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St Ives Art - A History
St Ives Art Books
St Ives Art - Latest Research & Newsletter
Lamorna Art
Lamorna Writers
Art in Polperro
Cornish Artists and Authors at War (1914-9)
Cornish Art Exhibitions
Cornish Art Lectures
Brittany links
Publisher - Wilson Books
David Tovey - Cornish Art Historian
Harold Knight 'Cecily Sidgwick'
My biography of the Lamorna based romantic novelist, Cecily Sidgwick, and her philosopher husband, Alfred, is reproduced on this website.
Cecily Sidgwick, who was of German Jewish origin, was a hugely successful novelist, publishing over forty works. She lived in Lamorna from 1906 until her death in 1934. Many of her novels contain autobiographical references and a number of them describe life in Lamorna and her artist friends there (and their homes, studios and gardens). They are an invaluable record of the Lamorna colony and I draw on them extensively for my lecture on the Social History of that colony. She also passed fascinating, and often humorous, comment on German / Jewish / English modes of life, particularly as regards the management of the household, and there is much of interest in her works for the feminist historian and those researching German / Jewish / English relations.
For more information and to read the biography, click here
My biography of the Author, Artist and Adventurer, Crosbie Garstin, eldest son of Newlyn School painter, Norman Garstin, was published in 2017.
Crosbie Garstin led an extraordinarily adventurous life, which saw him work as a broncho-buster, lumberjack, gold miner, harvester in Canada and North America, as a bush-ranger and cattle ranch manager in South Africa and as a cavalryman in France, Ireland and Italy during WWI. He used these and other subsequent experiences in his writings, which include poetry, short stories, comic war stories, adventure novels, farces, amusing travelogues etc. An irrepressible and irreverent character, he lived in Lamorna from 1919 to 1930, when he drowned at Salcombe. Or did he do a runner?
The biography is a limited edition of 300. Copies are still available. For more information and a review, click here
Herbert Lanyon 'Charles Marriott'
Charles Marriott lived in 1901-2 at 'Flagstaff Cottage', Lamorna. In 1902, this became the home of Samuel John Lamorna Birch after his marriage and has remained the home of the Birch family ever since. Marriott used his experiences in Lamorna in his third novel Genevra (1904) and in a number of short stories, which featuired in the rarely found compilation, Women and the West.
The following are articles on these books written by me for the Lamorna Society magazine, 'The Flagstaff' - that on Genevra in the Summer 2015 issue and that on the short stories in the Summer 2017 issue.
Charles Marriott's Genevra (1904)
Charles Marriott (1869-1957) was the son of a Bristol brewer and first visited Cornwall in 1889. He then worked for twelve years as a photographer and dispenser at Rainhill Asylum in Lancashire, before winning huge acclaim in 1901 for his first novel, The Column, which was set partly in Cornwall, albeit I have not been able to determine precisely where. This prompted him to move to the Duchy, where he lived initially in Flagstaff Cottage, Lamorna. Accordingly, he occupied the cottage immediately before John Lamorna Birch. Deciding that he preferred the painterly bustle of St Ives, he moved there in 1902, where he became a stalwart of the Arts Club. In 1903, he published his second novel, The House on the Sands, which featured St Ives, but his third novel, Genevra (1904), is set in Lamorna, and so includes some fascinating descriptions of the valley and the locality at that time. In particular, the family home of the heroine, Genevra Joslin, 'Trecoth', is based on Trewoofe Manor, just as Crosbie Garstin later based 'Bosula' on it in his Penhale trilogy. Flagstaff Cottage also features, albeit Marriott is not too complimentary about it.
Leonard Woolf, who had just read Marriott's first novel, The Column, recommended it highly when writing to Lytton Strachey in April 1901 - "If I were a reviewer I should shout & scream 'A New Great Author'." Woolf was not alone: comparisons were made with Henry James and, later, E.M. Forster, and Sutherland in Victorian Fiction notes that "reviewers of the period reckoned The Column a major work of English literature". Accordingly, I have always been a little ashamed of myself for never managing to get very far into it, let alone finish it, despite several attempts. However, in a recent assessment of Marriott's literary work, I was quite relieved to find that The Times literary critic had not been so enthusiastic, commenting "To mark it with a pencil, we find easy; to read it, is a trial of patience almost not to be borne; to digest it, is flatly impossible. A more dull, tedious, affected production, we have never encountered." (Quoted in Rebecca Sitch, Domesticating Modern Art - Charles Marriott (1869-1957) and the Art Of Middlebrow Criticism, in Ed. Kate Macdonald, Transitions in Middlebrow Writing 1880-1930, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.)
Indeed, ten years later, Edwin Pugh, writing in The New Age, labelled Marriott's 'artificial ornate' way of writing as being a model of 'bad' prose style - "bad because it is stilted and self-conscious" and "vulgar because it is pretentious and affected".(ibid). Having had a similar problem getting through Marriott's second novel, The House on the Sands, I did not approach Genevra with any great enthusiasm, but I am delighted to say that it is far more readable and is not at all pretentious. Indeed, I believe that you would enjoy this tale of a Cornish girl, with poetic talent, whose ancient family home is in danger of being repossessed, due to the incompetence of her weak-willed brother and his charmless wife as flower farmers. Encouraged by her brother to marry the solicitor to whom he is indebted, Genevra finds herself torn between her duty to uphold her family name and save her family home, and her own emotional and literary aspirations. The presence of a Welsh artist lodger, for whom she falls, but who is as equally dedicated to his art, as she is to her poetry, complicates the choices that she has to make.
The Lamorna setting, albeit the valley is called in the novel Rosewithan, is confirmed by this extract describing the road past Clapper Mill and Oakhill Cottages to Trewoofe, where Genevra Joslin and her brother, George, lived.
"At this point the road had the indescribable character of approaching some place of importance. The ridge of the hill was beset with twisted oaks, evidently the survivors of a larger number, holding the sunset between their bare branches like dregs of wine, palpably thickened. Under the left flank of the hill was a large overshot water-wheel fed by a pulsing channel which here passed beneath the road. Further to the left a great valley shut in between solemn carns curved away grandly to the invisible sea. On the right, four white cottages, built in a row as if against fear of solitude, stared hopelessly down the valley over garden ramparts of ice-plant and tamarisk. There was no sound except the plashing of the water which escaped over the green-stained timbers of the wheel now stationary. Below the mill the water found its way into a bigger stream hastening through the valley to the sea....Over the brow of the hill the road plunged and rose on its way to the Land's End...Genevra turned to the right along a straggling avenue of elms coming round to an irregular group of farm buildings, shadowed by rook-haunted trees and standing in immemorial mud. This was Trecoth, once the most important manor of West Cornwall, and dating from the Norman Conquest. Although approached on either hand by a hill, Trecoth cowered in a cuplike hollow and made no outline against the sky. There was nothing to attract attention from the main road; only when standing in the town-place did one comprehend its former consequence. The plan was still that of the letter E, indicating that the present buildings dated from the sixteenth century. That part corresponding with the lower limb of the letter was still inhabited, the rest was divided into barns and sheds, all more or less decayed, some of them roofless. Facing the short limb and hidden from the road was a newer building perhaps a hundred years old and this was the dwelling house of the Joslins. The whole place wore the peculiar sullen look of ancient granite houses which take on the grandeur of age without its tenderness, and suggest doom without romance." (p.13-4).
Later in the story, the artist lodger, Leonard Morris, opts to use the old banqueting hall of the original manor house as his studio. Marriott describes its then condition as follows:-
"The place referred to by Genevra as the banqueting-hall was interesting because the original doorway was nearly intact, though the rich carving was disfigured - almost obliterated indeed - by successive layers of whitewash. That portion of the building opposite Genevra's window was roofless and decayed: the blackened fireplace exposed, the fallen stones overgrown with mosses and weeds; but the remainder, about two-thirds of the back of the letter E facing the Rosewithan Valley, was in decent repair, and used by George Joslin as a storehouse for 'shooting' potatoes, baskets and trays for use in planting, and other odds and ends." (p.58-9).
It is interesting to learn that, in addition to its later travels to St Ives as a garden ornament and back as Margaret Powell's front door, the well-known carved doorway of Trewoofe Manor was at this juncture so little thought of that it was covered in whitewash. Like Cecily Sidgwick did a few years later, Marriott refers to the plantation near Trewoofe as known locally as 'Merlin's Wood'. This comprised a variety of trees - "oak, ash, chestnut, beech, and hazel, with an unusual mixture of laurel which gave it a curious distinction...The atmosphere was that of legend and enchantment, made more magical by the absence of heavy shade. There was very little undergrowth to hide the extraordinary contortions of the tree branches; and the beech trunks, silver satin, lit from every quarter, had no definite shadows, and thus became unsubstantial, baffling the eye. It was a place of illusion rather than mystery. Huge granite boulders covered with mosses, lichens, and sprouting ferns were grouped round pools of dark water patterned with fallen beech leaves, like blue steel arabesqued with copper sequins. The light brown carpet of the wood was diapered with the clover-like leaves of the oxalis upheld on their fine stems and forming a shimmering green veil a few inches above the ground. The wood ascended brokenly, the upper edge castled against the sky with towering blocks of granite, hung with ivy, and here and there fallen together, leaving caves and crevices between them." Perhaps, one day, such descriptions will be useful if sections of the Lamorna woodlands ever come into the hands of an organisation keen to restore them to their former glory.
As one might imagine, given that Marriott himself lived there for a year or so, Flagstaff Cottage features in the story, as the home of the unconventional retired teacher, Uter Penrose. However, the author calls it an "ugly gray cottage...perched on a shoulder of the cliff, and staring backwards along the road out of little windows like [Penrose's] own imperturbable eyes. On the opposite side of the valley was the great scar of the quarry; the slope of the hill spoiled by livid heaps of discarded granite." (p.74). He was equally scathing about the interior. In "the queerly furnished" sitting room, "the worn leather-covered chairs left but little space to move about in, and one wall was entirely taken up with a rickety bookcase with glass doors. The bagging wallpaper had taken on an amazing variety of tints with damp, and the recesses of the windows, one looking seaward, the other facing the quarry, were not papered at all. In spite of the fire, the room smelt of mildew." (p.78-9). It was only the view from the front on a starry night, as the Newlyn luggers were out in the bay, herring drifting, that moved him to comment that "their riding lights matching the stars gave the illusion that he stood at the edge of the world and looked down into the abyss of the sky." (p.93).
There are some interesting sections of the novel, during which Marriott records various local practices that he has witnessed. One concerned the inter-connection between furze collecting and rabbit shooting.
"Hunting in West Cornwall means less the pursuit of the fox than rabbit-shooting. The prevalence of these enemies of the farmer has developed a local breed of dog, a cross between a setter and a spaniel, admirably adapted to the character of the country. During the late autumn, the furze-cutters, protected with gauntlets and greaves, and armed with stout hooks, are at work on the moors cutting and bundling furze to be stacked for fuel. Their labours leave wide lanes and aisles of bare ground between the rectangular furzy thickets. The dogs work in couples with exquisite inter-dependence, like two 'forwards' dribbling at football. They are put in at one end of a thicket, whilst the guns command the clearing at the other. When once the dogs have disappeared, there is nothing to betray their presence except a sinuous vibration of the furze-tops and a stifled yelp of excitement, until with padding feet the rabbit bounds from cover under the muzzles of the guns. Where the old hedges of rough stone and beaten earth are honeycombed with burrows, a ferret is used. The little pink-eyed beast is taken from somebody's pocket and insinuated into an opening whilst the sportsmen stand on top of the hedge with bent heads listening to the muffled music of the bell, now fainter, now louder, as 'Bun' explores the labyrinth, occasionally ceasing altogether, and causing a moment of anxiety lest the ferret shall have succumbed to the temptation to lie-up. Presently, there is a hollow throbbing, felt rather than heard, within the hedge. Heads go up, backs straighten, the guns come to the ready; it is quick shooting, for no man can say on which side of the hedge the rabbit will break away." (p.124-5).
Given that Genevra's brother is involved in flower farming, there are some atmospheric descriptions of the flower fields on the cliffs above Lamorna. Marriott calls the farm 'Trenowan' and as it was approached from the Cove up through the quarry, it was presumably situated near Kemyel. There are also some evocative descriptions of Treen Dinas, home of the Logan Rock, and, of course, of Carn Galva and Lamorna Cove itself.
Marriott was living in Lamorna at the time that the bells at St Buryan Church were substantially refurbished in 1901, and he also finds an excuse to make mention of the quaint Latin inscriptions on two of the bells - Virginis egregiae vocor campana Mariae (I am called the bell of Mary the Glorious Virgin) and Vocem ego do vobis : vos date verba Deo (I give my voice to you : give ye your words to God).
