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Cancer Patients May No Longer Develop Skin Fibrosis: Here's Why
Written by Dr. Kaushik Bharati, MSc, PhD, FRSPH (London)
Article Reviewed by The Medindia Medical Review Team on January 8, 2019 at 4:16 PM
Skin fibrosis occurs in cancer patients as a complication of radiotherapy
This arises from the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM), due to disruption of metabolism
Deposition of ECM can be decreased by targeting metabolism with new drugs and cell therapies, thereby curbing treatment-related fibrosis
A team of physician-scientists specializing in head and neck cancer have discovered how to control metabolic pathways to potentially curb skin fibrosis, which is a common side-effect in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
The research was jointly led by Dr. Fei-Fei Liu, MD, FRCPC, who is a Senior Scientist at the Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, and Dr. Xiao Zhao, MD, PhD, who is a Resident Physician in Head & Neck Surgery at the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network. The University Health Network is the largest healthcare and medical research organization in Canada and North America with its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
The research has been published in Nature Metabolism, a constituent of the prestigious Nature Group of journals.
What is Fibrosis?
Fibrosis is the accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in an organ or other tissue, occurring due to repairing or reactive processes. Fibrosis can also occur as a result of pathological processes. When fibrosis occurs due to injury, it results in scarring. When it arises from a single cell-line, it is termed as a fibroma.
'Skin fibrosis can develop in cancer patients as a result of radiotherapy. This occurs due to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), which arises from perturbations in metabolism. ECM deposition can be regulated by targeting metabolism with new drug molecules and cell therapies, thereby preventing fibrosis.'
The pathogenesis of fibrosis occurs due to the deposition of connective tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM). This is brought about by the activation of specialized cells called fibroblasts, which are responsible for laying down the connective tissue, including glycosaminoglycans and collagen. This deposition can interfere or completely disrupt the structure and function of the underlying tissues.
What was the Aim of the Study?
The aim of the study was to develop therapies that could prevent skin fibrosis in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. In this regard, Zhao, the lead author of the study, indicated that the researchers were looking for a way to reduce radiation-induced fibrosis. This condition occurs in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, where normal tissue becomes thickened, producing pain and impairment of function. The root cause of the problem is the excessive accumulation of ECM, which provides support for all tissues. Importantly, there is currently no effective treatment for reducing the accumulation of this fibrous tissue.
What Did the Study Find?
The team analyzed fibrotic tissue samples from patients undergoing radiotherapy, as well as data from laboratory-based pre-clinical studies, in order to pinpoint metabolic pathways that are responsible for the pathogenesis and progression of fibrosis.
Zhao says: "We were surprised to see that metabolic abnormalities were predominant and consistently found in patients with skin fibrosis, even years after their original radiotherapy. Our question was: 'Can we manipulate metabolism to reduce fibrosis?'"
What are the Study Implications?
Regulation of metabolism can alter cell behavior as well as affect the accumulation and/or degradation of ECM. This metabolic model for the regulation of ECM has led to the development of new drug molecules and cell therapies that target metabolic processes.
Testing in pre-clinical models of fibrosis has been carried out with these potential new therapeutic approaches. These could be used in the future for the modulation of metabolic processes to potentially prevent the onset and progression of fibrosis.
In this regard, Zhao says: "We're highlighting fibrosis from this new perspective, thereby opening the door to metabolic regulation as a way to treat this side-effect of radiation."
The research was funded by many organizations, including the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute, the Physicians Services Incorporated Foundation, and the Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation, to name a few.
Metabolic regulation of dermal fibroblasts contributes to skin extracellular matrix homeostasis and fibrosis - (https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-018-0008-5)
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Boils / Skin Abscess
Encyclopedia section of medindia gives general info about Boils / Skin Abscess
Hives or Urticaria are allergic skin reaction that appear suddenly in clusters or as single bumps on the skin surface and can be itchy.
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Adrian ist eine Stadt im Bates County im US-Bundesstaat Missouri. Sie liegt 80 km südlich von Kansas City. Im Jahr 2020 hatte Adrian 1730 Einwohner.

Geographie
Adrians geographische Koordinaten sind  (38,396857, −94,352328).

Nach den Angaben des United States Census Bureaus hat die Stadt eine Gesamtfläche von 5,0 km², wovon 4,8 km² auf Land und 0,2 km² (= 3,61 %) auf Gewässer entfallen.

Geschichte
In den 1840er Jahren entwickelte sich ein heute als Crescent Hill bekannter Ort zwei Meilen südlich der Grenze des Bates County. Das Wachstum dieser Siedlung endete, als die Bahnlinie der Missouri Pacific Railroad durch das Gebiet gebaut wurde. Das Gelände in Richtung des Ortes war für dieses Vorhaben zu steil und daher wurde 1880 ein neuer Ort etwa drei Meilen südlich angelegt. Zu diesem Zweck kaufte eine Town Company 80 Acre Land auf und benannte den Ort Adrian, nach dem Sohn eines Inspektors der Eisenbahngesellschaft. Das Land wurde an sich niederlassende Interessenten weiterverkauft und es entstandenen Wohn- und Geschäftsgebäude. 1883 hatte der Ort 350 Einwohner. Die erste Schule im Ort wurde 1892 errichtet.

Demographie
Zum Zeitpunkt des United States Census 2000 bewohnten Adrian 1780 Personen. Die Bevölkerungsdichte betrug 367,5 Personen pro km². Es gab 734 Wohneinheiten, durchschnittlich 151,6 pro km². Die Bevölkerung Adrians bestand zu 98,65 % aus Weißen, 0 % Schwarzen oder African American, 0,39 % Native American, 0,17 % Asian, 0,06 % Pacific Islander, 0,11 % gaben an, anderen Rassen anzugehören und 0,62 % nannten zwei oder mehr Rassen. 1,01 % der Bevölkerung erklärten, Hispanos oder Latinos jeglicher Rasse zu sein.

Die Bewohner Adrians verteilten sich auf 682 Haushalte, von denen in 34,8 % Kinder unter 18 Jahren lebten. 57,6 % der Haushalte stellten Verheiratete, 9,1 % hatten einen weiblichen Haushaltsvorstand ohne Ehemann und 31,1 % bildeten keine Familien. 28,4 % der Haushalte bestanden aus Einzelpersonen und in 17,3 % aller Haushalte lebte jemand im Alter von 65 Jahren oder mehr alleine. Die durchschnittliche Haushaltsgröße betrug 2,51 und die durchschnittliche Familiengröße 3,07 Personen.

Die Bevölkerung verteilte sich auf 26,6 % Minderjährige, 8,7 % 18–24-Jährige, 26,9 % 25–44-Jährige, 17,3 % 45–64-Jährige und 20,5 % im Alter von 65 Jahren oder mehr. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 37 Jahre. Auf jeweils 100 Frauen entfielen 90,2 Männer. Bei den über 18-Jährigen entfielen auf 100 Frauen 80,6 Männer.

Das mittlere Haushaltseinkommen in Adrian betrug 31.436 US-Dollar und das mittlere Familieneinkommen erreichte die Höhe von 39.125 US-Dollar. Das Durchschnittseinkommen der Männer betrug 32.798 US-Dollar, gegenüber 22.727 US-Dollar bei den Frauen. Das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen belief sich auf 15.856 US-Dollar. 12,8 % der Bevölkerung und 10,7 % der Familien hatten ein Einkommen unterhalb der Armutsgrenze, davon waren 19,8 % der Minderjährigen und 10,0 % der Altersgruppe 65 Jahre und mehr betroffen.

