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Finding Place for the Negro
Robert C. Weaver and the Groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement
Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1
By Walter B. Hill, Jr.
Robert C. Weaver works at his desk in April 1942 as chief of the Negro Employment and Training Branch. He served in several government positions from 1933 to 1944. (Library of Congress)
As World War II began to intensify in Europe during 1940, the United States, though still neutral, nonetheless began tooling up for war, even though its official entry was nearly two years away.
In June of 1940—the same month the Germans marched into Paris—President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the National Defense Advisory Commission. Its top priority was the equitable employment of all groups of Americans in the rapidly growing defense industries that were producing ships, airplanes, weapons, ammunitions, and supplies for the nation's arsenal.
As the commission began to staff up, Sidney Hillman, head of its Labor Division, turned to a young mid-level Negro staffer in the Department of the Interior. He had made a name for himself in the 1930s, working to ensure that federally funded jobs in the New Deal were available to Negroes, that they would be paid the same as their white counterparts, and that they received the same access to government programs and benefits, such as public housing, that whites were getting.
The staffer was Robert C. Weaver. Decades later, he would become the first African American to be a member of the President's cabinet. But now he was helping to sow the seeds for the historic movements that would lift him into history.
During the war years, Weaver's efforts on behalf of Negroes would focus on the most expansive program in U.S. history: the buildup of the U.S. industrial might needed to win the war against Germany and Japan. His efforts would help shape postwar America and the civil rights movement that would come into its own in the late 1940s through the 1960s.
Born December 29, 1907, in Washington, D.C., to Mortimer and Florence Weaver, Robert Clifton Weaver received his formal education at Dunbar High School. The school possessed a sterling reputation as a leading educator for Negro students in the metropolitan area. Middle-class values and aspirations and contempt for discrimination characterized Weaver's home environment and upbringing. His training at home and at Dunbar prepared him for the rigors of Harvard University, where he completed the degrees of bachelor of science cum laude in 1929, master of arts in 1931, and Ph.D. in economics in 1934.
Weaver returned to Washington in 1933 to enter into the racial politics of the New Deal. His experience during the policy and program formulations of the New Deal prepared him well for the dramatic changes brought on by World War II. Working for Harold Ickes, secretary of the interior (1933–1938), and Nathan Straus, director of the U.S. Housing Authority (1938–1940), as race adviser and special assistant equipped him with the necessary background to become one of the leading theorists on creating nondiscriminatory policy for these federal agencies.
As Weaver prepared to bring his skills and views to defense production, he could draw on seven years of experience in the New Deal, where he not only helped shape policies aimed at providing equity for Negroes in federally funded jobs and the salaries that go with them, but he also learned the intricacies of how government worked, how policy is really made and carried out, and how to make, or at least lay the groundwork for, lasting change in the U.S. Government and American society.
The New Deal and World War II were extraordinary years for African Americans, but not so much because of the discriminatory and segregation practices of the nation and collusion of the federal government. They were extraordinary because of the efforts of a small cadre of white New Deal liberals and Negro leaders within and outside the government who attacked traditions of racial subordination. For it was in the ideas and programs of the New Deal and the momentous events of World War II that Weaver formulated the ideological origins of the modern civil rights movement.
Rapid expansion of training for black workers was crucial for their equitable employment in wartime defense industries. Here Juanita E. Gray, a former domestic worker, learns to operate a lathe at the Washington, D.C., National Youth Administration training center. (208-NP-2QQQQ-1)
Weaver was clearly positioned as one of the major architects of the racial policies and procedures embedded in government power and action. He targeted housing, education, and employment, becoming a prolific writer and speaker on these topics, while working to improve these structures through his many federal appointments.
Weaver and the New Deal
Entering government service in 1933, Weaver combined a proactive conception of government interacting with the American people, creating economic and social reforms to benefit all, with a quick grasp of the New Deal potential for changing the existing racial structure of American society.
Weaver saw and understood the New Deal as an opportunity to establish needed reforms and knew that there were agencies that could expand the scope and activity of the federal government, particularly those that could benefit Negroes. He also perceived the issues surrounding race if government intervention proceeded, and he focused on how to ensure minority group participation. He recognized early on the need to develop clear and detailed policies and procedures for dealing with fairness and equal opportunity if the new programs were going to reach Negroes. The New Deal afforded Weaver and a host of other well-educated and dedicated Negroes to shape and influence the new terrain of government intervention and race.
It was in the Interior Department that Weaver first focused in on concerns of Negro workers. When the National Recovery Administration (NRA) argued for a regional wage differential, Weaver argued that it was an attempt, particularly by employers in the South, to give Negroes lower wages.
Implicit in the case for lower wages for Negro workers was the idea that they would work for less, had a lower standard of living, and were less efficient than white workers. Weaver rejected this notion and cited studies of the efficiency of Negroes as workers, saying there existed no logical and rational reason for establishing lower wages for Negroes. His campaign drew support from others in government as well as the national Negro leadership and the press. Eventually, the NRA decided not to sanction lower wage and hour standards for Negro workers. Despite this, southern employers used geographical classifications that allowed them to continue the practices of lower wages for Negroes.
Focusing on another New Deal program, the Public Works Administration (PWA), Weaver then looked into whether Negro workers were getting their fair share of PWA jobs. The large government projects were union contracted and existed in "closed shop cities" with rampant discrimination against Negroes. Ickes decided to move on the issue. On September 21, 1933, he sent an order to state engineers of the PWA that called for "no discrimination . . . against any person because of color or religious affiliation." Weaver quickly recognized that the nondiscrimination clause, while helpful, failed to improve the situation. He concluded that to minimize discrimination, there needed to be objective measures.
At Weaver's instigation, PWA contracts for low-cost public housing contained the following clause:
In the employment of labor under the Contract there shall be no discrimination exercised against any person because of color or religious affiliation. For the purpose of determining questions of such discrimination as concerns Negro skilled labor, it is hereby provided that the failure of the Contractor to pay to Negro skilled labor at least 12 per cent of the total amount paid in any one month under the Contract for all skilled labor (irrespective of individual trades) shall be considered prima facie evidence of discrimination by the Contractor against Negro skilled labor. (For the information of the Contractor, the fifteenth census, 1930, showed that 24.4 per cent of skilled laborers employed in the city of Atlanta were Negroes and the above figure of 12 per cent therefore represents merely a minimum percentage limitation to be considered as a matter of evidence only in determining whether the Contractor is guilty of discrimination against the Negro skilled labor under this section.)
Instead of the government having to prove the existence of discrimination, the burden rested on the contractor to show the absence of discrimination. This strategy was also used with some success in contracts involving unskilled Negro labor.
Weaver in World War II
In the summer of 1940, Weaver got a call from Sidney Hillman, head of Labor Division of the National Defense Advisory Commission. President Roosevelt had created the commission in June, and it quickly moved to announce a labor policy in July 1940 that stipulated that no worker should be discriminated against because of age, sex, race, or color. Its Labor Division realized that the integration of Negro workers into defense employment would require federal initiatives and regulatory procedures due to the exclusionary practices of unions and industry.
Hillman called upon Weaver to head a unit in the commission as special administrative assistant on race relations in the Labor Division.
Perhaps the single most critical issue confronting the United States in 1941 was the effective and efficient use of human resource to fight and produce for the war. The Office of Production Management made it known to all defense contractors on April 11, 1941, that "every available source of labor capable of producing defense material must be tapped in the present emergency."
The U.S. Office of Education had earlier in the summer of 1940 initiated a program of defense training and incorporated in its announcement that "in the expenditure of Federal funds, for vocational training for defense there should be no discrimination on account of race, creed or color." This became the standard language put into the legislation for national defense training. Rising discrimination of Negro workers in the training and employment programs and a threatened "March on Washington" pushed the President to issue Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941, which in effect outlawed discrimination based on race in the national defense program.
In 1942, Weaver (left) joined with Lawrence Cramer, executive secretary of the President s Committe on Fair Employment Practices, to promote minority recruitment in defense industries. Between them is a poster reproducing President Roosevelt s Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination in the national defense program. (Library of Congress)
For Weaver, the war in Europe and the national defense program meant a repositioning of the employment landscape of American society not only for the present emergency but also for the future. He believed that the rising racial tensions had much to do with the changing economic structure and status of the Negro in employment and housing. Despite the persistence of discrimination, he saw Negro workers entering new and higher types of occupations, receiving training and education to perform these new employment opportunities, and pressing the government for wider job opportunities.
Racial tensions and conflicts, he concluded, would persist because "preventive measures" had not been taken to avoid them, and the "long neglected issues in racial relation" would continue. Weaver felt that a federally centered program to target the reduction of racial tensions should begin by improving the situations that forced Negroes to feel disconnected from mainstream American life. Such a program should establish fair employment practices to allow greater and equitable participation of Negroes in the war production program and permit them to serve in the military services on the same terms as their white counterparts. These actions, he believed, would enhance greater loyalty among Negroes, giving them a sense that they were wanted and appreciated by their fellow Americans. Weaver felt as strongly as Hillman and the Office of Production Management did regarding the full utilization of Negro manpower for the war effort.
Weaver's vision of a federal program arose out of his training as an economist and his thoughts on economics, class, and race in American society. Based on his experience, thoughts, and notions of the New Deal programs, he perceived the federal government as the one historic institution able to transform society. He understood the war as having far-reaching possibilities to embed further revolutionizing concepts into American society. Weaver believed economics—fear of job security and competition—to be at the core of racial problems in America.