Marriott continued writing novels for a decade or so, then branched into travel books, some of which were illustrated by his St Ives artist friends, such as William Titcomb and Albert Moulton Foweraker, before becoming art critic of The Times after World War 1. His modernist leanings, and some acerbic comments about the art of some of his former traditionalist colleagues, did not result in lasting friendships, particularly as it was felt by some that Marriott had gone on refining himself to such a degree that there was little of the original Marriott left.
There are some original copies of the book available on www.abebooks.com and new reprints are also now being produced.
The West Cornwall short stories of Charles Marriott
When I was doing my initial research into early St Ives art, I wondered if the writings of Charles Marriott might contain some interesting comments on the artists with whom he fraternised in the colony between 1902-8. Having picked up that, in addition to his well-known novels, he had published a collection of short stories in 1906, entitled Women and the West, I was frustrated that no copies seemed to be available anywhere and duly made the book a 'want' of mine on www.abebooks.com. I had completely forgotten about the very existence of the book, when several years later, after I had published all my various books to which it might relate, I received a message that a Penzance bookseller had a copy on sale - for £70! However, as this was received shortly before a Lamorna Society AGM weekend, I popped into the bookseller, where a cursory glance told me that a number of the stories did record Cornish subjects of some interest and one, At the Ferry, not only featured the ferry house at Lelant, but contained a detailed description of its interior. The book, therefore, had to come home with me - whatever the cost. Somewhat surprisingly, though, At the Ferry, was the only St Ives related subject, but there were several stories that featured Lamorna, where Marriott had lived in 1901 at Flagstaff Cottage. As in his novel, Genevra (see Issue 35), Marriott called Lamorna 'Rosewithan Cove' and St Buryan 'St Adrian'.
The story, The Child She Bare, is a moving tale about a St Adrian woman, Elizabeth Ann Perrow, who was thrown out of her home by her husband, seemingly, only on the grounds that she talked too much! What is more, her two teenage daughters, Elizabeth and Annie, took their father's part and refused to have anything to do with her, and it was only due to the Rector of St Adrian that her husband was forced to pay her an allowance, but this stopped when, five years later, he emigrated to America. At this juncture, Mrs Perrow moved into Rosewithan Valley, hoping to make ends meet by keeping poultry, growing vegetables and knitting. Marriott described her home as follows:-
"Going down the Rosewithan valley towards the sea, you saw only the roof of Mrs Perrow's cottage. It lay under the bank between the road and the stream, and was so thickly surrounded by trees that strangers were first attracted to it by smoke rising apparently from nowhere. It was perfectly easy to throw a stone down Mrs Perrow's chimney. All her cooking was done in a wooden shed with gaping seams which stood at the back of the cottage with its gable towards the road, so that when Mrs Perrow was preparing her meals passers-by were treated to a stifling cloud of furze smoke, charged with such extraordinary odours that the wildest stories were circulated about the fare on which she lived."
Having wandered down the lane to the Cove, I believe that 'Lily Cottage' would be the most likely property that fits this description.
Mrs Perrow's presence in the valley elicited curiosity, rather than sympathy, and, whilst the days of witch hunts might be over, her undeniable moustache, her tatty clothes and unkempt appearance fostered malicious whispers, and "there was yet a fearful joy to be snatched by children from pestering an elderly person who lived alone, without visible means, and whose clouded history made it always possible that she might bring some mysterious retribution upon her persecutors." However, the biggest setback to her acceptance in the valley was caused by her reaction to the loss of seven of her fowl to a fox in a single afternoon.
Foxes were a problem in Lamorna as Marriott explains. "Rosewithan, being remote, wooded and thinly populated, is a nursery for all kinds of vermin, and the mounds and hollows left by forgotten tin-washers make it a very paradise for foxes. Their number is increased rather than diminished by the only hunt of the district, since, being pursued no further than the edge of the valley, the foxes have discovered that Rosewithan is a sanctuary. Hence poultry-keeping in Rosewithan Cove is an exciting experience."
Whilst appearing to take this catastrophic loss phlegmatically, Mrs Perrow plotted her revenge and distributed poisoned meat around her holding. Unfortunately, however, it was her neighbours' prized gun dogs that ate it, rather than the foxes. Subsequently, she became completely ostracised by the community. However, there burned within her a hope that at least one of her daughters might decide to make contact again - and when one was similarly let down by her man, leaving her pregnant and disgraced, Mrs Perrow was able to offer her a home.
Two of the stories relate to the local fisherman, which suggests that Marriott spent some time in the company of John Jeffrey, who, certainly, during John Lamorna Birch's early days in the colony, was the only fisherman working from the Cove. We do not know enough about Jeffrey to determine whether his character is reflected at all in these stories or whether they are based on tales told by him, but Marriott's detailed accounts of crabbing and whiffing for pollack, the different baits that each individual fisherman swore by and how they used local landmarks to navigate by indicate that he went out fishing with Jeffrey on several occasions.
The Luck of Billy Tregenza indicates that Tregenza, the only fisherman working from Rosewithan Cove, was not very adept at whatever he turned his hand to, one reason being that he was desperately poor. However, Marriott describes him as "a man of ideas"; "Now, the man of ideas does not work well on the share system as practised at Trevenen [Newlyn] and Merthen [probably Mousehole], but inclines to crabbing, the setting of boulters, and such line-fishing as one can manage single-handed. The average Cornish fisherman limits his independence to refusing to serve under a skipper...Here and there you come across a man who, whether from quarrelsomeness or other personal peculiarity, cannot even work on an equal footing with other men in the same boat. Hence Billy was the only professional fisherman in Rosewithan Cove. The half-dozen other boats belonged to quarrymen, wealthy amateurs by comparison, who were able to try the latest dodges in line gear...Billy had to content himself with copper wire; which, he insisted, was equally efficacious, since the real problem is not how to catch your pollack but where to find him."
The story concerns Billy's quaint dream that pollack shoals had a king, who led them, and that, to be certain of significant catches, it was just a question of locating the king's choice of venue as a feeding ground. After years of getting himself familiar with the contours of the sea-bed along the coast near the Cove, Billy believed that he had found the ledge under which they hid, and, although he had little tangible proof in terms of fish caught, he was prepared to face the scorn of his fellow fishermen and the anger of his wife at his inability to feed his large family, in the pursuit of his dream. Unfortunately, though, he did not live to boast of his success, albeit his boat when washed ashore after a ferocious storm did contain an excellent catch.
Marriott's other fishing story, Trespass, is probably also set in Lamorna, but he calls the Cove 'Penolver', rather than 'Rosewithan'. In a fine descriptive passage, he indicates its attributes:-
"Penolver is distinguished from a dozen other coves on the Cornish coast by the relics of a former landlord's error of judgment in working tin before he had made sure of his lode. A wooden leat on high trestles, a great overshot water-wheel and the ruins of a smelting house remain to point to his folly. They give to the place a look of failure which the raw face of the granite quarry, worked with some profit, does little to redeem. The handful of cottages scattered about on either side of the trout-stream are inhabited by quarrymen. There is no room in the Cove to harbour drift-boats; though there is a little quay, the sea's bottom is too rocky for seining or trawling, and so the only resources for fishermen are crabbing and long-lining. The Cove runs up to a wooded valley, at the head of which lies the churchtown of Brennius Major. On either side of the Cove, where the gorse and heather give place to cultivated land, there are a few farms, each a 'village' with a name and traditions of its own. These upland farms, visible from the sea, are used as marks when shooting long-lines and crab-pots, and St Brennius' Tower points the body's safety as surely as it does the soul's salvation. The coast here is very dangerous, and washed by a leaden sea, eternally restless, breaking in cold white foam over barriers and ledges, sobbing and muttering in hidden caves. Sudden mists blot the coastline, making friendly marks dangerous and familiar guides a snare. To sit by a warm hearth, knowing that the red-lit window is charted in the mind of a frozen-handed man beating for home, brings the sense of sharing adventure into the monotonous life of upland farmers. The Lizard lighthouse is too far round to the south-west to be directly visible, but all night long the reflection of its great beams wheel round with the gesture of a giant, sowing light upon the sea and land."
Much in this description, - and, in particular, the quarry, and the wooded valley leading to a churchtown - points to Lamorna - and only Lamorna - , but the references to the waterwheel and the ruins of a smelting house seem out of place, unless Marriott is actually recording a little known, short-lived tin smelting venture in the Cove. It is more likely that he combined the attributes of two coves, for he also mentioned that there was a withy bed in the marshy land where the stream overflowed behind the ruined smelting house.
The story concerned Robert Trengrouse, who for many years had been the sole crabber operating from 'Penolver', and his dispute with Jack Clemo, a newly arrived competitor, whose life he made a misery. Crabbers, in Marriott's view, were 'crabbed men', whose solitary, perilous life made them furtive and saturnine. The tale also featured a new, young, keen, land agent, called Peter Coad, who acted for the principal landowner in the Cove, and who was anxious to prove to his master the superiority of his methods to those of his elderly, easy-going, locally-born forerunner, called Roscorla. I should perhaps make clear that the story was written before Gilbert Evans was appointed local agent by Colonel Paynter, as Marriott commented about Coad, "He was not popular either in Penolver Cove or with the neighbouring farmers. In a dozen little ways tenants began to feel the pinch of his stewardship. Rents were readjusted, with a trifling advantage to the landlord, rights of shooting reconsidered, and a notice appeared on the wall of the smelting-house placing restrictions on the carting of oreweed for manure." The latter was because heavy carts caused damage to the landlord's private road. Trengrouse, though, was outraged, when Coad granted the right to cut withies from the withy bed to Clemo, as he considered the withy bed as his own under informal arrangements that he had had with Roscorla. This led him to harry Clemo in every aspect of his life, and he was not prepared to relent, even when Clemo had saved his life.
The story Open Sesame is about an elderly, slightly senile, man, called Trembath, from Rosewithan Cove (i.e. Lamorna), who lives with, and is exploited by, his daughter-in-law in London. It is not one of Marriott's best tales, but it does refer to the history of the big block of granite that used to be a feature beneath Cliff Cottage and which has now been incorporated into Roy Stevenson's garden wall. Trembath says, "If you'll look on the left-hand side of the cove just above the boulders you'll see a square block of granite all finished off beautifully. That was made for the pedestal of an obelisk or monument, if you will, weighing eighteen tons and taken out of Rosewithan Quarry to be sent to the Great Exhibition of '51. The obelisk was sent but the pedestal never followed, because old Cap'n Hosken, who leased the quarry, went scat." This explanation was discussed and dismissed in Issue 36, for a Richard Hosken sent another obelisk from a different quarry. The reason normally given for the siting of this block is that it fell whilst being loaded.
Finally, the story The Nineteen Merry Maidens is a charming tale of a young girl, who became fascinated by the story that the stone circle of that name comprised young women, who were turned to stone for dancing on a Sunday, and made it her quest to get them pardoned and freed from their bondage. She read them stories, placed a daisy chain around the neck of the smallest and even made a sacrifice of her favourite doll in an effort to placate God. She also found herself dancing amongst them herself, ever fearful of her own fate. Her principal confidant was her family's hired hand, Dan'l Prowse, who, whilst not wishing to disappoint the girl, is keen to abide by the principles of his Methodist faith and not tell lies, but the girl's fertile imagination stretches his ingenuity to the limits.
There are a total of fourteen short stories in the compilation, including one set in an an artist's studio, in a tall, grey, ruinous flour-mill. It was reviewed favourably in The Spectator (15/12/1906), who commented that "In his short stories, Mr. Charles Marriott frees himself from the congestion of style which marks some of his longer novels". However, like me, the critic could not understand the rationale behind the title, as men feature equally, if not more, prominently than women. The volume is dedicated to 'Ouida', the pseudonym of the English novelist Maria Louise Ramé (1839-1908), who praised the stories' vigour and originality. The firms busily reprinting Edwardian novels do not seem as interested in collections of short stories and so Women and the West is very hard to find and very expensive.
William Trost Richards Fishing Boats, St Ives (1880)
David can be contacted at The Old Vicarage, Broadwoodwidger, Lifton, Devon PL16 0EP Tel 01566 784687
Orders for books can be made by mail, e-mail or phone and payment options are
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Q: What sort of polarizer is this? I wanted to try to experiment with polarizers, trying the 3 polarizers 45 degrees from each other, and similar experiments. I ordered 10 sheets of the cheapest polarizing foil I could find on Aliexpress. The package arrived today and it's... weird.
In one orientation it behaves like normal polarizers: Two sheets in parallel are barely dimmer than a single sheet, but if I turn one of them 90 degrees, I'm getting near-opacity where they overlay.

