issues a joint check to Hal and his lawyer Sue Suits. Defendant is not required to issue a Form 1099 to Hal. Defendant must still issue a Form 1099 to Sue for the full $1 million.
Example 2: Same facts, but this time Sue asks for a $600,000 check issued to Hal (without a Form 1099) and a $400,000 check issued to her (with a Form 1099 to Sue for $400,000).
Other Payments to Clients
What about a law firm's refund of legal fees to clients, do those payments need to be reported to the client on Form 1099 issued to the client? If the refund is of monies held in the lawyer's trust account, no Form 1099 is required. However, if the law firm was previously paid and is refunding an amount from the law firm's own income, a Form 1099 is needed.
Example: Big Law LLP represents Joe Inventor and is holding $50,000 of Joe's funds in its trust account. Due to a dispute over the quality of Big Law's services, it agrees to refund $30,000 of Joe's deposit. No Form 1099 is required, because this was Joe's money. Big Law also agrees to refund $60,000 of the monies Joe paid for fees over the last three years. Big Law is required to issue a Form 1099 for the $60,000 payment.
The primary area where a lawyer must issue a Form 1099 to a client is if the lawyer performs significant oversight and management functions. The tax regulations are not terribly clear exactly what these management and oversight functions are in many cases. But just being a plaintiff's lawyer and handling the settlement monies is not enough.
What if the lawyer is beyond merely receiving the money and dividing the lawyer's and client's shares? Under IRS regulations, if lawyers take on too big a role and exercise management and oversight of client monies, they become "payors." As such, they are required to issue Forms 1099 when they disburse funds.
Joint Checks
IRS regulations contain extensive provisions governing joint checks, and how Form 1099 should be issued in such cases. Most of these rules mean that lawyers will be receiving Forms 1099 when their names are on the settlement checks.
Example 1: Dastardly Defendant settles a case and issues a joint check to Clyde Client and Alice Attorney. Dastardly normally must issue one Form 1099 to Clyde for the full amount and one Form 1099 to Alice also for the full amount.
This reality may cause Alice to prefer separate checks, one for the client funds, and one check to pay the lawyer directly. That way, Alice may only receive a Form 1099 for her fees, not also for her client's money.
Example 2: This time Dastardly Defendant issues a check for 60% of the settlement to Clyde Client and 40% to Alice Attorney. Dastardly issues one Form 1099 to Clyde for 100% and one Form 1099 to Alice for 40%. So that Clyde doesn't pay taxes on the fees paid to Alice for which he received a Form 1099, he will try to deduct the 40% on his tax return. Starting in 2018, though, deductions for legal fees are now much more restricted than in the past. There is still an above-the-line deduction for legal fees in employment, civil rights and whistleblower cases. But beyond that, many legal fees can no longer be deducted.
Seeking to help their clients avoid receiving Forms 1099, some plaintiff lawyers ask the defendant for one check payable to the "Jones Law Firm Trust Account." Many defendants are willing to issue a single Form 1099 only to the Jones Law Firm in this situation. Technically, however, Treasury regulations say you should treat this Jones Law Firm Trust Account check just like a joint check payable to lawyer and client. That means two Forms 1099, each in the full amount, are required.
Judgment Calls and Penalties
Requirements to issue Forms 1099 have existed in the tax code and parallel state law for decades. Still, these requirements have become more rigorous in recent years. Penalty enforcement has also gotten tougher. More and more reporting is now required, and lawyers and law firms face not only the basic rules but the special rules targeting legal fees.
Lawyers are not always required to issue Forms 1099, especially to clients. Nevertheless, the IRS is unlikely to criticize anyone for issuing more of the ubiquitous little forms. In fact, in the IRS's view, the more Forms 1099 the better. Perhaps for that reason, it is becoming common for law firms to issue Forms 1099 to clients even where they are not strictly necessary.
Defendants usually have this knee jerk reaction too: When in doubt issue the forms. Sometimes, though, both lawyers and defendants go overboard and issue the forms when they really should not.
Most penalties for non-intentional failures to file are modest -- as small as $270 per form you fail to file. This penalty for failure to file Form 1099 is aimed primarily at large-scale failures, such as where a bank fails to issue thousands of the forms to account holders. However, law firms should be careful about these rules too.
The distribution of the proceeds of a class action, for example, can trigger large-scale issuances of Forms 1099. In addition to the $270-per-failure penalty, the IRS also may try to deny a deduction for the item that should have been reported on a Form 1099. That means if you fail to issue a form for a $100,000 consulting fee, the IRS could claim it is non-deductible. It is usually possible to defeat this kind of draconian penalty, but the severity of the threat still makes it a potent one.
An often-cited technical danger (but generally not a serious risk) is the penalty for intentional violations. A taxpayer who knows that a Form 1099 is required to be issued and nevertheless ignores that obligation is asking for trouble. The IRS can impose a penalty equal to 10% of the amount of the payment.
Example: Larry Lawyer makes a $400,000 payment to co-counsel but Larry fails to issue a required Form 1099, even though his CPA told him he was required to. In addition to other remedies, the IRS may impose a $40,000 penalty.
Although a 10% penalty is high, I have never personally seen this penalty imposed. In fact, I wonder how likely it is even to be proposed, unless the taxpayer has a damning memo in his file that he hands the IRS, making clear that he knew of the Form 1099 obligation and ignored it.
Because Forms 1099 require taxpayer identification numbers, attorneys are commonly asked to supply payors with their own taxpayer identification numbers and those of their clients. Usually such requests come on IRS Form W-9. If an attorney is requested to provide a taxpayer identification number and fails to provide it to a paying party, he or she is subject to a $50 penalty for each failure to supply that information.
The payments to be made to the attorney also may be subject to back-up withholding. As a practical matter, some defendants may refuse to pay over money without the required taxpayer identification numbers, or will seek to pay the money through a court. It is usually not worth fighting over Forms W-9. If you have negotiated for language in the settlement agreement making clear what Forms 1099 will (or will not) be issued, there should be no reason to fight over providing Forms W-9.
Receiving Forms 1099 is not particularly fun, but at least it is a reminder to report the payment on our tax return. Even many issuers of Forms 1099 may not especially like the form. Lawyers need to pay special attention to these rules, and not just when they are settling cases or closing real estate deals.
More than many other businesses and professional people, lawyers are commonly sending and receiving Forms 1099. Clients care a great deal about these rules too, especially if they receive a big fat Form 1099 in the mail that they were not expecting. 
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hd00:13Two ducks swim against the current and are looking for food in a blue dirty lake. The Kuban River.
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Mr Itemere observed that with well-developed digital infrastructure in the country, the public will be able to access scientific data and tools needed to achieve sustainable development and the Vision 2030 goals.
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← 'Withdrawal' of Secretarial Standards 1 & 2
Remedies for disqualified directors of strike – off companies →
Arrest under Companies Act, 2013
The term, "Arrest", though considered alien to corporate jurisprudence, occurs five times in Section 212 of the Companies Act, 2013 and once in section heading of Section 301. Ministry of Corporate Affairs on 24th August 2017 notified sub – section 8 to sub – section 10 of Section 212 of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Companies (Arrests in connection with Investigation by Serious Fraud Investigation Office) Rules, 2017.
We earlier discussed here Sections 211 and 212 of the Act which deals with Serious Fraud Investigation Office.
Cognizable Offences under the Act
According to sub – section (6) of section 212 of the Act, following offences which attract the punishment for fraud provided in section 447 of this Act shall be cognizable –
sub-sections (5) and (6) of section 7,
section 34,
subsection (1) of section 38,
sub-section (5) of section 46,
subsection (10) of section 66,
sub-section (5) of section 140,
section 213,
and section 448.
Cognizance of offences
According to Second Proviso to sub – section (6) of section 212 of the Act, the Special Court shall not take cognizance of any offence referred to this sub-section except upon a complaint in writing made by—
(i) the Director, Serious Fraud Investigation Office; or
(ii) any officer of the Central Government authorised, by a general or special order in writing in this behalf by that Government.
Arrest by SFIO
According to sub – section (8) of Section 212, If Serious Fraud Investigation Office has on the basis of material in his possession reason to believe (the reason for such belief to be recorded in writing) that any person has been guilty of any offence punishable under sections referred to in sub-section (6), he may arrest such person and shall, as soon as may be, inform him of the grounds for such arrest.
Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director of SFIO may be authorized in this behalf by the Central Government by general or special order.
Rule 2(1) of the Companies (Arrests in connection with Investigation by Serious Fraud Investigation Office) Rules, 2017 {"the SFIO Arrest Rules"} authorize these officers under this sub – section (8) of Section 212. In case of an arrest being made by Additional Director or Assistant Director, the prior written approval of the Director SFIO shall be obtained.
Competent Authority
According to sub – rule (2) of rule 2 the SFIO Arrest Rules, the Director SFIO shall be the competent authority for all decisions pertaining to arrest.
Arrest of Certain Person
According to Rule 3 of the SFIO Arrest Rules, where an arrest of a person is to be made in connection with a Government company or a foreign company under investigation, such arrest shall be made with prior written approval of the Central Government.
Intimation of these arrest
According to Proviso to Rule 3 of the SFIO Arrest Rules, the intimation of such arrest shall also be given to the Managing Director or the person in-charge of the affairs of the Government Company and where the person arrested is the Managing Director or person in-charge of the Government Company, to the Secretary of the administrative ministry concerned, by the arresting officer.
Arrest Order
According to Rule 4 of the SFIO Arrest Rules, the Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director, while exercising powers under sub-section (8) of section 212 of the Act, shall sign the arrest order together with personal search memo in the Form appended to these rules and shall serve it on the arrestee and obtain written acknowledgement of service.
Produce before Magistrate
According to Sub – section (10) of Section 212, every person arrested under sub-section (8) shall within twenty-four hours, be taken to a Judicial Magistrate or a Metropolitan Magistrate, as the case may be, having jurisdiction. The period of twenty-four hours shall exclude the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the Magistrate's court.
Copy to Director SFIO
According to sub – section (9) of Section 212 of the Act, the Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director of Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall, immediately after arrest of such person under sub-section (8), forward a copy of the order, along with the material in his possession, referred to in that sub-section, to the Serious Fraud Investigation Office in a sealed envelope, in such manner as may be prescribed and the Serious Fraud Investigation Office shall keep such order and material for such period as may be prescribed.
According to Rule 5 of SFIO Arrest Rules, the Director, Additional Director or Assistant Director shall forward a copy of the arrest order along with the material in his possession and all the other documents including personal search memo to the office of Director, SFIO in a sealed envelope with a forwarding letter after signing on each page of these documents, so as to reach the office of the Director, SFIO within twenty four hours through the quickest possible means.
Arrest Register
According to Rule 6 of SFIO Arrest Rules, an arrest register shall be maintained in the office of Director, SFIO and the Director or any officer nominated by Director shall ensure that entries with regard to particulars of the arrestee, date and time of arrest and other relevant information pertaining to the arrest are made in the arrest register in respect of all arrests made by the arresting officers.
According to Rules 7, the entry regarding arrest of the person and information given to such person shall be made in the arrest register immediately on receipt of the documents as specified under rule 5 in the arrest register maintained by the SFIO office.
Preserve the Record
According to Rule 8, the office of Director, SFIO shall preserve the copy of arrest order together with supporting materials for a period of five years
a) from the date of judgment or final order of the Trial Court, in cases where the said judgment has not been impugned in the appellate court; or
b) from the date of disposal of the matter before the final appellate court, in cases where the said judgment or final order has been impugned, whichever is later.
Application of Criminal Procedure Code
According to Rule 9, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), relating to arrest shall be applied mutatis mutandis to every arrest made under this Act.
This entry was posted in Chapter XIV - CA2013, Companies Act 2013 and tagged Companies (Arrests in connection with Investigation by Serious Fraud Investigation Office) Rules 2017, Serious Fraud investigation Office, SFIO, SFIO Arrest Rules. Bookmark the permalink.

