The paper will examine the structural characteristics of the SADC economies and its lop-sidedness in terms of size and patterns of production, consumption and trade. This basic problem of the transformation of the economies in the sub-region will constitute an important part of my analysis of the determinants of exports from SADC. Though the picture of the economic performance of a few of the Southern African economies appears to be improving, the region's economies are still characterised by poor manufacturing capabilities, declining market share in international markets and a sluggish economic growth.
The paper will also provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted issues that act as deterrent to growing trade in the SADC region. In doing this, the paper examines the factors influencing the performance of SADC economies. The paper argues that until policy makers constantly address the issues ranging from the macro-economic factors such as price stability, foreign exchange regimes and gross capital formation, first at the domestic level, efforts at trade liberalisation at the regional and international level though not meaningless, will not deliver growth in trade from the region.
The paper reports on the construction and testing of a Standard International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) computable general equilibrium model for South Africa. A 1998 social accounting matrix (SAM) for South Africa is compiled using national accounts information and recently released supply-use tables. By updating to a recent year, and by distinguishing between producers and commodities, this SAM is an improvement on the existing SAM databases for South Africa.
Furthermore, this SAM is made consistent with the requirements of IFPRI's standard comparative static computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This model is then used to simulate the economy- wide impact of a range of hypothetical policy levers, including: increased government spending; the elimination of tariff barriers; and an improvement in total factor productivity. Results indicate that assumptions made regarding the mechanisms of macroeconomic adjustment are important in determining the expected impacts of these policies. Firstly, despite mixed results concerning changes in household income distribution, the impact of expansionary fiscal policy appears to be growth enhancing, with the Keynesian style adjustment mechanism producing the most positive results.
Secondly, a complete abolition of import tariffs also appears to generate increases in gross domestic product, with negative and positive consequences for aggregate manufacturing and services respectively.
Finally, an increase in total factor productivity is growth enhancing, with the most positive results derived under neoclassical assumptions of the macroeconomic adjustment mechanisms. These simulations are meant to demonstrate the usefulness for economy-wide policy modelling and the paper concludes by highlighting areas of policy analysis that might benefit from more detailed applications with this framework.
In this paper, we examine the changing role of trade in South Africa and SADC from different vantage points. We first review progress in liberalizing South Africa's trade regime, and conclude that, while signs of progress are clear, the levels and complexity of protection continue to pose barriers to the evolution of efficient trading patterns and a constraint to growth. We also find that trade liberalization has not led to de-industrialization of the South African economy: while import penetration has risen, exports have grown as well, so that the net impact from expanding trade is positive. But the net numbers remain small, and the limited employment creation is biased towards skilled workers, suggesting that the full potential from expanding trade has not been realized. We turn our focus next to the SADC region, and examine the fiscal implications of the proposed SADC FTA, highlighting both the administrative complexity of harmonizing tariff regimes among the diverse SADC economies, and the differential fiscal costs of the proposed arrangements for the participating economies. Finally, we look at the economic impact of alternative free trade areas (FTAs) for the region, using a multi-region simulation model. We find that these FTA initiatives are beneficial for the region, not only for participants, but even (in the case of the EU-South Africa FTA) for non-participants, since the rest of southern Africa benefits as well from the EU-South Africa agreement. But it is also clear that South Africa alone is not large enough to serve as the growth pole for the entire sub-region.


