text:
Ancient Persian Art and Architecture
by Joshua J. Mark
Translated text available in: Persian
Achaemenid Silver Wine Pourer
Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (Copyright)
Persian art and architecture in the present day is associated with the nation of Iran and usually designated as beginning with the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) but has an even longer history with its origins dating back to before the Persians arrived on the Iranian Plateau sometime in the 3rd millennium BCE.
Persian art and architecture was influenced early on by the older civilizations of Elam and Susiana in the region and by neighboring Mesopotamia. Early Elamite artworks focused on depictions of animals and the use of geometric and imaginative designs and the art of Susa mirrored this paradigm but expanded upon it through the representations of dogs.
Dogs, in fact, seem to have been among the most popular artistic representations of Susiana. Monumental architecture of this period is best exemplified in the site of Chogha Zanbil (earlier known as Dur Untash) with its towering ziggurat and walls and more modest structures which exhibit the same care in design and construction; these same techniques and designs, minus the ziggurat, would later influence Persian works.
In c. 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great (r. c. 550-530 BCE) founded the Achaemenid Empire whose artistic works drew on the models of the past and improved upon them. The best example of Achaemenid art and architecture are the ruins and works found at Persepolis, the capital city planned and begun by Darius I (r. 522-486 BCE) and largely completed by his son Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BCE). Earlier Elamite structures – such as Chogha Zanbil – had been built of mud brick, but the Achaemenids worked primarily in stone with ornate bas-reliefs as decoration. Achaemenid jewelry was fashioned of precious metals – often gold – and gemstones, exhibiting an impressive level of craftsmanship.
Persian art reached its peak under the Sassanians whos created some of the greatest monuments and works of art of the ancient world.
Persian artistic momentum flagged during the time of the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE) but was revived during the Parthian Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE) and reached its peak under the Sassanians (224-651 CE) whose empire drew upon the vast history of its predecessors to create some of the greatest monuments and works of art of the ancient world. After the fall of the Sassanian Empire to the Islamic Arabs in 651 CE, Persian artistic innovations continued to influence the art and architecture of the Islamic world and, today, many of these are synonymous with the concept of Islamic Art.
Early Works of Elam & Susiana
For some few thousand years prior to the 3rd millennium BCE, the region of Susiana was inhabited by nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples who eventually settled and founded the city of Susa around 4395 BCE. The Elamites were already in the region at this time, their settlement at Chogha Bonut dating to c. 7200 BCE. These peoples' lives on the Iranian Plateau were alternately influenced by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia and the tribes of the highlands of the Zagros mountains. Scholar Pierre Amiet notes:
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when the people of the mountains and the plateau achieved unity in the third millennium BCE, they were able to incorporate Susiana – with its highly developed urban civilization – into a powerful state, the first cultural and political entity recorded in the history of Iran: Elam. (Harper, 2)
By this time, a type of art had already developed in the region which is now known as Proto-Elamite and focused chiefly on depictions of animals. Amiet notes, "Animals were often substituted for people, sometimes in apparently humorous scenes that perhaps evoked fables" (Harper, 3-4). By 5500 BCE, depictions of dogs were prevalent on ceramic vessels from sites in Khuzistan such as Chogha Mish and the site of Tepe Sabz in Deh Luran. The largest collection of dog-ornamented ceramics has come from Susa which suggests a continuation of the Proto-Elamite preoccupation with representations of animals in art.
The Proto-Elamite Period ended with encroachments from Mesopotamia during their Early Dynastic Period (2099-2334 BCE) and, especially, during the Dynastic III Period (2600-2334 BCE) when Sumerian kings like Eannatum (c. 2500-2400 BCE) conquered Elam. Mesopotamian influence at this time is evident in statuary representing human figures, most notably statuettes of worshippers placed in sanctuaries to represent the spirit of communal devotion.
The Akkadian Empire took the region under Sargon of Akkad (r. 2334-2279 BCE) further advancing Mesopotamian motifs in the art of the region and, in architecture, this influence was manifest most clearly in the great building complex of Chogha Zanbil, built during the reign of Untash-Napirisha (r. c. 1340 BCE).
Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat, Iran
Carole Raddato (CC BY-NC-SA)
Chogha Zanbil is a Mesopotamian ziggurat surrounded by temples and encircled by a wall. Made of baked clay bricks, and inscribed with Elamite phrases, praises, and curses, the complex – located 19 miles (30 kilometers) southeast of Susa – was an attempt to unify the disparate regions of Elam in worship of the god Inshushinak, patron deity of Susa. Although certainly Elamite in character, Chogha Zanbil drew on Mesopotamian motifs and methods of construction which would be developed later in Persian art and architecture. The influence of earlier Akkadian and Sumerian cylinder seals is also evident in the artworks of Elam earlier than Chogha Zanbil - c. 2200 BCE - which depict assorted deities and human figures in communal scenes and these motifs would later be developed by the Persians.
Although the Persians had arrived by the 3rd millennium BCE, they were firmly settled by the 1st at Fars (Pars) close to Elam, the area which would give them their name. When Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire in c. 550 BCE, he drew on the long-established culture of the past – which, by this time also included Median contributions – to encourage what is now known as Persian art and architecture.
Achaemenid Art & Architecture
The most famous artworks of the Achaemenid Empire come from the collection known as the Oxus Treasure; a hoard of beautifully crafted works discovered c. 1877 CE buried in the north bank of the Oxus River. This collection includes coins, bowls, figurines and statuettes, jewelry, jugs, and plaques of gold. Although the authenticity of a number of these items has been challenged in the past, the scholarly consensus presently is that they are all genuine artifacts from the Achaemenid period, most likely taken from a nearby temple and buried for safety during one of the many turbulent periods of the region.
Egyptian Model Chariot
The intricacy of design and craftsmanship of some of the pieces demonstrates extraordinary skill in metallurgy, most notably in the armlets, statuettes, and a golden model of chariot with horses and figures. Even though this model is unfinished, the detail of the horses' harness, the wheels, and the ornamentation of the chariot itself would have required considerable effort and a high skill set.
In addition to the artifacts from the Oxus collection, many others have been found in the ruins of cities such as Persepolis and Susa and in excavated graves and tombs. These include plates, bowls, drinking vessels, amulets, and weapons among other items. A royal drinking vessel (rhyton) would be quite ornate, often decorated with animal imagery or in the shape of a bull or goat. More common drinking vessels were bowls or shallow plates which seem to have been cast as the floral motif on the bottom of the vessels is uniform on a number of them and is not duplicated inside the vessel itself. It is quite likely these types of bowls and plates were mass-produced for use as well as trade, while jewelry, for the most part, was handmade and possibly commissioned by a specific royal personage.
Gold Bowl from the Oxus Treasure
Cyrus the Great was primarily concerned with consolidating his power and expanding his territories – although he no doubt busied himself as well with domestic matters – and his son and successor, Cambyses II (r. 530-522 BCE) followed this same course and so it is not until the reign of Darius I that one finds any real attention paid to artistic and architectural development. Even so, Cyrus devoted considerable time and thought to his capital of Pasargadae, where, according to Pierre Amiet,
He commissioned architecture of a palatial type, intentionally rejecting an urban setting. Two columned halls, which were actually assembly halls for the Persian nobility and not residences, were integrated into a magnificent landscape in a vast, ingeniously arranged, and irrigated garden. (Harper, 13)
Gardens were integral to Persian architecture and featured prominently in design. The Persian word for garden – pairi-daeza – gives English its word paradise because these landscapes were designed so beautifully as to be almost otherworldly. Cyrus is said to have spent as much time as possible in his gardens, most likely to clear his mind before addressing state matters. The gardens were irrigated by the qanat system – sloping channels which brought water up from under the ground – and large plots of flora and fauna were given a prominent place in the central courtyards of palaces and administrative buildings.
Easily the best-known artwork from the Achaemenid Period is the Cyrus Cylinder, a work in clay inscribed with Cyrus the Great's genealogy and vision for his empire. This piece has recently been cited as the first statement in history setting forth a declaration of human rights and guaranteeing freedom of religion and practice for the people of the empire. It should be noted, however, that this interpretation has been challenged.
The Cyrus Cylinder
When Darius I came to power, he rebuilt Susa, adding a palace complex to the site, and followed the same paradigm as Cyrus had in featuring elaborate gardens as central to the design. In his buildings at Susa and Persepolis, Darius I's artisans initiated the motif of the "Persian animal capital" – the figure of a bull or a bird at the top of a column – and also designed these columns as slender pieces which would draw the eye upwards to the capital figure while also accentuating the grandeur of the height of the building. The columns, then, were not just artworks in and of themselves but fully integrated into the overall impression of the structure. Post-and-Beam construction was used for the roof, which – at Persepolis – was made of cedar from the forests of Lebanon.
At Persepolis, Darius I also initiated the practice of ornamentation by bas-relief. The most famous bas-relief at Persepolis shows the many different people of the Achaemenid Empire arriving to pay homage to the Persian emperor, and these images are so detailed that the nationality of each individual is easily discerned as are the gifts they are shown bringing as offerings. The reliefs at Persepolis – and the examples of the votive plaques in the Oxus collection and found elsewhere – all show attention to form and detail which enlivens the images and makes them almost seem in motion.
Gift-bearer Holding a Lamb from Persepolis
This attention to detail seems to have also characterized the gardens of the Achaemenids and, by extension, all of their art. This same can certainly be said of the artworks of other civilizations, and the Achaemenids freely drew on Greek, Median, and other elements in the creation of their own; but Achaemenid art and architecture is chiefly characterized by a single, almost overwhelming, effect of the whole being greater than any of the sum of its parts.
The Parthian Period
The Achaemenid Empire fell to Alexander the Great in 330 BCE and was replaced by the Seleucid Empire under Seleucus I Nicator (r. 305-281 BCE), one of Alexander's generals. The Seleucids maintained the earlier structures but, as Greeks, naturally pursued their own artistic vision and created in their own style. In 247 BCE, their empire fell to the Parthians, and Persian art and architecture resumed development. This is not to say no progress at all was made during the time of the Seleucids, but the kinds of innovation and detail of the earlier empire do not appear during this time.
The Parthians were a semi-nomadic people initially, and their art reflects the diverse regions they had come in contact with. Although they retained the basics of Achaemenid artworks, their vision was expressed in circularity in architecture and frontality in art. The bas-reliefs of the Achaemenids – featuring images of people from the side – were replaced by statuary and images which meet a viewer face-to-face. One excellent example of this is the frontal bas-relief of a Parthian king offering sacrifice to the god Heracles-Verethragna, patron god of royal dynasties, presently housed in room 310 of the Louvre Museum, Paris, France. The king holds a cornucopia in his left arm while his right offers a sacrifice at a Fire Altar. This image, like many, once adorned a temple dedicated to the god and the use of frontality would have brought a visitor into direct contact with the image of the king, offering one a chance of communion with a fellow supplicant from the past.
Parthian King Offering Sacrifice
RMN / Hervé Lewandowski (Copyright)
