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Home » Computers » The Best Wireless Access Points (2022 Reviews)
The Best Wireless Access Points (2022 Reviews)
Do you want to extend the reach of your wireless network? Are you trying to bring your aging hardware into the modern era? Sounds like you need a wireless access point. Problem is, there are so many to choose from, and not all of them are worth your time.
Top 12 Wireless Access Points For 2022
Have no fear. We've scoured the market to find the best wireless access points around and separated them into several categories in the table below. Working on a tight budget or trying to keep the place looking tidy? No problem, we've got you covered. See for yourself:
Dual-band?
Best Budget Access Point TP-Link N300 2T2R 2.4GHz only
NETGEAR AC750 Yes
TP-Link TL-WR802N 2.4GHz only
Best Mid-Range Access Point NETGEAR WAC104-100NAS Yes
Cisco WAP121 2.4GHz only
D-Link Wireless AC1200 Yes
Best Premium Access Point Linksys Business LAPN600 Yes
Google WiFi Yes
Securifi Almond 2.4GHz only
Most Discreet Access Point Ubiquiti Unifi Ap-AC Yes
EnGenius ENH202 2.4GHz only
Editor's Pick Aduds AC750 Yes
There are a few things you should know about wireless access points before you commit to buying one. By considering the following points, you could save yourself a lot of money up front and prevent any buyer's remorse down the line.
Access Points vs Routers
Wireless access points and routers are similar but serve different roles. A router (combined with a modem) allows you to send WiFi signals throughout your home. An access point, however, simply increases the range of an existing wireless network. So why else might you use one?
Access points often have Ethernet ports. These allow you to share hardware across an entire wireless network, even if no WiFi capabilities are built-in. Let's say you connect a printer via cable to your access point – with the right configuration, anyone on your wireless network can now print remotely.
5GHz vs 2.4GHz Networks
You also need to understand the difference between 5GHz and 2.4GHz networks. Access points that use 2.4GHz networks have larger coverage areas but slightly lower speeds. 5GHz networks are faster, but you have to be closer to the access point to use them. Access points that support both are known as "dual-band" products.
So which do you need? Well, that really depends on what you're doing. 5GHz is better for gaming and streaming 4K content, but 2.4GHz is a more stable frequency, and more hardware supports this kind of connection. If you can afford a dual-band access point then great, but if you can't, there's really no need to worry about it.
Best Budget Access Point
You can spend a fortune on an access point, but thankfully, this isn't required. The following products represent the best you can get on a modest budget. Whether you're just looking to cover a small blind spot or connect old devices, we're sure you'll find something suitable here.
We're going to open this section with the TP-Link N300 2Y2R. This access point costs around 30 USD and is capable of creating 2.4GHz wireless networks. It's not the fastest model around, with speeds of only up to 300Mbps, but it's certainly enough to provide coverage to small or medium-sized homes.
For such an inexpensive product, this actually allows for a surprising degree of customization. For instance, the antennas can be removed and upgraded, plus it's compatible with any modem, regardless of age. That's not bad, but believe it or not, it gets even better. How? Well, read on to find out.
This isn't just a wired access point; it can also be used as a wireless network repeater. This gives you the freedom to secure or restrict WiFi in specific areas of the home (for instance, your child's bedroom). Because of its very simple design, there are few access points that are easier to set up.
In short, this is an affordable, simplistic product that offers a surprising amount of depth. While we weren't sure what to make of its unique aesthetics, this is a minor issue at best. Performance-wise, it's pretty standard but in this price range, even that is an indication of quality.
Our second budget pick is the NETGEAR AC750. It costs around 40 USD and surprisingly, caters to both 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks. This is a very compact model that stays out of sight and out of mind until you need it, but it includes two adjustable antennas to help improve its signal reception regardless of where it's located.
It's important not to write this model off because of its low price. It can provide transfers of up to 750Mbps and can be used in either repeater or access point modes. Better still, there's no need to mess around with software or drivers. Setup is simple and takes just a couple of minutes, so it's great for the less technologically-inclined.
If you're the kind of person that likes to manage every aspect of a network, you can combine this model with NETGEAR's network analytics app. This isn't necessary but does provide an added dimension to this point's versatility. So what are our final thoughts?
This is a product that manages to suit almost everyone. Amateurs will be pleased that it just works, while expert users will appreciate the extensive network management options. Considering how affordable this product is, there's really no reason not to get one.
Lastly, let's look at the TP-LINK TL-WR802N. This is a compact, pocket-sized access point that allows you to create wireless networks wherever you go. It costs around 35 USD and allows you to use hardware like Chromecasts and Amazon Fire Sticks regardless of where you are. With speeds of up to 300Mbps, it's ideal for streaming.
Now, it does only create 2.4GHz networks but that's to be expected of a product this small. You don't have to sacrifice privacy for convenience, though, as it allows you to set a custom SSID and password even before you're connected to any network. Let's talk about portability for a second.
This device uses a standard 5V micro-USB cable for power. After all, you're not going to want to lug a big charger around with you, right? Instead, just use your cell phone charger! You can even use a power bank if you'd like. Not bad, right?
Too often, access points require extensive configuration before they can be used. This model skips this step entirely, allowing you to get down to business far more quickly. It's small, powerful, inexpensive, and attractive – if the slower speeds don't bother you, this model might just be exactly what you're looking for.
Best Mid-Range Access Point
So you've decided to invest a little more to get a product with added features and functionality. Believe us, you won't regret this. The following access points are among the best available for a moderate (but not crazy) budget and all offer exceptional functionality and versatility.
The NETGEAR WAC104-100NAS is ideal for small businesses and startups due to its moderate cost and ease of use. It provides dual-band coverage, with speeds of up to 867Mbps, and four Gigabit Ethernet ports so you can wire up all of your older devices for sharing. So what else is on offer?
Well, there's a one-touch WPS setup available. Even manual configuration is easy since you're guided through each step by a clear, concise user interface. Did we mention that the antennas are pre-optimized for the largest coverage area? Or that this product comes with a three-year warranty period?
Let's not forget its backward compatibility. This access point will work with all 11n devices. This means that even if you're using an old modem or peripherals, you won't encounter any problems. With a price of around 60 USD, this model offers a lot of bang for very little buck.
The NETGEAR WAC104-100NAS is a powerful little access point that just works. It offers a lot of scope for customization and includes three more Ethernet ports than most of its rivals. With this in mind, we recommend it not just for businesses, but also for home users with many hardware to connect.
Now we'll examine the Cisco WAP121, an access point that costs around 50 USD. Now, while this is solely a 2.4GHz product, it comes with several features that set it apart from the crowd. Take its bridging modes, for instance – these just aren't found in most consumer-focused products.
There's also the ability to create multiple networks from a single source. While this is a niche application, it adds a level of versatility to this access point's toolkit. Although it's aimed at experienced users, it has a simplistic installation process and a very user-friendly setup wizard.
But won't this lead to excessive amounts of cabling? Well, no. The WAP121 can use Power Over Ethernet (PoE) technology to power your devices directly instead of using their dedicated power supplies. Reduce cabling and add network connectivity? Believe it or not, it's possible, and you can take advantage right now.
To be honest, this access point will likely be overkill for residential users. If you're working with a complex network setup, however, it'll offer you full control over every aspect. It's especially well suited towards people looking to create network bridges or deal with multiple input networks.
Let's close this category with the D-Link Wireless AC1200. The first thing you'll notice is the unusual design; it's compact and conical, yet manages to find space for four Ethernet ports. Somehow, D-Link even managed to make it dual-band, despite being less than 6" tall. So is it right for you?
That depends. Do you want high speeds, extensive connectivity options, and the ability to use different security methods? Can you afford to pay around 60 USD for this access point? If so, there's really no reason not to – it has everything you'll ever need for a simple home network.
It's even backward compatible with any 802.11n, g, b, or a device. It can be used as an access point, bridge, or repeater, and can be set up manually, with the WPS button, or by using the mobile apps. These features make it ideal for those looking for the maximum versatility possible in this price bracket.
This product offers a good compromise between accessibility and customization. It's a small yet powerful access point that gives you complete control over your network, and the inclusion of WPA2 passkeys is much appreciated. If you want to simplify things, choose the D-Link.
Best Premium Access Point
So you've decided to spend a little more and get a better product overall. Excellent choice! We've highlighted three premium products below that offer the greatest possible range of versatility and functionality. No matter your needs, we're certain these access points will leave you satisfied.
Take the Linksys Business LAPN600, for instance. It's a low-profile access point that can power your hardware, create both 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks, and extends your WiFi coverage as far as possible. The price for such a product? A little under 130 USD – that's not cheap, but it won't break the bank either.
You have the option to use either WPA or WPA security, and this access point can be configured to encrypt all data transfer too, which makes it ideal for business use. If you're planning on expansion, that's fine too since it's capable of acting as a network bridge. Okay, let's talk about positioning.
You can locate this model wherever you like. Next to an outlet, on the wall, on the ceiling, anywhere is fine. It comes with the mounting brackets and screws you'll need and even includes a drilling template. Lastly, let's address possible network configurations.
You can split a single network into up to 16 separate SSIDs. Further, this product even allows you to set up a guest portal, allowing you to secure your network even further. With connections at up to 600Mbps, this isn't hardware you'll want to miss out on.
Believe it or not, even Google is getting into the networking market. The Google WiFi costs less than 120 USD and offers consistent, fast, dual-band networking. This is technically a router/access point, so you can completely replace your old hardware if you choose. So, shall we talk tech specs?
It features two Ethernet ports on the underside. These have maximum speeds of one gigabit (125MBps) per second and if you have multiple Google WiFi units, these act as LAN ports too. This feature makes the Google WiFi an excellent choice for those looking to scale their network quickly.
You're protected too since this product comes with a year's warranty coverage. There's also 24/7 customer service in case you run into any issues. Each access point creates up to 1500 square feet of WiFi coverage, and they always use the fastest band based on the kind of network traffic they encounter.
The good thing about Google WiFi is that it makes setting up a network very simple. Whether you want to extend an existing network or create a new one, the process is straightforward and so easy a child could do it.
Last but not least, we have the Securifi Almond. This is a hybrid router/access point that costs less than 90 USD, and uniquely, doesn't require a computer of any kind to set up. Instead, it uses a small LCD panel on the side to allow you to customize network settings. That's pretty cool, but how well does it work?
Exceptionally well, actually. Securifi boasts a simple, three-minute setup process, and the large icons make using the touchscreen a breeze. While this product only supports 2.4GHz networks, it's still pretty fast and compatible with almost any old modem, making it ideal for people who don't want to revamp their entire setup.
The problem with most routers is that they share a default password and SSID, allowing attackers to crack your system if you don't change it. The Securifi Almond ships with its own unique credentials, so it's secure as soon as it arrives. Better yet, it prevents Google's location tracking by default.
Throw in free lifetime tech support and a one-year warranty, and this router/access point becomes very attractive indeed. It's small and simple, yes, but also secure, and fast enough for any day-to-day applications.
Most Discreet Access Point
The problem with most network access points is that they're ugly and take up a decent amount of space. In contrast, the following products are low-profile, without sacrificing any of the functionality that we know is so important to you.
Take a look at the Ubiquiti Unifi Ap-AC. This model costs around 100 USD and boasts a modern, sleek design that looks great regardless of whether it's mounted on a wall or tucked into the corner of a room. It's no slouch when it comes to functionality either, as we'll explain below.
Like the Google WiFi devices, this access point is easily scalable. It does, however, only support 2.4GHz networks. This means it's better for business applications than say, streaming. At less than 7" wide and tall, this product is surreptitious whether it's located on a wall or ceiling.
Better yet, each Ap-AC unit is capable of powering devices, as long as they're connected via Ethernet cable. There's not even any need to configure each new unit – once you've set one up, you can add or remove modules as it suits you. Easily scalable, attractive looking, and professional-quality? Sign us up!
If you're looking for something modest and weatherproof, look no further than the EnGenius ENH202. This 2.4GHz access point costs around 80 USD and is backward compatible with almost every modem you can think of. So, is it the right choice for you?
Well, for obvious reasons, this model is designed for providing internet access in outdoor settings. It allows users to create several different SSIDs from a single network while preventing differing access levels with its VLAN bindings. It can also be used as a bridge or network repeater if you'd prefer.
Both WPA and WPA2 passphrases are allowed, and the hardware features surge and short-circuit protection built-in. it is pretty large, however, at a little over 10" tall, so you'll have to ensure you have adequate space. On the plus side, you can mount it anywhere you like, on just about any surface.
We've covered some spectacular wireless access points so far, but the one we believe will satisfy the majority of users is the Aduds AC750. This is an inexpensive (around 35 USD), dual-band access point with three adjustable antennas, and speeds of up to 300Mbps. So why is it so highly recommend?
Simply, because this model does everything you could ever need it to. It works as a router, bridge, access point, repeater, or gateway. Further, it's easy to set up; just plug it in, go through a brief setup wizard, and you're all set. This ease of use allows you to experiment with positioning to remove any dead zones in your home, without the stress.
With a WPS setup button, two Ethernet ports, and reliable status LEDs on the front, the AC750 is among the most user-friendly devices we've seen. More surprisingly, all of this tech is crammed into a unit that's just 7" tall. Sure, it's probably not strong enough for large business networks but for home use, it'll do everything you expected and more.
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text:
Q: PDO class in php Good day! I have a problem of this:
final class Db
{
    /*
     @ var  object of PDO
    */
    private static $connection = FALSE;

