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Rotherham United 'unlikely' to sign striker Georgie Kelly says Paul Warne
Hull City 2 Man City 1: Tigers stun big-spending City
CLEARLY, £150m does not buy a lot these days. Manchester City may be the richest club in the world and able to field 14 players at the KC Stadium whose combined transfer fees amounted to such an eye-watering sum.
Saturday, 6th February 2010, 1:40 pm
Updated Monday, 8th February 2010, 10:48 am
But when it comes to grit, desire and good old-fashioned determination, Hull City proved that money cannot necessarily buy you everything.
The Tigers claimed their first Premier League win in 11 attempts courtesy of a battling display that made a mockery of Manchester City's standing as the richest club in the world.
Hull never let their wealthy visitors settle with their pressing game being so effective that the millionaires from Eastlands were made to look like paupers.
Jozy Altidore and George Boateng netted the goals to ensure Phil Brown's men claimed their first win since Everton lost 3-2 at the KC Stadium on November 25.
But this was a true team effort as every member of the Yorkshire side rose to the challenge of putting a dent in the Blues' Champions League hopes.
At the back, Steven Mouyokolo continued to show the form that suggests Hull picked up a bargain when signing the French defender from Boulogne for around 2m last summer.
His initial appearances in a Tigers shirt at the start of the season were less than convincing. But since returning to the starting line-up in the recent 2-2 draw with Wolves, Mouyokolo has been a tower of strength.
With Anthony Gardner also back on top of his game following the calamitous own goal that allowed Mick McCarthy's side to claim a point nine days ago, the Hull defence comfortably dealt with the 50m strikeforce of Emmanuel Adebayor and Carlos Tevez.
It was a similar story in midfield with teenager Tom Cairney again looking at ease in exalted company alongside the game's outstanding performer George Boateng.
The 34-year-old was magnificent, bringing control and poise to the centre of the field.
Boateng not only scored his first goal since joining the Tigers from Middlesbrough in the summer of 2008, he also played a major part in Hull's opener.
Following on from his similarly impressive display against Chelsea four days earlier, Boateng again justified his decision late last year to turn down a loan move to Ipswich Town when it seemed he was not in Brown's plans.
Against 16m Nigel de Jong and Gareth Barry, a 12m signing from Aston Villa, the veteran who arrived in East Yorkshire on a free transfer from the Riverside Stadium bossed proceedings.
Typical of the impact he made was the key role he played in Hull's 31st-minute opener.
Collecting the ball midway inside the Manchester City half, Boateng used the space afforded him by the slow-to-react opponents by rolling a deft pass into the feet of Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink.
The big Dutch striker neatly laid the ball off to Altidore who cleverly stroked his shot beyond Shay Given and into the net.
Roberto Mancini and his players could have no complaints at falling behind after failing to deal with the home side's high tempo approach.
Altidore's pace had induced yellow cards for Kolo Toure and Dedrcj Boyata inside the opening 19 minutes to leave the Blues' central defensive pairing walking a disciplinary tightrope.
The Tigers had also created the game's better chances with Craig Fagan having shot over inside the first minute and Vennegoor of Hesselink volleying wide after neat work by Andy Dawson and Mouyokolo.
Once ahead, Hull continued to cause the Blues problems and it was no surprise when their lead was doubled nine minutes into the second half.
A powerful burst down the right flank by Fagan, the former Derby man showing tremendous tenacity to shoulder charge Wayne Bridge off the ball, created the initial danger that led to Hull being awarded a corner.
Toure then partially cleared Stephen Hunt's resulting cross towards Boateng who unleashed an unstoppable left-footed volley past Given from 20 yards.
The scenes of uncontained jubilation on three sides of the KC Stadium told their own story only for the visitors to gain a toehold in the game just five minutes later when Adebayor finished from close range.
Mancini, who had sent on new 7m signing Adam Johnson a couple of minutes before the goal, immediately thrust Patrick Vieira into the fray.
The French debutant was, however, unable to knock either Boateng or Cairney out of their stride and it was not until the closing stages that the Blues started to exert any pressure.
Even then, though, their efforts lacked urgency with the closest the visitors went to snatching an undeserved equaliser being when Boaz Myhill misjudged Johnson's cross.
He was relieved to see the ball bounce just wide of the target, ensuring Hull held on to claim what could prove to be their most important three points of the season.
Hero: George Boateng
Any fears a third start in a week would be too much for the veteran were dispelled with an all-action display that was deservedly capped by his first goal in Hull colours.
Villain: Craig Bellamy
It was a case of 'take your pick' from several visiting players who performed poorly and didn't seem overly bothered about so doing. But Craig Bellamy gets the nod for being, well, Craig Bellamy.
Key moment: 54th minute
George Boateng's stunning volley from 20 yards was worthy of winning any game.
Ref watch: Phil Dowd
Kept the game moving and was firm but fair with both sides. All the yellow cards were deserved and the official got all the big decisions spot on.
A timely win for Hull and one that was fully deserved. Following on from the impressive draw at home to Chelsea, the Tigers' confidence levels will be sky high ahead of the forthcoming trio of away games at Blackburn, West Ham and Everton.
I think sometimes we have to have respect for people. In the first half, the people did not respect him – Manchester City manager Roberto Mancini, unhappy with the abuse meted out to Wayne Bridge by the KC Stadium crowd.
Blackburn Rovers v Hull City; Wednesday, February 10, 2010; Premier League.
This season the Yorkshire Post has an exciting new match-day service, called Match Centre. Here you will find minute-by-minute updates, stats and team formations. Plus reports from every game in England, from the Premier League down to the Blue Square Premier.
Simply select your game from the pull down menu, then click on the 'i' information button on the right of the fixture and it will give you access to everything you need to know about your team.
So if you can't make it to a game, head for the Match Centre and we will give you the best seat in the house. Click the link below.
For the latest team news, score and commentary from your team check out our new Match Centre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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One Direction Rock London Live At iTunes Festival
kstephens September 21, 2012 10:00 am
One Direction were full of banter on stage at the iTunes Festival last night, where they performed their first full show in the UK since January.
Mixing covers like Kings Of Leon's 'Use Somebody' and Natalie Imbruglia's 'Torn' with their own hits, including 'What Makes You Beautiful', the lads showed just how natural they are on stage at the Roundhouse in Camden.
They were funny too! Zayn Malik said millions of fans' thoughts out loud when he called Harry Styles "sexy", and Harry tried to do an impression of Niall Horan, Irish accent and all. They even performed the opening rap from The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air.
They lads all agreed with Louis Tomlinson when he said that they were happy to be back in the UK after spending so much time out of the country this year. Last night they debuted their amazing 'Live While We're Young' music video too – we love it.
We're happy to have you back, boys! BS