Weblinks
 Website der örtlichen Handelskammer (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime
Manuel Eisner is a Professor of Comparative and Developmental Criminology and Deputy Director of the University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology. He studied the history of crime from the thirteenth century until the end of the twentieth. This is a very short summary about his extraordinary work, which is published by the Department of Sociology at the University of Calgary.
Historical Trends between 1300 and 2000
The sudden decline in homicide [1630 to 1800) did not correlate with improved economic circumstances, stronger courts, or better policing.
Declines in homicide rates primarily resulted from some degree of pacification of encounters in public space, a reluctance to engage in physical confrontation over conflicts, and the waning of honour as a cultural code regulating everyday behaviour.
[A] large number of recent survey studies find that violence is correlated with low autonomy, unstable self-esteem, a high dependence on recognition by others, and limited competence in coping with conflict.
The data suggest a dramatic drop in the fifteenth century and in the twentieth century. The first drop may reflect missing or different sources. For the second drop medical technology have had a major impact. Deaths which occur within the first two hours after the injury may not be cured by modern medical treatment. But most of the deaths occurring after twenty-four hours can now be prevented.
The European countries developed differently In the nineteenth century: The highly industrialized countries of northern Europe, including Germany and France, had low homicide rates and were surrounded by a ring of high-homicide countries: Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Finland and all eastern European countries.
There have been only little change in the sex and age structure of serious violent offenders.
Serious interpersonal criminal violence has declined considerably (1500-1950)
This drop differed in time and pace, in some areas early and constantly (England, the Netherlands) – in others later and dramatically (Italy).
The drop regularly appears to coincide with a decline in the proportion of male-to-male killings and to be inversely related to a (relative) increase in family homicides.
The Past 120 Years: 1880 – 2000
During the past 120 years the southern European countries developed the same low homicide rates as the northern ones. Only the levels in eastern Europe remained high.
Even within the countries of the ninetieth-century regional differences appear to be similar. The homicide rates in Italy were higher in the rural south than in the industrialized north. Same with the South and North of France and different regions in Germany, Poland and Switzerland.
Homicide was low in the centres of modernization characterized by high urbanization, industrialization, literacy, and education. Elevated levels of violence, in turn, were found throughout the peripheral areas with high birth rates, high illiteracy rates, and a predominantly rural population. (page 106)
Between 1880s and 1950s lethal violence fell at least 50 percent in northern European countries and even more in the southern countries.
Between 1950s and 1990s homicide rates increased in most of Europe, also the levels of assault and robbery got an upsurge. He found a similar pattern in uprising between 1790s and 1840s and Roth (2001) researched the sharp increase between 1580s and 1610s.
Long-Term Details
Over 800 years the proportion of women committing violent crime (homicide, assault, robbery) was hardly ever above 15 percent and typically ranged between 5 and 12 percent. The same appears with the age of the offenders. Over several centuries the sex differences and age differences of the offenders have remained more or less constant.
Female Victims
During 800 years the average proportions of female victims increased from 7 percent (1300-1700) percent to 27 percent (1800) in modern times. But in modern countries with higher homicide rates (Finland, Serbia, Bulgaria, Italy, and Chile) female victims have the same rate as in the Middle Ages. When lethal violence decline female homicide victims increase. Those suggest that the drop in male-to-male violent encounters have a high impact on lower homicide rates.
Personal Relationship between Offender and Victim
Family homicides was uncommon throughout the Middle Ages (less than 10 percent). During the development to lower overall homicide rates, the share of family killings increased continuously up to 50%. The decline of private revenge (vendetta) is also linked to the overall drop in homicide rates.
A. The Theory of the Civilizing Process
The rise of monarchic absolutism monopolized violence by central authorities. The nobility (elites) stopped their violent behaviour and increased their affect-control (Elias). Increasing commercialized exchanges of goods needed liberty and trust instead of war with neighbours (Adam Smith.) The court record suggests that more people talked out their differences instead of settling it out with knives, fists and pistols (Beattie).
[M]ost historians of crime would probably agree that the long-term trajectory in homicide rates is an indicator of a wider dynamic that encompasses some sort of pacification of interaction in public space.
B. Social Control
During the Middle Ages homicide was perceived as a result of passion or occurred in defence of honour. Between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries in continental Europe changed this opion. Now homicide was seen as a crime.
C. Limitations of the ''State Control'' Model
Muchembled points out that the decline of homicide rates in early modern Europe does not appear to correspond with the rise of the absolutist state. Low Countries show that homicide rates declined in polities where centralized power structures never emerged. No historian believes that the "garrotte among sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European rulers decisively reduced crime". In the past and in modern times intensified policing and harsh regime of public corporal punishment never lead to lower levels of homicide rates.
''The sudden decline in homicide [1630 to 1800) did not correlate with improved economic circumstances, stronger courts, or better policing. It did, however, correlate with the rise of intense feelings of Protestant and racial solidarity among the colonists, as two wars and a revolution united the formerly divided colonists against New England's native in habitants, against the French, and against their own Catholic Monarch, James II'' (Roth)
Honour seems to have a major impact on homicide. In a high-violence society insults lead to personally reaction instead of bringing them to court. Starting in the middle of the seventeenth century verbal violence lost its significance to be defended with every means.
D. Culture
At least two broad cultural streams in Western society may have been associated with the decline in interpersonal violence, namely, Protestantism and modern individualism.
The Protestant ethic's most important commands were discipline, shame and guilt, as well as human dignity and empathy for the weak.
Furthermore, both Reformation and Counter Reformation brought about an encompassing wave of church religiosity, legitimating the intrusion of clerics into the private sphere but also serving as a backbone of increasing literacy and education.
At the same time (from the sixteenth century onward) started the rise of modern individualism. The individual became freed from its obligation of the group, e.g. vendetta.
To criminologists, the rise of moral individualism should not be an implausible candidate for explaining the fall in criminal violence. Rather, a large number of recent survey studies find that violence is correlated with low autonomy, unstable self-esteem, a high dependence on recognition by others, and limited competence in coping with conflict, which together may well be interpreted as sub dimensions of low moral individualism (Agnew 1994; Baron and Richardson 1994; Heitmeyer 1995). To this we might add the hypothesis that the secular decline of lethal violence occurred when institutional structures and educational practices supported the stabilization of that type of individualized identity that is shaped to meet the challenges of modern life.
Considering the vast field—temporally, geographically, and theoretically— covered in this essay, it may be wise not to attempt an even more condensing conclusion.
Manuel Eisner conducted an inventive study on levels of homicide throughout Europe over a period of 800 years. He found out that violence and homicide are declining in Europe. His research has highlighted the ways in which cultural models of conduct of life, embedded in social institutions, have shaped patterns of daily behaviour which in turn influenced the likelihood of frictions leading to aggressive behaviour. (Wikipedia)
Tags:homicide, honour, Manuel Eisner, vendetta, violence
One Comment on "Long-Term Historical Trends in Violent Crime"
A worldwide view on violence you can get here:
http://bigthink.com/videos/steven-pinker-on-data-and-the-history-of-violence?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Woodbridge Town Council
Viewing entries posted in December 2016
Woodbridge Town Council Office Closure - Christmas
Avian Influenza Information
You may have already seen information in the press that the Chief Veterinary Officer has declared a Prevention Zone to help protect poultry from a strain of Avian Flu in Europe. This now requires keepers of poultry and other captive birds across England to keep their birds indoors, or take appropriate steps to keep them separate from wild birds. Information on the new measures can be found here. Poultry keepers are advised to be vigilant for any signs of disease in their birds and any wild birds, and seek prompt advice from their vet if they have any concerns.
Potter Community Cup 2017
Nominations are now invited for the 2017 Award
An annual award and prize of £50 is made to a Person or Organisation, who has made an outstanding contribution to the life, or name of the town during the preceding twelve months. Submissions with supporting details should be forwarde by email or letter to Mrs C Walker, Woodbridge Town Council, Market Hill, Woodbridge, IP12 4LP or by email to chris@woodbridge-suffolk.gov.uk by 31st December 2016 from whom further details can be obtained if required. For further information please go to: http://www.woodbridge-suffolk.gov.uk/about-us/potter-cup
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Perhaps you have transitioned into a new or unexpected phase of life and need to re-evaluate your asset protection or update your estate plan.
Wherever you are in life, now is the time to plan how your legacy will benefit generations to come. At the Law Office of Lynn S. Laffoon, I help guide clients through the complex world of estate planning and probate. I listen; then evaluate your particular needs and desires to help you accomplish those goals through comprehensive estate planning, asset transfer, probate services and trust administration.
Estate planning means different things to different people. For some, it is a simple will. For others, it is setting up trusts to fund a particular purpose or philanthropic goal while minimizing transfer taxes. One size does not fit all. First and foremost, the Law Office of Lynn S. Laffoon will provide education to help you understand what estate planning means in general before crafting your unique plan. As the daughter of an educator, I believe knowledge helps my clients become powerful and active participants in their own planning.
With today's busy on-the-go families, it is easy to put off estate planning for another day. However, no one needs the added burden during a catastrophic event of addressing the care of young children when parents are no longer available or wondering who should make end of life decisions for a beloved family member. My office can help you put those pieces in place with the right documents to lessen the stress during times of crisis.
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Title Synthes USA, LLC v. Spinal Kinetics, Inc., No. 2013-1047, -1059 (Fed. Cir. Oct. 29, 2013).
 [With regards to phrase "the third plate including a plurality of openings,"] [t]he parties appear to agree that "grooves" are a species of "opening," but do not agree that "grooves" constitute an adequate disclosure to claim all openings that may be used in the cover plates to anchor the fiber system. In other words, the jury was asked to determine whether the written description disclosure of "grooves" "reasonably convey[ed] to those skilled in the art that the inventor had possession of [an intervertebral implant that could utilize any sort of opening located anywhere on the cover plates to anchor the fiber system] as of the filing date." Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1351.
Synthes at *14 (text added).
 [A]s we stated in Bilstad: [i]f the difference between members of [a species] is such that [a] person skilled in the art would not readily discern that other [species] of the genus would perform similarly to the disclosed members, i.e., if the art is unpredictable, then disclosure of more species is necessary to adequately show possession of the entire genus. Id. at 1125. […] Here, SK presented its case to the jury, and the jury inferred that, in the field of intervertebral implants, the disclosure of peripheral grooves does not adequately demonstrate possession of the entire genus of possible openings [because the specification was silent on mentioning other "opening" species, and the Expert Testimony supported the finding that other species under the genus are not fairly predictable].
Synthes at *18 (text added).
 [The comment in Bilstead is not a blanket statement for the entire mechanical world because,] [a]s we noted in Ariad, there are no "bright-line rules governing, for example, the number of species that must be disclosed to describe a genus claim, as this number necessarily changes with each invention, and it changes with progress in a field." Ariad, 598 F.3d at 1351.
Id. at *19 (text added).
Procedural History Synthes USA, LLC and DePuy Synthes Products, LLC (collectively, "Synthes")1 appeal from a jury verdict find- ing that Spinal Kinetics, Inc. ("SK") did not infringe claims 29–31 ("asserted claims") of U.S. Patent No. 7,429,270 ("the '270 patent") and that the claims were invalid for lack of written description. SK cross-appeals contending that the district court erred in denying SK's motion for fees under 35 U.S.C. § 285. Both appeals are timely, and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
a first substantially rigid bone contacting plate having an external surface […]; a second substantially rigid bone contacting plate having an external surface […]; a third plate operatively coupled to the first bone contacting plate, the third plate including a plurality of openings; […].
Legal Standard: Written Description Section 112, paragraph one of Title 35 requires a patentee to provide a written description that allows a person of skill in the art to recognize that the patentee invented what is claimed. See Ariad Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (en banc) […]. "[T]he test for sufficiency is whether the disclosure of the application relied upon reasonably conveys to those skilled in the art that the inventor ha[d] possession of the claimed subject matter as of the filing date." Id. Determination of whether a patent satisfies the written description requirement is a question of fact. Id. (citing Capon v. Eshar, 418 F.3d 1349, 1357–58 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). The "level of detail required to satisfy the written description requirement varies depending on the nature and scope of the claims and on the complexity and predictability of the relevant technology." [...] Id. at *12 (some internal citations omitted).
Legal Standard: Broadening Claims While broadening claims during prosecution to capture a competitor's products is not improper, the written description must support the broadened claims. See Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 909 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2004) ("[I]t is not improper for an applicant to broaden his claims during prosecution in order to encompass a competitor's prod- ucts, as long as the disclosure supports the broadened claims.") (citing Kingsdown Med. Consultants, Ltd. v. Hollister, Inc., 863 F.2d 867, 874 (Fed. Cir. 1988)).
 Broad Claim language ("plurality of openings") is limited to single species (grooves on the circumference of the claimed cover plates) and not the entire Genus.
Synthes at *11 (internal citations omitted).
Specification Limited to Single Species The '270 patent's written description, filed on April 14, 2003, discloses that the fiber system may be anchored by various means. See '270 patent, col. 2, ll. 4–6. The written description then discloses a series of examples of how the fiber system may be anchored on the cover plates, i.e., third and fourth plates. All of these examples employ "grooves," not slots or openings on the plates.
Dr. Lee testified that: (1) based on his reading of the written description, the disclosure of peripheral grooves would not disclose openings located anywhere on the plates (see J.A. 20843–54, Tr. Transcript, Jan. 20, 2011 at 2453:24–2455:7); (2) there are significant biomechanical property differences between using peripheral grooves and interior slots (see id. at 2456:11–20); and (3) when the fiber system is attached via peripheral grooves, the dis- tance of the fibers to the central axis is limited, but when openings are used anywhere on the cover plates, the fibers are not so limited in proximity to the central axis of the device (see id. at 2456:21–2458:10).
Expert testimony 2: Additional Species are not "fairly predictable"
Mr. Koske, for example, testified that SK rejected early prototypes that used peripheral grooves on the cover plates. […] Mr. Koske was presented with a photograph of various SK devices, which he described as a "design time line" of M6 devices. […] Mr. Koske then testified that the "early prototypes" with peripheral grooves were repeatedly rejected.[…] Mr. Koske's testimony and attendant trial exhibits demonstrated that SK's development process from the peripheral grooves to the commercial products took months of work. […].
 No heightened Burden to demonstrate unpredictability in "mechanical world"
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court's denial of JMOL that claims 29–31 of the '270 patent are invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 112, paragraph 1 for lacking an adequate disclosure to support the "plurality of openings" limitation.
The Court also provided an additional discussion on Attorneys Fees. To read said discussion, click here.
TARANTO, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Synthes, Taranto Op., at *1.
General Grounds In my view, Spinal Kinetics failed as a matter of law to show, by clear and convincing evidence, that asserted claims 29-31 of Patent No. 7,429,270 are invalid for inadequacy of the written description. In particular, Spinal Kinetics offered no clear and convincing proof that the difference between the "openings" of the claims and the grooves of the written description is one that (in the eyes of skilled artisans) has any effect, let alone an effect that is difficult to predict, on fulfillment of the identified purposes of the claims at issue.
Synthes, Taranto Op., at *1.
Legal Standard should Focus on Whether Broad Claim Terms Differ from Species Disclosure for "the identified Purposes of Claim at issue"
In a case like this one, the written-description requirement must focus on whether the way in which the (broader) claim term differs from the (narrower) disclosure is pertinent to fulfilling the identified purposes of the claims at issue. More specifically, for a challenger to prove insufficiency of the written description to support the claim language, the challenger must identify the respect in which the claim language differs from the disclosed embodiments. At a minimum, the challenger must then demonstrate that, in the eyes of a relevant skilled artisan, that particular difference has a material effect on whether the product or process would achieve the aims of the claims at issue, with materiality of the effect not the same as non-obviousness but related to predictability (this case requiring no further definition of that relation).
Synthes, Taranto Op., at *3 (internal citations omitted).
What is critical for present written-description purposes is this: if there is materially the same range of implemen- tation judgments for the described embodiments and the broader claim—such as, here, how many openings/grooves to have, their shape, how close to the center and far from the periphery they would locate the fibers passing through—the need for such judgments is irrelevant to the written-description question. What matters is only the particular difference between the narrower embodiments and broader claims.
Id., Taranto Op., at *4.
Generally In this case, Spinal Kinetics failed to present the proof required to show an insufficient written description. The difference between the claimed "openings" and the dis- closed "grooves" is simply that, for a groove, the space remains open at the perimeter whereas, for an "opening," it need not be: "opening" covers slots wholly interior to the outer boundary of the plate. But Spinal Kinetics did not prove that that difference—potential closure at the perimeter—had any effect on the ability of the invented implants to fulfill their purpose.
Synthes, Taranto Op., at *5-6.
Expert Testimony The two witnesses on which Spinal Kinetics relies for its written-description challenge are its expert, Dr. Lee, and its Research and Development Manager, Mr. Koske. Neither they, nor the documents on which they relied, showed (by clear and convincing evidence) how the way in which "openings" differ from "grooves" makes any materi- al difference to the working of the claimed device.
Id., Taranto Op., at *6.
Specification The majority states that the specification "discloses a series of examples of how the fiber system may be anchored on the cover plates" and that "[a]ll of these examples employ 'grooves,' not slots or openings on the plates." Maj. Op. at 13. But the specification, while reciting grooves in some of the examples it gives for how "anchoring of the fibres on the cover plates can be carried out," includes other examples that are described without any mention of grooves at all. '270 patent at col. 3, lines 22-62. One separately stated example simply calls for "adhering the fibre system on the cover plates," while another calls for join the plates "in a form-locking manner." Id. at lines 35 & 42-44. Thus, grooves are not part of all of the anchor- ing embodiments disclosed in the '270 patent.
Id., Taranto Op., at *8-9.


