On June 22, 2012, I will be releasing my new artwork, Museum of Glitch Aesthetics, a major transmedia narrative that includes an array of digital video art, Net art, animated GIFs, digitally expanded and mobile phone cinema, live A/V, 8-bit Google Street Photography and an entire (mock) comedy album. There will also be a freely downloadable e-book or, if you prefer, you can buy a limited edition print version (what makes it limited is that it will only be available online for a limited period of time). The work is a new commission with the Abandon Normal Devices program in Manchester, UK.
But before we get into all of that, I wanted to announce how thrilled I am to be a part of the 2012 Media Forum exhibition, "The Immersion: Towards Haptic Cinema," as part of the 2012 Moscow International Film Festival. My work, FILMTEXT 2.0, will be on exhibit at The Ekaterina Cultural Foundation from June 22 — August 19, 2012 and is curated by art historian, curator, and director of the MediaLab in Moscow, Olga Shishko.
Check out this partial list of artists and filmmakers who I am exhibiting with: Dziga Vertov, Sergei Eisenstein, Nam June Paik, Peter Greenaway, Kazimir Malevich, Ken Jacobs, Hans Richter, Pia Tikka, Valie Export, Luis Bunuel, Stein and Woody Vasulkas, and many others.
In addition to checking out the exhibition Web site here, you can also download the program (as a PDF file) here.
When I was making FILMTEXT 2.0, I had Vertov in mind as a creative precursor for the kind of digitally-expanded and interactive forms of cinema I was hoping to invent. To be exhibited with him (and Eisenstein) in Moscow at their international film festival is an honor.
For a completely different take on my experiments in mobile cinema, feel free to visit the Immobilité Web site and, while you're at it, here's a funny story related to Immobilité's synergy with Pasolini's Teorema.


Any other additional information also is very much welcome.
Also, if you know about any other projects in Noida / Gr. Noida within 40 lacks with good appreciation in future, please let me know.
NE Gaur city 2 Avenue 11 or 16 or anything else!!