"The black worker has become a symbol of potential threat to the white worker, and the Negro's occupational advancement is consciously or unconsciously feared," Weaver wrote. "This fear has been bred in the economic realities of America."
For Weaver, this fear of black labor grew "out of the American worker's experience with an economy, which has seldom had enough jobs to absorb the labor supply. In such an economy, its development was an inevitable consequence of a caste system which perpetuated the concept of white men's jobs and black men's jobs; while, at the same time, it was used to secure the support of the white worker for such a system."
Weaver viewed the current resistance to advances in the economic and occupational status of the Negro as a challenge to this "accepted color caste system." In the long run, Weaver believed the war provided the nation a platform to take "rapid strides towards achieving equal economic opportunity for the Negro and to avoid the racial conflicts we have recently seen [the Detroit race riot]." He considered the upgrading and expansion of Negro employment as wartime economic necessities that should bring about institutional reforms for the future. He cleverly argued for maximum war production instead of emphasizing equality. In his view, the full utilization of Negro labor equated to some degree of equality and economic justice for working people in general. He also believed that realizing this goal required "conviction and resolution" on the part of the government.
Serving as Hillman's administrative assistant on racial relations, Weaver's primary responsibility centered on the integration of Negro workers into the training and employment phase of the national defense program. His task loomed large because Negro workers were virtually shut out of the national defense program. In the defense industries alone, where shortage of skilled and semiskilled labor had developed, employers avoided Negro labor, and those hired were relegated to janitorial services. On April 11, 1941, Hillman made Weaver chief of the newly created Negro Employment and Training Branch (NETB) of the Labor Division, expanded his staff, and instructed him to report directly to him.
That same month, committed to the idea of securing job opportunities for Negroes in the defense industries, Weaver approached Channing R. Dooley, director of the Training Within Industry (TWI) Service in the Bureau of Training of the War Manpower Commission. Weaver wanted a closer working relationship with TWI, and the two men met on April 24 to discuss how they could work together. Weaver, who was responsible for coordinating and directing the government's approach to the general problem of Negro participation in defense training and employment, wanted Dooley to appoint someone to work on Negro employment. Weaver outlined specific duties for this person and offered precise responsibilities of his office. He further recommended that a memorandum go to TWI field representatives setting forth guidelines and responsibilities in handling employment problems confronting Negro labor.
Roosevelt's Executive Order 8802 also established the Committee on Fair Employment Practices (FEPC). The committee remained under the auspices of the Office of Production Management (OPM) until July 30, 1942, when it was transferred to the War Manpower Commission. It received and investigated complaints of discrimination against workers in defense industries and took appropriate steps to redress grievances where it found them. The committee recommended to the President and government departments measures to ensure participation of minority groups in the national defense program.
Father Francis J. Haas, new chairman of the Fair Employment Practices Commission, holds his first news conference, ca. 1942. The FEPC held hearings on discrimination and worked closely with Weaver s Negro Employment and Training Branch in the Interior Department to help black workers participate in the training and employment opportunities of the national defense program. (208-NP-4TTT-1)
The FEPC worked closely with Weaver's unit as the NETB helped Negro workers participate in the training and employment opportunities of the national defense program. Weaver and the Minority Group Branch, headed by Will Alexander within the Labor Division of OPM, worked jointly to perform primary investigations and make employer contacts on complaints involving Negro workers that had been filed with the FEPC. Weaver's unit attempted to find solutions for complaints filed with them, but if that was not possible, the cases went to the FEPC for further action. Weaver acquired additional responsibilities when he and Alexander were appointed to the Federal Labor Supply Committee, which comprised 12 officials of government agencies.
Weaver wanted to highlight those national defense firms adhering to the nondiscriminatory policy and the efforts of the government to combat discrimination. He corresponded with Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People regarding press releases announcing plans to increase Negro labor at specific companies holding government contracts. When the Michigan Chronicle, a Negro newspaper, reported that the Employment Security Review devoted its July 1942 issue to the problems of minorities in the national defense program, Weaver lauded the staff for publicizing a national issue of importance. He stated to John J. Corson, executive director of the U.S. Employment Service, that more of this kind of publication was needed, and the Negro press would certainly do its part to educate and inform the American public about the problems in the national defense program.
In the fall of 1942, Weaver took great interest in the National Smelting Company in Cleveland, Ohio, when his field representative reported that the company had made significant strides incorporating Negro workers in its training and employment programs. His discussions with the vice president of the firm and union officials revealed what he believed to be a fine joint labor and management committee and a long history of working with Negro labor in the area. Weaver attended labor rallies and promotional events of the company. Weaver felt this company demonstrated that nondiscrimination should be part of all overall good labor relations policy.
Exclusion from defense jobs was more than an employment issue, and Weaver's work as chief of the NETB also drew him into the issue of housing. With the developing war in Europe, the U.S. Housing Authority (USHA) shifted its focus from public housing and slum clearance to housing for national defense workers. The public housing program had become the major opportunity for affordable housing for Negroes, but the government's emphasis on housing war workers meant that they had to become a part of this growing labor source to gain from the housing program.
In early 1942 Eleanor Roosevelt communicated with Weaver regarding the slow pace of integrating Negroes in the national defense program, which affected the allocation of defense housing for them. She asked Weaver to investigate the growing problem, and he reported that two principal issues exacerbated the housing situation for Negroes.
In January 1942, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt asked Weaver about the slow pace of integrating blacks in the the national defense program. (Records of the Office of Civilian Defense, RG 171)
The first had to do with Defense Housing Coordination's policy of restricting housing to only in-migration populations, and the second concerned the difficulty in securing available sites for Negro occupancy after housing priorities had been established for defense housing units.
"The crux of the problem seems always to be the fact that even if Negroes are employed, the local reserve of colored labor will be sufficient and no immediate in-migration will be required," Weaver wrote. "Because there is no immediate in-migration, the Office of Defense Housing Coordination has rejected priority application for USHA-aided projects."
Weaver contended that this policy had serious consequences for Negro citizens. Although there was a housing shortage for Negroes, in many locales in-migration of white workers continued to absorb what little housing existed and precluded any extension of Negro areas.
"The failure to replace housing units which have been depleted as a result of demolition incident to the United States Housing Authority projects, makes it extremely difficult for Negroes to move into defense areas when employment opportunities are opened to them in such centers," he said.
Weaver surmised that the failure to provide defense housing units had become a justification to avoid employing Negroes and restricting in-migration to white workers. He concluded that the federal government had to address the problems of securing priorities to construct housing projects for Negro defense workers in the South and securing sites for the construction of such projects in the North and South.
Weaver suggested a conference with Mrs. Roosevelt and other housing and race relations officials to discuss these issues. Prior to the meeting, Weaver and those officials had crafted a statement regarding 55 USHA projects for Negro occupancy that had been held up by the Division of Defense Housing Coordination. Shortly after the January 20, 1942, meeting, Mrs. Roosevelt requested James M. Landis of the Office of Civilian Defense to appeal to the Office of Production Management to complete work on the 55 projects. She made it clear that something must be done because the morale of the Negro population would continue to deteriorate and this, she believed, was detrimental to the war effort.
Weaver served as chief of the Minority Groups Service in the War Manpower Commission in the last two years of his wartime federal service (1942–1944). He continued to work in the area of war housing programs with an emphasis on Negro war workers—housing, training, and employment. Weaver routinely conferred with the National Housing Agency (NHA) on matters of housing Negroes, providing information and opinions relative to the demand for Negro war workers in certain areas around the nation. NHA depended on Weaver's office whenever it encountered resistance and opposition to the establishment of housing facilities for Negroes.
The FEPC also relied on Weaver's expertise and his staff to provide background materials relative to employment issues for Negroes. Other government agencies concerned with gathering information and promoting programs affecting the war effort also called upon Weaver's office for data on Negroes' participation in the war industries and housing programs. In many cases, his office set up and developed their racial policies and programs. In his work with other government offices, Weaver concentrated on positioning his office with the two principal government entities that influenced his work—the War Manpower Commission and the FEPC.
The FEPC heard cases and investigated complaints of discrimination and was also responsible for recommending ways to eliminate discrimination in training and hiring in war production industries. The War Manpower Commission was created to assure the most effective mobilization and utilization of the nation's manpower for war. Weaver wanted to ensure that the new agreement between the two commissions adhered to the principles of Executive Order 9346, which stated that government contractors should not discriminate in hiring.
He recognized that Negroes, although progressing, continued to lag behind in employment statistics. Weaver reported that at the beginning of 1942, they constituted roughly 3 percent of the labor force in plants relative to the war effort. The figures rose by September 1942 to 5.7 percent, by January 1943 to 6.4 percent, and by March 1943 to 6.7 percent. They began to fare better in industries such as shipbuilding and aircraft, despite registering between 4 and 5 percent employment figures in the two industries by the summer of 1943. In January 1944, Weaver had witnessed a steady increase from a virtual shutout to employment and occupational progress.
"As compared to the situation in 1940, the status of Negro employment in the spring of 1943 represents a significant absolute and relative improvement," he said. "On the other hand, the free acceptance and full use of Negro labor were far from being achieved."
