Metacam is a type of analgesic and antipyretic medication intended primarily for dogs and is duly approved by the US FDA in the management of pain and inflammation that typically results from canine osteoarthritis as well as other disease processes where the principal clinical manifestation is inflammation. Meloxicam is the active ingredient of Metacam, a class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug belonging to the Oxicam family of analgesics. It is closely related to the NSAID Piroxicam and comes with a substantially long plasma half-life, allowing it to be administered as a once-daily dose. Another important feature that works to the advantage of Metacam is that it typically exerts its therapeutic effects within 30 to 60 minutes of administration.
Being an oxicam type of NSAID, Metacam (Meloxicam) is commonly indicated in the following.
While almost everyone thinks that canine osteoarthritis is inherently a disease of the joints that only affects elderly pets, this is not necessarily the case. The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis does not necessarily have to follow the degenerative process associated with age-related conditions. As a matter of fact, a variety of factors have been implicated in its development that there really is no definitive treatment for the condition. That being said, Metacam or any other pain reliever or analgesic that helps to control the severity and extent of inflammation does not cure or treat canine osteoarthritis. These only form the symptomatic management of the condition, not a definitive treatment that aims to address the root cause of the problem.
We all know that osteoarthritis results from the loss of bone density, especially at the region where to opposing bones meet to form the joints. This leads to inflammation which inadvertently results in impaired range of motion of the joints. What this simply means is that even the slightest movement of the joints can already bring pain. Metacam addresses this by reducing the formation of certain pro-inflammatory substances so that joint mobility is not significantly impaired.
Being a powerful analgesic means you can actually use Metacam for purposes other than the management of pain from canine osteoarthritis. In fact, bone pain is one of the most severe pains in the world. If Metacam can somehow alleviate the pain from this disorder, then it should also provide immediate and long-lasting pain relief from conditions other than osteoarthritis.
As we shall see later on, Meloxicam can also be indicated in the lowering of the body temperature as what typically occurs when there's inflammation or even infection. Fever or an increase in body temperature is one of the known cardinal signs of inflammation. Since Meloxicam is an anti-inflammatory agent, then it should also be able to lower down the body temperature of your pooch.
The analgesic and antipyretic effects of Metacam (Meloxicam) for dogs can bring about a host of notable benefits. These typically includes, but definitely not limited to, the following.
As we have already said, inflamed joints will make your dog not want to move. If you yourself have ever experienced having inflamed joints, then you know just how much you would want these to be immobilized, even temporarily. Even the slightest movement at the joints can bring about severe pain. The same can be experienced by your pooch. While they may not verbalize it, they sure can show it through other means. They will most likely stay in one corner and don't want to come to you even when called repeatedly. It's not their fault, actually. The great thing is that Metacam (Meloxicam) can help improve their mobility by reducing the degree of inflammation of the joints. A less inflamed joint allows for greater movement.
A direct result of a reduction in inflammation and the alleviation of pain is an overall improvement in the level of comfort for your pooch. As already described, your dog with canine osteoarthritis may want to freeze itself just so it will not experience pain. Just imagine how uncomfortable this will be. By reducing inflammation, Metacam can also improve the overall mobility and range of motion of the individual joints. This allows your dog to conveniently position itself in a more comfortable manner.
Likewise, the antipyretic effect of Metacam can also lead to better comfort. If your dog has fever, there is a great chance that it will also not feel good. Look at it this way. If you have fever, do you feel generally upbeat and happy? The thing is that if you have fever every little ache in your body is amplified many times over. The same thing occurs with your pooch whenever it has fever. As such, giving it Metacam can substantially improve its comfort levels.
What is Metacam for dogs again? It's an analgesic and an antipyretic that comes in the form of an oral suspension. It also comes with its own graduated syringe complete with accurate weight measurements. It also comes in a highly palatable formulation that pooches will love. Best of all, it can actually be administered two ways. First, you can administer the correct Metacam dosage directly into your canine pal's mouth. Second, if direct oral introduction is not feasible, you can easily mix it with your pooch's food. In other words, Metacam (Leoxicam) is so easy to administer that you're almost always guaranteed of a faster resolution of its symptoms.