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Port of Hueneme Hosts 3rd Annual Technology Expo Bringing Tomorrow, Today
Visit http:// for further information
The Port of Hueneme held its third annual cutting-edge Innovation and Technology Expo, a program that challenges industry, technology developers and college and high school students to meet industry needs with the best in technology. It all unfolds as part of the Ports Maritime Advanced Systems & Technology Laboratory (MAST) program, an initiative designed to encourage entrepreneurs and innovators to embrace the Port as an incubator to pilot new products and foster leading-edge technology for the port and maritime environment.
11/04/16, 05:35 AM | Unmanned & Other Topics
The Port of Hueneme darts to the future with its cutting-edge Innovation and Technology Expo, a program that challenges industry, technology developers and college and high school students to meet industry needs with the best in technology. It all unfolds as part of the Ports Maritime Advanced Systems & Technology Laboratory (MAST) program, an initiative designed to encourage entrepreneurs and innovators to embrace the Port as an incubator to pilot new products and foster leading-edge technology for the port and maritime environment. Todays event drew a crowd of over 175 participants at the third annual event.
The program opened with dual tracks, one focusing in on the port security needs and the possible technological advancements to fill those gaps. Commissioner Jason Hodge, a local firefighter, charged the group up with his remarks, "The dialogue between law enforcement teams and the developers of technology promises to build a bridge necessary to protect life and critical infrastructure. We have created the venue for the dialogue here today that promises to spawn cutting-edge capabilities that align with the needs of our public safety officials. It will make all the difference."
The second track focused on our youth and local students, helping them identify career opportunities in the maritime field specific to engineering, innovation and technology. In attendance were Oxnard High School students and STEM students from Oxnard Community College. Commissioner Mary Anne Rooney greeted the students this morning instilling them with hope for their futures, "By attending this morning youll be able to observe technologies and demonstrations presented by real-life industry professionals. It is our hope that you will discover personal career direction within the Maritime industry. Discoveries that can help direct your educational paths that can lead to fulfilling career opportunities."
The two tracks merged in the late morning with the technology expo and maritime career exhibits. Unmanned aerial and underwater vehicles, the latest in lighting technologies, surveillance and communication equipment were among some of the impressive cutting edge technologies on display and demonstration. The afternoon became a working session of critical stakeholders in public safety, industry and technology. During two breakout sessions, problem statements for industry operations and for public safety were developed to challenge the technology experts to develop the solutions.
To emphasize the goal, Port CEO and Director Kristin Decas commented, "The intent is to marry up the needs of industry and public safety officials with developers that innovate their tools and realize actionable results. We are proud to be a world-class Port seeking world-class solutions to sustain the viability of the Port and the entire community we serve."
Officer Peter Frieberg with the Port Hueneme Police Department noted, "The panel discussions were productive and fruitful. It was a positive to have all of these knowledgeable stakeholders voicing their technology successes as well as gaps. One could feel the energy in the room with all these entrepreneurs and technologists addressing how to resolve our real-world issues."
Exhibitors with projects at the expo included. Aerial Alchemy, AUVSI, Cal State University Channel Islands, Datastew, EDC-VC, Eyes On, Flame Sniffer, GBL, GT2-CTM, NAVFAC, the Ventura County Sheriff Departments Bomb Squad, Perceptronics, Starlite, Stellar Biotech, the Long Beach Police Department, the Ventura County Office of Education, the Ventura County Fire Department, Virtual Port, the Oxnard Police Dive Team, Wounded Eagle, U.S. Department of Customs and Border Protection, the United States Coast Guard, Ports America Inc, Del Monte Fresh, Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics, Glovis USA, Cal Maritime Academy and TracTide Marine.
The MAST Lab/incubator concept was established under the leadership of the Port with the support and partnership of the Center for Threat Management and the Economic Development Collaborative of Ventura County (EDC-VC) as a cooperative research and development program. The Laboratory leverages the unique geographical, operational, and environmental assets inherent at the Port of Hueneme and provides collaborative stakeholders with a sustained platform for research, experimentation and testing.
Christina Birdsey the Ports Director of the MAST program said, "Were really excited to make our unique environment available through the MAST Lab and providing entrepreneurs and companies with a test and research platform that might not otherwise be available to them. We encourage all entrepreneurs whether in logistics, environmental protection or safety and security to take advantage of our MAST lab, we believe these partnerships will ultimately improve the maritime and port domain."
The Port of Hueneme is one of the most productive and efficient commercial trade gateways for niche cargo on the West Coast. The Port is governed by five locally elected Port Commissioners. The Port moves $9 billion in goods each year and consistently ranks among the top ten U.S. ports for automobiles and fresh produce. Port operations support the community by bringing $1.5 billion in economic activity and creating 13,633 trade-related jobs. Trade through the Port of Hueneme generates more than $93 million in direct and related state and local taxes, which fund vital community services.
Zaber's X-LRQ-DE Series: High Precision Stages with Built-in Controllers and Linear Encoders
Zaber's X-LRQ-DE Series of linear stages have high stiffness, load, and lifetime capabilities in a compact size. The integrated linear encoder combined with stage calibration provides high accuracy positioning over the full travel of the device. At 36 mm high, these stages are excellent for applications where a low profile is required. The X-LRQ-DE's innovative design allows speeds up to 205 mm/s and loads up to 100 kg. Like all Zaber products, the X-LRQ-DE Series is designed for easy set-up and operation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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@interface _RULikeBanItem : NSObject
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@property(readonly, nonatomic) long long storeID; // @synthesize storeID=_storeID;
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@property(readonly, nonatomic, getter=isDeletable) _Bool deletable; // @synthesize deletable=_deletable;
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@property(readonly, nonatomic) NSString *title; // @synthesize title=_title;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) NSURL *artworkURL; // @synthesize artworkURL=_artworkURL;
@property(readonly, nonatomic) NSString *artist; // @synthesize artist=_artist;
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@property(readonly, nonatomic) NSString *album; // @synthesize album=_album;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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As I write this, I am sitting at the Cape Town International airport, about to fly to Johannesburg for a BBC Media launch of their World Cup 2010 coverage, now only one day away. I'm on a panel of experts which is supposed to discuss the upcoming tournament and launch a BBC show covering the action. I have no idea what this involves, but if anything interesting happens, I'll let you know!
All around the airport, fans wearing Mexican, French, and of course South African football jerseys are milling about, in transit before their teams' matches tomorrow. Every few minutes, I hear the unofficial anthem of the World Cup, the vuvuzela, being blown. If you have never heard of a vuvuzela, don't worry, you'll soon hear plenty (perhaps more than want to)! It's pretty clear that the fans are now out in full force in South Africa.
So as we start this science of football series, I thought it would be appropriate to look first at what the fan actually cares about - the result. I'm biased, and so my enjoyment in sport comes in part from uncovering the 'hidden side' and actually seeking to understand why things happen (I guess this makes me somewhat of a nerd...), but for most, the team, the passion and the result is what drives sport.
And of course, everyone has an opinion. And I'd love to hear yours. Do you think that Brazil's omission of Ronaldinho hurts their chances? Do the Ivory Coast and Germany have a chance without Drogba and Ballack? All feelings are welcome.
But, in the interests of analysis, let's have a look at how one might predict the results more 'objectively'. And for this, we turn to one of FIFA's sponsors, Castrol.
So first a brief marketing lesson, since this provides the important context for the rankings. A sponsor pays (usually money, but often a combination of money and product/service) for the rights to use certain logos and trademarks of the rights holder. So Castrol have paid FIFA for the use the logo, the images, and exclusive rights within their category to all aspects of its global tournaments between 2007 and 2014. There's more to it than this - certain rights of association, such as hospitality packages, are given in addition to use of trademarks, but this is the principle.
However, for the sponsor, this is only part of the picture. Once the rights of association are secured, a great deal of thought must go into what is called leveraging the sponsorship. One generally does not buy an expensive car and then hide it away in a garage. They spend money to drive it and make sure it is seen! And similarly, having paid millions of dollars for rights, the sponsor must spend more (often much more) on telling everyone that it is involved. This is the strategic aspect of sponsorship, which is what I used to do for a SA-based sports business company.
There are a number of ways to leverage or 'activate' a sponsorship, and they depend on what the sponsor wishes to achieve. But before I digress too much, let's return to Castrol and football. Their sponsorship of football is at first glance a difficult one to activate. They're an oil company, after all, and finding an obvious strategic link with football is not the easiest task in the world.
But what they have done is to create the Castrol Football website. Basically, their proposition is that they rank teams and players according to some level of objective measurement. There is a short video explaining how their player ranking system works at this site, and I'll leave that for you to watch if you'd like.
For the 2010 World Cup, they have developed what I think is a really impressive tool that predicts the outcome of the tournament. It does so by tracking performance of all teams and players over a 10 year period, and calculating an attack/defence rating. They've then simulated the tournament and worked out the probability of each team advancing to the next round. The actual details are impossible to find (if you know, please share!), but presumably, it weighs up each fixture and using the attack vs defence rating (a good attack vs a weak defence is likely to produce a clear-cut victory, for example), and then calculates probabilities of each result.
Even this is somewhat beside the point. The validity of their ranking is of interest, and I'd love to know how it works, but for this post, I'm interested in what they've done only as a means for discussion. The prediction tool is here, and you can use it as a catalyst for your own predictions if you'd like!
From a marketing point of view, it's a brilliant tool, which drives traffic to the site, which in turn drives awareness of the brand. And the value behind the analysis is that Castrol is communicating that it is a top-level, scientific, state-of-the-art brand, and that it invests in football.
But let's not get too carried away with marketing. Let's rather look at what the Castrol Prediction tool thinks will happen in South Africa in this World Cup.
Below is a graph of what Castrol's probability calculator throws up as the tournament draw and results from the second round onward (click to enlarge). You can see if their analysis gives your team a chance.
In terms of probability of winning the tournament, the image below shows Castrol's predictions for each of the 32 teams. You'll see, not surprisingly given the above, that Brazil are the favourite, followed by Spain (their predicted final opponents) and England. Fourth are The Netherlands, but they run up against Brazil in the quarterfinals, as you can see in the above chart. This is why even though their overall probability is fourth highest, they aren't favoured to reach a semi-final. The Castrol prediction thus evolves match by match, which is important. You can find your own team here too.
Now for the host nation, South Africa (you can do this on the site for any team). Below are two images. The first shows the likely result for the Group phase, where SA plays against France, Mexico and Uruguay. The second shows the overall probability of South Africa making each phase in the tournament.
My point with these images is not to endorse Castrol's calculator (though I have to say, it's one of the most innovative and intriguing sponsorship leveraging strategies I have seen, speaking with a commerce hat on). Nor am I nailing my colours to the mast and saying that I think the predictions are correct. In fact, I'd be surprised if Castrol gets more than 50% of its predictions correct!
One of the problems with their analysis is that it is too "historically-heavy". They have taken 10 years worth of results, and I would argue that the results of matches in 2000 are basically irrelevant to matches in 2010, since no team has the same players or coaches. In fact, I'd go so far as to say that for some teams, 2009 results are distant memories, and new players, new team dynamics, and in some cases, new coaches mean that past performance does not predict future performance very well at all.
The other thing that Castrol's tool cannot do is respond to current events. Injuries, confidence and momentum (for example, France look to be in mighty trouble, but two wins and they become a dangerous team) and individual ability make sport unpredictable - that's the beauty of sport, after all.
In South Africa's case, the prediction of fourth is fair if you consider that we're easily the lowest ranked team in the group. But then you look at the momentum of the team (12 international matches unbeaten), the desire of those players to extend this dream of a home World Cup a little further, and the belief they have as a result of a growing sense of national pride and their own hard work, and you start to think that perhaps, South Africa is a dangerous team to play against. We've seen how powerful a force home ground advantage can be - at Olympic Games, previous Football World Cups (think Korea in 2002, France in 1998 - both exceeded expectations, and dare I say it, ability) and other sports. Home teams defy probability.
Not that this means South Africa jumps two places to qualify - here in SA, many people have convinced themselves that a tide of national support, flags and vuvuzelas will carry the team through. I'm afraid Mexico, Uruguay and France probably haven't received that memo. But our chances are considerably greater than history, and the Castrol Predictor, suggests.
But the tool does stimulate great debate. I'm aware there are a few of these predictions going around (I see ESPN did one, and there are a few others working out a game by game prediction). But the Castrol one has a brilliant site going for it. It's interactive, the graphics are excellent, easy to understand, and their achievement in processing vast volumes of data (validity notwithstanding) is impressive. At the risk of sending people away from The Science of Sport, I would highly recommend playing around on it for a short time!
And then come back here, for more analysis on the science of football! And don't forget to sign up to our Twitter account, where I will try to post updates during matches.
Brazil to win the World Cup, because they're familiar with South Africa, and have always played well here, most recently 12 months ago, in the same conditions they'll encounter now. They have a group of players which has been together for a long time and demonstrated the ability to win tournaments (which is quite different from winning single matches). They also have players who have not necessarily been regular starters for their club teams. I believe this is an advantage because at the end of a 9-month club season, fatigue is a major factor. We've already seen a spate of injuries, and it's no co-incidence that the players getting injured are those who play a lot of football (Robben, Drogba, Essien, Rooney towards the end of the EPL). Injuries, plus fatigue of even 5% is enough to prevent a great team from beating a good one. So while it may seem odd, I believe freshness is an important strength.
Spain are the other team that has a great chance - their problem is the burden on key players, not only for Spain, but their clubs. Xavi, Villa, Puyol and co are so "burdened" at their clubs that their biggest problem will be staying sharp for the whole tournament. In their favour is that two key players, Fernando Torres and Cesc Fabregas, both missed a lot of play through injury, and so they may be sharper. A quality side, but fall just short.
Then Germany will be good, difficult to beat as always. A potential semi-finalist, if Diego Maradona's Argentina implode under his management. Otherwise, if Messi finds the same linkage as he enjoys with Xavi at Barcelona, they're my pick for third. How Maradona goes is anyone's guess - I'm not even going to try! England's draw is relatively easy, so they look favoured for a semi-final. But I don't think they will get there. Look for a surprise on that side of the draw, possibly even Mexico or Serbia.
hey u missed the metherlands maybe not the cup but they'll definitely reach the semi.
I think this might be an hard work database but its results are meaningless.
They tried to add lots of information but the option they took for the last 10 years was in my opinion wrong. I think they did it to validate and give some consistency to the "mathematic/statistic" results but in fact they were just running away from reality.
if they had only the last 4 years i think it would be much worthttrusty.
I enjoyed your comments on the Castrol prediction website. My five cents worth is that both from a sponsorship activation and a fan point of view it would be facinating to see the predictions "evolve" as the tournament progresses i.e. as the number of predicted results reduces and the number of actual results are confirmed.
E.g. the chances of South Africa finishing last in their group might have reduced following their opening match draw with Mexico etc.
I think they are allowing their predictions to evolve. It says on the site that they'll update the predictions after each round of the tournament. Which means by the time all the teams have played their first match (happens on Wednesday afternoon), you should be able to log on to a whole new probability.
This is of course correct, because as you point out, that first result is a massive influence on qualification! So check the site out on Thursday morning and let's see what it looks like then!