Weaver understood that while a dent had made, his vision of full and fair employment would probably require a lifetime of work. He saw the war as opening new dimensions to the American industrial and manufacturing complex, and many questions remained as to the place of the Negro in postwar America.
"Current employment patterns indicate that the pressing future problems will be the acceptance of colored women in industrial employment and the upgrading of the Negro workers," he said. "Economic necessity alone will occasion rapid expansion in the use of Negroes. This will mean more diversified occupational and industrial employment of colored men and women."
On May 1, 1944, Weaver resigned from federal service. He had come to Washington in 1933 to work for a government and a secretary of the interior who were seeking to change the fabric of government services to the American people through some rather radical and idealistic means.
This is where Weaver must be understood. He became a part of a new and different school of thinking about solutions for America, and in particular the Negro. Young, intelligent, brimming with fresh ideas, and part of the growing well-educated Negro middle class, Weaver epitomized the new Negro intelligentsia emerging in the interwar period (1920–1941). Weaver, like some of his contemporaries, viewed issues of race through the economic structure of American society—a structure that had created a diversified class structure making education and training critical components for Negroes. In an era when "separate but equal" legally ruled and white supremacy was an unwritten ethic, Robert C. Weaver argued that the problems Negroes confronted were economically and politically grounded and coated with traditional historical patterns and beliefs about race. Negroes were not considered an integral part of the national body politic but instead were treated as a group apart.
"So generally accepted has been this approach to the racial problem that many otherwise liberal-minded persons have failed to see the essential paradox of a program ostensibly intended for all the people but which excludes the Negro or makes 'special' provisions for him," Weaver said.
Certainly paradox lay within Weaver's logic because he had to emphasize places for the Negro to be included in the body politic. Even so, he believed that having racial advisers and race relation policy in government were "valid in that it emphasized the importance of keeping race problems in the proper perspective and as a normal consideration of the administrative setup."
In this respect, Weaver viewed problems beyond the matter of race and desired to integrate the special problems of Negroes within the larger issues facing the nation, and this did not mean the establishment of "special treatment of minorities." For Weaver, it meant the expansion and protection of civil rights. He saw low wages, lack of housing, substandard housing, long work hours, unemployment, poor education, and health care not as unique to Negroes but as universal issues for all Americans. He also understood that traditional patterns and thought had attached elements of race to these common problems and influenced leaders to search for racial solutions.
The New Deal and World War II created the environment for a man with a purpose regarding race and class. As Weaver watched the transformation of democracy, capital, and labor, he believed that in the interest of Negroes, he and the other new generation of educated and professional Negroes should design and guide public policy to be inclusive for all Americans. Weaver understood he was in the intersection of race, class, economic change, and social science. As the United States entered a new postwar era, the government, Negroes, and the nation were ripe for a revolution in civil rights. Weaver was a part of the generation that laid the foundation for the ideological debate and discourse that would occur between 1945 and 1965.
Weaver receives a pen from President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 9, 1965, after the signing of the bill that created the Department of Housing and Urban Development. He was soon appointed HUD s first secretary, in which capacity he served from 1966 to 1968. (LBJ Library)
His career in the federal government began with the New Deal in 1933 as a "racial adviser" and concluded as the first black member of a President's cabinet (under Lyndon B. Johnson). After leaving federal service in 1944, he returned in 1961 when President John F. Kennedy appointed him to head the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA). Under his leadership, the functions of HHFA and three major housing agencies were combined into one single organization—Housing and Urban Development—and subsequently made a cabinet-level post with Weaver as the first secretary of Housing and Urban Development, serving from 1966 to 1968. After leaving government for a second time, he was president of Bernard Baruch College and professor of urban affairs at Hunter College in New York. He died in 1997.
Note on Sources
This article is dedicated to the American scholar and icon, Dr. John Hope Franklin, a contemporary and fellow Harvard University colleague of Robert C. Weaver's. Dr. Franklin said Weaver was one of the smartest students he met while at Harvard.
Records in the National Archives relating to Robert C. Weaver's federal activities during the New Deal and World War II are found in several record groups. Below is a list of the major series consulted for this article.
Record Group 9, Records of the National Recovery Administration, General Files Unit, Classified General Files, 1933–1935, File Number 581; and Robert C. Weaver, "A Wage Differential Based on Race," transcript, n.d., in Records of the Division of Review, Records of the Tobacco Unit, May–December, 1934–1935, File: Southern Differential—Negro Labor. This article was later published in Crisis, August 1934, pp. 236–239; see also his "The Negro Worker and the NRA," Crisis, September 1934, pp. 262–263, 279.
Record Group 40, General Records of the Department of Commerce, General Correspondence of the Office of the Secretary, 1903–1950, File Number 88449.
Record Group 44, Records of the Office of Government Reports, Records of the Division of Applications and Information, Summaries of WPA and PWA Projects, 1935, contains a breakdown of employment figures for both races.
Record Group 48, General Records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior, Central Classified Files, 1907–1936, File Number 1-280, Part 2, Racial Discrimination, 9/17/35 to 12/21/36.
Record Group 171, Records of the Office of Civilian Defense, General Correspondence, June 1940–May 1942, file: 280, Negroes in Defense, box 90 (for Eleanor Roosevelt's correspondence with Weaver and James Landis in January 1942).
Record Group 183, Records of the Office of Employment Security, Records of Lawrence A. Oxley, Correspondence with Other Government Agencies, 1933–1937, File: Robert C. Weaver.
Record Group 196, Records of the Public Housing Administration, Records of the Intergroup Relations Branch, 1936–1963, File: Correspondence Regarding History of Public Housing for Negroes, box 1. See especially the report, "Employment of Negro Construction Labor on Public Housing Projects."
Record Group 211, Records of the War Manpower Commission, Records of the Bureau of Training, Records of the Training Within Industry Service, General Records, 1940–1945, File: Minority Groups, box 10; and Records of the Reports and Analysis Service, Records of the Historical Analysis Section, Subject—Classified General Records, 1940–1946, 1B4H.
The Schomberg Center Research in Black Culture at the New York Public Library holds the Robert Clifton Weaver Papers (Additions), 1930–1987. The collection's oral history interviews with Weaver give insight into his own assessment of his work.
Walter B. Hill, Jr., is a senior archivist and subject area specialist in Afro-American history with the National Archives and Records Administration. He would like to thank Heather McRae, Eleanor Roosevelt High School intern, and Maryellen Trautman, librarian and document specialist with NARA, for their wonderful assistance in the research stage of this project.
Articles published in Prologue do not necessarily represent the views of NARA or of any other agency of the United States Government.


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2Geography
4Government
4.1Presidential elections
5.1Colleges and universities
5.2Unified school districts
6Places
6.1Cities
6.2Fort Riley
8Other websites
Riley County, Kansas
Riley County Courthouse in Manhattan (2005)
Location within the U.S. state of Kansas
Kansas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 39°06′47″N 96°37′41″W / 39.1131°N 96.6281°W / 39.1131; -96.6281
Named for
Bennet C. Riley
Largest city
622 sq mi (1,610 km2)
• Land
12 sq mi (30 km2) 2.0%%
117/sq mi (45/km2)
UTC−6 (Central)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−5 (CDT)
RileyCountyKS.gov
Riley County (standard abbreviation: RL) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2010, 71,115 people lived there.[1] The biggest city is Manhattan. Manhattan is also the county seat.[2]
Two of Kansas' biggest employers are in Riley County: Fort Riley and Kansas State University.
History[change | change source]
On May 30, 1879, the "Irving, Kansas Tornado" started in Riley County. This tornado was believed to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale. The damage path of it was 800 yards (700 m) wide and 100 miles (200 km) long. Eighteen people were killed. Sixty people were injured.[3]
Geography[change | change source]
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of 622 square miles (1,610 km2). Of that, 610 square miles (1,600 km2) is land and 12 square miles (31 km2) (2.0%) is water.[4]
The county is in the Flint Hills region of Kansas.
People[change | change source]
Age pyramid
Historical population
1860 1,224 —
1870 5,105 317.1%
1880 10,430 104.3%
1890 13,183 26.4%
1930 19,882 −3.7%
2016 (est.) 73,343 [5] 3.1%
Riley County is part of the Manhattan, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Millennials make up 53.6% of the population of Riley County. It is one of the highest rates in the United States.[10]
Government[change | change source]
Presidential elections[change | change source]
Presidential Elections Results
Presidential Elections Results[11]
2016 46.0% 10,107 42.5% 9,341 11.5% 2,526
2012 54.5% 11,507 42.5% 8,977 2.9% 617
2008 52.4% 12,111 45.4% 10,495 2.1% 494
2000 58.5% 10,672 33.9% 6,188 7.6% 1,393
1992 38.5% 8,394 36.4% 7,933 25.1% 5,470
1988 55.9% 9,507 42.8% 7,283 1.3% 217
1960 72.0% 9,068 27.6% 3,482 0.4% 50
1912 11.1% 425 30.7% 1,170 58.2% 2,220
1904 75.3% 2,251 17.5% 523 7.3% 217
1892 51.7% 1,574 48.3% 1,472
1888 62.5% 1,856 26.0% 772 11.5% 342
Riley County is the only county in Kansas without an elected sheriff. The county police department handles all the Sheriff's responsibilities.[12]
Education[change | change source]
Colleges and universities[change | change source]
Manhattan Christian College
Manhattan Area Technical College
Unified school districts[change | change source]
Riley County USD 378
Manhattan-Ogden USD 383
Manhattan High School
Blue Valley USD 384
Places[change | change source]
Cities[change | change source]
Leonardville
Manhattan, also partly in Pottawatomie County
Fort Riley[change | change source]
Fort Riley Military Reservation covers 100,656 acres (407 km2) in Geary and Riley counties. It is north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers in Geary County. 25,000 people are in the fort during the day. It includes a census-designated place:
Fort Riley (formerly "Fort Riley North")
↑ 1.0 1.1 "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
↑ Joe Furr, "Historical Tornadoes"
↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
↑ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
↑ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
↑ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
↑ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
↑ "What States and Counties Have the Most Millennials?". 14 November 2016.
