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By Jessica Hopper
Pop/R&B
Lana Del Rey's third album is her purest album-length expression, and her most artistic one. It is a dark work, darker even than Ultraviolence. While she's obviously a pop artist, Honeymoon feels as though it belongs to a larger canon of Southern California Gothic albums, and synthesizes ideas she's been vamping on from the beginning into a unified work.
On the cover of Honeymoon, we see our star, Lana Del Rey, the idle passenger of a parked convertible Hollywood tourmobile, gazing behind her through face-obscuring shades. As an artist, she's never shied away from the obvious, but the image feels almost too on-the-nose, too apt—Lana doing The Full Lana. And yet, that's exactly what Honeymoon gives us—it is Lana Del Rey's purest album-length expression, and her most artistic one.
Accordingly, Honeymoon is a dark work, darker even than Ultraviolence, and the pall does not lift for its 60-plus minutes. It's an album about love, but "love", as Del Rey sings it, sounds like mourning. The romance here is closer to addiction—something that's sought for its ability to blot out the rest of life's miseries. On the title track, when she croons "Our honeymoon/ Say you want me too", she's dopily hopeful as Brian Wilson singing "We could be married/ And then we'll be happy." The album luxuriates in this bleak space between dream and reality, which stretches endlessly from one melancholy track to the next. It's not until "The Blackest Day", eleven songs in, that Honeymoon's static depression gives way to apocalyptic ecstasy, as she gasps "In all the wrong places/ Oh my God" in multi-tracked harmonies on the chorus. The moment is Honeymoon's emotional apex, but it still moves at the pace of a funeral march, and the release it depicts is that of embracing rock bottom.
The morose orchestral grandeur of the album feels like an arrival point, and also possibly a dead-end: the sentimentality and drama throws back to old Hollywood film scores. The setting is pitch-perfect and a million mothballed years away from the current pop landscape; it's strange, a barometer of youth culture trading in such old music. As a singer, Del Rey sounds more like the singer of her pre-Lana Lizzy Grant days here, when she was was performing torch songs in secretarial skirts at A&R showcases, looking too young to seem so haunted. Her previous two records felt like earnest stabs at finding a pop context for that voice, but they were both overwrought, and Honeymoon's arrangements feel built to rectify that.
Honeymoon acknowledges what, or rather who, we are here for. It knows that we want big, sad, fucked-up epics. It's rare to get to a chorus within the first minute, and until that point it's usually just Lana, maybe a little guitar or some cinematic strings. The programmed drums of "High by the Beach" and "Religion" wait nearly a minute to enter, and "Terrence Loves You" is even sparser. Many tracks expand sleepily past the five- or six-minute mark, which is to say that Honeymoon's languor takes our attention for granted. Which is certainly not a mistake.
While she's obviously a pop artist, Honeymoon feels as though it belongs to a larger canon of Southern California Gothic albums—Celebrity Skin, Hotel California, The Hissing of Summer Lawns. She sings about it all—the sprawl, toxicity, the culture of transactional relationships, the particulars of the light ("God Knows I Tried")—with an East Coast blue-blood accent ("scared" becomes "skaaaahd"). All the gee-whiz irony of previous albums is gone, often she sounds like ABBA's Agnetha Fältskog roused from a nap, sweet but disconnected.
Like Joan Didion's ur-California girl transplant, Maria Wyeth, Del Rey sings like a woman who "knows what 'nothing' means"—on "High by the Beach", "Freak", and "Art Deco" she sounds beyond longing, like it's been a long time since she felt anything at all. She is cruelly incisive on "Art Deco" ("you're just born to be seen"), a highlight that curdles when the careless phrase "You're so ghetto" comes out in the chorus. It's one of the few tonal misfires on an album that otherwise feels like Del Rey moving into the temple she's built.
She has been transfixed by, and riffing on, America since the beginning, but Honeymoon pushes past easy Kennedy kitsch and undulating flags to mine something more specific. In the opening track, she sings "We could cruise/ To the blues/ Wilshire Boulevard," and the name check is shrewd. One of L.A.'s earliest thoroughfares, a locus of establishing the city's car culture, Wilshire runs sixteen miles, and as architecture critic Christopher Hawthorne writes, "can take you from a world-famous piece of architecture to a weed-choked lot, from a realized ambition to an abandoned one, in the space of a few blocks."
In the following verse, she replaces blues with "news" and substitutes "Pico Blvd.", which is working class for its duration, bi-secting Koreatown and running through Ecuadorian, Salvadoran, Russian, and Mexican communities. The juxtaposition is startling and canny. In the space of one lyric, she posits the invisible, real city running parallel to the gleaming, manufactured one, sketching an arterial map of a city coursing with ambition. It reminds us of something that was the very issue with Del Rey that irritated some early on—she knows exactly what she is doing. Honeymoon just synthesizes ideas she's been vamping on from the beginning into a unified work. She figured where she was going long before she got there; with Honeymoon she has finally arrived.
More Reviews for Lana Del Rey
Blue Banisters
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Norman Fucking Rockwell!
Ultraviolence
Born to Die
Take Me Home EP
To What End
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Beware of the Monkey