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The accuracy of alternative GDP growth forecasts: Do they represent a credible alternative to the official ones?
Jiří Šindelář
University of Finance and Administration, Prague. Address: Estonská 500, 101 00 Praha 10. Email: jirkaesch@seznam.cz. Tel.: +420 731 537 207.
The paper deals with the accuracy of the real GDP growth forecasts produced by two Czech non-governmental institutions: the Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions (CMKOS) and the Czech Banking Association (CBA) in the years 2007-2014 and 2011-2014 respectively. Utilizing a research method composed of simple (AFE), scale-dependent (RMSE) as well as relative (MASE) error measures, we found out that (i) CMKOS predictions achieved a lower forecasting error on average, beginning with a notable overestimation in the first turnover point from growth to decline (2008-2009), yet followed by gradual improvement resulting in superior accuracy over set benchmarks (Ministry of Finance, Czech National Bank, OECD) in later years (2010-2014). The CBA predictions, on the other hand, exhibited (ii) a high level of interconnection with official bodies (MF, CNB), but with overall inferior forecasting accuracy, despite the shorter time frame (2011-2014). Overall, the study suggests that of the two surveyed non-governmental bodies, only CMKOS forecasts represent a viable alternative to the official predictions published by the Ministry of Finance or the Czech National Bank, as CBA forecasts were found to be a less accurate satellite of these bodies.
PDF link:
External link:
JEL: O47, H68, E66, E37
Keywords: Scale-dependent error measures, Relative error measures, GDP forecast, Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions, Czech Banking Association, Alternative macroeconomic forecasts
Allan, G. (2013). Evaluating the usefulness of forecasts of relative growth. Strathclyde, Discussion Papers in Economics, No. 12-14, 2012.
Ager, P., Kappler, M., &Osterloh, S. (2009). The accuracy and efficiency of the Consensus Forecasts: A further application and extension of the pooled approach. International Journal of Forecasting, 25(1). p. 167-181.
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Armstrong, J. S. (2001): Evaluating forecasting methods. In Armstrong J S (ed): Principles of forecasting. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell. p. 443-472.
Arnoštová K., Havrlant D., Růžička L., &Tóth P. (2011). Short-Term Forecasting of Czech Quarterly GDP Using Monthly Indicators. Finance a úvěr–Czech Journal of Economics and Finance, 6. p. 566-583.
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Batchelor, R. (2001). How useful are the forecasts of intergovernmental agencies? The IMF and OECD versus the consensus. Journal of applied economics, 33(2). p. 225-235. DOI: 10.1080/00036840121785
Boček J. (2012). Prognózy HDP: kdo je nejpřesnější? Retrieved from http://data.blog.ihned.cz/c1-58291130-prognozy-hdp-kdo-je-nejpresnejsi.
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Czech National Bank (2015). Aktuální prognóza ČNB. Retrieved from http://www.cnb.cz/cs/menova_politika/prognoza/predchozi_prognozy/index.html.
Czech Statistical Office (2015). Hlavní makroekonomické ukazatele. Retrieved from https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/hmu_cr.
Daníelsson, Á. (2008). Accuracy in forecasting macroeconomic variables in Iceland. The Central Bank of Iceland, Working Papers No. 39.
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Rising wholesale prices for food and energy are putting pressure on manufacturers and retailers to pass higher costs to customers. It's a trend that could raise inflation in the United States and slow economies in Asia and Latin America.
A surprising jump in the number of Americans hobbled by arthritis may be due to obesity, health experts said Thursday.


text:
essay about national day in saudi arabia
4.0 Festivals of Saudi Arabia: 4.1 The National Day: The National Day of Saudi Arabia is truly one of the important events among all the festival that holds an important place in the history of Saudi Arabia. It is needed among the most significant events of the 20th century and symbolizes the genesis of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is the day of the month when King Abdul Aziz reunited the state in 1932. Saudi National Heritage & Cultural Development Campaign. Every country celebrates its national day-be it the date of country's independence from a former colonizer, the day when the country declared itself a new and. Each year, the unification of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is celebrated on the 23rd of September, hence the name "Unification of the Kingdom Day." This is the country's only public secular holiday and it takes place on the anniversary of the day Saudi Arabia was founded in the year 1932. The Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia celebrated its 82nd "birthday" or National Day on Sunday the 23rd of September 2012. All the remaining official holidays are related to Islam. Find Saudi Arabia National Day September 23 stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection.
Saudi Arabia's National Day. Hello, guest.
Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Mawlid An-Nabawi are some of the Islamic festivals and events observed in the country. The Saudi people are proud and extravagant when it comes to celebrating their national or religious events. September 23 is a secular holiday in the country and is celebrated as the National Day, marking the founding of the modern day Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Sign In; Sign Up; BUY ESSAY; ... Home Free Essays Feasibility Study Of National Saudi Arabia Day Tourism Essay. This event paper will concentrate on the jubilation of a National Saudi Arabia Day, which is traditionally celebrated on the 23rd of September. As usual, the streets were full of Saudis celebrating the National Day. The National Day is celebrated to commemorate the renaming of the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz to Saudi Arabia by a royal decree from King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud in 1932. 23 September. The Middle Eastern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia straddles the Arabian Peninsula, bordered by Jordan, Kuwait and Iraq in the north and Oman and Yemen in the south. Feasibility Study Of National Saudi Arabia Day Tourism Essay. Saudi Arabia was a conclusion of a deep-rooted cultural heritage, as well as an inherent of a series of civilizations that were crowned by Islam religion. Only three events are given this much recognition in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the other two are significant all over the world for all Muslims, however, the Saudi Arabian National Day is to celebrate the unification of the lands in the 18 th century. Name: Hisham AL-Azem Saudi Arabia National Day Reading the history of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia broadens our knowledge of life and deepens our humanity for it brings to mind the drastic change of a lifestyle to a new one.The national day of the Kingdom, with all the activities it has, shows the pride of acheivements that have been done thoughout the great history of this great Kingdom . In addition to everyone having Sunday off, King Abdullah had given an extra day off for government employees meaning many people got to enjoy a […] Thousands of new, high-quality pictures added every day. "Soar Saudi Arabia" is therefore a most opportune event for both the organizers and the people to make the most out of the national day celebration for the first time.
The National Day of K.S.A The 23rd September of this year would be the 82nd national union of the Arabian Peninsula, this was the outcome of the hard struggle led by our great King Abdul-Aziz Bin AbdulRahman within a period of 32 years after recapturing the city of Riyadh. According to data compiled by Argaam, the Ministry announced a four-day holiday, starting from the end of working hours on Sept. 19, and work to resume on Sept. 24.
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Jeff Sesh: Rolling Papers With Picture Of Sessions Smoking A Joint Sold By Pot Legalization Group
By Christina Zhao On 3/2/18 at 5:09 AM EST
U.S. Legal Pot Jeff sessions Marijuana legalization
A pro-weed legalization group is selling rolling papers called General Jeff's "Old Rebel" Session Papers with the attorney general's face on it.
On their website, the pot advocacy group #JeffSesh sells two types of papers for $5 each. Jeff Sessions's face is displayed on the front of the boxes with a joint drawn into his mouth.
According to text on the page, the group claims #JeffSesh is a campaign to tell Sessions: "We're not criminals, junkies or idiots. Regular Jeffs all over the country—good, responsible, patriotic Americans—have a sesh now and then… and it's OK!"
Attorney General Jeff Sessions speaks to the National Association of Attorneys General 2018 Winter Meeting in Washington, U.S., February 27, 2018. A group advocating for marijuana legalization are selling pot rolling papers with Jeff Session's face on it. Reuters
It added: "A priority declared by the previous administration encouraged federal investigators to respect states' legal cannabis rights and prioritize other concerns, like national security. Jeff Sessions rolled that back. #JeffSesh tells him we're not going back."
In an email to Newsweek, a representative from #JeffSesh claimed the idea to use Sessions's face started as a joke between friends before they realized "it could be bigger than that".
"Our intent in actually making these papers is to poke a little good-natured fun at our Attorney General, who doesn't seem to have changed his mind or read any news about cannabis since the Nixon-era," the representative said. "His ideas about marijuana have the potential to harm millions of Americans who use this plant safely and legally in 2018."
The group posted their first tweet on February 7. Their bio reads: "Paraphernalia inspired by US Attorney General Jeff Sessions, the #1 foe of legal, safe marijuana—now practiced in 30 states and counting. #JeffSeshresponsibly."
#JeffSesh claim their organization started as a joke but that they are now close to selling out. Screenshot
In early January, Sessions, who has long waged a war against pot legalization, reversed an Obama-era policy called the Cole Memo that allowed states to regulate their own legal marijuana.
"It is the mission of the Department of Justice to enforce the laws of the United States, and the previous issuance of guidance undermines the rule of law," Sessions said in a statement.
Following the release of the memo by the Justice Department on January 4, both Republicans and Democrats criticized the attorney general for abolishing the policy which gave states flexibility in recreational marijuana policing.
Jeff Sesh: Rolling Papers With Picture Of Sessions Smoking A Joint Sold By Pot Legalization Group | U.S.
California Could Make More Money From Pot Than Beer
Can legal pot save New York's subway?
Canada Will Sell Legal Pot for $7.77 a Gram


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Junior high and high school students (7th through 12th graders) have an integrated youth program that includes regular Sunday morning sessions (Sunday School) and evening and weekend activities led by our youth and children's minister.
Dumbarton's Youth Group draws youth from the larger metropolitan Washington D.C. area, with youth from D.C., Maryland, and Virginia. The group comes together for a variety of service, learning, and fellowship activities.
Helping others. Assembling health kits for Haiti, making sandwiches for the homeless shelter, fixing up the house of older DC residents during "Rebuilding Together".
Travel. Mission trips, every two years. Past trips have been to West Virginia, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Each year the youth group participates in the all-church retreat at West River Retreat Center in Maryland. One time, eight youth and adults repaired and renovated homes in West Virginia.
Education: Click here to find out about classes and other Sunday activities.