↑ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
↑ https://www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/tb/Office_of_Sheriff_State-by-State_Election_Chart.pdf
Other websites[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Riley County, Kansas.
Riley County - Official Website
Riley County - Directory of Public Officials
The Irving, KS Tornado
Riley County Kansas AHGP
Riley County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Riley County Maps: [1] (historical Township and place maps)
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Topeka (capital)
Seal of Kansas
(34) Atchison
(35) Haysville
(36) Parsons
(37) Coffeyville
(38) Mission
(39) Independence
(40) Augusta
(41) Chanute
(42) Wellington
(43) Fort Scott
(44) Park City
(45) Bonner Springs
(46) Valley Center
(47) Pratt
(48) Bel Aire
(49) Roeland Park
(50) Abilene
List of counties in Kansas
List of townships in Kansas
List of cities in Kansas
List of unincorporated communities in Kansas
List of ghost towns in Kansas
List of people from Kansas
Coordinates: 39°20′N 96°42′W / 39.333°N 96.700°W / 39.333; -96.700
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riley_County,_Kansas&oldid=8605915"
Kansas counties
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
This page was last changed on 28 December 2022, at 12:16.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Consolidated Data Terminals v. Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc. (ADDS) (defendant) manufactured computer equipment, including cathode-ray computer terminals. In 1976, ADDS entered into an agreement with Consolidated Data Terminals (CDT) (plaintiff), which distributed such computer terminals. Under the agreement, CDT acted as a distributor of ADDS's computer terminals. In late 1977, CDT began ordering the latest version of the computer terminals, the Regent 100, which was supposedly the most advanced version. ADDS provided documentation that the Regent 100s would operate at a relatively high speed of 19,200 baud and claimed that they were inherently reliable. However, the Regent 100s had many problems and significantly underperformed in speed. Eventually, ADDS changed the specifications down to 1,900 baud. CDT sued ADDS, alleging a breach of warranty. ADDS asserted that its contract disclaimed all warranties except for a 90-day guarantee covering materials and workmanship. After a trial, the district court ruled for CDT, and ADDS appealed.
Holding and Reasoning (Fletcher, J.)
Bishop, 3rd Ed.
Disclaimer Clause


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beverley cleary
bologna book fair
Publishing News Roundup
publishing news roundup series
Publishing News Roundup Series: Bologna Children's Book Fair and Celebrating Beverley Cleary's 100th Birthday
by Maureen Crisp • April 11, 2016 • Follow
Published in News • No comments
Happy Birthday to Beverley Cleary!
And how perfect that her birthday came around just in time for the Bologna Children's Book Fair. The fair showcased many new books that will be out this year in the children's and YA genres. As the next week comes around, commentaries for next year's predictions for children's and YA will be predicted and out for reading. In addition to all the new books, children's awards were given out this week to very talented author, Meg Rosoff:
Taking The Long View
Pic: Beverley Cleary Born 12 April 1916
In the children's publishing world Bologna Children's Book Fair is the big date on the annual calendar. It is just finishing as I write so all the commentaries about the fair will be out during the week. However
Publishers Weekly has a day one impressions piece. In other Children's Book News, today the brilliant Meg Rosoff won the Astrid Lindgren Children's Book Prize (the Little Nobel) for her career achievements.
This week Hugh Howey gave an interview for DBW where he set out in his forthright way what the publishers should be doing now and into the future.
Mike Shatzkin, who programmes the DBW conference, then replied in his forthright way where he thought Hugh was right and where he thought Hugh was completely wrong.
Both of these articles are good reads. As always read the comments where you get a fuller sense of the conversations around both points of view.
Two people who have much to say on publishing and writing are Kristine Kathryn Rusch and Dean Wesley Smith. They both keep a sharp eye on the industry and have tremendous business smarts.
Kris is starting a new Business Musings series on Contracts and specifically deal breakers in contracts. Kris starts out by saying she was hoping that contracts would have improved in the three years since she wrote her book on Contracts but sadly they haven't. With Author Societies calling for fairer contracts in the US and UK, writers need to keep these posts in their must read list.
Dean has a tremendous work ethic and works hard at explaining the writing business. He doesn't suffer fools and has nothing to prove to anyone. This week he was a little taken aback when he was accused of devaluing the novel art-form because he wrote a novel in a week. Riiiiight.
Joel Friedlander is another publishing practitioner who has a must read blog. This week he looks at what Self Publishers can do when they find their books have been pirated.
Nathan Bransford still has interesting things to say about the publishing business. This week he comments on a New York Times article about focus groups being asked to read unpublished novels and mark where they stopped reading so the publishers can figure out how much money to spend on
In the Craft Section,
Making your plot less episodic– The Editors Blog-Bookmark
Making a series outline– Better Novel Project-Bookmark
Storyboarding your novel
Dramatic momentum or End of Chapter buttons-Writers in the Storm-Bookmark
Beginning your story with setting
Crafting a compelling story
How to write an epilogue that works- KM Weiland
5 steps to take before you start your next story
In the Marketing Section,
Joanna Penn on changing book titles and covers.- Bookmark
Lindsay Buroker on finding more categories for your keywords
How to pitch non fiction influencers to get your book noticed
Promote a new release by marketing a series-Megg Jensen-Bookmark
Things to think about before publishing.
BadRedheadMarketing AKA Rachel Thompson on her top author marketing tips
To Finish,
This coming week Beverley Cleary turns 100 years old. Her books have touched the lives of millions of children around the world. We all love Henry and Ribsy, Beezus and Ramona and a whole cast of characters from neighborhoods just like ours. She has had a remarkable publishing career which started when one little boy marched up to her library desk and asked 'where are the stories about kids like me?'
@craicer
About Maureen Crisp
Maureen Crisp has been writing her weekly publishing roundups for over seven years. She is a traditionally published children's author as well as indie-published. She lives in New Zealand and is heading the team organising the 4th National Conference of Children's Writers and Illustrators. She is currently trying her hand at writing a children's book series if she can drag herself away from forever tweaking her Mars novel or obsessing over space.


It has been several months since the last major terrorist attack in the United States, and President Trump has made tremendous progress in the war against the Islamic State. Nevertheless, the threat from radical Islamic supremacism clearly remains.
Siraj Ibn Wahhaj was arrested last week after New Mexico authorities raided a "makeshift compound" where he was living with four other adults and 11 children. Court documents indicate that Wahhaj was training the children to commit school shootings.
He is also a suspect in the death of his 4 year-old son.
Here's something to consider: Wahhaj was taken down not by the feds, but by Taos County Sheriff Jerry Hogrefe. After receiving a tip, the sheriff led the raid to rescue the children. Incredibly, the FBI couldn't find probable cause to search the compound even after several weeks of surveillance.
But the same FBI, with little more than unverified partisan opposition research (the Steele dossier), did find probable cause to spy on the Trump campaign!
The Trump Administration is imposing new sanctions against Russia for using chemical weapons to assassinate Sergei Skripal, an ex-spy, in Britain. Russian financial markets tanked as a result.
The ruble fell to a two-year low against the dollar. The Russian stock market lost three percent of its value. Shares of Russia's main airline, Aeroflot, fell four percent. And Moscow fell way short in a government bond sale as interest rates spiked.
By the way, this is not the first time Trump has sanctioned Russia, as you can read here, here, here and here.
Incredibly, the ads proved to be too controversial for the billboard company. After numerous complaints, including at least one "serious threat," the company canceled the contract and refunded Laurie's money.
It is disgraceful that the billboard company couldn't stand up to the anti-Christian bigots who were complaining.
Imagine if the situation were different: What if a mosque paid for a billboard showing an imam holding a Koran. I suspect few people would bother to complain. And if they did, I guarantee they would be accused of being bigots.
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez had trouble last night explaining whether she would support Nancy Pelosi as leader of the House Democrats. I think I know why. Alexandria wants to be the new Nancy Pelosi. She is a "gift" that keeps on giving!
"Americans have the sticker shock of health care as it is. And what we're also not talking about is why aren't we incorporating the cost of all the funeral expenses of those who die because they can't afford access to health care?
Access to health care will not prevent the cost of funerals. Only two things in life are certain — death and taxes. Funerals will happen at some point, whether or not people have health care.
But what about all the funerals of those who die in socialist countries because they can't see a doctor in time? What about all the people who die from subpar healthcare because socialist countries stop innovating?
When I was driving into work today I saw a sign at a dealership that said, "Win a free car." I would love a free car, but it may shock you to learn that I did not pull over. I knew there was no chance that I was going to win a free car. I'm sure it was some kind of drawing that was part of a sales pitch, a gimmick to get customers in the door.