Scholar Homa Katouzian points out that Parthian art and architecture was influenced by "Achaemenid, Hellenistic, and Mesopotamian forms, tempered by their own nomadic traditions" but they drew on these influences to make the art uniquely their own (45). The use of the dome was already a staple of Roman art, for example, but the Parthians took this concept and expanded upon it. Roman domes were situated on the tops of structures; Parthian domes rose from the earth, accentuating height as well as strength and stability, drawing the eye upwards and directly back down to the ground. A visitor to their capital of Nisa could have continued the line of the dome, imaginatively, into the earth and back up to form a circle and the circle-motif featured in almost all Parthian works of art and architecture, symbolizing completeness.
Sassanian Art & Architecture
The Sassanian Empire continued these innovations and, like the others before them, learned from and drew upon multiple influences. The brilliance of the Sassanians was their ability to fully integrate what had worked in the past into their present efforts and improve upon it. Sassanian art is the pinnacle of Persian artistic endeavor in the same way that the Sassanian Empire as a whole exemplified the greatest aspects of ancient Persian culture.
The Sassanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I (r. 224-240 CE) who had been a general under the Parthians before he overthrew the last Parthian king and established his own dynasty. Ardashir I almost instantly initiated the building projects which remain the best examples of Sassanian art. Under Ardashir I – and developed further under his son and successor Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE) – the dome and minaret became staples in architectural design. The Parthian motif of frontality in bas-reliefs was abandoned in favor of the Achaemenid treatment of images in profile or three-quarter view.
Victory Monument of Ardashir I
Johannes Lundberg (CC BY-NC-SA)
The Sassanians drew on both the Parthian and Roman dome and arch techniques to create arch-supported structures which still conveyed the concept of circularity. The best example of this is the famous palace at Ctesiphon known as Taq Kasra – probably built by Kosrau I (r. 531-579 CE) though sometimes attributed to Shapur I – which features the largest single-span vaulted arch of unreinforced brickwork in the world, unequaled anywhere even in the present day. The ruins, still extant, were the entryway to a grand imperial palace - as Ctesiphon was the Sassanian capital – which was built to mirror the grandeur of Achaemenid masterpieces like Persepolis.
Sassanian art kept the floral motifs of the Achaemenids and the circularity of the Parthians but enhanced their works with images of the hunt, dances, parties, and other pastimes as well as scenes of battle, religious motifs, and mythological tales. These figures are almost always depicted in profile although some – such as those on silver plates and drinking vessels – are frontal. The greatest and best-known example of frontal Sassanian art is the colossal statue of Shapur I which stands 21 feet (6.7 meters), carved from a single stalagmite in the Shapur Cave in Iran. Even in ruin, the statue still breathes life and its immense height clearly impresses upon a visitor the grandeur of its subject.
Colossal Statue of Shapur I
Turpault (CC BY-SA)
The rise of Islam is the 7th century CE and the subsequent conquest of various regions by Muslim Arabs led inevitably to the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. The ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism was suppressed – as were many other aspects of Persian culture – in an effort to firmly establish an Islamic-Arabian worldview. Even so, Persian art and architecture endured and came to influence later Islamic-Arabian works. The minaret, almost synonymous with Islamic architecture in the present day, is – as noted – a Sassanian innovation. Homa Katouzian notes:
From the beginning of the Arab conquest, Iranians were involved in the new regime, whether as converted warriors, local administrators, scribes, or later as viziers, linguists, poets, literati, intellectuals, rebels, and eventually founders of new dynasties…The loss of the Sassanian Empire was not synonymous with the demise of the Iranians who, even in the first two centuries after the conquest and before the foundation of Persian dynasties, played a decisive role in the internationalization of Islamic society and culture. (67)
Persian art and architecture continues to exert a powerful influence in the present day as it honors the traditions of the past in taking what worked well before and improving upon it. Persian architects and artists today are keenly aware of their heritage – some artisans even continuing to work in metals as their ancestors did thousands of years ago – and draw on their history to preserve and honor the past. Persian ceramics, rugs, statuary, and textiles continue to be among the most popular in the world, an enduring legacy of one of the greatest of all the ancient civilizations.
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Harper, P. O, et. al. The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1993.
Katouzian, H. The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Iran. Yale University Press, 2010.
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Van De Mieroop, M. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
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Joshua J. Mark
A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level.
Parthia (Empire)
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Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon was an ancient city and trade center on the east bank...
Oxus Treasure
The Oxus Treasure is a collection of 180 artifacts of precious...
Parthian Culture
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The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran
Written by Katouzian, Homa, published by Yale University Press (2010)
Persian Art and Architecture
Written by Stierlin, Henri, published by Thames & Hudson (2012)
A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition
Written by Van De Mieroop, Marc, published by Blackwell Publishing (2006)
Babylon: Mesopotamia and the Birth of Civilization
Written by Kriwaczek, Paul, published by St. Martin's Griffin (2012)
The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre
Written by Prudence Oliver Harper & Joan Aruz & Francoise Tallon, published by Metropolitan Museum of Art (1993)
Mark, J. J. (2020, January 22). Ancient Persian Art and Architecture. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Ancient_Persian_Art_and_Architecture/
Mark, Joshua J.. "Ancient Persian Art and Architecture." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 22, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Ancient_Persian_Art_and_Architecture/.
Mark, Joshua J.. "Ancient Persian Art and Architecture." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 22 Jan 2020. Web. 21 Jan 2022.
Written by Joshua J. Mark, published on 22 January 2020 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
c. 7200 BCE - c. 550 BCE
Development of Proto-Elamite and Elamite art and architecture which would influence the later Persian works.
c. 550 BCE - 330 BCE
Persian art and architecture develops and flourishes during the time of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
312 BCE - 63 BCE
Persian art and architecture becomes secondary to Hellenistic during the Seleucid Empire.
247 BCE - 224 CE
The Parthian Empire revives Persian art and architecture; develops frontal artworks and emphasizes circularity in architecture.
224 CE - 651 CE
The Sassanian Empire perfects and develops Persian art and architecture to its greatest height; invents the concept of the minaret and free-standing unreinforced arch.
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081 #familygames
Family-friendly computer gaming tips along with thoughts on play time and playing well.
Oleg Lavrovsky
Jan 12, 2022 • 10 min read
Image from Computer Graphics and Art - Vol. 1, 2 May, 1976 via @pixouls
Since you were asking, dear friend, here are some family-friendly gaming tips from 👨🏼🏫Papa, 👩🎓Mama, 👧Daughter, 👱Son. The games towards the top are fit for the youngest players, towards the bottom of this post are more for teenagers. All of these games can be played on a Windows or Mac computer, some have console versions as marked. If there is interest, we may put together a separate list for phone, tablet, indie-exclusive and retro-games as well in time.
Why do we game?
For the long winter evenings, for quarantine, for an hour of indulgence. A good game can be as deep and teaching as a good book or classic cinema. It involves other faculties, transmits other cultures. Learning the rules and controls, orienting your avatar in a virtual space, these basic skills are today worthy of acquiring at every age in order to experience the art of video games.
"A video game makes you culpable. It makes you a part of something." -- Alec Kubas-Meyer
Screenshot from Father and Son from TuoMuseo - fatherandsongame.com
How much do we play?
We often play "analogue" board and card games, from Catan to UNO, even ones we have made/printed/drew ourselves. This post is about video games - but just don't get the impression that that is all we play. Limiting screen time is a priority for all parents, ourselves included, and we count computer use, TV and gaming together, keeping it to about 6 hours per week - a half hour to an hour every other weekday and on the weekend. Ideally followed by a round of basketball in the yard or Vitaparcours in the forest.
Of course this is very individual, and as our kids grow we expect this to increase. One or two hours daily seems to be the sweet spot, which becomes harder to balance with the increase of screen use at school or remote learning. It is worth investing into a large, high quality screen or projector. It is easy to ensure proper ergonomics, just like you would at the office, with a PC or console connected to a desktop monitor. Most importantly: take breaks, drink water, stretch, blink! Games - like sports - can be played more or less healthily.
As with healthy eating, try to mix things up, as this Australian study recommends:
A key concern about screen-based activities is that they may displace time spent in activities that are more developmentally beneficial to children. .. We explore how screen time varies according to children's participation in extracurricular activities, such as team and individual sports, art and music lessons and involvement with community groups. Activities such as these are generally linked with positive outcomes for children (see discussion in Simoncini & Caltabiano, 2012).
5. Australian children's screen time and participation in extracurricular activities | Growing Up in Australia
This chapter uses LSAC data to explore high levels of screen-based activities during childhood and effects on aspects of children's wellbeing.
Growing Up in AustraliaMaggie Yu and Jennifer Baxter
Children's total screen time on weekdays and weekend days, 4-5 to 12-13 years, LSAC K cohort, TUD data Waves 1 to 5 - The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children 2015
Recent studies on media consumption in Switzerland are linked here:
Mediennutzung | ZHAW Angewandte Psychologie
Forschungsprojekte in diesem Bereich untersuchen hauptsächlich das Mediennutzungsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Aber auch von anderen Alterskohorten.
ZHAW Angewandte Psychologie
How to play a game well?
When we get to play a video game, we want it to be worth our time. Obviously. Games that make us laugh, explore, wonder and learn. Not ones that keep us glued to the console for hours of repetitive grinding and dopamine kick. One of the best ways to ensure our kids are thriving on games and not just 'escaping reality', mindlessly grinding loot boxes, or even becoming addicted - is to play together.
Talk about the games, the stories and strategies before and after you play. Make drawings of your favourite game characters, or even make a costume - like this one we made for Halloween, inspired by the game Polytopia. This means you should try to get to know each other's virtual worlds - yes, even if it is not your favourite genre.
Try to avoid stressful confrontation with a shared understanding of what healthy and unhealthy gaming means: define positive behaviours, discuss what negative situations you want to avoid, from the start. Having a clear time limit and "5 minutes shut-down warning" policy can help. Good tips can be found at Psychology Today, and please share your own.
Enough talk, Spiel mich!
Without further ado, here are 13 highlights that we have played together in the year, most of them can be played cooperatively by at least two people at the same time:
1. Pikuniku
PIKUNIKU is easy to get into, hours of replay fun, great fun for playing together at all ages, especially with younger ones. Lots of delightful minigames and adventures. Accessible yet meaningful story. Wonderful atmosphers and sounds. Even the bugs are adorable. "You can't do much, alone." Not to be confused with the similarly entertaining PICO PARK, and best played using 2 gamepads.
Play time to date: 10.3 hours
Biggest fans here: 👧👱
✅ PC, Mac, Linux, consoles
2. Blueberry Garden
Blueberry Garden - is short, sweet and very delicious. An experimental game that can delight the youngest players and still fascinate older ones in the simple but universal mysteries of growth and gardening. This is a real gem, if you can still get a hold of a copy. Especially nice to use with a touch-screen.
Play time to date: 5.4 hours
Biggest fans here: 👨🏼🏫👱
✅ PC, Mac, Linux
3. Windosill
In Windosill (also as iPad edition) you guide a toy truck through a strange land. ... ... Just ... play it, okay? Please. You will see. For ages 1-111.
Biggest fan here: 👩🎓
✅ PC, Mac, Linux, iOS
4. Pupper Park