A charming full length portrait of the daughter of Henry Pelham Clinton, Earl of Lincoln and granddaughter of the Duke of Newcastle. Lady Catherine (1776-1804), is depicted as a child, scattering corn for a group of hens and their chicks, against an arcadian landscape. She wears a miniature shepherdesses' costume and an elaborate lace cap. In 1800 she married William Lord Folkstone, but sadly she died at Paddington in childbirth, only four years later.


Brittany Harrison Medical Student, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Jeewanjit Gill Medical Student, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Alireza Jalali Distinguished professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada.
Most medical students worldwide are using some form of social media platform to supplement their learning via file sharing and to stay up-to-date on medical events. Often, social media may blur the line between socialization and educational use, so it is important to be aware of how one is utilizing social media and how to remain professional. Research has yielded some troublesome themes of misconduct: drunken behaviour, violations of confidentiality and defamation of institutions. Because there is no universal policy to monitor online professionalism, there exists the potential for indiscretions to occur. It has been reported that misdemeanours can affect future residency placements and employment for medical students. Accordingly, studies suggest that educators need to recognize this new era of professionalism and adapt policies and reprimands to meet modern outlets where professionalism may be violated.
Brittany Harrison, Medical Student, University of Ottawa, Canada.
1. Garner J, O'Sullivan H. Facebook and the professional behaviours of under¬graduate medical students. Clin Teach. 2010 Jun;7(2):112–5.
2. Kind T, Genrich G, Sodhi A, Chretien K. Social media policies at US medical schools. Med Educ Online. 2010 Sep 15;15.
3. Mansfield S, Morrion S, Stephens H, Bonning M, Wang S, Withers J. Social media and the medical profession. Med J Australia. 2011 Jun 20;194(12):642–4.
4. Chretien K, Kind T. Social media and clinical care: Ethical, professional and social implications. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1413–21.
5. Kaczmarczyk JM, Chuang A, Dugoff L, Abbott JF, Cullimore AJ, Dalrymple J, et al. e-Professionalism: A new frontier in medical education. Teach Learn Med. 2013;25(2):165–70.
6. Ross S, Lai K, Walton JM, Kirwan P, White JS. "I have the right to a private life": Medical students' views about professionalism in a digital world. Med Teach. 2013 Oct; 35(10);826-31.
7. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Loannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7).
8. Boulos M, Wheeler S. The emerging Web 2.0 social software: An enabling suite of sociable technologies in health and health care education. Health Info Libr J. 2007 Mar;24(1):2-23.
9. Hollinderbaumer A, Hartz T, Uckert F. Education 2.0—how have social media and web 2.0 been integrated into medical education? A systematical review. GMS Z Med Ausbild. 2013;30(1):Doc14.
10. Belean G, Truong J. Social media and medical students. Med Stud J Aust. 2011 Jun;3(1):21–3.
11. Lie D, Trial J, Schaff P, Wallace R, Elliot D. "Being the best we can be": Medical students' reflections on physician responsibility in the social media era. Acad Med. 2013 Feb;88(2):240–5.
12. Thompson L, Dawson K, Ferdig R, Black EW, Boyer J, Coutts J, et al. The intersection of online social networking with medical professionalism. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Dec;23(12):954–7.
13. Kennedy G, Gray K, Tse J. "Net Generation" medical students: Techno¬logical experiences of pre-clinical and clinical students. Med Teach. 2008 Feb;30(1):10–6.
15. Chretien K, Greysen SR, Chretien JP, Kind T. Online posting of unprofessio¬nal content by medical students. JAMA. 2009 Sep 23;302(12):1309–15.
16. Greysen R, Kind T, Chretien KC. Online professionalism and the mirror of social media. J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Nov;25(11):1227–9.
17. Patel P, Roberts JL, Miller K, Ziegler C, Ostapchuck M. The responsible use of online social networking: who should mentor medical students. Teach Learn Med. 2012;24(4):348-54.
18. Ponce B, Determann JR, Boohaker HA, Sheppard E, McGwin G, Theiss S. So¬cial networking profiles and professionalism issues in residency applicants: An original study-cohort study. J Surg Edu. 2013 Jul-Aug;70(4):502–7.
19. Spector N, Matz PS, Levine LJ, Gargiulo KA, McDonald MB, McGregor RS. e-Professionalism: Challenges in the age of information. J Pediatr. 2010 Mar;156(3):345–46.
20. Brasg I. Canadian Federation of Medical Students: CFMS Guide to Medi¬cal Professionalism: Recommendations for Social Media. Executive Summary. 2013;1-31.
21. Jain S. Practicing medicine in the age of Facebook. New Engl J Med. 2009 Aug 13;361(7):649–51.
tion: A systematic review. Acad Med. 2013 Jun;88(6):1–9.
23. MacDonald J, Sohn S, Ellis P. Privacy, professionalism and Facebook: a dilemma for young doctors. Med Educ. 2010 Aug;44(8):805–13.
24. Strausburg M, Djuricich A, Carlos G, Bosslet G. The influence of the resi¬dency application process on the online social networking behaviour of me¬dical students: A single institutional study. Acad Med. 2013 Nov;88(11):1707- 1712.
25. Gray K, Annabell L, Kennedy G. Medical students' use of Facebook to su¬pport learning: Insights from four case studies. Med Teach. 2010;32(1), 971–6.