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Sundance Chevrolet fire investigation ends, items salvaged
The investigation of an overnight May 24 fire at one of the country's largest car dealerships is over.
Author: Eric Lacy , Lansing State Journal , WZZM
Published: 5:41 PM EDT June 2, 2017
Updated: 11:38 PM EDT June 2, 2017
The cause remains unknown.
"You've got to remember that with a big fire, it can burn up all your evidence," Grand Ledge Fire Chief Rodney VanDeCasteele said.
The blaze burned Sundance Chevrolet's log cabin-style office building, known as "the bunkhouse," to the ground and destroyed about 40 used cars.
VanDeCasteele said the investigation ended Wednesday and will reopen only if new evidence is found. The area where the bunkhouse stood will likely take about a week to clean up.
Terry Hanks, Sundance's owner and cowboy pitchman, plans to rebuild the bunkhouse with the help of about 18 Amish friends.
More: Blaze destroys Sundance Chevrolet building, 30 vehicles
Uncertainty hasn't stopped employees of Grand Ledge's Sundance Chevrolet from selling cars.
The emergency actually turned into an opportunity for Sundance to show its resiliency. Just a few days after the fire, the dealership known for having up to 1,300 used vehicles launched "fire sale" advertisements. Hanks joked last week the dealership has "red-hot deals going."
"The old saying around here is that you can't do anything on a negative note," said John Viselli, Sundance's general manager. "Everyone has stayed positive."
Last month, despite the fire's aftermath and the Memorial Day holiday weekend, Viselli said Sundance sold about 580 new and used cars. Under ideal conditions, Sundance averages about 25 sold per day.
Up to 1,100 used vehicle titles for the cars in stock were salvaged after the fire. Firefighters found the titles in a safe stuck in about a foot and a half of water inside the torched bunkhouse's basement.
"As far as anything else recoverable, most of everything else burned," VanDeCasteele said.
Employees haven't had it easy. Most are either working out of two temporary trailers or the dealership's showroom.
An ongoing, daunting task: replacing used car keys lost in the fire.
In over a week, locksmiths hired by Sundance made about 600 replacement keys. By Friday afternoon, Viselli said there were about 150 to go.
An outpouring of support from Grand Ledge, the mid-Michigan region and beyond helps.
Last weekend, the owner of 14 Burger King restaurants dropped off food. A financial services company sent pizza.
"Now we need somebody to bring in Weight Watchers!" Viselli said, laughing.
© Lansing State Journal