Pupper Park (shown), as well as Pipo Park, Kart Kids, Yardlings, Uniseas.. are among the 80+ downloadable experiences that the French Sokpop Collective has air-dropped on us over the last couple of years. These unique and wildly creative games may lead you to amusement and distraction, and - unlike a baguette - they are guaranteed to not leave a dry taste in the mouth.
Biggest fan here: 👱
✅ PC, Mac
5. Feather
Feather (see this website for console editions) is a beautiful, meditative, forgiving simulator of bird flight. Is it art? Is it play? You soar through skies, discover worlds and new bird species. There is no "goal" except to just be, and to delight in the freedom of the open skies. Recently the cross play feature was added to connect for a game with friends, so give us a shout (or a chirp, or a warble) if you'd like to spend some quality air time together!
Biggest fan here: 👧
✅ PC, Mac, Consoles
6. Firewatch
Firewatch is our favourite in the "Walking Simulator" category. Set in a beautiful forest landscape, it tells a captivating story of escape and ecological crime. This is a game you can play with alone or - as we would recommend - together with your partner, taking turns at the controls. We can hardly wait to play the sequel.
Biggest fans here: 👩🎓👨🏼🏫
7. Terraformers
Terraformers is a game under development that we have been helping to beta-test and hoping to play the final release of soon. Combining exploration, building, card-game tactics and Civ-like politics, it makes Mars seem like a lavish world within the palm of our hand - while playfully educating about the problems facing Humankind when we bring our Earthly habits out into space. Speaking of which, another in-development space game we are looking forward to is the next installment of the Out There series, which are just as lovely to play as parent and child.
Play time to date: 5 hours
Biggest fan here: 👨🏼🏫
8. Overcooked
Overcooked - does not really need an introduction: the classic game of frantic cooperation, teamwork, and the proper kitchen manners on a pirate ship. Parents will love hearing their kids shout "Get those dishes cleaned now!" for a change. This game can get under your skin, so best limit it to 5 or 10 cooking sessions. Especially if you're also one of those families where food is a big topic.. Yikes!
✅ PC, Mac, Linux, C
9. Polytopia
The Battle of Polytopia is a colorful, foldable, turn-based strategy game from Sweden that is buckets of fun in co-op against bots, in contest, or as a peaceful sandbox. Up to sixteen (16) people and bots can play together on one device, or online. War and conflict is the underlying theme, with some (very mild) sword-swinging and bow-firing animations, so it may not be advisable for small children. An excellent feature is the ability to define how long you want to play, and that you can stop anytime and resume the game just as you left it.
✅ PC, Mac, Linux, Consoles, Mobile
10. Moon Hunters
Moon Hunters is a Role Playing Game from a Montreal studio that puts you in a diverse procedural world (sometimes referred to as roguelikes, which changes every time you play), which you can explore, meeting interesting personalities and hearing their stories. The game is a "mythology generator", which you'll want to play together, over and over again. Two gamepads recommended.
11. Deathspank
Deathspank is.. well, it's almost a little embarassing to put it on this list.. but it's just the game we like to relax and forget ourselves in. Humorous and not too cerebral, with riveting action and a ridiculous but somehow captivating story. It might not be your cup of tea, but then again..you might just love it. Two gamepads recommended.
12. Shelter
Shelter puts you in control of a badger and her 5 cubs without much of an introduction, letting you fend for yourself and their survival as you navigate a painfully beautiful and dangerous landscape. We don't know another game which portrays the natural world in such an artistic and vivid ways. It is probably not for the youngest children, and even adults may find parts of this game offensively frustrating and unjust. But, c'est la vie. There are wonderful sequels, and you should explore all of Might and Delight's projects, where you are bound to find a treasure or two.
✅ PC, Mac, Linux*
(Shelter 2 is available on Linux through Steam and GoG)
13. Brothers
Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons is the work of visionary film director Josef Fares and his team at Starbreeze Studios who just wouldn't say "no" to any unusual-yet-surprisingly-fun game mechanic involving two separate characters. From the Nordic landscapes to the jaw-dropping finale, you will not want to miss this experience. Despite Josef's protests, and quite unergonomically/ romantically, two people on one controller can each control a brother, but the "full" experience is single player. This is not a game for children, as it contains a LOT of gore and heavy subject matter. But, it might be just the game to play with your teen.
With everything going on in the world it is nice - actually, it can be a real lifesaver - to have such wonderfully engrossing and inspiring games to dive into. APlaying games often inspires us to think up new levels, modifications, or whole new games. This is why you'll find us at the PlayBern annual festival, supporting independent game making, modding, and coding for families and in classrooms. See my earlier posts for more on this.
Coding games from Biblioplay.ch at PlayBern
Scratch workshop with Koboldgames.ch at PlayBern
You can find more games like these in my Family collection on itch:
Family - Collection by seism
A collection by seism
There are so many others that we look forward to playing in 2022, and I am sure that you might have one or two recommendations, too. Drop us a line! Warm wishes for a very happy new year from us to you. Keep in touch, keep it real, keep it ludic. Good night, gaming world! 💤
086 #christmas
A short post to mark the passing of a challenging year with assisted art and borrowed thoughts.
Oleg Lavrovsky Dec 24, 2022 • 5 min read
085 #opendatach
Some brief impressions of the Opendata.ch conference and anniversary.
Oleg Lavrovsky Jun 24, 2022 • 5 min read
084 #makedatanotwar
Report on a meeting of staff and members of the Open Knowledge Network in Barcelona.
Oleg Lavrovsky May 27, 2022 • 14 min read
define:soda © 2023
The works on this blog are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
« Qigong Master Creates Heat with Bare Hands
WARNING: WHAT EVERY CANCER PATIENT SHOULD KNOW…Before Starting on CHEMOTHERAPY »
Unnecessary Surgery
During the summer of 09, I travel to Austin Texas to visit my mom. On walking in, I see that her left eye is drooping and red. Calling the nurses in at her assisted living home, they insisted that I take her to emergency room to check what might be in their opinion a possible stroke. The emergency room doctor was almost scornful as he was just adamantly clear that it was not a stroke and he also seemed to imply that she should have never been given such a diagnosis. I also understand that the nurses want to be cautious. The doctor gave her some drops for what he saw as pink eye.
I asked my brother to look after her and take her to the eye doctor. The eye doctor referred her to an eyelid specialist. Not being there, I'm not sure what happened, but between the three of them, they became convinced that my mom needed eyelid surgery to repair the drooping eyelid. The surgery is supposedly minor. I come to Austin to help her with this surgery. Fast forward to the surgery room. I'm already beginning to have some funny feelings that maybe this is more of a reconstructive surgery rather than a necessary surgery. The surgeon came in pre-op to meet with us and said it could take up to a year to heal completely. I'm beginning to feel super uncomfortable. Then the nurse came in for us to sign a release form and look at all the specific conditions/complications that could happen from the surgery. I am becoming increasingly uncomfortable, for gods sake, my mom is 83, lies around all day, watches TV, and eats cakes and cookies all day. Her immune system is already taxed. THen I directly asked the nurse why are we doing this this surgery to raise a slightly drooping upper eyelid. The nurse brought the surgeon back in. I asked if this was a cosmetic surgery. The supposed reason she was to have the surgery was because of "blocked vision" in that eye. They left and gave us some time alone and I covered my mom's questionable eye and she could read fine. Of course, the surgeron was pissed (even though she tried not to show it, it came through in her voice). I'm sure they talked my mom into the idea that she had blocked vision. I'll trust that it was probably accidental. My mom isn't capable of understanding and would agree to anything that she was repeatedly asked. ANyway, it took alot of nerve for me to do this, but I actually wouldn't sign the forms and said I didn't think she needed the surgery. I know that I made the right decision. I feel deep inside that her immune system would be stressed trying to heal that injury and that it wasn't neccessary at this time. As a final note, I often go to the teachers at the Austin acupuncture college for treatment when I'm here. I took my mom in for her first acupuncture treatment and the first thing he said, the surgery wasn't necessary at her age.
Following are a couple of articles on unnecessary surgery. The controversy around this has been around for a long time and statistics are hard to determine accurately. Of course, emergency surgeries in life threatening conditions are absolutely necessary. When you can please get a 2nd opinion and if possible get an opinion from someone in the alternative health care field.
Health Services ResearchVolume 24(3) August 1989
The extent of unnecessary surgery has been the object of considerable speculation and occasional wild accusation in recent years. Most evidence of the existence of unnecessary surgery, such as information from studies of geographic variations and the results of second surgical opinion programs, is circumstantial. However, results from the few studies that have measured unnecessary surgery directly indicate that for some highly controversial operations the fraction that are unwarranted could be as high as 30 percent. Most unnecessary surgery results from physician uncertainty about the effectiveness of an operation. Elimination of this uncertainty requires more efficient production and dissemination of scientific information about clinical effectiveness. In the absence of adequate data from scientific studies, the use of a consensus of expert opinion, disseminated by means of comprehensive practice guidelines, offers the best opportunity to identify and eliminate unnecessary surgery.
By James Barron; James Barron is a New York Times reporter.
Published: Sunday, April 16, 1989
ONE CASE HISTORY:
Recurrent dizziness. Patient is terrified that he might be having a heart attack. Doctor had ordered a 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram, taken with a small portable device that keeps track of the heartbeat. When the patient returned to the office the next day for evaluation, the electrocardiogram showed dramatic fluctuations of the heartbeat: 130 beats a minute during activity, only 40 beats a minute when the patient ia asleep. During the time he's been monitored, the patient has not experienced any dizziness. THE DOCTOR RECOMMENDATION:
"You need a pacemaker."
A pacemaker is, in fact, implanted the next day and the patient becomes a statistic: one of millions of Americans who have undergone unnecessary elective surgery – nonemergency procedures performed as alternatives to more conservative treatment. In recent years, researchers have called into question the need for hundreds of thousands of operations, including pacemaker implants, coronary bypass surgery, hysterectomies and Caesarean section, to name only a few procedures that seem to be performed too frequently. A review team headed by Dr. Allan M. Greenspan of Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia estimated that 20 percent of pacemaker operations may be unnecessary, including the one done on the man with the fluctuating heartbeat. Dr. Greenspan maintains that the fluctuations were normal, and that the patient's dizziness had nothing to do with his heart.
The surgery rate in the United States grew more than twice as fast as the population between 1979 and 1987. By most accounts, it's the highest in the world. For example, studies cited by Lynn Payer in her recent book, "Medicine and Culture," show that American women are two to three times more likely to undergo a hysterectomy than women in England. Heart patients here are six times more likely to have a coronary bypass. Yet our more aggressive style of medicine doesn't buy us longer lives: According to the World Health Organization, life expectancy is about the same in the United States as in Western Europe, and Americans are somewhat more likely to die of heart disease than people living in England.
Despite the dramatic increase in surgery, experts can't say precisely how much of it is unnecessary. Only in recent years have researchers begun to review hospital records to document the problem, and they have been hampered by a lack of consensus among doctors concerning the proper indications for various operations. In addition, records on surgical procedures vary from hospital to hospital, making it difficult for researchers to conduct large studies assessing the appropriateness of operations.
Another way to document the extent of unnecessary surgery is to follow patients who have undergone operations like coronary bypass and compare them with patients who have been treated with more conservative approaches, such as drug therapy. So far, however, studies have been done for only a limited number of procedures. As a result, doctors who recommend an operation over drugs often have "a basic lack of knowledge of which works better," says John E. Wennberg, an epidemiologist at Dartmouth Medical School.