But when I change the order - place the sheet that was on top under the one that was on the bottom (without flipping it), I'm getting surprising results:
Perpendicular, the common part is about 50% opaque.

And placed in parallel, I'm getting colorful hues, patterns of stripes, especially vivid if one of the sheets is slightly bent.

What sort of polarizer is this? What happens to the light, so that it produces these colorful patterns?

A: The effect documented here is almost certainly the result of birefringence in the plastic film that supports the polarizers, particularly when it is under stress.
Basically, most cheap polarizers on the market are made from a thin film of polarizing material which forms a coating on one of the sides of a thin plastic sheet. If you place the two polarizers with the polarizing-film sides facing each other, you'll just see the idealized textbook effect, but if you turn one (or both) of them around, then the light will need to cross some amount of plastic sheet before it gets to the second polarizer.
Secondly, this plastic sheet can be birefringent, often with none of its optical axes matching the direction of the polarizing film's axis, and often with the details of the birefringence depending on the stress, i.e. on how the material is bent. If the plastic is birefringent, then this means that it will change the polarization state of the light in between the two polarizers, both rotating it and making it elliptical, and both of those changes will induce dark regions where they happen. Moreover, this rotation depends on the amount of birefrigent material encountered, and the degree to which it is birefringent (basically, on the added optical path length between the two polarizations), and if it is enough then it can cause multiple rotations about the Poincaré sphere, which is where the fringes come from.
And finally, because this depends on the added phase more than the added path length, under white-light illumination this effect will affect the different component wavelengths by different amounts, and more specifically with different fringe spacings, which is why you get coloured fringes.
For more on this effect, the key search term is stress-induced birefringence; an image search for that term shows plenty of other examples. The obvious way to expand this is to introduce other plastic objects (say, a plastic fork) between the two polarizers, and the resulting fringes will bunch up at the places where the stress is concentrated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Loading up large datastructure on init for repeated use by celery task later (Django/Celery) One of my celery tasks requires access to a very large data structure. This model is taxing on memory once loaded up and takes a very long time to do so.
I am trying to avoid loading this multiple times, every time I call "score_model". Preferably, I'd like to load this data into memory once at initialisation so that it is available only to this task when required.
(Usually pickle works great however this model does not serialise easily and so I cannot set it within cache. It would require a complex custom backend and I'm not convinced it would result in significant time savings.)
The celery docs suggest I should create a base class. This SO answer was also very helpful Initializing a worker with arguments using Celery
The answer hints at having objects made available upon initialisation for use later and works well for centralising common functions, keeping sessions open when used across workers. The following code works:
tasks.py

from celery import Task
from celery.decorators import task

class startup(Task):
    abstract = True
    def __init__(self):
        print "Loading..."
        self.score_model= load_and_bin('/opt/model.tar')

@task(base=startup, bind=True, name="scoring")
def scoring(self, pk):
    data = entries.objects.filter(geo_pk=pk)
    newscores = score_model(data)

...however this loads my model into memory multiple times upon initialisation - even starting up celery beat (which does not run this task) or even flower. I can see that little print more than once and I'm not sure why. So I quickly run out of resources. Registering this class, by removing abstract=True, still works but I run out of resources more quickly.
How can I run load_and_bin once, and have this object available later on? I start celery with: celery -A app worker