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Postgraduate Taught Courses 2007¢â'¬â€œ08....
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Text of Postgraduate Taught Courses 2007¢â'¬â€œ08....
Department Of Economics.
Postgraduate Taught Courses 2007–08.
Our degree programmes We offer seven taught MSc postgraduate degrees in economics: MSc Business Analysis and Economics; MSc Development Economics; MSc Economics; MSc Economics and Health Economics; MSc Financial Economics; MSc Money, Banking and Finance; MSc Int Finance and Economics. These degrees offer a comprehensive programme of postgraduate training and research in economics that suit a range of requirements and provide the flexibility for students to develop their own interests. We also offer two research degrees: MPhil and PhD. Details about research degrees in economics at the University of Sheffield are available in a specialist booklet and on-line at: www.sheffield.ac.uk/economics
International students The Department of Economics is currently host to approximately 35 postgraduate overseas students from countries including China, France, Greece, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Taiwan, just to name a few.
Academic support The department provides the teaching and supervision for the MSc programmes. The programmes also draw upon specialist academic staff from other disciplines within the University, and upon the Department's specialist support staff.
Our research The department has a strong research base. Research interests include development economics; economics of education; health economics; industrial economics; international economics and finance; labour economics, and political economy. Strong links with the University's Political Economy Research Centre (PERC) have also been established.
The ESRC awarded the department a "1+3" recognition for postgraduate training. All research training in the department (Masters and PhD) has formal recognition from the Economics and Social Research Council (ESRC). The ESRC is the main UK government supported research funding and training agency addressing economic and social concerns. ESRC recognition for our research training is a quality assurance procedure which ensures that students receive high quality training, supervision and support in an active research environment.
Academic resources Taught postgraduate students have their own computer laboratories, additional to the University's facilities housed in the department. In-house support and training services are provided. Supported software includes Microsoft Office, Eviews, Microfit, Maple, SPSS, and STATA, while further specialist software is available via the University network. In addition to PCs, the network provides access to the University's UNIX computers and to the regional super-computer. The University also provides a comprehensive range of other computer services, e.g. library catalogues, CD-ROM databases and the World Wide Web.
The library system covers all the subjects taught in the University and has over a million books and periodicals; it also provides on-line access to electronic versions of a very large number of journals. The University is opening an Information Commons with 24/7 access to computer facilities and key teaching materials. This will open in late spring/early summer 2007.
Postgraduate Taught Courses 1
Introducing the Department of Economics
The city Sheffield is an important industrial centre as well as a popular tourist and conference centre. In addition to steel and cutlery making for which it is world famous, there are large firms in food manufacture, engineering and hand tools. The city offers its inhabitants and visitors alike a wide variety of cultural and recreational pursuits. There are theatres, major art galleries, concert halls staging international classical and popular events, numerous cinemas, night-clubs and restaurants, parks and gardens, as well as international sporting facilities at the Don Valley Stadium and Ponds Forge. Moreover, Sheffield is surrounded by the spectacular countryside of the Peak District National Park, a favourite venue for hill and rock climbers, walkers and pot-holers.
Easy to reach Sheffield's central location means it is within easy reach of many parts of the UK. Airports including Manchester, Leeds/Bradford, Nottingham East Midlands, and Doncaster Robin Hood Airport are all within a one hour journey. The city is well served by national road and rail networks and has excellent local transport. The University campus is on the western edge of the city centre and is easy to get to by car, bus and tram.
The University We are one of Britain's leading institutions of higher education, currently ranked 69 in the 'Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006' published by the Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jaio Tong University. The University of Sheffield has over 25,000 students, of which 3,500 are overseas students from over 100 countries. The University has over 2000 postgraduate students. The range of subjects covered by the University's 70 departments and research centres is wide. In addition to the usual pure and applied sciences, arts, social sciences and law, there is a large Medical School and a School of Architecture. The Virgin 2007 Alternative Guide to British Universities says that "Sheffield is a top university across the board".
Our campus and facilities The University is a short walk from the city centre and close to the main student residential areas. The Students' Union building and the Octagon Centre at the University provide cafeterias and bars, shops, a cinema, music and games rooms, a bank, a travel bureau, meeting rooms and concert halls. In 2004 Sheffield University Students' Union was voted the best in the country. Over 150 different societies provide the means for students to make contact with those sharing common interests. Membership of the Union entitles you to discounts on trains, the Sheffield Supertram network, buses and numerous shops and places of entertainment throughout Sheffield and the UK. There is also very good provision for leisure activities in the Students' Union and for sporting activities. The University's Sports Centre is located within a few minutes' walk of the central University area and provides an indoor sports centre (with a swimming pool, gymnasium, weights room and squash courts), a small sports field, two all-weather practice pitches and tennis courts.
2 The University of Sheffield
Sheffield and the University
MSc in Business Analysis and Economics The MSc Business Analysis and Economics is specifically designed for those students who wish to develop and apply their skills as economists in the areas of business and management, or want to continue to a research degree. The modules on this degree programme reflect the Department's expertise and research interests in the analysis of labour markets and industrial economics.
MSc in Development Economics This degree applies basic economic principles to the study of global development and policy-making in developing countries. It is rigorous in its exposition yet links in a practical way to the problems of poverty, globalisation, gender, conflict, security and institutional design encountered in development policy-making.
It is suitable for practitioners in international financial institutions, non-governmental organisations and governments in developing countries as well as those intending to pursue careers in academic and research institutions.
MSc degrees
Programme structures
MSc in Business Analysis and Economics
Students are required to take 6 core and 2 optional modules.
Semester 1 Core modules
Macroeconomic Analysis Microeconomic Analysis Modern Finance Quantitative Methods and Econometrics
Industrial Organisation Labour Market Analysis
Optional modules (choose 2) Applied Macroeconometrics Applied Microeconometrics Development Finance Asset Pricing International Money and Finance Mathematical Methods for Economics Public Sector Economics
MSc in Development Economics
Development Economics Macroeconomic Analysis Microeconomic Analysis Quantitative Methods and Econometrics
Development Finance International Money and Finance
Optional modules (choose 2) Applied Macroeconometrics Applied Microeconometrics Asset Pricing Industrial Organisation Labour Market Analysis Mathematical Methods for Economics Public Sector Economics
MSc in Economics This degree is geared towards students who wish to follow a masters programme in Economics with the intention of pursuing a career as an economist in commerce, government or academia. It is a general economics degree designed to allow graduates to pursue a wide range of careers in economics or to continue to a research degree.
The programme structure emphasises the development of the skills required by modern economists. The core modules provide the advanced skills in economic analysis and quantitative techniques, whereas the optional modules allow the student to tailor the degree to their own needs and interests.
MSc in Economics and Health Economics This MSc programme is run jointly with the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield. It is aimed at students who wish to pursue careers as applied economists in the health sector and at those who wish to continue with academic research.
The programme emphasises the development of the advanced analytical and technical capabilities required for applied economics, and how these skills can be used to address the important issues and problems involved in al
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Tag Archives: The Shawshank Redemption
Movie Lists, Movies, Music, Top 5
Top 10: Musical Movie Moments
July 13, 2018 sleeplessdave 3 Comments
CineFix is back after a long hiatus with a brand new list highlighting the 10 best uses of music in movies, instances where music is used inside the film to further the plot…but not musical numbers or scores. There's actually a word for this if you want to forgo a rip on your Word-of-the-Day Calendar: Diegetics. Within this concept are a whole lot of extremely specific uses for music in films: music provided by characters in a scene, contrapuntal scoring (or music provided to underscore a scene wildly out of sync with that particular scene's gravity; think The Mickey Mouse March in Full Metal Jacket or the closing number from The Life of Brian), songs character choose to play that help define that character (ex: Peter Quill dancing to "Come And Get Your Love" in Guardians of the Galaxy), and a whole bunch of more esoteric musical film categories. Diegetics, people.
Diegetic sound. Sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film: voices of characters. sounds made by objects in the story. music represented as coming from instruments in the story space ( = source music)
Almost FamousAmadeusFull Metal JacketHeroLost in TranslationMovie MusicMusicalsScott Pilgrim vs. the WorldThe Blues BrothersThe Shawshank RedemptionTop 10 Musical Movie Moments of All-Time
Movies, My Favorite Scene
My Favorite Scene: The Shawshank Redemption (1994) "Rehabilitated?"
January 13, 2018 sleeplessdave 7 Comments
By turns brutal and beautiful; crude yet wise in a way few pieces of art ever attain, The Shawshank Redemption has grown and grown in popularity since it's release over 20 years ago. When it was released in 1994, it was overshadowed for recognition by "Gumpmania" as Forrest Gump took most of the glory that year, but over time the film has grown so in stature that it is now the highest rated film of all-time by users on the IMDB's Top 250 Films (click here for a more in-depth look at the film).