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Physiology and Pharmacology | November 1999
Rod Multifocal Electroretinograms in Mice
Steven Nusinowitz; William H. Ridder, III; John R. Heckenlively
Steven Nusinowitz
From the Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
William H. Ridder, III
Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton.
John R. Heckenlively
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science November 1999, Vol.40, 2848-2858. doi:
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Steven Nusinowitz, William H. Ridder, John R. Heckenlively; Rod Multifocal Electroretinograms in Mice. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1999;40(12):2848-2858.
© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
purpose. To test the feasibility of recording rod multifocal electroretinograms (ERGs) from the mouse eye.
methods. Multifocal ERGs were recorded from normal mice (C57BL/6J) using an array of equal-sized hexagons. Local stimuli were blue (W47A), and the number of blank frames between successive flashes at the same location was fixed at 14 (minimum 200 msec between flashes). Flash and surround intensity, and the number of hexagons, were varied to optimize the stimulus conditions for the mouse, and alterations in adaptation level were used to assess cone intrusion. Local response isolation was evaluated by comparing multifocal responses to full-field ERGs and by mapping local defects in laser-treated mice.
results. Rod multifocal ERGs, although small, were clearly recordable and well formed under many conditions. Decreasing flash intensity or the size of stimulus elements, and/or increasing the surround intensity or adaptation level, decreased local response amplitudes. At the dimmest flash intensity (−0.70 log scotopic trolands [scot td]/s) and the smallest stimulus element (2.9° × 3.5°), local responses were nondetectable. Comparisons with full-field ERGs supported the hypothesis that the local responses were not contaminated by contributions from dark-adapted retinal areas surrounding the multifocal display. With sufficiently bright (0.30 log scot td-s) and relatively large (5.6° × 6.9°) stimulus elements, multifocal responses clearly revealed local retinal defects created with laser treatment.
conclusions. Rod multifocal ERGs can be recorded from the mouse eye to provide topographical maps of retinal function that have sufficient spatial resolution to be of practical use. The technique will be useful in characterizing the natural history of regional loss in mouse models of human retinal disease and in evaluating some forms of interventional therapy.
Atechnique for recording multifocal electroretinograms (ERGs) has been described by Sutter and his colleagues. 1 2 3 In the multifocal recording technique, small areas of the retina are stimulated simultaneously, and local contributions to a massed electrical potential are extracted from a continuously recorded ERG. Under photopic conditions, the local waveforms appear biphasic, with negative and positive deflections that appear to have the same origins as the a- and b- waves of the full-field ERG. 4
The power of the multifocal recording technique lies in the ability to detect local retinal abnormalities that would not be detected by conventional full-field ERGs, which reflect the massed response of the retina. For example, full-field cone ERGs from patients with macular disease are generally within normal limits. 5 6 However, the multifocal ERG can reveal localized abnormalities by mapping regions in which ERG amplitudes are reduced. 3 As a result, the multifocal ERG has become an increasingly popular research tool to investigate local cone-mediated function in a variety of retinal disorders. 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Recently, the multifocal stimulus was modified to assess the feasibility of obtaining reliable rod-mediated responses in humans. 14 Under conditions that increased the probability of detection by rods (e.g., blue flashes of moderate intensity with a surround and a slowed presentation rate), rod multifocal ERGs could be recorded, but the local responses were relatively small and noisy compared with those from cones. Nevertheless, with optimal recording conditions, the rod multifocal ERGs were sufficiently localized to be clinically useful, as demonstrated with recordings from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. 14
In this study, we assessed the feasibility of extending the multifocal recording technique to the study of rod-mediated function in the mouse. The motivation for this application was twofold. First, the mouse is used extensively to model human retinal disease, and an objective measure of the topography of retinal function in the mouse will be useful in understanding the natural history of some forms of retinal degeneration and the mechanism of action of specific gene mutations. Second, a more sensitive tool is needed in the mouse to demonstrate recovery of retinal function after interventional therapies. For example, a recent study has shown that delivery of the β-subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) via a novel gene delivery system, known as encapsulated adenovirus minichromosomes, allows rescue of the rd phenotype. 15 However, the rescued regions are currently relatively small. Conventional full-field ERGs have not demonstrated convincing evidence of functional recovery because as a massed response the ERG averages the rescued area with much larger areas of nonfunctional retina. In contrast, a multifocal ERG would have the potential to detect and evaluate the function in local regions of the retina.
The experiments described here were carried out on 14- to 16-week-old C57BL/6J mice weighing 23 to 25 grams. Mice were dark-adapted overnight and anesthetized before testing with an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline solution containing ketamine (15 mg/g body weight) and xylazine (7mg/g body weight). The right eye of each animal was dilated (0.5% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride) to a maximum diameter of 2.0 mm. Animals were placed on a heated water pad maintained at a constant temperature of 38°C throughout the experiment. All experimental procedures were carried out in compliance with the guidelines on animal experimentation set forth by the National Institutes of Health and the ARVO Statement on the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.
Recording Technique
Multifocal ERGs were recorded using a gold loop electrode placed on the corneal surface at the limbus and referenced to a gold wire in the mouth. When fixed in place the gold loop minimized eye movements and held the eyelids open. The corneal surface was anesthetized with a drop of proparacaine hydrochloride (0.5%) solution. A needle electrode inserted into the tail served as ground. A drop of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2.5%) was placed on the corneal surface to ensure corneal integrity. Signals were sampled every 0.833 msec (1,200 Hz) with the A/D board supplied with the VERIS system (Electro-Diagnostics Imaging, San Mateo, CA). Low- and high-frequency cutoffs were set at 1 and 300 Hz, respectively.
Each mouse was secured to a moveable platform positioned in front of the stimulus monitor at a distance of 33.0 cm. The display screen, including the surround, measured 38.0 cm horizontally and 29.0 cm vertically, giving an angular subtense of approximately 60° by 47° (see Fig. 1 A). The array of hexagons, with a radius of approximately 15.0 cm, subtended 50° horizontally and 47° vertically. The head of the mouse was adjusted to align the mouse's line of sight with the center of the display screen. Although we cannot specify precisely the image location on the retina, securing the head and body of the anesthetized mouse to the platform ensured stability of the retinal image during a test session. (Attempts were made to back-project local retinal landmarks, such as the optic disc, onto a screen to more precisely identify where the mouse was looking and what region of the retina was being stimulated. However, it was not practical to locate and map retinal landmarks during a recording session because the light required to back-project the retina would have compromised dark-adaptation. Other techniques to specify image location are currently being investigated.)
Focusing lenses were not used. Several studies have shown that the depth of field for the mouse eye is roughly 10 D and that the refractive error of the rat eye, and likely the mouse eye, is believed to be emmetropic or slightly myopic. 16 17 18 A 10-D depth of field in an emmetropic eye results in clear retinal images for objects placed from 10 cm to infinity from the eye. Because our monitor was placed at 33 cm from the mouse eye, a clear image of the stimulus was produced on the retina.
In many of the experiments to be described, repeated measures were obtained on the same mouse. Unless stated otherwise, the mouse was exposed only once to the conditions of a particular experiment and only one m-sequence was run for each condition. A testing session was discontinued if movement of the eye, head, or body was detected, usually as the mouse emerged from anesthesia, which occurred infrequently. An experiment was replicated with a different mouse that was given additional anesthetic when necessary to ensure immobility throughout the entire course of an experiment.
Multifocal Stimulus
The multifocal stimulus consisted of an array of hexagons displayed on a high-resolution video monitor (Nortech Imaging Systems, Plymouth, MN). For most of the experiments described in this article, the stimulus was an array of 61 equal-sized hexagons (see Fig. 1A ). Each hexagon in the array was luminance-modulated according to a binary m-sequence, and the same m-sequence was used to modulate all elements of the display. Local responses were computed as the cross-correlation between the m-sequence and a continuously recorded massed ERG (see Refs. 1 and 2 for more detailed explanation). A blue filter (Kodak W47A; λmax = 470 nm, half bandwidth = 55 nm), placed 2.0 cm in front of the mouse eye, was used to generate an array of blue flashes. Flash intensity was varied with neutral density filters sandwiched with the blue filter.
All stimuli were calibrated with a Radiometer/Photometer System (model 550; EG & G, Gamma Scientific, San Diego, CA) and are expressed in scotopic trolands (td). To measure the intensity of the multifocal flashes, a single hexagon was enlarged to cover the entire multifocal display area. The detector (silicone multiprobe with flat radiometric filter) was placed at the plane of the mouse pupil, and the total radiant energy (F e; in watts) falling on the detector's surface was measured through the combination of blue and neutral density filters. Measurements were integrated over time. The luminous flux (F v, scotopic lumens) was obtained from the following relation 19 20
\[\mathit{F}_{v}\mathrm{\ (scotopic\ lumens)\ {=}\ K^{{^\prime}}}_{\mathrm{m}}\mathrm{V^{{^\prime}}}_{\mathrm{{\lambda}{=}470nm}}\mathit{\ F}_{e}\ \mathrm{(watts)\ {=}\ 1180}\mathit{F}_{\mathrm{e}}\mathrm{\ (watts)}\]
where K′m = 1745 scotopic lumens/W and V′λ = 470 nm = 0.676. Scotopic luminance (L v) was given by the relation shown below 20 :
\[\mathit{L}_{\mathit{v}}\mathrm{\ (scotopic\ cd/m}^{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{)\ {=}\ }\mathit{F}_{\mathit{v}}\mathrm{\ (scotopic\ lumens)/2{\pi}A}_{\mathrm{detector}}\mathrm{\ (m}^{\mathrm{2}}\mathrm{)}\]
and retinal illuminance (in trolands) was calculated using the method of Wyszecki and Stiles 19 assuming a pupil of 2.0 mm diameter. The same technique was used to calibrate the full-field stimuli (described below). (Although the meaning of the troland is the same in the mouse and human eyes, the effective retinal illuminance of a particular stimulus will be significantly higher in the mouse for the same pupil area because of the smaller size of the mouse eye. Measures of retinal illuminance that are given have not been adjusted for this difference. For a detailed discussion of this issue, the reader is referred to Ref. 20 .)
The rate of stimulation was slowed by introducing blank frames between successive flashes in the m-sequence. 14 For all the experiments described in this article, the number of blank frames was fixed at 14. For a frame rate of 75 Hz, the time between two successive blue flashes at the same location was a minimum of 199.5 msec (15 × 13.3 msec). The m-sequence length was 212 − 1 and required 13 minutes and 39 seconds to complete. Each m-sequence was divided into four overlapping segments, each 3 minutes and 40 seconds in duration, so that the mouse status and position could be evaluated. Whenever possible, the m-sequence was replicated to ensure reliability. Data collection and analysis were performed by the VERIS software.
Independent variations were made in adaptation level, flash and surround intensity, and angular size of stimulus elements. These various conditions will be described below.
Full-Field ERGs
Full-field ERGs were obtained using the same blue filter (W47A) and a range of flash intensities. Except for the shift to full-field stimulation, the recording technique was identical with that for the multifocal ERGs.
Laser Application
To test whether regional defects could be detected with the multifocal ERG, confluent laser spots were placed in two normal C57BL/6J mice. Pupils were dilated with 1% topical atropine. Using the indirect Argon laser delivery system, one mouse had a total of 21 laser spots placed in two rows around the optic nerve with power settings of 150 mW and 0.1 s duration. A second mouse had 44 laser spots distributed in pockets throughout the retina. The intent was to simulate a heterogeneous retina with multiple local defects.
A representative array of multifocal ERGs recorded to blue flashes is shown in Figure 1B . For this experiment, flash intensity was set to 0.30 log scot td/s. Blank frames between successive flashes were set to− 2.14 log scot td, and the surround of the multifocal display measured− 0.53 log scot td. Hereafter, this will be referred to as the standard condition. (For all the experimental conditions described in this article, a replication of the standard condition was included to allow comparisons between conditions.) The multifocal responses are approximately uniform across the field except for the lower right where responses are smaller and less well-defined, likely the result of minor clipping of the pupil by the loop electrode. Implicit times of individual multifocal responses are on the order of 95 to 100 msec with response amplitudes of 1.0 to 1.5 μV. Similar responses were obtained from two additional normal mice (not shown).
Cone Intrusion
Because only 3% to 5% of mouse photoreceptors are cones, we assumed that cones would contribute minimally to a local response to blue flashes. Nevertheless, an important control condition is to test for cone intrusion. In humans, the contribution from long-wavelength sensitive cones can be evaluated by comparing the responses to blue and red flashes. Although this technique works well with human subjects, it cannot work with the mouse because the mouse lacks a long-wavelength–sensitive cone. In the mouse, the spectral sensitivity of rods and their longer-wavelength cone are virtually identical. 21 22 23
To explore the contribution from mouse cones, multifocal responses were recorded using the standard display (described above) under different levels of light adaptation. These conditions were designed to differentially suppress the contribution from rods. Adaptation level was modified by exposing the mouse to different ambient light levels in the experimental chamber. Measured from the viewing position, the different illumination levels produced equivalent retinal illuminance of approximately 0.17, 1.64, and 1.97 log scot td, respectively. Five minutes of preadaptation was allowed to adjust to each of the lighting conditions.
Multifocal responses obtained from a single mouse are shown in Figure 2 . Shown are the summed multifocal responses (the sum of 61 individual local responses) recorded in the dark-adapted state (solid line) and for three light-adapted conditions. With increasing light adaptation, the summed multifocal responses are smaller and have slightly shortened implicit times. At the highest level of ambient illumination, which was just sufficient to saturate rods, multifocal responses were nondetectable. This pattern of results supports the hypothesis that the relatively large responses to blue flashes in the dark are rod-dominated.
In the folllowing experiments, stimulus variations were introduced to assess the optimal conditions for local response isolation and to evaluate the contributions from stray light.
Flash Intensity
At relatively high retinal illuminances, stray light may contaminate local rod responses by including a response from the surround and/or adjacent local regions. Thus, one method of increasing the probability that responses are locally determined is to decrease flash intensity. The summed multifocal responses for the standard condition and the two lower flash intensities are shown in Figure 3 for a normal mouse. In general, multifocal responses were smaller and noisier with reduced flash intensity. At the lowest intensity (−0.70 log scot td/s), local responses were poorly defined in many locations, although when summed together a clear signal was identifiable. Local responses at the next higher intensity level were significantly better but were still relatively noisy, although spatial averaging improved the appearance of the signals. With only a single replication of the m-sequence, as in this experiment, the best array of local responses was generated by the conditions of the standard display. (It is possible, however, that better signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained even at the dimmest flash intensities with longer m-sequences, replications of m-sequences, or both.) A similar pattern of results was observed in a second normal mouse.
Surround Intensity
Stray light stimulating dark-adapted retina surrounding the multifocal display can produce a sizable response that may obscure a local response. 14 In this experiment, surround intensity was varied to examine this potential source of contamination. Surround intensity was varied over four levels covering a range of approximately 2.44 log units. Except for the change in surround, conditions were as in the standard display described above.
The summed multifocal responses recorded from the same mouse are shown in Figure 4 . With increasing surround intensity, the summed multifocal response decreased in amplitude, and implicit times were shortened, especially for the highest surround intensity (0.30 log scot td). Again, although the summed responses gave well-defined waveforms at all surround intensities, individual local responses for the two highest intensities were not well formed and difficult to distinguish from noise.
These results can be interpreted to mean that stray light stimulating surrounding dark-adapted retina contributes significantly to a local response and that this source of contamination can be suppressed with the addition of a surround. However, this experiment cannot be interpreted unambiguously, because the addition of a steady surround increasingly light-adapted the mouse retina. As shown by the data of Figure 2 , light-adapting the mouse retina to progressively higher levels produces smaller and slightly faster responses. Thus, in this experiment, we could not separate the effects of an increase in overall adaptation level from the effects of stray light stimulating the surround. In the following experiment, we examined the contribution from global stray light and local response isolation while avoiding changes in overall adaptation level.
Hexagon Size
Isolating a local retinal landmark, such as the optic nerve depression, in the multifocal response array, would be a powerful test of local response isolation. In the response arrays obtained to the standard display (see for example Fig. 1B ), evidence of an optic nerve head depression is not seen. There are a number of possible explanations for this. First, the position of the stimulus on the retina is not precisely known, and it is possible that the optic nerve head fell outside the stimulated area. However, given the angular dimensions of the display (50° × 47°) and the alignment of the mouse eye with respect to the screen, we are reasonably confident that the optic nerve head region of the retina was captured within our response array. (Altering the line of gaze did not help reveal the nerve head depression.)
A more likely explanation for the inability to identify the site of the nerve head derives from a rod study in humans. 14 In that study, the relatively large size of an individual hexagon (approximately 5° across), combined with the effects of image blur and local stray light, was used to explain why the blind spot and fovea were not seen in the response arrays. In this study, individual hexagons of the standard display were also relatively large (approximately 5.6° × 6.9°), and this factor alone would have made it difficult to identify the site of the nerve head in the mouse.
In this experiment, the angular size of a hexagon was varied to assess the possibility of detecting the site of the optic nerve head. Hexagon size was varied over three levels. The angular size of each hexagon (and the number of elements in the display) were 5.6° × 6.9° (61 hexagons), 4.3° × 5.2° (103 hexagons), and 2.9° × 3.5° (241 hexagons), respectively. Except for the variation in element size, flash and surround intensities were as in the standard display.
Response arrays obtained from a normal mouse are shown in Figure 5 . Response amplitudes are smaller and noisier with progressively smaller stimulus elements. Decreasing the angular size of each hexagon (increasing resolution) did not improve the ability to detect the optic nerve head, primarily because the local responses were exceedingly small at all retinal locations (Fig. 5C) . This experiment was replicated on a second mouse with similar results.