Unless you live under a rock, you surely have heard of "the Harlem Shake", this Web "meme" that is currently spreading all over the world. Principle: gather in front of a camera (preferably wearing fancy costumes!) and shake your body erratically! That's all! Don't ask me why it caught on, but it did... To a point that yesterday (Saturday) I witnessed one in front of the Eiffel Tower. I made this little video, for you to see better... Funny as hell (if you like that kind of stuff of course, otherwise, if you think it's silly, I suggest you watch this.
I dare say that there never has been, never will be again, an Eiffel Tower photo quite like this!
Well, Eric, I do live under a rock and yet I have still heard of the Harlem Shake. Your video is cute. Yes, it is silly in the extreme, but after many months of angry protesters around the globe, I am glad to see happy and silly smiling people.
That is very cool! Sadly, all my dance moves look like the Harlem Shake or the out-of-sync Electric Slide that Jimmy Fallon and Michelle Obama did yesterday.
with all the sadness in the world every once in a while you just have to stand back and lighten the mood a little bit....not saying that if I was there in person I might be nervous about some of these costumes and who was inside them. Eric, quite a few pops of color in your video! You always seem to be in a happening place my friend.
I'll put my hand up as living under a rock.
And what was your fancy costume, Éric ?
Clearly, YOU do not live under a rock, Eric. Great fun!
It's so much fun being silly, everyone should do it now and then!


Pasadena, Texas is located within the beautiful Houston Metropolitan Area. It is the seventeenth most populous city in the state as well as the second largest city in Harris County. The city has several renowned museums including the Pasadena Historical Museum, the Bay Area Museum, and the Armand Bayou Nature Center. Pasadena also has a thriving community theater, an annual rodeo, and is home to the Pasadena Philharmonic Orchestra, which is composed of music educators, musicians, college students, and selected high school students. And did you know Pasadena was the Strawberry Capital of the world? After Clara Barton of the American Red Cross purchased 1.5 million strawberry plants to aid flood victims, the crops began to flourish in the city throughout the 1930s. To honor that history, the city still holds an annual Pasadena Strawberry Festival. For outdoor enthusiasts, the city operates 15 tennis courts, several baseball fields, and 43 neighborhood parks. These incredible spaces include over 14 miles of nature trails, four youth recreational centers, three pools, a dog park, a golf course, and a senior citizen center.


Galaxy S6 has been plagued with a reduced battery life problem ever since the device was released by Samsung, and the newer Lollipop updates don't seem to address the issue.
Try switching your home and lock screen wallpaper to a simple black screen, as this will result in reduced usage of the AMOLED display with the processor not rendering any colours or content on the screen.
Then you can download the Mini icon pack from the Google Play Store, which will once again help in cutting down on processor and display resources.
Next up you can install the Nova Launcher, which is also available for free download via Play Store.
Finally, you can install the Pixel Filter which will actually disable unwanted pixels on the screen to save battery. However, it is recommended that you keep switching between the pixel-pattern to ensure that the AMOLED display does not burn out with the same individual pixel (black) being activated all the time.


I do have permissions as I'm logged in as a domain admin. So, I tried uninstalling the old version of splunk so that I could just do a clean install. It uninstalled fine, but got the same error after trying to install the new version. The services are using local system, so there shouldn't be an issue there. The splunk services are still listed in the services.msc. They are stopped and when I try to start them I get the error: Windows could not start the Splunkd service on local computer. Error 2: The system could not find the file specified. Which makes sense because I uninstalled it so splunkd.exe is no longer there.
Oh, and I've tried restarting the server...didn't work.
After you removed Splunk Forwarder, you should try and remove those left over splunk services from the service manager manually before you install the new Splunk 4.2 I'm not sure why the 4.1.7 installer is leaving those services behind.
Thanks for the tip! That worked on one of my servers. Unfortunately I have three more that still aren't installing. The services are gone, but now I'm getting the same error above except with the exit code of 7.
It is not working in my case.
yannk, it seems like the user that you're trying to install splunk with doesn't have permissions to create the splunk services. What's your situation? Are you setting Splunk to run as Domain user or Local System user?
Got it all figured out… In my situation the user tried to install a Forwarder OVER a full Splunk installation, not understanding the process. He had to back out of the install due to errors. The documentation clearly states Important: Do not install the universal forwarder over an existing installation of full Splunk. This resulted in the disappearance of splunkd in the services manager. Upon uninstalling the services as part of a reinstall, even though I was deleting the Splunk services manually they were not being released in memory so I could not overwrite them when I went to do a new install. Whenever I went to reinstall I got the error message: "Splunk Installer was unable to create Splunk Services. Please make sure that the user running the installer has the correct privileges, including being able to create Windows Services. Exitcode='1'". ANSWER: Make sure that the Splunk install folder does not have "read-only" anywhere within its properties. 2. Bounce Splunk after you do an installer uninstall on Windows or you manually delete the services. Windows will not always release the memory. It makes it appear as if its a permission issue which is common on Windows2008 r2 which only exacerbates issues.
Found the easiest way to add or remove the services is to run "splunk enable boot-start" or "splunk disable boot-start"
I want you to know that I had been racking my brain on this for three days until I finally ran across this post. Even though nearly two years later and version 6.1.6, I hit the EXACT same problem after an error caused the rollback to fail except splunkweb and not splunkd service was causing the error (I believe vince2010091 was alluding to that fact). Splunkweb got deleted leaving only splunkd. Manually deleting the splunkd service via command line and rebooting allowed me to successfully upgrade to v6.1.6.
Why are there duplicate forwarder entries IP and FQDN after upgrade from 6.1.4 to 6.2?
Why am I getting a "File in use" error when trying to upgrade our forwarder to version 6.6.6?


Some have chemicals that are harmful, and may damage your pipes. Try to select a brand with less harmful chemicals. Some chemicals will kill the bacteria your plumbing system needs to function properly and could even be harmful to humans. If you are installing a new water heater and you notice a pipe extending from the drainage pipe, make sure this pipe is reconnected. This pipe is likely for recirculating hot water, which makes a significant difference in water-heater efficiency. If you notice water dripping or signs of water staining on your walls, you should immediately turn off your water supply and notify a plumber. This may be a sign of a serious problem with your plumbing. These problems could potentially cause flooding as well as mold and mildew, which may be harmful to your health. If your work is outdoors, pace yourself and don't get overexposed to the sun. Just because you're used to the heat when you work in the sun doesn't mean you're not at risk of heat stroke. Water should never accumulate around your water heating unit. Top 10 Plumbers Tualatin OR If you insist on using them, wear gloves and long sleeved shirts.
To eliminate the possibility of having frozen pipes, maintain a constant temperature in your home above freezing, and be certain to adequately insulate those pipes that are out in the weather. Obviously, if it is below freezing outdoors, the pipes will be subjected to the same temperatures. In the very least, you could lose running water inside while waiting for the pipes to unfreeze. Frozen pipes can also burst, which can be very messy and expensive to repair. It is important that you do not pay a plumber in full, until all of the work is complete and satisfactory. There might be a down payment required, but you do not give him the total cost before he is finished. Agree with the plumber in advance on the job and payment. If you have a clogged toilet with the water level very low, and plunging it isn't working, it's possible to resolve this by pouring warm water from a bucket directly into the toilet bowl from about waist level. You could repeat this process again if the water in the toilet bowl gets low. Position a strainer over all drains to collect any particles that would otherwise go down the drain and possibly cause a stoppage. Kitchen sink strainers should be cleaned every time they collect large food particles. Bathroom Sink These tablets have chemicals that can damage rubber parts that are essential to the proper functioning of your toilet.
If you have noisy pipes that sound like hammering or squeaking, this is something that is easy to fix. , Take preventative measures to keep your plumbing costs low. Drain clogs are a common plumbing expense. Drains are easily clogged by hair. Putting a strainer on your drain can solve this problem. You can remove hair much easier from a screen as opposed to getting it out of the inside of a pipe. Clean the aerator to fix low water pressure issues that are caused by the buildup of sediment. To clean the aerator, you first want to disassemble the faucet and remove it. After that, remove the aerator and scrub it clean with a fine brush. You can use vinegar or some other type of cleaning solution to assist in the task. Then simply rinse and reattach the aerator. Cleaning the aerator in this manner removes obstacles clogging it, which then allows it to regulate the water pressure properly.
If there is too much pressure within the pipe, it may burst, causing other forms of damage in the home. Trenchless Sewer Repair Ashland OR, You now know what you need to know, and have the equipment necessary to start doing some serious plumbing. Terrific! No matter how much you know about plumbing, you can always get better, and the suggestions you read can help you do just that. You might have found a frequent type of plumbing job you do. Helpful Advice To Successfully Completing Plumbing Projects Everyone who owns a home knows how common plumbing problems can be. These issues tend to crop up somewhere near or in the bathroom, and also around the kitchen. Unfortunately, you should expect that plumbing issues can arise at any given time. Here are some helpful plumbing tips in case you find yourself in that situation, or any other situation where you will need to do some plumbing work. If you know what tools you should use, it can help you deal with your plumbing problems in the right way. Use as many resources as you need, such as online or the library, to find the right information to repair your plumbing issues. Have everything you need by way of tools and information before you attempt a repair on your own. If your toilet gets clogged, there is a low level of water in toilet, and the plunger is not working, you may fix the problem by dumping warm water from a bucket into your toilet from about waist level.
Make sure all the members of your family know where the cut-off valves are.