The parole hearings were a recurring plot device to show both the changes that Otis "Red" Redding (Morgan Freeman) underwent in his decades in prison and the passage of time. This occurs at the very end of the film when a weary Red is dragged one more time in front of the parole board and with withering weariness delivers one of the best monologues Freeman's ever gotten. It's the tired wisdom of an old man desperate to speak sense to his younger self, bereft of the hope that a future is possible. Whatever Red says the final time, it sets him free and on a path to Mexico and a reunion with his best friend.
Best Movies of All-TimeBest Scenes of All-TimeFrank DarabontFreedomMorgan FreemanParolePrisonsRehabilitatedstephen kingThe Shawshank RedemptionThe Shawshank Redemption Best SceneThe Shawshank Redemption Parole Scenetim robbins
Movies, Their 10 Best
Morgan Freeman's 10 Best Movies
September 17, 2017 sleeplessdave 6 Comments
Morgan Freeman passed beyond being one of the most prestigious actors of this generation decades ago. Now, still churning out several films a year, Freeman is capping a resume of over 50 years of work on television and in film that stacks up against the greatest actors of all-time. Most of Freeman's early work was in television including being part of one of the most innovative children's educational programs of all-time, The Electric Company, from 1971-1977. Transitioning to film, his resume grew and grew, but he really didn't become a huge star until 1989 when Lean on Me, Glory, and Driving Miss Daisy were all released. Freeman was already 52-years-old. Now an octogenarian, Freeman continues to be one of the most welcome presences on the screen, graced with a dignity most actors could only dream of, and a voice that can only be described as divine.
Continue reading Morgan Freeman's 10 Best Movies →
Driving Miss DaisyGloryGone Baby GoneInvictusMorgan FreemanMorgan Freeman's 10 Best MoviesMorgan Freeman's Best SceneSe7enThe Dark Knight TrilogyThe Electric CompanyThe LEGO MovieThe Shawshank RedemptionUnforgiven
Essay, Movies
Morgan Freeman's Latest 10 Movies vs. Greatest 10 Movies
July 7, 2014 sleeplessdave 5 Comments
Latest vs. Greatest looks at directors, actors, actresses, screenwriters and composers to assess the state of their career as it stands. We'll look back at the latest 10 movies the artist has done, rate them and then average them out to see where they stand today. We'll also rank their 10 greatest movies and give them the same treatment to compare what they have been doing to their very best work. (A quick side-note: if an artist is/has been a regular on a TV show we'll also grade the seasons individually; artists need 10 projects to qualify).
With all due respect to James Earl Jones, I believe that Morgan Freeman has passed him for BEST VOICE EVER. Freeman's deep tones, dripping with gravitas are welcome whether they're narrating a VISA commercial, the plight of penguins in the Arctic or from his mouth as continues to be one of the best actors in modern cinema. Freeman got his start in features late, working primarily on TV since his first job in 1964 on Another World through the 1970s, appearing on a number of programs, but most famously and endearing to those of my generation, Freeman was a part of the cast of one of the most original children's educational programs ever filmed: The Electric Company. Freeman would stay with the show from 1971-1977. His transition to the big screen really didn't begin (though had appeared in the odd film) until the very end of the 1980's when Freeman was over fifty! He received his first Oscar nomination of six for Street Smart in 1987. He appeared in 1988's powerful Clean and Sober and then in 1989 exploded. He was the powerful principal cleaning up the impossible school in Lean on Me. He was the wise voice of reason for the men of the 54th Massachusetts in, what I believe, is the best film made about the Civil War: Glory. Most famously, though, he was Hoke, the driver in Driving Miss Daisy. Freeman was nominated for another Oscar and the film took Best Picture. After playing my favorite addition to the wildly campy Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (He's Robin's Muslim sidekick from the Crusades just like in the book….hmmm..what?…. the heck you say? Next you'll be telling me that there's no crazy witch and Robin Hood is NOT from Iowa? Ok, now I'm just confused). Freeman in 1992 participated (and was robbed of a nomination for) the greatest Western in modern times: Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven. As Bill Munny's best friend and conscience, his vicious end (spoiler) in many ways strips Eastwood's character of his remaining shackles of morality and brings the film to its bloody climax. Gene Hackman gets all the plaudits for that film, but Freeman was just as integral a part of the ensemble.
The IMDB 250 lists 1994's The Shawshank Redemption as the greatest motion picture of all time. I don't know that I'd put it at the very top….but I wouldn't have it far from it. Coming out the same year the Forrest Gump-fever took the nation, Shawshank was unfortunately overlooked for most awards (though Freeman did get another Oscar nomination). In the 20 years since, though, Shawshank has grown in prestige and popularity until it's hard to find anyone who doesn't list this tale of friendship and hope in the most brutal of places among their favorite films. This is my favorite Freeman performance. When I think of his body of work, the first character of his that comes to mind is Red, either throwing the ball in the yard or walking down the beach at the film's end.
In the following few years, Freeman would co-star with Brad Pitt in the chilling film that made David Fincher's name: S7ven, the very underrated pandemic film Outbreak with Dustin Hoffman and co-star in Steven Spielberg's flawed but still-powerful Amistad.
Then from 1998 – 2005, Morgan Freeman hit a bit of a slump, appearing in a string of average movies. He tried to launch a franchise off of James Patterson's Alex Cross books that had mixed results. He put in a great performance in a REALLY messed up movie: Nurse Betty, that probably should have earned him another Oscar nod. Then he just did some he probably wishes he could take back (Sum of All Fears, Bruce Almighty, Dreamcatcher, etc.)
Freeman's fifth Oscar nomination was the charm and remains the only win he's ever had (criminally, he's never won Best Actor) picking up a win for Best Supporting Actor in Clint Eastwood's Million Dollar Baby. I have major issues with this film. I think I outlined most of them in Clint Eastwood's profile and you can check them out there, but I do NOT have any problems with Morgan Freeman. I don't think I have EVER had a problem with a performance from Morgan Freeman – even in a bad movie. He elevates everything he's in by his mere presence in it. That's how you can tell the great ones from the merely good. He makes everything and everyone around him better just by his presence.
A perfect example of Freeman raising an ensemble is his participation in Christopher Nolan's peerless Dark Knight Trilogy. They could have gotten a lot of actors to play Lucius Fox (Batman's Q, more or less), but sticking Freeman in the part gave it what Freeman always gives everything: gravitas. Nolan strived to make Dark Knight as realistic as possible and as grounded as possible and wisely casting Freeman in a minor, but memorable and pivotal role in all three films was a masterstroke.
Morgan Freeman's latest Oscar nomination was in 2008 for his portrayal of former South African President Nelson Mandela in Clint Eastwood's Invictus. So few (and I haven't seen Idris Elba's take yet so I can't compare) could even step into the shoes of one of the most revered men in modern times and make you forget that an actor is playing him, but Freeman pulls off the feat effortlessly. It's one of my favorite performances he's given.
Which brings us to Freeman's 10 latest films:
FREEMAN'S LATEST TEN:
1. Transcendence (2014)……………………..5.50
2. The LEGO Movie (2014)…………………10.00
3. Last Vegas (2013)………………………………6.75
4. Now You See Me (2013)…………………..9.25
5. Oblivion (2013)………………………………….7.50
6. Olympus Has Fallen (2013)……………..3.75
7. The Dark Knight Rises (2012)……….10.00
8. The Magic of Belle Isle (2012)…………7.75
9. A Dolphin Tale (2011)……………………….6.75
10. RED (2010)………………………………………8.50
FREEMAN'S CURRENT AVERAGE: 7.575
SECOND HIGHEST LATEST AVERAGE FOR ACTORS
Freeman's done a lot of fun but forgettable movies lately (Magic of Belle Isle, Last Vegas, Oblivion) mixed with the conclusion of The Dark Knight Trilogy, his hilarious voice work in this year's The LEGO Movie and last year's underrated and tons-of-fun Now You See Me. His average is the second highest (behind Robert Downey Jr.) of the actors we've examined and I think that's certainly an offshoot of what I was talking about earlier. Freeman raises average films to good, good to really good and really good to great.
FREEMAN'S GREATEST TEN
1. The Dark Knight (2008)……………………..10.00
2. The Shawshank Redemption (1994)..10.00
3. Unforgiven (1992)……………………………….10.00
4. Glory (1989)………………………………………….10.00
5. Batman Begins (2005)…………………………10.00
6. The Dark Knight Rises (2012)……………10.00
7. The LEGO Movie (2014)……………………..10.00
8. Amistad (1997)………………………………………..9.25
10. Driving Miss Daisy (1989) ………………….9.00
FREEMAN'S GREATEST AVERAGE: 9.750
SECOND HIGHEST GREATEST AVERAGE FOR ACTORS
Freeman's career score is also the second-highest (Tom Hanks) of any actor profiled yet, which is astounding when you consider that his career started so late. You could argue about the order, but that Freeman has at least 10 films of darn near perfect quality is undeniable from his resume. Freeman will next star with Scarlet Johansson in Lucy later this month and has The Last Knights and We the People also on his 2014 plate before he returns to the one really bad movie he's made in the last ten, Olympus Has Fallen, for its sequel: London Has Fallen (whyyyyy?).
Many actors are very good. Many actors show flashes of greatness from time-to-time. I don't think there's anyone in Hollywood who brings more to the table by his mere presence than Morgan Freeman. He's still working like a young man, too, so I wouldn't count out the possibility of a few more perfect 10's from Mr. Freeman. In a relatively short career, he's turned in indelible performances in classic films that will live on long after all of us are gone.
batman beginsDriving Miss DaisyGloryLatest vs. GreatestLean on Memillion dollar babyMorgan FreemanMorgan Freeman's Greatest MoviesmoviesS7venThe Dark Knightthe dark knight risesThe LEGO MovieThe Shawshank RedemptionUnforgiven
Movies, My Favorite Scene, Top 5
Top 5: Scenes From The Shawshank Redemption
May 9, 2014 sleeplessdave 29 Comments
We're going to try something different every month during one of the Top 5 columns. Moving down the IMDB (International Movie Database) Top 250 films, we'll name the top five scenes (in my order) from films so good that our regular "My Favorite Scene" column can't do them justice. Number one on the IMDB 250 is Frank Darabont's adaptation of Stephen King's novella; 1994's The Shawshank Redemption. Continue reading Top 5: Scenes From The Shawshank Redemption →
Frank Darabontgreatest movie scenesIMDB Top 250Morgan FreemanmoviesRita Hayworth and The Shawshank RedemptionShawshank Redemption Andy's EscapeShawshank Redemption EndingShawshank Redemption Get Busy Living or Get Busy DyingShawshank Redemption Rehabilitation SceneShawshank Redemption Rooftopstephen kingThe Shawshank Redemptiontim robbinsTop 5 Scenes from The Shawshank Redepmtion