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text:
Translation and Multimodality: Beyond Words – 5 questions to the editors
Marcus Tomalin
Judith Weik
Monica Boria, Ángeles Carreres, María Noriega-Sánchez
Edited by Monica Boria, Ángeles Carreres, Maria Noriega-Sánchez and Marcus Tomalin,Translation and Multimodality: Beyond Words (Routledge, November 2019) is one of the first books to explore how translation needs to be redefined and reconfigured in contexts where multiple modes of communication, such as writing, images, gesture, and music, occur simultaneously. Bringing together world-leading experts in translation theory and multimodality, each chapter explores important interconnections among these related, yet distinct, disciplines.
Q. Ángeles, Marcus, María, Monica, what is your book Translation and Multimodality: Beyond Words about? What drew you to the subject?
Our book is an edited volume that explores how translation needs to be redefined in contexts where multiple modes of communication are involved simultaneously (e.g. words, images, movement, gesture, music). As communication becomes ever more multimodal, there is an increasingly urgent need to reconsider how this changes the way we understand and conceptualise translation. Our CRASSH-based research group Cambridge Conversations in Translation (2015-2018) became interested in this topic in 2015. We subsequently organised panel discussions and workshops concerning translating audiovisual materials, translating music, and translating for the stage. When discussing these topics, we realised that the existing theoretical frameworks for translation were inadequate for analysing multimodal transfers of meaning. We wanted to explore how translation theory could and should be modified, and to probe the limits of what can legitimately be called 'translation'. This led us to organise a one-day conference on translation and multimodality in May 2017, which focused on the fields of dance, the visual arts, e-literature, and word-based art. We then organised a two-day conference on the subject in July 2018, and that event was pivotal in shaping our book.
Q. Around which themes did you decide to structure the book, and to what end?
The book addresses a range of important interconnections between the two related, yet distinct, fields of multimodality and translation. Each chapter explores multimodal translation from a different disciplinary perspective. Together they offer fascinating insights into the field, as well as being testimony to the very significant potential for cross-disciplinary dialogue in this area. Gunther Kress offers an authoritative assessment that draws upon multimodality studies; Klaus Kaindl sets out a theoretical framework for a multimodal conception of translation; Luis Pérez González analyses multimodal subtitling practices in user-generated products/videos; Elisabetta Adami and Sara Ramos Pinto put forward a joint semiotic and translation research agenda; Matthew Reynolds and Marcus Tomalin both explore multimodal literary translation; Helen Julia Minors explores translation in music-dance works; and, finally, Tamarin Norwood offers an experimental chapter which discusses, as well as performs, the interplay between writing and drawing.
Q. Who did you have in mind when you wrote the book? Would it make sense to someone outside your field?
Our book is mainly aimed at students and researchers in translation studies, multimodality studies, linguistics, and communication studies, but students from fields such as music, art, and literary studies will undoubtedly find relevant chapters in this volume. It may also appeal to non-specialist readers who happen to be interested either in recent thinking about the theory and practice of translation, or who want to make sense of our increasingly multimodal societies.
Q. In your view, what is the book's main contribution to the field?
The volume constitutes one of the first book-length studies on the subject, and it brings together world-leading experts in translation theory and multimodality. We have endeavoured to encourage the re-theorisation of translation studies along multimodal lines, while also inviting multimodality scholars to engage more substantially with the theory and practice of translation. We hope our book will foster a deeper exchange between these two disciplines, outlining directions for future research that will require stronger and wider-ranging interdisciplinary collaboration.
Q. Can you contextualise the cover image and explain why you chose it?
The image is a reproduction of a mixed-media work by the transnational artist Gurpran Rau. She has 'translated' her memories of the countries she has lived in through images, colour and words, and we thought this was a fitting visual representation for our book. The cover image was also part of our branding for the CRASSH-based research group, from which the book emerged. It seemed appropriate to maintain that visual link. We are preparing for a book launch at CRASSH in January 2020, and we hope to welcome the artist, along with the contributors to the volume. Anyone interested in translation and/or multimodality will be very welcome to join us!
• The research group Cambridge Conversations in Translation organised workshops, panel discussions, and a conference on the theme of translation. Its aim was to provide a forum at Cambridge where practitioners and scholars from fields as diverse as literary studies, linguistics, theology, history, music, philosophy, and so on, could meet and exchange ideas about the theory and practice of translation. The group played a particularly valuable role, since Cambridge is one of the few world-leading universities that has no institutional infrastructure for studying translation as an independent field (e.g., it is impossible to study for a Master's degree in Translation Studies at Cambridge). Consequently, the series was very popular and successful, and we are grateful to CRASSH for its continued support over a three-year period.
• Monica Boria is Affiliated Lecturer in the Department of Italian at the University of Cambridge and a translator. Ángeles Carreres is a Senior Language Teaching Officer in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Cambridge. María Noriega-Sánchez is Senior Language Teaching Officer in Spanish at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow in Modern Languages at Sidney Sussex College. Marcus Tomalin is a Fellow at Trinity Hall College, Cambridge.
Contributor Marcus Tomalin, Judith Weik, Monica Boria, Ángeles Carreres, María Noriega-Sánchez
Tags book, multimodality, translation
Detail from book cover design, Routledge Publishers
Image © Gurpran Rau
Translation and Multimodality: Beyond Words takes us a step further in exploring the impact of multimodality studies on more diverse forms of translation
Christopher Taylor, University of Trieste, Italy
'Building bridges, not walls': Q&A with Cambridge Conversations in Translation
Translation & multimodality
Translation and Multimodality: Beyond Words
Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities
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text:
Vice-Chair – Lord Holmes of Richmond
Home / Speaker / Vice-Chair – Lord Holmes of Richmond
Chris Holmes is Britain's most successful Paralympic swimmer, winning a record 6 gold's at a single games. After retiring from competitive swimming Chris worked as a commercial lawyer until taking on the role of Director of Paralympic Integration for London 2012. Chris was appointed to the House of Lords in 2013 as the Lord Holmes of Richmond, where digital skills, technology and the economy are particular areas of interest. Chris divides his time between parliamentary work, a role as non-executive at the Equality and Human Rights Commission and speaking, consultancy and charitable commitments.