    /*
     @ database settings
    */
    private static $data = [];

    private function __construct()
    {
        self::$data['host'] = 'localhost';
        self::$data['user'] = 'root';
        self::$data['pass'] = '';
        self::$data['db']   = '123';
    }

    /*
     @ method connect to PDO
    */
    private static function connect()
    {
        if(!isset(self::$connection))
        {
            try
            {
                self::$connection = new \PDO('mysql:host='.self::$data['host'].';dbname='.self::$data['db'], self::$data['user'], self::$data['pass']);
                self::$connection -> setAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
                self::$connection -> exec('SET NAMES utf8');
            }
            catch (PDOException $e)
            {
                die('Ошибка подключения к БД');
            }
        }
    }

    //HERE
    /*
     @ method SQL query in database + return array
     @ param  (string)  $sql            SQL query
     @ param  (array)   $param          Values for execute
     @ param  (const)   $const           PDO Constants for tipization
     @ return (array)
    */
    public function queryFetch($sql, $params = [], $const = PDO::FETCH_ASSOC)
    {
        self::connect();
        return self::$connection -> prepare($sql)-> execute($params) -> fetch($const);
    }

}

$array = Db::queryFetch('SELECT * FROM `user` WHERE id = ?', ['1']);
var_dump($array);

Fatal error: Call to a member function prepare() on boolean in C:\OpenServer\OpenServer\domains\test1.ru\index.php on line 68
Please if you know what I must to do, help me, It's very important to me

A: Replace if(!isset(self::$connection)) to if(!self::$connection)
Or replace private static $connection = FALSE; to private static $connection = null;
And read documentation on isset():

isset — Determine if a variable is set and is not NULL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
{-# LANGUAGE ConstraintKinds       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts      #-}
{-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings     #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances     #-}
-- | Generate HPC (Haskell Program Coverage) reports
module Stack.Coverage
    ( deleteHpcReports
    , updateTixFile
    , generateHpcReport
    , HpcReportOpts(..)
    , generateHpcReportForTargets
    , generateHpcUnifiedReport
    , generateHpcMarkupIndex
    ) where

import           Control.Applicative
import           Control.Exception.Lifted
import           Control.Monad (liftM, when, unless, void)
import           Control.Monad.Catch (MonadCatch)
import           Control.Monad.IO.Class
import           Control.Monad.Logger
import           Control.Monad.Reader (MonadReader, asks)
import           Control.Monad.Trans.Resource
import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as S8
import           Data.Foldable (forM_, asum, toList)
import           Data.Function
import           Data.List
import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
import           Data.Maybe
import           Data.Maybe.Extra (mapMaybeM)
import           Data.Monoid ((<>))
import           Data.Text (Text)
import qualified Data.Text as T
import qualified Data.Text.Encoding as T
import qualified Data.Text.IO as T
import qualified Data.Text.Lazy as LT
import           Data.Traversable (forM)
import           Network.HTTP.Download (HasHttpManager)
import           Path
import           Path.Extra (toFilePathNoTrailingSep)
import           Path.IO
import           Prelude hiding (FilePath, writeFile)
import           Stack.Build.Source (parseTargetsFromBuildOpts)
import           Stack.Build.Target
import           Stack.Constants
import           Stack.Package
import           Stack.Types
import           System.FilePath (isPathSeparator)
import           System.Process.Read
import           Text.Hastache (htmlEscape)
import           Trace.Hpc.Tix

-- | Invoked at the beginning of running with "--coverage"
deleteHpcReports :: (MonadIO m, MonadCatch m, MonadReader env m, HasEnvConfig env)
                 => m ()
deleteHpcReports = do
    hpcDir <- hpcReportDir
    ignoringAbsence (removeDirRecur hpcDir)

-- | Move a tix file into a sub-directory of the hpc report directory. Deletes the old one if one is
-- present.
updateTixFile :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
            => PackageName -> Path Abs File -> String -> m ()
updateTixFile pkgName tixSrc testName = do
    exists <- doesFileExist tixSrc
    when exists $ do
        tixDest <- tixFilePath pkgName testName
        ignoringAbsence (removeFile tixDest)
        ensureDir (parent tixDest)
        -- Remove exe modules because they are problematic. This could be revisited if there's a GHC
        -- version that fixes https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/ticket/1853
        mtix <- readTixOrLog tixSrc
        case mtix of
            Nothing -> $logError $ "Failed to read " <> T.pack (toFilePath tixSrc)
            Just tix -> do
                liftIO $ writeTix (toFilePath tixDest) (removeExeModules tix)
                ignoringAbsence (removeFile tixSrc)

-- | Get the directory used for hpc reports for the given pkgId.
hpcPkgPath :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
            => PackageName -> m (Path Abs Dir)
hpcPkgPath pkgName = do
    outputDir <- hpcReportDir
    pkgNameRel <- parseRelDir (packageNameString pkgName)
    return (outputDir </> pkgNameRel)

-- | Get the tix file location, given the name of the file (without extension), and the package
-- identifier string.
tixFilePath :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
            => PackageName -> String ->  m (Path Abs File)
tixFilePath pkgName testName = do
    pkgPath <- hpcPkgPath pkgName
    tixRel <- parseRelFile (testName ++ "/" ++ testName ++ ".tix")
    return (pkgPath </> tixRel)