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text:
Academike
Articles on legal issues [ISSN: 2349-9796]
Gender Neutrality: Rights of one, abrogation of another?
Triple Test for Grant of Anticipatory Bail's in India
How to Report Dowry Related Violence?
Retribution: Indispensable to Criminal Justice
The Crumbling Pillar of Democracy: Is the Media Losing its Own Voice?
Scope of Enforcement of DPSPs
On October 8, 2017 October 9, 2017 By Neerja Gurnani
Aakanksha Bhola, Army Institute of Law, Mohali
Editor's note: The roots of Directive Principles of State Policy are evident from the belief that responsibility of social development of the country lies with the government. Enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution of India, DPSPs serve as a guideline for the government policy formation. Although not enforceable, they distinguish India as a welfare state, and aim to fulfill principles laid down in the Preamble. This paper covers their scope, enforceability and ideology of the same.
A concept borrowed from the Irish Constitution, the roots of the Directive Principles of State Policy lie in the history of India itself. Since the times of the myriad rulers India had seen, the responsibility of both initiation and execution of efforts to improve the lot of the people had lain with the government.[i] Brought up in such an environment, the members of the Constituent Assembly believed that the responsibility of social development of the country lay with the government. The Directive Principles of State Policy, hereafter referred to as DPSPs, are enshrined in Part IV (Articles 36-51) of the Constitution of India. Their primary function is to serve as a guideline for the government policy formation. The government is expected to take these principles into consideration while performing its legislative functions. But unlike the Fundamental Rights, contained in Part III of the Constitution, these principles are not enforceable.
Apart from laying the guidelines for government policy making, the DPSPs also lay down the objectives of the Indian State. They differentiate between a 'Welfare State' and 'Police State', their presence making India the former. They provisions in this Part include promotion of welfare of citizens, provision of free legal aid to the economically disabled, organizing village panchayats, developing a Uniform Civil Code, raising nutrition levels, etc. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy promised in the Preamble.[ii] They were inserted with the aim of establishing a 'socialist pattern in the society' and not subscribe to either of the extremes-Individualism or Socialism.[iii]
Keeping the above points in consideration, this paper will deal with the nature and historical basis of the DPSPs. It will also deal with the question of whether making these principles justiciable is right and if they are to be made enforceable, the scope of this enforceability, keeping in mind their roots and the ideology behind them.
Nature of DPSPs
Article 37 explains in whole the nature of the DPSPs,
"The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws"
Thus, DPSPs are not enforceable by any Court, that is, no Court can force the government to enforce these Principles or make laws regarding them. But mere non-enforceability does not make them useless. For the following reasons, this Part has become an important part of the Constitution:
Sir B.N. Rau believed that these Principles had an "educative value". [iv] This educative value was for reminding those in power what the aim of the Indian polity is. All the provisions in the Part encompass the goal of the Welfare State that is India.
Though these Principles are not legally enforceable, they do have political justifiability. As put by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, "the government has to answer for them before the electorate at election time."
They help the Courts in interpretation of various statutes. The interpretation shall be such that the statutes are not in conflict with them. They also help the courts to determine the scope of Fundamental Rights.
Thus, in Air India Statutory Corporation v. United Labour Union[v], the Supreme Court has rightly observed that DPSPs are forerunners of the U.N. Convention on Right to Development. They are imbedded as an integral part of the Constitution and that they now stand elevated to inalienable fundamental human rights. Though non-justiciable, they are justiciable by themselves.[vi]
Relationship with Fundamental Rights
A major concern regarding the validity of the DPSPs is their compatibility with the Fundamental Rights contained in Part III of the Constitution, enforceable even in the High Courts and the Supreme Court through the manner of writs. The following are the points of difference between the two:
The Fundamental Rights are a limitation on the powers of the government operating on an individual, whereas, the DPSPs are instructions to the government for achieving certain ends through their actions.
Anything contained in the DPSPs cannot be violated either by the individuals or the State, as long as there is no law made to that effect, while there are strict remedies against violation of an individual's Fundamental Right.[vii]
A law against the DPSPs cannot be declared as void by the courts, but this is not the case with Fundamental Rights.[viii]
There often arises a conflict when a question regarding the priority is raised. The views have differed with every judicial decision. In a view taken in 1951, in the case of State of Madras v. Champakan[ix] the Supreme Court held that since any law contravening the Fundamental Rights is void, this is not the case if an otherwise valid law contravenes the DPSPs. Thus, the Fundamental Rights should have precedence over DPSPs. This view was, however, altered by the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1971. It widened Article 31C to basically state that if any law is made to implement the DPSPs it would be immune from unconstitutionality on the grounds that it violates Articles 14 and 19. The Keshavnanda Bharti v. State of Kerala[x] judgment also reiterated a similar view that subordinated Fundamental Rights to the DPSPs. But this view has been foiled in Minerva Mills v. Union of India[xi] in which, the widening of Article 31C was struck down and it was observed that both these facets were to be delicately balanced and that they were complementary to each other.
Views of the framers of the Constitution
The applicability and usefulness of the non-justiciable DPSPs has been widely debated. In fact, H.M. Seervai went as far as saying that if the Court struck down the DPSPs, there will be no effect; but if the Fundamental Rights were struck down, the effect will be disastrous.[xii] Does their unenforceable nature render them altogether useless? Do they have to be made enforceable in order for them to remain relevant? To answer these questions, it is important to study the views held by the framers of the Constitution regarding these Directives.
The provision to incorporate these DPSPs found wide support in the Constituent Assembly. Even if their effectiveness was questioned, the members supported the sentiments they expressed.[xiii] Several members, namely Rau, Ambedkar, Ayyar and Shah, of the Assembly actively defended their inclusion.
Sir B.N. Rau emphasized on precepts rather than on justiciable rights, and also thus distinguished between justiciable and non-justiciable rights (an inspiration from the Irish Constitution) in his work, Constitutional Precedents because of the difficulty in describing and limiting negative rights. The Precedents, during the Drafting of the DPSPs, supplied the members with at least five of the original twelve provisions of the Principles.[xiv]Rau also emphasized that these rights had an educative value. He also believed that these Principles could occasionally invade the individual rights for greater goods. Therefore, it can be said that he was a strong proponent of the DPSPs.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and K.T. Shah were other strong proponents of the Directive Principles. They did not agree with Rau's concept of 'moral precepts' and believed that they must also be justiciable. They propagated the idea of a particular time limit within which these Directives must become justiciable. Ambedkar also submitted to the Assembly a list of Fundamental Rights that included special provisions regarding minorities, nationalization of land and the key industries (especially agriculture), state monopoly over Insurance that was to be made compulsory for every adult, etc. To summarize, he strongly supported the ideology of Socialism. Perhaps this shared ideology prompted Shah to also subscribe to viewpoints similar to Ambedkar's. However, the Assembly rejected this list on the ground that these provisions could be dealt with through further legislation, and there was no need to include them in the Constitution itself. When the inclusion of this list in the part concerning the Fundamental Rights was rejected, Ambedkar put his weight behind the provisions of the DPSPs. Half a loaf of bread was better than none.[xv]
Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar was initially skeptical of the DPSPs, but later converted to the belief that it was idle to suggest that a freely appointed Legislature could ignore these Directives. Munshi also shared this view, as can be assessed from his words, "Even the non-justiciable rights have to announced in order to form the basis of protest against arbitrary legislation. They are a body of opinion to which public opinion can rally."
Except T.T. Krishnamchari, who called the DPSPs, " a veritable dustbin of sentiment", the views of the members of the Constituent Assembly can be summarized mainly as supportive of the Directive Principles of State Policy. Their main points of disagreement over these provisions were, that they were not enforceable, and that that they did not go far enough in establishing a socialist state, an ideology common in post-imperialism India.[xvi]
But why did the Assembly decide that the DPSPs should not be justiciable? Despite the initial disagreements over the non-enforceable nature of the DPSPs, the Assembly decided on the Directives in their present form for mainly two reasons- firstly, the changing times could put them out of date, and secondly, India did not possess the adequate resources at the time of Independence to enforce all the DPSPs, and thus, it was left to the future Governments to follow them voluntarily.[xvii]
Should DPSPs be made enforceable?
The DPSPs were not made enforceable by the Constituent Assembly due to the reasons mentioned above. Despite the fact that they have not been made justiciable, they are not without use. But will the motives they wanted to achieve become more achievable if they were made enforceable? Do their provisions even resonate with the present ideals held by the society?
A foremost argument in favour of making the Directives enforceable is that their justifiability will keep the autocratic tendencies of the ruling governments in check. Also, most of the provisions contained in the DPSPs are promises made by the contesting parties during the time of elections. These promises, as is common knowledge, are seldom kept. But if these DPSPs are justiciable in a court of law, the government becomes answerable to the people. Their actions will also be controlled by through these Directives. An example would be the provision contained in Article 44, relating to the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code. This provision aims for a uniform civil law (much like the criminal law in force) for all citizens regardless of their religion, and other beliefs. If implemented, it could play a critical role in uniting India, and making divisive policies a thing of the past.
But it is also argued that making the Directives enforceable is futile, since a large number of laws and policies are already in place for the implementation of these DPSPs. For example, the provision of Panchayati Raj (Article 40) was introduced through an Amendment to the Constitution in 1992. Today, there are 2,27,698 Gram Panchayats, 5906 Intermediate Tiers, and 474 Zila Panchayats in the country.[xviii] For raising the standard of living (Article 47), a number of programs are in place, namely Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)[xix], Integrated Tribal Development Program (ITDP), and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna. For implementing Article 39(a) (provision of adequate means of livelihood) the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is in place. For preventing exploitation of children (Article 39(g)) legislations such as the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 have been enforced. Since the governments have been working towards the creation of a welfare state and have implemented most of the Directives by the way of legislations that are enforceable, the need to make the DPSPs justiciable themselves is not crucial.
Another argument against enforcing the DPSPs is that their provisions are not very secular. Though it calls for the implementation of a Uniform Civil Code, it also directs the state to ban the slaughter of cows, a cause that is primarily Hindu. Regarding this provision contained in Article 48, Austin Granville says, "Article 48 shows that Hindu sentiment predominated the Constituent Assembly."[xx] This sentiment predominated the Constituent Assembly, but it does not predominate the national sentiment today. Recently, Maharashtra and Haryana have banned beef (cow's meat). This Act has drawn the ire of the country, as it has been considered a move aimed to establish India as a Hindu nation. Similar reactions will follow if ban on cow slaughter is enforced nationwide according to DPSPs.
The Directive Principles also try to impose morals on the citizens, something that is inarguably outside the scope of law. The Directives contain a provision that calls for the ban on alcohol. Though it has never been enforced on a national level, this provision certainly tries to impose certain morals on the people. This can become disastrous for the nation, as the American Prohibition has proven. Thus, Allen was right when he said that, "A little too much law, and you turn a moderate drinker into a dipsomaniac, an agnostic into a blaspheme, the enlightened employer into a gradgrind, and a flirt into a dipsomaniac."
Keeping in mind the arguments put forth above and the aim of the Constituent Assembly while creating the non-justiciable rights, it can be concluded that making the DPSPs enforceable is unnecessary. The Assembly did not want to enforce the Directives because they feared that they would become out of date over time. Secondly, most of their provisions have been enforced through various legislations; those that are not enforceable have debatable relevance in today's world.
But merely because they are not justiciable in a court of law, does not render them useless. Their importance has increased manifold over the years. They serve not only as guidelines today, but also keep a check on the governments, even though that check is not the Court's but the citizens'. The parties that form governments today are not concerned with the well-being of the nation. They play divisive politics for their personal betterment. They are concerned with the furtherance of their ideologies that the nation may not even share. In this environment, the DPSPs are a yardstick for the government's performance and also a check on arbitrary legislation.
We should be not blinded by the glorious provisions contained in these Directives. They are useful and define us as a welfare state, but enforcing them will serve no purpose. They have mostly been made justiciable through other laws, and amending them will give rise to gross misuse by fanatics. The current position of the Directives is balanced and desirable. But it is also recommended that they must be made secular and free of morals that they impose on citizens. They must incorporate the sentiments held by the nation as a whole and not those held by only a particular class.
Edited by Neerja Gurnani
[i] Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, 76 (4th ed., 2001).
[ii] Durga Das Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, 163 (22nd ed., 2015).
[iii] Ibid.
[iv] Ibid, at 170.
[v] AIR 1997 SC 645
[vi] Narender Kumar, Constitutional Law of India, 480 (8th ed., 2014).
[vii] Supra ii
[viii] Supra vi, at 481.
[ix] (1951) SCR 523 (531)
[x] AIR 1973 SC 1461
[xi] AIR 1980 SC 1789
[xii] H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (Volume 2), 1921 (4th ed., 2010).
[xiii] Supra i, at 77.
[xiv] Ibid.
[xv] Ibid, at 78 and 79.
[xvi] Ibid, at 81.
[xvii] Surabhi Rao, Constituent assembly debate on Directive Principles of State Policy, National Interest, available at http://logos.nationalinterest.in/2014/07/constituent-assembly-debate-on-directive-principles-of-state-policy/, last seen on 13/8/2015.
[xviii] Supra vii, at 172.
[xix] Ibid, at 173.
[xx] Supra xiii, at 82.
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"Lib Dems will tell you that national numbers are irrelevant - because their local strength and targeting skill means they will overperform on June 8th. However given that it didn't materialise in 2015, I doubt the old rules apply."
Over the course of the campaign, this election has been likened to many from the past. Inevitably, comparisons were made with Margaret Thatcher, with the early and betting implying Theresa May would even improve on the Iron Lady's 1983 personal best - a majority of 144. Even if the Tories underperformed, their 1987 majority of 102 was easily within range.
Much has changed. The current size of majority estimate is closer to Labour's last victory in 2005, when Tony Blair won a working majority of 66, but well below his two previous landslides. Given earlier expectations, May would probably take it. For while the Tories remain heavy favourites to win, their lead has significantly narrowed. According to Yougov's new model, rather than emulating the glory years of Thatcher, May is on course for a similarly inconclusive win to David Cameron in 2010.
However there is one gigantic obstacle to a hung parliament. Cameron was denied a majority in 2010 because the Lib Dems retained 57 seats - 46 in England. Five years later, that tally was reduced to just eight, following their controversial decision to join Cameron's coalition. Having started out talking of tripling that number, with high hopes in at least a dozen CON-held marginals, even doubling it looks a very big ask now. Over 14.5 seats, for example, is rated only 25% likely.
Campaign weaknesses are well documented. Positioning themselves as the Remain Party alienated 52% of the population and, with the other 48% largely moving on from the referendum, it works in a handful of seats at best. Tim Farron hasn't cut through. However rather than recent strategic effects, we need to look a lot further back to understand what is happening.
UK politics is fundamentally a two-party affair - our first past the post system will always ensure that - in which the main parties represent the mainstream Left and Right. So in the 70 years they spent outside government, the third party faced two constant problems.
First, a lack of clear ideology enabled opponents to brand them as 'wishy-washy', 'opportunists' who faced both ways and would sell their souls for a slice of power. Second, even if you liked their centrism, it was usually a wasted vote. At the height of Cleggmania in 2010, a Yougov poll showed them on 49% in a hypothetical scenario where they had a 'significant chance' of winning. The Sun suppressed it and Clegg ending up flopping on 24%.
That underperformance was attributed to two reasons - young voters failing to turn out on the expected scale and a very late swing to Labour. 2010 is the only recent election where Labour outperformed polls and the dynamic behind it remains as relevant today.
There are decades of correlation between Labour and Lib Dem switchers. The numbers changed when Labour split in 1981, with four breakaway ex-ministers forming the Social Democratic Party. Their liberal, pro-European outlook stole a big chunk of Labour moderates.
After electoral failure, the Liberal-SDP Alliance rebranded as the Lib Dems. New leader Paddy Ashdown pursued a new tack that paid dividends - forming an unofficial, tactical alliance with Labour. If the latter's supporters voted Lib Dem where Labour had no chance, dozens of mostly Southern Tory seats would come into play. It built the platform that Clegg would inherit.
The prize at the end of that journey was a return to government, but it proved a poisoned chalice. Having progressed with the help of disaffected Labour voters, Clegg decision to back the Tories alienated them. Now Deputy PM, Clegg said it mattered not. They would make the British public fall in love with the idea of coalition, opening up a stack of new voters.
Seven years on, the plan has clearly failed. When voters were confronted by the prospect of another coalition in 2015, they swung late to the Tories. This time their bigger rival on the centre-left is monopolising anti-Tory sentiment. Any idea that they would capitalise on Jeremy Corbyn's unpopularity is for the birds. The latest Ipsos Mori poll had the combined CON/LAB share at 85% - up 17% since 2015.
Many Lib Dems will tell you that national numbers are irrelevant - because their local strength and targeting skill means they will overperform on June 8th. However given that it didn't materialise in 2015, I doubt the old rules apply. When they joined the coalition, they ceased to appeal to either left-wingers or protest voters, becoming part of the hated establishment whom they'd given a black eye in so many famous by-elections.
Consequently, it is becoming ever harder to see how they get the 40-odd percent required to win parliamentary seats under first-past-the-post. Doing so in the past generally required tactical Labour votes or winning segments with a distinctive policy. Their two most rewarding - opposition to the Iraq war and tuition fees - are now associated with Corbyn and those voters are rejoining Labour in droves.
Their only hope lies in the growth of tactical voting, and there is some evidence to suggest it will be much more prevalent this time. That gives them in chance in a few unionist Scottish targets against the SNP, and heavily-Remain seats against the Tories in West London. On the other side of the ledger though, most of their eight seats are vulnerable.
Overall, they are favourites in just ten seats - eight of which are very much in-play. Neil Monnery has been doing a sterling job hunting for some value gains but, while the likes of Eastbourne, Lewes and Portsmouth South might be winnable in different circumstances, they are very tall orders when the Tories are polling above 40% nationally. If holding those seats, only a miraculous Labour performance can stop May winning a majority.
There is only one hope for Farron. The leader must spend the last few days of the campaign loudly reminding people in their target seats that voting Lib Dem is the only realistic way of preventing a Conservative majority. To appeal to the progressives that like Corbyn, but who live in seats where Labour victory is unimaginable. If he fails, the comparisons on Friday may be with elections from the 1950s - when the standing joke in Westminster was that all the Liberal MPs fitted in the back of a taxi.