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Can we measure sustainability?
The birth and development of BioSustain, a sustainability measuring tool
Aquaculture is one of the most important food providers in the world and it requires a lot to secure that long-term growth takes place in a sustainable and efficient way.
Many years ago, BioMar and the rest of the industry started to investigate ways of reducing the amount of wild-caught fish used in the production of fish feed. Kjell Måsøval, Vidar Gundersen and Terje Sæther from BioMar in Norway believed such reductions were necessary, but considered them to be only a very small step in the direction of more sustainable aquaculture. They therefore decided to try to develop a methodology for calculating the sustainability of fish feed.
An idea was born. It is now known as the BioSustain concept.
Based on years of work on the further development of the initial idea, our customers can now use an eco-efficiency calculator to guide them in their choice of feed performance – taking into account both the economics of their fish farming operation and its environmental footprint.
"The BioSustain concept was launched in 2007, but it did not really become a commercial success at first," says Vidar Gundersen, now BioMar Global Sustainability Director.
Some years later, in 2011, when Vidar presented the concept in Greece and a local industry consultant was curious to know which segment of customers would ask for this type of knowledge. - I answered honestly that the demand was growing quite slowly, Vidar recalls. The consultant was puzzled and asked Vidar why BioMar would spend time and money driving such a tool. - Because it's the right thing to do! Vidar answered.
Since then, the BioSustain concept has been further developed and today an increasing number of customers decide to make use of the BioSustain optimisation tool and include it in their sustainability efforts and in the branding of their products.
Vidar Gundersen, BioMar Global Sustainability Director
Read our Sustainability Report


An hour-long conversation hosted by Siya Beyile with influential guests ranging talking all things . The conversations focus on the influence and progressive change the person is making in their respective field. Expect to hear from guests who inspire and motivate young people.
have the capacity to think.


responsible for driving many of the metabolic processes in plants and animals.
the entire process is laborious.
chloride (POCl3), and then with ordinary phosphate.
but also reduces the eventual yield.
phosphate, added the reagent POCl3 and left the mixture for three hours.
separated what they hoped would be the diphosphate product.
at Imperial College, London, describes the discovery as a remarkable achievement.
that researchers will welcome, Barber says.
in a remarkably simple way.


If you grew up in church then you've heard this word a million times. Repentance.
For years I just thought repentance meant the prayer I had with God when I asked him for forgiveness of my sins. It was simple and easy and when I became a christian I realized that's actually just a small part of the process of repentance.
Repentance definitely includes us coming to the Father and dropping down on our knees in sorrow over our sin we have committed against him. R.C. Sproul says it best when he says: "Sin is cosmic treason." Sproul says this to capture the weight of how hefty our sin against God really is because if many of us are honest with ourselves, we do not always act like sin is a big deal, and the times we do, it's just acting. We play pretend until we actually feel the weight of our sin. So, sin is a huge deal. It's crimes against our Father. It's us being the pharisees who got Jesus a death penalty, and it's us being the Roman Soldiers beating the Savior. We took someone else's creation, someone else's property and defaced it. We treat the Creator with disrespect and say: "Finder's Keepers, Loser's Weepers." Again, sin is a big deal. So what is repentance actually if it is not just the mere asking of forgiveness?
Repentance is action. It's making a 180 degree turn away from our sins against God. This means we have to give up things are causing us to sin. So the things in your life, whether girlfriend or boyfriend, magazine or television, whatever is causing you to sin against God, get it out. Is this hard? Maybe. I cannot imagine breaking up with someone because they are leading or encouraging you to live a life full of sin. But is it worth it? Yes, getting rid of things in your life, detestable things, idols, in order to better follow and love Jesus is worth every second of time you get to worship Jesus rightly with your life. Some sins require huge acts of cleaning house, others require smaller acts to better structure your life in a more pleasing way to God. Both should be happening in the Christians life because no one is perfect and the Christian's life is always full of both big and small acts of cleaning house. Maybe you are getting rid of the furniture and maybe you're just dusting off the shelves. You have to know which one is needed.
Is that it though? Is just changing my actions what I need to do?
By no means. you can do all the work to clean house, but if you're doing it out of the wrong motivations in your heart then you are still sleeping with your sin, you just might be putting the covers over it's head.
Here two metaphors are used. One where God calls the men of Judah and Jerusalem to be like wise farmers and sow on good soil. Planting roots in bad soil is not good, I'm no farmer and honestly every green thing I see coming out of the ground is just a big tree or little tree. There are no other types but what I do know is the soil has to be right. You cannot expect anything of value to grow when your soil is not right. When thorns are gonna tear the life out of the plants the question you need to then ask is: What is the good soil?
Your heart. Your heart needs to be a changed heart. Are you saved? If not you will have trouble repenting because no matter how hard someone tries, the blind still cannot see and the deaf cannot hear. A circumcision of the heart needs to take place. The heart will look differently after this happens. It will have new desires that are godly. You will have a want, even in discouraging times, to live differently. To live a life that pleases God. But like I said before, You cannot work enough for this to happen. A dead heart does not come alive from a dead body. A new heart needs to be brought in. And you cannot do this yourself. Why? Because you're dead. Likely, you did not even know you were dead. Yet Christ died for you, The Father chose you, and the Spirit gives you life. You need the Spirit. The Spirit of God will change your heart and in turn cause you to want to live a godly life where you repent of your sins by making a 180 degree turn from them. The Spirit will cause you to plant roots in good soil in order for healthy plants to grow so that you can bear fruit.
Forgiveness is found in God. So is repentance. Repentance is the child coming back to the Father. Why? Because the Father called, and the child answered.


The Credit Analyst is responsible for analyzing and monitoring the creditworthiness of the Bank's customers. This position also reviews financial statements, tax returns and bank references to evaluate the financial condition of individuals and businesses applying for credit with the bank.
Obtains loan request information from commercial lender or borrower to analyze credit information, financial statements and other related information pertaining to the loan.
Researches background documentation and reviews personal and business financial statements and tax returns. Analyzes financial information and prepares the preliminary analysis for the lender.
Requests and obtains financial statements on existing borrowers.
Reviews and prepares written analysis, spreadsheets, reports, summaries, and opinions. Prepares or assists in the preparation of loan memorandum for presentation to lenders and/or loan committee.
Assists lenders with calls on past-due loans as assigned by senior management with the bank's loan portfolio.
Updates collateral values, as needed on delinquent loans.
Assists in compiling data for management reporting, such as loan portfolio analysis.
Prepares and distributes residential mortgage loan rates weekly and monthly.
Ability to conduct complex financial analysis, use spreadsheet software tools, and effectively communicate finds to loan officers and senior management.
Effective organizational and time-management skills; must be able to manage multiple projects and priorities.
Strong attention to detail and ability to notice discrepancies in data.
Physical Demands: Performing the duties of this job requires the ability to hear and understand the normal conversation and the ability to speak clearly. The work involves prolonged movement (sitting, standing, walking, bending, grasping); carrying and/or lifting objects up to 10 lbs. sometimes occurs. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.
Work Environment: This is a full-time position and the normal hours of work are Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Occasionally, the job may require evenings and weekend work to meet deadlines. This position is based in Baton Rouge. Travel between branch locations will be required and will primarily occur during the normal workday.


text:
Venezuela deltog med en deltagare vid de olympiska vinterspelen 1998 i Nagano. Landets deltagare erövrade ingen medalj.