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Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad asked permission to lay a wreath at the World Trade Centre site when he comes to New York City next week, but the request was denied, a police official said.
President Musharraf is favourably placed to win the presidential election due on October 6 but may face strong resistance from the opposition and other democratic forces during the next 16 days. The opposition plans to resign from the assemblies and launch street agitation but tactically will not let Musharraf be elected unopposed.
The election schedule, announced by the Election Commission today, addresses an abiding concern of President Pervez Musharraf on some crucial changes in the army's top hierarchy before he sheds his uniform.
Al-Qaida leader Osama Bin Laden has declared 'war' on Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and his army in a new message to be released by the network's media arm, according to Intel Center, a US organisation that monitors Islamic websites.
Indian officials met with top-ranking officials of the International Atomic Energy Agency on the sidelines of the UN watchdog's general conference here, diplomats said.
A day after the conviction of mother-son duo for masterminding the murder of young Surjit Athwal, Jagdeesh Singh, brother of the victim called it a lone battle and criticised the Indian police for their lackadaisical attitude towards the entire case.
In a unique expression of interfaith harmony, verses from ancient Hindu scriptures — Rig Veda, Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita — and Holy Koran were recited at the funeral service of a prominent Christian Bishop in Reno in Nevada State.
Sotheby's sale of Indian art, including modern paintings and miniatures brought in $6,313,338, with M.F. Husain's 'Pagan Mother' claiming the top slot with $658,600. Four works by M.F. Husain were included in the top 10 and of these Husain's 'Pagan Mother' achieved the second highest price by the artist at an auction.
The central committee meeting of the CPN (Maoist), that discussed the political crisis in the country after it walked out of the government, has decided to call a special session of Parliament.
According to Maoist leader C.P Gajurel, a proposal will soon be registered at the Parliament secretariat demanding the special session, apparently to push for declaring Nepal a republic.
Gajurel said the party would possibly table a no-confidence motion against Prime Minister Koirala, the report said.
As per the constitution, one-fourths of lawmakers can call a special session of the national legislature. The Maoists have 83 lawmakers in the 330-seat interim Parliament.
Gajurel said the CPN (Maoist) would abide by the peace accord despite waging street agitations.
Nepal's ruling coalition yesterday failed to persuade the Maoist leadership to rejoin the government as the former rebels launched a campaign against the November constituent assembly polls that threaten to derail the landmark peace process in the country.
The US also has denied a visa to Iran's United Nations ambassador in Geneva to attend next week's General Assembly meeting because he was involved in the 1979 US hostage crisis, a UN official said.
Ahmadinejad, who is arriving on Sunday to address the United Nations' General Assembly, had asked this month for permission to visit the site of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, police spokesman Paul Browne said.
"Requests for the Iranian President to visit the immediate area would also be opposed by the NYPD on security grounds," Browne said.
Browne said Ahmadinejad had asked permission from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, US Secret Service and police department. The police and the Secret Service provide security to visiting heads of state.
President Musharraf is favourably placed to win the presidential election due on October 6 but may face strong resistance from the opposition and other democratic forces during the next 16 days.
The opposition plans to resign from the assemblies and launch street agitation but tactically will not let Musharraf be elected unopposed. Information minister Durrani said the ruling coalition would put up covering candidates one each from four provinces but categorically denied that the First Lady Sehba Musharraf would also stand in for her spouse in case he loses court battle.
The All Parties Democratic Movement (APDM) has called a meeting of top leadership on Sunday to finalise strategy for resignations, dissolution of NWFP and Balochistan assemblies and galvanising public opinion during the run-up to the polls.
It has also challenged Musharraf's eligibility to contest election while holding two offices of president and army chief but the Election Commission preempted the court verdict by announcing the schedule without waiting for court ruling and by amending the rules exempting Musharraf from the disqualifications he suffers as government employee.
Lawyers have also opposed the schedule and called for a strike on the nomination day on September 27 and surrounding of the Election Commission office on the day of scrutiny on September 29. They have also vowed to take to streets.
The PPP caused a major dent in the unity of the opposition by opening a secret dialogue with Musharraf during which it agreed to abstain instead of resigning from assemblies. Because of obstacles in clinching the deal, it has now adopted an ambivalent stance promising to consider option of resignation if Musharraf insisted on contesting in uniform and refused to concede it two other demands for general amnesty on corruption cases and removal of ban on two-time prime ministers to seek a third term.
Musharraf will be the first army chief in history to contest an election while in uniform in this country. Critics say he is setting a dangerous precedence for his successors and will further undermine image of the military by directly involving it in electoral exercise. A law passed by parliament in 2004 allowed him to keep both offices till the end of this year.
He has promised to doff the uniform if elected "soon after the poll and before taking oath of office on November 16". Attorney General Qayyum Malik says Musharraf will lose legal cover to contest if he quits the army post and would have to wait for two years for that purpose.
Musharraf's counsel Sharifuddin Pirzada filed a statement before the Supreme Court on Tuesday that if elected, the President would quit as army chief soon after election and before taking fresh oath of office for second term as President on November 16.
"The appointment of the new army chief will coincide with the declaration, most likely on October 7, that he is relinquishing the charge of army chief," according to a senior retired general, who preferred not to be named.
The two four-star generals - chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJSC) General Ehsanul Haq and vice-chief of Army Staff Ahsan Saleem Hayat - are due for retirement on October 8. If Hayat is confirmed as army chief or moved up as chairman, he gets a fresh tenure of three years.
However, both have begun the traditional dining out exercise by visiting army units across the country.
Three other lieutenant generals - Ashfaque Kiani, Tariq Majid and Mohammad Sabir - would quit in December.
Intel Center said the video or audio message, entitled "Come to Jihad," was expected to be released in the next 72 hours. In another video released by Al-Qaida's media arm, Al-Sahab, Bin Laden's deputy Ayman Al-Zawahiri also warned that Musharraf would be "punished" for the killing of a Pakistani cleric in the storming of the Red Mosque in Islamabad in July.
"There was a bilateral meeting between agency officials and the Indians. It was the normal sort of meeting that member states would have" within the context of the general conference, a diplomat said on condition of anonymity.
He could not confirm, however, if the International Atomic Energy Agency's director general, Mohamed ElBaradei, had taken part in the meeting which took place on Wednesday.
Surjit Athwal, was killed in a plot masterminded by her mother-in-law while on a trip to India in 1998 allegedly by Bachan Athwal, the 70-year-old mother-in-law, and Sukhdave (43) Surjit's husband. Both have been sentenced to life terms in jail for ordering the killing in a sensational 'saas-bahu' tragedy in Britain. Surjit, 27, hailed from Coventry.
After the sentences were pronounced, Jagdeesh said his family suffered a "lonely and tortuous struggle" as the Foreign Office, Metropolitan Police and Indian authorities allegedly failed for years to apprehend Surjit's killers.
He said his sister's husband and in-laws had "venomous anger" against her and claimed that she was trapped in an oppressive marriage. Surjit's body was never found, while Bachan boasted that she had arranged for the woman to be strangled because Surjit had sought divorce which, Bachan believed, would bring dishonour to the family.
Noted Hindu Chaplain Rajan Zed recited Gayatri Mantra and other verses ending with Om Shanti at the funeral of head bishop of International Community of Christ Douglas Eugene Savoy yesterday.
Besides the inspirational reading from Bhagvad Gita, the service included Arabic recitation from Holy Koran by Tunay Durmaz of Sierra Foundation and Buddhist prayer by William Bartlett of Reno Buddhist Church.
Clair Earl, Stake President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day saints, quoted from Book of Mormon.
Savoy also served as the Rector of the Cathedral Church of the America and President of the Jamilian University of the Ordained.
Sotheby's sale of Indian art, including modern paintings and miniatures brought in $6,313,338, with M.F. Husain's 'Pagan Mother' claiming the top slot with $658,600.
Four works by M.F. Husain were included in the top 10 and of these Husain's 'Pagan Mother' achieved the second highest price by the artist at an auction.