text:
German Bakery's Syringe Cakes Help the COVID Medicine Go down
Asharq Al-Awsat
https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2729586/german-bakerys-syringe-cakes-help-covid-medicine-go-down
Friday, 8 January, 2021 - 18:45
Cakes in the shape of syringes are seen at the Schuerener Backparadies bakery, as the vaccination rollout against COVID-19 continues, in Dortmund, Germany, Jan. 8, 2021. (Reuters)
A spoonful of sugar helps the medicine go down at a bakery in the western German town of Dortmund, which is celebrating the year of the coronavirus vaccine with syringe-shaped cakes.
It is not the first time Schuerner's Baking Paradise has sold coronavirus spin-offs: last year, as household essentials vanished from supermarket shelves in panic buying, they created cakes shaped like newly-scarce toilet-rolls.
But owner Tim Kortuem initially worried that baking up a tasty syringe would be a step too far.
With vaccination now under way in most of the world, public health officials fret that nervousness about new medicines will slow the uptake of vaccines designed to end a pandemic that has claimed some 2 million lives and devastated the global economy.
"First we were a bit skeptical whether it would be a bit too macabre," he said. "But then we did it after all. Because even for anti-vaxxers it's funny. It is a vaccine without any side effects. And you can come back and get another one because it is so yummy."
There is no evidence that this cake, flavored with marzipan, will do anything to protect buyers from the coronavirus. Indeed, given the correlation between excess weight and serious cases of the disease, it may do just the opposite.
But nobody eats cakes for health reasons.