Freedom from pain, improved mobility, and increased comfort can surely make life a lot easier for your pooch. It will be able to play with you, explore its surroundings, and socialize with the rest of the pack. It will be able to drink and eat as much as it wants as there will be no pain weighing it down. Best of all, your dog will be able to show you just how much it appreciates what you've done. Now, we're not really sure if there is such a thing as quality of life for dogs, but indulge us in this one as it's the closest thing we could ever think of to sum up the many benefits of using Metacam for dogs.
Meloxicam, the active ingredient of Metacam, works pretty much like Piroxicam, another Oxicam type of NSAID. These substances act on the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) to halt the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2. Prostaglandin has many physiologic effects in the body. Mostly, however, these are related to the mediation of inflammation resulting in redness, increased temperature, swelling, pain, and immobility or loss of function of the affected body part.
Now, don't be confused with COX-2 which is shorthand for cyclooxygenase-2. COX-2 is also an enzyme that helps prevent the formation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. The only difference is that COX-1 also produces prostaglandins that protect the lining of the stomach as well as stimulate the aggregation of platelets. As such, COX-1 inhibitors, of which Metacam is an example, has this uncanny side effect of increasing the risk of gastric ulcers and bleeding because it prevents the formation of prostaglandins that provide such benefits. On the other hand, COX-2 inhibitors, the Coxibs, are quite selective in that they don't affect prostaglandins that stimulate platelet aggregation and protect the lining of the stomach from highly acidic gastric secretions.
Here's where Metacam works its magic. It is a COX-1 inhibitor. However, when given in lower doses, it actually works more like a COX-2 inhibitor. What this simply translates to is that it has the superior analgesic and antipyretic properties of COX-1 inhibitors but with the safety of COX-2 inhibitor. Studies have shown that Metacam's effects on thromboxane-A doesn't significantly impair platelet functioning unlike other drugs of the same class. This makes it a lot safer that Diclofenac, Naproxen, and even Piroxicam.
As we have already said Metacam (Meloxicam) is a very potent analgesic and antipyretic. Unfortunately, because of its effects on certain prostaglandins, it still poses quite a significant number of side effects that often include the following.
As a COX-1 inhibitor, Metacam has also been shown to bring about the following adverse reactions.
In such cases, it is important to consult with your vet at the soonest possible time. You will also be required to discontinue the medication and bring your pet immediately to the clinic, preferably one with emergency vet services. The same is true if your pooch develops a severe allergic reaction which is typically manifested by the following.
Metacam is a pain reliever and anti-fever medication approved by the FDA for the exclusive use in dogs. It should never be given to cats or any other pet. It is available in several formulations.
The usual Metacam dosage is 0.1 milligrams per pound of your pooch's body weight to be administered on the 1st day of treatment. Succeeding dosages are reduced to 0.05 milligrams per pound. If any of the side effects are noted while your pooch is undergoing Meloxicam therapy, it is okay to continue with the medication; however, you should still inform your vet about the side effects. If, however, what you observed are adverse reactions or even allergic reactions, then it is a must that you bring your pet dog to your vet at once.
If your pet has allergies to NSAIDs or even aspirin, you need to inform your vet about it. Also, dogs that have a history of gastric ulcers or any form of bleeding in the digestive tract should not be given Metacam. Other contraindications include hypertension, fluid retention, kidney or liver disease, bleeding disorders, and disease conditions of the cardiovascular system, especially the heart. Lactating and pregnant pooches are also not supposed to be given Meloxicam.
Make sure to shake the dropper bottle well before drawing the recommended Metacam dosage. It is imperative to adhere to the dosing recommendation of your veterinarian. You can also give Metacam by mixing it with your dog's food. Alternatively, you can place the medication directly in your pooch's mouth. This is the ideal route of administration as mixing it with food may not provide the desired effects if your pooch won't finish its food. The current recommendation is to mix the formulation with food if you're going to give it to puppies or dogs weighing less than 10 pounds or younger than 6 months. Direct oral administration is recommended for dogs that weigh at least 10 pounds or are older than 6 months.