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Q: How to dynamically change the skin of an activity? How can I change the theme of an Android app in an automated way?

A: To set the theme dynamically at runtime, call setTheme() in your activity's onCreate() method, before calling setContentView().  To change the theme, you simply need to restart your activity.
Here is a nice tutorial on how dynamically apply themes.
and this one too.


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Home › News › Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Werribee Park Hosts Outdoor Premier of 'New Moon'
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Werribee Park Hosts Outdoor Premier of 'New Moon'
by Caleb Mitchell November 24, 2009
. THOUSANDS of Twilight fans descended on Werribee Park last week for Australia's largest single screening of teen vampire movie New Moon.
The screening launched Regent Cinemas Werribee and Parks Victoria's season of outdoor movie screenings at the park.
The long-awaited New Moon was adapted from a novel by US author Stephanie Meyer. It is the second instalment in her Twilight series of four books, which follow a mortal teenager who unwittingly falls in love with a vampire.
New Moon premiered in Australia at midnight last Thursday, and to a crowd of 2000 at Werribee Park.
>A sign near the park's entrance flashed sell-out . The line of people waiting to enter stretched back more than 200m.
As well as the premiere, a special encore performance of the first movie in the series, Twilight, screened from 9pm last Wednesday, on a giant blow-up screen in front of Werribee Mansion.
Werribee's Ashleigh Buckley and Alex Nuske, both 16, queued for four hours outside the park for a prime position on the lawn.
It'll be worth it, Ashleigh said.
Kyle Harvey, of Hoppers Crossing, and Matt Harrower, of Werribee, came prepared for the marathon screenings, bringing a couch.
We were forced by the girlfriends to come and didn't want to sit in a deck chair for eight hours, Mr Harvey said.
It was a late night for Wyndham Vale student Nicole, 12.
She was so excited about the screening that she hardly slept the night before it.
John Taylor, of Altona, was with his wife, Debbie, 47, who said she had read the books three times over .
Maggie Cunningham, 24, who travelled from Ferntree Gully, said Twilight appealed to all ages.
I think it's because it's a love story, they just transcend age, she said.
Alicia Taylor, 21, of Hoppers Crossing, said unlike another movie phenomenon, Harry Potter, Twilight was more realistic.
Harry Potter was more fantasy and magic but with Twilight you're like, 'that guy could be the guy sitting next to me in class', she said.
Alicia said the outdoor screenings were great. It's like the movies in the Botanic Gardens, she said.
I don't know why they haven't done it before.
Parks Victoria said it received no major complaints. It said the 2.15am finish was a one-off, and that future screenings would end about 11.30pm.
Upcoming outdoor screenings include Fame on December 5, and in 2010, Alvin and the Chipmunks 2 on January 16, The Notebook on February 13, Bourne Supremacy on March 13 and Armageddon on March 27.
Kellie Cameron
source-http://wyndham-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/screens-of-delight-at-twilight-premiere/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Will the AAMD's Newly Updated Guidelines Lead to Substantial Change in Museum Collecting Practices?
In late January, the Association of Art Museum Directors (the AAMD) announced that it was publishing a revision to its "Guidelines on the Acquisition of Archaeological Material and Ancient Art," following its mid-winter meeting in Kansas City, Missouri. The AAMD had not changed these guidelines since 2008, and many museums, dealers, archaeologists, and scholars alike eagerly awaited the updates. The AAMD represents 217 art museum directors in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Several new innovations have been introduced. The most significant updates revolve around the AAMD's Object Registry. This registry was created for museums to post information on acquisitions of selected works of archaeological and ancient art that are lacking in complete provenance after 1970. In 2008, AAMD wrote guidelines advising museums that they should generally not acquire a work unless clear proof exists that the object was outside the United States prior to 1970 or that it was legally exported from another country after 1970 (that year is significant because UNESCO ratified a landmark convention prohibiting traffic in illicit antiquities). Since 2008, many museums have listed information about antiquities they have acquired that do not meet the 1970 standard on the Object Registry, but the guidelines were not clearly delineated. The AAMD has clarified rules regarding this registry: AAMD members must now publish all provenance information that the museum has regarding these objects, as well as specific details about how the acquisition meets the standards of the guidelines. Also significantly, the AAMD's Code of Ethics has been amended to state that posting to the Registry is now a mandatory requirement. Failure to adhere to this provision subjects a museum director to "reprimand, suspension, or expulsion" from AAMD. The guidelines provide additional detail about the considerations to be taken into account when deciding whether to acquire a work that is either archaeological material or ancient art. And finally, the guidelines also address handling of promised gifts and estate plans made before the 2008 report was issued. The revised guidelines state that gifts promised and bequests made prior to 2008 can be accepted, provided they are also posted to the Object Registry when accessioned into a museum's collection.
There has also been doubt expressed as to whether these amendments on paper will have a substantial effect in actual museum practice. Renowned scholar Patty Gerstenblith, chairman of the Cultural Property Advisory Committee (CPAC) and the director of the Center for Art, Museum and Cultural Heritage Law at DePaul University, said, "What I want to see is the museums not acquiring these things in the first place. It remains to be seen how they enforce that part." Lee Rosenbaum of CultureGrrl also expressed concerns over lack of enforceability of the new rules and stated overall that the new guidelines seem to provide new loopholes for museums to get around the 1970 rule (although she approved of the amendment to the Code of Ethics, making posting to the Object Registry mandatory).
Though there is certainly reason to be skeptical that these rules will not be effective without strong enforcement mechanisms, the AAMD appears to be taking a step in the right direction. A central problem in the art world is the traditional lack of transparency in transactions of museums, dealers, auction houses, and private collectors. Although it is not always possible to find a perfectly clean provenance record for antiquities and artworks that are thousands of years old, the lack of transparency is compounded by the fact that no centralized, international registry exists for artifacts and artworks with questionable provenance (although organizations like The Art Loss Register, Nazi-Era Provenance Internet Portal, and International Foundation for Art Research are attempting to fill this gap and provide more transparency). The requirement of online publication is an important one, as it will force museums to be more attentive to their acquisition processes, particularly if it is mandatory to publish information about them. Although illicit and questionable collecting practices will undoubtedly continue, the publication requirement on the Object Registry is a step in the right direction because it represents an attempt to make more public the dealings of institutions whose acquisition practices have traditionally been kept secret.


68081 - BQA ADRA LOCAL Train Time Table: This train runs from BANKURA (BQA) to ADRA JN (ADRA) 7 days of week on MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN. It starts from BANKURA (BQA) at 04:00 and arrives at ADRA JN (ADRA) at 04:55 hrs on same day. It takes around 1 day(s) to cover the distance of 53 km and stops at 8 stations during the journey between BANKURA (BQA) and ADRA JN (ADRA).


The Early Childhood Development Center at Sul Ross State University provides affordable year-round care for the children of SRSU students, faculty and staff members. Serving children ages 6 weeks to 10 years old, it is currently the only licensed center in Alpine providing care for children younger than 2 years of age.
The center strives to be a development center, not just a daycare. The staff, which includes some students as well as members of the community, receives monthly training with an emphasis on areas of development, setting developmentally appropriate goals and providing positive behavior management.
The center was established in January 2002 to provide care to children of Sul Ross students. Construction of a new facility was completed in 2007 with a total square footage of 4,000 square feet.


living in flocks or herds, as animals.
pertaining to a flock or crowd.
Today is Nate's 9th birthday. I am so glad that he is in our family. He loves people, all people, especially people who have time to listen to him talk. At school, all the staff members know him well and comment to me about the kind things he has to say to them. I love to watch him on sundays as he "makes his rounds" before church. He tells all the older ladies how their outfits make them look "just like super models", and has hugs for all.
He is good at math and is seeing the results of his efforts to be a better reader. He tries to be kind to every one (even his "smelly" sister). He has recently found a niche for helping me around the house, he has taken over maintaining the garden. He has weeded and watered and harvested all winter for me. It was a pretty little garden. This week he has been pulling up the last of the garden and we are preparing to till it. Seeds are ordered and Nate is looking forward to planting lima beans. I have never grown lima beans before.
The elementary school held a track meet (in February). All 4 of our elementary kids participated. Abby won several of her races, and got a ribbon for the running long jump. They all got ribbons and had a lot of fun! It was well organized, I heard nothing but positive comments from the parents in the stands with us. All the kids were happy.
Also funny, while the kids were getting organized for the last race of the day, the announcer said that it was time for the parents race. Kenneth said he would run. Sydney asked me if she could run as a parent. I told her she could. There was a family behind us and their kids (19, 20 year olds) wanted to be parents too, so I graciously told them that they could. The 4 of them went down to the starting line and were hanging around. No one looked like they were in charge of the race, so I let the announcer know that there were some "parents" ready to run. He laughed and told me that no one in 7 years had wanted to run in a parents race. "It's a joke". They threw a relay together and there were 5 teams of parents and teachers. It was a great race! Kenneth, Syd and the 2 kids that I told could be parents made a team together and won the race. It turns out that the 2 kids are serious runners, they were really fast.