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James Hetfield of Metallica performs during the 2013 Orion Music + More Festival at Belle Isle Park in Detroit, Michigan.
When conducting a postmortem on a Metallica set, it's all about the outliers. It's a given that they will perform "For Whom the Bell Tolls," "Master of Puppets," "Enter Sandman" and so forth, often in the same sequence. So for a band with such a dedicated fan base that combs over setlists nightly, the attention often goes immediately to the rarities, and Metallica's headlining set on the final night of Orion Music + More produced a handful.
After delivering a complete Kill 'Em All set the previous day, dragging out "Phantom Lord" again wouldn't have seemed quite as special, so the band looked to relatively more recent years for the deep cuts. The most obscure song of the evening was the 1997 track "Carpe Diem Baby," a slowly creeping track from Reload that had only been performed once before and was likely not at the top of many lists of dream songs, but acquitted itself well enough live, despite the audience's general unfamiliarity with it. James Hetfield acknowledged the riskiness of the choice by declaring, "Now you've had it live, whether you liked it or not." The Napster feud-initiating "I Disappear" was better received, but it was when the band locked into the careening second half of "The Day that Never Comes" from Death Magnetic that it looked like they were having the most fun.
Metallica gave a nod to local hero Bob Seger with its cover of "Turn the Page," which begged the question of what else Bob had to do instead of showing up to sing the song himself. And unlike last year, they actually performed the titular song of the Orion Festival, which was a somewhat ballsy move, inserting a lengthy, two-part instrumental in the middle of a mostly otherwise hits-packed set.
The second-largest audience was held by the Deftones, who delivered a punishingly loud set that covered the majority of the band's albums, from its 1995 debut to last year's Koi No Yokan. Chino Moreno shredded his vocal cords on the Grammy-winning "Elite" from 2000's White Pony, while also delving into more gentle, melodic territory on one of the new songs, the nearly seven-minute "Rosemary." Before the Deftones set, Moreno pondered the parallels between his band and Metallica over the last 10 years.
Other Sunday highlights included the elaborate costuming of three-piece dubstep group Destroid, which wore full-body outfits covered in LEDs that called to mind the cinematic image of the faceless police force of a dystopian cyberpunk future. The EDM tent did bustling business throughout the weekend, as shirtless metalheads with full-chest Slipknot tattoos happily danced alongside the club kids into noisy oblivion. Vista Chino, half of stoner rock legends Kyuss, brought the heavy grooves of the high desert to Detroit with a strong set of classic material. New Jersey's Dillinger Escape Plan, who on any given night are the most dangerous band to take the stage anywhere, were reduced to a more subdued four-piece following a hand injury to guitarist and band founder Ben Weinman, who watched the set from a chair onstage and gave his band scores on every song.
Now Metallica is left to count the beans and decide whether Belle Isle is a suitable location to permanently host the Orion Fest. The festival added a fifth stage this year, and their proximity to one another led to sound bleeding over between stages. On the upside, the school bus shuttle system between the island and a downtown Detroit convention center seemed to run more smoothly on Sunday following a rocky first day. But based on the number of attendees wearing shirts from last year's Atlantic City-hosted event, the diehards will follow Metallica wherever they decide to plant their festival.