-- | Generates the HTML coverage report and shows a textual coverage summary for a package.
generateHpcReport :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
                  => Path Abs Dir -> Package -> [Text] -> m ()
generateHpcReport pkgDir package tests = do
    -- If we're using > GHC 7.10, the hpc 'include' parameter must specify a ghc package key. See
    -- https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack/issues/785
    let pkgName = packageNameText (packageName package)
        pkgId = packageIdentifierString (packageIdentifier package)
    compilerVersion <- asks (envConfigCompilerVersion . getEnvConfig)
    eincludeName <-
        -- Pre-7.8 uses plain PKG-version in tix files.
        if getGhcVersion compilerVersion < $(mkVersion "7.10") then return $ Right $ Just pkgId
        -- We don't expect to find a package key if there is no library.
        else if not (packageHasLibrary package) then return $ Right Nothing
        -- Look in the inplace DB for the package key.
        -- See https://github.com/commercialhaskell/stack/issues/1181#issuecomment-148968986
        else do
            mghcPkgKey <- findPackageKeyForBuiltPackage pkgDir (packageIdentifier package)
            case mghcPkgKey of
                Nothing -> do
                    let msg = "Failed to find GHC package key for " <> pkgName
                    $logError msg
                    return $ Left msg
                Just ghcPkgKey -> return $ Right $ Just $ T.unpack ghcPkgKey
    forM_ tests $ \testName -> do
        tixSrc <- tixFilePath (packageName package) (T.unpack testName)
        let report = "coverage report for " <> pkgName <> "'s test-suite \"" <> testName <> "\""
            reportDir = parent tixSrc
        case eincludeName of
            Left err -> generateHpcErrorReport reportDir (sanitize (T.unpack err))
            -- Restrict to just the current library code, if there is a library in the package (see
            -- #634 - this will likely be customizable in the future)
            Right mincludeName -> do
                let extraArgs = case mincludeName of
                        Just includeName -> ["--include", includeName ++ ":"]
                        Nothing -> []
                generateHpcReportInternal tixSrc reportDir report extraArgs extraArgs

generateHpcReportInternal :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
                          => Path Abs File -> Path Abs Dir -> Text -> [String] -> [String] -> m ()
generateHpcReportInternal tixSrc reportDir report extraMarkupArgs extraReportArgs = do
    -- If a .tix file exists, move it to the HPC output directory and generate a report for it.
    tixFileExists <- doesFileExist tixSrc
    if not tixFileExists
        then $logError $ T.concat
            [ "Didn't find .tix for "
            , report
            , " - expected to find it at "
            , T.pack (toFilePath tixSrc)
            , "."
            ]
        else (`catch` \err -> do
                 let msg = show (err :: ReadProcessException)
                 $logError (T.pack msg)
                 generateHpcErrorReport reportDir $ sanitize msg) $
             (`onException` $logError ("Error occurred while producing " <> report)) $ do
            -- Directories for .mix files.
            hpcRelDir <- hpcRelativeDir
            -- Compute arguments used for both "hpc markup" and "hpc report".
            pkgDirs <- Map.keys . envConfigPackages <$> asks getEnvConfig
            let args =
                    -- Use index files from all packages (allows cross-package coverage results).
                    concatMap (\x -> ["--srcdir", toFilePathNoTrailingSep x]) pkgDirs ++
                    -- Look for index files in the correct dir (relative to each pkgdir).
                    ["--hpcdir", toFilePathNoTrailingSep hpcRelDir, "--reset-hpcdirs"]
            menv <- getMinimalEnvOverride
            $logInfo $ "Generating " <> report
            outputLines <- liftM (map (S8.filter (/= '\r')) . S8.lines) $
                readProcessStdout Nothing menv "hpc"
                ( "report"
                : toFilePath tixSrc
                : (args ++ extraReportArgs)
                )
            if all ("(0/0)" `S8.isSuffixOf`) outputLines
                then do
                    let msg html = T.concat
                            [ "Error: The "
                            , report
                            , " did not consider any code. One possible cause of this is"
                            , " if your test-suite builds the library code (see stack "
                            , if html then "" else ""
                            , "issue #1008"
                            , if html then "" else ""
                            , "). It may also indicate a bug in stack or"
                            , " the hpc program. Please report this issue if you think"
                            , " your coverage report should have meaningful results."
                            ]
                    $logError (msg False)
                    generateHpcErrorReport reportDir (msg True)
                else do
                    -- Print output, stripping @\r@ characters because Windows.
                    forM_ outputLines ($logInfo . T.decodeUtf8)
                    $logInfo
                        ("The " <> report <> " is available at " <>
                         T.pack (toFilePath (reportDir </> $(mkRelFile "hpc_index.html"))))
                    -- Generate the markup.
                    void $ readProcessStdout Nothing menv "hpc"
                        ( "markup"
                        : toFilePath tixSrc
                        : ("--destdir=" ++ toFilePathNoTrailingSep reportDir)
                        : (args ++ extraMarkupArgs)
                        )

data HpcReportOpts = HpcReportOpts
    { hroptsInputs :: [Text]
    , hroptsAll :: Bool
    , hroptsDestDir :: Maybe String
    } deriving (Show)

generateHpcReportForTargets :: (MonadIO m, HasHttpManager env, MonadReader env m, MonadBaseControl IO m, MonadCatch m, MonadLogger m, HasEnvConfig env)
                            => HpcReportOpts -> m ()
generateHpcReportForTargets opts = do
    let (tixFiles, targetNames) = partition (".tix" `T.isSuffixOf`) (hroptsInputs opts)
    targetTixFiles <-
         -- When there aren't any package component arguments, then
         -- don't default to all package components.
         if not (hroptsAll opts) && null targetNames
         then return []
         else do
             when (hroptsAll opts && not (null targetNames)) $
                 $logWarn $ "Since --all is used, it is redundant to specify these targets: " <> T.pack (show targetNames)
             (_,_,targets) <- parseTargetsFromBuildOpts
                 AllowNoTargets
                 defaultBuildOpts
                 { boptsTargets = if hroptsAll opts then [] else targetNames
                 }
             liftM concat $ forM (Map.toList targets) $ \(name, target) ->
                 case target of
                     STUnknown -> fail $
                         packageNameString name ++ " isn't a known local page"
                     STNonLocal -> fail $
                         "Expected a local package, but " ++
                         packageNameString name ++
                         " is either an extra-dep or in the snapshot."
                     STLocalComps comps -> do
                         pkgPath <- hpcPkgPath name
                         forM (toList comps) $ \nc ->
                             case nc of
                                 CTest testName ->
                                     liftM (pkgPath </>) $ parseRelFile (T.unpack testName ++ ".tix")
                                 _ -> fail $
                                     "Can't specify anything except test-suites as hpc report targets (" ++
                                     packageNameString name ++
                                     " is used with a non test-suite target)"
                     STLocalAll -> do
                         pkgPath <- hpcPkgPath name
                         exists <- doesDirExist pkgPath
                         if exists
                             then do
                                 (_, files) <- listDir pkgPath
                                 return (filter ((".tix" `isSuffixOf`) . toFilePath) files)
                             else return []
    tixPaths <- liftM (++ targetTixFiles) $ mapM (resolveFile' . T.unpack) tixFiles
    when (null tixPaths) $
        fail "Not generating combined report, because no targets or tix files are specified."
    reportDir <- case hroptsDestDir opts of
        Nothing -> liftM (</> $(mkRelDir "combined/custom")) hpcReportDir
        Just destDir -> do
            dest <- resolveDir' destDir
            ensureDir dest
            return dest
    generateUnionReport "combined report" reportDir tixPaths

generateHpcUnifiedReport :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
                         => m ()
generateHpcUnifiedReport = do
    outputDir <- hpcReportDir
    ensureDir outputDir
    (dirs, _) <- listDir outputDir
    tixFiles <- liftM (concat . concat) $ forM (filter (("combined" /=) . dirnameString) dirs) $ \dir -> do
        (dirs', _) <- listDir dir
        forM dirs' $ \dir' -> do
            (_, files) <- listDir dir'
            return (filter ((".tix" `isSuffixOf`) . toFilePath) files)
    let reportDir = outputDir </> $(mkRelDir "combined/all")
    if length tixFiles < 2
        then $logInfo $ T.concat
            [ if null tixFiles then "No tix files" else "Only one tix file"
            , " found in "
            , T.pack (toFilePath outputDir)
            , ", so not generating a unified coverage report."
            ]
        else generateUnionReport "unified report" reportDir tixFiles

generateUnionReport :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,HasConfig env,MonadLogger m,MonadBaseControl IO m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
                    => Text -> Path Abs Dir -> [Path Abs File] -> m ()
generateUnionReport report reportDir tixFiles = do
    (errs, tix) <- fmap (unionTixes . map removeExeModules) (mapMaybeM readTixOrLog tixFiles)
    $logDebug $ "Using the following tix files: " <> T.pack (show tixFiles)
    unless (null errs) $ $logWarn $ T.concat $
        "The following modules are left out of the " : report : " due to version mismatches: " :
        intersperse ", " (map T.pack errs)
    tixDest <- liftM (reportDir </>) $ parseRelFile (dirnameString reportDir ++ ".tix")
    ensureDir (parent tixDest)
    liftIO $ writeTix (toFilePath tixDest) tix
    generateHpcReportInternal tixDest reportDir report [] []

readTixOrLog :: (MonadLogger m, MonadIO m, MonadBaseControl IO m) => Path b File -> m (Maybe Tix)
readTixOrLog path = do
    mtix <- liftIO (readTix (toFilePath path)) `catch` \(ErrorCall err) -> do
        $logError $ "Error while reading tix: " <> T.pack err
        return Nothing
    when (isNothing mtix) $
        $logError $ "Failed to read tix file " <> T.pack (toFilePath path)
    return mtix

-- | Module names which contain '/' have a package name, and so they weren't built into the
-- executable.
removeExeModules :: Tix -> Tix
removeExeModules (Tix ms) = Tix (filter (\(TixModule name _ _ _) -> '/' `elem` name) ms)

unionTixes :: [Tix] -> ([String], Tix)
unionTixes tixes = (Map.keys errs, Tix (Map.elems outputs))
  where
    (errs, outputs) = Map.mapEither id $ Map.unionsWith merge $ map toMap tixes
    toMap (Tix ms) = Map.fromList (map (\x@(TixModule k _ _ _) -> (k, Right x)) ms)
    merge (Right (TixModule k hash1 len1 tix1))
          (Right (TixModule _ hash2 len2 tix2))
        | hash1 == hash2 && len1 == len2 = Right (TixModule k hash1 len1 (zipWith (+) tix1 tix2))
    merge _ _ = Left ()

generateHpcMarkupIndex :: (MonadIO m,MonadReader env m,MonadLogger m,MonadCatch m,HasEnvConfig env)
                       => m ()
generateHpcMarkupIndex = do
    outputDir <- hpcReportDir
    let outputFile = outputDir </> $(mkRelFile "index.html")
    ensureDir outputDir
    (dirs, _) <- listDir outputDir
    rows <- liftM (catMaybes . concat) $ forM dirs $ \dir -> do
        (subdirs, _) <- listDir dir
        forM subdirs $ \subdir -> do
            let indexPath = subdir </> $(mkRelFile "hpc_index.html")
            exists' <- doesFileExist indexPath
            if not exists' then return Nothing else do
                relPath <- stripDir outputDir indexPath
                let package = dirname dir
                    testsuite = dirname subdir
                return $ Just $ T.concat
                  [ "
"
                  , pathToHtml package
                  , "	"
                  , pathToHtml testsuite
                  , "
"
                  ]
    liftIO $ T.writeFile (toFilePath outputFile) $ T.concat $
        [ "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">"
        -- Part of the css from HPC's output HTML
        , ""
        , ""
        , ""
        ] ++
        (if null rows
            then
                [ "No hpc_index.html files found in \""
                , pathToHtml outputDir
                , "\"."
                ]
            else
                [ "