text:
A Journey through Western Christianity: from Persecuted Faith to Global Religion (200 - 1650)
label 宗教
language 字幕 : 西班牙语
card_giftcard 1点
This course follows the extraordinary development of Western Christianity from its early persecution under the Roman Empire in the third century to its global expansion with the Jesuits of the early modern world. We explore the dynamic and diverse character of a religion with an enormous cast characters. We will meet men and women who tell stories of faith as well as of violence, suppression, and division. Along the way, we encounter Perpetua and her martyrdom in Carthage; the struggles of Augustine the bishop in North Africa; the zeal of Celtic monks and missionaries; the viciousness of the Crusades; the visions of Brigit of Sweden; and the fracturing of Christianity by Martin Luther's protest. We hear the voices of great theologians as well as of those branded heretics by the Church, a powerful reminder that the growth of Christianity is a story with many narratives of competing visions of reform and ideals, powerful critiques of corruption and venality, and exclusion of the vanquished. The troubled history of Christian engagement with Jews and Muslims is found in pogroms and expulsions, but also in the astonishing ways in which the culture of the West was transformed by Jewish and Islamic learning. We shall explore the stunning beauty of the Book of Kells, exquisitely prepared by monks as the Vikings terrorized the coast of England. We will experience the blue light of the windows of Chartres, and ponder the opening questions of Thomas Aquinas' great Summa. We will read from the Gutenberg Bible of the fifteenth century, which heralded the revolution brought by the printing press. We will travel from Calvin's Geneva to Elizabeth's England to Trent, where a Catholic Council met to inaugurate a modern, missionary Catholic church. We will walk through the great Escorial of Philip II of Spain, hear the poetry of John of the Cross, and follow the Jesuits to Brazil and China. Christianity in the West was forged in the fires of conflict and tumult, and it brought forth both creativity and violence. It echoed with calls for God's world to be transformed, it inspired the most sublime art and architecture, yet it also revealed the power of the union of cross and sword to destroy. The course is a journey through the formation of the West as one strand of Christianity, as one chapter in a global story. It is a journey that has shaped our world.
Week 1 - Welcome to A Journey through Western Christianity: from Persecuted Faith to Global Religion (200 - 1650)
Learn what this course is about, who's teaching it, and other ways you can explore this topic. Meet and greet your peers as well!
Week 1 - Introduction: From Persecution to Empire
"From Persecution to Empire," explores the interaction between the second-century Christian Church and the Roman Empire in which it existed. After the faith's birth in Palestine, Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire with a rapidity that alarmed many...
Week 2 - Augustine and the North African Church
"Augustine and the North African Church," studies two areas of early and vibrant Christian growth: Egypt and North Africa. These areas responded to intense Roman persecution by developing a theology of martyrdom. Indeed, both areas became bastions of early Chr...
Week 3 - Monastic Lives: Desert Fathers to Celtic Christianity
"Monastic Lives: Desert Fathers to Celtic Christianity," examines the origins of monasticism in Christianity. After the end of Roman persecution, some Christians chose to isolate themselves in the desert and deny themselves food, sleep, and material comforts. ...
Week 4 - Reformers and Crusaders
"Reformers and Crusaders," focuses on Christianity during the dawn of the medieval period. Here we ask: How did Christianity respond to the new feudal world of medieval Europe? Popes, monks, and knights became essential features of the Christian faith during t...
Week 5 - Learning and Light
"Learning and Light," examines two medieval Christian ideas that emerged at the same time and from the same impulse. The first is the scholastic educational initiative that dominated Christian theology and resulted in the founding of universities. The second i...
Week 6 - Three Religions: Christians, Jews & Muslims in Medieval Spain
"Three Religions: Christians, Jews & Muslims in Medieval Spain," explores medieval Spain, a place in time with enormous importance for the history of Christianity. From the eighth through the fifteenth century, Spanish society included Christians, Jews, and Mu...
Week 7 - Medieval Devotion
"Medieval Devotion," moves away from the universities and cathedrals of Europe and investigates the lives of ordinary Christians trying to maintain their spiritual lives in an era almost 1000 years ago. The Church developed and popularized many devotional prac...
Week 8 - Luther's Reformation
"Luther's Reformation," is the first of several modules to discuss the Reformation, and it does so by examining the life of the Reformation's most iconic figure, Martin Luther. More than any other person, Luther was responsible for the seismic shifts in sixtee...
Week 9 - Fragmenting Reformation
"Fragmenting Reformation," we will explore the Reformation further. After Luther set Europe ablaze, other reformers and rulers sought to impose their views onto Christianity. Soon—and as Catholics had feared—multiple forms of Protestantism emerged. Sixteenth-c...
Week 10 - Catholic Reform
In "Catholic Reform," we will see how Catholicism transformed itself during the sixteenth century, an era usually characterized by the Protestant Reformation. In response to the Protestant challenge, Catholicism began to reform key aspects of its practices, ye...
Week 11 - Jesuits and Missions
Our final module, "Jesuits and Mission," we will see how, at the same time that Western Christianity fractured and reinvented itself due to the Reformation, the faith also followed Europe's colonial paths and spread across the world. Catholic religious orders ...
Titus Street Professor of Ecclesiastical History