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Q: OpenGL ES translation I am trying to write an Android application that can translate a triangle a have used the
http://developer.android.com/training/graphics/opengl/motion.html code from Google but when I replaced the
Matrix.setRotateM(mRotationMatrix, 0, mAngle, 0, 0, -1.0f);

Matrix.multiplyMM(mMVPMatrix, 0, mRotationMatrix, 0, mMVPMatrix, 0);

with
Matrix.translate(mMVPMatrix,0,dx,dy,0);

the triangle was moving also on the Z axis and it did not look like a translation at all
What can i do ?

A: The following code:
Matrix.setRotateM(mRotationMatrix, 0, mAngle, 0, 0, -1.0f);
Matrix.multiplyMM(mMVPMatrix, 0, mRotationMatrix, 0, mMVPMatrix, 0);

means:
mRotationMatrix <-- Create a rotation matrix of mAngle degrees around axis -Z
mMVPMatrix <-- The product of mRotationMatrix and mMVPMatrix

While the following:
Matrix.translate(mMVPMatrix,0,dx,dy,0);

means:
mMVPMatrix <-- Translate mMVPMatrix of dx along X axis and dy along Y axis

I assume that mMVPMatrix is a perspective projection (and the P of MVP usually suggests that). Usually you don't translate stuff that has already been projected. Try the following instead:
Matrix.setIdentityM(mTranslationMatrix, 0);
Matrix.translateM(mTranslationMatrix, 0, dx, dy, 0);
Matrix.multiplyMM(mMVPMatrix, 0, mTranslationMatrix, 0, mMVPMatrix, 0);

A: I dont think you want to translate your MVP matrix, you want to create an identity matrix, translate it, then multiply it with the mMVPMatrix.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Multiple data set into the same table id with BigQuery. I would like to be able to update my data table like this :

Each one of the 608 update represent a date :

So basically my jobSpec is like this :
  var jobSpec = {
    configuration: {
      load: {
        destinationTable: {
          projectId: projectId,
          datasetId: 'Facebook',
          tableId: tableId
        },
        allowJaggedRows: true,
        writeDisposition: 'WRITE_TRUNCATE',
        schema: {
          fields: [
        {name: 'Page_ID', type: 'STRING'},
        {name: 'Post_ID', type: 'STRING'},
        {name: 'Post_creation_date', type: 'STRING'},
        {name: 'Post_name', type: 'STRING'},
        {name: 'Post_message', type: 'STRING'}
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  };

and here is my job :
BigQuery.Jobs.insert(jobSpec, projectId, data);

I tried to remplace 'WRITE_TRUNCATE' by 'WRITE_APPEND' but it's merging all my update. I would like to keep track of them as I shown in my screenshot.
Thanks !

A: Not sure if I fully understood your question but in order to create tables like the ga_sessions all you have to do is to create tables with the same prefix and just change some identification for them.
For instance, if you go to your BigQuery WebUI and create a table called "test_1" and then create another one just like the first but named "test_2" you will see the same result as in ga_sessions (but this time you will see test_(2)).
If you want to use the API, you'd have to do something like:
BigQuery.Jobs.insert(jobSpec, projectId, data, table_id='test_1');
BigQuery.Jobs.insert(jobSpec, projectId, data, table_id='test_2');

So it's not the "write_append" nor the "write_truncate" that you should be changing but rather the table's name.
This type of partitioning is more "manual" and you are the one resposible for creating the different tables.
BigQuery offers a more automatic option as well, which is a partitioned table. This type of table is a bit different from the ga_sessions in the sense that all you will have is just one table. And all data inserted in this table say in day 28 April will be allocated automatically to this timestamp. If next day you insert more data, it automatically is allocated to the timestamp 29 April and so on.
Later on to query your data you can use the _PARTITIONTIME to select only the desired timestamp.
It's a matter of identifying which one makes more sense to you in your project.


high-definition creative commons photographs from this pre-Angkorian site in Cambodia, some of the earliest archeological remains in the country, together with further information and a map.
What is now known as the Roulos Group are three sites from a pre-Angkorian period that are preserved near the modern town of Roulos, some 13 km from Siem Reap. All three sites are temples dating from the late 9th century, and therefore preceed Angkor Wat by two and a half centuries.
Preah Ko was the first temple built on the site by Indravarman I when he established Hariharalaya as his capital. The temple has six main towers, three in front and three behind. The God-Kings of the Khmer after dying were thought to become forms of the Gods, and the temples at the front are dedicated to Kings in the form of Gods who were ancestors of Indravarman, and the three behind to their Queens.
Bakong was the State Temple of Indravarman, and is the first of the mountain-temples, which became very popular at Angkor. The foundation stele is still found and shows that the lingam was consecrated in 881 to Siva. The third temple (Lolei) is currently in very bad shape and is not shown in these photographs.


Fortnite's Guided Missile is the stuff of legends at this point, a weapon ostensibly meant simply to be used in order to snipe people and structures from across the map, but which allowed crazy rocket rides across the map, is being pulled back. At least for now.
Above you can see a choice selection of what this baby could do. The thing about it is that it counts as an object in the game's engine, so it has full physics. Meaning it can be fully interacted with, for example it can be jumped on and used as transport. You could, even though it's really difficult, jump from one missile onto another and keep flying around.
The missile was removed on the grounds of "fairness" but I hope that when it returns (because come on, it has to), it's gonna retain its surf-board properties so that its true purpose can fully manifest. Other then removing the missile, Epic also delayed the return of the 50vs50 mode, but promises to enable it by the end of the week. They also further tweaked weapon-swapping timer and attempted to fix some of the bugs.
All in all a pretty sad time for Fortnite's players, but Epic promises that come next week, everything is going to be back to normal. Except for the Guided Missile, that one isn't coming back for a while, to my own personal dismay.


A variable can be defined as an area of memory that is set aside for the storage of a particular value. Each variable must be identified using a unique name, or identifier. A valid identifier is an alpha-numeric string consisting of one or more letters, digits or underscore characters. Spaces and punctuation characters cannot be used, and variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore character. A variable cannot have the same name as one of the C++ reserved keywords . Keywords are reserved identifiers that have special meaning in C++. They cannot be used as identifiers in your program. The following table lists the reserved keywords.
C++ is case sensitive. That means that the variable names myvar, MyVar and MYVAR are referring to three different variables.
Variables of different types will occupy different amounts of memory. Computer memory is allocated to variables in blocks of one or more bytes, depending on the data type. A single byte, for example, can store one alpha-numeric character, an unsigned integer with a value ranging from 0 to 255, or a signed integer with a value ranging from -128 to +127. Two or more bytes are required to store larger integer values and floating point numbers. The standard C++ data types, together with the range of values they can represent, are listed below.
Before we can use a variable in a C++ program, we have to declare it. We do this using a statement such as the one shown below.
All of the integer data types (char , short , long and int) can be either signed or unsigned. Signed integer variables can be used to represent both positive and negative values. The appropriate keyword (signed or unsigned) Signed types can represent both positive and negative values, whereas unsigned types can only represent absolute values. This can be specified by using one of the keywords signed or unsigned in front of the type name, as shown below.
If an integer type variable is declared without being specified as either signed or unsigned, most compilers will assume the variable to be signed. An exception to this rule is the char type, which must be declared as signed or unsigned if it is to be used to store a numeric value. Otherwise, the compiler will treat the char variable as an alpha-numeric character or a control code.
The keywords short and long can be used on their own in place of the short int and long int data types respectively. The declarations below are equivalent.
In the same manner, the keywords signed and unsigned can be used in place of signed int and unsigned int respectively. The declarations below are equivalent.
As we have seen, the variables that are used in a C++ program must be declared before they can be used. The location of the variable declaration within the program code, however, will determine the scope of the variable. A variable can have either global or local scope. A global variable is one that is declared outside of all functions, while a local variable is one that is declared within the body of a function or code block. The following short program illustrates the difference between local and global variables.
A global variable can be referenced from anywhere in the program. A local variable can only be referred to from within the body of the function in which it is declared. In the example above, therefore, the value of the variable result cannot be referenced from within the square() function.
When a variable is first declared, its value is by default undetermined. It is possible, however, to initialise (assign a value to) the variable in the same statement that declares the variable. There are two ways to do this in C++, both of which are shown below.
The following program demonstrates the principle.
String variables are variables that can store two or more alpha-numeric characters. C++ provides the string class which, whilst not a fundamental type in the same way as an int or char, for example, can be declared and initialised in a similar way. In order to declare and use string variables, we must have access to the std namespace. The following program declares, initialises and outputs the contents of two string variables.
Strings can be declared with or without an initial value, and may be initialised with any valid string literal.