"
                , "
NOTE: This is merely a listing of the html files found in the coverage reports directory.  Some of these reports may be old.
"
                , "
Package	TestSuite	Modification Time
"
                ] ++
                rows ++
                ["

"]) ++
        [""]
    unless (null rows) $
        $logInfo $ "\nAn index of the generated HTML coverage reports is available at " <>
            T.pack (toFilePath outputFile)

generateHpcErrorReport :: MonadIO m => Path Abs Dir -> Text -> m ()
generateHpcErrorReport dir err = do
    ensureDir dir
    liftIO $ T.writeFile (toFilePath (dir </> $(mkRelFile "hpc_index.html"))) $ T.concat
        [ "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=UTF-8\">"
        , "
HPC Report Generation Error
"
        , "
"
        , err
        , "
"
        , ""
        ]

pathToHtml :: Path b t -> Text
pathToHtml = T.dropWhileEnd (=='/') . sanitize . toFilePath

sanitize :: String -> Text
sanitize = LT.toStrict . htmlEscape . LT.pack

dirnameString :: Path r Dir -> String
dirnameString = dropWhileEnd isPathSeparator . toFilePath . dirname

findPackageKeyForBuiltPackage :: (MonadIO m, MonadReader env m, MonadThrow m, HasEnvConfig env)
                              => Path Abs Dir -> PackageIdentifier -> m (Maybe Text)
findPackageKeyForBuiltPackage pkgDir pkgId = do
    distDir <- distDirFromDir pkgDir
    path <- liftM (distDir </>) $
        parseRelFile ("package.conf.inplace/" ++ packageIdentifierString pkgId ++ "-inplace.conf")
    exists <- doesFileExist path
    if exists
        then do
            contents <- liftIO $ T.readFile (toFilePath path)
            return $ asum (map (T.stripPrefix "key: ") (T.lines contents))
        else return Nothing

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We've already listed for you the 25 best places to retire, and we know you're all dying to move to Ecuador when your careers in tax and law come to an end.
However, before selling your home, keeping your family heirlooms in an acclimatized storage facility and packing your bags, you need to carry out in-depth research to make sure Ecuador (or any other country, for that matter) is the right one for you. Retirement planning is essential to having a happy, relaxing and easy life in your handpicked home away from home.
In order to help you with your future retirement plans, we've come up with 16 things to consider when retiring abroad.
1. Don't Flush Money Down The Toilet: The cost of living in the country you've chosen might be one of the most important factors when retirement planning. You want your pension, savings or supplemental income to go a long way and allow you to live a comfortable life abroad. Make sure to do your due diligence in terms of the pricing of housing, transportation, healthcare services, food and utilities, among countless others, prior to boarding that plane.
2. Planes, Trains & Automobiles: Mobility is crucial to your wellbeing when retiring abroad. A solid system of highways matched with extensive and safe public transportation, as well as an international airport with a good domestic and international flight schedule, will grant you greater flexibility when it comes to discovering your new country and heading back to your old one to visit friends and family.
3. An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: At the latter stages of life, staying healthy is primordial to one's happiness. A modern and highly professional healthcare system should be at the top of your list of things to consider when retiring abroad. Pay close attention to the quality of hospitals, the experience and levels of training of physicians and other medical doctors, and the availability and cost of medicine and medical supplies, among others. Also, make sure there are healthcare facilities nearby, say, at most 25 to 30 minutes away from where you live.
4. Put That Gun Away: Safety and personal security is of utmost importance when planning for retirement. You want to avoid at all costs dangerous, violent, and socially unstable regions of the world where your life will be in peril on a near daily basis. Pick cities (or at least neighborhoods) with low crime rates and an established expatriate community that is willing to show you the ropes.
5. Rain or Shine: Would you like to wake up to rain 75% of the year? Or scorching heat hovering near 50 °C? Yeah, we didn't think so. Weather.com is your friend, so make sure to study your country of choice's weather patterns. Personally speaking, it's hard to beat the climate in San Diego, California: year-round sun and temperatures ranging from 9°C to 25°C. Paradise.
6. Je No Parle Español: Not everyone in the world speaks English and not all of us are polyglots. Language spoken should come under consideration when retirement planning. Pick a country where you'll feel comfortable enough communicating with the locals, be that in English or a second language. In any case, chances are you will quickly become proficient—either by choice or because you have to—in that second language.
7. Don't Bank on It: Finding a place with a solid banking system is fundamental to retirement planning. You need to locate a reliable, professional and stable bank in which to stash away your money while living abroad. Often, branches of major European and American banks are your safest bet to protect your savings and remain at ease in cases of economic volatility.
8. Expats in the House: Living abroad, it's always nice to find kindred souls that are experiencing what you are. Look for expatriate communities in the city of your choice and reach out to them prior to making your move. They'll be able to answer your questions, provide you with recommendations, and make you feel more at home once you make your big move.
9. Big Macs on the House: Don't laugh but every so often we crave what's familiar. Living abroad among all the new smells, sounds and flavors can be overwhelming. So it's always good to know that some of those comforts readily available back home—be it junk food or specific ingredients like, say, maple syrup or chipotle chilies—can be tracked down in your new country.
10. Home Sweet Home: Real estate—its costs, availability, location and quality—might be one of the most crucial factors to consider when planning for retirement. Whether you are renting or buying, you want a comfortable, ample, well-located and affordable place to live. We suggest carefully studying the real estate markets in your shortlist of countries to retire.
11. If You Build It, They Will Come: Access to sturdy, safe and modern infrastructure can enhance one's life abroad. The availability of good roadways, hospitals, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, transportation hubs, theatres and museums, efficient utility services, etc., raises standards of living and makes retiring somewhere far away from home a more attractive option.
12. Inflation! Devaluation! Crisis!: Economic volatility is another factor to consider when retirement planning. Inflation, currency devaluations, tax hikes and other types of negative economic fluctuations can make life difficult for you and your bank account. Have a basic understanding of the economic history and performance of the countries on your shortlist and put together a contingency plan so that you're not caught by surprise when things do go wrong.
13. Residency Requirements: If it's a hassle to acquire residency to the country of your choice, then it might be better to move somewhere else. Look into residency requirements for your top choices and make sure these are not too burdensome. Many countries—for instance, Panama—offer special visas for retirees that allow them to make use of a wide range of discounts on utility bills, transportation, entertainment and more. These types of residency are highly advantageous and should be explored.
14. Can You Hear Me Now?: No one these days can live without access to the Internet or a smart phone. A reliable and efficient communications system to keep in touch with friends and family via Skype and log onto your Facebook, Twitter and Taxlinked accounts is a must. Unless what you want is to disconnect from the world and become a hermit up on a hill.
15. Take a Hike: Now that you have plenty of time on your hands, you might want to pursue all those recreational activities you weren't free for as a working professional. Be it playing tennis, hiking, painting or dabbling in handcrafts, make sure there are facilities nearby for you to practice your favorite hobbies.
16. Don't Make It Taxing: You cannot run. You cannot hide. Taxes will always be there, waiting for you. Even if you're living abroad, you might still have to pay taxes back in your home country, so speak to a financial advisor to help you figure out who you owe, how much and when. You wouldn't want to skip a payment and be penalized for moving to lovely Ecuador.


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Brands carried: Brewster Home Fashions, Patton Wallcoverings, York Wallcoverings, Wallquest, Seabrook, National Wallcoverings and MDC Wall.


text:
Mulberry creative director Johnny Coca is stepping down after 5 years
The designer's last contribution to Mulberry will be the spring/summer 2021 collection. British fashion brand Mulberry recently announced that their creative director Johnny Coca will be leaving the brand after five years. Mulberry revealed the news officially in a statement, declaring Coca would officially step down from his role at the end of March 2020,…
The designer's last contribution to Mulberry will be the spring/summer 2021 collection.
British fashion brand Mulberry recently announced that their creative director Johnny Coca will be leaving the brand after five years.
Mulberry revealed the news officially in a statement, declaring Coca would officially step down from his role at the end of March 2020, with his spring/summer 2021 scheduled to be his final collection for the brand.
"Johnny's creative vision has been a key element in delivering our strategy to develop Mulberry as an international luxury lifestyle brand," said Thierry Andretta, Mulberry's chief executive officer, following the announcement. "On behalf of the Mulberry board and entire team we wish Johnny every success in his next venture."
Coca also expressed his pride over everything he had achieved during his 5-year tenure.
"I have loved my time with this iconic British heritage brand, and would like to thank the amazing teams and everyone who has supported me during my time here," he said. "I am proud of everything we have achieved and the collections we have created. The passion and dedication I have seen at Mulberry has been incredible and I am honoured to have been part of the brand's history."
Johnny Coca with a model at the Mulberry Regent Street flagship for the launch the 'Iris for Iris' collection. (Photo from @mulberryengland Instagram)
The Spanish-born designer first joined Mulberry in 2015 after his time at French fashion house Celine as its head design director for leather foods, accessories, shoes and jewellery, as well as a designer for Louis Vuitton.
At Mulberry, Coca reinvigorated the luxury label by reworking its logo, offering a more affordable range, introducing eyewear and trainers, and putting a circular fashion model at the forefront of its collections. He also contributed to the growing industry of sustainable fashion during his time at the heritage brand.
It was only earlier this year when Coca unveiled Mulberry's sustainable leather Portobello tote, and the M Collection, which features bags and outerwear crafted using a fine blend of Econyl-branded regenerated nylon and sustainable cotton. In February, Mulberry also launched its "Made to Last" exhibition, which put under the spotlight a handbag exchange where customers could put their current accessories towards their next investment.
In addition to strengthening the brand, Coca also oversaw a successful international expansion programme that helped the brand to extend its global presence across the UK, Japan, South Korea, North America, Europe, and Australia.
Mulberry has already begun the process of finding Coca's successor, and promises to continue developing timeless, innovative products.
"As we head towards our 50th anniversary in 2021, we continue to focus on our strategy to build Mulberry as a global luxury brand," Andretta shared his vision for the future. "We remain committed to developing responsible, innovative products, underpinned by a strong in-house creative team and our international direct-to-customer omni-channel business model."
Photo: Mulberry
Featured Image: AFP via Getty Images
Tags Johnny Coca Mulberry
CNY 2021: Year of the Ox capsule collections from Burberry, Dior and more
The Bag Edit: 8 latest FW20 collections to shop in time for the year-end
British retailer Frasers buys stakes in Mulberry Group
Meet the Portobello Tote, Mulberry's first fully sustainable leather bag
Mulberry's new Iris bag is gorgeous enough for day and night