A notable feature of this experiment is shown in Figure 6 . Across the three element sizes (including a replication of the 241 hexagon condition), the summed multifocal responses are remarkably similar in waveform, amplitude, and timing (Fig. 6A) . In contrast, the average multifocal response for an individual stimulus element (Fig. 6B) decreases systematically as hexagon size is reduced. Thus, although a local response is smaller with reduced element size, the local responses are additive, giving the same summed response. This additivity of local responses is consistent with the hypothesis that the multifocal responses represent relatively local function and that stray light is not a significant factor.
Comparison to Full-Field ERGs
Full-field and multifocal ERGs were recorded from the same mouse under comparable stimulus conditions. For the multifocal recordings, the standard display of 61 hexagons was used, and the intensity of the blue flashes was set to 0.30 log scot td/s. Full-field ERGs were recorded with a conventional Ganzfeld dome and the same blue filter (W47A), with flash intensity set to 0.32 log scot td-s. (For both full-field and focal stimuli, flash intensities were in the linear range of the intensity-response function.) The full-field and summed multifocal ERGs are shown in Figure 7 as the solid and dotted lines, respectively. The b-wave amplitude for the full-field and the summed multifocal response were 430.6 and 79.7μ V, respectively. Thus, the amplitude of the summed multifocal response is approximately 18.5% of the full-field response.
A computational model was used to determine the area of the mouse retina stimulated by the standard display. Parameters for the model were taken from a study by Remtulla and Hallett 16 in which average values for a mouse schematic eye are given. Based on this schematic eye, the 61 hexagon stimulus covered an area of the retina that measured 2.50 mm2. The total vascularized retinal area for the mouse was taken to be 12.5 mm2 (see Ref. 24) . This analysis suggests that the area of the retina occupied by the multifocal display is approximately 20% of the total retina. Assuming that different regions of the retina contribute approximately equally to the massed response of the retina, the summed multifocal response should be approximately 20% of the full-field ERG amplitude. In Figure 7 , the dashed line is the full-field ERG divided by a factor of 5.0. This adjusted full-field response was taken to be the response that would be expected if a homogeneous patch of light of the same dimensions as the multifocal display stimulated the retina. The predicted response (dashed line) is very close to the observed summed multifocal response (dotted line). Considering the potential sources for error in these calculations, this is remarkable agreement.
Mapping Local Defects following Laser Treatment
The main goal of this research was to determine whether the multifocal ERG can be extended to the study of retinal heterogeneity in the mouse eye. In this experiment, we addressed this question directly by mapping retinal function in normal mice in which regions of the retina had been destroyed with laser treatment.
Examples of ERG topographies before and after laser treatment are shown in Figure 8 (top and middle panels). This mouse had laser burns delivered around the optic nerve to produce a confluent area extending approximately five to seven disc diameters across. The response arrays are shown on the left, and, for comparison, three-dimensional response density plots are shown on the right. Local responses were essentially nondetectable in the region of local laser scarring (lower right quadrant of the trace array). The local defect encapsulating the optic nerve head is shown more vividly as a deep depression on the three-dimensional density plot shown in the middle panel. (For this recording session, the mouse eye was aligned so that more of the inferior temporal retina was captured.)
For the mouse data shown in the bottom panels of Figure 8 , laser burns were delivered throughout the retina to create several pockets of nonfunctional retina, the intent being to simulate a diseased retina with a number of regions of normal and abnormal function. The ERG topography after laser treatment shows depressed local function over many relatively large and confluent areas that reflect the regions of the retina treated with the laser.
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of obtaining rod multifocal ERGs from the mouse eye. This discussion, therefore, will focus on two questions. First, are the multifocal responses rod-mediated? Second, do the responses reflect "local" function?
The first question is relatively easy to answer. To maximize the probability of rod-mediation, a combination of dim blue flashes and a slowed presentation rate was used. 14 Multifocal responses that were obtained under these conditions appeared qualitatively similar to rod responses that are obtained routinely with standard full-field ERGs in both humans and mice, and appear similar to those obtained from rats. 25 Cone intrusion was expected to be minimal because the mouse retina is rod-dominated, and cones are sparsely distributed. Nevertheless, cone contributions to the responses to blue flashes were evaluated by altering the adaptation level of the mouse eye. Under illumination conditions that significantly light-adapted the mouse retina and suppressed rod function, multifocal responses were nondetectable. This pattern of results supports the conclusion that dark-adapted multifocal responses to dim blue flashes are rod-dominated.
A more difficult question to answer is the extent to which the multifocal responses reflect local function. The mouse eye is small compared with human and other mammalian eyes, and even relatively dim light levels can produce a significant amount of internally reflected (or stray) light. Global stray light can mask entirely a local response, especially if the number of cells generating a local response is small and stimulus intensity is high.
In the multifocal recordings from humans, 14 local rod responses appear bimodal, with separate early and late components. In 1998, Hood et al. 14 interpreted the small and early component of the waveforms to be the local response and the relatively large and late component to be the response to global stray light. This interpretation derives from the finding that the addition of a surround reduces the amplitude of the late component while leaving the early component relatively unchanged. The potential influence of global stray light was anticipated in this study, and a moderate surround intensity and a relatively dim flash were used as part of the standard display. Nevertheless, the multifocal records from mice were clearly not bimodal. Rather, a single peak was observed in approximately the same location as the late component found in the human multifocal records.
An attempt was made to reproduce a bimodal waveform like that found in humans 14 by varying surround intensity (see Fig. 4 ). Increasing surround intensity decreased the amplitude and shortened implicit times of the local responses, but a well-defined bimodal waveform was not observed under any of the conditions. A similar pattern of results was observed when overall adaptation level was altered (see Fig. 2 ). In contrast to the reduced amplitudes, which can be explained by rod suppression, the shortened implicit times with increasing light adaptation are not easy to explain. Increasing light adaptation may have desensitized rods so that the cone response became more evident. However, cone responses have a characteristic appearance, typically with faster implicit times, and responses were nondetectable under rod-saturating conditions (see Fig. 2 ). These factors would seem to rule out the possibility that the smaller and faster responses are cone-mediated. Alternatively, the kinetics of the rod-driven response could have been altered due to light adaptation.
The failure to see a bimodal waveform produces a problem. A tempting interpretation of these results, based on the human data, is that local responses in the mouse are extremely small, perhaps nondetectable, and that only the response to global stray light was observed. Consider the evidence against this interpretation.
Comparisons of multifocal and full-field ERGs were made as a first step in determining whether the multifocal responses are dominated by global stray light. A full-field and a multifocal ERG were recorded from the same mouse and for the same flash intensity and chromaticity. The full-field ERG and the summed multifocal responses are shown in Figure 7 . The area of the mouse retina stimulated by the multifocal display was calculated, and based on this calculation it was estimated that 20% of the response of the entire retina was contributed by the region stimulated by the multifocal display. The full-field ERG recorded from the same mouse in a conventional Ganzfeld dome gave the total response of the retina. This response was divided by a factor of five to predict the response given by the area of the retina occupied by the multifocal stimulus, assuming that all retinal regions contribute approximately equally to the full-field response. This predicted response was compared with the sum of the actual multifocal recordings (dashed and dotted lines in Fig. 7 ), and the agreement was remarkable despite the differences in methodology and the computations required to arrive at the prediction. This agreement supports the hypothesis that responses from retinal areas not stimulated directly by the multifocal stimulus (global stray light) play a minor role, if any, in determining a local response. In addition, the agreement implies that the local response amplitudes were appropriate for the angular extent of a stimulus element.
In a second experiment (Fig. 5) , local response isolation was examined by reducing the angular size of stimulus elements. The goal was to identify the site of the optic nerve. Isolating the nerve head within the response array would have provided a powerful test of local response isolation. However, a local depression associated with the optic nerve head could not be identified in the response arrays for the smaller elements because responses were smaller and noisier at all retinal locations, presumably because fewer retinal cells were contributing to a local response. However, the reduced amplitudes observed with smaller element sizes are consistent with a local basis for the multifocal responses. Nevertheless, they do not conclusively establish a local basis for the response because stray light thrown from individual hexagons to other hexagons, and to the surround, may also have been scaled as the element size was reduced, thereby contributing to the reduction of a local response.
To investigate the issue of local response isolation more directly, a different approach was used. We created local retinal defects with laser treatment in the retinas of normal mice. The intent was to show that the areas of the retina destroyed by the laser would be represented in the response arrays recorded with the multifocal ERG. Two mice were described, one in which the optic nerve head was surrounded by a large confluent patch of laser-treated retina, thereby enlarging the site of the nerve head, and a second mouse in which patches of tissue were ablated throughout the retina. Although the laser-treated areas of the retina were relatively large, the multifocal ERG clearly revealed these regions as nonrecordable local responses (see Fig. 8 ). We are currently evaluating spatial resolution by mapping retinal abnormalities in laser-treated mice in which scotomas are relatively circumscribed and systematically reduced in areal extent.
Overall, the results of the experiments reported here suggest that rod multifocal ERGs can be recorded from the mouse, that the multifocal responses reflect relatively local function, and that the multifocal technique can be used to map heterogeneous retinal function. However, an important technical issue that has not yet been resolved concerns the placement of the multifocal stimulus on the mouse retina. As stated previously, we cannot specify precisely the image location on the retina. We took special care in securing the head and body of the anesthetized mouse to ensure immobility during a testing session so that the same retinal tissue was being stimulated as stimulus conditions were changed. This procedure allowed a test of the main experimental questions driving this study. However, the site corresponding to a particular response is an important technical problem. In fact, when searching for the regions of abnormal retina in mice treated with lasers, several recordings were required to locate the lasered region, each with a slightly different line of gaze. This procedure proved time consuming. Nevertheless, a primary goal of this study was to develop a sensitive test for the mouse, to assess local retinal function after some forms of interventional therapy in which the treatment effects are expected to be relatively local. Sequential recordings with different lines of gaze, although time consuming, will likely reveal the regions of the retina that are relatively healthy.
In conclusion, the multifocal ERG can be extended to the study of local rod-mediated function in the mouse. As a first approximation, however, it appears that the multifocal technique will have the greatest success in cases in which the local regions of normal and abnormal function are relatively large and relatively homogeneous, and in which the stimulus conditions are selected appropriately for the particular experimental question or questions.
Supported by NEI grant RO1 EY07758 and an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness.
Submitted for publication October 28, 1998; revised March 8 and June 1, 1999; accepted July 6, 1999.
Commercial relationships policy: N.
Corresponding author: Steven Nusinowitz, Jules Stein Eye Institute–UCLA, 100 Stein Plaza–A112, Los Angeles, CA 90024. E-mail: nusinowitz@jsei.ucla.edu
View OriginalDownload Slide
(A) Spatial configuration of the multifocal display. At a distance of 33.0 cm, the display screen, including the surround, measured 38.0 cm horizontally and 29.0 cm vertically, giving an angular subtense of approximately 60° × 47°. The array of hexagons, with a radius of approximately 15.0 cm, subtended 50° horizontally and 47° vertically. The standard display was composed of 61 hexagons, each 5.6° × 6.9°, with blue (W47A) flashes set to 0.30 log scot td/s. Intervening blank frames and the surround were set to −2.14 log scot td and −0.53 log scot td, respectively. The number of blank frames between successive blue flashes of the m-sequence was fixed at 14. (B) Rod multifocal ERGs from a representative normal mouse (C57BL/6J) using the standard display. Similar responses were obtained from two additional normal mice.
Summed multifocal responses recorded from a normal mouse using the standard display and different levels of light adaptation. Light adaptation was altered by illuminating the mouse eye with light producing equivalent retinal illuminances of approximately 0.17, 1.64, and 1.97 log scot td, respectively. Otherwise conditions are as in Figure 1A .
Summed multifocal responses from a single mouse for blue flash intensities of 0.30, −0.20, and −0.70 log scot td/s and two control conditions designed to represent the level of intrinsic noise. The control recordings are from the mouse eye with the stimulus occluded and with the electrodes inserted in saline. Otherwise conditions are as in Figure 1A . A similar pattern of results was observed in a second normal mouse.
Summed multifocal responses for surround intensities of −2.14, −0.53,− 3.0, and 0.30 log scot td. Otherwise conditions are as in Figure 1A .
Multifocal responses from the same mouse and three element sizes. The angular size of a hexagon was 5.6° × 6.9° (upper panel), 4.3° × 5.2° (middle panel), or 2.9° × 3.5° (bottom panel). Otherwise conditions were as in Figure 1A .
(A) Summed multifocal response for three hexagon sizes for the mouse shown in Figure 5 . (B) Average multifocal response for three hexagon sizes for the mouse shown in Figure 5 .
Comparison of full-field and multifocal ERGs recorded from the same mouse under comparable stimulus conditions. The dotted line is the sum of the 61 individual multifocal recordings obtained with the standard display shown in Figure 1A . Full-field ERGs were recorded with a blue filter (W47A) and a flash intensity of 0.32 log scot td/s. The dashed line is the full-field ERG divided by a factor of 5.0 to approximate the response that would be given by a patch of light of the same dimensions as the multifocal display (see text for details). A second mouse showed similar results.
Rod multifocal response arrays (left panel) and three-dimensional response density plots (right panel) from normal mice in which areas of the region were destroyed with laser photocoagulation. (A) Representative normal mouse. (B) The mouse shown in (A) after laser treatment. A total of 21 laser burns was administered in two rows around the optic nerve head. (C) Forty-four laser burns were delivered throughout the retina to create several pockets of nonfunctional retina. See text for details.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Marc Bearse and Erich Sutter for their technical assistance and Don Hood for helpful comments on an early draft of this manuscript. In addition, we would like to thank the reviewers for their comments.
Sutter EE. The fast m-transform: a fast computation of cross-correlations with binary m-sequences. Soc Ind Appl Mat. 1991;20:686–694.
Sutter EE, Tran D. The field topography of ERG components in man, I: the photopic luminance response. Vision Res. 1992;32:433–466. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bearse MAJ, Sutter EE. Imaging localized retinal dysfunction with the multifocal electroretinogra. J Opt Soc A. 1996;13:634–640. [CrossRef]
Hood DC, Seiple W, Holopigian K, Greenstein V. A comparison of the components of the multi-focal and full-field ERG. Vis Neurosc. 1997;314:533–544.
Fishman GA, Sokol S. Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway. Ophthal. Monographs . 1990; American Academy of Ophthalomology San Francisco.
Heckenlively JR, Arden GB. Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Visio. 1991; Mosby St. Louis.
Hood DC, Holopigian K, Greenstein V, Seiple W, Sutter EE, Carr RE. Assessment of local retinal function in patients with retinitis pigmentosa using the multi-focal ERG techniqu. Vision Re. 1997;38:163–179.
Kondo M, Miyake Y, Horiguchi M, Suzuki S, Tanikawa A. Clinical evaluation of multifocal electroretinogra. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1995;36:2146–2150.
Kretschmann U, Usui T, Ruther K, Zrenner E. Electroretinographic campimetry in a patient with crystalline retinopath. Ger J Ophthalmo. 1997;5:399–403.
Kretschmann U, Ruther K, Usui T, Zrenner E. ERG campimetry using multifocal stimulation technique or mapping of retinal function in the central visual fiel. Ophthalmic Re. 1996;28:303–311. [CrossRef]
Palmowski AM, Sutter EE, Bearse MA, Fung W. Mapping of retinal function in diabetic retinopathy using the multifocal electroretinogra. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1997;38:2586–2596.
Parks S, Keating D, Williamson TH, Evans AL, Elliott AT, Jay JL. Functional imaging of the retina using the multi-focal electroretinogram: a control study. Br J Ophthalmo. 1996;80:831–834. [CrossRef]
Seeliger M, Kretschmann U, Apfelstedt–Sylla E, Ruther K, Zrenner E. Multifocal electroretinography in retinitis pigmentos. Am J Ophthalmo. 1998;125:214–226. [CrossRef]
Hood DC, Wladis EJ, Shady S, Holopigian K, Li J, Seiple W. Multifocal rod ERG. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1998;39:1152–1162.
Kumar–Singh R, Farber D. Encapsulated adenovirus minichromosome-mediated delivery of genes to the retina: application to the rescue of photoreceptor degeneratio. Hum Mol Genet. 1998;7:1893–1900. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Remtulla S, Hallett PE. A schematic eye for the mouse, and comparisons with the ra. Vision Re. 1985;25:21–31. [CrossRef]
Hughes A. The refractive state of the rat ey. Vision Re. 1977;17:927–940. [CrossRef]
Meyer GE, Salinsky MC. Refraction of the rat, estimation by pattern evoked visual cortical potential. Vision Re. 1977;17:883–885. [CrossRef]
Wyszecki G, Stiles WS. Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formula. 1967;225. John Wiley & Son New York.
Pennisi ME, Lyubarsky AL, Pugh E. Extreme responsiveness of the pupil of the dark-adapted mouse to steady retinal illuminatio. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1998;39:2148–2156.
Jacobs GH, Neirz J, Deegan JF. Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet ligh. Natur. 1991;353:655–656. [CrossRef]
Sun H, Macke JP, Nathans J. Mechanisms of spectral tuning in the mouse green cone pigmen. Proc Natl Acad Sci US. 1997;94:8860–8865. [CrossRef]
Jacobs GH. Photopigments and seeing—Lessons from natural experiments: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1998;39:2204–2216.
Browning J, Wylie CK, Cole G. Quantification of oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1997;38:1168–1174.
Ball SL, Seiler MJ, Aramant R, Petry HM. Multi-focal electroretinogram recordings in albino and pigmented rats [ARVO Abstract]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sc. 1998;39((4))S185.Abstract nr 885
Copyright 1999 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.
A Single, Abbreviated RPGR-ORF15 Variant Reconstitutes RPGR Function In Vivo
A Point Mutation (W70A) in the Rod PDEγ Gene Desensitizing and Delaying Murine Rod Photoreceptors
Changes in Rod and Cone-Driven Oscillatory Potentials in the Aging Human Retina
Subjects With Unilateral Neovascular AMD Have Bilateral Delays in Rod-Mediated Phototransduction Activation Kinetics and in Dark Adaptation Recovery
PKCα Is Essential for the Proper Activation and Termination of Rod Bipolar Cell Response
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Electrophysiologic and Morphologic Strain Differences in a Low-Dose NaIO3-Induced Retinal Pigment Epithelium Damage Model
Rod Electroretinograms Elicited by Silent Substitution Stimuli from the Light-Adapted Human Eye
Photoreceptor Function in School-Aged Children is Affected by Preterm Birth
Eye Anatomy and Disorders
Visual Neuroscience