If car dealerships could just give away free cars, why don't more of them do it? Well, they would go bankrupt and there wouldn't be any car dealers.
This would be laughable except for one frightening detail: Polling that shows many young people prefer socialism over capitalism. Have they checked out Cuba, Venezuela and North Korea lately?
Today's Democrat Party is not the party of FDR, Truman, JFK or even Bill Clinton. It is increasingly dominated by radical leftists and socialists.
My friends, there is a lot at stake this November, including whether we will remain a free country. Freedom doesn't mean getting a lot of free stuff.
As the saying goes, a government big enough to give you everything you want is big enough to take everything you have.


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The Evolution of ESG at PSP Investments
By Leo Kolivakis August 31, 2021
Alicia McElhaney of Institutional Investor reports on why PSP Investments is good at ESG:
Pension funds that develop environmental, social, and governance frameworks without government interference tend to have an easier time incorporating those programs into their investment process.
This is just one of the conclusions of a recently published paper entitled "The Origins of ESG in Pensions: Strategies and Outcomes," which included an analysis of how Canada's Public Sector Pension Investment Board has been incorporating ESG into its portfolio since 2001.
The C$204.5 billion ($162.6 billion) fund served as a case study for researchers Judith Stroehle, the research and program lead for the Oxford Said Initiative on Rethinking Performance at the University of Oxford's business school, and Stéphanie Lachance, a managing director for PSP's responsible investments team.
"We find that the regulatory environment of pensions is not always a supporting factor for the integration of ESG, and that pensions confront strict and narrow mandates, which often make it difficult for them to incorporate factors other than those of a financial nature," the paper said.
PSP was created in 1999 and began operating a year later. Just one year after that, the fund adopted its first social and environmental investment policy, making it an early adopter of ESG investing.
The policy said that the environmental and social impact of the companies PSP invested with "may be one of a number of relevant factors that our investment professionals would wish to take into account in making investment decisions."
According to the case study, the decision to implement this policy came not from the government, but from internal discussions with the fund's board and its senior management. This, according to paper, enabled ESG investments.
"As opposed to a responsible investment approach being imposed by a regulator, it allowed for the development of an approach aligned with PSP's mandate, its investment strategy, and its total fund perspective," the authors wrote. "This enabler helped in building a strong level of conviction about ESG risks and opportunities within the organization."
Since then, however, PSP's approach to ESG has changed. In 2018, the fund adopted a policy that requires it to share how ESG is incorporated into investment practices.
Before investing, PSP identifies any material ESG risks and opportunities of potential portfolio companies. Likewise, when the fund invests with external managers, it asks regularly about ESG. To ensure that its managers' decisions are aligned with its responsible investment policy, PSP created an in-house assessment framework to evaluate and rank asset managers' ESG practices. These managers are broken up by quartile and are prioritized for engagement and progress measurement based on that ranking.
PSP also exercises its proxy voting rights, collaborates with other funds, and actively engages with boards, the paper said.
Stroehle and Lachance noted that PSP engages in ESG investing through three lenses: institutional, which covers historical and regulatory mandates that affect pension systems; organizational, which looks at investment policies, governance structures, and collaborations; and portfolio, which tackles investment strategies and asset allocation.
They noted that while pension funds are all different — and thus cannot implement ESG exactly the same as PSP Investments has — they do better when they have the same level of freedom that PSP did to create its own ESG policy.
"The freedom of pension boards and leaders to do this, however, can be restricted through lack of clear guidance on ESG expectations from plan sponsors or regulators," the paper said. "Additionally, regulators can inhibit the integration of ESG by placing large reporting burdens on pension funds, therefore making ESG an expensive use of resources."
You can read the paper entitled "The Origins of ESG in Pensions: Strategies and Outcomes" which Stéphanie Lachance, Managing Director, Responsible Investment at PSP and Judith C. Stroehle of the University of Oxford's Saïd Business School wrote here (PDF version is there but you need to create an account to view it).
Here is the abstract:
As intergenerational stewards of capital, pension funds can have many good reasons to embrace environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues in their investment practices. Yet the particular structure of pension funds creates both advantages and disadvantages for the integration of ESG. This paper reviews the historical origins, regulatory mandates, and fund structures of pensions, to tease out exactly which of these characteristics enable and which of them impede the inclusion of ESG at pension funds. We use the case of PSP Investments to lend depth to the application of the strategies that emerge in the pensions industry.
Let me also share how the paper begins:
On November 23rd, 2020, the CEOs of the eight largest Canadian pension funds—the so- called 'Maple 8'—made a public pledge about their commitment to 'creating more sustainable and inclusive growth by integrating environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors into our strategies and investment decisions.' Arguing that this was not only the correct thing to do, they also stated that [this] 'is an integral part of our duty to contributors and beneficiaries [which] will unlock opportunities [...and] deliver long-term risk-adjusted returns' (PSP 2020: 1). A similar open letter was issued only six months earlier, in March 2020, by the then-leaders of three of the world's largest pension funds: the California State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS), the Japanese Government Pension Investment Fund (GPIF), and the largest UK pension fund, the Universities Superannuation Scheme (USS). Here, the three giants outlined that 'if we were to focus purely on the short-term returns, we would be ignoring potentially catastrophic systemic risks to our portfolio' and underlined how 'asset managers that only focus on short-term, explicitly financial measures, and ignore longer-term sustainability-related risks and opportunities are not attractive partners for us' (GPIF 2020: 1).
These statements tell us that pension funds can have many good reasons to embrace a sustainability lens in their investment practice, and that they are increasingly—and publicly— willing to do so. A main driver of the move to embrace ESG in pensions is the inherent need for long-term managers of corporate risks and opportunities to live up to their responsibilities as intergenerational stewards of capital. Nevertheless, the particular structure of pension funds creates both advantages and disadvantages for the adoption of sustainable finance practices and the integration of ESG. While asset owners are often hailed as the ultimate enablers of a sustainable transition on the financial market, in many instances, pension funds do not live up to this expectation. In particular, pension managers must consider how to include ESG given their primary mandate and fiduciary duty to secure long-term financial returns for their beneficiaries. Accordingly, pension managers seeking to integrate ESG must operate within a web of pension regulation, the legal interpretation of fiduciary duty, and the organizational characteristics of pensions.
To analyze these institutional and organizational enablers and inhibiters of ESG integration at pension funds, we employ the notion of 'social origins' (Eccles and Stroehle 2018; Eccles et al. 2019) in our review the historical and structural characteristics of the pension sector. Social origins are defined as a combination of the historical and organizational origins of actors that condition the social construction and use of often-vague concepts, such as ESG, within them. In our analysis, we mostly focus on large public and private sector pension funds. By drawing on existing literature and primary interview data, we seek to identify the characteristics and capabilities of these funds that help or impede them in contributing to a larger sustainability agenda within their mandate. To do so, we focus on three levels of analysis: the institutional level, which discusses historical and regulatory embedded within the interpretation of fiduciary duty; the organizational level, which reviews how investment mandates are translated into policies, governance structures, and collaborations; and the portfolio level, which reviews investment strategies and asset allocation, relationships with asset managers and pension funds' stewardship activities. While drawing on the larger literature about sustainability in pension funds, we focus our review on the pension systems in Canada, the US and the UK. An in-depth case study of the Canadian Public Sector Pension Investment Board ('PSP Investments' or 'PSP') supplements this structural comparison with more detailed and practical insights.
Ultimately, our question is: what is it that makes these funds so well-positioned to drive a wider integration of ESG, and why is this potential only partly being realized to date? Accordingly, our research seeks to draw attention to both the potential that pension funds have in disseminating good practice in the wider investment community, and the inhibiting factors relevant to this system.
Take the time to read this paper, it's not too long but you need to read it carefully to appreciate all the nuances the authors discuss in detail.
I commend them for tackling all these issues which are not always straightforward. For example:
At an organizational level, pension funds still face the inherent challenge of having a long- term commitment towards their members, while facing public and sponsor expectations of generating short-term returns. This tension requires a thoughtful investment policy, strategy, and a clear interpretation of fiduciary duty at the organizational level.
Here, I want to make something clear, and this is my opinion.
ESG/ responsible investing is here to stay but in my opinion, it must be implemented and adopted in a meaningful way which enhances the long-term mission and objectives of a pension.
In other words, for me, ESG investing is another tool for pensions to reduce long-term systemic risks by investing in new technologies across the capital structure to make sure they meet their long-term liabilities while reducing their carbon footprint.
Stated more bluntly, ESG investing is complementary to other activities to meet long-term liabilities but the primacy of meeting long-term liabilities (maximizing returns without taking undue risks) must remain the overarching goal.
It's a bit confusing but the reason I state it like this is because I have a serious problem when pensions take ESG investing to extremes without realizing their "raison d'être" to begin with.
And yes, here I am referring to the myopic, politically expedient (and detrimental) push to divest out of oil & gas without answering important questions to all members: What is the cost of divesting to the plan? Does divesting just pass on the risk to other funds who don't give a damn about ESG? Is there a better way to engage corporations to do the right thing?
Luckily, Canada's large pensions don't believe in divesting, they believe in engagement snd investing their way to a lower carbon future. They also engage with large corporations to guide them as they transition into a lower carbon future.