Even so, evidence is accumulating that unnecessary surgery is a widespread problem. In Dr. Greenspan's study, specialists reviewed the charts of 380 patients who had received pacemakers at 30 hospitals in the Philadelphia area. One-fifth of those implants were judged to be totally unnecessary. One reason was that some physicians had failed to evaluate patients' symptoms correctly, even at university hospitals with sophisticated diagnostic equipment.
The continuing increase in the number of coronary bypass operations performed each year has also come under scrutiny. Dr. Thomas B. Graboys, a cardiologist at Harvard Medical School, estimates that as many as 350,000 bypass procedures will be performed this year – nearly twice as many as in 1983. "Doctors and their patients tend to view heart disease as a plumbing problem," he says. Their attitude is that damaged coronary arteries are like corroded pipes -they simply must be replaced. But a major study published by Dr. Graboys in 1987 suggests that this aggressive approach is often unwarranted.
Eighty-eight patients who had been advised by their doctors to undergo coronary bypass surgery received second opinions from specialists working under Dr. Graboys. The bypass operations had been recommended on the basis of a diagnostic test called cardiac catheterization, which had found blockages in the patients' coronary arteries. The specialists judged that, despite the blockages, 74 of the patients could be effectively managed with drugs instead of surgery. Most of them took the specialists' advice, and two and a half years after the study began, none of them had died.
A skyrocketing rate of diagnostic cardiac catheterizations is partly to blame for the upsurge in bypass operations, says Dr. Graboys. In this procedure, a catheter is inserted through the skin near the elbow or in the groin area and threaded through blood vessels into the coronary arteries. A dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are then taken of the coronary arteries in order to find blockages. According to Dr. Graboys, 800,000 cardiac catheterizations were performed in 1987; by the end of this year, the number may exceed a million. A study he is now working on suggests that even these procedures – which are often done when patients complain of chest pains or when there are abnormal EKG or stress-test results -are frequently unnecessary. When the specialists working under Dr. Graboys gave second opinions to 150 patients whose doctors had recommended cardiac catheterization, they found that the diagnostic procedure was unnecessary in a majority of cases. According to the specialists, the patients were medically stable and their condition could be controlled by life-style changes or medication.
Balloon angioplasty, a procedure in which a tiny balloon is inflated inside a coronary artery to flatten a blockage, has also come in for criticism. A study published in March by scientists at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md., suggested that 40 percent of the angioplasty procedures performed on heart attack patients may be unnecessary.
Of course, the heart isn't the only part of the body vulnerable to unnecessary surgical tampering. In 1988, the Rand Corporation, a research organization in Santa Monica, Calif., completed a study of 1,302 Medicare patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomies -an operation in which blockages in the neck arteries supplying blood to the brain are removed. A panel of physicians found that 32 percent of the operations were unjustified.
Dr. Wennberg at Dartmouth recently helped conduct a study that followed the cases of 263 men who had undergone surgery to repair enlarged prostates. Many doctors recommend this surgery to prevent more serious problems, such as kidney damage, that can shorten a person's life. But Dr. Wennberg found that because of postoperative complications, the surgery actually caused a slight decrease in life expectancy.
Where a person lives can affect the chances of being operated on unnecessarily. For example, according to a 1985 report by the Senate Special Committee on Aging, hysterectomies are performed 80 percent more often in the South than in the Northeast. Within the state of Massachusetts, the rate of hernia repair surgery varies by as much as 380 percent, while pacemaker surgery varies by as much as 1,250 percent. And, in a study by Dr. Wennberg, carotid endarterectomies were found to be twice as common in Boston as in New Haven. Meanwhile, people in New Haven were twice as likely to undergo bypass surgery as people in Boston.
According to Dr. Wennberg, these geographical variations, or "surgical signatures," are seen year in and year out and are independent of rates of illness. There appears to be a correlation between the number of surgeons in a particular area and the number of operations, with more surgeons generally resulting in more operations. The variations may also be indicative of differences in prevailing medical wisdom. In any case, they clearly suggest that something other than hard medical data often underlies the judgment of surgeons.
UNNECESSARY SURGERY means unnecessary risk of complications and even death. In testimony before a Senate subcommittee in 1985, Dr. Wennberg estimated that 5,000 deaths could be avoided each year if all doctors used the most conservative indications for doing prostate surgery. Unnecessary surgery also comes at great financial cost – and not just the cost of the operations themselves. Unnecessary surgery usually means unnecessary tests, drugs and hospitalization. No one knows for sure what the bill is, but even back in the mid-1970's, Congress concluded that it was unacceptably high. A House investigation found that in 1975, 2 million unjustified operations had been performed in the Medicaid and Medicare programs – at a cost of $4 billion.
Experts cite a glut of surgeons as one of the major causes of needless operations. According to Dr. Eugene G. McCarthy, director of the Health Benefits Research Center at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, the Federal Government began to help finance medical education in the 1960's to counter what was then a shortage of doctors. One of the results was a 30 percent increase in the number of surgeons.
The fear of malpractice lawsuits is prompting many surgeons to perform operations they might otherwise pass up. Arthur L. Caplan, director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics at the University of Minnesota, says that in the past 20 years, rulings in malpractice cases have changed the way doctors are judged in court. Legal standards of reasonable medical care were once based on the judgment of physicians in the community. "Today, juries make their own judgments based on what a reasonable patient would want done," says Caplan. "Generally speaking, in our society doing something is preferred to doing nothing." A doctor being sued for malpractice stands a better chance of winning the case if he tried an operation and failed than if he recommended more conservative treatment. As a result, the approach of many surgeons is, " 'When in doubt, take it out,' " he says.
The lack of studies on the effectiveness of many surgical procedures gives malpractice lawyers a potent weapon in court. "Malpractice litigation flourishes in this information vacuum, because no one knows what legal standard of reasonableness to apply," Caplan says.
Ironically, improvements in medical care are also contributing to the problem of unnecessary surgery. Many operations are done more quickly and easily these days. For example, a lumpectomy, a 20-minute procedure in which a breast tumor is removed, is now often done as an alternative to a radical mastectomy, an operation that can take up to three hours in which the entire breast is removed. Kidney stones and polyps in the colon can now be eliminated without surgery. Many surgeons find themselves spending fewer hours in the operating room and collecting fewer or smaller fees, says Dr. Anthony P. Monaco, a professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School. As a result, some of them recommend surgery to their patients when a conservative method might be equally effective.
Hospitals are hurting, too, because operations for such relatively common conditions as cataracts are increasingly being done on an outpatient basis or in doctors' offices. Consequently, surgeons are being pressured by their hospitals to schedule big-ticket procedures to fill the empty beds.
According to Caplan, the reimbursement policies of many health insurance plans inadvertently encourage surgeons to operate unnecessarily. In recent years, Medicare and some private insurance companies have placed limits on the amounts they will pay for particular operations. A cap on payments for procedures that are highly profitable for hospitals as well as doctors, such as coronary bypass operations, reduces profitability but doesn't eliminate it. This may encourage surgeons to do more of these operations to make up for the decreased profits.
Sometimes patients must share the blame for unnecessary surgery. "It's very easy for the doctor to be lured by a patient's demand for a quick fix," says Dr. Peter D. McCann, an assistant professor of orthopedic surgery at Columbia University's College of Physicians & Surgeons. This is particularly true of weekend athletes who are injured and want to make a rapid comeback. A common source of shoulder pain, for example, can be problems with the rotator cuff, a group of tendons and muscles that helps stabilize the shoulder joint. Patients who elect physical therapy may find the results every bit as satisfactory as those who insist on surgery.
ONE OF THE BEST ways to curb unnecessary surgery is to require that all patients get second medical opinions. "We surmise that doctors who are subject to the review of their peers are less inclined to prescribe unnecessary surgery," says Dr. McCarthy.
The first second-opinion program in the country, insti-tuted by New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center in 1972, required that patients consult a second physician before undergoing elective surgery. Since then, second-opinion programs for both hospitals and insurance plans have multiplied. Virtually all insurance plans in New York State require second opinions for elective surgery, according to Dr. McCarthy. If a patient fails to get a second opinion, his insurance company will typically reimburse him for less than 50 percent of the cost of the operation.
Such mandatory programs have been established in other states as well, and they have had a substantial impact. The hysterectomy rate in New York State is only a third of what it is in states where few or no second-opinion programs exist, says Dr. McCarthy. And, according to the 1985 report of the Senate Special Committee on Aging, back-surgery rates in the Wisconsin Medicaid program plummeted 36 percent when second opinions began to be required.
Attitudes don't change overnight, but Dr. Greenspan, who did the pacemaker study, says that "many doctors have become aware that they must abide by a more stringent set of rules. And many patients are now aware that they must ask questions and get second opinions." As a result, rates of increase for some surgical procedures may have peaked, he says, and the rate of pacemaker implants is actually starting to come down. Thanks to a growing awareness that carotid endarterectomies are often unnecessary, fewer of these procedures are being performed today than in the past.
But much more still needs to be done. In testimony before the Senate Finance Committee's subcommittee on health last year, Dr. Wennberg pointed out that the Government requires extensive studies to evaluate new drugs, yet surgical procedures rarely get the same scrutiny. "This double standard for truth in clinical medicine compromises the rationality of medical decisions," he said. And it threatens the health of both the national economy and countless patients. Dr. Wennberg is pushing for Federal funding of a program to measure the effectiveness of a large number of surgical procedures.
But perhaps the best guardians against unnecessary operations are patients themselves. If a doctor recommends that you have surgery, don't hesitate to get a second opinion. Get as much information from both doctors as you can, and explore carefully all the alternatives to surgery. Ask whether drug therapy or changes in diet and exercise have proved effective for your condition. You should also ask the doctors specifically what they think an operation could accomplish: a cure, or simply relief from symptoms? Is a relapse likely? What are the possible complications of surgery and what are the chances that they will occur? Have any studies been done about the procedure, and what do they say?
In the end, it's up to you to decide what's necessary. For example, Dr. Graboys says it's reasonable for heart patients who are extremely anxious about their condition to choose bypass surgery even if drug therapy would be sufficient treatment. If, on the other hand, you value medical care that is as noninvasive as possible, it behooves you to find a physician who shares your philosophy. Collaborating with your doctor in making the decision whether to operate or not is probably the best way to avoid becoming another statistic in the annals of unnecessary surgery.
This entry was posted on Friday, September 18th, 2009 at 6:27 am	and is filed under Articles on Health. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Responses are currently closed, but you can trackback from your own site.
© 3 Treasures Healing