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A 'drunk' ambulance chief who crashed his response car into a shop window had an open bottle of Jack Daniel's whisky and two bottles of beer in the footwell, a court heard.
Robert King, operations manager for South Central Ambulance Service Trust, ran from the scene after careering through a pedestrian crossing, railings and ending up embedded in a shop.
The 48-year-old was arrested nearby and taken to hospital where a blood sample taken showed he was three-and-a-half times the legal limit, the Crown Prosecution Service said.
King accepted that he crashed the silver Volvo V70 estate car but denied that he had been drunk at the first day of his trial at Oxford Magistrates' Court.
Police Constable Murray Maclean, who investigated the crash, said he found an opened bottle of Jack Daniel's whisky and two bottles of beer in the footwell of the car after the crash on Woodstock Road, Oxford, just before midnight on November 30, 2010.
Pc Maclean told the court: 'I had a good look inside the vehicle. I saw that the vehicle was equipped with emergency equipment and medical equipment. It was a vehicle belonging to the ambulance service.
'It had emergency services radio and emergency lighting. There were bottles of oxygen, first aid equipment, dressings and drugs in the boot. It was a fully equipped medical car.
King was taken to the John Radcliffe hospital in the city for treatment where he acted aggressively and was belligerent to staff, according to Pc Maclean.
The officer said that he arranged for a blood sample to be taken from King by a force medical examiner.
King's defence lawyer Phillip Lucas said that Pc Maclean had not followed the correct procedure in taking the sample and said that the defendant was not drunk but had been displaying symptoms of concussion.
Mr Lucas had helped clear England cricketer Graeme Swann of drink-driving on a technicality in February 2011, arguing that police had not followed guidelines when taking blood samples from the sportsman.
In his cross examination of Pc Maclean, Mr Lucas said: 'I am going to suggest to you that Mr King was not present when you consulted with the doctor about taking a blood sample.
Mr Lucas said Pc Maclean did not follow procedure as he did not give King a sample of the blood after it had been taken, something which the officer said that he did.
A second Police Constable Martin Mann was accused by Mr Lucas of contaminating evidence after looking at Pc Maclean's statement almost two months after the event before filing his own.
The trial before District Judge Tim Pattinson continues.