An excellent presentation. Is there any chance of getting a copy of this article?
My father, James Elbert Jackson, was recruited from Grand Cayman to help build the Western Union. I have some photos taken during its construction and would be willing to share them with you. If you are interested, you may contact me by e-mail or call me.
Thank you for posting this video. My father William Thomas Bodden and 2 uncles Loxley Arch and Elroy Arch were responsible for a large portion of the construction in Key West. I visited Key West recently and saw the boat. I felt like just seeing her I had a major connection. May God bless your efforts for her in the future.
I retired from Western Union in 1984 after forty years.
I enjoyed the pictures and the information,and I am glad it is being restored and turned into a museum.
My uncle Heber Arch, I understand, designed the Western Union and my father, Loxley Arch, built the Western Union with his brother, Heber Arch. The Arch Family of the Cayman Islands were shipbuilders in Georgetown, Grand Cayman, and excelled in their skill. We are proud and happy that the Western Union has passed the test of time and is honored as the Flagship of the State of Florida and Key West into the 21st Century.


text:
Откритото първенство на САЩ 2017 е тенис турнир на твърд корт. Това е 137-ото му издание и последно състезание от Големия шлем за годината. Провежда се в Ню Йорк от 28 август до 10 септември 2017 г.

Сингъл

Сингъл мъже

Сингъл жени

Двойки

Двойки мъже

 Юрген Мелцер /  Филип Петцшнер

Двойки жени

 Лизел Хубер /  Лиса Реймънд

Смесени двойки

 Мелани Один /  Джак Сок

Външни препратки
  Официален сайт на турнира

WTA Тур 2017
Открито първенство на САЩ

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
**************************
Plotting and visualization
**************************

Topographica includes a general-purpose system for managing and
plotting visualizations of Sheets and Projections. New types of
plots can be added easily, without any GUI programming, allowing
users to visualize any quantities of interest.

Basic plots
-----------

The basic plots useful for nearly any model are demonstrated in the
`LISSOM tutorial`_:

`Activity`_
 Plots the activity level of each unit.
`Connection Fields`_
 Plots the strength of each weight in each ConnectionField of one
 unit.
`Projection`_
 Plots an array of ConnectionFields making up a Projection to one
 Sheet.
`ProjectionActivity`_
 Plots the contribution from each Projection to the activity of one
 Sheet.

As an example, the most commonly used plot is Activity:

.. figure:: images/lissom_oo_or_10000_activity_mono_pointer.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

This group of plots (a "PlotGroup") includes one plot per Sheet, and
this particular simulation has four Sheets. Each plot is a bitmap
representation of the matrix that makes up that Sheet. Moving the
mouse over each image will show the coordinates at that location, as
well as the value of the plot at that point. Note that two sets of
coordinates are shown: integer `matrix coordinates`_, which show the
internal layout of units within the Sheet, starting at the upper
left, and floating-point `sheet coordinates`_, which show the
Topographica density-independent coordinates used when specifying
parameters in scripts and the GUI (with 0.0,0.0 usually at the
center). Right clicking at the location shown (usually control-click
on a 1-button Mac system) would allow the user to open a
ConnectionField plot for the indicated unit, as well as run other
analyses or visualizations of this unit or Sheet.

If you have measured an orientation map, the Activity plot shows
other information as well:

.. figure:: images/lissom_oo_or_10000_activity.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

Here the color of each unit in V1 is determined by that unit's
orientation preference, so that one can see that different input
orientations result in different types of neurons activated.
measure\_or\_pref() changes the activity plot so that it is actually
specified as a combination of three SheetViews on different
*channels*:

-  Strength: Activity
-  Hue: OrientationPreference
-  Confidence: OrientationSelectivity

That is, the primary plot (the Strength channel) is Activity, but it
is colorized with the OrientationPreference (the Hue channel). The
amount of colorization depends on the OrientationSelectivity (the
Confidence channel), which is appropriate because unselective
neurons then show up white. The monochrome plot shown first above
was obtained by toggling the "Strength only" button, which disables
Hue and Confidence so that the result is as it was before running
measure\_or\_pref().

For a plot with multiple channels, moving the mouse over the bitmap
will show the values in all of the available channels, and the
right-click menu will allow you to see what channels are available,
and to plot or analyze any of the channels independently.

The color coding can be changed to some other plot using the
convenience function Subplotting.set\_subplots:

::

      from topo.command.analysis import Subplotting
      Subplotting.set_subplots("Direction")

or disabled entirely:

::

      from topo.command.analysis import Subplotting
      Subplotting.set_subplots()

Preference map plots
--------------------

The basic plots display data that is already available within
Topographica, to visualize the structure or behavior of the model
directly. Another important type of visualization is preference map
plots, which measure and show the input patterns to which a neural
unit responds most strongly. That is, they are an indirect
measurement based on actively providing a stimulus and measuring the
response. These maps are calculated using a `general-purpose
preference map analysis package`_, described below, and are
primarily specified in `topo/command/analysis.py`_. The available
plots include:

Position Preference
 Measure preference for the X and Y position of a Gaussian.
Center of Gravity
 Measure the center of gravity of each ConnectionField in a
 Projection to one Sheet.
`Orientation Preference`_
 Measure preference for sine grating orientation.
Ocular Preference
 Measure preference for sine gratings between two eyes.
Spatial Frequency Preference
 Measure preference for sine grating frequency.
Direction Preference, Speed Preference
 Measure motion direction and speed for drifting sine gratings.
PhaseDisparity Preference
 Measure preference for sine gratings differing in phase between two
 sheets.
Hue Preference
 Measure preference for color.

.. _rfplots:

Receptive fields plots
----------------------

Often, rather than a Connection Field (a set of weights from one
Projection between two Sheets), you will want to know the Receptive
Field (RF) of a unit -- the locations to which it responds on an
input sheet, even across multiple projections (i.e., multiple
synapses).