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Minister Denis Naughten T.D. formally completed Ireland's Ratification of the Paris Agreement by depositing Ireland's Instrument of Ratification with the UN on Friday November 4th 2016
The Minister for Communications, Climate Action & Environment Denis Naughten T.D. formally completed Ireland's Ratification of the Paris Agreement by depositing Ireland's Instrument of Ratification with the UN on Friday November 4th 2016. To the right of the Minister (holding the Instrument) is the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and UN Legal Counsel, Miguel de Serpa Soares. To the far rights is Santiago Villalpando, Chief of the Treaty Section of the UN Office of Legal Affairs.
More information on Ireland's Ratification of the Paris Agreement can be accessed at the following links:
Minister Denis Naughten secures Dáil Éireann approval for Paris Agreement on Climate Change
Opening Statement at Initiation of Domestic Ratification process for Paris Agreement
Naughten secures Government approval to begin Ireland's ratification of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change
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If you spend much of your free time working to make your off-road vehicle more rugged for the trail, you may have already invested some money (and sweat) into custom tube fenders. Not only can these fenders help protect your vehicle (and your own life) upon contact with potential hazards, they'll provide the lower clearance needed to help upgrade your tire size without investing in a body lift. In some cases, friends and fellow off-road enthusiasts may have enlisted you to help with their own fender projects -- leading you to wonder whether fabricating these fenders could morph from a hobby into a profitable venture. Read on to learn more about some of the factors you'll want to consider before quitting your day job.
Can you make a profit by charging for your fender bending services?
Many factory fenders and bumpers dent easily and aren't reinforced to handle the demands of rock crawling or creek fording, making them a poor choice for sport utility vehicles and trucks designed to go off road. In addition to their relative fragility, factory fiberglass or aluminum fenders are often significantly more expensive than tube fenders, even after factoring in the labor and material costs you'll incur by fabricating these fenders yourself.
Because the popularity of tube fenders for off-road vehicles doesn't seem to be subsiding any time soon, with some careful planning you should be able to turn a reasonable profit -- even if you need to invest in a heavier-duty tube bender than your current setup. By shopping auctions or local resale websites you may be able to pick up a used hydraulic tube bender for a fraction of the cost of a new one.
Can fabricating tube fenders replace your current full-time job?
Although it's likely your venture will be profitable on a small scale, few parts of the country have enough off-road drivers to create a steady demand for new tube fenders -- and in those cities and counties that do, you may find that the market is already saturated with talented welders, tube bending companies, and other fabrication professionals, making it difficult for you to gain many inroads in the market. While you may be able to earn enough from custom tube fender fabrication to help fund your own off-roading habit, you probably won't be able to use this hobby to fully replace the salary, benefits, and work schedule you enjoy at your current job.


For sale is a set of 8 Accel SuperCoils that I had on my 2000 Saleen Mustang for about 200 miles. The item "ACCEL #140032-8 COIL SUPER COIL YELLOW FOR 4.6 5.4L" is in sale since Wednesday, October 25, 2017. This item is in the category "eBay Motors\Parts & Accessories\Car & Truck Parts\Ignition Systems\Coils, Modules & Pick-Ups". The seller is "livetogolf86" and is located in Bettendorf, Iowa. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Russian federation, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia.


The Africa Forum of Teaching Regulatory Authorities (AFTRA) is an association of the national statutory agencies regulating teaching in the various African countries. Other members of the association are teacher education institutions, teacher unions, international development partners and civil society organisations. AFTRA is also the Africa Regional Branch of the International (World) Forum of Teaching Regulatory Authorities, IFTRA (www.iftra.org), with Headquarters at the Ontario College of Teachers, Canada.
In the course of its existence in the last six years, AFTRA has sought to provide impetus to all African countries to raise teacher standards and buy into existing global networks that will enhance teacher status, professionalism and mobility. In particular, AFTRA has sought to create protocols for international mobility of teachers, develop teacher qualification framework for Africa and facilitate co-operation among member nations for the benefit of the education systems of the various countries.
(i)	AFTRA International Teaching and Learning in Africa Conference – The Conference provides opportunities for exchange of best practices between AFTRA (the regulators of the teaching profession in Africa) and members of the global community particularly the academia, Information and Communication Technology experts, employers of teachers, teachers unions, governments, international development partners, non-governmental organisations, and the general public.
Decisions and communiqués that emanate from these two key events have made monumental changes in the psyche of both the teachers themselves, governments and general stakeholders of the teaching profession. These events have awakened the continent to the realities about the place of teachers and the teaching profession globally and the role that teachers and qualitative education must play in building the African continent of the future. The messages of AFTRA have been integrated in the proceedings of a number of international organisations of which it is a member; among them are the Education Partners of the African Union and the United Nations Task Force on Teachers for Education for All. Other international organisations collaborating with AFTRA are Education International and UNESCO among others.
i.	The adoption and domestication of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol, established in 1994 by the Commonwealth Ministers of Education. Like other international organisations such as the African Union, Organisation of American States, UNESCO, International Labour Organisation, Education International, etc which had earlier endorsed the Protocol, AFTRA believes that the terms of the document present the best ever lucid and balanced representation of the interests of migrating professional teachers and their host countries. AFTRA therefore has worked out a domestication of the Protocol and is implementing its principles as a guide in all of its dealings with international teachers.
ii.	Requirement of Letter of Professional Standing from country of origin – AFTRA members are committed to collaborate in assessing, registering and licensing teachers who migrate. In this context, the host country's Teaching Council commits to liaising with the Teaching Council in the teacher's country of origin to obtain appropriate and adequate background information about the teacher. Such information, expressed in form of Letter of Professional Standing, is a credential or attestation from the country of origin regarding the teacher's professional education and clearance of any professional or criminal conduct, so that the host country can easily assess the quality and conduct of the teacher for professional registration. Teachers who have no professional registration in their country of origin will, therefore, "stand alone" in all the processes required to convince the host country of the quality of teacher education and professional conduct. This development has a profound impact on the experiences of migrating teachers because teachers who have professional registration and recognition in their country of origin surely get ready welcome and easy processing of professional registration documents in their new countries whereas those without such professional registration and recognition in their country of origin will allow the Teaching Councils of host country several months and possibly years to carry out background checks and authentication of their credentials before being registered and licensed.
iii.	Teacher Qualification Framework – The effective implementation of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol and the mutual recognition of teaching qualifications expressed by the Letter of Professional Standing depends critically on the existence of a Teacher Qualification Framework. There can be no basis of comparison or equal treatment of teachers except if there is a framework that stipuates what constitutes teacher professionalism and professional standards. For this reason, the development of a Teacher Qualification Framework has been part of AFTRA's cardinal drives. Since 2013 therefore, AFTRA has worked with the UNESCO Regional Directorate in Dakar, Senegal, and with the strong support of the African Union and the UN Task Force on Teachers For All (which has headquarters at UNESCO, Paris, France) to development a Teacher Qualification Framework for Africa. The work and processes are however, complex. Therefore, so far, UNESSCO working with AFTRA and other stakeholders have been able to make advancement in the development of a Teacher Qualification Framework for West Africa. It is expected that success in developing a Teacher Qualification Framework for West Africa will be a springboard to launch a continental African Teacher Qualification Framework in the long run.
iv.	The establishment of Teaching Councils as an imperative – Arising from the immense work going on in AFTRA and the need for the teachers and the teaching profession of each country to be effectively regulated and involved in AFTRA matters, AFTRA has unequivocally called for the establishment of Teaching Councils in every African country. The Councils must however be in accord with the history and national laws of the respective countries. In other words, AFTRA is not in any stead to dictate to countries about the nature of their Teaching Councils. However, it is expected that countries will leverage on the abundance of international best practices and growing number of Teaching Councils in Africa and around the world while deciding on the nature of the Teaching Council of their choice. In Africa, the Teaching Councils in Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Zambia, etc and outside Africa, the Teaching Councils in Ontario Canada, Ireland, Australia, etc readily provide a variety of models. It is equally stressed that matters affecting teachers are best handled by the collective action of stakeholders. For this reason, the membership or governors of any Teaching Council should essentially include all shades of opinions in the profession – Government; professional teachers through their unions; teacher educators through their universities, faculties, colleges and schools of education; ministries of education; etc. This is also the reason why membership of AFTRA is not limited to only Teaching Councils but encompasses all critical stakeholders in the teaching profession. Therefore, even the establishment of a Teaching Council by a country does not exclude other national stakeholder organisations in the country from AFTRA membership. Indeed, the best AFTRA membership for any country still remains that led by the Minister of Education with a team that comprises the Teaching Council and other stakeholders.
In the years ahead, AFTRA will continue its synergy with the United Nations bodies, the African Union and other international development partners to push forward the best possible post-2015 teacher policies. It will require the support of the Ministers of Education and active participation of every African country in AFTRA in order to record the targets set for the teaching profession in Africa. Education is the gateway to development and teachers hold the key to the gateway. Therefore, global or continental development agenda that leave out the best interest of teachers are bound for a setback. It is for this reason that continental and global policy-making for the teaching profession should consider, support and work with the aims of AFTRA.
•	Use AFTRA as focal organ and implementer of important international protocols relating to teacher mobility, development of data on teacher migration, development of Africa Teacher Qualification Framework, exchange of best practices and the pursuit of other post-2015 teacher policies of the African Union.
Professor Nwokeocha is the pioneer Director of Operations of the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN), a statutory agency of the Federal Ministry of Education that regulates teaching from the pre-primary to university levels in Nigeria. He helped nurse TRCN from scratch to its present position as one of Nigeria's leading national agencies and the largest teacher professional regulatory body in Africa. He served Nigeria in the Directorate capacity for over twelve years. He was also instrumental to the founding of the Africa Forum of Teaching Regulatory Authorities (AFTRA), which is a Federation of national statutory agencies that regulate teaching in the various African countries. He has served as the Executive Director of AFTRA from inception till date. Professor Nwokeocha is also Africa's Representative in the Executive Committee of the International (World) Forum of Teaching Regulatory Authorities (IFTRA) which has its headquarters at the Ontario College of Teachers, Toronto, Canada.