Some people like to take coffee in the morning but if you take coffee avocado smoothie then it must be the best thing to your mornings. Mostly in morning time; we do not have leisure time to enjoy our breakfast.
In the morning, people take coffee but if avocado is added then coffee avocado in same cup is a great source of healthy fats. The addition of chia seeds works as a booster and for a touch of natural sweetness berries and cinnamon is added.
1. Take a blender and put all the ingredients into it.
2. Add half cup water and four ice cubes.
3. Blend it until smooth.
4. Smoothie is ready. Serve it immediately after making.


text:
Man Injured by City Worker to See Decision Appealed
Although they perform important work for San Diego residents, city workers are just as responsible for their actions as the rest of us. When they make poor decisions or act inappropriately, the law must hold them accountable all the same. This is especially true when you consider the machine that many city workers operate on a regular basis. One misstep could result in serious injuries or even worse.
Two years ago, James Heath was injured after a collision occurred with a city vehicle. His lawyer told reporters that, to this day, Mr. Heath still experiences pain that shoots down his arm and limited movement of his neck.
The trial that followed finally came to an end last month when jurors ruled in favor of Mr. Heath. For his pain and suffering, plus past and future medical bills, Heath was awarded $1.3 million.
However, in a closed session last month, the City Council voted unanimously to appeal the decision. Although representatives for the council would not comment, they did state that their goal in appealing was to see a retrial.
On June 28th, 2012, Heath's attorney said that a collision occurred on a section of Jackson Drive, where one lane becomes two. According to his attorney, Heath made the transition when a city vehicle driven by an employee drifted over and struck the plaintiff's SUV. The defendant has always claimed he simply didn't see Heath next to him.
After recovering from his injuries, Heath, who is a father of one, had to leave the Navy and is currently back in school.
Simply because your case seems airtight and you're suing a defendant with as much money as the city of San Diego doesn't mean you're anywhere close to a sure thing. You still need a qualified attorney who can represent your interests as best as possible. Of course, as this case shows, even then, you may need that attorney further.
http://www.sandiego6.com/news/local/City-of-San-Diego-to-appeal-13M-judgment-in-lawsuit-by-man-injured-in-collision-with-city-vehicle-264027381.html