You and your children can slide into one of Ed's plastic, sparkly booths and revel in the eatery's hallmark "fresh service" provided by some of the city's sassiest aspiring actors and comedians. This 1950s-inspired menu's highlights include the Kitchen Sink Nachos smothered in Ed's award-winning chili and special "atomic mix," as well as the Blue Moon Burger, topped with Ed's blue cheese sauce and served with a heaping side of onion straws. Wash down your meal and its cheeky arrival with the Ultimate Black Cow or the World's Smallest Ice Cream Sundae and let Ed's rock-and-roll soundtrack serve as the backdrop for a friendly, intergenerational music debate.


text:
package org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.utils;

import static org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.Parameter;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.annotations.Experimental;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.annotations.Experimental.Kind;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.FieldValueTypeInformation;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.Schema;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.SchemaUserTypeCreator;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.utils.ByteBuddyUtils.DefaultTypeConversionsFactory;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.utils.ByteBuddyUtils.InjectPackageStrategy;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.utils.ByteBuddyUtils.TypeConversion;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.schemas.utils.ByteBuddyUtils.TypeConversionsFactory;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.common.ReflectHelpers;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TypeDescriptor;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.ByteBuddy;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.asm.AsmVisitorWrapper;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.description.method.MethodDescription.ForLoadedMethod;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.description.type.TypeDescription.ForLoadedType;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.dynamic.DynamicType;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.dynamic.loading.ClassLoadingStrategy;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.dynamic.scaffold.InstrumentedType;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.Implementation;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.ByteCodeAppender;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.ByteCodeAppender.Size;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.Duplication;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.Removal;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.StackManipulation;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.TypeCreation;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.assign.TypeCasting;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.collection.ArrayAccess;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.constant.IntegerConstant;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.member.MethodInvocation;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.member.MethodReturn;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.implementation.bytecode.member.MethodVariableAccess;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.jar.asm.ClassWriter;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.bytebuddy.v1_11_0.net.bytebuddy.matcher.ElementMatchers;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import org.checkerframework.checker.nullness.qual.Nullable;