As a companion piece to the British troops (reviewed below) I also took a look at the French Line Infantry offered by Warlord Games and Conquest Miniatures (mergers and co-op arrangements seem the de riguer these days in British wargaming circles). These are every bit as attractive as their opponents. A full 28mm to the eye and superbly cast in very fine detail they made me wish that I did not already have hundreds of figures painted in 25mm.
I really wish these had been around when I was building my collection, they are simply lovely miniatures. I would Very Highly Recommend them to anyone building a FIW ir 7YW French army.
Good find, thanks for posting.
I already do Fiw in 15mm but this got me thinking in doing 28mm.
Nappies eh, doing armies or just for skirmish?
Nappies 28mm for both armies and skirmish. Tons of 15mm hertiage napolenettes, both paints and not..
It would be really great if we can start building some armies again like we had in the old days. The vast majority of the Nappies we had in the group went with Tom Farries when he left town.
Any particular army you want to build first 28s or 15s? I'll help out with building some opponents for what you may want to start with.
I have some 15mm Austrian's and a few 15mm prussians foot. I've been hankering to do some 28s for nappies also.
Gary, I have a ton of Indians and plenty of other FIW stuff if you would like to set up a game I would be happy to provide the minis.
I have an large Austrian army, French Army, Medium Russian Army, and Good size British army & small amount of Prussians. Already painted, plus pile of unpainted French, Brits and Austrian still in the original Hertiage packs.
In 28mm started Austrians, a few Brits started. Austrians, French and Brits in boxes from Victrix & Perry plastic. Metal foundary was armys.
The 15mm have been all rebased for Lasalle. But will for Empire to Republic or Black powder. I have a pile of Nappies rule collected our the years. Plus Sharpe's Practice which looks like a great skirmish rule.
Drop me an email so we can over it.
Old Sarge, are those Prussians 1813-15 or the earlier period? I have a full Prussian Brigade organized for 1813 plus some spare Landwher and cav.
John, They are the late 1813-1815. Some have started to be painted. and another pile in my nappie part box not primed.