Also, because Canada's large pensions invest a huge portion of their assets in private markets, they need to be able to influence not only public corporations but also private equity funds that hold enormous power.
I note this from the paper using PSP as a case study:
To take into account the world of tomorrow, PSP factors ESG risks and opportunities into its investment processes—with a view to enhancing performance, steering capital towards more attractive areas, and mitigating potential issues. As part of its investment analysis and decision-making processes, PSP identifies material ESG risks and opportunities that could impact its investments long-term financial performance. PSP also leverages its ownership positions to promote good governance practices, by exercising its proxy voting rights and actively engaging with boards and management of investee companies on material ESG risks and opportunities. When PSP allocates a portion of its capital to externally- managed mandates and fund investments in public and private market portfolios, it engages regularly with its external partners on ESG topics throughout the investment lifecycle. To ensure that the ESG integration approach for each externally-managed mandate and fund investment is consistent with its Responsible Investment Policy and expectations, PSP has developed an in- house proprietary assessment framework that evaluates and ranks by quartile the overall external managers' and general partners' ESG practices. The quartile ranking helps the board by prioritizing engagement, sharing of best practices, and measuring progress of ESG integration in investment decision-making and asset management over time.
Responsible investment at PSP is an active process that addresses ESG factors across all asset classes. PSP's investment teams evaluate ESG risks and opportunities in order to make more informed investment decisions, by the dedicated Responsible Investment group housed in their Chief Investment Officer group. This group works to oversee and implement responsible investment activities across the total fund, provide guidance on ESG themes and trends, build internal capacity through ESG knowledge sharing, and collaborate with industry peers to drive systemic change on key ESG issues.
I couldn't agree more with this approach and it wasn't imposed on PSP by some outside regulator, it evolved organically and continues to evolve organically as ESG/ responsible investing evolves.
Anyway, I commend Stéphanie Lachance and Judith C. Stroehle for writing this important paper which adds a lot of great insights to a topic, incorporating many practical insights using the evolution of ESG investing at PSP as a case study.
It's important to note ESG/ responsible investing is still evolving at all pensions and large asset managers, there's no one size fits all but it's also important to share experiences and learn from the successful implementation of ESG investing at some of Canada's large pensions.
Below, Stéphanie Lachance of PSP Investments and Judith Stroehle of Saïd Business School, University of Oxford present "The Origins of ESG in Pensions: Strategies and Outcomes" at the 2021 PRC Symposium, "Sustainable Investment in Retirement Plans: Challenges and Opportunities." Slides can be seen and downloaded here. Take the time to watch this.
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churchbarbrooklyn
Tips And Ideas Home Design
KITCHEN IDEAS & INSPIRATION
Incredible budget transformation of dated semi-detached house into a colourful and popular Instagram home
by Shaniqua Juliano | Posted on October 12, 2020
When teacher Clara McGillian and lecturer Nicholas Felstead first picked up the keys to their first home in May 2019 they knew there was a renovation and interiors mountain to start climbing.
Armed with very little DIY experience and a limited budget but a vast amount of enthusiasm they dived in to rescue a 1930s period property stuck in the past.
Even though the couple had viewed new-build houses they were desperate to live in a specific and respectable area also convenient for commuting to work; but so did many other people.
They were constantly being priced out of the area where they wanted to live and increasing the buying budget was not an option.
The only answer was to take on a renovation project – find a cheaper wreck and revive it.
So the hunt began for a property that had not been touched for years that was looking for some modern love.
In return for the makeover the house would repay the couple by adding value to their property investment.
© Clara McGillian @dustandbricks
Incredible budget transformation of dated semi-detached house into a colourful and popular Instagram home in Bridgend by Clara McGillian and Nicholas Felstead
Clara, aged 31 and originally from Northern Ireland, says: "When we first walked in and saw the original front door with the stained glass, we just knew that we had to have it! We could see so much potential in the house.
"However, at this point, we didn't even own a drill and we totally underestimated how much work was involved.
"It was like a time warp! It had elderly previous owners who we think last decorated it in the 70s – we found a date for 1972 under the wallpaper in the hallway.
"We also had found out that it had been empty for approximately four years and so it was quite musty and damp."
The couple had previously been renting and were anxious to banish years of magnolia memories and express their style on the interiors of this three bedroom semi in the Bridgend area.
But before colours, textures, furniture and accessories could even be considered, there was a whole house to drag from the past into the present day, from top to bottom.
Clara says: "We knew the house needed a whole rewire and we actually discovered that it had the original electrical consumer unit from the 1930s.
"Therefore, we got an electrician in straight away to start the work. We were renting at this time but we only had enough budget to rent for six weeks more before having to move into our new house. We were very much under a time pressure.
"We began by stripping all the wallpaper off every single surface, ceilings included, and we ripped down the old lath and plaster ceilings. Some were quite damaged and drooping."
The couple knew that at this demolition stage that any walls that were no longer welcome needed to be removed and moved to the skip.
This courageous and confident property pair knew exactly how they wanted to open up the most sociable space at the rear of the house.
So the wall between the then kitchen and dining room met with a sledgehammer, as did the wall from those two rooms to the hall.
Now, when you open the front door you are greeted by a pleasing visual journey into the home, down the hallway and into the kitchen diner at the back – all from the front mat and a touch of genius.
Clara says: "While the full rewire began, we also got a builder to come in and remove the wall between the dining room and the old galley kitchen.
"While this was going on, we also got plumbers in to re-plumb the whole house as it too had all the original plumbing. They also put in new pipe work for some new radiators as some rooms didn't have one."
Clara says: "We did keep all of the old radiators too as we couldn't afford to replace them all and they were in perfect working condition. We then got the whole house skimmed, which we were hoping to avoid but the original plaster wasn't in a great condition."
Then the tenancy was up on the couple's flat so, whatever state the house was in, they had to pack up and move in.
There was no kitchen, only one electric socket was working and the walls were only half-plastered.
But the state of the house made the couple work even harder to continue the renovation job they had started, as quickly as possible.
They spent the whole of the summer of 2019 grafting and ploughing their way through the DIY jobs, doing as much as they could themselves to save money.
Although a new experience for both of them, the couple successfully fitted their own kitchen, taking the time to measure accurately and rechecking everything was level during the installation; time consuming but necessary.
It might have taken two weeks but installing the kitchen themselves saved Clara and Nick a considerable amount of money, with the only expenditure being the worktops.
A professional was booked for this tricky job that requires specialist tools and if bodged, would have set them back financially.
Once the major renovation, structural and installation work was complete, then came the fun part; the interior design.
The couple looked to the house itself for that first spark of inspiration.
Clara says: "After renting for a decade, we were so sick of magnolia walls and brown carpet!
"We wanted our home to reflect our personalities but also to be a place where a happy atmosphere is created. We also wanted to tie our style into the home.
"The windows and the front door have stained glass and the colours are red, green and yellow.
"We're not huge fans of red but we used pink, green and yellow as base colours for the house and tied in shades of grey."
Now each room has its own identity and personality and yet fits effortlessly into the overall interior design scheme but this was not particularly planned.
Clara found inspiration on Instagram but she also gave herself the freedom to be spontaneous and try things.
She says: "I'm not one of those people who plans or uses moodboards as I'm far too impulsive!
"I usually decide on the atmosphere I want to create in the room and go from there – I think you need to get a feel for each room and then go from there.
"For example, I wanted our bedroom to be calming so I went for a dark green as I associate that colour with nature.
"Other rooms, I actually began with a piece of furniture so in our living room, we already had our blue sofa and then I bought our rug, so I planned the living room around those two items."
The overall look the couple continuously had in the back of their minds was to create a feeling of warmth and happiness in every space, in every room.
The shades and tones in the stained glass in the front door were the first step to injecting the once drab home with a welcome shot of colour and visual sunshine.
Clara says: "I wanted to walk through our front door at the end of a long day in work and feel instantly pleased so I chose colours and styles that make me feel happy."
And the couple have certainly achieved that.
From the moment the sunny yellow front door greets you and you walk in, you know this is a home full of joyful colour and intriguing personal design statements to enjoy.
Clara says: "I definitely have a thing for pink, green, yellow and grey! I think they are colours that complement each other well, this colour palette is running through the house.
"I love to have lots of cosy things like cushions, fur and throws. Personally, I think it makes the space feel much cosier and more comfy."
But despite the lack of planning, or maybe because of it, there are multiple interior connections between each space in the home as well as individual rooms with individual personalities.
There's a palette of strong colours but teamed with muted tones and neutrals, black accents and tactile soft fabrics and eye-catching metallics, the scheme is successful in creating balance.
Each room has zones and each space in that zone has intrigue.
The sunny yellow front door greets you and is offset by the dark grey wall up the stairs that sets a dramatic backdrop for an eclectic collection of wall art and mirrors, drawing the eye up to the first floor.
The stairs are colourful pastel stepping stones that are given extra impact being next to the dark grey wall and being framed in white.
The hall itself has a welcoming display of plants, instantly connecting the nearby outdoors to the indoors.
The lounge is a comfortable and inviting space, wrapped in a cocoon of Farrow & Ball's Sulking Room Pink shade that brings warmth coupled with the soft, tactile fabrics found throughout the space.
Drama is created by the introduction of jewel colours, with the emphasis of darker tones of green and blue.