text:
Q: Hiberate variable schema name in SQL named query Other than default schema, for some SQL queries I need to access a particular schema. The issue is that the name of that particular schema is different for different environments.
After goggling I found that using this link I am able to specify the schema name in variable. If that's true that I have following questions:

*

*Will that would for SQL queries in the named query?

*How to set the value for the variable names?

Thanks in advance.

A: *

*Create an initializing factory bean which takes two resource locations and on initialization will use one of the resources to execute string replacement in the other, and store the results in a temp file which is the output of the factory bean.  Points for style if you make the replacement language raw regex.

*Create a spring context where you declare an instance of this bean, passing in a resource with all the named queries and a resource which will do the string replacement to provide the environment specific versions of the queries.

*In the spring context create your SessionFactoryBean to initialize your hibernate SessionFactory, passing in the results of the previous factory bean as a mapping resource so that the converted queries get picked up by the hibernate config.


Spider silk is among the strongest known biomaterials. It is the silk used for the framework of the web and it is used to catch the spider if it falls. As such, it is stronger and much more flexible than KEVLAR. Due to its incredible mechanical properties, spider silk is being considered for use as a new biomaterial for drug delivery and tendon and ligament replacement/repair, as well as athletic gear, military applications, airbags, and tire cords.
However, spiders cannot be farmed for their silk as they are cannibalistic and territorial. The most reasonable alternative for producing spider silk fibers is to utilize genetic engineering to produce the proteins in a foreign host and then spin fibers from the synthetic protein.
At present, only four companies have realized the commercial production, Bolt Threads, Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, Spiber and AMSilk. All of them cooperate closely with the downstream companies to launch high-performance products. The downstream players including North Face, Adidas, Lexus, Warwick Mills, Patagonia and American military.
Global Synthetic Spider Silk Industry is spread across 101 pages, profiling 12 top companies and supported with tables and figures.
The Synthetic Spider Silk report evaluated key market features, including revenue, price, capacity, capacity utilization rate, gross, production, production rate, consumption, import/export, supply/demand, cost, market share, CAGR, and gross margin. In addition, the study offers a comprehensive study of the key market dynamics and their latest trends, along with pertinent Synthetic Spider Silk market segments and sub-segments.


text:
In Listening Mock Test 3 2005 Questions Paperback
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A twitter conversation with Holly Bik recently led to a conversation around our lab's hiring practices. I took the opportunity to put together a blog post around our goals and procedures.
What's the goal of our postdoc interviews?
Find the person who will be most effective in our lab.
Help each interviewee determine whether or not our lab is the right environment for them to reach their goals.
What are the challenges with postdoc interviews?
There are many factors that determine whether or not someone will succeed, and an interview is often only one day. Most of us do not work somewhere that will allow us to host "auditions".
Candidates may feel pressure to say what you want to hear.
We (especially as new PIs) may feel pressure to say what the candidate wants to hear.
So how does our lab approach a postdoc interview?
The candidate may have met me or a lab member at a conference and there was mutual interest in research opportunities and backgrounds. I've had a follow-up phone call with the candidate to discuss our lab's expectations for a postdoc and what the postdoc's expectations should be of us. I mention our lab's onboarding document, and the candidate can ask questions or file a pull request. After this, if the candidate is interested in a postdoc position in our group we invite them to join us for an interview. We make travel arrangements for the candidate (airfare, hotel).
The candidate arrives in the afternoon or evening and checks into the hotel.
I meet the candidate in the lobby of their hotel. We go to a nearby restaurant for breakfast. We discuss the process including structured interviews, etc and then head over to the lab to start the interviews.
The day consists of approximately five structured interviews during the day with lab members. At least two involve some sort of whiteboard programming activity because we view this as an absolutely essential skill to have for a successful postdoc of reasonable duration in our group.
At some point, usually at lunch, we gather with our lab members and other interested labs to hear the candidate give a talk. This talk is scheduled for a two hour window. We've asked the candidate to prepare a 45 minute talk, and with questions we've found that this usually takes all or most of the two hour time slot.
Happy Hour/Dinner - At the end of the day we take the candidate to a happy hour nearby to talk about the lab. I end up leaving early, and 2-3 lab members take the candidate to dinner to discuss the lab.
The candidate uses this day however they need to. He or she can wander around the city of Philadelphia, look at housing options, and maybe check out a local museum if time permits. Candidates will generally fly home in the evening.
We aim to have each candidate interview with at least one person at each level within the lab. This means they will talk with an undergraduate, graduate, postdoc, programmer, and me. We want to make sure that people are respectful of our team members at all levels. This also gives our lab members experience interviewing so that they know what to expect in the future. When my lab was smaller and still growing, I asked colleagues for help with the interviews. I was able to bring in people from other labs with relevant expertise or an unrepresented level within my lab (e.g. bring in another lab's postdoc before you hire postdocs).
What are the in person structured interviews?
We use structured interviews. Each member of the lab who will be interviewing selects 3-4 questions that touch on a distinct area that we view as important to the job. These questions are modeled on structured interview question examples from the VA. For each question, the interviewer pre-plans for ~4 follow-ups that dig into specifics of the answer. In the week leading up to the interview, interviewers share the questions that they plan to ask with each other. This allows our lab to make sure we touch on distinct areas. Interviewers tend to adapt and reuse their own questions across interviews.
How do we do a programming assessment?
We view this as an important skill for timely success in our lab. During at least two interview periods, which are scheduled for a longer period of time, the candidate is asked to whiteboard code to solve some problem. We look for some knowledge of syntax, the ability to design an approach to the problem, etc.
How do we score interviews?
For each question/programming assessment, the interviewer scores a candidate from one to five, and a three on our scale is a "good hire." Five is a "strong faculty candidate" answer. These scores can help to define what I emphasize for training when someone starts in our lab. Each interviewer also provides an overall score.
I collect feedback from the lab. I talk with any interviewer who assigns the response to any question as a one or two to find out why that score was appropriate. We aim to make hire/no hire decisions on an individual (as opposed to competitive) basis. This can make conversations more difficult when we decide not to make an offer, but it avoids the pressure of feeling like we need to hire one of the candidates if none are good fits for our group. In total, this process generally takes about a week. Including getting the offer letter from HR, this means that we have about a two week turnaround for postdoc candidates after the interview. For staff positions that go through a different process within HR, the process can be slower.
Please note the LeafSpring blog contains two types of posts: (1) advice/answers presented anonymously with consensus from the contributors -- these posts have author LeafSpring; and (2) information or opinions on relevant topics contributed by named authors. This post is of the latter type, and contributed by Casey Greene.