text:
Mesogonia är ett släkte av insekter. Mesogonia ingår i familjen dvärgstritar.

Dottertaxa till Mesogonia, i alfabetisk ordning

 Mesogonia aliena
 Mesogonia apulia
 Mesogonia atramentatula
 Mesogonia attenuata
 Mesogonia azeka
 Mesogonia bicornuta
 Mesogonia braccatula
 Mesogonia brevicorne
 Mesogonia brevisula
 Mesogonia callangana
 Mesogonia cardinula
 Mesogonia charapensis
 Mesogonia emarginata
 Mesogonia evansi
 Mesogonia ferrugatula
 Mesogonia grapta
 Mesogonia involuta
 Mesogonia itaitubana
 Mesogonia ithra
 Mesogonia larvatula
 Mesogonia lobata
 Mesogonia longula
 Mesogonia ludicula
 Mesogonia monsonensis
 Mesogonia olivatula
 Mesogonia paganula
 Mesogonia pruriginosula
 Mesogonia retrorsa
 Mesogonia rondosa
 Mesogonia semicinctula
 Mesogonia semilucida
 Mesogonia stillatula
 Mesogonia suspecta
 Mesogonia tolosa
 Mesogonia valida
 Mesogonia vexativa
 Mesogonia vinnula

Källor

Dvärgstritar
Mesogonia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Staten Island Laundry Company is dedicated to making your life easier by offering a convenient self-serve laundromat, as well as full service laundry solutions. We have pick-up and drop-off services so your life has fewer interruptions. Let us make your life simpler with full wash and fold services, and more to ensure your busy family and professional life aren't disrupted any more than necessary. You'll enjoy a friendly atmosphere in a very clean store when you join us, and you'll have access to a rewarding loyalty program.
Let us take the load off your soldiers and help make your life easier. Our skilled, dedicated staff offers a full-service solution that includes pick up, attentive and detailed cleaning solutions, and drop-off services. This allows you to spend more time on the things you enjoy with the people you love, and it's all offered at affordable prices. We've perfected services for busy professionals, senior citizens, and disabled customers that can't easily do their own laundry or drop off their clothes. Choose Staten Island Laundry Company in New York to meet all of your laundry needs.
"I WAS LUCKY ENOUGH TO FIND STATEN ISLAND LAUNDRY COMPANY!
Last week when my washer decided it wanted a week off, I was lucky enough to find the Staten Island Laundry Company. As a business owner who appreciates "old-fashioned" customer service, this is the only place I would ever take my laundry outside my home."


I found rsync when I wanted to use scp to copy files to a server but not overwrite files already there. Rsync is actually more efficient no matter what (it seems) but it is really great if there are a bunch of duplicate files (Rsync will just skip them).
Compressing file data saves bandwidth so if that is an issue it is another big win over scp. And in my reading it seems rsync can restart a broken file transfer in process (while scp you have to redo the whole file transfer).
To copy from the server to your computer just reverse the order of the locations. And you can even just put in two addresses not on your current computer and copy between then.
As a reminder, I realize this blog is made up of stuff that is obvious to a large number of people. It is really aimed at me (so I can quickly find what I found before), and to a lessor extent others like me (who use cli some but are not system administrators or programmers to any significant extent).


text:
var path = require('path');
module.exports = function pathRelToCwd(absPath) {
	return path.relative(process.cwd(), absPath);
};

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Home Prints Château de Cordes.
Physical Description 1 print on white wove paper : lithograph, b&w ; plate 32.1 x 23.7 cm., sheet 49.9 x 32.9 cm. (all four edges deckled).
Summary Title bottom edge on plate. Signed in graphite lower right: Greenleaf Perry-Lith. Edition number in graphite lower left: 18/40. Inscription in graphite by artist verso upper right: Ch. of Cordes was owned by Charles Fisk of Boston. Partial watermark lower left corner: [Arc]hes. Exhibited: The Boston Athenaeum 1955. Gift of the artist.
Subject(s) Château de Cordes (France)--Pictorial works.


Factory Optional Satellite Navigation System Fitted.This New Model Fiesta Zetec Boasts An Outstanding List Of Features With Many Benefits Some Of Which Include: Lane Keeping System Which Comprises Of Two Functions. Lane Departure Warning, This System Alerts The Driver If The Car Starts To Wander Out Of Lane Without The Driver Indicating. A Vibration Is Sent Through The Steering Wheel ( Can Be Three Levels Of Sensitivity) To Alert The Driver But This System Can Also Apply A Small Amount Of Torque Steer To Bring The Car Back Into Lane If The System Is Set This Way By The Driver. An Entertainment System That Not Only Incudes DAB Radio Function But Also Has The Apple Car Play And Android Auto Functions As Well.


Penultimate prem game against an out of form Foxes team that are there for the taking.
The team had a good shape about it for the Burnley game and can't see no reason to changed the eleven that started.
Good test for the young Greek at the back if Vardys up for it, like what I see so far but have seen it all before with such players in the past, Hopefuly we have a gem on the books.
Started to feel a sense of optimism coming into the club which can only be a good thing.
Oh yea Ozil having a rest for the World Cup,nice job if you could get it.
What a laughing stock we have become.


BOYNE CITY — Boyne City school leaders spent more than a quarter-million dollars Monday night for the district's voter-approved technology initiative.
School board members unanimously voted 6-0 to spend $656,028 on 1,080 Apple iPads for students and 92 Apple TVs for classrooms. Additionally, they unanimously voted to spend $132,346 for 89 MacBook Air laptops for teacher stations.
Board member Jeff Mercer did not attend the meeting, but participated via online webcam. However, his vote did not count in the board action.
Ken Schrader, board president, said the move to buy the computerized devices served as the culmination of two years of planning efforts to create a virtually 1-to-1 ratio of students to iPads.
District voters in May last year overwhelmingly voted in favor of a requested $3.84 million bond request to pay for technology upgrades and building improvements across the district, including infrastructure to support wireless Internet capability in the schools. Voters passed the bond request by a 379-222 tally.
Part of the effort focused on improving student learning through more frequent use of the computer devices, and teachers now strive to incorporate the tablets into their daily lessons. The district is expected to charge up to $15 per device to student's families for insurance purposes, in case the iPads are damaged or broken.
Bond money can't be spent to repair damaged iPads, though it can be used to buy replacement tablets.
Boyne City Public Schools is among the leaders of the pack statewide when it comes to arming each student with the devices. Last year, Zeeland Public Schools became the first district in Michigan to give a tablet to every student in grades 3 to 12, according to the Detroit Free Press.
Boyne City's initiative closely mirrors Zeeland's move, just one school year later.
Also at Monday's meeting, superintendent Peter Moss discussed the ongoing budget process. The proposed 2012-2013 district budget calls for $12.4 million in revenues and $12.8 million in expenses, spending down the fund balance by at least $347,000.
"We're spending more than our revenues bring in. That's a problem," Moss said.
Those figures come after officials made between $550,000 and $600,000 in cuts, he said.
The district's fund balance at the end of the recently ended school year is about $1.7 million, but is expected to drop to $1.3 million at the end of the next academic year, Moss said.
School board members are expected to consider the proposed 2012-2013 budget at their next meeting on June 25. The budget hearing is set to begin at 6:30 p.m. in the early education building's cafeteria, 321 S. Park St. in Boyne City.