Finally, the fireplace might be the bargain feature of the home, with the biggest expense being just the time to strip the wallpaper, remove the old gas fire and rip the plaster off.
And what a most appealing central feature it is, perfectly toning with the on-trend tones of dusky pink that is the backbone of the design in this room; and cheap to achieve.
The kitchen diner, now opened up, connects to the other spaces by continuing the tones of green and pink.
The use of the dark green in the dining space is dramatic but it is working hard to visually zone that space, create a more intimate atmosphere in this corner especially by painting the ceiling and connecting the room to the rest of the house.
The dark tone is also a perfect backdrop to the added wall art. Who knew one pot of dark green paint could work so hard and achieve so much?
The open-plan kitchen uses a more neutral palette of white, grey and black to create a bright and inviting space.
High shine worktops bounce light around, there's a nod to the age of the property with the choice of a Belfast sink and of course there are 'pops' of pink and green to catch the eye.
Arguably the kitchen has two main features that are instantly engaging; the central and sociable island unit and the cooker area.
Recessing the black cooker into the old chimney breast frames the space and successfully allows the installation of hidden, integrated lighting.
The statement tiles behind the cooker ensure that the eye is drawn across the whole kitchen, to the end of the room; it anchors the space.
Softness is introduced into the area through the cushions on the black metal breakfast bar stools, the plants and flowers. The choice of metallic hanging lights adds a touch of glamour to the space.
The kitchen diner has gone from two dark and lonely rooms to a bright and inviting sociable space.
Upstairs the three bedrooms have been shown some interiors love too.
The third bedroom, currently a dressing room, illustrates the impact that just a slice of dramatic wallpaper can bring to a small room without overwhelming it.
Using the wallpaper above the picture rail and on the ceiling gives the room a cosy feel but as it is elevated it is an accent.
If the wallpaper were used as the main interior feature on all the walls in a room this size it could feel rather overwhelming.
Clara's idea is cheaper too as it uses less wallpaper, although she says it was a challenge to paper the ceiling.
Clara has then created a band of candy pink under the picture rail before the soft pink takes over on the walls.
This banding is another clever idea, creating a gradual journey from a strong pattern to a soft pastel. Without the layer of candy pink, the transition between strong pattern and pale pastel might have visually looked too jaring.
The choice of yellow chair not only adds a focal point at ground level to balance the dramatic ceiling, it also visually connects to the stained glass panels in the window.
The master bedroom features the jewel-like dark green that can be spotted around the home and again it provides a perfect backdrop for art work and informs the colour choices of cushions.
Painting the slim panel of wall by the window – not stopping at the corner – is another great idea to pinch.
It creates a more visually dramatic effect by almost hugging the end of the bed that would not be there had the painting stopped suddenly at the corner.
Softness is created in the space via velvet cushions, a soft grey accent, plants that mirror the art work and the fluffiest of central light fittings.
The second bedroom illustrates that you can create a stunning effect by using paint creatively, and is a cheaper option than buying enough wallpaper for four walls – all you need is some paint and some water.
Decant the paint into a separate container, start painting at the bottom of the wall including the skirting board, add a small amount of water for the next layer up and blend. Patience is required but the final result is soft, inviting and engaging.
By not continuing the dark blue paint effect up to the junction of the wall and the ceiling, Clara has created balance in the room between the white floor and the white ceiling.
Colour fading into white creates the visual effect of extra room height, as the eye follows the paint's journey up the wall to its white destination.
Accents of pink and white, touches of metallic gold and tactile accessories such as cushions, wall art, plants and strings of light all add extra layers of softness and visual interest.
And then to the despised bathroom.
During lockdown the couple decided to tackle the bathroom, a space they were so unconnected with that they spent as little amount of time in the room as possible.
The couple decided to brighten up the bathroom as a temporary measure with only a budget of £180 to spend in this space.
Clara says once they have the budget, time and materials they will eventually rip it out and start again.
Clara says: "The bathroom was so dated. It was a place that we didn't really want to spend any time in. Ideally, we would have loved to rip it all out, however, it wasn't a priority as it was all fully functional.
"We decided to give it a budget makeover to try to make it a nicer room but it actually ended up much nicer than we thought possible."
So collecting the materials for a colourful transformation were gathered together.
In total Clara and Nicholas, 35, and originally from Shropshire, spent a week brightening the budget bathroom.
They got the materials from Homebase, with Ronseal One Coat tile paint on the tiles and the walls painted once the floral 1970s wallpaper was stripped off.
The shower curtain became a cheap and cheerful focal point from Amazon and the mirror was sourced from Dunelm.
Clara says: "We used Ronseal Diamond Hard floor paint on the floor boards. The grey paint for the bath panels and the pink paint for the sink unit were both paints left over from other parts of the house. The stars on the tiles were made from my Cricut machine and we used permanent vinyl.
"The main challenge was that Nick had to remake the bath panels as I accidentally threw the old one in the skip months before. So we bought MDF, cut it to size and then sealed the edges with PVA.
"I hated the old sink unit. It had a fake marble top and it looked so bad. However, by painting the unit pink and painting the fake marble top white, it totally transformed it and now I absolutely love it."
Clara remembers that fitting the kitchen was probably the most challenging project as the couple felt they might be stretching their very recently learnt DIY skills.
Clara says: "We also decided to wallpaper a ceiling for the first time wallpapering, which probably wasn't the easiest surface to choose."
The couple were constantly willing to try things and see how each decision turned out, salvaging as much along the way as possible and always looking for bargains.
Clara says: "Our shelves in the kitchen were made out of Ikea flat pack crates and cost £27 and we painted them with left over paint.
"The blackboard above the extractor fan we made and painted with blackboard paint and cost us about £20.
"The shelf was made out of an old scaffold board that the roofers left in the garden."
In total Clara roughly estimates it has cost about £700 for the interior decor and accessories, with the biggest outlay being paint.
Some DIY projects turned out much better than the couple expected, including painting all of the floorboards white.
Clara says: "This was actually a temporary measure for us as we plan to extend downstairs but want to wait until that is done before buying flooring, but in the meantime, the house no longer has that 'reno' feel.
"The chimney breast in the living room turned out better than expected too as we didn't know what was underneath it when we decided to expose the brick."
Of all the interior projects that the couple tackled, Clara is most pleased with the experimental pastel coloured stairs.
She says: "We originally painted them white but because all the floors were white, it felt too clinical so we decided to add some colour to them.
"I went to Homebase and picked up colour swatches. I then cut them out so I could place the colours in order of what I wanted to paint them on the stairs.
"I had a few ideas. Firstly, to just do them in one colour but an ombré shade or to include several colours in an ombré shade. We decided on the latter."
Clara also loves the combination of tones of green and pink found throughout the home and her favourite example of that colour combo is the green sofa and the pink walls in the lounge, but that's not her favourite space in the house.
Clara says: "My favourite room is our dressing room with the wallpapered ceiling.
"It feels so luxurious to have this extra space and I know we won't have it as a dressing room forever. I love how the wallpapered ceiling has created so much more depth and made the ceiling feel higher."
Of all the intriguing and delightful accessories placed and styled throughout the home, Clara's favourite is the bespoke, coloured stag's head in the lounge.
She says: "I got it made by a lady in Scotland. This is probably my favourite piece in our home because it is so unique and timeless."
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The couple have a few words of advice to anyone thinking of going down the same renovation garden path as them; tips forged out of their blood, sweat and tears.
Clara says: "If you're taking on a renovation you need to plan exactly what needs to be done and what order it will need to be done.
"Get at least four quotes per job as you'd be surprised by how much they vary.
"When it comes to decorating, don't be scared of using colour. At the end of the day, you can always repaint.
"We learnt that you don't have to spend a fortune to make a space look good. I think we live in a world where we want everything new but actually, if it is functional, then a mini makeover is a great temporary idea.
"If we were to do it again, we'd love to have the extension completed at the same time as the messy work but unfortunately we just didn't have the budget to do both."
When it comes to the interior Clara says be brave with colour, using small steps if you are too fearful to immediately and totally dive into a colourful rainbow.
Clara, known as @dustandbricks on Instagram, says: "Do it! Buy a renovation job and paint your house in colours you love. Be brave because it will pay off.
"Start off small with accessories like cushions. Build yourself up to wanting to use colour. And also remember that if you don't like it, you can always paint over it.
"I've started up an Instagram hashtag called @colourfiedhomes that people may find useful to help with colour inspiration.
And when it comes to the renovation aspect of a project, the couple are equally as enthusiastic and keen to try things.
Clara says: "We would also say get involved! You can learn so much for tradesmen if you watch them work. It's also unbelievable how much money you can save by doing the work yourself, such as painting and decorating, although some jobs need to be left to professionals obviously."
And this desire to learn and be 'hand's on' has led Nick to now be christened 'the DIY man'.
So far the renovation has taken 17 months and cost about £25,000, including all the major work such as a new roof, rewiring, plumbing, heating and plastering.
The slice of that budget spent on interiors is just a slither, but the couple have more to do in the future, such as the downstairs extension.
But for now Clara and the DIY man are delighted with the happy, colourful home they have created.
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Back in December I was forced to evict a relative from my home. Long story, but after six months of legal actions and $500, he was gone. I set up a webcam in a bedroom window to keep an eye on things, since he tried several times to come back.