/** Utilities for managing AutoValue schemas. */
@Experimental(Kind.SCHEMAS)
@SuppressWarnings({
  "nullness", // TODO(https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/BEAM-10402)
  "rawtypes"
})
public class AutoValueUtils {
  public static Class getBaseAutoValueClass(Class<?> clazz) {
    int lastDot = clazz.getName().lastIndexOf('.');
    String baseName = clazz.getName().substring(lastDot + 1, clazz.getName().length());
    return baseName.startsWith("AutoValue_") ? clazz.getSuperclass() : clazz;
  }

  private static Class getAutoValueGenerated(Class<?> clazz) {
    String generatedClassName = getAutoValueGeneratedName(clazz.getName());
    try {
      return Class.forName(generatedClassName);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      throw new IllegalStateException("AutoValue generated class not found: " + generatedClassName);
    }
  }

  private static @Nullable Class getAutoValueGeneratedBuilder(Class<?> clazz) {
    // TODO: Handle extensions. Find the class with the maximum number of $ character prefixexs.
    String builderName = getAutoValueGeneratedName(clazz.getName()) + "$Builder";
    try {
      return Class.forName(builderName);
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
      return null;
    }
  }

  private static String getAutoValueGeneratedName(String baseClass) {
    int lastDot = baseClass.lastIndexOf('.');
    String packageName = baseClass.substring(0, lastDot);
    String baseName = baseClass.substring(lastDot + 1, baseClass.length());
    baseName = baseName.replace('$', '_');
    return packageName + ".AutoValue_" + baseName;
  }

  /**
   * Try to find an accessible constructor for creating an AutoValue class. Otherwise return null.
   */
  public static @Nullable SchemaUserTypeCreator getConstructorCreator(
      Class<?> clazz, Schema schema, FieldValueTypeSupplier fieldValueTypeSupplier) {
    Class<?> generatedClass = getAutoValueGenerated(clazz);
    List<FieldValueTypeInformation> schemaTypes = fieldValueTypeSupplier.get(clazz, schema);
    Optional<Constructor<?>> constructor =
        Arrays.stream(generatedClass.getDeclaredConstructors())
            .filter(c -> !Modifier.isPrivate(c.getModifiers()))
            .filter(c -> matchConstructor(c, schemaTypes))
            .findAny();
    return constructor
        .map(
            c ->
                JavaBeanUtils.getConstructorCreator(
                    generatedClass,
                    c,
                    schema,
                    fieldValueTypeSupplier,
                    new DefaultTypeConversionsFactory()))
        .orElse(null);
  }

  private static boolean matchConstructor(
      Constructor<?> constructor, List<FieldValueTypeInformation> getterTypes) {
    if (constructor.getParameters().length != getterTypes.size()) {
      return false;
    }

    Map<String, FieldValueTypeInformation> typeMap =
        getterTypes.stream()
            .collect(
                Collectors.toMap(
                    f -> ReflectUtils.stripGetterPrefix(f.getMethod().getName()),
                    Function.identity()));

    // Verify that constructor parameters match (name and type) the inferred schema.
    for (Parameter parameter : constructor.getParameters()) {
      FieldValueTypeInformation type = typeMap.getOrDefault(parameter.getName(), null);
      if (type == null || type.getRawType() != parameter.getType()) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Try to find an accessible builder class for creating an AutoValue class. Otherwise return null.
   */
  public static @Nullable SchemaUserTypeCreator getBuilderCreator(
      Class<?> clazz, Schema schema, FieldValueTypeSupplier fieldValueTypeSupplier) {
    Class<?> builderClass = getAutoValueGeneratedBuilder(clazz);
    if (builderClass == null) {
      return null;
    }

    Map<String, FieldValueTypeInformation> setterTypes =
        ReflectUtils.getMethods(builderClass).stream()
            .filter(ReflectUtils::isSetter)
            .map(FieldValueTypeInformation::forSetter)
            .collect(Collectors.toMap(FieldValueTypeInformation::getName, Function.identity()));

    List<FieldValueTypeInformation> setterMethods =
        Lists.newArrayList(); // The builder methods to call in order.
    List<FieldValueTypeInformation> schemaTypes = fieldValueTypeSupplier.get(clazz, schema);
    for (FieldValueTypeInformation type : schemaTypes) {
      String autoValueFieldName = ReflectUtils.stripGetterPrefix(type.getMethod().getName());

      FieldValueTypeInformation setterType = setterTypes.get(autoValueFieldName);
      if (setterType == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException(
            "AutoValue builder class "
                + builderClass
                + " did not contain "
                + "a setter for "
                + autoValueFieldName);
      }
      setterMethods.add(setterType);
    }

    Method buildMethod =
        ReflectUtils.getMethods(builderClass).stream()
            .filter(m -> m.getName().equals("build"))
            .findAny()
            .orElseThrow(() -> new RuntimeException("No build method in builder"));
    return createBuilderCreator(builderClass, setterMethods, buildMethod, schema, schemaTypes);
  }

  private static final ByteBuddy BYTE_BUDDY = new ByteBuddy();

  static SchemaUserTypeCreator createBuilderCreator(
      Class<?> builderClass,
      List<FieldValueTypeInformation> setterMethods,
      Method buildMethod,
      Schema schema,
      List<FieldValueTypeInformation> types) {
    try {
      DynamicType.Builder<SchemaUserTypeCreator> builder =
          BYTE_BUDDY
              .with(new InjectPackageStrategy(builderClass))
              .subclass(SchemaUserTypeCreator.class)
              .method(ElementMatchers.named("create"))
              .intercept(
                  new BuilderCreateInstruction(types, setterMethods, builderClass, buildMethod));
      return builder
          .visit(new AsmVisitorWrapper.ForDeclaredMethods().writerFlags(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES))
          .make()
          .load(ReflectHelpers.findClassLoader(), ClassLoadingStrategy.Default.INJECTION)
          .getLoaded()
          .getDeclaredConstructor()
          .newInstance();
    } catch (InstantiationException
        | IllegalAccessException
        | NoSuchMethodException
        | InvocationTargetException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(
          "Unable to generate a creator for class " + builderClass + " with schema " + schema);
    }
  }

  static class BuilderCreateInstruction implements Implementation {
    private final List<FieldValueTypeInformation> setters;
    private final Class<?> builderClass;
    private final Method buildMethod;

    BuilderCreateInstruction(
        List<FieldValueTypeInformation> types,
        List<FieldValueTypeInformation> setters,
        Class<?> builderClass,
        Method buildMethod) {
      this.setters = setters;
      this.builderClass = builderClass;
      this.buildMethod = buildMethod;
    }

    @Override
    public InstrumentedType prepare(InstrumentedType instrumentedType) {
      return instrumentedType;
    }

    @Override
    public ByteCodeAppender appender(final Target implementationTarget) {
      TypeConversionsFactory typeConversionsFactory = new DefaultTypeConversionsFactory();
      ForLoadedType loadedBuilder = new ForLoadedType(builderClass);
      return (methodVisitor, implementationContext, instrumentedMethod) -> {
        // this + method parameters.
        int numLocals = 1 + instrumentedMethod.getParameters().size();

        StackManipulation stackManipulation =
            new StackManipulation.Compound(
                TypeCreation.of(loadedBuilder),
                Duplication.SINGLE,
                MethodInvocation.invoke(
                    loadedBuilder
                        .getDeclaredMethods()
                        .filter(
                            ElementMatchers.isConstructor().and(ElementMatchers.takesArguments(0)))
                        .getOnly()));