text:
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Welcome to one of the earth's greatest discoveries – Fraser Island
6 Best Places To Catch Salmon In Victoria
Written by admin in Fishing
Victoria, Australia is a popular international destination for great food, road trips, shopping, and history. However, it's also a world-famous fishing destination, notably for salmon. With over 227 thousand kilometers
of land area and about 692 recorded beaches, locating the best places to catch salmon in Victoria can be challenging if you don't find out about them ahead.
The 6 best places to catch salmon in Victoria are:
Gunnamatta Surf Beach
Port Phillip Bay
Kilcunda Surf Beach
Western Port Bay
Cape Woolamai
Jan Juc Beach
This article will explain the essential things to know about catching salmon in these places. Keep reading!
1. Gunnamatta Surf Beach
Gunnamatta is a beach along the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, a 90-minute drive from Melbourne. The beach is most popular for the large waves and strong rip that make it a fantastic surfing location, but it also offers excellent fishing prospects.
At Gunnamatta, you can combine surfing and fishing by catching salmon through surf-fishing
. This method involves catching salmon using a rig on the shoreline or wading into the waves of the surf zone.
You can catch salmon at Gunnamatta Surf Beach all year round. However, they're most active in the early to late winter months when they school up the rivers. The prime months for catching salmon at Gunnamatta Surf Beach are:
Fishing at Gunnamatta Beach also offers a variety of catch options besides salmon. Other types of fish you can catch here include:
Pilchard
Gummy shark
Surf bream
2. Port Phillip Bay
Port Phillip Bay is a vast, enclosed inlet of the Bass Strait located on the central coast of southern Victoria, Australia. The bay has many long beaches, many of which are flat and shallow enough to be perfectly safe for swimming and fishing.
Salmon fishing at Port Phillip Bay is best during the colder months (from May to September).
The most popular fishing spots in Port Phillip Bay include:
Queenscliff Pier, at the southwestern end of the bay.
Cunningham Pier, along the Geelong waterfront district at the western end of the bay.
Werribee Pier, at Werribee South on the northern end of the bay.
Ferguson Street Pier in Williamstown.
Station Pier in Port Melbourne.
Mordialloc Pier on Beach Road.
Patterson Pier at Carrum.
Mornington Pier on Schnapper Point Drive.
Sorrento Pier on the Esplanade.
You can fish in any of these spots year-round, but some months are best for certain species.
3. Kilcunda Surf Beach
Kilcunda Surf Beach along the Bass Highway is another excellent choice for catching salmon in Victoria. The Kilcunda community has three beach areas – Shelly Beach, Powlett River, and the two door-to-door beaches separated by intertidal rock flats collectively called Kilcunda Beach.
Kilcunda Beach has strong waves, making it perfect for salmon surf fishing. You should be especially wary about taking children to this area during high tide. The beach offers fantastic salmon-catching opportunities, especially in the winter from July to August.
The clear water of Kilcunda Beach has areas with a darker colour called gutters. These gutters are areas with deeper water than the others, and salmon will cluster in these places. You can get a good catch by baiting them there.
4. Western Port Bay
Western Port is the second-largest bay in the state. It's a 20-mile-wide (32.19 km) circular body on the coast of southern Victoria, a 1 hour, 25-minute drive from Melbourne. Like Port Phillip Bay, it's also an inlet of the Bass Strait, but the Mornington Peninsula separates both bays.
The bay has many jetties and piers that serve as excellent fishing spots. These spots include:
Flinders Jetty, at the end of Bass Street.
Merricks Beach.
Stony Point Pier, at the western end of the bay.
Hastings Jetty on Skinner Street.
Tooradin Inlet, at the northern end of the port.
Corinella Pier on Peter Street.
San Remo Jetty on Marine Parade.
Rhyll Jetty, at the end of Beach Road.
Cowes Jetty on Philip Island.
You can catch juvenile salmon throughout the year at Western Port Bay, but the prime time for more mature fish is between March to September. The species you can catch here include:
Australian Salmon
Elephant fish
King George whiting
Silver trevally
Yellow-eye mullet
5. Cape Woolamai
is a headland in the southeastern part of Phillip Island, about 2 miles (3.22 km) from Newhaven, Victoria. The beach is a cape because it has granite cliffs rising around the water. The area also has a spectacular, relaxing view from the coastline.
It's a great spot for catching salmon. However, the waves can get rough when the wind gets strong, making the rips stronger. If you're taking children to Cape Woolamai on a windy day, you'll need to keep a close eye on them. You should also be extra cautious while walking on the slippery rock flats.
Salmon fishing in Cape Woolamai takes place all year, but the catch is especially great in the winter. The gutters in the Cape's water are quite deep, so your fishing line is almost guaranteed to catch one of the salmon schools in those areas at any time.
6. Jan Juc Beach
Jan Juc Beach is a great salmon fishing spot along the surf coast in Torquay, Victoria. It's an exposed surf beach with strong rips, consistent swell, and high waves all year round.
Due to its exposure, it's not the most child-friendly beach, but the Jan Juc Surf Life Saving Club
helps with beach safety. Members of the club rescue about 30 bathers and surfers annually, and Beach Safety gives it a hazard rating of 7 out of 10
, so surf fishing here is best reserved for experienced surfers. However, you can safely catch salmon from the safety of the shore.
Salmon fishing in Jan Juc is best at the beach's northern end because there are more rips, holes and gutters in that area. The salmon catch is best in the winter, but you can also find other varieties of fish in the warmer months.
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The website is run by myself Daniel Clarke, I'm lucky enough to have been living in Hervey Bay, for 29 years so I'm classed as a local I have seen many changes over this time. I have been running websites since early 2000 and also have a tech business in Hervey Bay.
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link to 9 Best Baits For Australian Salmon
9 Best Baits For Australian Salmon
Loved for their delicious, oily flesh, Australian salmon are a prized catch for many anglers. And while they can be caught using various techniques, baits are often the most effective. But which...
link to What Is The Best Time For Australian Salmon Fishing?
What Is The Best Time For Australian Salmon Fishing?
There are two broad types of Australian Salmon – Eastern Australian Salmon and Western Australian Salmon. Both are marine fish often found along the southern coast of Australia, and both are...
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text:
New Databases!
Try some of our new databases! Artemis Primary Sources includes access to:
Sabin Americana, 1500-1926
Based on Joseph Sabin's landmark bibliography, this collection contains works about the Americas published throughout the world from 1500 to the early 1900's. Included are books, pamphlets, serials and other documents that provide original accounts of exploration, trade, colonialism, slavery and abolition, the western movement, Native Americans, military actions and much more. With over 6 million pages from 29,000 works, this collection is a cornerstone in the study of the western hemisphere.
The Times Digital Archive
First published in 1785, The Times of London is widely considered to be the world's 'newspaper of record'. The Times Digital Archive allows users to search over 200 years of this invaluable historical source.
U.S. Declassified Documents Online
U.S. Declassified Documents Online, formerly Declassified Documents Reference System, offers access to more than 750,000 pages of government documents. Covering major policy issues from the period before the Second World War into the twenty first century, the archive serves as a convenient source for documents from government departments including Defense; State; Treasury; CIA; and the White House. USDDO supports the study of history, politics, international relations, and journalism, among other fields.
This page was last modified on May 26, 2016
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text:
#ifndef MY_ENGINE_H
#define MY_ENGINE_H