Today, I had a visitor check out the camera close up.
Maybe he wasn't being nosy, but rather was looking for a way to get inside and cool off, as it was 106 degrees outside! Poor guy… keep a-knockin', but you can't come in! Sorry!


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But the Tower is really best identified for its spectacular view of the city.
This avenue has turn into well-known over the past few decades for having an abundance of furnishings and different knickknack shops.
As convenient as taxis are, drivers hardly ever speak English, and more often than not it's quicker to take the metro, anyway.
\I recommend downloading a Korean translation app like Papago, as well as Naver Maps, which is the preferred map app for Korea.
This 2003 music by Evanescence is a traditional instance of a song that becomes a meme due to its over-the-top intensity.
The 30 Finest Karaoke Duets Of All Time
Insadong is full of traditional Korean teahouses so stop at one for a day break.
We suggest Dawon Teahouse which is considered one of the best teahouses in Insadong.
It's located in a hanok on the grounds of the Gyeongin Museum of Fine Art, one other popular Seoul attraction.
Myeongdong can be home to a number of the trendiest bars in Seoul, but it's still morning and we advise you hold off on the bars till nighttime.
Delicious Meals To Eat In Seoul
But Seoul is no small space to see; it can easily take two hours to get from one facet to the other.
You'll have your personal microphones, TV, and even your individual waitstaff to make sure you're never quick on food and drinks to keep the karaoke celebration going all evening long.
Jamsil is an efficient place to remain when you plan on spending a quantity of days in Lotte World.
But that mildness makes "A Thousand Miles" the proper template for meme humor.
The Wayans started the ball rolling once they used the song of their movie White Chicks, and it's been the topic (victim?) of remixes and parodies ever since.
Dragon Hill Spa and Silloam Fire Pot are two of the most well-liked jimjilbangs in Seoul.
Dragon Hill Spa, the largest jimjilbang in Seoul, is centrally located in the Yongsan District, and Silloam Fire Pot is in the Jung District.
You'll start your go to by driving the Namsan Cable Car to the N Seoul Tower near the highest of the mountain.
From there, you'll take the elevator up the N Seoul Tower to the observation deck which supplies a 360-degree view of the entire city of Seoul.
Lotte World will get hundreds of thousands of tourists every year, and is taken into account an all-day sort of occasion, especially when the water park opens for the summer.
I've shared round-ups of where to stay in each of the six main neighborhoods in Seoul in my post on the place to remain in the Korean capital.
강남하이퍼블릭 whenever you get to the airport's metro station might be to purchase a T-money card.
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Like everybody else on the Internet, I've been following the dispute between GoldieBlox and The Beastie Boys, or to put it more as I see it, the fight that GoldieBlox picked with The Beastie Boys in order to generate publicity. For a really excellent rundown of the questions of law, check out Andy Baio's fairhanded take. For the argument that questions of law aside, GoldieBlox doesn't really deserve the strong outpouring of support they've gotten from the rabble, read Felix Salmon.


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Which Animals Live The Longest?
by Lucas Beaumont May 16, 2021, 12:53 pm 999 Views
Some animals have long life whereas the others live only for a few years. Though, there are many stories about the long life of animals yet they do not present the truth. The elephant has the longest life among all the mammals. The elephants lived for 150 to 200 years in many stories but there is no documentary proof in support of this. According to the written records, the longest living elephant died at the age of more than sixty years. Other animals like horses have lived for more than 50 years. The information about the maximum life of some other mammals are hippopotamus 41years, rhinoceros 40 years, bear 34 years, cat 23 years, dog 22 years, monkey 20 years. In case of birds, parrot and eagle are said to have the longest life. Eagles lived for 55 years, whereas parrots lived for 54 years. Pelican lives the life of 51 years. The life of smaller birds like sparrow is 23 years, cardinal 30 years, canary 22 years, starling 17 years. The life of some carp fish is 25 years. The life of American eel and cat fish has found to be 50 and 60 years respectively.The tortoise has the longest life among all the animals. It is said by some scientist that a tortoise named Mauritus lived for 200 years. It is expected that the American tortoise named Carolina will live for 123 years.
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The City of Black Jack is located in North St. Louis County. The population of the city was 6,929 in 2010. Major roads that are important to the city are Old Halls Ferry Road, Old Jamestown Road, Parker Road, and others. The City of Black Jack was incorporated on August 6, 1970 and has had a continuous growth in population since that time.
The City of Black Jack has one city park, Harold J. Evangelista Park, which is located on Old Jamestown Road. The park features athletic fields, tennis courts, playgrounds and two picnic pavilions.
The Hazelwood School District serves the city's residents with two elementary and one middle school located within its borders. Salem Lutheran School is also located in Black Jack and features Pre-K through Eighth grade private education.
Many of the first settlers of Black Jack where German emigrants who came to the area to farm. The name of the city of Black Jack comes from a strand of three unusually large Black Jack Oak trees that were once located at the intersection of Parker and Old Halls Ferry Roads. During the 1840s, those farmers, bringing their produce to market, would stop in the shade of those oak trees to rest before continuing on to St Louis. Those three Black Jack Oaks became a reference point when speaking of distances from other points, or a place to meet, or a just a place to rest, so eventually the place was referred to as "the Black Jacks". But it wasn't until the United States Postal Department put a post office in the area in 1865 that it was officially called "Black Jack".
There are two Historical Landmarks designated by St. Louis County that are located in Black Jack. One is the Clausmeyer House that is located on Parker Road on property that was acquired by Henry Clausmeyer in 1844. His son, Dietrich F.G. Clausmeyer, built the home after he inherited the land in 1870. The other landmark, Salem Lutheran School, can also be found on Parker Road. This well preserved brick building was built in 1895 for the Evangelical Lutheran Salem Congregation U.A.C. of New Bellefield.


HPA 5th grade students in Mrs. Gates' class and Mr. Foster's class recently hosted a tour for the other classes to learn about the systems of the Human Body. This was a concluding science project that encouraged the students to show their understanding of complex systems by creating a model representation and being able to explain the functions to other students. The students were broken into groups of six. Those six students were called a "medical clinic". The students in each clinic named their clinic. Each student in the group was responsible for a different system of the body. The systems that the students covered were the skeletal/muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, immune system, and nervous system. Once students were assigned a system, they worked with students that had the same system (from other clinics) to learn that system and prepare for the board exam. Once students passed their board exam, they were officially titled as doctors. For example, if a student was responsible for the respiratory system and he or she passed the board exam, then the student was titled as a pulmonologist. After everyone passed their board exam, students went back to their medical clinics and taught their peers their system of the body. Each doctor had to create a 3D model of their system. Finally, each medical clinic received a patient with symptoms. The clinics worked together to propose solutions that would help their patient.
"We had fun and helped our patient." - Andrew H.
"It was a lot of fun because we felt like we were doctors and learned so much." - Nevaeh A.
"It was fun because it was hands-on learning and informational." - Marcenzie M.
"I learned so much about how the body works and got to show our model to the whole school." - Alonso R.
"Reading out of the book is fun, but doing this project is the most fun thing I have ever done." -Jayden B.


Locals tell of a huge train wreck that once occurred over the Kiowa Creek bridge, killing many passengers. On some nights, they say, a ghost train can be seen riding over the bridge.
I am related to the people that own that section of the creek and I live there in Bennet. I haven't heard of any ghost train and there were really only two passengers that passed. The two men were the Bennet brothers. The real name of Bennet was Kiowa, but after the brothers died the wives renamed the town Bennet. Also, if you go under the bridge and ask for knocks like one knock means yes and to means no the Bennet brothers will answer. Later after the accident, officials searched the whole creek fro the train but all the found was a coal shovel and a hat. It makes since that the train disappeared because the creek was quick sand at the time. I've personally seen Native Americans and a lady in white.


Symbio, a hydrogen mobility solutions company, has revealed its fuel cell integration plan for five- to seven-seat Nissan electric vehicles (EVs) to beat air pollution in urban areas with zero emissions.
At the unveiling of Symbio's fuel cell integration to Nissan electric van, at the FC Expo 2017 in Tokyo, the company announced the new plug-in hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle will deliver at least 500 kilometers of range – a promising breakthrough for fleet managers and the automotive community looking for sustainable growth.
Symbio is confident that the FC-equipped vehicle will provide a key solution for emission-free mobility in urban areas. Air pollution is a universal problem, and some cities are setting new mandatory regulations to have 20%-50% of their fleets be clean vehicles. In addition, urban taxis have been identified as a major source of air pollution, more emission-related regulations are expected to be applied.
As reported, the FC vehicle is a 100% clean solution for taxis, aimed at the EU market. The customized e-NV200 offers taxi drivers a similar total cost of ownership to a hybrid taxi, but with the range of an internal combustion engine. Thus, this vehicle could be used for intensive urban taxi operations or for online passenger transportation network services. It can be recharged from a low-cost power supply and refueled with hydrogen in three minutes.
Michelin and ENGIE were present alongside Symbio at the FC Expo to give their support in this new venture and to the hydrogen mobility community overall.
This customized e-NV200 will be available for serial production from September 2018. Interested parties will be able to place pre-orders.
"We welcome all interested fleet managers to meet and speak with us on any projects they may have so we can help assist them to move forward," says Ferrari.