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Kenton On Sea
Kidd's Beach
Off-Camber 4x4 Trail
40km from Port Elizabeth
Bedrogfontein 4x4 Trail
5km from Kirkwood
With the most recorded sunshine hours in South Africa, the name Sunshine Coast is no idle boast or empty promise. Situated between Port Elizabeth and East London, the quaintness of the Sunshine Coast is a welcome escape from big-city bustle.
The area includes the inland towns of Alexandria, Salem and Bathhurst, with kilometres of beaches accessed via Cannon Rocks, Boknes, Bushmans River Mouth, Kenton-on-sea, Kasouga, Port Alfred and the Great Fish River area. The mixed derivations of these names suggest the rich cultural heritage of the area – the primary meeting point of San, Xhosa, Boer and British. The British influence is clear in the architecture of Bathhurst, Salem and Grahamstown.
Driving on the N2 or its tributaries the R67 or R72, the rolling green hills Lord Charles Somerset likened to English parklands were not exactly what the settlers expected. The unique dark golden-green shade of the Albany Thicket biome is due to the dense growth of hardy drought-resistant plants such as aloe, euphorbia and spekboom. Rain falls in winter and summer, and while not frequent, it is at times unpredictable, so the vegetation is built to withstand fickle skies.
Although unattractively scrubby to some, the Thicket contains 20% of the 316 threatened plant species found in the Eastern Cape, making it an important centre of endemism.
One is tempted to describe this beautiful and unusual landscape as "untouched", but the area has long been farmed, with cattle, sheep, ostriches, pineapples and chicory among its historically successful concerns. Many farms have since been converted back into game reserves, such as the world-class, malaria-free Kariega and Shamwari Reserves. Game fences line the long, quiet, tarred roads and drivers are often startled at the sight of elephants, giraffes or other game grazing along the fences.
Drivers should also look out for smaller wildlife - porcupines, small antelope, hares, snakes, owls and tortoises - crossing the roads at dawn, dusk and at night.
The beaches and dunes of this coastline are magnificent. The Alexandria dunefield - famously the largest active dunefield in the world - and the exquisite Alexandria State Forest have been absorbed by the Greater Addo Elephant National Park.
While Kenton-on-sea and Port Alfred are the main seaside attractions, the family-oriented Cannon Rocks, Boknes and Kasouga are popular places to buy holiday homes and have a few lovely self-catering and guest cottages.
The Dias Cross at Kwaaihoek is a replica of the padrão erected there by Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias on his 1488 cruise past the South African coast. At the Cross there is a deck for dolphin sightings and whale-spotting in late spring and early summer. In season, southern right whales are sighted all along the Sunshine Coast.
Despite its fairly good roads and obvious attractions, this area is still, miraculously, relatively unspoilt and undeveloped. With the exception of the graceful Port Alfred Marina, attempts to beat its bush and rivers into commercial shape have been abandoned and it remains gentle, peaceful, simple, pristine and soul-enriching.
Situated on the Indian Ocean, one needn't expect the "bath water" temperatures of KwaZulu-Natal - Sunshine Coast swims are invigoratingly cool and sometimes chilly, but seldom as achingly cold as the Western Cape.
The area doesn't have the same flashy allure as other popular seaside destinations, but if you think of the coast as a place to relax and unwind, rather than paint the town red, there is no better place to visit.
Addo Elephant National Park, 30 minutes from PE, features the "Big Seven" (the Big Five, plus southern right whales and great white sharks).
Explore Alexandria's dunefields on the two-day Alexandria Hiking Trail or the seven-kilometre Dassie Day Trail, named for a rare tree dassie in the area.
Bathurst - founded in 1820, this "English country village in Africa", 10 minutes from Port Alfred, is home to the Pig & Whistle, the oldest pub in South Africa, and the 16,7-metre-high Big Pineapple.
With unspoiled beaches, the tiny villages of Cannon Rocks, Boknes, Kleinemonde are a fisherman's and bird-watcher's paradise. Cannon Rocks is named for its two cannons and anchor. The Dias Cross at Kwaaihoek is an uplifting thee-kilometre walk from Boknes across incredible sandy beaches, or a six-kilometre walk at low tide from Bushmans River.
Bushmans River – the second-longest navigable river in South Africa, with 22 kilometres of navigable water, is a favourite with canoeists, sailors, water-skiers and fishermen.
Kasouga – maintains its rustic beginnings with dirt roads and no streetlights, hotels and shops, wonderful birdlife and an exquisite lagoon.
Port Alfred – enjoy the elegance of the Royal Alfred Marina. Famous for its annual powerboat race, Port Alfred offers provides great shopping, dining, and beauty retreats.
The Sunshine Coast, and nearby holiday meccas such as Great Fish River, St Francis Bay, Cape St Francis, Jeffreys Bay, Tsitsikamma and the Wild Coast, offers excellent surfing, adventure and water sports, fishing, nature reserves and world-class hikes, mountain biking, canoeing, beach horse-rides, bird watching, 4x4 trails, game-viewing, golf, and as well as rich local arts and culture.
In the Heart of a Super Pod
Valda 4:01pm 20 Mar
Words Gerhard Horn, Photo credit: Land Rover
Land Rover recently invited Leisure Wheels to join marine biologist Monty Halls while he investigated the annual sardine run. What we encountered was beyond belief.
What's the most beautiful thing you have ever seen? Think about that for a few seconds and decide on a single moment that blew your mind – a moment that you'll treasure and that will stick in your mind for the rest of your life.
That's what we went in search of when Land Rover invited Leisure Wheels along on the Shoals of Agulhas expedition,...
4x4 in the Sunshine Coast
A Villa de MerAccommodation, Port Alfred
Addo Dung Beetle Guest FarmAccommodation, Addo
Addo Palace Ndebele Bush LodgeAccommodation, Paterson
Admiralty Beach HouseAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Algoa Guest HouseAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Bedrogfontein 4x4 Trail4x4, Kirkwood
Carnarvon DaleAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Carslogie HouseAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Cosmos CuisineAccommodation, Addo
De Old Drift Guest FarmAccommodation, Addo
Forest Hall Guest HouseAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Hitgeheim Country LodgeAccommodation, Addo
Kuzuko LodgeAccommodation, Somerset East
Lemon Tree LaneAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Off-Camber 4x4 Trail4x4, Port Elizabeth
Quatermain's 1920's Safari CampAccommodation, Port Elizabeth
Sibuya Game Reserve & Tented CampsAccommodation, Kenton On Sea
The Beach HouseAccommodation, Port Alfred
The Loerie HideAccommodation, East London
The Lookout GuesthouseAccommodation, Port Alfred
Woodall Country House & SpaAccommodation, Addo
Woodbury Tented CampAccommodation, Kenton On Sea
View all 4x4 in the Eastern Cape


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American Imperialism's Undead
Academic Responses
The Corvee
October 1, 2018 by Raphael Dalleo
On October 1st, 1918, the corvee was abolished in Haiti. The U.S. occupying forces had implemented the corvee in 1917 to build a highway system on the island. With nearly all of Haiti's revenues diverted to National City Bank for debt repayment, building the infrastructure necessary to transporting military vehicles and equipment throughout the island would have to be performed by unpaid labor. The corvee allowed the government to conscript Haitians into road construction.
James Weldon Johnson describes: "the Occupation seized men wherever it could find them, and no able-bodied Haitian was safe from such raids, which most closely resembled the African slave raids of past centuries. And slavery it was—though temporary. By day or by night, from the bosom of their families, from their little farms or while trudging peacefully on the country roads, Haitians were seized and forcibly taken to toil for months in far sections of the country."
By the time the corvee was abolished, it had become a symbol of the occupation's tyranny and helped incite the Caco uprising of 1918-1919.
See James Weldon Johnson, "What the United States Has Accomplished." The Nation 4 September 1920. In Self-Determining Haiti.
Filed Under: The Occupation 100 Years Later
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American Elm
The American elm was widely planted throughout the United States and in the 1960's came under attack from Dutch Elm Disease. Millions of these trees were lost to Dutch Elm Disease. There are now disease resistant varieties being introduced to the market but we recommend exercising caution when planting these and not to overplant. The new varieties have been found to grow very fast and need a considerable amount of care and pruning when young. I have included descriptions, written by Chad Giblin, of some of the new varieties that are commercially available. This includes hybrid varieties as well.
1) Accolade Elm
This Morton Arboretum introduction has been a great selection for many years. This tree has a mature form that is similar to the American elm, but is slightly more upright and a bit smaller. Accolade™ has shown excellent performance in winter hardiness tests in the Twin Cities area, and generally outperforms many other varieties in terms of insect resistance as well. In 2004 we discovered two Accolade™ elms that had Dutch elm disease. While this is disconcerting, it was a good reminder of what the term resistant means; none of these selections are immune to DED. One of the two trees, currently under observation at the U of MN, currently has no symptoms of the disease and continues to grow with incredible vigor!
2) New Horizon Elm
The New Horizon elm is a product of a cross between U. pumila and U. japonica and is an introduction from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It has many of the desirable features required for growth in the urban forest: fast growth, good insect resistance, and good DED resistance. In some cases co-dominant leaders and heavy side-branches can develop quickly on this variety, so higher levels of maintenance are required, especially in young trees. Like the Homestead elm, New Horizon appears to be favored by elm leaf beetle and has shown moderate feeding in our research plots.
3) Princeton Elm
Princeton is a true American elm that was actually selected for "superior horticultural qualities" prior to the DED epidemic (Stennes, 2003). This tree is slightly more upright than many of the seedling American elms around and it is this habit that requires much more attention to pruning during formative years as side branches develop quickly and may become included or dysfunctional very quickly. Outbreaks of Japanese beetles will result in heavy feeding on most young American elms, including Princeton and Valley Forge. Long-term effects of this feeding are currently unknown for our region. Other areas in the USA report recovery after a new flush of foliage. Princeton is not patented and can be legally propagated by anyone! In propagation studies at the U of MN, this tree is quite easy to clone using summer softwood cuttings. This tree received a lot of press coverage in 2007 and since has seen wider availability at a major home-improvement store locally. Like most American elms, young Princetons will require a heavy dose of structural pruning to establish good form.
4) St. Croix elm
Selected from a massive parent tree in Afton, Minn., the 'St. Croix' American elm joins the ranks of Dutch elm disease-tolerant elms with a Minnesota twist. Since its discovery by U of M alumnus Mark Stennes, researchers in the Departments of Plant Pathology and Forest Resources have cloned and screened the tree for Dutch elm disease tolerance. Young specimens grow at an incredible pace and have gracefully arching branches and dark green leaves. Like all American elms, 'St. Croix' can thrive in tough environmental conditions.
5) Triumph Elm
Triumph™ is another new selection out of the Morton Arboretum in Illinois. Its parentage includes Vanguard™ and Accolade™. If you are looking for a tree with larger leaves than Accolade™, this might be the one! It has been relatively carefree in the nursery setting and has all the qualities of Accolade™ without many of the drawbacks like branch inclusion, breakage and so forth. It is reported to have less resistance to foliage feeders like the elm leaf beetle, however. This selection has also shown excellent performance on brownfield sites. Several have been growing in some of the worst sites in Minneapolis and Saint Paul for over ten years and show great promise for tough urban sites!
6) Valley Forge elm
Valley Forge is a true American elm introduction from U.S. National Arboretum with outstanding DED resistance. This tree has a lot of well-earned notoriety for being hard to manage in the nursery and as a young tree in the landscape! Once it gets into larger stem caliper ranges it seems to "settle down" a little and take on a more manageable form and habit. If you are interested in trying this tree, be ready to devote enough time to pruning it for long-term health and branch structure. Young Valley Forge (less than 10in DBH) should be pruned at least every two years for the first 10 to 12 years. It is reported to be 96% resistant to DED in inoculation studies and appears to be fully hardy in USDA Hardiness Zone 4. Also note susceptibility to Japanese beetle feeding, noted above under Princeton.