#include "SimpleGraphicsEngine.h"
#include <AntTweakBar.h>

using namespace SGE;

class Planet;
class Quad;
class MyObject3D;
class LightObject3D;
class CubeTextureFBO;

struct Material
{
	glm::vec3 color_diffuse;
	glm::vec3 color_specular;
	float reflectance; // [0, 1]
	float specular_reflectance; // [0, 1], part of reflectance
	float specular_cone_angle; // [0, 1]
	float radiosity;
};

enum RenderMode
{
	phong,
	voxels,
	global
};

//! The actual program extending SimpleGraphicsEngine
/*!
	Here, all objects can be added to the scene_ and input is handled outside of
	SimpleGraphicsEngine.
*/
class MyEngine : public SimpleGraphicsEngine {
public:
	MyEngine();
	~MyEngine();
	virtual void update();
	virtual void render();
	static void mouseScrollCallback(GLFWwindow * window, double dx, double dy);
	static void mousePosCallback(GLFWwindow * window, double x, double y);
	static void mouseButtonCallback(GLFWwindow * window, int button, int action, int mods);
	static void cursorPosCallback(GLFWwindow * window, double x, double y);
	static void keyCallback(
		GLFWwindow * window,
		int key,
		int scancode,
		int action,
		int mods);
	void updateCameraController(float dt);
	template <class T>
	void Delay(T* input, T end_val, float speed);
private:
	void voxelizeScene();
	void clearVoxels();
	void renderVolume();
	void renderGlobal();
	void renderLocalDiffuse();

	void init3DTexture();

	static void createObjectTweakbar(MyObject3D* obj);

	GLuint tex3D;

	static bool mouse_control_;
	static float mouse_x_;
	static float mouse_y_;

	static TwBar* tweakbar_;
	TwBar* global_tweakbar_;
	static MyObject3D* selected_obj_;

	// Tweakable variables
	RenderMode render_mode_;

	// Constants
	int tex_size = 128;
	float scene_scale = 1;

	// FBO
	FBO* fbo1_;
	FBO* fbo2_;

	// Cameras
	static Object3D* camera_;
	OrthoCamera* voxelizer_camera_;
	static PerspectiveCamera* basic_cam_;

	// Objects
	Quad* quad_;
	TriangleMesh* cube_;
	TriangleMesh* icosphere_;
	TriangleMesh* floor_mesh_;
	TriangleMesh* bunny_mesh_;
	TriangleMesh* monkey_mesh_;