Källor

1998 i Venezuela
Nationer i olympiska vinterspelen 1998
1998


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Further Details License image Explore
CR Number
Second Version of Study for Bullfight No. 1
77 ¾ x 58 ⅛ in. (197.7 x 148 cm)
Specific Date and Location
Painted at the Royal College of Art
Private Collection, USA
'Francis Bacon', Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris, 26 October 1971 - 10 January 1972
'Francis Bacon', Kunsthalle, Düsseldorf, 07 March 1972 - 07 May 1972 (92)
''Francis Bacon: Recent Paintings 1968-1974'', Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 20 March 1975 - 29 June 1975 (6)
'Francis Bacon, Tate, London (1985)', Tate Gallery, London, 22 May 1985 - 18 August 1985
'Francis Bacon', Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, 19 October 1985 - 05 January 1986
'Francis Bacon', Nationalgalerie, Berlin, 07 February 1986 - 31 March 1986 (62)
'Francis Bacon Retrospektive', Galerie Beyeler, Basel, 12 June 1987 - 12 September 1987 (23)
'Francis Bacon: The Violence of the Real', K20 Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen , Düsseldorf, 16 September 2006 - 07 January 2007 (47) (as 'Study for Bullfight No.1, 2nd Version')
'The Other Collection: Homage to Ernst and Hildy Beyeler', Fondation Beyeler, Riehen/Basel, 19 August 2007 - 06 January 2008 (unnum.)
Francis Bacon (108 works), Paris: Galeries nationales du Grand Palais 26 Oct. 1971-10 Jan. 1972; Düsseldorf: Kunsthalle 7 Mar. 1972-7 May. 1972; exh cat. (Paris: Centre national d'art contemporain, 1971). pp. 10, 12, 53; ill. No. 92, p. 91
Lorenza Trucchi, Francis Bacon, trans. by John Shepley (London: Thames & Hudson, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1976). ill. No. 136, unpaged
Michel Leiris, Francis Bacon: Full Face and in Profile, trans. by John Weightman (Oxford: Phaidon, New York: Rizzoli, 1983). p. 43
Francis Bacon (125 works), London: Tate Gallery 22 May. 1985-18 Aug. 1985; Stuttgart: Staatsgalerie 19 Oct. 1985-5 Jan. 1986; Berlin: Nationalgalerie 7 Feb. 1986-31 Mar. 1986; exh cat. (London: Tate Gallery in assoc. with Thames & Hudson, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1985). ill. No. 62, unpaged
John McEwen, 'Francis Bacon: New transmutations of an autumn rose' (: Studio International, 1985). ill. p. 12
Andrew Sinclair, Francis Bacon: His Life and Violent Times (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1993). p. 201
Figurabile: Francis Bacon Venice: Museo Correr 13 Jun. 1993-10 Oct. 1993; exh cat. (Milan: Electa, 1993). p. 111
John Russell, Francis Bacon, World of Art series, Revised and updated edn. (London: Thames & Hudson, 1993). p. 143
José Maria Faerna, Bacon, trans. by Wayne Finke, Great Modern Masters (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1995). ill. No. 10, p. 17
Wieland Schmied, Francis Bacon: Commitment and Conflict, trans. by John Ormrod (Munich and New York: Prestel-Verlag, 1996). ill. No. 36, p. 121
David Sylvester, Looking Back at Francis Bacon (London: Thames & Hudson, 2000). p. 167
Luigi Ficacci, Bacon: 1909-1992, Taschen Basic Art Series (Cologne and London: Taschen, 2003). ill. p. 28
Francis Bacon: Studying Form (37 works), London: Faggionato Fine Arts 9 Feb. 2005-15 Apr. 2005; exh cat. (London: The Estate of Francis Bacon, London: Faggionato Fine Arts, 2005). p. 62; ill. No. 10, p. 62 (titled 'Study for a Bullfight No. 1')
Margarita Cappock, Francis Bacon's Studio (London: Merrell, 2005). p. 132
Gilles Deleuze, Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation, Continuum Impacts: Changing Minds (London and New York: Continuum, 2005). pp. 9-10, 30, 103, 119
Francis Bacon in the 1950s (55 works), Norwich: Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts 26 Sep. 2006-10 Dec. 2006; Wisconsin: Milwaukee Art Museum 29 Jan. 2007-15 Apr. 2007; Buffalo: Albright-Knox Art Gallery 5 May. 2007-30 Jul. 2007; exh cat. (New Haven: Yale University Press in assoc. with the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, 2006). p. 172
Godfrey Barker, ''Art brings home the Bacon in £38 million auction'' 15 Nov.. (London: Evening Standard, , p. 17 2007) ill. p. 17 (titled 'Study for a Bullfight No 1', detail, installation shot)
Michael Peppiatt, Francis Bacon: Studies for a Portrait: Essays and Interviews (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008). p. 262
Michael Peppiatt, Francis Bacon: Anatomy of an Enigma, Revised edn. (London: Constable, 2008). pp. 280, 331, 431
Francis Bacon (90 works), London: Tate Britain 11 Sep. 2008-4 Jan. 2009; exh cat. (London: Tate Publishing, 2008). pp. 24-25, 218; ill. No. 14, p. 25 (titled 'Study for Bullfight No. 2')
Rina Arya, Francis Bacon: Critical and Theoretical Perspectives (New York: Peter Lang, 2012). pp. 36, 151, 161
Nicholas Chare, After Francis Bacon: Synaesthesia and Sex in Paint (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012). p. 37
Bruno Sabatier, Francis Bacon: Œuvre graphique - The graphic work: Catalogue raisonné (Paris: JSC Modern Art Gallery, 2012). p. 94
Rina Arya, Francis Bacon: Painting in a Godless World (Farnham: Lund Humphries, 2012). p. 32; ill. No. 12, p. 33
Martin Harrison, Francis Bacon: La France et Monaco / France and Monaco (Paris: Albin Michel, Monte Carlo: Francis Bacon MB Art Foundation, 2016). pp. 137-142, 148, 220; ill. No. 30, p. 136
Martin Harrison, Francis Bacon: Catalogue Raisonné (London: The Estate of Francis Bacon, 2016). p. 922, 1136, 1338; ill. p. 923
Notes for Readers
The information in the present section on francis-bacon.com is based on the data in Francis Bacon: Catalogue Raisonné by Martin Harrison and Rebecca Daniels, which was published by The Estate of Francis Bacon in 2016. The following 'Notes for readers' are extracted from the catalogue raisonné (Vol.1, p.102 and 103) and elaborate on the methodology and thinking behind the compilation and presentation of some data, such as titles, dates and media.
Paintings are catalogued chronologically, under the year of their completion: thus a painting dated 1956-57 will be found in 1957. Undocumented paintings, to which only approximate (circa) dates can be attached, are generally placed at the end of the year in which they are believed to have been painted; this rule is departed from when there is firm evidence that a painting was made at a specific date during a certain year (for example 'Street Scene (with Car in Distance)', 1984 (84-03).
Titles of paintings placed in inverted commas, for example 'Figure with Cricket Pad', c.1982 (82-09), were not applied by Bacon or by his gallerists, and are merely descriptive. Among the paintings with descriptive titles in the catalogue, many did not emerge into public view until after 1998. Some of the titles initially given to them have been revised here; for example, 'Figures in a Landscape', c.1956 (56-11) has been substituted for 'Two Figures in the Grass', which is more logical in view of its relationship with Figures in a Landscape, 1956-57 (57-01).
In the past most of Bacon's paintings have been described as 'oil on canvas'. But he employed many other media, and was fond of mixing sand, dust, fibres and pastel, for example, with his oils. While every effort has been made to include these details, until paintings are examined (and ideally scientifically tested) with the glass removed, the descriptions of media will inevitably be incomplete.
Canvas dimensions are given in imperial measurements, height preceding width, followed by metric; this conforms with the British manufacture of Bacon's canvasses.
After 1969, Bacon titled, signed and dated, on the reverse of the canvas, a majority of his paintings: before that date he only did so intermittently. It has been our aim to record all such details, but there are almost certainly omissions. The modern practice of fixing backing boards on paintings means that, even when granted privileged access to works, it is not always possible to inspect the reverse side.
Photography dates
Paintings were usually sent to be photographed shortly after leaving Bacon's studio. The photography dates provide key data, therefore, in the chronology of paintings.
Alley numbers, for example (Alley 106), are those assigned to each painting in the first catalogue raisonné, Ronald Alley and John Rothenstein, Francis Bacon (London: Thames & Hudson; New York: Viking Press, 1964).
Destroyed paintings
Bacon destroyed many hundreds of paintings. The so-called 'slashed canvasses' are not (with one exception, Double Portrait of Lucian Freud and Frank Auerbach, 1964 (64-03)) included in this catalogue. Forty such canvasses, found in Bacon's studio after he died, are now in Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane. Margarita Cappock published them in 2005 under the heading 'Destroyed Canvasses', which raised questions regarding Bacon's intentions with the destructions. On small portrait canvasses he – or a friend – invariably cut out the head, and on the large canvasses the heads and sufficient of the main figurative elements to nullify the 'image' were excised. Doubtless Bacon cut the canvasses so as to leave the stretchers intact for reusage, but while he could not have foreseen the tattered fragments eventually having a commercial value, or being exhibited, he could have rendered the destruction more complete (by burning the fragments, for example). His partial destructions were, typically, ambivalent, while as the creator of images that had 'failed', the connotations of violence in his taking a knife to them has clear psychological implications.
Four canvasses removed from Bacon's studio in 1978 appeared on the market in April 2007, and a further five, from a separate source, were sold in June 2007; six fragments of canvas which had been given in the 1950s to the Cambridge artist Lewis Todd, who painted on their primed sides, were auctioned in March 2013.
Paintings with the suffix 'D' in the catalogue (for example 67-15D) are destroyed. Two of these are paintings which had been sold and were destroyed in accidents while in private ownership; a third was damaged beyond restoration when it fell into Tokyo Dock. Other paintings with this suffix in the present catalogue were destroyed by Bacon but had been exhibited publicly before he did so; since images of them are accessible in catalogues, they have been included for the sake of completeness.
In the 1964 catalogue raisonné, under pressure from Bacon, Ronald Alley consigned abandoned or destroyed paintings to two appendixes, classified as 'A' and 'D'. These compromise categories have been jettisoned in the present catalogue, and the extant paintings placed where they occur in the chronology. A compelling reason for ceasing to adopt these categories is that of the nine paintings Alley listed as 'Destroyed' in 1964, four in fact survive.
Abandoned paintings
On 30 July 1996 David Sylvester wrote to the then owner of 'Lying Figure', c.1953 (53-21), who was disappointed he had not included it in the Bacon retrospective at the Centre Pompidou, Paris. He explained that none of the pictures listed in the 1964 catalogue raisonné as 'Abandoned' was treated as a candidate for inclusion, adding 'it seems reasonable to me that during an artist's lifetime and for a few years after his death, a retrospective exhibition should not include works that he considered abandoned. I think that a different attitude should be taken when an artist has been dead for some years.' Sylvester volunteered the comment: 'As we all know, works which an artist abandoned can still be works of great value: there are any number of such works by a variety of masters in the museums of the world. In my opinion "Lying Figure" is a very fine example of Bacon's work.'
The question of 'finish', as signifying a putative state of completion, is probably less relevant in the case of Bacon than most other artists. An atheist and nihilist, the only 'finish' he recognised – and was haunted by – was death: to finish a painting was, perhaps, analogous to dying. It was neither whimsical nor accidental that he called so many of them 'Study for…': he was being not so much tentative as open-ended. Moreover, if Fragment of a Crucifixion, 1950 (50-02), in which more than half of the canvas is unpainted, was considered by Bacon a 'finished' painting, it is counterintuitive to categorise 'Lying Figure', c.1953 (53-21), for example, as 'unfinished'.
Notes on titles
Robert Melville, reviewing the 1964 Alley/Rothenstein catalogue raisonné in Studio International, July 1964, observed that Study from Innocent X, 1962 (62-2), despite having been painted only two years previously, had already been given three different (if unofficial) titles – Red Pope, Red Pope on Dais, and Red Figure on a Throne. Melville doubted that Bacon gave any of his paintings the title 'Pope', and pointed out that when he was working for Erica Brausen at the Hanover Gallery, 'we used to call them "cardinals" rather than "popes" in the presence of visitors, to make sure that no one would be offended.' Melville predicted that all the paintings in the 1964 catalogue would be thenceforth known by the titles assigned to them by Ronald Alley. This precept has been adhered to in the present catalogue. Furthermore, for the 'post-Alley' years, 1963 to 1991, the titles established by Bacon and Marlborough Fine Art have been adopted consistently; for example, although Painting, 1980 (80-09) was exhibited in 1999 with the descriptive title Three Figures, One with a Shotgun, subsequent research has shown that its original title was Painting, and has been reverted to here.
The five works Bacon included in his first exhibition, in 1930, all had specific titles. In the present catalogue the titles of paintings dating from 1929 and 1930 follow those adopted by Alley, but they have been placed within inverted commas since it is highly unlikely that Bacon titled them as they are, by their media; (Alley had to negotiate Bacon's indifference – or hostility – towards his pre-1944 œuvre).
License image
© The Estate of Francis Bacon. All rights reserved. DACS 2018
Study for Bullfight No. 1, 1969