        TypeConversion<Type> convertType = typeConversionsFactory.createTypeConversion(true);
        for (int i = 0; i < setters.size(); ++i) {
          Method setterMethod = checkNotNull(setters.get(i).getMethod());
          Parameter parameter = setterMethod.getParameters()[0];
          ForLoadedType convertedType =
              new ForLoadedType(
                  (Class) convertType.convert(TypeDescriptor.of(parameter.getParameterizedType())));

          StackManipulation readParameter =
              new StackManipulation.Compound(
                  MethodVariableAccess.REFERENCE.loadFrom(1),
                  IntegerConstant.forValue(i),
                  ArrayAccess.REFERENCE.load(),
                  TypeCasting.to(convertedType));

          stackManipulation =
              new StackManipulation.Compound(
                  stackManipulation,
                  Duplication.SINGLE,
                  typeConversionsFactory
                      .createSetterConversions(readParameter)
                      .convert(TypeDescriptor.of(parameter.getType())),
                  MethodInvocation.invoke(new ForLoadedMethod(setterMethod)),
                  Removal.SINGLE);
        }

        stackManipulation =
            new StackManipulation.Compound(
                stackManipulation,
                MethodInvocation.invoke(new ForLoadedMethod(buildMethod)),
                MethodReturn.REFERENCE);

        StackManipulation.Size size = stackManipulation.apply(methodVisitor, implementationContext);
        return new Size(size.getMaximalSize(), numLocals);
      };
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Dose response explorer: an integrated open-source tool for exploring and modelling radiotherapy dose-volume outcome relationships.
Radiotherapy treatment outcome models are a complicated function of treatment, clinical and biological factors. Our objective is to provide clinicians and scientists with an accurate, flexible and user-friendly software tool to explore radiotherapy outcomes data and build statistical tumour control or normal tissue complications models. The software tool, called the dose response explorer system (DREES), is based on Matlab, and uses a named-field structure array data type. DREES/Matlab in combination with another open-source tool (CERR) provides an environment for analysing treatment outcomes. DREES provides many radiotherapy outcome modelling features, including (1) fitting of analytical normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumour control probability (TCP) models, (2) combined modelling of multiple dose-volume variables (e.g., mean dose, max dose, etc) and clinical factors (age, gender, stage, etc) using multi-term regression modelling, (3) manual or automated selection of logistic or actuarial model variables using bootstrap statistical resampling, (4) estimation of uncertainty in model parameters, (5) performance assessment of univariate and multivariate analyses using Spearman's rank correlation and chi-square statistics, boxplots, nomograms, Kaplan-Meier survival plots, and receiver operating characteristics curves, and (6) graphical capabilities to visualize NTCP or TCP prediction versus selected variable models using various plots. DREES provides clinical researchers with a tool customized for radiotherapy outcome modelling. DREES is freely distributed. We expect to continue developing DREES based on user feedback.


Happy Easter & Site Updates!
I got off my lazy bum and updated some stuff around the site!
I'm now officially caught up with updating the fanart page & the fanfiction page (if you don't see yours and you sent it…resend it. I may have missed it), and I managed to get up Benjamin & Éclat's cast pages.


Thermal Oxidizer System Types - Which is Best?
A thermal oxidizer, also known as a thermal incinerator, is a process unit that reduces air pollution in many industrial facilities by decomposing hazardous gases at a high temperature prior to releasing them into the atmosphere.
When chemicals, solvents, or petrochemicals are carried in tanks, the gas vapor that remains in the tank still contains hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are harmful to the atmosphere and the environment. Thermal oxidizers are installed at factories to destroy HAPs and VOCs from industrial air streams before being released to the earth's atmosphere via a chemical oxidation reaction. Because these pollutants are hydrocarbon-based, when destroyed via thermal combustion, they are chemically oxidized to form CO2, water vapor (H2O), and heat. Thermal oxidizers are typically able to destroy in excess off 99% of all pollutants to meet strict environmental regulations for gas and liquid pollution control.
The temperature needs to be high enough to ignite the organic components in the waste stream. Most organic compounds ignite at temperatures between 590oC and 650oC. To ensure near destruction of hazardous gases, most basic operators are set to much higher temperature levels.
Residence time refers to ensuring there is enough time for the combustion reaction to occur.
Turbulence is the mixture of combustion air with hazardous gases.
The simplest type of thermal oxidizer is the direct fired thermal oxidizer, which does not include any type of heat recovery system to recover a portion of the waste heat generated by the combustion process. This is typically the least expensive thermal oxidizer, but it will incur the highest operating costs and fuel consumption when compared to other types of oxidizers.
In order to recover the heat generated during the combustion process, thermal oxidizers frequently have a form of heat recovery to reduce the high levels of fuel required for oxidation. Levels of heat recovery generally increase with decreasing levels of VOC/HAP. Heat recovery can either be recuperative or regenerative.
Regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are one of the most widely accepted air pollution control technologies. These devices work by preheating input gases in a ceramic bed to partially oxidize them, then passing the preheated gases into a combustion chamber to reach the target oxidation temperature. The ceramic bed is typically heated from a previous oxidation cycle, utilizing the heat generated cyclically thus producing an extremely efficient device. RTO thermal efficiency can reach 95%. The alternating airflow direction in the media beds maximizes energy recovery within the oxidizer to reduce fuel consumption and save operating costs.
Recuperative heat thermal oxidizers (RCOs) are less commonly used devices that recover heat by passing the hot exhaust gas through a primary and/or secondary non-contact heat exchanger. This heat-exchanger heats the incoming air flowing to the oxidizer to reduce operating costs. A recuperative thermal oxidizer system can have a single heat recovery device or multiple heat recovery devices.


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Tag: BWF World Championships
Srikanth gets first round bye in Hong Kong as Momota pulls out
Srikanth will be looking for a turnaround in the tournament as his struggle to emulate his form in 2017 continues.
PM Modi meets 'India's pride' PV Sindhu
Notably, Sindhu had fought hard against the odds and the tag of being a 'choker' as she clinched the gold in a span of a mere 38 minutes.
Kiren Rijiju meets newly crowned champion PV Sindhu
PV Sindhu scripts history, becomes first Indian to win gold in BWF World Championships
The 24-year-old shuttler hardly put a foot wrong in the match and silenced her critics in style. With this win, the debate around her big match 'jinx' will finally be resolved at least for the near future.
Sindhu makes positive start at World Championships
The fifth-seeded Indian, who received a bye in the opening round, is likely to face USA's Beiwen Zhang, seeded ninth, in the pre-quarterfinals.
Sai Praneeth, Prannoy make winning start at World Championships
Praneeth, ranked 19th, defeated 66th-ranked Jason Anthony Ho-Shue of Canada 21-17, 21-16 in a first-round clash lasting 39 minutes.