	MyObject3D* bunny_;
	MyObject3D* monkey_;
	MyObject3D* floor_;
	MyObject3D* roof_;
	MyObject3D* l_wall_;
	MyObject3D* r_wall_;
	MyObject3D* b_wall_;
	LightObject3D* light_object_;

	float roll_goal = 0;
	float pitch_goal = 0;
	float yaw_goal = 0;

	float roll = 0;
	float pitch = 0;
	float yaw = 0;

	glm::vec3 camera_pos;
	glm::vec3 camera_pos_goal;
	float xmouse = 0;
	float ymouse = 0;

	float delay_counter_;
	int frame_counter_;

	// Shaders
	GLuint shader_phong_;
	GLuint shader_plaintexture_;
	GLuint shader_simplevolume_;
	GLuint shader_worldpositionoutput_;
	GLuint shader_global_;
	GLuint shader_voxelization_;
	GLuint shader_clearvoxels_;
};

class MyObject3D : public Object3D {
public:
	MyObject3D(Material material);
	~MyObject3D();
	void render(glm::mat4 M, GLuint program_ID);
	Material* getMaterialPointer(){return &material_;};
protected:
	Material material_;
};

class Quad : public Object3D {
public:
	Quad();
	~Quad();
private:
	TriangleMesh* mesh_;
};

class LightObject3D : public MyObject3D {
public:
	enum RenderMode
	{
		shadow_map,
		normal
	};
	LightObject3D(TriangleMesh* mesh, Material material, Object3D* scene = nullptr);
	~LightObject3D();
	void setRenderMode(RenderMode mode);
	void render(glm::mat4 M, GLuint program_ID);
private:
	CubeTextureFBO* cube_map;
	PerspectiveCamera* cube_cameras[6];
	RenderMode render_mode;
	bool currently_mapping;
	Object3D* scene_;
};

class CubeTextureFBO
{
public:
	CubeTextureFBO(int size);
	~CubeTextureFBO();

	void bind(GLenum TextureUnit);
	int getSize(){return size;};
	int getTextureHandle(){return texture;};
private:
	int size;
	GLuint fbo;
	GLuint depth_render_buffer;
	GLuint texture;
};

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Weird Variable assignment error in python class Employee :
    raisepercent = 1.04
    def __init__(self,firstname,lastname,pay) :
        self.firstname = firstname
        self.lastname = lastname
        self.pay = pay
        self.email = firstname + '.' + lastname + '@gmail.com'
    def fullname(self) :
        return self.firstname + ' ' + self.lastname
    def payraise(self) :
        self.pay = int(self.pay * raisepercent)
    @classmethod
    def parse_string(cls,emp) :
        firstname, lastname, pay = emp.split('-')
        return cls(firstname, lastname, int(pay)

emp_1 = Employee.parse_string('John-Doe-70000')
print emp_1.__dict__
print emp_1.fullname()
print emp_1.email
print emp_1.pay
emp_1.payraise()
print emp_1.pay

When I try to run the code, I get this error :
emp_1 = Employee.parse_string('John-Doe-70000')
    ^

SyntaxError : Invalid syntax

If I delete this line, the error comes in the next line that comes after the class. I've written nonsense code above the class and in the class but it still ignores any error and will mark the first word below the class as an error.Any Solutions? My python interpreter/executor/whatnot works fine with other code

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Retiro is the name of a railway station complex in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that includes three main terminal train stations (Retiro-Mitre, Retiro-Belgrano and Retiro-San Martín) and two terminal subway stations (Retiro of Line C and Retiro of Line E).

The complex is named after the neighborhood where it is located, Retiro. It is close to Retiro Bus Terminal Station, the country´s biggest bus terminal.

Overview
The stations are very close to the Retiro bus station (Terminal de Omnibus), the principal long-distance bus terminal in Buenos Aires. The complex is also accessible by the C line of the Buenos Aires Metro system and by numerous local public bus services. The stations will also be accessible by both Line E and Line H of the metro once their extensions are complete.

Three stations are located opposite Plaza San Martín, a large park.

Services

Commuter rail

Retiro is the largest railway complex in Buenos Aires and more commuter trains arrive and depart from here than in any other station in the city. As of 2015, the following companies operate regular services to the suburbs of Buenos Aires along three principal lines:

 Mitre service calling at José León Suárez (General San Martín Partido), Tigre, and Bartolomé Mitre along its three branches. Long-distance services to Rosario and Tucumán cities. Both operated by Trenes Argentinos.
 Belgrano Norte service to Villa Rosa (Pilar Partido). Operated by private company Ferrovías.
 San Martín service calling at Villa Devoto, El Palomar, Caseros and Pilar, amongst others. Operated by Trenes Argentinos.

Long-distance

In addition to its status as the hub of an extensive commuter railway network, Retiro stations are also the terminus of a few long-distance passenger services which provide access to cities in the north and west of the country. As of 2015, state-owned Trenes Argentinos manages long-distance services to the cities of Córdoba, Tucumán and Rosario. Those services had been run by defunct company Ferrocentral.

From the Retiro San Martín station trains depart to Rufino station in Santa Fe Province.

Gallery

See also

Retiro Belgrano railway station
Retiro Mitre railway station
Retiro San Martín railway station
Rail transport in Argentina
Retiro (Line C Buenos Aires Underground)
Retiro (Line E Buenos Aires Underground)
Retiro (Line G Buenos Aires Underground)
Retiro (Line H Buenos Aires Underground)

References

External links

Railway stations in Buenos Aires
Railway stations opened in 1915

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Airbnb () — онлайн-площадка для размещения и поиска краткосрочной аренды частного жилья по всему миру.

Концепция
Пользователи Airbnb имеют возможность сдавать путешественникам в аренду своё жильё целиком или частично. Сайт предоставляет платформу для установления контакта между хозяином и гостем, а также отвечает за обработку транзакций. Airbnb предлагает жильё в 65 000 городов 191 страны мира. С момента основания в августе 2008 года и до апреля 2017 года через сайт Airbnb нашли жильё более 150 млн человек. За свою деятельность Airbnb взимает определённый процент — с хозяев апартаментов 3 % от суммы бронирования, с арендатора — от 6 % до 12 % (по данным на апрель 2017 года).

История

Airbnb (изначально AirBed&Breakfast — «надувной матрас и завтрак») был основан в августе 2008 года в Сан-Франциско. Его основателями являются Брайан Чески, Джо Геббиа и Нейтан Блечарзик. Первоначальное финансирование было получено от бизнес-инкубатора Y Combinator. Позднее Greylock Partners, Sequoia Capital и Эштон Кутчер также инвестировали в компанию.

Всего с момента основания компании и до апреля 2017 года в проект было инвестировано около $3,4 млрд. Одним из инвесторов стал фонд DST Global российского предпринимателя Юрия Мильнера.

Кроме штаб-квартиры в Сан-Франциско, компания имеет 10 региональных офисов: в Барселоне, Берлине, Гамбурге, Копенгагене, Лондоне, Милане, Париже, Сан-Паулу, Сингапуре и Сиднее.

В декабре 2020 года Airbnb провела IPO на американской фондовой бирже NASDAQ, по итогам размещения акций компании удалось привлечь $ 3,5 млрд.

Во втором квартале 2021 года выручка Airbnb Inc. составила $1,3 млрд. Чистый убыток Airbnb сократился до $68 млн.

Деятельность в России
В феврале 2012 года в России было зарегистрировано ООО «Эйрбиэнби Раша» с офисом в Москве.

Управляющим директором Airbnb в России являлся Михаил Коноплев.

По данным аналитической компании SimilarWeb, посещаемость сайта Airbnb в доменной зоне «ru» в марте 2017 года составила 3,85 млн пользователей.

В марте 2017 года Airbnb ликвидировала свою российскую дочернюю компанию. В компании утверждают, что при этом не сокращали сотрудников и лишь упростили операционную структуру, переведя все операции в Берлин, Дублин и Лондон.

В марте 2022 года Airbnb временно прекратил работу с российскими пользователями из-за событий на Украине.

См. также
 Сеть гостеприимства
 Uber
 BeepCar

Примечания

Ссылки
 Airbnb.com
 Airbnb.ru

Компании, основанные в США в 2008 году
Компании, входящие в индекс NASDAQ-100


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