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


David and Maria discuss the trends she sees in private equity in 2019 from the investment angle, highlighting financing and exit strategies on both sides of the border, also touching on the impact of uncertainty and volatility on private equity. They also looks at trends from the technology perspective. What's going to be of interest in 2019, the problems and challenges and which sectors will take a lead in adoption?
1:20 After introducing Maria, David asks her about current trends in private equity, financing, structural changes and going public.
05:36 How do we go about navigating the environment and what impact do volatility and hype in public markets have on private equity?
06:43 Dave and Maria talk about exiting investments, the pressure to exit, ways to go public and the two kinds of IPOs they see.
16:31 They switch gears here from the investing side, to start talking about technology trends with mentions for AI, crypto, blockchain and quantum computing.
21:40 They close with a quick chat about Maria's current book recommendation.


Low European Birth Rates In The NY Times: No Babies?
Is there a crisis in Europe? Maybe, maybe not. There are low birth-rates, however. The article suggests one of the reasons in Mediterranean countries is their half-step toward modernization: More women work and have educational opportunities yet the old Catholic traditions remain in place. This produces an economic crunch on all parties involved.
Of course immigration is sometimes offered as a potential solution. However, it's often overlooked that immigration is probably more of a threat to smaller, more stratified European societies then it can be in America. This might help explain some of the extreme rightist political support lately (where a potentially violent nationalism united with racial identity lurks).
–Kay Hymowitz In The City Journal: Child-Man In The Promised Land?
As to the last post on Allan Bloom, if there are potential dangers in a Nietzschean reading on the Greeks, surely there are dangers in mixing Kantian metaphysics with politics?
In part, synthesizing Kantian metaphysics with political science is what Daniel Deudney has done in his book Bounding Power (addressed to Republicans), and he's come up with some deep moral thinking and practical advice in an arena of global politics where greater depth is always needed. However, there is also a certain idealism I'm extremely wary of.
In fact, I've suggested some ideas for those of us frustated with the current state of liberal ideas, or at least how they might benefit from a return to Mill and a more classical liberalism/utilitarianism.
Perhaps it's wise to keep the two separate: Kant's metaphysics and a functioning, American utilitarianism.
Victor Davis Hanson In The New Criterion: Haven't We Heard This Before?
Okay, I'll bite, there do seem to be some departments in universities intellectually adrift, too easily tethered to a set of ideas (certain French philsophers, moral relativism, probably even in response to logical positivism) that thus could be tethered to deeper classical, and Western ideas.
Though as for the hubris of moral relativism, Hanson's mixing of current politics and philosophy seems just as, if not more, guilty of hubris.
Maybe I'll just read Aristotle on my own…with an open and focused mind, asking questions. Aren't other people doing this in universities…without political agendas?
From Bloggingheads: Where Moral Philosophy And Evolution Meet?
A bit of what evolutionary theory can offer and what problems it faces with regard to moral thinking.
I could be convinced. Yet, is the equality stick the best tool by which families should measure themselves and challenge these norms? Isn't this inviting all kinds of other problems?
Most men already have incentive to do some of the housework if they love their wives, and wish to continue to have love, companionship, and kids (in part, a way to pass on their genes). Also, of course, social science has its limits as most good social scientists would point out.
How many guys do you know who worry about writing thank-you notes? As the article mentions, this isn't an option for everyone.
Addition: From bloggingheads: The purpose of women is to bear children?
Another Addition: If you're like me, you're exasperated with this line of thought. Even if liberalism is more grounded and deep than this, it still promotes an idealism that can be dangerous to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for the rest of us. When will they bottom out? Do they need to bottom out? How will the right respond? What effect does this have on our institutions and our freedoms?
Well, you probably know that people rarely make rational decisions, but did you realize how easy it is to be wrong?
…the additional information skews the odds, and with Cardano's method you can make a rational, though counterintuitive, decision.
We have all probably "trusted our intuitions" in crucial moments but haven't had rational explanations for why we did so, or for that matter, we probably don't have a good definition of what intuition is either.
The Nikzor site has some good fallacies and Marilyn Vos Savant's (of Parade and Jarvik fame) page has some as well.
*Check out Johnson's garage band science page if you're interested in simple experiments, especially to do with electricity.
Roger Scruton In The City Journal: Cities For Living–Is Modernism Dead?
Modernism may even have a lot to do with a certain aesthetic totalitarianism, a desire to grant the architect the ability to see all in his vision, and plan other peoples' lives accordingly.
Well, minus the car anyways. Are you persuaded?
Some of Le Corbusier's work here, examples of Modern Architecture here.
Does anyone know more about Unger?
He seems to have roots in Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, and even the romantics. I've found that some Latin American thinkers are animated by a deep progressivism as they try and negotiate with the success of more conservative traditions (American and European legal, political, philosophical).
Oh boy…but still…he's a deep thinker.
Latin-America also tends to have a non-Reformation Catholicism (Spanish) influence and not as strong of an Enlightenment influence either.
See Also: More here. Check out Law At The End Of The Day on the Blogroll as well.


text:
Interesting Facts and Useful HSBC Information
Sir Thomas Sutherland – the father of HSBC
The name of Sir Thomas Sutherland is connected to one of the largest banking empires in the world at the present moment. The prominent Scotsman went down in history as the founder of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking corporation, which, a century and a half after its establishment, is known as the HSBC Holding plc.
Thomas Sutherland was born in 1834. He was the son of one Robert Sutherland of Aberdeen. Sutherland received his formal education in his home city, graduating from the Aberdeen University. After his studies were complete, the then young man started out his career in banking and trade as a clerk in the London office of the prominent Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Even at that time, he showed a keen eye for business that did not escape his superiors. It was just a couple of years later when Thomas Sutherland was promoted to the post of superintendant and sent to the Hong Kong offices of the P&O. His task was to oversee the operations that the company was conducting in Asia. This was naturally important for the P&O because at that time China was slowly but surely opening its borders for foreign trade, which was to bring considerable financial benefits for the British companies that would manage to establish themselves at this huge market. On the other hand, the overseas appointment had a much more personal importance for Thomas Sutherland – it more or less pre-destined his future and helped him build a financial empire of his own.
First years in Asia
Thomas Sutherland was a natural-born businessman. He quickly managed to navigate in the budding commercial realities in Hong Kong and made a name for himself. It was in 1863 when he managed to secure the chairman position of the Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock for himself. At that time he started exploring the potential markets between China and the United States. The market at this moment was nearly non-existent and finding proper financing was difficult.
Establishment of HSBC and beyond
This prompted Sutherland to begin what was to become probably his most important business venture – the establishment of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. This took place in 1865. While serving as a vice chairman of the corporation, he continued to rise in the ranks of the P&O eventually gaining the post of Managing Director. At the same time he entered British politics. He was elected as a Member of Parliament in 1884. Most of his later years he spent in London where he died in 1922 – after losing his wife Alice Macnaught two years earlier and two sons on the battlefields of the Great War. His legacy, in the face of HSBC however, lives on in the 21st century.
The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation – some key facts
Established on 3 March 1865
Number of current employees – 216 000
Revenue – 78 337 Mrd USD
6 600 offices in 80 countries around the world
The sixth-largest company in the world
Categories: HSBC
← 8 Canada Square – the crown of the HSBC
Hong Kong, the birthplace of HSBC →


From Los Angeles International Airport - Take Sepulveda Exit out of the airport to 405 North. Exit on Highway 101 North/Ventura just past the Ventura Blvd Exit. Exit on Parkway Calabasas. Turn left and then cross bridge over freeway. Turn left on Park Sorrento. From Burbank Airport - Exit airport and turn right onto Hollywood. Then right on Burbank Blvd - left on Vineland - right on Magnolia - left on Tujunga to US 101 North. Exit Parkway Calabasas. Then turn left and go over bridge. Turn The Hilton Garden Inn Calabasas hotel is located in the heart of the City of Calabasas California. just off Parkway Calabasas and the 101 Ventura Freeway. At the Hilton Garden Inn Calabasas hotel you will find everything you need from our friendly service and deluxe accommodations designed to address the needs of today*s travelers in our relaxed atmosphere. Our hotel features were designed with you in mind whether you are visiting the LOS ANGELES AREA for business or leisure within walking distance of OLD TOWN CALABASAS AND THE COMMONS A POPULAR OPEN-AIR SHOPPING CENTER WITH MOVIE THEATERS SHOPS AND MANY RESTAURANTS. Hilton Garden Inn Evolution Solution Rooms featuring GSS Sleep Systems Beds Oversized Work desk with Ergonomic Herman Miller Mirra Chair Signature Alarm Clock with MP3 Player and Portable CDE Player Capability Two speaker phones with voicemail Complimentary secure PrinterON printing to the 24-hour Business Center USA Today each weekday morning Complimentary work out facility and Stay Fit Kits Outdoor heated pool and whirlpool Complimentary self parking Complimentary wireless and hardwired Internet service throughout the entire facility 24-hour Pavilion Pantry convenience mart The Great American Grill restaurant serving made to order breakfast every morning for 9.95 plus tax 1 525 sq ft of meeting space accommodating up to 100ppl with full catering services available. Our hotel in California is the perfect center point of access to several of the most popular attractions in the west Los Angeles area. 1 block to the Calabasas Civic Center - State Library 10 miles from Malibu Beach 16 miles from Santa Monica Pier 23 miles to Ronald Reagan Library 17 miles to Getty Museum. ***** Everything. Right where you need it. ***** Parking left on Park Sorrento.
Enjoy freshly prepared full American or continental breakfasts in a relaxed setting. Open Monday through Friday 6.00am - 10am and Saturday Sunday and Holidays from 7am - 11am. A wide variety of salads soups sandwiches pasta and specialty items are offered on the menu for room service and dinner.