"Wheeet Wheeaal," the wolf whistle was unmistakable. I knew immediately that it was directed toward Jane, who, after all, is more than well-preserved for one in the early years of her eighth decade. OK, she's 71 but that is the beginning of that decade and she is a good-looking woman, if one is allowed to say that about one's wife.
The source of the whistle though, was less certain. The fellow grilling the evening meal on the table-top hibachi at the campsite beside us probably had an appreciative eye, but I could not imagine a man being so obviously fresh, the more so since he's probably my age or a bit older. And his wife is right there!
When next I heard a laughing cackle and then a coarse "Help me! Help me!" I realized that, at last, we had neighbors in the campground without a pet on a leash (one fellow was walking two dogs and a cat, all on leashes). We had a parrot in the $240,000 motor home next door.
I decided right then and there that I want one of those. No, not the sleek, brown, beige and black RV. I want a parrot! If this election results in a Republican win, I'll lose my voice crying for help. If it is President-elect Romney who grins at us late Tuesday night, we are all going to need all the help we can get.
Parrot is perfect for the parroting empty suit with the permanent smirk.


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On 27 August, Serraj met with Sudanese president Bashir and they agreed to cooperate on security issues with a particular emphasis on fighting terrorism and border security. Misratan security forces arrested Usama Jadhran in Misrata for his alleged membership of Ansar al-Sharia and connections with ISIS.
The Justice and Construction party has turned on Tripoli's Dar Al-Ifta head, Sheikh Sadek Ghariani after he pronounced that anyone who backed the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) was "non-believer". The party declared that the sheikh's denunciation of LPA supporters was "irresponsible" and that it would engender further bloodshed. The JC insists that the PC and the LPA were the only option for Libya.
On 13 August, a delegation of Misratan power brokers and senior BM figures travelled to Qatar to meet with Qatari officials. Media reports say Qatar is prepared to support the BM's military operations in addition to logistical support. The conflict between the LNA and DMSC deescalated slightly as the LNA eased the full siege it enacted on Derna two weeks ago, but new airstrikes on DMSC positions in the west of the city indicate a potential for re-escalation.
In late July after the DMSC downed an LNA jet over Derna and alleged killed and mutilated its pilot Adel Jehani, triggering a tightening of the LNA siege on the city. Local sources report that the LNA's Saiqa Special Forces have reportedly moved to Derna to join the LNA in preparation for a major assault on the city in conjunction with an internal uprising, targeting key DMSC leaders and military targets.
On 26 July, Libyan National Army (LNA) Special Operations forces posted photos of a captured Ansar al-Sharia senior leader, Ibrahim Abu Nawwara. Conflict in Derna between the LNA and DMSC escalated last week following LNA airstrikes against the DMSC. On 29 July, the DMSC shot down an LNA MiG-23 fighter jet, and apprehended both the pilot and the co-pilot. The LNA announced a return to full fledged siege, and shut down all routes into Derna in reprisal. The latest escalation is reportedly the result of a tightening military and social noose around the DMSC.


….and not a minute too soon.
Our favourite NDG Hollywood star Jay Baruchel takes the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, at the request of his pal Geddy Lee of Rush fame. But before he dumps the ice on his head, the star of The Trotsky and Knocked Up officially ends this Internet madness once and for all. In recent days, more and more voices have been raised, questioning whether pouring a bucket of ice on your head is the best way to raise awareness about charitable causes.


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Home / GIFTS / Shop By Decade / 60's / Apache – The Shadows (1960)
Apache – The Shadows (1960)
Apache - The Shadows (1960) quantity
An Individual, limited edition, example of vinyl record silhouette art made from a genuine, original, 45rpm, 7" single of Apache by The Shadows from 1960. Released by Columbia records this vinyl single has been reworked into the silhouette of an American Apache Indian.
Apache is a much-recorded instrumental written by English songwriter and composer Jerry Lordan. The title Apache reflects the source of Lordan's inspiration: the 1954 American western film Apache. The original version was recorded by the British group the Shadows, recorded in 1960. It topped the UK Singles Chart for five weeks.
SKU: UB_TTT1-1-1 Categories: 60's, GIFTS, Gifts For Dads, Gifts For Him, People & Professions Collection, POP, SALE, STAGE & SCREEN
Presented in a satin black box frame
Title: Apache
Media Artist/s: The Shadows
Record Label:Columbia
The Jean Genie – David Bowie (1972)
You're viewing: Apache – The Shadows (1960) £54.95 £24.95


It would not be possible to describe the joys of rural Cheshire without mentioning the traditional pub. The traditional pub, serving cask ales in front of roaring fires is rapidly disappearing from the much of the country. However, you have no fear of remaining parched for too long in this part of Cheshire.
Within a five mile radius of Stoneyfold Park, there are some fantastic, award-winning pubs serving real ale and excellent food made with local produce. We can recommend Sutton Hall in Sutton, The Leather's Smithy in Langley, the Hanging Gate in Higher Sutton and the Ship Inn in Wincle.
The Leathers Smithy Built in the 18th Century alongside Macclesfield Forest Reservoir, this stone built former smithy is warm and cosy with real fires and a stone flagged bar area. The Leathers Smithy attracts walkers and fishermen, but being only three miles from Macclesfield, also has its regular fans from the busy market town.
The Hanging Gate Inn near Langley is an old Drovers pub, licensed for over 300 years. The pub sign is a hanging gate with the legend 'This gate hangs here and troubles None. Refresh and Pay and Travel On'. Situated on the high moors in an elevated position you can take in the splendid views as you relax and enjoy great food and drinks.
Sutton Hall is located about 5 miles from our Park. The pub is a 480 year old manor house, family home of the Earls of Lucan and a former convent. You'll find nooks and crannies everywhere, with a snug, a library and a warren of seven different dining areas, with plenty of terraces and gardens to enjoy the sun.
The Ship Inn is a quintessential unspoilt country pub, serving real ales, a selection of Belgian beers and fine wines. They have a regularly updated menu based on fresh, local produce wherever possible, and bar snacks are available at any time. They also offer an outside bar service for weddings and other functions.


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A Spice Girls Exhibition is Happening
The largest touring exhibition of Spice Girls memorabilia in the world is coming to the UK.
Text: Gretty Garcia
Starting next month, music fans and Spice Girls enthusiasts alike will be able to bear witness to iconic costume pieces, merchandise, and other memorabilia that pays homage to one of the most renowned girl groups of our time.
Other, more interactive, activities for those lucky enough to be near the exhibit include a Spice Girls themed bus tour of London, music events, dance classes, and more. Described as "a fantastic trip down pop music history ," we have no doubt that SpiceUp will reinvigorate its visitors and potentially even talks of a potential reunion - rumors have been in circulation since 2016.
SpiceUp is scheduled to hit both the London Business Design Centre from July 28 to August 20, and will then switch locations to Manchester Central from August 24 to September 4.
Meet TV's First Black Lesbian Superhero
The Many Mixed Responses to Disney's New Film Moana
The Women's March in Chicago
VTV PRESENTS | Unshaded


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A Parish Plan is a plan of parish showing the boundaries of occupied, reserved or privately owned land, the names of first grantees, and the purchase dates.
Before the advent of GIS Systems and digital cadastre, parish plans were an important resource for Council Engineering Departments, who were the traditional keepers of parish and other survey plans.
Victoria is divided into administrative districts known as counties, parishes and townships. The maps of these districts record the transfer of land from government to private ownership, with each plan showing the boundaries of occupied, reserved or privately owned land, the names of first grantees, and the purchase dates. They show only the first purchaser of each block of land – subsequent owners are not recorded.
Subdivision Plan
Survey Plan
State Library of Victoria


Melt 2 Tbl butter in 10-inch skillet over medium until sizzling, then add broccoli. Cook, stirring occasionally, until crispy/tender (about 4-5 minutes).
Meanwhile, place whipping cream and 1/4 cup butter in a 1-quart saucepan. Cook over medium-low heat, stirring frequently until butter is melted. Stir in Parmesan cheese until melted and smooth (5-6 minutes). Remove from heat.
Pour Parmesan sauce over pasta and add broccoli, chicken, bacon, and garlic salt. Gently stir until well mixed.
Spoon into serving dish and sprinkle with additional Parmesan cheese if desired.