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Will a "no deal" divorce leave spouses with a good foundation for moving forwards into independence?.
/ 5th September, 2018
By Rachel Lemon, Partner in the Family team
As the UK's negotiations to leave the EU continue to be difficult and the option of a "no deal" Brexit is considered, Rachel Lemon explores the option of a "no deal" divorce and negotiating a financial settlement in Mediation.
The divorce process itself is relatively simple. It is an exchange of paperwork between the couple and the court which ends with the court granting the Decree Absolute, the document that brings the marriage to an end on a final basis.
But, what about the finances? It is not an uncommon assumption for clients to make that once divorced neither can make a financial claim against the other. Unfortunately, whilst that would keep things simple, that is not the case.
The financial claims established between the couple on marriage remain "live". That means that either party could make a claim against the other for capital, income or pensions despite the fact that the marriage itself has been brought to an end.
So, whilst it is an option to leave the finances, to be resolved later, it is not, generally speaking, a recommended way forward. It is usually better to have certainty by agreeing the financial arrangements before the divorce is finalised. The agreement is then incorporated into a financial Order (which is then approved by the Court) dismissing the relevant claims between the parties.
Sorting out the finances on divorce can require some negotiation. It will be important that the children, if there are any, are provided for and each spouse's needs are met. Other factors, such as dealing with assets acquired before marriage, may also be a consideration.
In order for there to be effective negotiations, clear information about the finances must be provided by each spouse so that both can "come to the table" with confidence. If there are doubts as to what there is, then it is unlikely that both spouses will feel able to commit to an agreement dividing the assets.
Once everyone knows what there is, then it is time to negotiate. To try to negotiate a deal without information is to do so blindly which can have its risks.
Once at this stage, it is important that negotiations are managed carefully, sensitively and in a timely fashion.
Often the relationship between the couple is already strained. Most couples will want the process of divorce and the associated financial arrangements to be dealt with promptly. It can be a painful process, for a wide range of reasons.
The process of Mediation is quicker and cheaper than a court process. It seeks to empower the couple, to keep a dialogue going or re-establish it if it has been lost. The Mediator facilitates the couple's discussions and guides those towards a settlement. In doing so a safe place to explore options and talk about the way forward is provided. Space and time is given for emotion but in a managed environment so it does not become the focus of discussions.
Mediation supports the couple in projecting into a future which can feel unsure, uncertain and frightening for some. Some of these elements can sometimes be lost in the court process as each spouse adopts a position and view points become entrenched. It can then take a bold move, by either spouse, to move away from that position and the risk of losing face then becomes a consideration.
If the negotiations in a family setting were as they have been, and continue to be, in relation to Brexit, all hope of preserving any sort of relationship, albeit on separate paths moving forwards, would have disappeared, long ago. Thankfully, with the right support, negotiations towards a financial settlement on divorce do not need to be long, drawn out and hard fought.
The contents of this update are intended as guidance for readers. It can be no substitute for specific advice. Consequently we cannot accept responsibility for this information, errors or matters affected by subsequent changes in the law, or the content of any website referred to in this update. © Mundays LLP 2018.
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Physics is really a branch of science. It really is one among one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines
The primary purpose of physics would be to reveal how items transfer in room and time and know how the universe behaves. It scientific studies make any difference, forces and their consequences. The term physics arises from the Greek phrase indicating «nature». Physics may also be outlined as «that division of knowledge which pertains to the buy of nature, or, put simply, to your frequent succession of events».Astronomy, part of physics, is the oldest pure science. Prior to now it was part of 'natural philosophy' with other fields of science, which include chemistry and biology. During the scientific revolution, these fields became separate, and physics turned a definite discipline of knowledge
Physics is extremely essential from the development of recent technologies, like airplanes, televisions, pcs and nuclear weapons. Mechanics, a branch of physics, aided create the mathematical industry of calculus.Present day physics connects ideas about the four guidelines of symmetry and conservation of vitality, momentum, demand, and parity. Astronomy is definitely the oldest natural science. The Sumerians, and Historical Egyptians researched the celebrities, generally using a perspective to prediction engineering research paper format and faith. The very first Babylonian star maps day from about 1200 BC. That astronomical events are periodic also dates back again to the Babylonians. Their understanding was not scientific, but their observations affected later on astronomy. Significantly astronomy came from Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Ancient Egypt, and Historical Greece. Astronomers from Egypt constructed monuments that showed how objects inside the sky moved, and most in the names for your constellations inside the Northern hemisphere came from Greek astronomers.
Islamic students ongoing to study Aristotelian physics in the course of the Islamic Golden Age. 1 principal contribution was to observational http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib132l/papers/ptopics.html astronomy. Some, like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna, labored on optics and eyesight. During the E-book of Optics, Ibn al-Haytham rejected past Greek suggestions relating to vision and proposed a completely new theory. He analyzed how light-weight enters the eye, and designed the digital camera obscura. European researchers later crafted eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, and cameras from this reserve. Physics turned a independent industry of analyze once the scientific revolution. Galileo's experiments assisted to make classical physics. Whilst he did not invent the telescope, he made use of it when he looked in the evening sky. He supported Copernicus' concept that the Earth moved close to the Solar (heliocentrism). He also investigated gravity. Isaac Newton employed Galileo's tips to build his three regulations of motion and his law of common gravitation. Collectively these legal guidelines defined the motion of falling bodies close to the www.phdresearch.net earth along with the movement of earth and planets about the sunlight.
In a couple centuries, the industrial Revolution was in comprehensive swing and a lot of much more discoveries were designed in several fields of science. The rules of classical physics are fantastic enough to check objects that transfer significantly slower than the velocity of sunshine, and so are not microscopic. When experts first examined quantum mechanics, they had to build a brand new set of guidelines, which was the start of recent physics.As experts investigated particles, they discovered what classical mechanics could not reveal. Classical mechanics predicted which the pace of light various, but experiments confirmed the speed of sunshine stayed exactly the same.
Principles and Expectations for school Arithmetic states:Computational fluency refers to acquiring efficient and exact tactics for computing
Astronomy (from your Greek «astron» this means «star» and nomos which means «law») is the scientific study of celestial bodies similar to stars, planets, comets, and galaxies.