We marked Safer Internet Day on Tuesday 5th February by creating our own child-friendly e-safety policy. You can download it below.
We also held a 'Keeping your child safe online' session for parents. You can find the presentation below. It probably makes more sense with a commentary so please ask if you have any questions!
Online safety is an incredibly important part of our curriculum. It is vital that parents keep their knowledge of this up to date. Click the link below for a regular comprehensive newsletter about internet safety.


New School Year – TSRQ is real!
As a new school year begins, I hope all teachers will think about their relationships with their new students they will be meeting soon (if you haven't met them already). Teacher Student Relationship Quality and the profound effect on students are real and well documented.
Across K-12 continuum – students (especially Black & Latino) are more positively responsive when teachers display genuine caring and support for them yet are still demanding and have high expectations.
Teaching is the one profession that can make you feel like a rock star without singing or playing a note. Just walk down the hall and visit with the students you had last year. Miraculously, all the homework battles, the writing revisions, and the calls made home are forgotten…and in their place are high pitch screams, smiles, and hugs all around as they see a familiar caring face!
If we know the effects of teacher student relationships and we enter this profession because we care about children and want to make a significant difference….then one has to wonder why isn't a high TSRQ a given in every classroom?
Listed below are some easy ways to build a caring relationship with your students as you begin the new school year.
Greet your new students each day as they enter your class. You may be the first person that actually said hello and smiled at them since they woke up.
Take some time throughout the day to actually chat with and listen to your new students. Find out what they like, their fav movies, TV shows, and books. Do they play any sports and what are their hobbies if any. Make that personal connection. You'll be surprised at the info you can use later to help make a future lesson relevant to that student.
Treat the invitation to attend that sporting event, dance recital, birthday party, etc. from your student as a special honor and make every effort to be there.
I was a former elementary school teacher. I was lucky enough to teach some of my students twice – as 2nd graders and then later when I switched grades as 4th graders! I've been to first communions, sporting events, high school graduations, and "an engagement luncheon" (in the photo above) … and yes, I felt like a rock star!
To all my teacher friends….wishing you a great school year and the best teacher-student relationships!


This small pub sits in the middle of a crossroads in the small village of Grimstad. Once a mere barn that sat near the road, the barn was converted by an enterprising former clergyman. After spending years watching others enjoy life while he struggled to show the One God his humility and reverence, he opted to change his ways.
This small pub sits in the middle of a crossroads in the small village of Grimstad. Once a mere barn that sat near the road, the barn was converted by an enterprising former clergyman. After spending years watching others enjoy life while he struggled to show the One God his humility and reverence, he opted to change his ways. After robbing the small church he made his way to what would later become Grimstad and won the barn in a game of dice. In a moment of craziness he was determined to turn the barn into his future. Spending the remaining gold, he converted barn into a pub on the first floor. After a year of operation, he was able to rather poorly convert the upstairs into four private rooms which can be rented out for a modest fee of 1gp. The menu at the Four Dead Ponies is somewhat limited. All items are either grown locally or pulled from the sea. A typical meal consists of Sheperd's Pie, Buttered Potatoes, Crackers or Bread and boiled vegetables. It is not exceptionally tasteful but generous in proportion considering the fee of just 1gp. Drinks that may be purchased are a stout lager called Burtgut and a mild drink, a local favorite called Honey-Butter Beer. Each can be purchased for a half coin.


How do I get order from your customers? What are my benefits?
Once our customer placed the takeout or delivery order at Rmeals.com, the order e-mail is generated and sent to the restaurant via e-mail , fax, our internet page (http://www.Rmeals.com/owner/today_orders.aspx) The attached cell phone if any may beep when a new order comes in or there is a change in the order.
http://yourrestaurant.Rmeals.com will take the customer to your menu directly.
How much does that cost to me?
There are three options, either monthly Subscription, semi-annually subscription or percentage of sale order, to join www.rmeals.com as the vendor.
Service charge of 10% of the sale order through Rmeals.com.
How do the customers choose my restaurant?
If you have your own website, then we can assist you to leave a link (ex. http://xyz.Rmeals.com) at your site. The customer will go to your restuarant directly on clicking the link from your website. Pl. check one of our vendor at http://www.redbowlcary.com .
Do I need internet to use the service?
No. If you do not have internet, you can get the order via fax. We will help you to setup the internet at your restaurant if you like.
Do I have to collect money from the customers?
Yes. You are responsible to collect money from the customers. We do not charge anything to the customer any.
I do not have any delivery people or mechanism. Can I still participate with Rmeals.com ?
Yes you can participate as takeout only vendor. We will try to arrange taxi service in your area to do the external delivery if you prefer.
How do I enter my restaurant's menu?
Rmeals.com provides an easy way to maintain your menu in the system. There will be an admin section for your restaurant. You can alter the menu whenever it is needed. It is very intuitive to add, update or remove menu/special items everyday.
How do you calculate delivery charge on our behalf?
Rmeals.com calculates distance between your restaurant and the delivery address automatically and hence the delivery charge. However, you dictate how much you want to charge for each mile. You can choose to limit your service to the areas that you are comfortable delivering. Delivery option is only available for the customers who are within the radius of your restaurant that you specify.
I have a website for my restaurant. Can i choose to use your service on my website itself?
Yes. We will send you a line of code to put it on your website. thats it. your website is ready to accept the online order. Customer will stay at your restaurant's website for the entire order lifecycle. It provides classy way to accept online order from your website itself. We can customize to blend it with your website look and feel.


The "Calendar" module is designed for scheduling personal time and planning general corporate events.
Each user has a personal calendar, where he/she can schedule personal events, and the "Invitations" section for all the events he/she is invited to by other users. For planning general company's events, the unlimited number of common calendars can be created in this module (e.g. "Meetings", "Conferences", etc.) with different rights granted to users.
With support of CalDAV standard, you can configure synchronization of calendars and events between TeamWox system and external applications. For example, you can work with events via iPad calendar.
•All available calendars are shown in the left part of the module.
•Commands for event creation, calendar printing, export and viewing reports are located in the top part.
•The main part contains events.


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Archives For Savings Group Programs
Savings Group Programs
Staff / Travels Stories we love
Extreme Poverty, Philippines, Savings Group Programs
What I saw in a cemetery
By Malu Garcia, Savings Group Program Training Specialist (Philippines)
Several months ago, I joined a savings group that meets in an unusual location: a cemetery.
Since the 1980s, a growing number of people have chosen to live in the Cebu Chinese Cemetery—now totaling more than 100 families, some of whom have even given birth to their children in the cemetery. Some have transformed covered tombs into homes by hanging tarps for privacy—meaning that the gravestone serves as their table for meals and their bed at night. Others sleep on uncovered graves—no roof over their heads, no privacy, and no protection from animals. Some of the tombs are open, meaning that the relatives of the dead person have removed the bones and transferred them elsewhere. Near some of the oldest caskets, pieces of bone are littered on the surrounding area. The children run around these tombs as though they were in a playground. The young people and adults play cards over the tombs. I wondered where they take a bath, where their toilet is, where they wash their clothes.
To me, the heaviest part of their situation is that they expect to live out their entire lives in the cemetery. They have stopped dreaming of owning a proper home someday. But I believe that it is not God's design for people to live with the dead; it is God's design for people to be able to dream of more for their lives. He wants people and communities to flourish and experience Him.
Investing in Dreams, monthly giving, Rwanda, Savings Group Programs
4 women in Rwanda share their dreams
For countless families around the world, financial need has crushed dreams. Over time, poverty can suppress even the ability to dream. Yet, at HOPE International, we believe in a God who rekindles dreams.
In underserved communities around the HOPE network, nearly 900,000 men and women are harboring dreams like launching new businesses, seeing their children graduate, and owning their own homes. These same families are investing their own time, hard work, and funds—and leveraging HOPE's financial services—to see those dreams come to fruition.
In these photos, members of the Let's Fight Poverty savings group in Rwanda share their dreams. Meeting by meeting, cent by cent these savings group members faithfully pool their resources and seek the Lord, their eyes fixed on what could be.
Photos / Media Staff / Travels Stories we love
loan sharks, Malawi, Savings Group Programs
What life is like before savings groups
By Kevin Tordoff
I recently found myself in Malawi, known colloquially as the Warm Heart of Africa. Driving into a southern community, we stopped by the side of the road by Nixon, a volunteer church facilitator for savings groups. Nixon has been serving in this role for the past four years—almost since HOPE Malawi's inception. Riding his trusty bicycle, Nixon weaved his way through the dusty dirt roads, guiding us to the home where the savings group meeting was held.
Like many savings groups around the HOPE International network, the Mgwirizano ("unity") savings group is comprised of 14 multi-generational members. As the meeting began, they enthusiastically shared how the loans from their pooled savings had allowed them to build and repair their homes, how goats had been purchased for breeding and other productive purposes. Their hard work farming small plots of land and selling the produce at market enabled the members to have the funds needed to pay back any loans disbursed from the group's savings.
Leading HOPE's marketing department for over a decade, these stories had begun to feel standard—I'd read and heard countless stories like the one the group shared, and I'd even had the opportunity to visit savings groups in the past that looked very similar to this one.
But then, a young man, Samson, from the group arose and directed an unexpected question at me: "Where have you been, HOPE?"
Compassion International, Open hands, partnership, Savings Group Programs
New partnership with Compassion International
HOPE International is thrilled to announce a new partnership with Compassion International to equip their local church partners with savings group programs. Read more in this press release:


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Tag - Nalbari
Indian Army's chopper makes emergency landing in Nalbari, Two choppers come to the rescue
Nalbari: An Indian Army's chopper made an emergency landing at Koithalkuchi High School Playground on Thursday after the onboard pilot experienced a...
Man allegedly stabs sister-in-law with dagger in Assam's Nalbari District
Nalbari: A man allegedly stabs his sister-in-law with a sharp dagger over a heated argument in Balajan area in Nalbari District on Tuesday evening. As...
Watch Video: More than 100 plus girls join 'Martial Art Training' in Nalbari
Nalbari: At a time when there is a rampant rise in crime and violence against women in the region of Nalbari and other parts of Lower Assam, an...
Police raid at Pharmacy in Nalbari, Huge amount of illegal drugs seized
Nalbari: Huge amount of drugs recovered from a pharmacy in Samta area under Nalbari District on Saturday. As per report, a team from Samta Police and...
Poor Father in Nalbari wandering off alone in search for his 25-year-old Missing Son
Nalbari: Here's a heart-wrenching story of a poor father in Nalbari wandering off alone for his one and only son Achyut Rajbongshi, who is reported...
Read Here: Secret Life of 'Red Flying Fox Bat' that resides in Nalbari's Chengnoi Village
Nalbari: At a time when there are reports of death of 17 people in Kerala after being infected with the deadly Nipah virus (NiV) created panic among the...
One Apprehended with 7.65 mm pistol in Nalbari
Nalbari: Based on inputs, Belsor Police personnel apprehended a person along with 7.65 mm pistol and two round bullets from his possession. The apprehended...
Daily wage earner's Daughter from Nalbari gets Distinction in HSLC 2019, also Check out her unique Habit!
Nalbari: Hard to believe, but yes, there is a girl from Nalbari, not financially stable alike other candidates of HSLC 2019 though, she carries a unique habit...
CM Sarbananda Sonowal condemns attack on journalists in Nalbari
Guwahati: Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal today strongly condemned the attack on journalist Rajen Deka and Upasana Baruah Goswami. In a statement, the Chief...
Health Department: Three more Medical Colleges to be established in Assam
Guwahati: In order to achieve the vision of bringing the facilities of health to all corners of the State the Government of Assam is going to start three new...


Black is the favorite color majority of the people due to this people search black in those thing which they buy like when people going for shopping demanded black color as well as mobile phones and cars color specially people demanded black because black is a royal color. As well as people are more conscious about color in every field here we talk about furniture so following these trend and behavior we decide to introduce some pallet furniture plan with black color. We came here with diy pallet black patios furniture. Now a days we focus on coloring in our projects and plans because color scheme is much important when you going to make anything. So here some diy pallet black patio ideas and plans for you.
Color conscious people demanded which they have favorite color sometime they are not get the things which they want due to some color problems the suggestion is for those people make the by yourself at your home like diy pallet black patio.
This picture show the full royal style patio which made with wooden pallet. The color combination is so sophisticated and ideal for this type of furniture because simple thing looks good in simple colors not in ordinary colors suite for this. Black and white combination with green plants have the best plans for a patio for your garden added more beauty.
This is the best and most beautiful plan for you if you interested in to making a patio in your garden or lawn. Wooden pallet day by day improve the value and demand by the people due to this type of beautiful projects.


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Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3 Episode 5 Episode 8 Episode 9 Episode 10 Episode 11 Episode 12 Episode 13
Watch Life on a Stick Online
Watch Life on a Stick Full Series Online. Life on a Stick is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from March 24 to April 27, 2005. Thirteen episodes of the show were completed, but Fox only showed the first five before pulling the show due to poor ratings.
Actors: Amy Yasbeck, Charlie Finn, Matthew Glave, Maz Jobrani, Rachelle Lefevre, Saige Thompson, Zachary Knighton
Duration: 22,30 min
Tags:Ended FOX Series Maintenance Series 2005
Watch Betrayed Full Series Online. Revisits heart-pounding cases of deception that ended in murder at the hands of a trusted family member, co-worker, lover, or friend. Told through the lens…
Watch Nikita Full Series Online. Nikita will stop at nothing to expose and destroy Division, the secret U.S. agency who trained her as a spy and assassin.
Watch Instinct Full Series Online. Dr. Dylan Reinhart, a gifted author, university professor and former CIA operative is lured back to his old life by tenacious top NYPD Detective Lizzie…
Watch Almost Family Full Series Online. An only child finds her life turned upside down when her father reveals that, over the course of his prize-winning career as a pioneering…
Watch Smallville Full Series Online. The origins of the world's greatest hero–from Krypton refugee Kal-el's arrival on Earth through his tumultuous teen years to Clark Kent's final steps toward embracing…
Watch Sacred Games Full Series Online. A link in their pasts leads an honest cop to a fugitive gang boss, whose cryptic warning spurs the officer on a quest to…
Watch Difficult People Full Series Online. Difficult People hails from the comedic minds of Julie Klausner (Ugly Americans) and Billy Eichner (Emmy-nominated Billy on the Streets), who star as themselves….
Watch Ellens Game of Games Full Series Online. An hour of supersized versions of the most popular and hilariously fun games from The Ellen DeGeneres Show. Contestants, pulled right from…
Genre: Talk
Watch You Are Wanted Full Series Online. Lukas Franke finds himself a victim of a hacking attack, his online information altered to implicate him as having masterminded a cyber-attack on…
Watch The Flash Full Series Online. After a particle accelerator causes a freak storm, CSI Investigator Barry Allen is struck by lightning and falls into a coma. Months later he…


Alison is the Chief Officer of Warrington Voluntary Action.
Warrington Voluntary Action supports the development of a vibrant, thriving and sustainable third sector to meet the diverse needs of local communities.
Provide information, guidance and resources enabling local voluntary, community and faith organisations to deliver effective quality services.
Promote, support and develop social action and volunteering for individuals and local communities to make a positive difference.
Initiate and nurture the development of new groups, schemes, enterprises or activities to meet identified needs.
Support local networks and forums to facilitate and encourage effective partnerships and strengthen cross sector working.
Enable effective representation and involvement on key strategic partnership bodies to ensure third sector organisations have a strong voice.


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China's top quality watchdog has asked General Motors, Daimler's Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen to fulfill their obligations to recall vehicles in China affected by faulty Takata air bags, it said in a statement.
The three foreign carmakers have to date only proposed recalling a small number of vehicles for testing and analysis instead of providing recall plans, said the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine on its website late on Thursday.
The watchdog said it met the carmakers' representatives and urged them to fulfill their legal obligations and recall affected vehicles as soon as possible.
It estimated that more than 20 million cars in China were equipped with the air bags made by Japanese auto parts maker Takata Corp 7312.T, which have been linked to at least 16 deaths and 180 injuries around the world. The bags have the potential to explode with too much force and spray shrapnel.
Of 37 car manufacturers affected by the faulty air bag issue in China, 24 had already recalled 10.59 million cars by the end of June while another five had made plans to recall a further 1.26 million vehicles, it said.
Daimler, BAIC to invest $735 million in electric vehicles in China
Canadian auto sales jump in June, racking up another record
VW resumes Iran exports, picks Mammut Khodro as partner


Southend missed out on automatic promotion after losing at Morecambe on the final day and seeing nearest rivals Bury win at Tranmere.
Jack Redshaw fired the hosts ahead from six yards but Jack Payne levelled from inside the box soon after.
Aaron Wildig then put Morecambe back in front when his shot from inside the area trickled over the line.
And Jamie Devitt then struck a third to leave Southend facing Stevenage in the League Two play-off semi-finals.
At half-time it looked like Phil Brown's side would secure their place in League One next season, but that all changed when Tom Soares put Bury ahead at Tranmere.
The Shakers held on to beat Southend to third place by one point.
Match ends, Morecambe 3, Southend United 1.
Second Half ends, Morecambe 3, Southend United 1.
Corner, Southend United. Conceded by Andreas Arestidou.
Corner, Southend United. Conceded by Andy Parrish.
Attempt saved. Barry Corr (Southend United) right footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal.
Substitution, Morecambe. Aaron McGowan replaces Jack Redshaw.
Attempt missed. Paul Mullin (Morecambe) right footed shot from outside the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt blocked. Kevan Hurst (Southend United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Attempt missed. Joe Pigott (Southend United) right footed shot from the left side of the box is close, but misses to the right.
Attempt missed. Kevin Ellison (Morecambe) header from the centre of the box misses to the right.
Substitution, Southend United. Joe Pigott replaces Ben Coker.
Attempt missed. Barry Corr (Southend United) header from the centre of the box is too high.
Substitution, Morecambe. Stewart Drummond replaces Andrew Fleming.
Goal! Morecambe 3, Southend United 1. Jamie Devitt (Morecambe) right footed shot from the centre of the box to the bottom left corner. Assisted by Jack Redshaw.
Attempt blocked. Kevan Hurst (Southend United) left footed shot from the centre of the box is blocked.
Attempt saved. Jack Payne (Southend United) left footed shot from the left side of the box is saved in the bottom right corner.
Substitution, Southend United. John White replaces Gary Deegan.
Kevan Hurst (Southend United) wins a free kick in the attacking half.
Attempt blocked. David Worrall (Southend United) right footed shot from outside the box is blocked.
Kevin Ellison (Morecambe) hits the bar with a header from the centre of the box.
Goal! Morecambe 2, Southend United 1. Aaron Wildig (Morecambe) right footed shot from the left side of the six yard box to the bottom left corner.
Attempt missed. Jamie Devitt (Morecambe) right footed shot from outside the box misses to the left.


Satisfy your addiction to purple with the deep, rich tones in our amethyst gemstones.
This pair of ear studs have slightly faceted genuine semiprecious gemstones to catch and reflect light from all angles. A classic addition to any wardrobe.
Genuine 925 sterling silver, rhodium plated.
When you purchase something from Trouvée.Co, you support the ethical practices of our artisans and manufacturers in Asia. We are strongly against underpaid/maltreated/child labour, and all our jewellery is made by verified facilities around the world.