As always, if you miss a dose, just give it the moment you remember it. However, if it's near the next dose, forget the missed dose and proceed with the next dosing schedule. Don't double up.
We already said that any adverse or allergic reaction exhibited by your dog while on Metacam therapy should warrant immediate consultation with a vet or even an emergency vet clinic. The same is true for any sign of toxicity or overdose.
Other NSAIDs and aspirin may have an adverse effect on the action of Meloxicam. Cough and cold medications as well as warfarin, furosemide, and anti-allergy medications can also interact with Meloxicam. It is always best to discuss the possible interaction Meloxicam may have on any other medications or supplements that your pooch is currently taking.
Metacam is a powerful COX-1 inhibitor type of pain reliever and antipyretic. It also mimics the superb safety profile of COX-2 inhibitors, making it one of the most amazing pain reliever you could ever give to your pooch in moderate to severe pain.


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Home » Business » Asia's Largest Battery Manufacturer Invests €30 Million in Croatia's Rimac Automobili
Asia's Largest Battery Manufacturer Invests €30 Million in Croatia's Rimac Automobili
Rimac signs deal with Camel Group (Photo: Rimac)
Asia's largest battery manufacturer – China-based Camel Group Ltd., has entered into a Subscription Agreement with Rimac Automobili, Greyp Bikes and their founder and CEO Mate Rimac concluding the single largest foreign direct investment in a Croatian technology company.
Out of the total investment amount, 3 mil EUR will be allocated to Rimac's sister company – Greyp Bikes. The Investment will be used to fund the launch of new products, the extension of production capacity and global expansion of the companies.
(Photo: Rimac)
Mate Rimac, Founder, and CEO of Rimac and Greyp, commented on the fundraising: "Over the years, we have established ourselves as a technology provider and enabler for many global automotive manufacturers. We have become the go-to address when it comes to electric powertrains, batteries, innovative infotainment and telemetry systems and many other core vehicle systems. At the same time, our supercars are redefining what electric vehicles are capable of and showing that the electrified future will be exciting. In contrast to many other companies in this business, we have a working business model – we are profitable since 2012 and doubling every year organically. This investment will help us further accelerate growth, introduce new products to the market and expand our global presence. Two key areas are building a new, state-of-the-art production facility for our technology business and launching our next-generation electric supercar which will be shown to the world next year."
Rimac's Concept_One (Photo: Rimac)
Liu Changlai, CEO of Camel Group said: "Our strategy is to move aggressively into the New Energy Vehicle Business – providing advanced battery systems, powertrains and other vehicle components to major commercial and passenger vehicle manufacturers in China. After studying the market deeply, searching for a technology partner, Rimac seemed as the perfect match for us – leading the Electric Vehicle technology development in many areas. During our numerous visits to Croatia and detailed Due Diligence, we were most impressed by Rimac's deep vertical integration – developing and manufacturing all key vehicle systems in-house. It was also impressive to learn that Rimac, as a young company in a very conservative industry, has earned the trust of some of the largest and most prestigious automotive companies. We are excited to use our synergies to deliver world-class Electric Vehicle components and technologies to the market and help accelerate the transition to a fully-electric fleet."
Gerard Piqué, Lionel Messi and Chelsea's Cesc Fàbregas with their Greyp bikes (photo credit: Greyp)
Rimac Automobili started in a garage in 2009 with the bold goal of proving that electric-powered sportscars can be fun, fast and exciting. Since, Rimac has become an important player in the electric vehicle industry – designing, developing and manufacturing their own high-performance fully electric supercars while delivering key technologies to many global OEMs. Rimac technology is recognized worldwide through established partnerships with Aston Martin, Koenigsegg and many other undisclosed manufacturers. Becoming a Tier 1 supplier to major automotive companies remains the core focus of the company.