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Last Night Showed Why the "Democratic Civil War" Isn't As Simple As You Thought
If you can't beat 'em, join 'em.
Amy McGrath for Congress/YouTube
In the end, it happened just like Amy McGrath said it would. When I asked the recently retired Marine Corps fighter pilot last month why she thought she had a shot at winning the Democratic primary in Kentucky's 6th Congressional District, she pulled out a map and started highlighting the counties surrounding Lexington, the district's population hub.
"We've got to get somebody that can get these counties back—I can do that," she said. "Everywhere I go, all these counties are hugely patriotic—huge fans of military and service—and there's an instant connection there. I'm not gonna be able to win them all, maybe, but people are listening to me in ways that they're not going to listen to Jim Gray."
The easiest way to win a Democratic civil war is to switch sides when you're losing.
Gray, the mayor of Lexington, was her seemingly formidable opponent. The wealthy, popular former US Senate candidate had been encouraged to run—much to McGrath's frustration—by the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee in Washington, DC.*
But McGrath's campaign believed turnout would spike in the rural counties because of local races for offices like jailer and judge. So she invested heavily in rural field offices, billboards, and advertisements in small-town weekly newspapers. She mailed out a 32-page economic plan that leaned hard on rural development—everything from broadband access to turning tobacco into a biofuel. When the results came in on Tuesday night, McGrath won her primary by 8 points, winning everything but Lexington.
And then something funny happened. McGrath, who had spent much of the last six months trashing the DCCC, was suddenly being promoted as one of the organization's rising stars. DCCC chairman Ben Ray Lujan, a New Mexico congressman, heralded McGrath as "battle-tested in more ways than one" and stated that "there is no question that Amy can flip this district." It pushed out an internal poll showing McGrath leading the Republican incumbent, Andy Barr, by 15 points.
This is how Washington-based campaign committees say, "Uh…sorry?"
It was a pretty good metaphor for how the much-hyped Democratic civil war has gone so far this year. In races across the country, outsider candidates have turned the DCCC into a piñata, accusing the national organization of butting into primaries and picking winners and losers. But it's not always so clear cut.
When the dust settled on the first round of the Texas Democratic primaries in March, the DCCC seemed to have done nothing right. Its preferred candidates had lost in each of the three races it was most seriously targeting, and none of those candidates had really come close. Most glaringly, in the 7th District, an unusual DCCC attack on the one candidate it didn't want, Laura Moser, backfired badly enough that the popular Resistance activist actually ended up in the runoff.
Instead of prosecutor Jay Hulings, who was reportedly the party's preference in the 23rd District, the leader in the first round of balloting was Gina Ortiz Jones, a former Air Force intelligence officer who had the backing of EMILY's List, which supports pro-choice Democratic women. In the 32nd District, instead of Ed Meier, an Obama administration veteran, the leader was Colin Allred, a former NFL player and civil rights attorney. In the 7th, Alex Triantaphyllis, a Goldman Sachs alum, lagged far behind both Moser and Lizzie Fletcher, a Houston lawyer.
So, as these things go, the party just rolled with the punches. Ahead of the runoff election, Washington Democrats threw their support behind Ortiz Jones and Allred. The DCCC never officially backed Fletcher, but no one had any illusions about where it stood on that race. And on Tuesday, all three of those candidates won handily. In Texas, as in Kentucky, the easiest way to win a Democratic civil war is to switch sides when you're losing.
The infighting among Democrats has come to define many of the early primary campaigns this year, and for good reason: There are real divides within the party over style and substance. But Tuesday's results also told a bigger story. Democrats just held primaries in Texas, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Georgia—four states where they haven't had a lot of good news in the last 20 years—and they're actually excited about it. Turnout in Georgia, where Stacey Abrams became the first black woman ever nominated for governor by a major party, was way up from where it was 2014. Sure, Democrats didn't have a competitive gubernatorial primary that year, but that's kind of the point. The enthusiasm jump in Texas—where no Democrats even ran in Allred's district in 2016—was documented ad nauseum.
One of the biggest stories of 2017 was the historic surge of first-time candidates, particularly women, signing up to run in Democratic primaries at all levels of government. The big story of 2018—intra-party drama—is, to a large degree, a consequence of that surge. Last year's good news is this year's civil war. And as McGrath learned, nothing heals the wounds of a nasty primary quite like success.
Correction: An earlier version of this article misidentified Gray as a former US Senator.
As a Kid, She Petitioned Congress for the Right to Fly Fighter Planes. Now She's Gunning for a Seat of Her Own.
He Voted for Trump. Now He's Running for Congress as a Pro-Pot, Pro-Coal Democrat.


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Home>Midwest>Edina, Minnesota
MidwestMinnesota 2017
Edina, Minnesota
The city of Edina seeks to build racial equity in order to advance the principles set forth in the city's 2015 Vision statement, which provides: "Edina holds a well-earned reputation as a city of choice. It is the model of a successful mature and progressive urban community, that strives to lead in a modern and evolving world. Our shared values and attractiveness afford residents the highest quality of life while actively embracing the future."
Racial injustice has occurred nationally for centuries and has made deep impacts on communities, schools, cities and structures. Edina is making racial equity a goal and will actively evolve their city systems, structures, resources, policies and practices to reflect this commitment. In doing so, they will make Edina a community that embraces all people.
The City of Edina will create an atmosphere in which discussing their differences and shared values such as a desire for good public education, housing, transportation, and safe neighborhoods bring them closer together.
First, they need to acknowledge and commit to racial equity being important work that the city values. Next, they will begin to look at their City and services from every angle to determine what areas they do well in promoting racial equity and where they may create or perpetuate racial injustice. Once they evaluate their systems, policy and structures, they will need to create a cultural shift, dedicating themselves to racial equity in everything they do.
Edina recently created a City Race and Equity Task Force comprised of community members, human rights city commissioners, GARE team members (who have and will be attending these meetings) and city employees. This group is tasked with taking steps to improve racial equity in their city. The Task Force is diverse in talent, training and racial backgrounds—their journeys, experiences and perspectives differ, but they will be working towards the same goal.
Edina is a strong community and is invested in its people. They are confident this Task Force will deliver a positive outcome of which their City can be proud.
And, they have a talented city staff and a strong network of resident volunteers (members of boards and commissions and non-profit organizations) who can help carry out the work.
It takes a village. Improving racial equity will be a journey. Everyone has a stake in the outcome because they are advancing the core values embraced by residents and reflected in their Vision statement – becoming / being a city of choice which is successful and a leader in the region, and has a strong sense of community and provides a high quality of life. It will take a culture change within their communities to see the best results—everyone needs to be included.
Watch the video below to learn more about why Edina committed to joining GARE.
Edina is participating in the 2017 Minnesota Advancing Racial Equity introductory cohort.
Participating Jurisdictions: Minnesota Population: Small (up to 100,000) Region: Midwest Form of Government: City
White:88.1%
African American: 3.0%
Asian: 6.1%
Hispanic: 2.3%
American Indian & Alaska Native: 0.2%
Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander:
Multi-Racial: 1.8%


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\section{Introduction}

There has been a long controversy about de Sitter breaking by the
graviton propagator on de Sitter background
\cite{Antoniadis:1986sb,Allen:1986tt,Tsamis:1992xa,Kleppe:1993fz,
Hawking:2000ee,Higuchi:2001uv,Kouris:2001hz,Higuchi:2002sc,
Woodard:2004ut,Higuchi:2008fu,Faizal:2008ns,Marolf:2008hg,Miao:2009hb,
Miao:2010vs,Miao:2011fc,Faizal:2011iv,Higuchi:2011vw,Miao:2011ng,
Kahya:2011sy,Mora:2012kr,Higuchi:2012vy,Mora:2012zh,Mora:2012zi,
Morrison:2013rqa,Miao:2013isa,Bernar:2014lna}. Much has been learned
that is valid no matter which view prevails. Significant insights
include:
\begin{itemize}
\item{A linearization instability precludes adding de Sitter invariant
gauge fixing terms to the action, although enforcing de Sitter invariant
exact gauge conditions as strong operator equations is allowed
\cite{Miao:2009hb}.}
\item{The best way of expressing the tensor structure of a graviton
propagator in an exact gauge is as a sum of differential projectors
acting on scalar structure functions which obey simple equations
\cite{Miao:2011fc,Mora:2012zi}.}
\item{The entire difference between the de Sitter invariant and de
Sitter breaking constructions in the same fully-fixed gauge can be
traced to what these scalar equations are and how one solves them.
Further, this difference takes the form of a gauge transformation
\cite{Morrison:2013rqa}.}
\item{A solution to the propagator equation need not correspond to
a propagator in the sense of being the expectation value of the
time-ordered product of two fields in the presence of some positive
norm state \cite{Tsamis:2000ah,Janssen:2008px}.}
\item{Analytic continuation fails to register power law infrared
divergences \cite{Folacci:1992xc,Janssen:2008px,Miao:2010vs} and
can convert positive into negative norm states \cite{Miao:2013isa}.}
\end{itemize}