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At De Cardenas Dental Center, we strive to deliver the best diagnosis and treatments that dentistry has to offer. We treat each of our patients with respect and professionalism at all times, providing each person with excellent care, timely communication, and prompt dental services.
We value you as our patient and as a person. When you choose De Cardenas Dental Center for your oral health, you will be satisfied. We put your care above everything else. You are our number 1 priority!
We study and review your diagnosis and go over the alternatives, taking time to answer all your questions or concerns so you can make an educated choice on the treatment that's best for you.
We charter a treatment plan and discuss it with you so you know what to expect every step of the way.
We will review the fees and charges the treatment will entail, and will create the necessary arrangements so they will make sense for both, you and our Dental Center.
We vow to earn your trust at every step of your oral health treatment with us. We will celebrate our small victories, and gain feedback from you along the way. We will always follow the path to a healthy and radiant smile.
You can request an appointment through our website. A member of our office staff will contact you within 24 hours to confirm a time that will work with your schedule.
For your convenience, we offer evening appointments throughout the week. If, for any reason, you cannot keep a scheduled appointment, or will be delayed, please call us as soon as possible.
Any matter concerning reserved time is to be handled by our patient coordinator during our business hours. We require a minimum of 48 hours advance notice to change or cancel a scheduled consultation. If an appointment is canceled, rescheduled for another day, or missed after the required notice, the consultation fee will be non-refundable.
We accept most conventional dental insurance plans and PPO programs. Please call 305-821-2752 to inquiry about your insurance program.
Most Payment Plans such as Care Credit and City Health.
Payment Plans can be divided throughout the time of your treatment.
Financing for up to 5 years or Interest-Free Financing for up to 12 months.
Pre-Payment discounts of 5% to patients who pay in full before the start of their treatment.
We accept American Express, Visa, Master Card and Discover. Debit Cards are also accepted.
We accept all P.P.O. insurances.
Our dental center in Miami Lakes is equipped with modern, state of the art technology and amenities including X-Rays, water filtration systems, coffee and refreshment bar, heated towels, and television set in each suite.


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Back to Art /
Orchard TreesNouvelles Images Andy Warhol Collection
Item Code: GH-angel-s
Base price $6,113
Includes free standard framing and UK delivery
Signed and titled screenprint, from the Portraits Portfolio.
Printer's proof aside from the main edition of 36.
The Portraits Portfolio, printed in 1997, comprised of a set of 10 screenprints, based on a selected group of Hume's portrait paintings.
Angel was loosely based on a photograph from a fashion magazine.
Gary Stewart Hume RA (born 9 May 1962) is an English artist. Hume's work is strongly identified with the YBA who came to prominence in the early 1990s. Hume lives and works in London and Accord, New York.Hume was born in Tenterden, Kent. He attended Homewood School. He graduated from Goldsmiths College in 1988. His work was included in both Freeze, an exhibition organised by Damien Hirst in 1988, and East Country Yard, a warehouse exhibition organised by Henry Bond and Sarah Lucas in 1990. Hume has become known for depicting everyday subjects using high-gloss industrial paints. His earliest notable works are his "door paintings", life-size representations of hospital doors. These proved a critical success, being shown in Germany and the United States, as well as attracting the attention of collector Charles Saatchi. Hume's work was included in the 1995 exhibition Brilliant!, a showcase of work by YBA artists. In 1997, his work was included in Sensation, a touring show of the Charles Saatchi art collection at the Royal Academy, London. Hume abandoned doors in the mid-1990s, turning to paintings in household gloss paint on aluminium panel, for these often used appropriated images, including pictures of celebrities and animals. Their forms and colours are dramatically simplified, with people being reduced to just two or three colours. At first, Hume used mainly bright colours, but later pieces have used more muted tones.
We deliver art everyday, safely and securely, worldwide and for free in the UK.
Unless specified, your art will come framed, ready for the wall, at no extra cost.
If, for any reason, you are not happy with your purchase please contact us to arrange return and refund.


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Do you experience feeling you have enough expertise from the subject of home repairs? Are you aware methods to repair things properly? You are able to become much more knowledgeable by reading through these pointers.
When you will do home enhancements, make certain you need to do things that'll be viable. Such things as adding a sun roof in Dallas will make nearly no sense. Stay with what's loved, and do not achieve outdoors of the items local climate enables.
Consider obtaining a pergola should you seem like your house is boring. This garden fixture is becoming a lot more common due to the wealthy appearance and ale the pergola to lend romance to shaded areas. They're even easy to construct, especially with the aid of buddies and family. Possess a barbecue over the past weekend, and transform it into a pergola building party.
Inspect your deck to find out if it requires repairing. Look for any boards which are uneven, dry-rotted and for uneven screws or nails.
Hire the services of a skilled chimney sweep on the routine basis. Many of the important should you burn wood, but much more conventional warmth sources require a clean operable chimney to effectively vent. Failure to help keep the chimney clean could cause a build-from poisonous fumes or perhaps a chimney fire.
Consider going for a class at the neighborhood home improvement center. In large diy stores, there is also a wide selection of interesting classes on tile installation, painting and much more. Taking these classes is a great way to discover the fundamentals about enhancing your house.
Not surprisingly, an immaculate, well-crafted door can increase the need for a house around 10 %. You'll be able to freshen the look of your doors by buying one of the numerous types of knob and lock combinations in the marketplace.
When employing a specialist to complete any home restoration projects, it is crucial that you go over their references. Essentially you're employing an worker to perform a project for you. Perform a criminal record check and make sure they've good references from former clients.
It is crucial to alter hvac filters. It causes it to be simpler to inhale your house as well as aids in the environment conditioning and heating. Many service calls to repairmen are due to develop because of dirty filters.
A brand new fitting can brighten a dim bathroom or kitchen without costing a great deal. Track lights with outdated can lights could be changed with sleeker, more visually pleasing lights for under a 1000 dollars. Great for your kitchen area might be pendant lighting. It appears terrific in almost any kitchen having a modern design.
Using a brand new coat of fresh paint for your porch might be needed. Make certain to make use of quality outside fresh paint. You need to match that old fresh paint, whether oil based or water, if whatsoever possible. The unequalled sturdiness of oil-based fresh paint causes it to be well suited for trim, but it is inappropriate for decks or verandas themselves (precipitation causes it to be slippery).
Do it yourself could be tricky, and you'll know a great deal, but could it be enough? The greater you learn, the greater your abilities will build up with time. For those who have become to this point, you're already on the right track for attaining the required information to hone your abilities.


Of Freshkills Park's 2,200 acres, half are now grasslands. The Department of Sanitation (DSNY) created these meadows over the last twenty years as part of the landfill "cap." Layers of soil, geotextiles, and a plastic geomembrane have sealed off the landfill mounds, and native plants have rooted in the topsoil to help prevent erosion. The most prominent grass species planted are Indian grass, big blue stem, switchgrass, and little blue stem. A variety of other flowering species have also cropped up, including asters, goldenrod, bee balm, and milkweeds.
Plants often create the base for entire ecosystems, and they are key in establishing habitats for wildlife. Many grassland bird species need at least 500 continuous acres of grasslands to support them. As agriculture and urbanization have claimed more land throughout the Northeast, grasslands have disappeared, and many species that rely on the habitat are threatened. Freshkills Park, with nearly 1,000 acres of grasslands, represents one of the only viable habitats in the metro New York area for birds like the savannah sparrow and grasshopper sparrow. The New York State Department of Conservation has designated the grasshopper sparrow as a species of special concern.
Annual mowing happens in the fall, after the nesting season. This allows birds to raise their young safely in the tall summer grasses. The timing is also associated with the reproductive cycle of the grasses. By the time mowing occurs, most of the grasses have released their pollen and seeds and the wind has carried them away.
Ongoing research at Freshkills Park seeks to more thoroughly understand the grasslands ecology, in order to inform management strategies. Overlaying growth timings, dispersion patterns, and species compositions with the presence of grassland birds could help researchers determine which habitat characteristics appeal most to the birds. This data will allow the Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks) to encourage those characteristics throughout the park with planning and design informed by ecological research.
In the fall, meadows at Freshkills Park fade from green to brown, and a large industrial mower draws indeterminate shapes in the landscape until the grass blades are just a few centimeters tall. Mowing encourages the growth of beneficial ground covers and discourages the overgrowth of shrubs and trees that could interfere with the landfill cap. This activity is an example of "post-closure care," a term used by environmental conservation agencies to describe the long-term maintenance of a closed landfill.
The vegetation stays short and tawny until late spring, when it wakes up with the arrival of migrating birds. Brome and fescue grasses are among the first to send up green leaves, followed by switchgrass and blue stems. Breeding pairs of sparrows, larks, and blackbirds begin establishing territories and building nests. They weave last season's leaves into their nests to cushion their eggs as the fresh grasses camouflage and cradle them.
To find out when to see the grasslands at Freshkills Park, join the newsletter and follow @freshkillspark on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.