Now you can design your own Tank Ace and storm into a Tank War battle!
With 'Tank War' shipping-out early, and in the eager hands of Bolt Action players worldwide – we sat down with our resident Italian, Alessio Cavatore, for a few guidelines on how to go about designing your own tank aces and legendary crew for your Tank War vehicles. This way, you can create all sorts of interesting characters for your friendly games, whether that's from history (even your own family history!) or from the realm of your imagination.
So, how do you create a tank ace?
Well, the first thing to do is to decide who he is (what nationality? real or imaginary? Etc.) and what type of vehicle he is going to use. As an example, I will use Tenente A. M. Scalise, second in command of a battery of 'Semovente' part of the Ariete Dvision that fought in North Africa, where he earned a posthumous Medal of Honour while commanding a Semovente 75/18.
Was lieutenant Scalise an 'ace' in the technical sense of the word? Did his semovente knock out five or more enemy tanks before being destroyed? We'll never know, but if there was one an Italian vehicle that stood a chance of achieving that, thanks to its low profile and relatively powerful main gun, it was his 'bassotto' – that's 'sausage dog', as the Italian tankers referred to the Semovente, which you'll agree is a much better nickname than the 'bara rotolante' ('rolling coffin') that was reserved for the M-series tanks.
Obviously, always use the highest level of quality available for the chosen vehicle, which in most cases is going to be 'Veteran'. If no such level exists, it is because we already decided that nobody had enough combat time in the vehicle to reach that level before the end of the war, so either use the highest level available, or simply choose another vehicle, as a non-veteran ace is a bit of a contradiction in terms.
So, to begin designing Scalise's 'bassotto', I started from a Veteran Semovente 75/18, which comes at 204 pts.
To the cost of the veteran vehicle (and its chosen options if any), then add the special 'discounted bundle of rules' that every legendary tanker gets – at +25pts they receive both a less powerful version of the 'Command vehicle' special rule (see page 34 of Tank War) and four skills chosen from the lists on page 28-29 of Tank War. This might seem a little cheap, but consider that the rule has half the range of the normal 'Command vehicle' and that the four skills are only used once a game.
When choosing the skills, it's normally good to refer to the combat history of the man you are re-creating in the game, whether you have researched the actions he took part in and the reputation he had in reality, or instead you have made up a suitably evocative story about him.
In the case of Lieutenant Scalise, I went to his Medal of Honour citation for inspiration (I translated it here, trying to keep the old fashioned style of the language).
Finally, if you think the legendary crew is not legendary enough, feel free to add one, or even two, special rules to the unit's normal special rules (if any). These can be already existing special rules (recce, amphibious, etc.) or unique special rules that you create specifically for this unit – best if they are based on the unit's history.
The points values for existing special rules can sometime be found in the 'Armies of' series of books (recce is +10pts, command vehicle is +25pts… etc.). So, use these as guidelines for pricing up other rules – in general, something not so powerful should be around +10pts, and then up in cost as the power of the rule increases.
This is obviously an imprecise science, so if in doubt, always err on the side of expensive!
For Scalise, I did not want to create any powerful special rule, as I feel that those should be reserved for the 'uber-units' like Wittman and Knispel, not for humble Italian, Japanese, Polish tank crews (or any other minor belligerent), who in general did not stand a chance of becoming 'tank aces', because of extremely short survival rates… you kinda need a proper 'tank' before you can become a tank ace.
So I was going to stick with the normal Vulnerable and HE rules of all Semoventes (and I ignored the option for the additional MMG). But then I decided to give Scalise a 'proper' version of the Command Vehicle special rule, as he was a Lieutenant and the commander of his unit anyway. Normally that rule is +25pts, but if given to someone that already received the 'half-range' version of the rule included in the 'legendary crew upgrade bundle', I halved the cost to +13 pts, rounding up the total cost of Scalise to 242 points.
And there you have it – one set of guidelines to make up your own tank aces and one example to go with it. Below is the finished Army List entry for my chosen Tank Ace – Scalise, and his Semovente.
Weapons: One forward facing hull-mounted medium anti-tank gun.
Weapons: One turret-mounted heavy anti-tank gun with co-axial MMG and one forward facing hull-mounted MMG.
Shurzen – shaped charges (bazookas, PIAT's etc.) never get the +1 pen bonus for hitting the vehicle in the side.
Born Survivor – if the tank is knocked out, roll a D3+1 to determine how many crew survive, rather than the normal D3. In addition, when rolling to determine which crewmen died, Schmitt can re-roll the dice if the result shows it should be his turn to die (only once, of course!).
Finally, Schmitt can fire his submachine gun after moving 2D6" towards its table edge as a retreating surviving tank crew!
So – Why not have a go yourself – whether it's a particular favourite historical tanker, or perhaps a fictional character – grab your copy of 'Tank War' and a suitable armoured companion, and get ready for war!