Both bacterial and fungal diseases can affect ornamental pear trees, causing deformed leaves and blossoms or the die-back of branches. Some diseases may even result in the death of the infected tree. A combination of good cultural practices and chemical treatments will work to prevent and control many diseases.
The bacterial disease fire blight can cause significant problems for ornamental pears. Fire blight appears in the spring during wet, humid conditions after the tree has begun flowering. Insects spread the disease by consuming bacteria on cankers of infected plants. The bacteria become less active during cool, dry weather. Flowers and leaves turn brown and wilt, but remain on the tree. Branches turn black as the disease progresses. Prune 8 to 10 inches below infected areas of the tree during the dormant season. Use clean, sharp pruning tools and disinfect the tools between each cut to prevent spreading the disease. Sterilize tools using rubbing alcohol or a solution of 1 part bleach to 9 parts water. New growth is most susceptible to this disease, so avoid fertilizing ornamental pears during the spring. Fertilize lightly only in the fall. Apply copper fungicides in the winter and products containing streptomycin during the growing season.
The fungal disease entomosporium leaf spot causes small red spots to appear on older leaves of ornamental pear trees. As these spots grow, clusters of white spores appear in the center of the spots. Pear trees will prematurely drop their leaves if infected with this disease. Prune back diseased foliage and remove it from the garden. Disinfect pruning tools and pick up and dispose of any fallen foliage to avoid spreading the disease to other plants. Properly space ornamental pears and avoid planting groundcover beneath the trees to increase air circulation. Overhead watering may further spread the disease. If necessary, apply fungicides containing copper or chlorothalonil.
Bacterial blight causes the formation of black lesions on the stems and flowers of ornamental pears. Cankers also form on the branches, and this may cause the death of the tree. This disease occurs during particularly wet spring conditions. Chemical treatments do not provide relief from bacterial blight. Prune back and discard diseased branches. Water the soil at the base of the tree and avoid getting the leaves wet. If cankers appear, the tree will likely die and removal may be necessary.
The soil-borne fungus cotton root rot, also known as Texas root rot, causes the entire taproot of an ornamental pear tree to rot. Leaves wilt and the tree may die suddenly. No chemical treatments can control cotton root rot. If you suspect this disease has infected your ornamental pear tree, take a section of the root system to an extension office for diagnosis. Remove infected trees and plant only disease-resistant plants in the area where the fungus is present.
Prior to pursuing writing full-time, Melissa Martin researched and edited books on teamwork and negotiation. She has worked as a ghostwriter for a number of websites and her current work appears on eHow.com, covering topics such as gardening, animals and the environment. She holds a bachelor's degree in English from the University of Iowa.
Why Doesn't My Cherry Tree Bloom?


text:
Colpichthys es un género de peces marinos de la familia aterinópsidos.

Las dos especies conocidas son endémicas del Golfo de California, en México.

Especies
Se reconocen las siguientes especies:
 Colpichthys hubbsi Crabtree, 1989 - pejerrey delta
 Colpichthys regis (Jenkins y Evermann, 1889) - pejerrey charal

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Atherinopsidae


text:
Home→Animal Rights→Wrong Leadership At RSPCA
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Wrong Leadership At RSPCA
The RSPCA relies on donations from the animal loving public. What sort of RSPCA do they want? I am sure they want an organisation that has a direct involvement in animal welfare, which means a hands-on operation that saves the lives of animals, rehomes companion animals and which treats injured animals. So, what have the generous British public got? A political organisation run by a person who has a background in politics and public relations.
Not only is the chief executive of the RSPCA, Gavin Grant, a person who tried twice to be elected as a Lib Dem Member of Parliament, he has been chairman of the PR agency Burson-Marsteller, which did work for AstraZeneca, Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline, companies known for being involved in animal testing. This is not a great CV for a man charged with improving the lives and saving the lives of animals.
Talking about saving lives, was Mr Grant behind the acknowledged unnecessary slaughter of 40 sheep at Ramsgate not long ago? It was a PR exercise that went badly wrong. It was an awful mess. Forty sheep were offloaded from a lorry at Ramsgate docks and killed by the RSPCA with a bolt gun because they were all declared lame. There was blood everywhere. If used properly, bolt guns should not produce lots of blood. The bloody massacre was photographed and the photo used in a PR exercise against shipping animals. Very odd. Blood looks good in a photo that demands impact. The sheep shouldn't have been killed anyway.
Other disturbing information about modern RSPCA is:
A fall in membership over 10 years from 35,000 to 25,000;
The resignations of three senior RSPCA executives;
A prosecution of a fox hunt that cost £326,000 in legal fees and which achieved a fine for the fox hunt of £7,000. I am all for prosecuting fox hunts who break the law but please keep the costs proportionate.
Less and less companion animals are being rehomed while…
More companion animals are being euthanised – with a bolt gun (sometimes?) — the RSPCA, we are told, now kills 44% of the animals it rescues – a total of 53,000 animals a year, 3,400 of which are destroyed for "non-medical reasons". Not a great record, it has to be said.
A plea for funds recently. There are many good reasons for this but are funds being used wisely?
My personal experience of trying to get the RSPCA to turn up and assist a fox in dire need proved fruitless until others called and appeared to have put some heat on them. This reflects what I see as going on; a winding down of direct assistance to animals in need and a ramping up of lobbying and large campaigns.
I have very strong feelings that the individual people who fund the RSCPA (founded in 1834), often through large legacies in their wills, really want to see this venerable organization directly involved in the welfare of animals. It should be a hands-on, on the ground charity which is less involved in campaigns and high profile fancy promotions etc.
In doing that, the organisation will get all the good publicity it needs and do well in years to come. They have the wrong leader for that task, in my opinion. The person in charge should be a dyed-in-the-wool animal loving person with a CV that shouts: I love animals. I think Ruth and Babz together would be fine 😉
Photo by didbygraham (creative commons on Flickr)
Posted in Animal Cruelty, Animal laws, Animal Rescue, Animal Rights, Animal Testing, Cat Health, Cat News, Cat shelters, death, Euthanasia, killed	Tagged animal rescue UK, animal welfare, cat rescue, rspca	permalink
Wrong Leadership At RSPCA — 11 Comments
Rose on April 2, 2013 at 10:26 am said:
I've had no good experiences with the RSPCA and don't donate money to be swallowed up in a huge organisation with lots of paid jobs.
As long as their patron is a person who believes in killing life for fun the whole thing is a mockery.
It's time that family moved with the times and to know that to animal loving people taking their lives just because they can is not acceptable.
It's time the RSPCA did the job they are supposed to do preventing cruelty to animals and stopping them from suffering when called upon to do that.
Rudolph.A.Furtado on April 2, 2013 at 1:34 am said:
As an Indian unaware of the British "R.S.P.C.A" i find thus article and the debates an eye-opener on Animal welfare in the developed World.In Mumbai i have personally bequeathed a small part of my life Insurance policy to the local Mumbai "S.P.C.A(Parel animal hospital)", having sentimental memories of this large hospital situated in downtown Mumbai and over a century old.This is my small charity towards my pets that have given me companionship and made life pleasant.
Michael on April 2, 2013 at 7:27 am said:
Well, Rudolph, I think you have done exactly the right thing because your donation is going to a specific operation (an animal hospital) and not a faceless, large organisation with high admin costs and unclear objectives (as far as I am concerned). The big charities tend to lose their way and lose contact with the people who have pets and who make donations. The RSPCA needs to reconnect with the people who donate, the public, through providing a direct service for them.
Barbara on April 1, 2013 at 2:14 pm said:
But can someone be in charge of the RSPCA who would cry most of the time at the atrocities that animals have to bear? If I was part-chief-executive I'd have to wear a blindfold and ear plugs to work because I couldn't stand to see or hear all the horrors, and if I was an inspector responding to calls I'd have to attend each and every one, there would be lots of overtime because there would be no refusing, and I think I would have to acquire a gun or a stout stick with nails in to mete out instant justice to the cruel perpetrators. Do you think there is any point in me applying?
Michael on April 1, 2013 at 3:39 pm said:
LOL. You'd want to run and you'd cry but at the end of the day, you would steel yourself and manage the place so that animals, individual animals, were helped. This is because you car enough and you couldn't let them down.
Michael have you heard the saying about the pot calling the kettle? YOU, kind sir, care about the animals, oh so much,too so I'm nominating you for the job.
You know, if I didn't have PoC to run and if they'd have me, I'd do it 😉 It would be a different organisation. It would be streamlined. Admin would be reduced. There would be more vans and ladies and men out on the ground saving and helping animals of all kinds. We would work with people, ordinary people, to improve animal welfare and we'd steer clear of politics and politicians. We would expand the hospitals and every shelter would be genuine no-kill. That is the way people like it. RSPCA is run like a big business. That is wrong. It should be more personal and highly efficient.
I'd probably get the boot in 12 months!
Marc on April 1, 2013 at 4:00 pm said:
LoL – I agree – it would be hard. I think you would need to have a bolt gun at the ready for the humans who need it.
I never knew the RSPCA had turned into something so typically capitalist. I always thought it was a good and respectable organisation until I read about Michael trying to get them to come and help the fox. Was the fox euthanised Michael? Anyhow, it seems they are going the way of some of the big american organisations.
Once any organisation becomes over a certain size, and commands the use of alot of money, it all invariably becomes too much about PR and not so much about working hard to make the best physical use of money 'given' to them along with the trust from the donators that it will be used for a good cause. It's more simply put a betrayal. I think what they really do now should be advertised clearly so we don't give money thinking they will help dying foxes. Sounds like they have become a bit of a political force. What actually do they do apart from sue fox hunters? I hate fox hunting.
Anyhow, it seems they are going the way of some of the big american organisations.
That is the truth of it. It is trying to be big business. Big business is incompatible with animal welfare, on the ground, at the sharp end. It should be a network of small businesses focused on local animal welfare.
It is good to sue the fox hunting bastards, for sure, but they could have employed a cheaper barrister and still have won handsomely. I am convinced lots of money is wasted in admin and follies.
I don't know what happened to my fox. I do know that it is almost certain he/she was PTS, which is a great relief because this fox was in real pain. He'd sit upright and rest his head near his broken leg and stay like that for ages. I felt his pain. He had licked all the hair of his leg in tying to relieve the pain. Bloody awful.
Ruth aka Kattaddorra on April 1, 2013 at 1:59 pm said:
Thanks for the vote of confidence Michael lol
I volunteered for the RSPCA when I was 15 years old because my old headmistress was the local secretary, she had 2 cats Teddy and Coco. I loved going to her house as our late dad wouldn't let us have cats at home.
But then I found out that a lot of the money raised by volunteers went on plush offices and high wages for the executives and I stopped helping.
I'm not surprised at Mr Grant being involved in companies that test on animals, I mean you only have to look at what RSPCA stands for, the ROYAL Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to animals. Their Patron is of course the queen, small q on purpose as I don't respect any member at all, of a family who hunt animals and shoot birds for fun, even their latest member by marriage Kate Middleton has been photographed with dead animal trophies!
The whole organisation is a mockery and when the RSPCA come knocking at the door asking us to sign up to direct debits to them I tell them a few home truths!
Time and time again they have refused to help animals, until like with that poor fox, pressure was put on them.
Thanks Ruth. What you say confirms what I say: you and Babz would do better than Grant because you care, you really care about animal welfare and that really has to be at the heart of the RSPCA, but it isn't.