Such plots can be measured using the RF Projection plot, which uses
reverse correlation to estimate which units on an input sheet cause
the strongest response of a unit in a later sheet. It works just
like a `Projection`_ plot, except that it takes much, much longer to measure (as it
requires presenting a large number of test patterns), is not
specific to any particular Projection, and is an estimate rather
than a visualization of a set of weights. Example result for an
ON/OFF LISSOM network trained on oriented Gaussians:

.. figure:: images/rf_projection.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

Once the RFs have been measured, the RF can be visualized for a
particular unit by right clicking on that unit in any plot window,
and selecting a Receptive Fields plot. Sample result:

.. figure:: images/rf_matrixplot.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

Tuning curve plots
------------------

The above plots are all visualized as a two-dimensional array of
values. Other common plots are visualized as a set of
one-dimensional curves, including:

Orientation Tuning Fullfield
 Plot orientation tuning curves for a specific unit, measured using
 full-field sine gratings. Although the data takes a long time to
 collect, once it is ready the plots are available immediately for
 any unit.
Orientation Tuning
 Measure orientation tuning for a specific unit at different
 contrasts, using a pattern chosen to match the preferences of that
 unit.
Size Tuning
 Measure the size preference for a specific unit.
Contrast Response
 Measure the contrast response function for a specific unit.

Each of these plots shows the properties of one user-selectable
unit. For instance, the Orientation Tuning Fullfield plot shows how
the response of that unit varies with orientation and contrast:

.. figure:: images/or_tuning.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

Here each curve represents one value of contrast tested, and each
data point on the curve represents the response of this unit to an
input of the specified contrast and orientation, as a maximum over
all phases tested.

The tuning curve plots are measured just as the preference map plots
are (and using the same code), but they are visualized in a
different way.

Changing existing plots
-----------------------

The available plots are all specified in a general way that allows
users to change the details of how the data is visualized. Each plot
is part of a PlotGroup that specifies a list of commands ('hooks')
to run to generate the data, and then how to visualize the results
for all the Sheets in the simulation at once.

The list of hooks used is shown in the plot window as "Pre plot
hooks", where users can change the parameters of existing hooks, and
add or remove hooks. For instance, if you want to reduce the number
of sine grating phases used when measuring orientation maps, say,
from 18 to 8, you can right click on the list of hooks, choose
Properties, and then, in the new window displaying the list entries,
right click on the ``measure_sine_pref.instance()`` entry:

.. figure:: images/edit_list.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

This will give you a properties window for that item:

.. figure:: images/list_item_properties.png
   :align: center
   :alt:

Here you can reduce the number of phases by dragging the appropriate
slider. The next time the plot is refreshed, the new value will be
used instead.

The properties window for a list entry shows what parameters are
available; hovering the mouse over a parameter name gives a brief
description. More detail about various commands is available in
`topo/command/analysis.py`_ and `topo/command/pylabplot.py`_.

Some plots also use "Plot hooks", called after the "Pre plot hooks",
to actually visualize the results. For instance, some commands
generate data for all units in a Sheet, but the PlotGroup displays
results from only a single sheet; in this case the plot hooks
(usually much quicker to run than the pre-plot hooks) are called
whenever a new unit is selected.

If you often need to change the parameters for map or curve
measurement, then you can do that easily without modifying your copy
of Topographica by putting appropriate lines into the .ty script to
which they apply. For instance, the default parameters used in most
preference map measurement commands present each pattern for only a
very short duration and turn off the response function, which works
well with the example files because doing so results in a linear
response (no threshold function and no lateral interactions) and
thus makes the results independent of the input scale and offset. If
this approach is not valid for your own model, then you can change
the duration for which sine gratings are presented to 1.0, and turn
on the response function by default:

::

    from topo.analysis.featureresponses import MeasureResponseCommand
    MeasureResponseCommand.duration=1.0
    MeasureResponseCommand.apply_output_fns=True

These values are actually Topographica's defaults, and thus omitting
all code in your .ty file to do with MeasureResponseCommand would
also have the same effect. In any case, the specific parameters here
can be anything you want, and you can do it for any plot group.

Similarly, you can change the specific types of data used in each
plot. For instance, you can remove the default OrientationPreference
subplot from Activity plots using:

::

      from topo.plotting.plotgroup import plotgroups
      plotgroups["Activity"].plot_templates["Activity"]["Hue"]=None
      plotgroups["Activity"].plot_templates["Activity"]["Confidence"]=None

(which is what Subplotting.set\_subplots() does, for Activity and
several other types of plots).

You can also put lines like these into your `user configuration
file`_, if you find that you always want different defaults than
Topographica's, for all scripts that you run.

.. _measuring-preference-maps:

Adding a new plot
-----------------

The types of plots included with Topographica are only examples, and
it is quite straightforward to add a new type of preference map
plot. As a reference, here is an implementation of Orientation
Preference plots:

::

    1. pg= create_plotgroup(name='Orientation Preference',category="Preference Maps",
                            doc='Measure preference for sine grating orientation.',
    2.                  command='measure_or_pref()')
    3. pg.add_plot('Orientation Preference',[('Hue','OrientationPreference')])
    4. pg.add_plot('Orientation Preference&Selectivity',[('Hue','OrientationPreference'),
                                                         ('Confidence','OrientationSelectivity')])
    5. pg.add_plot('Orientation Selectivity',[('Strength','OrientationSelectivity')])
    6. pg.add_static_image('Color Key','topo/command/or_key_white_vert_small.png')

    7. def measure_or_pref(num_phase=18,num_orientation=4,frequencies=[2.4],
                           scale=0.3,offset=0.0,display=False,weighted_average=True,
    8.                 pattern_presenter=PatternPresenter(pattern_generator=SineGrating(),
                               apply_output_fns=False,duration=0.175)):
           step_phase=2*pi/num_phase
           step_orientation=pi/num_orientation

    9. feature_values = [Feature(name="frequency",values=frequencies),
                             Feature(name="orientation",range=(0.0,pi),step=step_orientation,cyclic=True),
                             Feature(name="phase",range=(0.0,2*pi),step=step_phase,cyclic=True)]

    10.param_dict = {"scale":scale,"offset":offset}
    11.x=FeatureMaps(feature_values)
           x.collect_feature_responses(pattern_presenter,param_dict,display,weighted_average)

What the first part of this code (the PlotGroup specification) does
is:

#. Declare that the Orientation Preference plot group should go on
   the Preference Maps menu, with the indicated help string
#. Declare that before trying to plot this data, generate it by
   calling the command "measure\_or\_pref", which is defined next.
#. To this plot group, add up to one plot per Sheet named
   "Orientation Preference", plotting any Matrix named
   OrientationPreference, using a color plot (as the Hue channel).
#. Add up to one more plot per Sheet, this time plotting the
   Orientation in the Hue channel and the Orientation Selectivity in
   the Confidence channel (so that unselective neurons show up
   white).
#. Add up to one more plot per Sheet, this time plotting the the
   Orientation Selectivity by itself in grayscale (as a Strength).
#. Add a color key as a static image appended to every plot.

The rest of the code specifies the actual procedure for measuring
the appropriate data:

7.  Declare the parameters accepted by measure\_or\_pref()
8.  Define the default object that will generate input patterns, in
    this case sine gratings (but any other PatternGenerator can also
    be used).
9.  Specify the ranges of parameter values to be tested -- each of
    these defines one possible map (FrequencyPreference,
    OrientationPreference, and PhasePreference, in this case). The
    contents of each map will be an estimate of the value of this
    parameter that will most strongly activate the corresponding
    unit.
10. Add a few more parameter values that will not be varied (and
    thus will not generate preference maps).
11. Present all combinations of feature values and collate the
    responses.

The preference for any input pattern can be measured using nearly
identical code, just selecting a different PatternGenerator and
specifying a different list of features to vary. For each feature,
you will need to know the range and number of steps you want to
test, plus whether it is cyclic (i.e. wraps back around to zero
eventually, and is thus best visualized as a Hue).

Note that the selectivity is by default boosted significantly so
that combined plots will be visible, because the selectivity scales
are essentially arbitrary. To change the scaling in specific cases,
you can adjust the FeatureMaps.selectivity\_multiplier parameter:

::

      from topo.analysis.featureresponses import FeatureMaps
      FeatureMaps.selectivity_multiplier=1.0

Also note that the Orientation Preference plot code above shows just
one possible way of implementing such a plot; in Topographica
itself, a hierarchy of classes is used to simplify the definition of
multiple types of plots.