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You are at:Home»NYCTRC»About/ Members»History
The New York City Transit Riders Council (NYCTRC) was created by the New York State Legislature in 1981 to represent the official voice of New York City bus and subway riders. Our 15 volunteer members are appointed by the Governor upon the recommendation of the Mayor, the Public Advocate, and the five Borough Presidents.
The 15 members of NYCTRC are appointed are as follows:
No. of Members Recommended By
5 New York City Mayor
5 New York City Public Advocate
1 Bronx Borough President
1 Brooklyn Borough President
1 Manhattan Borough President
1 Queens Borough President
1 Staten Island Borough President
15 Total NYCTRC Membership
The NYCTRC seeks to study, investigate, monitor, and make recommendations on the maintenance and operation of the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA), its subsidiaries, and the Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority (SIRTOA). The NYCTC shall study and investigate all aspects of the day to day operation of the NYCTA and SIRTOA, monitor their performance and recommend changes to improve the efficiency of the operation thereof.
NYCTRC Reports
100 Days & 100 Nights: From Astoria to Lower Manhattan and Back PDF
Freedom Ticket: Atlantic Branch Analysis (2017) PDF
Freedom Ticket: Southeast Queens Proof of Concept (2015) PDF
Every Which Way But Direct! (2014) PDF
Bridging the Gap (2013) PDF
NYCTRC Events
February 27 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm
March 26 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm
April 23 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm
May 28 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm


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02-16-2011 Is China at an Inflection Point?
04-30-2010 Do Credit Constraints Amplify Macroeconomic Fluctuations?
03-31-2010 Derivative Deregulation Caused Crash: Can More Deregulation Prevent Another?
05-07-2009 The Housing Crisis: Where Are We Now, What Does the Future Hold and How Can One Profit From It?
11-22-2008 So, you want to become a CFA Charterholder?


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Where To Buy The Vans x Marvel Line To Rep Your Favorite Heroes & Villians
By Shea Simmons
Courtesy of VANS
If the pain of Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War still stings, there may be a way to ease the ache in your heart. No, it certainly won't fix some of the moments that went down in the blockbuster, but it'll help your celebrate some of your faves. The Vans x Marvel collaboration is here (well, almost), and it'll help you rep your favorite heroes and villains from the Marvel Universe (both cinematic and not).
If you're a comic book fan, these kicks are going to right up your alley. While tons of Marvel merch exists on the market already, the Vans collaboration with the comic book giant revolves around the actual comics themselves, not just the Marvel Cinematic Universe created by Disney.
If you love all things Marvel, like X-Men or Deadpool, this Vans collection won't just be restricted to those characters you've seen on screen in the MCU. You'll get them all. Well, maybe not all because that could be excessive, but you'll get a lot, and they won't have pesky studios to separate them.
Where can you shop the collection? According to the Vans website, you can sign up to be notified of details about the collection. Those details should include all the locations you can shop the gear, but it seems very likely that it'll be available on the Vans website given the e-mail sign-up. Don't get your credit card out just yet, though. The pieces haven't launched yet. The Vans x Marvel collection drops on June 8, so you've got some time to prep for what to buy.
As for what you can expect from the collection, it's basically a smorgasbord of all things Marvel. Some of the most fun items revolve around some of the more well-known members of the canon. There's a pair of classic Vans that feature the Hulk, and it's not just his image. The front of the shoe actually features his toes, so you can feel what it's like to walk about in the hulk's shoes (or feet as the case may be).
If you're not as familiar with the comics, but do love the Marvel Cinematic Universe, you can still totally rock the collection. These stories are for everyone, after all. If you want to get prepped for an upcoming release, the collaboration is also set to include some serious cool Captain Marvel Sk8-Hi kicks that'll be perfect to wear to the Captain Marvel film that's set to star Academy Award winner Brie Larson.
If you've got a plethora of Vans shoes already in your closet (though you can really never have too many), don't worry. The collection is filled with a wide array of goods. From Spider-Man tee-shirts to character back packs and jackets, there's tons of options if you're just not feeling like snagging a pair of the classic shoes.
This isn't Vans first collaboration with famous faces, though. The Vans x Spongebob Squarepants collab dropped in February of last year and took people right back to their childhoods. From Spongebob himself to items that starred the likes of Patrick. Clearly, Vans knows what they're doing when it comes to partnering with their customers' favorite characters.
How do fans feel about the Marvel x Vans collaboration? They're pretty stoked according to Twitter reactions.
Despite a lack of cash in bank, fans are already gearing up to go shopping.
All those good intentions of saving cash are down the drain now.
Fans are even saying that they're pre-broke since the collab hasn't debuted yet.
If you're just as excited as your fellow Marvel fans, mark your calendars for June 8 when the collaboration drops. Get ready to pick up your new must-have Marvel gear. While there's been no word from the brand on if it will be available in stores, you'll just have to wait and see, but hey, it's totally worth the wait.


Last week, 30-year-old fire department captain John David Hines was convicted of an April Fool's Day Long Beach DUI hit and run. According to an L.A. Times report, the captain had a blood alcohol concentration of nearly three times the legal limit for Long Beach DUI (according to California Vehicle Code Section 23152: 0.08% BAC) when he slammed into 47-year-old bicyclist Jeffery Gordon and sent the man flying more than 70 feet.
Hines will serve 90 days in a California prison and may face a jail sentence of up to six years, depending on how things go during his sentencing hearing on December 2.
This last bit of information – about how his sentence was increased because of his excessive BAC level – should be of interest to anyone recently arrested for a similar crime.
The public may believe that a Long Beach DUI is a Long Beach DUI is a Long Beach DUI. But that's far from the truth. Innumerable factors can influence sentencing, including whether you hurt anyone, whether you fled the scene of the accident (hit and run), how far under the influence you were according to breathalyzer and blood tests, and so on.
In a "best case" scenario, your Long Beach DUI criminal defense attorney might be able to clip your sentence down or even get the charges dismissed altogether. But if you killed someone while DUI, depending on the circumstances, you could be face a DUI murder charge and wind up with life behind bars.
This is a huge range of possible punishments.
And while there is obviously no "one-size-fits-all" solution to Long Beach DUI charges, your choice of attorney can make an enormous impact on your ultimate outcome. Long Beach's Kraut Law Group (444 West Ocean, Suite 800 Long Beach, California 90802 Phone: (562) 531-7454 ) can clarify your options and develop a strong case for you. Attorney Michael Kraut served as a prosecutor for nearly a decade and a half – this fact gives the Harvard Law School educated attorney a huge advantage when building DUI defenses. He also can leverage his excellent jury trial record, status as a Long Beach DUI media observer, and relationships with the legal community to get you the results you crave.


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Food Wars 94 is the second chapter of the series to be officially serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump and makes for a fun, Shonen-style series for the aspiring cooking geek. Food Wars is all over the place lately, with the manga being serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump as well as an anime just announced for next year. I think the series has definitely earned its time in the spotlight. Food Wars reminds me a lot of Bakuman: it's a fun series about a niche topic with drama not boring enough to scare you away.
With Food Wars, you come for the food geekery, and-- well, you stay for the food geekery. Food Wars 94 takes some time to talk about inosinic acid buildup. This occurs on a page just before a discussion (including a graph) of why some pike show signs of freshness that actually correlate with a degradation in the Pike's texture, rather than serving as a sign of texture.
These first two serialized chapters have honestly been a great way to hook someone like me in. I love to cook, and love hearing all the food science stuff behind what makes food taste good. Additionally, as a fan of Shonen stuff in general, I'm a sucker for the age-old plot device of characters with insanely unbelievable natural abilities, apparently even when it's an ability to pick out a fish.
I never really thought about trips to the fish market being an integral part of being a chef until I watched Jiro Dreams of Sushi. I knew that fresh ingredients were probably a bigger part of preparing raw food, but I still didn't know how vitally important the trips to the market were for any chef period. Food Wars takes us there in this chapter, and I can confirm that if you liked Jiro, you will probably like this manga.
It's an exciting time for Shonen manga with the gaping hole that Naruto is going to leave behind. Start giving some new series a chance if you haven't already!


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Q: Can I programatically generate a touch event in Android from background app on keypress? What I want to do is when I press a certain keyboard button or combination, a touch event should be fired with given screen coordinates.
I would like to use a physical keyboard connected to an Android device. I want to write code which runs in the background continuously and listens for a specific combination and then when it is pressed a touch event is created with specific coordinates. The touch event should be received by whatever app which is in foreground.
To be more specific, I find it annoying that the Facebook Messenger app does not send messages when I press enter but inserts a newline in the textbox. Or at least it would be nice to have an option to enable or disable this feature, like the Windows Phone version of the app. But it does not have this option, and it drives me crazy when I type my messages on the physical keyboard and have to touch the little button on the phone itself, moving my hand from the keyboard, or I have to use tabbing navigation to select the button control and then press enter.
This app would primarily be for personal use, and I am asking this question to make sure that it is even possible to write such code and to improve my knowledge.

A: Apps cannot generate arbitrary touch events, except perhaps using superuser privileges on rooted devices. You are welcome to use the accessibility framework to create an AccessibilityService, but its input options are very limited.

A: I managed to write this application as an accessibility service as CommonsWare suggested. Works like a charm.
If anyone's interested, yes it is only possible on rooted devices. You can simulate touch events using the sendevent command in a root shell (I'm using the Process and the DataOutputStream classes for this). First you need to determine which is the device identifier of the touch screen on the current device, and eventually I needed to issue 8 commands for just one touch event.
This blog post helped me a lot:
http://ktnr74.blogspot.hu/2013/06/emulating-touchscreen-interaction-with.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The client's wish was to re-do, from ground up, their classic survey since the questionnaires can be long and detailed making the participants loosing focus after a while.
So we've based the design of interactive and animated elements – keeping the participant engaged throughout the process. The look and feel of the app was based on the iptiQ Life's company design guidelines.