A particularly important insight has been the close relation between
the tensor power spectrum of primordial inflation and the graviton
propagator in transverse-traceless-synchronous (TTS) gauge, which poses
a formidable problem for those who deny de Sitter breaking
\cite{Miao:2011ng,Miao:2013isa}. A recent paper by Fr\"ob confronts
this issue by using spatial Fourier transforms of the linearized
Weyl-Weyl correlator to reconstruct the tensor power spectrum
\cite{Frob:2014fqa}. Because the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator for de
Sitter is infrared finite and free of secular dependence
\cite{Kouris:2001hz,Mora:2012kr,Mora:2012zh}, Fr\"ob argues that both of
these features in the TTS gauge propagator are gauge artefacts. He
further argues that one can consistently construct the tensor power
spectrum using the infrared finite propagator obtained by Higuchi, Marolf
and Morrison by subjecting the TTS gauge result to a coordinate
transformation which grows at spatial infinity but preserves the TTS
condition \cite{Higuchi:2011vw}.

Fr\"ob's attention to this problem is praise-worthy. However, a fuller
examination of the facts leads to different conclusions, in particular:
\begin{itemize}
\item{It is not invariance but derivatives which moderate infrared
divergences;}
\item{Infrared divergences are distinct from secular dependence;}
\item{If the validity of spatial Fourier transforms is assumed then
the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator implies that the usual result for
the graviton propagator is unique in TTS gauge;}
\item{Conversely, if the validity of large coordinate transformations
is asserted then the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator does not provide
a unique result for the tensor power spectrum;}
\item{The fact that the symmetries of Bondi, van der Burg and Metzner
\cite{Bondi:1962px} and Sachs \cite{Sachs:1962wk} (hencforth BMS) in
graviton scattering on flat background act nontrivially on S-matrix
elements \cite{Strominger:2014pwa,Strominger:2013jfa,He:2014laa} seems
to imply that we should not consider diffeomorphisms whose parameters
grow at spatial infinity to be gauge transformations; and}
\item{The analogy with the Aharonov-Bohm effect of quantum mechanics
\cite{Aharonov:1959fk} suggests that secular dependence in the graviton
propagator can have physical consequences, even though it takes the
form of a gauge transformation of a completely gauge-fixed quantity.}
\end{itemize}
Section 2 of this paper reviews the TTS gauge propagator and its
relation to the graviton power spectrum. Section 3 gives the arguments
supporting the conclusions stated above. Section 4 summarizes the
progress which has been made in the debate about de Sitter breaking.

\section{The Power Spectrum and TTS Gauge}

The tensor power spectrum is extracted by taking the late time limit of
the temporally coincident graviton 2-point function,
\begin{equation}
\Delta^2_{h}(\eta,k) \equiv \frac{k^3}{2 \pi^2} \int \!\! d^3x e^{-i
\vec{k} \cdot \vec{x}} \Bigl\langle \Omega \Bigl\vert
h_{ij}(\eta,\vec{x}) h_{ij}(\eta,\vec{0}) \Bigr\vert \Omega
\Bigr\rangle \; ,
\end{equation}
in the same TTS gauge that was long ago applied to cosmology by Lifshitz
\cite{Lifshitz:1945du}. One defines the graviton field
$h_{\mu\nu}(\eta,\vec{x})$ (also the Hubble parameter $H(\eta)$ and the
first slow roll parameter $\epsilon(\eta)$) in open conformal coordinates,
\begin{equation}
g_{\mu\nu} \equiv a^2 \Bigl[\eta_{\mu\nu} + h_{\mu\nu}\Bigr] \qquad ,
\qquad H(\eta) \equiv \frac{a'(\eta)}{a^2(\eta)} \qquad , \qquad
\epsilon(\eta) \equiv -\frac{H'}{a H^2} \; . \label{geometry}
\end{equation}
De Sitter corresponds to the special case of $\epsilon = 0$ but I will
work with general $\epsilon(\eta)$. One reaches TTS gauge by first
imposing the volume gauge condition,
\begin{equation}
F_{\mu}(\eta,\vec{x}) \equiv \eta^{\rho\sigma} \Bigl[ h_{\mu\rho ,\sigma}
- \frac12 \partial_{\mu} h_{\rho\sigma} + 2 H a h_{\mu \rho}
\delta^0_{\sigma}\Bigr] = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Then the linearized Einstein equation, plus a {\it complete exhaustion of
all residual gauge freedom in spatial Fourier space} to eliminate $h_{00}$
and $h_{0i}$, allows one to express $h_{ij}$ as \cite{Tsamis:1992zt,
Iliopoulos:1998wq},
\begin{eqnarray}
\lefteqn{h_{ij}(\eta,\vec{x}) = \sqrt{32\pi G} \! \int \!\!
\frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} \sum_{\lambda=\pm 2} \Biggl\{ u(\eta,k) e^{i \vec{k}
\cdot \vec{x}} \varepsilon_{ij}(\vec{k},\lambda) \alpha(\vec{k},\lambda)}
\nonumber \\
& & \hspace{6cm} + u^*(\eta,k) e^{-i \vec{k} \cdot \vec{x}}
\varepsilon^*_{ij}(\vec{k},\lambda) \alpha^{\dagger}(\vec{k},\lambda)
\Biggr\} \; . \qquad \label{modesum}
\end{eqnarray}
The transverse-traceless polarization tensors
$\varepsilon_{ij}(\vec{k},\lambda)$ are identical to those of flat space,
and the mode function $u(\eta,k)$ obeys the same equation as a massless,
minimally coupled (MMC) scalar \cite{Lifshitz:1945du},
\begin{equation}
u'' + 2 H a u' + k^2 u = 0 \qquad , \qquad u {u'}^* - u' u^* =
\frac{i}{a^2} \; . \label{modeeqn}
\end{equation}
The vacuum state obeys $\alpha(\vec{k},\lambda) \vert \Omega \rangle = 0$
and canonical quantization implies,
\begin{equation}
\Bigl[ \alpha(\vec{k},\lambda) , \alpha^{\dagger}(\vec{k}',\lambda')
\Bigr] = \delta_{\lambda \lambda'} (2\pi)^3 \delta^3( \vec{k} \!-\!
\vec{k}') \; .
\end{equation}

Putting everything together gives a simple result for $\Delta^2_h(\eta,k)$,
\begin{equation}
\Delta^2_{h}(\eta,k) = \frac{k^3}{2 \pi^2} \times 32\pi G \times 2
\times \Bigl\vert u(\eta,k) \Bigr\vert^2 = \frac{32}{\pi} G k^3
\Bigl\vert u(\eta,k)\Bigr\vert^2 \; . \label{power}
\end{equation}
The TTS gauge propagator is,
\begin{eqnarray}
i \Bigl[\mbox{}_{ij} \Delta_{k\ell}\Bigr](x;x') & \equiv &
\Bigl\langle \Omega \Bigl\vert T\Bigl[ h_{ij}(\eta,\vec{x})
h_{k\ell}(\eta',\vec{x}') \Bigr] \Bigr\vert \Omega \Bigr\rangle \; , \\
& = & 16\pi G \Bigl[ \Pi_{ik} \Pi_{j\ell} \!+\! \Pi_{i\ell} \Pi_{jk}
\!-\! \Pi_{ij} \Pi_{k\ell} \Bigr] i \Delta(x;x') \; , \qquad \label{TTS1}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Pi_{ij} \equiv \delta_{ij} - \frac{\partial_i \partial_j}{
\nabla^2}$ is the transverse projection operator and $i\Delta(x;x')$
is the propagator for a MMC scalar,
\begin{equation}
i\Delta(x;x') = \!\!\int\!\! \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} \, e^{i\vec{k} \cdot
(\vec{x} - \vec{x}')} \Bigl[ \theta(\eta \!-\! \eta') u(\eta,k)
u^*(\eta',k) + \theta(\eta' \!-\! \eta) u^*(\eta,k) u(\eta',k) \Bigr] .
\label{TTS2}
\end{equation}
The relation between the power spectrum and the TTS propagator is,
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta^2_h(\eta,k) & = & \frac{k^3}{2\pi^2} \!\int \!\! d^3x e^{-i\vec{k}
\cdot \vec{x} } \times i\Bigl[\mbox{}_{ij} \Delta_{k\ell}
\Bigr](\eta,\vec{x};\eta,\vec{0}) \; , \\
& = & \frac{32}{\pi} G k^3 \!\! \int \!\! d^3x e^{-i\vec{k} \cdot \vec{x} }
i\Delta(\eta,\vec{x};\eta,\vec{0}) \; . \label{DtoDh}
\end{eqnarray}
Inverting relation (\ref{DtoDh}) gives the coincident time MMC scalar
propagator, and hence also the TTS gauge graviton propagator,
\begin{equation}
i\Delta(\eta,\vec{x};\eta,\vec{0}) = \int_0^{\infty} \!\! \frac{dk}{k}
\frac{ \Delta^2_h(\eta,k)}{64 \pi G} \; . \label{DhtoD}
\end{equation}