text:
Political Uncertainty a Concern for the Italian Property Market
Political Uncertainty a Concern for the Italian Property Market 28-Apr-2017
Should you buy or sell property in Italy online keeping in mind the political instability in the country? Politics dominate all discussions in Italy and the property market is not immune from the feverish debate in the country over its future in the European Union either.
Indeed, there is a climate of political uncertainty in Italy because of the rise of Eurosceptics such as the Five Star Movement, which wants the country to leave the European Union. The Fiver Star Movement showed how much of a political force it was in the recent referendum called by the former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.
Renzi's humiliating loss in the referendum forced him to quit from his position as the Prime Minister. Italy has been pushed to the brink because of Renzi's resignation and now have a new Prime Minister, who does not have the same authority as Renzi did and is seen as a stop-gap measure before the new general election.
There is a fear that there is too much politics in Italy and that people are not only disillusioned with the traditional political parties, they are also keen to follow Britain's example and have their own version of Brexit. The Five Star Movement and other far right political forces in Italy are getting a lot of traction and there is every reason to believe that they will do will in the forthcoming national election.
Italy's Ambassador to the United States, Armando Varricchio, says there is no reason to worry as yet and is optimistic. He says, "We should never fear elections, because whenever people are active and want to be engaged and take responsibility by casting their vote, this is a positive sign that democracies work."
Mr. Varricchio explains that the recent anger against globalist forces and the European Union in Italy is understandable given the circumstances in the country and that more democracy, not less is the answer: "[It] can be translated either in a more aggressive attitude — in the desire to protect your own world, be it your community or your country, trying to turn your back on this global phenomenon of the free movement of ideas, of religions, of goods — or it can translate into a will not to participate, not to be engaged. I think that it is always important to be able to give voice to these fears and also turn them into a positive flow that could be channeled within the existing democratic path."
That's probably true, but it cannot be denied that this is not a good time to be investing in the Italian property market at the moment because of all the political uncertainty. Even so, there are many sophisticated investors who have been betting big on Italy, as they think the real estate market here has bottomed out and things will only get better through 2017 and 2018.
So, for many, this is the right time to buy property in Italy online despite the falling real estate prices. Home prices in Italy have declined by 1.4 percent in 2016. Experts say that the fall will continue but don't expect anything drastic. While the situation in Italy is not perfect, it is certainly nothing like what we see in Greece. Italy remains a much fancied overseas property destination among rich, high net worth international investors.


Amazon.com description: Product Description: This book develops the theory of partitions. Simply put, the partitions of a number are the ways of writing that number as sums of positive integers. For example, the five partitions of 4 are 4, 3+1, 2+2, 2+1+1, and 1+1+1+1. Surprisingly, such a simple matter requires some deep mathematics for its study. This book considers the many theoretical aspects of this subject, which have in turn recently found applications to statistical mechanics, computer science and other branches of mathematics. With minimal prerequisites, this book is suitable for students as well as researchers in combinatorics, analysis, and number theory.
About: This book develops the theory of partitions.
With George E. Andrews | from Cambridge Univ Pr (August 1, 1976); titled "The Theory of Partitions"


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text:
'It's a big change': Chess engine lift on sale in Australia
The new chess engine lift that has come to Australia will be used for the first time for the national championships of the national game, a national governing body has announced.
Key points:The new engine lifts will be flown to the capital of Victoria from Sydney and then flown to Adelaide and MelbourneThe lifts will not be available for sale in other countriesThe lift is designed to take players from the ground up to the surface in just six minutesThe lift will be manufactured by the Chess Engine Technology Group (CETG) in Melbourne and supplied by a small engine repair company in AdelaideThe lifting is designed for the game of chess and is used to lift players from an opponent's square into the center of the board.
Chess engine lift: The lift will not require an outside sourceThe lift has been designed to fly from the centre of the chessboard to the chess board itself, a process that takes about six minutes.
It's not clear when the lift will come to market.
A spokesperson for the Chess Engine Technology said the lift was being designed to use the same engine for both the national championship and the Olympic Games.
"The lift uses a different engine than the ones used for other national championships, including the Australian Open, European Open, Grand Slam, British Open, and Australian Open," the spokesperson said.
"We are working closely with the Australian Chess Federation (ACFF) to develop an alternative lift design that will meet their requirements.
The spokesperson did not say when the new lift would be available in other sports.
Australia has been developing its own engine design for the sport for more than a decade, and is believed to have the best in the world.
The CASA has been working with CETG to develop a lift design for international competitions, including Australian events."
We have been working closely for the last five years to improve the design of our engine and we have completed the design for a new engine lift for the 2016-17 tournament," the CASA spokesman said.
The lift was designed by Australian engineering firm CETG and was developed to replace a lift used at the 2013 Sydney Olympics, when Australian players and spectators were required to climb up on the roof of a building to climb onto the chess surface.CETTENG said it was not sure how the new engine would be used.
"As the design process continues, we hope to provide a more detailed update in due course," the CETTENG spokesman said in a statement.
"However, at this time, we are unable to provide any further comment."CETTG said the new system will be the first for the Australian chess world, and that it would be a big difference for players.
"Chess engines are normally designed to operate for up to a maximum of six minutes at maximum power," CETTG said in the statement.
"The new system for the 2017-18 season is designed specifically for the duration of the games."
This will give players a more comfortable ride on the chess engine, and will allow the team to concentrate on their game rather than worrying about how to handle their weight on the platform.
"Our new system is designed with a more precise feel and will enable a smooth ride for the players, while giving them the confidence to concentrate in the game."
A spokesperson from the CASB said the CASBs decision to use CETG for the lift design was a "significant milestone" in the development of the CASC engine, which is expected to go on sale by the end of 2019.
"After a long development process, we have made great progress in our design process, which includes a thorough evaluation of the new CASC Engine's performance capabilities," the spokesman said, declining to comment on the lift.
The development of this new lift will cost between $1.5 million and $3 million, the spokesperson added.
Posted in LOCATIONUTILITIESTagged chess engine, engine lift, school of engineering, small engine repair
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