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Military medal group from the 'Forgotten War' brings £66,000 in London
Whilst the Distinguished Service Medal group of Acting Petty Officer R McClarnan may have been a highlight in the first half of Dix Noonan Webb's medal auction last week, the most significant awards were held back under the later stages of the sale.
These included the Boer War Distinguished Conduct Medal group of five awarded to Warrant Officer 2nd Class C R Roberts, regarded by Winston Churchill as the man who saved his life, and for whom he had "very great admiration for [his] coolness and courage".
Roberts's Distinguished Conduct, Queen's South Africa, King's South Africa,
British War and Victory Medals
Roberts' medals were listed at £30,000-40,000, and sold near the top of that range for £38,400 (inclusive of Buyer's Premium).
Collectors interested in Churchillian memorabilia may wish to know that signed photos and even an annotated typescript of his answers to Parliamentary questions are currently available.
Other exceptionally fine lots in the auction included unique Great War air operations MC (Military Cross), DCM (Distinguished Conduct Medal), Iraq 1924 DFC (Distinguished Flying Cross) group of seven awarded to a namesake of the other warrior: Flight Lieutenant E P Roberts.
Roberts' efforts which won him the MC were described in the London Gazette of 1917 as follows:
"For conspicuous gallantry in action, he three times dispersed an enemy working party with bombs and machine-gun fire from a height of 1,000 feet.
"On another occasion, he shot down an enemy machine. He has shown great determination on many occasions in taking photographs under the most difficult and trying conditions."
The group was expected to bring £20,000-25,000, but enthusiastic bidders pressed it up to £28,800.
However, the top lot in the auction was a Military Medal group belonging to J A W Robson, who fought in the Korean War - sometimes known as the Forgotten War.
Robson "...allowed the enemy to approach within ten yards of his position before opening fire and all the enemy were killed as a result, the last within a few feet of his personal position" at Imjin River.
The actions of his battalion in holding off a Chinese attack were claimed by superior officers to have "saved the United Nations forces in Korea from a major disaster". He was then captured and held until 1953. On release he was interviewed by Eamonn Andrews on television.
The collection of medals, which was accompanied by a significant archive of related military documents defeated its £40000-£50000 estimate to sell for £66,000.
Learn how you can get pleasure and profit from rare medal collecting
Click here for all the latest Medals and Militaria news
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In a frantic 911 call from the street outside the Brooklyn, N.Y., Supreme Court, a bystander reported that she had just witnessed a kidnapping. Several men in plain clothes had just appeared, slamming a man against a wall and separating him from his attorney.
Refusing to identify themselves and claiming to be "doing their jobs," they forced the man into an unmarked car with no plates and sped off.
In fact, what she and others had just witnessed was a commonplace operation conducted by Immigration and Customs Enforce (ICE) agents.
According to the Immigrant Defense Project (IDP), despite internal regulations to the contrary, ICE agents regularly refuse to identify themselves or provide reason for detentions.
In a recent study, the IDP reports that the federal agency strategically targets New York courthouses for arrests of undocumented immigrants, a move which it argues will have a chilling effect on immigrants' willingness to collaborate with courts across the state.
Since President Donald Trump took office in 2017, these detentions are no longer reserved for undocumented individuals facing criminal charges. Rather, ICE has declared open season on the broader undocumented community, including those who appear in court as survivors of human trafficking and domestic violence, youth covered by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Act (DACA), and friends and family members of those appearing in court.
Civil immigration enforcement actions taken inside courthouses can reduce safety risks to the public, targeted alien(s), and ICE officers and agents…ICE will not make civil immigration arrests inside courthouses indiscriminately.
ICE civil immigration enforcement actions inside courthouses include actions against specific, targeted aliens with criminal convictions, gang members, national security or public safety threats, aliens who have been ordered removed from the United States but have failed to depart (fugitives), and aliens who have re-entered the country illegally after being removed.
Through calls to IDP's hotline and the reports of legal aid partner organizations such as the New York Immigrant Family Unity Project, the IDP reports a 1,700 percent increase in immigrant detentions from 2016 to 2018, and a 17 percent increase from 2017 to 2018.
New York City accounted for 75 percent of total arrests across the state, with the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens reporting the highest totals.
While the bulk of ICE arrests occur in New York City, in 2018 ICE also extended operations into several previously untouched upstate counties, including Renssalaer, Fulton, and Orange.
While arrests have gained ground across the state, they have also increased in the use of physical force and aggressive surveillance tactics, according to IDP.
"Reports of ICE using violent force to conduct arrests—slamming family members against walls, dragging individuals from cars, and even pulling guns on people leaving court—have become commonplace.
A day after Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen was forced to step aside, senior Homeland Security Department officials remained in a fog about the fate of their agency's leaders, expecting more firings as part of a widening purge. "They are decapitating the entire department," said one homeland security official.


There's plenty of great research that shows that our actions are heavily biased by the default option. Given how important defaults are to our decision making, every once a while, it is helpful to ask ourselves – what is our default setting?
– Trust or to doubt.
– Take responsibility or make excuses.
– Read a non-fiction book or scroll further down our Facebook feed.
– Ask the hard question or stay silent.
– Acknowledge mistakes and learn from them or pretend they didn't happen.
– Respond with fantastic attitude or be defensive and prickly.
– Exercise or watch TV.
– Care or be ambivalent.
Whatever the decision, our actions are likely to follow our default setting.
It is on us to choose wisely.
:-) We all have work to do.
Oh. my. This is very very very very good.
Thanks for sharing, Shweta. I thought I'd wait till morning, check out the transcript and then respond. So totally worth it.


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Montana Ag Network: June 20th report — USCMA, rising feed costs, MDOL meetings
In trade news, Mexico has become the first nation to vote and ratify the U.S. Mexico Canada Agreement. Yesterday, Mexico's Senate voted 114 to 4 to pass the trade deal that will replace NAFTA.
Canada is expected to pass trade agreement in the coming weeks. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is in Washington this week meeting with the Trump Administration to show support for the trade deal.
Now, all of agriculture looks to House Speaker Pelosi who must now schedule a House vote. Democrats in Congress largely oppose the USMCA.
The prospect of higher feed costs is generating both challenges and opportunities for cattle producers. As we shared earlier this week, the latest reports show farmers are likely to forgo planting millions of acres in corn and soybeans. Market experts say that is already having impacts throughout the entire beef supply chain.
Oklahoma State University Extension Livestock Market Economist Dr. Derrell Peel says producers should expect higher feed prices as a result of the spring crop struggle.
"The cattle market situation has changed significantly in the last month or so, and it's largely driven by what's going on in the crop side," said Peel. "So, we've got the latest corn and soybean planting progress on record. And at this point it's very clear that we're going to plant less Acres have lower yields. We're going to have a smaller crop. We don't yet know how small it will be. But inevitably it means that we're going to see some higher feed prices."
While feeders might be reeling from this situation, stocker and cow-calf producers have a potential opportunity to drive up their profits. According to Peel, higher feed prices often raises the value of gain at the stocker level
"Obviously feedlots are probably looking at maybe locking in some feed prices at this point," Peel added. "We've already had some run up, but there is still risk of some higher prices yet. So that's one consideration. It may for cow-calf producers also translate into a potential for retaining ownership beyond weaning this fall. It's at least something that you want to keep in mind and certainly pencil out as the time gets closer."
Many ranchers are anxious to see what cattle contracts will look like in the coming weeks. We will continue to track those prices and share them with you here on the Montana Ag Network.
The Montana Department of Livestock (MDOL) has announced three educational meetings to help pork producers better prepare for a disease outbreak, such as African Swine Fever (ASF).
These meetings will focus on the ways producers can continue business amid restrictions placed on animal movement to control the spread of a disease. The department will walk through the Secure Pork Supply requirements and discuss available resources with producers and meeting attendees.
Meetings will take place in Great Falls on Tuesday, June 25, and Tuesday, July 9, at Montana Expo Park. Then on Tuesday, July 3, in Lewistown at the Elks Club. Each meeting will start at 9:30 a.m. and run until noon.
For more, and to RSVP, visit the Montana Department of Livestock online.
The Public Lands Council (PLC) applauded the advancement of Rob Wallace from the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee. Wallace is nominated to serve as the assistant secretary for Fish, Wildlife and Parks at the Department of the Interior.
"When it comes to balancing the interest of all of the Department of the Interior's multiple use stakeholders, Rob Wallace has the ranching industry's confidence," said PLC executive director Ethan Lane.
PLC added that Wallace has a proven conservation track record and a deep understanding of federal land management. Livestock producers welcomed his confirmation and look forward to partnering with him on a range of priorities, including modernizing the Endangered Species Act and managing the impact of unchecked recreation.
Wallace is a Wyoming native, where he still resides with his family. He is president of the Upper Green River Conservancy and a founding member of Grand Teton National Park Foundation.
-Reported by Lane Nordlund/MTN News