No very explicit solution to (\ref{modeeqn}) is known for general
$\epsilon(\eta)$ \cite{Tsamis:2002qk} but the constant $\epsilon(\eta)$
solution is,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon' = 0 \quad \Longrightarrow \quad u(\eta,k) = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{
4 (1 \!-\! \epsilon) H a^3}} \, H^{(1)}_{\nu}\Bigl( \frac{k}{(1 \!-\!
\epsilon) H a}\Bigr) \quad , \quad \nu \equiv \frac12 \Bigl(\frac{3 \!-\!
\epsilon}{1 \!-\! \epsilon}\Bigr) \; . \label{constepssol}
\end{equation}
For the inflationary case of $0 \leq \epsilon < 1$ the late time limiting
form is,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon' = 0 \quad \Longrightarrow \quad u(\eta,k) \longrightarrow -
\frac{i \Gamma(\nu)}{\sqrt{4\pi}} \Bigl[ (1\!-\!\epsilon) H a^{\epsilon}
\Bigr]^{\frac1{1-\epsilon}} \Bigl( \frac{2}{k}\Bigr)^{\nu} \; .
\label{constepslim}
\end{equation}
Expression (\ref{constepslim}) is also the limiting form for small $k$.
Ford and Parker used this (and the limiting form for $\epsilon > 1$)
to show that the mode sum for $i\Delta(x;x')$ --- and hence also for the
TTS gauge propagator --- is infrared divergent for all constant $\epsilon$
geometries in the range $0 \leq \epsilon \leq \frac32$ \cite{Ford:1977in}.

Expression (\ref{geometry}) implies $\partial_0 [H a^{\epsilon}] =
\epsilon' H^2 a^{1+\epsilon}$, so $H a^{\epsilon}$ is constant for constant
$\epsilon$. It is usual to evaluate this constant at the time $\eta_k$ of
first horizon crossing when $k = H(\eta_k) a(\eta_k)$,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon' = 0 \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad H(\eta) [a(\eta)]^{\epsilon} =
H(\eta_k) [a(\eta_k)]^{\epsilon} = k^{\epsilon} [H(\eta_k)]^{1-\epsilon}
\; . \label{constepsrel}
\end{equation}
Substituting relations (\ref{constepslim}) and (\ref{constepsrel}) allows
us to compute the late time limit of the tensor power spectrum for constant
$\epsilon$,
\begin{equation}
\epsilon' = 0 \qquad \Longrightarrow \qquad \Delta^2_h(\eta,k)
\longrightarrow \frac{16}{\pi} G H^2(\eta_k) \times \frac{4 \Gamma^2(\nu)}{
\pi} \Bigl[2^{\epsilon} (1 \!-\! \epsilon)\Bigr]^{\frac2{1-\epsilon}} \; .
\end{equation}

\section{Facts Are Stubborn Things}

In this section I marshal facts from the previous section to support my
views on infrared divergences and de Sitter breaking secular dependence.

\subsection{Derivatives moderate the IR, not invariance}

It is not the fact that the linearized Weyl tensor is invariant which renders
its 2-point function infrared finite for de Sitter, but rather the presence
of derivatives. To see this, note from the small $k$ limiting form
(\ref{constepslim}) that the infrared divergence of $i\Delta(x;x')$ (and
hence also the TTS gauge propagator) is only logarithmic for the de Sitter
case of $\epsilon = 0$. This means only a {\it single} derivative is needed
to eliminate it. In particular, there is no infrared divergence in the
noninvariant quantity,
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial}{\partial x^m} \, i\Bigl[\mbox{}_{ij} \Delta_{k\ell}
\Bigr](x;x') = \Bigl\langle \Omega \Bigl\vert T\Bigl[ h_{ij , m}(x)
h_{k \ell}(x')\Bigr] \Bigr\vert \Omega \Bigr\rangle \; .
\end{equation}
A single temporal derivative would also produce an infrared finite mode sum
because the right hand side of expression (\ref{constepslim}) is constant.

It is not even true that invariance guarantees infrared finiteness for
other constant values of $\epsilon$. From the small $k$ limiting form
(\ref{constepslim}) one can see that the mode sum for the propagator goes
like,
\begin{equation}
i\Delta(x;x') \sim \int \!\! dk k^2 \times \frac1{k^{2\nu}} = \int \!\!
\frac{dk}{k} \Bigl( \frac1{k}\Bigr)^{\frac{2\epsilon}{1-\epsilon}} \; .
\label{smallk}
\end{equation}
The linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator contains four derivatives, so its mode
sum will be infrared divergent for any value of $\epsilon$ in the range
$\frac23 \leq \epsilon \leq \frac54$, with the upper limit derived by
generalizing (\ref{constepslim}) to the decelerating case of $\epsilon >
1$.

\subsection{Secular growth is distinct from IR divergences}

Infrared divergences (which only occur in open coordinates) are quite
distinct from secular growth, which occurs even in closed coordinates
\cite{Higuchi:2002sc}. Secular growth manifests in both coordinate
systems because higher and higher modes approach the constant
(\ref{constepslim}) at late times, which is not even different between
the two coordinate systems for high modes \cite{Miao:2013isa}. The
infrared has nothing at all to do with it, despite the fact that the
late time limiting form (\ref{constepslim}) is the same as the limiting
form for small $k$. Allen and Folacci \cite{Allen:1987tz} demonstrated
the distinction for the discrete MMC scalar mode sum on closed
coordinates by expunging the 0-mode and finding precisely the secular
growth previously obtained in open coordinates by Vilenkin and Ford
\cite{Vilenkin:1982wt}, Linde \cite{Linde:1982uu} and by Starobinsky
\cite{Starobinsky:1982ee}.

In contrast, infrared divergences are associated with large numbers of
small $k$ modes, and with the initial conditions \cite{Fulling:1978ht}.
At any fixed open coordinates time there are an infinite number of
super-horizon modes already near the limiting form (\ref{constepslim}),
whereas the number of super-horizon modes is finite for any fixed closed
coordinate time \cite{Miao:2013isa}.

Note also that a single time derivative of the graviton propagator
eliminates its IR divergence (on de Sitter) but not its secular growth.
If one regulates the infrared problem on de Sitter so as to preserve
homogeneity and isotropy then the MMC scalar propagator acquires an
extra term involving $\ln[a(\eta) a(\eta')]$ \cite{Onemli:2002hr}. It
requires derivatives with respect to both coordinates to annihilate
this contribution,
\begin{equation}
\partial_{\mu} \ln[a(\eta) a(\eta')] = H a \delta^0_{\mu} \qquad ,
\qquad \partial_{\mu} \partial_{\nu}' \ln[a(\eta) a(\eta')] = 0 \; .
\end{equation}
Even more derivatives are needed to eliminate the extra terms which
appear for larger values of $\epsilon < 1$ \cite{Iliopoulos:1998wq,
Janssen:2008px}. And differentiated propagators do matter: the
secular growth experienced at one loop by massless fermions on de
Sitter derives entirely from diagrams for which the graviton
propagator is acted upon by a single derivative \cite{Miao:2008sp}.