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Camden Symphony Orchestra
Elizabeth Roberts - Soprano
Elizabeth Roberts appears on two recordings with the BBC Symphony Orchestra: Chausson Le roi Arthus (Leon Botstein); and Marx Herbstchor an Pan (Jiří Bĕlohlávek). She has broadcast on BBC Radio 3 with BBCSO and Martyn Brabbins from the Royal Festival Hall in Birtwistle's The Second Mrs Kong (Terror/ First Woman). Her operatic roles include Massenet's Salome (Hérodiade) with Francisco Lara, Valladolid; Lauretta (Gianni Schicchi) under Nicoletta Conti, Italy; Cio-Cio San (Madama Butterfly) under Harry Ogg, Les Heures Musicales d'Aujols, and for Opera Southeast and Regents Opera; Mimì (La bohème), Headfirst Productions and Opus One Opera; Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), Headfirst Productions; Countess of Dunmow (A Dinner Engagement), Minotaur Music Theatre; Tosca (Tosca); Contessa Almaviva (Figaro), Fiordiligi (Così), Musetta (La bohème).
Oratorio performances regularly take her throughout the UK and overseas, including Darmstadt (Vaughan Williams A Sea Symphony, Philharmonie Südwestfalen, Wolfgang Seeliger), and Beijing (Orff Carmina Burana, Peking Sinfonietta, Nicholas Smith OBE). Recent highlights in the UK include Verdi's Requiem in Dorchester Abbey, Mahler's Rückert Lieder with the Colchester Symphony Orchestra and Mahler orchestral songs and Symphony No 4 with the Scottish Sinfonia, Edinburgh.
Elizabeth studied song repertoire with Malcolm Martineau at Crear and is a keen recitalist. In 2012 she premiered Keith Burstein's Songs of Love & Solitude with Julian Gallant at Pushkin House, and gave a recital of Strauss, Debussy and Weill with Kelvin Lim in the Crush Room, Royal Opera House.
She was honoured to be chosen as soprano soloist at the entry of the Olympic Flame and lighting of the cauldron in the Opening Ceremony of the London 2012 Olympic Games.
Elizabeth first performed with us in 2008, singing the soprano solos in Barber's Knoxville: Summer of 1915 and Mahler's Symphony No 4 and she joined us again in November 2014 for as one of the soloists for Beethoven's Symphony No 9. Elizabeth agreed to return in March 2020 to perform Strauss' Four Last Songs with us, but sadly we had to cancel this concert due to the global coronavirus pandemic. We're delighted that we're able to reschedule the performance for July 2022, and we're really looking forward to finally performing the Strauss together.
Elizabeth is represented by Singers Direct, and you can find out more about her on her own website.
Camden Symphony Orchestra is a registered charity, no. 1081563
This orchestra is affiliated to Making Music which represents and supports amateur choirs, orchestras and music promoters.
© Camden Symphony Orchestra. Site by GetStudio


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Wearable technology and COVID-19 – The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
A basic smartwatch or fitness tracker can be bought for less than £40. It will tell you how many steps you have walked, the calories you have expended, and the quality of your sleep. It will track your heart rate and nag you if you spend too much time sitting down. Depending on the model, there might even be monitors for blood oxygen and blood pressure. The more advanced devices are able to detect breathing disturbances. Other functions might include electrocardiograms, fall detectors, and skin temperature gauges. It is a thriving market. One in four Americans is thought to own some kind of wearable technology.
The implications for health care are enormous. "Wearables provide a nearly continuous stream of data; they monitor vital signs and help identify changes that are happening in the body in real time", said Robert Hirten, Associate Professor of Medicine & Artificial Intelligence at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (New York City, NY, USA). A 2020 study involving more than 47 000 Fitbit users in the USA concluded that data on resting heart rate and sleep duration could significantly improve models predicting trends in influenza-like illnesses. In a study published last year, a machine learning model used data taken from wrist-based wearables to diagnose rhinovirus and influenza with high accuracy. It also proved capable of distinguishing between different severities of disease, 24 h before the emergence of symptoms.
"The COVID-19 pandemic has really pushed things forward", Hirten told The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. Several studies have used wearables to predict the onset of COVID-19. Hirten co-authored a paper that found that changes in heart rate variability, captured by a smartwatch, signalled the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection several days in advance of diagnosis. Other studies have explored the effects of vaccination on the body, which could potentially lead to individualised dosing, and how long it takes for the heart rate to return to baseline after an individual has contracted SARS-CoV-2, which could help to map the course of disease as well as identify cases of long COVID.
Researchers using wearables to detect whether the body is in the early stages of fighting infection currently tend to focus on metrics related to heart rate, which are relatively straightforward to capture. But as wearables become increasingly capable of collecting precise data on functions such as respiration rate and skin temperature, and as algorithms are honed to take into account the effect of infection on markers of activity, models can be optimised. A study of 32 individuals who contracted COVID-19 in 2020 found that 26 of them showed changes in heart rate, number of daily steps, or sleep duration. In several cases, these changes occurred more than a week before the appearance of symptoms.
All of which opens up a route to a future in which users of smartwatches and fitness trackers receive alerts letting them know that their recent biometric data are indicative of infection and perhaps they ought to consider isolating. The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for contact tracing is already well-established. Wearables offer the opportunity to warn individuals that they might have been exposed to a virus and subsequently inform them when the exposure appears to have translated into infection.
Hirten noted that as machine learning approaches are applied to the large quantities of information extracted from wearables, they will start to tease out the subtle physiological signals that hint at the presence of an infection or other disease state. "We have a proof-of-concept that we are able to predict inflammatory events, such as respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, but the approaches are not specific to one infection or aetiology", explained Hirten. Combining data taken from wearables with self-reported symptoms could prove productive, although users might not have the time or inclination to continually provide updated information.
"Having your own personalised baseline can help you understand your health better and raise the red flag when things move outside the baseline", added Julia Moore Vogel, Program Director of The Participant Center, All of Us Research Program at Scripps Research (La Jolla, CA, USA). She has had long COVID for over 2 years. "I had brain fog for around 6 months after the initial infection, and it still occurs when I do too much. Daily, I have fatigue, headaches, and some chest pain", said Vogel. Individuals with long COVID, including Vogel, commonly find that up to 72 h after overexerting themselves, they experience a flare-up of their symptoms. Carefully choosing when to be active and when to rest, a process known as pacing, can help to manage the condition.
"Pacing helps you avoid some of the lows associated with long COVID, but the problem is that you cannot always tell when you are overdoing things, and there is a lag before you feel the consequences", said Vogel. Physical exertion is only one side of the story. The brain uses about 20% of the body's energy supplies. "It took me a while to realise that cognitive rests are just as important as physical ones, but it is much easier to keep a handle on how much exercise you have done than it is to monitor how hard your brain has been working", said Vogel.
The Body Battery function on Garmin smartwatches uses physical activity, sleep, and stress levels to provide a composite score from 0–100 that equates to how much energy you have left. "I have been using the body battery to manage my symptoms. I work to a threshold, and it means my symptoms are reasonably stable", said Vogel. She is leading a planned study on whether wearables can help individuals with long COVID to implement pacing. "We still need treatments to resolve long COVID", stressed Vogel. "But for many people, managing their symptoms through pacing can help improve their quality of life; wearables can give you quantifiable data on how to do that."
Marielle Gross is Assistant Professor in the Center for Bioethics and Health Law at the University of Pittsburgh (Philadelphia, PA, USA). She pointed out that wearables are entangled with serious ethical considerations. "We are repurposing devices that have been designed and validated for a particular set of uses and applying them to health care, but we are not asking what it means to change the context in this way", said Gross. Manufacturers are not typically drawn from the health-care technology community. Regulators are having to figure out how to address products that straddle the line between consumer goods and medical devices. Gross worries that we may be sleepwalking into a state of biosurveillance. After all, wearables provide data not just on where people are located but on the nuances of their physical condition.
"Are wearables genuinely improving patient health and wellbeing?", asked Gross. She speculated that, for some people, sleep trackers might be more likely to accentuate anxiety over nocturnal habits than to improve them. "Quantification of life is not necessarily therapeutic", said Gross. Even over the course of a single day, wearables generate vast amounts of data. There are plenty of companies that would be willing to purchase this information. Advertisers could end up knowing more about consumers than the consumers know about themselves.
"People are giving up a huge amount of sensitive, personal data—are we aware of the consequences of this? Who really benefits?", said Gross. The data derived from wearables is often much more detailed than that contained within medical records, or obtained during clinical trials, yet the protections are far looser. Gross suggests decentralising data ownership, so that it remains with the person whose body is its source. A system analogous to that in place for online payments, which are made without the purchaser revealing all their credit card details, could be established to transmit biometric data gathered from wearables.
There are also questions over whether the advent of wearables will worsen inequalities. Users tend to be drawn from richer and better educated sections of society. Some people might be uncomfortable with navigating electronic devices that spew out endless numbers related to an array of physical functions. "The expectation is that as wearables become more advanced, and more players enter the field, prices will come down", said Hirten. "That should help improve their availability, but we will still need to be very careful to make sure that the benefits they can provide are applied across socioeconomic groups, so that no-one gets left behind." Vogel hopes that as the evidence base grows, there will be an unanswerable case for American health insurance companies to cover wearable devices and for public health-care systems elsewhere to routinely prescribe them.
Meanwhile, the field will continue to expand at breakneck speed. Smart facemasks, which can detect the presence of airborne viruses, might come to characterise the next pandemic. A combination of telemedicine with wearable technology could remove the need for a lot of face-to-face appointments. If a breath-borne biomarker for lung cancer were ever to be developed, a wearable could be adapted to detect it. Patients who would previously have required intensive care might be permitted to recover at home, monitored by wearables and recalled to hospital if their vital signs deteriorate. "The line between the body and the digital realm is only going to get more and more blurry", concluded Gross.
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Posted in Science
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