The symposium started off under a simple title: Data integrity. Two words.
At the end of the day everyone knew how wide and complex the topic is. It concerns the planning of one's data, the controlling, protecting, maintaining, storing, analysing and sharing of data.
In the introductory talk, it was pointed out that data integrity does not only concern the health care sector, but other areas like financial flows, government data etc.
The next talk was about artificial intelligence, and how important it is to make a system learn the right things – it's not about the weather, but about recognising the tank behind the tree! The talk also mentioned the challenges of interoperability and data sharing.
In the next talk, there was a change of subjects to pearl necklaces and the challenges of protecting a necklace. The speaker focused on different protection systems and protection levels and on risk management.
The next presentation addressed the regulations, the obligations of the data owners, and touched upon issues that are focused on in audits and inspections.
the first talk in the afternoon focused on forensic technologies and on what happens if a theft of intellectual property or a breach of data integrity has taken place.
Then the challenges of a highly digitalised country, Estonia, were highlighted and Block Chain technology explained. It was made clear that a block chain is essentially a pin onto which sheets of paper with events are stacked.
The next talk addressed an issue in pharmaceutical medicine, namely medication fraud and medication verification, serialisation and the joint protection initiative.
Finally, the last two presentations focused on patient data: digitalised healthcare, digitalised clinical trial management and recruitment, and digital health consumers as well as the challenges, the willingness and the impact of sharing patient data.
In the name of both associations, SwAPP and sgpm, we thank the speakers for sharing their work, know-how, thoughts and time with us. We also thank the scientific organisers, the chairs and the event organiser. A special thanks to our sponsors. Without them, the symposium would not be possible. And last but not least a thank you to the interested audience for their active participation in the symposium.


Aladdin confesses his love for Princess Yasmin on Sony SAB's Aladdin : Sony SAB's Aladdin: Naam Toh Suna Hoga has got its viewers gasping over each new twist that follows. Garnering immense popularity, the upcoming tracks of the show has got some great revelations in line for the audience, as Aladdin (Siddharth Nigam) confesses his love for Yasmin (Avneet Kaur).
While Zafar (Amir Dalvi) tries everything in his power to scare away the miners, Aladdin suspects that Shams is up to no good, leading to a fight. However, the plot takes a happy twist when Aladdin finally hits liquid gold! However, Zafar's evil plan seems to work and as blasts rock the mining site, Aladdin rises to the occasion with Yasmin (disguised as Kali Chorni) and Genie to ensure everyone is rescued and taken to safety. Amongst the chaos and destruction, Omar finally finds out that his wife is alive. While, Aladdin, the Kala Chor, finally musters the courage to confess his his love for 'Kali Chorni'.
How will Princess Yasmin, disguised as Kali Chorni, react to this confession?


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Ingredient Information
What Is Celery?
Buying, Cooking, and Recipes
Danilo Alfaro
Danilo Alfaro has published more than 800 recipes and tutorials focused on making complicated culinary techniques approachable to home cooks.
Published on 11/10/21
Celery is a leafy green vegetable whose roots, stalks, leaves, and seeds can be used in the kitchen. It's popular in North American, European, Asian, and African cuisines. The most commonly used part of celery is the stalk, which is used in soups, sauces, salads and can be eaten either raw or cooked. The root can be boiled, mashed, shredded, roasted, and steamed.
Celery is a herbaceous plant, in the botanical family Apiaceae, which also includes parsley, carrots, dill, and fennel. The plants that are cultivated for their roots, known as celeriac, are a distinct variety from those that are cultivated for their stalks. They're the same genus and species, though. Apium graveolens var. graveolens is the cultivar raised for its stalks, while Apium graveolens var. rapaceum is the plant that gives us celeriac. We discuss celeriac separately, so for this article, we'll focus on the parts of the plant above the root.
The celery plant produces long, fibrous stalks that are crunchy, juicy, and aromatic, with a grassy, sweet, spicy flavor. It's regarded as a so-called "aromatic" vegetable, like onions and carrots, and is widely used in classical cuisine as one of the three components of mirepoix (along with onions and carrots). Similarly, celery is also combined with onions and bell peppers to make up the "holy trinity" of Cajun cuisine. These mixtures are generally sautéed or roasted, and form the flavor base of innumerable sauces, soups, stocks, broths, stews, and other dishes.
Celery is also a common ingredient in soups, casseroles, stuffings, salads, slaws, braised and roasted meat dishes, and stir-frys. In addition to its stalks and its roots, celery seeds can be dried and used as a spice, in both its whole and ground forms; and the leaves can be used as an aromatic vegetable in many dishes, as well as dried and used as a seasoning.
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How to Cook With Celery
As an aside, botanically speaking, the entire "bunch" of celery is referred to as the stalk, while each individual section, what most of us would call a single stalk, is actually called a rib. In practice, however, no recipe that calls for one stalk of celery is asking you to use the entire bunch of celery. So in the kitchen, you can use the words "stalk" and "rib" interchangeably and have confidence that a recipe that calls for a single "stalk" of celery means just that: one stalk or rib.
Most dishes that include celery don't necessarily feature it as the primary ingredient of the dish, but rather as a supporting player. As such, preparing it generally involves separating the individual stalks or ribs from the main bunch, washing them, trimming away the white part at the bottom, removing the smaller branches and leaves, and then slicing or chopping the rib into bite-sized pieces, thin slivers, or whatever the recipe calls for. Some cooks used to peel away the fibers from the outside of the stalks before cooking or serving, but this practice is pretty rare these days.
Cooking celery brings out the sweetness and eliminates its slight bitterness. One way to prepare celery that does feature it as the main ingredient is braised celery. To prepare it, you'd wash and trim the individual stalks as described above, then slice them diagonally into bite-sized chunks. Next, sauté it in butter or oil for a few minutes, until it starts to soften, then add a small amount (like around 3/4 of a cup) of hot stock, such as chicken or vegetable stock, cover the pan and simmer for 5 to 10 minutes, or until the liquid has evaporated. You can remove the lid for the last few minutes of cooking to accelerate this. Season with kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper, and garnish with reserved celery leaves.
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Celery has a grassy, herbaceous, taste with alternately peppery, bitter, and salty notes. Cooking tends to mellow the intensity of its flavor, particularly its bitterness, while enhancing its innate sweetness.
Celery Recipes
In most recipes, celery plays at best a supporting role. But here are a few recipes that feature celery.
Stir-Fry Chinese Celery
Celery and Red Onion Salad
Celery Casserole With Toasted Almonds
Where to Buy Celery
Celery is widely available at supermarket produce sections year-round, as well as at farmers' markets.
Celery will go limp if it isn't refrigerated. Your best bet is to remove it from the plastic produce bag you brought it home in, remove the band holding the bunch together, wrap the bunch loosely in paper towels, and store it in the crisper drawer of your refrigerator, on the humid setting, where it will stay fresh for about a week.
Celery Salt: Stodgy Spice or Sublime Seasoning?
What Is Celeriac?
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