\subsection{Either Fourier transforms exist or not, pick one}

Either the spatial Fourier transform of $h_{ij}(t,\vec{x})$ exists or
it does not, and neither possibility supports de Sitter invariance. A
different conclusion is only possible by inconsistently using spatial
Fourier transforms to convert the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator into
$\Delta^2_h(\eta,k)$ but not $i\Delta(\eta,\vec{x};\eta,\vec{0})$.

If the first case is accepted (spatial Fourier transforms exist) then
the TTS conditions completely fix the gauge and the on-shell field
redefinition of Higuchi, Marolf and Morrison \cite{Higuchi:2011vw} is
not allowed. In that case the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator can
indeed be used to derive a unique result (\ref{power}) for the tensor
power spectrum, but it also gives a unique result
(\ref{TTS1}-\ref{TTS2}) for the propagator, with the de Sitter breaking
secular growth.

On the other hand, if the validity of spatial Fourier transforms is
denied, then the spatial Fourier transform of the linearized Weyl-Weyl
correlator does not give a unique result for the tensor power spectrum.
It must be supplemented by some boundary condition at spatial infinity
which defines how to invert $\nabla^2 \rightarrow -k^2$. In that case
the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator does not contain all physical
information about free gravitons, and there is no significance to the
fact that this correlator fails to show the de Sitter breaking secular
dependence of the TTS gauge propagator (\ref{TTS1}-\ref{TTS2}).

If spatial Fourier transforms do not exist one must also accept that
the graviton field operator possesses degrees of freedom in addition to
the creation and annihilation operators $\alpha(\vec{k})$ and
$\alpha^{\dagger}(\vec{k})$. What Higuchi, Marolf and Morrison did
instead is to retain only these degrees of freedom and reshuffle how
$h_{ij}(t,\vec{x})$ depends upon them \cite{Higuchi:2011vw}. That
corresponds to a noncanonical quantization, not a fixing of some
residual gauge freedom \cite{Miao:2011ng}.

Finally, it is important to note that there should be no local test
to distinguish between the manifold $R^3 \times R$, on which the
existence of spatial Fourier transforms might be an issue, and the
manifold $T^3 \times R$, on which spatial Fourier transforms certainly
exist. On the manifold $T^3 \times R$ the TTS gauge propagator becomes
a mode sum to which the continuum result (\ref{TTS1}-\ref{TTS2}) is
an excellent approximation for spatial coordinate separations which
are small compared to the $T^3$ radii. As pointed out above, this
propagator will certainly exhibit the de Sitter breaking secular
growth which is at issue.

\subsection{Asymptotic symmetries are not fixed in flat space}

The debate over de Sitter breaking sometimes engenders a sense of
{\it d\'ej\`a vu}. The issue of spatially growing coordinate
redefinitions has already come up --- quite a long time ago
\cite{Bondi:1962px,Sachs:1962wk} --- in the context of graviton
scattering amplitudes on flat space background. These BMS
transformations act nontrivially on scattering amplitudes and are not
considered to be gauge transformations \cite{Strominger:2014pwa,
Strominger:2013jfa,He:2014laa}. In particular, no one employs them to
alter the infrared behavior of the graviton propagator, which cannot
be changed because it has physical consequences \cite{Weinberg:1965nx}.
Instead the action of a BMS transformation on a classical configuration
corresponds to the physical differences which prevail after a
gravitational wave has passed \cite{Strominger:2014pwa}. {\it Note
that the linearized Weyl curvature vanishes before and after the
passage of such a wave.}

It is difficult to discern any difference of principle between the
BMS transformations of graviton scattering on flat background and the
analogous spatially growing symmetries of cosmology worked out by
Hinterbichler, Hui and Khoury \cite{Hinterbichler:2013dpa}, the first
of which was exploited by Higuchi, Marolf and Morrison
\cite{Higuchi:2011vw}. It would seem to follow that these transformations
should not be regarded as gauge symmetries, nor should they be employed
to alter the infrared properties of the graviton propagator. The same
conclusion follows from working on the spatial manifold $T^3 \times R$,
which has no extra symmetries.

\subsection{Things couple to the metric, not the Weyl tensor}

Another debate physics has already seen is whether or not undifferentiated
gauge fields can mediate physical effects when the field strength vanishes.
It was obvious from the first charged particle wave equations of the 1920's
that matter fields do not couple to the electromagnetic field strength
tensor $F_{\mu\nu}$ but rather to the undifferentiated vector potential
$A_{\mu}$. Hence there must sometimes be electromagnetic effects in regions
throughout which the field strength vanishes. But physicists are as prone
to feel prejudice as any other humans, and this obvious conclusion was
denied for decades. Then came the work of Ehrenberg and Siday
\cite{Ehrenberg:1948}, followed by that of Aharonov and Bohm
\cite{Aharonov:1959fk}. Everyone knows how the experiment turned out
\cite{Chambers:1960}.

The analogy to gravity seems obvious. The fact that the secular growth
of the TTS propagator (\ref{TTS1}-\ref{TTS2}) takes the form of a
linearized gauge transformation (in a completely gauge-fixed result)
explains why it drops out of the linearized Weyl-Weyl correlator.
However, that does not mean this time dependence is unphysical, any more
than the vanishing electromagnetic field strength implies that the
Aharonov-Bohm potential is unphysical. Matter, and gravity itself,
couples to the metric, not to the linearized Weyl tensor, so there must
be circumstances under which the metric can communicate physical
effects even when the linearized Weyl tensor vanishes. One of these may
already have been found in a recent one graviton loop computation of
the vacuum polarization on de Sitter background (cf. section 3.5 of)
\cite{Glavan:2015ura}.

\section{Conclusion}

The decades over which varying opinions have been expressed about de
Sitter breaking in the graviton propagator
\cite{Antoniadis:1986sb,Allen:1986tt,Tsamis:1992xa,Kleppe:1993fz,
Hawking:2000ee,Higuchi:2001uv,Kouris:2001hz,Higuchi:2002sc,
Woodard:2004ut,Higuchi:2008fu,Faizal:2008ns,Marolf:2008hg,Miao:2009hb,
Miao:2010vs,Miao:2011fc,Faizal:2011iv,Higuchi:2011vw,Miao:2011ng,
Kahya:2011sy,Mora:2012kr,Higuchi:2012vy,Mora:2012zh,Mora:2012zi,
Morrison:2013rqa,Miao:2013isa,Bernar:2014lna,Frob:2014fqa} might make
the debate seem interminable. However, real progress has been made and
a definitive consensus has been reached on a number of essential
issues:
\begin{itemize}
\item{All now agree on the validity of the Feynman rules used for all
existing graviton loop computations on de Sitter \cite{Tsamis:1996qq,
Tsamis:1996qm,Tsamis:1996qk,Tsamis:2005je,Miao:2005am,Miao:2006gj,
Kahya:2007bc,Kahya:2007cm,Kitamoto:2012ep,Kitamoto:2012vj,Kitamoto:2012zp,
Leonard:2013xsa,Kitamoto:2013rea,Glavan:2013jca,Kitamoto:2014gva,
Wang:2014tza,Glavan:2015ura,Chu:2015ila};}
\item{All now agree that the open and closed coordinate mode sums show
the same secular growth;}
\item{All now agree that it is valid to regard de Sitter as a special
case of inflationary cosmology in open coordinates;}
\item{The crucial importance of $\Delta^2_h(\eta,k)$ has been
recognized; and}
\item{The significance of large scale transformations has been
recognized.}
\end{itemize}
This has been achieved by members of the different communities
thoughtfully considering each other's arguments. Fr\"ob's study makes
a fine addition, and I have tried to  reply in the same spirit.

Through Morrison's work we can now quantify the rather small
differences between the de Sitter invariant and breaking propagators
\cite{Morrison:2013rqa}. These differences survive in the one graviton
loop correction to the vacuum polarization (cf. section 3.5 of)
\cite{Glavan:2015ura}. What remains is to achieve a consensus on
observables so that the physical significance of this result can be
determined.

\centerline{\bf Acknowledgements}

I am grateful for conversations and correspondence on this subject with
A. Fr\"ob, A Higuchi, S. P. Miao and G. Pimentel. This work was partially
supported by NSF grants PHY-1205591 and PHY-1506513, and by the Institute
for Fundamental Theory at the University of Florida.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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