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text:
Вилијам Шројф (Праг, 2. август 1931 — Братислава, 1. септембар 2007) био је словачки фудбалер који је играо на позицији голмана. Одиграо је 39 утакмица за Чехословачку.

Каријера
Био је учесник три узастопна Светска првенства 1954, 1958. и 1962, где је Чехословачка изненадила свет и прошла у финале, изгубивши од шампиона Бразила. Успех Чехословачке у великој мери је приписан Шројфовим врхунским одбранама. Финале се, међутим, показало као црни дан за Шројфа, због тога што су два бразилска гола произашла из његових грешака.

На клупском нивоу, Шројф је играо за Слован из Братиславе, а затим за Локомотиву Кошице.

Смрт
Словачки медији су 2. септембра 2007. известили да је Шројф умро претходног дана, у 76−ој години; узрок смрти није откривен.

Референце

Спољашње везе

Умрли 2007.
Рођени 1931.
Фудбалери Слована Братислава
Фудбалери на Европском првенству 1960.
Словачки фудбалери
Фудбалски голмани
Фудбалери на Светском првенству 1962.
Фудбалери на Светском првенству 1958.
Фудбалери на Светском првенству 1954.
Чехословачки фудбалери
Пражани

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
World in a Country
A Biodiversity Spectacle
For a country that is made up of only 51,060 sq. km., Costa Rica is like a world within a country.
Its natural abundance of rainfall (3000 mm/yr) and warm tropical climate fosters the growth of 5% of the world's biodiversity.
The countries dramatic topography includes large stretches of beaches on the 635 miles long Pacific coast to mountains that reach 12,500 feet in the center of the country back down to lowlands on the Caribbean side that has only 132 miles of coastline.
Many waterfalls are found throughout the country.
Coolest natural water in the neighborhood.
A chain of volcano's stretch the length of the country.
Farming is prevalent throughout the country, with many banana, palm oil, cocoa, coffee plantations. Approximately 10% of the land area is used for farming.
The country produces more than 2 million metric tons of bananas yearly. They are the 2nd largest banana producer in the world.
Costa Rica boasts some of the best sports fishing in the world with a large variety of sports fish such as Roosterfish, Sailfish, Marlin, Dorado, Mahi Mahi, Yellowfin Tuna and Spanish Mackerel.
Manuel Antonio Magic
2.3 million tourists arrive yearly and that number is expected to rise to 5 million by 2027.
Activities that tourists enjoy are surfing, sports fishing, zip-lining, river rafting, ATV tours, trekking, golfing, paragliding.
47% of tourists engage in activities related to Ecotourism.
Costa Rica is one of the developing worlds best ethical destinations.
What a monster!
A popular tourist destination is Arenal Volcano.
This 1670 metre giant last erupted in 2010. Arenal lake saddles the region and contains tropical forest and a rafting river. Visitors can enjoy one of the many hot-springs and abundant wildlife in the area.
Arenal is one of the most famous volcanos in Costa Rica, along with one of the 6 that are active. 60 other dormant volcanos populate the country.
Another classic day on Playa Esterillos Oeste.
Corcovado National Park on the Osa Peninsula is home to 500 species of trees, 6000 species of insects, 140 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 116 species of amphibians and reptiles and 40 species of fish.
The protected 103,290 acres of tropical rainforest boasts the largest concentration of macaws and virgin lowland rainforest in Central America.
Scarlett Macaws
In the Northwest, one can tour the Tortuguero National Park in Kayaks or a covered boat.
Wildlife includes caimans, snakes, monkeys, iguanas, several species of birds and green sea turtles.
Manuel Antonio National Park lies midpoint on the Pacific Coast. The town of Quepos is nearby where you can bus to and catch another local bus over to Manuel Antonio.
The Park is a tourist Mecca. Be sure to catch the correct day the park is open as it operates on strange days and hours. Long lineups for tickets to get in can be problematic.
Another day ends in Manuel Antonio.
You never wish days like these to stop happening.
The people of Costa Rica are very easy going, polite, gentle, friendly and kind.
Ticos are a mix of immigrants largely from Spain and other parts of Europe. On the Caribbean coast, many peoples are dark skinned with links to African lineage.
In certain areas such as Talamanca, there are pure-blooded Indians of various tribes.
The country is Catholic with a church in every village.
In his Glory!
It helps to learn Spanish to allow strong effective communication and stave off miscommunication and misunderstanding.
Costa Rica is a photographers paradise.
You are invited to share your best photographs of what Costa Rica has to offer.
Serious photography, please.
Give us your best eye to an incredibly diverse world of flora, fauna, landscape, people, and culture.
Give it your best shot!
Edge of the World…….Next stop. The Galapagos.
Costa Rica Pura Vida
Come on Inside……
The best address in Costa Rica!!! Manuel Antonio Beach! And he gets to fly around it...... totally cool.!
Hola Costa Rica
A WordPress Commenter on Hola Costa Rica