Additionally, the data for plotting can also be calculated in any
other way (ignoring FeatureMaps and PatternPresenter altogether), as
long as it results in a Matrix added to the appropriate
sheet\_views dictionary and specified in the template. For instance,
the `measure\_cog`_ command used in Center of Gravity plots simply
looks at each ConnectionField individually, computes its center of
gravity, and builds a Matrix out of that (rather than presenting
any input patterns).

.. _LISSOM tutorial: ../Tutorials/lissom_oo_or.html
.. _Activity: ../Tutorials/lissom_oo_or.html#activity-plot
.. _Connection Fields: ../Tutorials/lissom_oo_or.html#connectionfields-plot
.. _Projection: ../Tutorials/lissom_oo_or.html#projection-plot
.. _ProjectionActivity: ../Tutorials/som_retinotopy.html#projection-activity-plot
.. _matrix coordinates: space.html#matrix-coords
.. _sheet coordinates: space.html#sheet-coords
.. _general-purpose preference map analysis package: #adding-a-new-plot
.. _topo/command/analysis.py: ../Reference_Manual/topo.command.analysis-module.html
.. _Orientation Preference: ../Tutorials/lissom_oo_or.html#orientationpreference-plot
.. _topo/command/pylabplot.py: ../Reference_Manual/topo.command.pylabplot-module.html
.. _user configuration file: scripts.html#user-configuration-file
.. _measure\_cog: ../Reference_Manual/topo.command.analysis-module.html#measure_cog

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Доставка на Урал заняла менее 2 недель.Рюкзак был упакован в целофан и пленку-пупырку.Комплектация - рюкзак и кодовый замок. Обещанного usb кабеля и разъема нет.Водостойкость ткани проверена под душем - средний поток воды держит отлично.Рисунок светится порядка 3-4 часов при "зарядке" на солнце в течение 30-40 минут.По факту отсутствия usb тех.подержка обещала вернуть на счет 5 usd, жду.То есть получаем добротный рюкзак и в подарок кодовый замок, без какого-то дополнительного функционала.
without usb port : why?
Quality of Backpack no bad. Ideal for school boys/girls and teenagers. I can recommend this one. PS The only moment that disappointed me - Gearbest promise that the backpack has USB port, but my Yellow colored Backpack don't have USB port (see my pics & video).
I love the design of it and it has many pockets to put all your stuff in for school. Also love that u can put in a portable in the bag and than charge your phone from your bag. It didn't come with the pencil bag and should change the product description so that people will know that it won't come with one.
No one can reject such a great backpack! I order two backpacks, the black one for my boyfriend, and I keep the Cotton Candy color. Fashionable appearance, large capacity, luminous pattern, USB port, it combines just all I need. Now we're gonna carry them for our college graduation trip.
I bought this item for college, and it will work for me. If you are someone who carries very little textbooks and many notebooks, then this bag is perfect. I am planning to use this as a commute bag to all my classes, but a different bag for studying in the library.
I have orderd two. Arrived within 20 working days to Serbia. They are simple, light backpacks. One of them is missing part of a zipper, but otherwise I gues I'm satisfy.
I had expected a cheaply constructed bag with a glow-in-the-dark design as its selling point. Was pleasantly surprised. The bag is roomy and sturdy. My son loves it. He carries lots of books and laptop in that bag, and it seems to be holding well.
If you are wondering about it glow in the dark ability; it definitely can glow in the dark as long as you give it a light source to absorb. It might be faint on the first try but just take into a well-lighted area for a while, and it will glow.
I am surprised with quality of the product, got it for my girlfriend, looks great and I can't see much difference compared to other more expensive brands like Adidas, Nike etc. Just thinking to order another one. Definitely recommended.
What is the capacity of Trendy Luminous Water-resistant Backpack?
Why the backpack isn't Luminous at night?
It need to absorb the sun or the light for 10 - 20 minutes.
How long the luminous effect keep?
About 4 - 6 hours.


Apartment Renting – What Makes You A Good Tenant?
One can often find A beautiful apartment in TAMPA but how long one is going to stay there actually depends on how good they are as a tenant. There are several things that one can do to become good tenant and avoid anyissues with the landlord. Here are some of the important practices that you should follow to avoid any issues.
Paying in time is the best thing one can do to keep a great relation with the landlord.
Landlords often tend to be curious about getting the payment as soon as the new month starts and nothing worries them more than a delayed payment. So, it is always a good idea that you should pay them in time. In fact if you are before time then you are even better placed to get any other potential benefits from a happy landlord.
You should be careful about the property you have rented. The tenants usually tend to be careless and damage the property which creates problems for them with their landlords and often results in deduction of the damage amount from the security deposit. This issue can be handled easily if you take pictures of any already damaged parts of the apartment when you are moving in and give a copy to the landlord and keep one with you. Make sure that throughout your stay in the apartment building, it stays like it was when you moved in the apartment and no additional damage is done by you otherwise you'll be liable for that and it will also cause potential issues with the landlord as well.
Give your rental apartment the treatment as if it's your own home. This will ensure that you receive complete deposit amount back at the time of moving out. You might also get some other favors from the landlord due to this. Though wearing out is normal in the rental apartments, make sure that you are not responsible for any major damage.
Also make sure to keep the property clean. The job can become tedious if you own pets and keep them with you in the apartment. If the landlord visits the apartment and finds it clean, good and scent-free condition then you'll earn his trust. More and more trust you earn, more you will be able to negotiate on rent and lease terms when the time for renewal arrives.
Knowing the neighbors can be beneficial for you as you'll be able to watch out one another. In case you're going out of the town, the apartment will be kept safe in your absence as the neighbors can keep an eye on your home. Doing small favors to each other every now and then can also be beneficial. If you have problems with the neighbors and the landlord gets to know of these issues then you might have a problem at hand.


text:
Q: Azure - creating Boolean variables and use it across multiple tasks I want to define one Boolean variable for a stage and want to set it(True/False) inside another script in one of the task in the stage and want to use that variable as a condition in other subsequent tasks, How can I do it?
My azure pipeline is YAML based.

A:
I want to define one Boolean variable for a stage and want to set
  it(True/False) inside another script in one of the task in the stage
  and want to use that variable as a condition in other subsequent
  tasks, How can I do it?

Here's one example:
stages:
- stage: Build
  variables:
    Key : false
  jobs:
  - job: Build
    continueOnError: true
    steps:
    - script: echo Key:'$(Key)'

    - task: PowerShell@2
      inputs:
        targetType: 'inline'
        script: |
          # Write your PowerShell commands here.

          Write-Host "##vso[task.setvariable variable=Key;]true"

    - task: CmdLine@2
      inputs:
        script: echo Key:'$(Key)'

    - task: CmdLine@2
      condition: and(succeeded(), eq(variables['Key'], 'true'))
      inputs:
        script: |
          echo Write your commands here

          echo Hello world

I have one stage variable Key, its value is false. Then in PS task I use task.setvariable to override the key's value. Note: This way the new value true is a job-scope value. If you have more than one jobs in one stage, this can't work well.
Update1:
- task: PowerShell@2
      inputs:
        filePath: 'Test.ps1'

My Test.ps1:
Write-Host "##vso[task.setvariable variable=Key;]true"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Is there a extremely minimal case available for the 6T, like Totallee or mnmlcase? Don't see one on those 2 sites, so was wondering is anyone else makes it.
Unfortunately, it doesn't ship to the U.S.A.
The case that came with it is plenty case for me.
Yes, I've heard of the case at the OnePlus 6T comes with is awesome!
Thanks but not exactly. Really looking for something very minimal.
The one I bought from Swappa also came with the Sandstone case and man is this case great. Very minimal and adds good grip as well!
Spigen Liquid Air Armour case.
So I got the OnePlus sandstone case. I do not think you can get much more minimal and still have some protection. However this thing does add a ton of grip which is what I really wanted as the case that came with it offers more protection I think it is also pretty slippery.
Why did a picture appear for a new number?


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