text:
Published on VOX, CEPR Policy Portal (https://voxeu.org)
Home > Crises and trust
Crises and trust
Maxim Ananyev, Sergei Guriev 08 February 2015
The negative effects of recessions are not limited to consumption. Among others, they could also be harmful to preferences and values. This column uses recent evidence from Russia to argue that recessions can result in a sizeable decrease in interpersonal trust. This effect is transient in places where the fall in trust is small. In these regions, trust snaps back to pre-crisis levels as GDP recovers. In the places where fall in trust is large, the effect is persistent. Even after a recovery, trust remains 10 percentage points below the pre-crisis level.
Trust and the welfare state: The twin-peaked curve [1]
Yann Algan, Pierre Cahuc, Marc Sangnier
Can I trust the government? New evidence on democracies and financial development [2]
Marc Quintyn, Geneviève Verdier
Why do we care about business cycles? In 1985, Robert Lucas famously argued that the welfare cost of macroeconomic volatility is very small – and that economists should therefore focus on long-term growth rather than on stabilisation policies. He updated his calculations in 2003 using US data from 1947 to 2001 and arrived at the same conclusions – the cost of fluctuations from the long-term consumption trend amounts to just $30 per capita per year.
On the other hand, the costs of business cycles may not be limited to the volatility of current consumption. For example, those who cannot find a job during the recession suffer a negative shock to their human capital; this may have lasting implications for their productivity throughout their career (for example, Kahn 2010 finds a large, negative and persistent effect of graduating from college during a recession).
Another long-term cost of recession is its lasting impact on preferences and values that may in turn negatively affect economic and political decisions. For example, Giuliano and Spilimbergo (2014) show that Americans growing up in recessions are more likely to have pro-redistribution values than those who grow up in good times. Malmendier and Nagel (2007) show that individuals who have lived through better times in terms of stock market returns are less risk-averse.
The crisis in Russia and its effect on trust
In our recent paper (Ananyev and Guriev 2015), we find that the crises may also have an immediate, substantial, and lasting effect on interpersonal trust.1 Trust is one of the central concepts in the modern social science. It matters for political accountability (Nannicini et al. 2010), for the efficiency of the judiciary system (La Porta et al. 1997), for financial development (Guiso et al. 2004), and economic growth (Tabellini 2005, Algan and Cahuc 2010).
This is why it is important to understand what determines trust itself. Many researchers have argued that trust may have deep historical roots. For example, Putnam (1994) famously claimed that the differences in social capital (and, therefore, in the quality of governance) between northern and southern Italy can be explained by differences in political regimes dating back to the 11th century. Nunn and Wantchekon (2011) trace the low level of social capital in some African countries to the legacies of slave trade.
In our paper, we show that while it seems realistic to assume that the stock of social capital is path-dependent, it can also react to recent economic events. In particular, we study the effect of the economic crisis of 2008-09 on trust in Russia. In Russia, GDP declined by 8% from 2008 to 2009. The contraction was rapid. In the fourth quarter of 2008, GDP declined by 19% in annual terms, and in the first quarter of 2009, GDP declined by 17% in annual terms.
Russian regions varied in their experience of the crisis. In some of them, GDP went down by 20%, while in some others GDP actually went up by 1%. Why was the effect of crisis so different in different regions? The impact of the crisis depended on the regions' industrial structure. The regions with a larger share of heavy industries and oil production experienced larger drops in income. As in any recession, investment suffered more than consumption. Figure 1 shows that in 2008-2009 investment declined by more than 50% while consumption decreased only by 6%. Not surprisingly, the producers of capital goods faced a dramatic fall in demand. And, as the global oil prices collapsed by a factor of three during the crisis, the oil and gas industry also declined by 40%. At the same time, consumer goods industries and services experienced only a moderate fall or even continued to grow.
Figure 1. Dynamics of different components of Russian GDP
Figure 2 shows that regions specialising in manufacturing experienced a greater GDP decline in 2009. On average, one percentage point increase in the share of manufacturing in the regional GDP was associated with an additional 0.4% fall in GDP during the crisis. The relationship between specialisation in oil and the impact of the crisis is similar.
Figure 2. The share of manufacturing in regional GDP and the impact of the crisis
The fall in GDP was accompanied by a large fall in interpersonal trust. In the regionally representative survey that we use in our paper, trust in Russia fell from 34% in the second quarter of 2008 to only 19% in 2009. The decrease in trust was, of course, larger in the regions with a greater fall in GDP. However, this correlation is not informative per se as the fall in GDP itself could have been endogenous to the decline in trust.
In order to resolve the endogeneity issue, we need to find an instrument for the GDP decline – a factor that would affect the fall in GDP during the crisis but would not affect the change in trust directly. We use the structure of the regional economy inherited from the Soviet times (namely, data from the last Soviet Industrial Census in 1989). Regions that specialised in oil or in capital goods production 25 years ago are still likely to continue to do so. Hence, they are likely to suffer the most during the crisis.
The variation in the composition of regional economies is inherited from Soviet industrialisation and is therefore exogenous to the events of 2008-09. We use the Soviet-era composition of the regional economy to predict the decline in income in 2009. We then use the predicted fall in income to measure the impact of regional income on trust. We find that the effect of change in income on change in trust is statistically significant and large in magnitude. Controlling for other conventional determinants of trust, we show that 10% decrease in income is associated with a five-percentage-point decrease in the share of respondents who say that most people can be trusted (Figure 3). For Russia, it is a large effect given that the average level of trust is 25%.
Figure 3. Change in trust and change in income between 2009 and 2009 in Russian regions.
Sources: Ananyev and Guriev (2015).
Is the destruction of social capital persistent? To answer this question, we included the question on trust in the survey conducted in the same regions in April 2014 using the same sampling strategy. By the beginning of 2014, Russian GDP was even higher than before the crisis. So, if the effect of income shocks on trust is transient, we should not find any evidence of the effect of the crisis' on the change in trust between 2008 and 2014.
We found important differences in post-crisis dynamics of trust between the regions where the initial drop in trust had been low or moderate and the regions where the initial drop in trust had been high. In the first set of regions, trust rebounded to the pre-crisis levels. In the second set of regions, the level of trust was still 10 percentage points lower in 2014 than in 2008.
These findings suggest that economic recessions can indeed lead to a destruction of norms and beliefs that support cooperation. Our results have clear policy implications. Essentially, they provide an additional argument for the counter-cyclical government policies. The benefits of these policies are not limited to mitigating the short-term costs of recessions. The counter-cyclical policies can also contribute to the long-term development as they help sustain the stock of social capital.
Algan, Y, and P Cahuc (2010), "Inherited trust and growth", The American Economic Review, 100(5), 2060-2092.
Ananyev, M, and S Guriev (2015), "Effect of Income on Trust: Evidence from the 2009 Crisis in Russia", CEPR Discussion Paper 10354, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
Giuliano, P, and A Spilimbergo (2014), "Growing up in a recession", Review of Economic Studies, 81 (2), 787-817.
Kahn, L (2010), "The long-term labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy", Labour Economics, 17(2), 303-316.
Lucas, R (1985), Models of Business Cycles, Yrjo Jahnsson Lectures, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Lucas, R (2003), "Macroeconomic Priorities", The American Economic Review, 93(1): 1–14.
Malmendier, U, and S Nagel (2011), "Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk-Taking", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(1), 373-416.
1 The interpersonal trust (or 'generalised social trust') is the share of people that answer positively to the following survey question: "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people?"
Topics: Europe's nations and regions [3] Global crisis [4]
Tags: social capital [5], trust [6], Economic crises [7], Russia [8]
Source URL: https://voxeu.org/article/crises-and-trust
[1] https://voxeu.org/article/trust-and-welfare-state-twin-peaked-curve
[2] https://voxeu.org/article/can-i-trust-government-new-evidence-democracies-and-financial-development
[3] https://voxeu.org/content/topics/europes-nations-and-regions
[4] https://voxeu.org/content/topics/global-crisis
[5] https://voxeu.org/taxonomy/term/1507
[6] https://voxeu.org/taxonomy/term/415
[8] https://voxeu.org/taxonomy/term/41


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