Greyp Bikes, a Rimac Automobili sister company, is focused on the development and production of highly advanced electric bicycles. Greyp's mission is to redefine biking through technology, user experience, and electrification.
Camel Group Co., a Shanghai Stock Exchange listed company, researches, develops, produces, and sells batteries in China and worldwide. With 1,1 Billion US Dollars sales in 2016 and 6.000 employees, Camel Group Co. is Asia's largest battery manufacturer.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Humanitarian aid is still a target for the Israeli occupation
November 26, 2014 at 12:20 pm | Published in: Article, Israel, Middle East, Palestine
ibrahimhewitt56
I have been the chair of trustees for 17 of Interpal's 20 years as a British charity helping Palestinians in desperate need; it is a privilege to be in such a position. Being a trustee has enabled me to meet and work with some wonderful people, including our incredible beneficiaries in occupied Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon. They inspire us as we try to bring a degree of normality to their extraordinarily abnormal situation.
It hasn't been an easy ride. Interpal was declared by the US government in 2003 to be a "Specially designated global terrorist entity"; there was no due process, no investigation and no immediately obvious right to appeal against the decision. We discovered our new status via the BBC website. I called it "gesture politics" at the time, because claims that the US was freezing Interpal's assets in America were nonsense; we didn't have any assets there. In fact, the only money we have in the States now is around $100,000 which was confiscated by Citibank as the transfer of funds for our orphans' programme in Jordan crossed a computer screen in New York. Orphans went without so that American and Israeli egos could be massaged.
A number of investigations and inquiries by Britain's charity regulator have found no evidence of illegal activity by Interpal, and the US government has offered no evidence to justify its designation. The absence of any police involvement, said one senior Metropolitan Police officer, "is hugely significant".
The "terrorist" tag originated in Israel, of course, which has a strong interest in blocking any kind of aid to the Palestinians living under its brutal military occupation; if life is made harsh enough, the theory goes, then perhaps the Palestinians will pack up and cross the Jordan into permanent exile. This is known in Zionist jargon as "silent transfer". After almost 70 years of occupation, the Israelis obviously do not know the Palestinians, or the people who support them.
The UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), whose senior spokesperson, Chris Gunness, has flown over to speak at Interpal's 20th anniversary symposium in London, is at the forefront of working to keep the Palestinians afloat. Interpal is proud to be a valued partner of UNRWA and has a number of projects in the pipeline to continue such work in the months and years ahead.
Despite having such a high profile link to a UN agency, accusations of supporting "terrorism" have been thrown at Interpal almost since day one, with a claim in a major broadsheet that we "funded the training of suicide bombers" in 1996. A small charity has been seen as an easy target; we are the pebble in the Israeli shoe and just won't go away. "Interpal," said one Israeli politician, "is a tough nut to crack."
The attack on our charity has been relentless which is odd, given our relatively small size. Italian journalist and author Loretta Napoleoni is an expert on "terrorist financing". She told me that the US and Israeli governments are going after charities like Interpal precisely because they think that we are easy targets and can be shut down, at which point they can claim to be "cutting off terrorist funding". The reality, she said, is that most of the $3 trillion drugs and terrorist economy is channelled through legitimate businesses, not charities. In 2012, HSBC confirmed that it was going to pay the US authorities $1.9bn (£1.2bn) in a settlement over money laundering. "A US Senate investigation said the UK-based bank had been a conduit for 'drug kingpins and rogue nations'," reported the BBC. The bank "admitted having poor money laundering controls and apologised." There has been no special designation for a bank involved in very serious crime, but a small charity against whom there are only allegations from vexatious complainants face being driven out of existence; our only "crime" is helping Palestinians.
The message from our New York lawyer is that the US Treasury can only do so much about the designation: "It was a political decision and needs a political decision to rescind it." In other words, the State Department must be involved, which is why Interpal has asked the Foreign and Commonwealth Office a number of times to speak on its behalf. Even though HM Government intervened on behalf of British banks facing legal action in the US, this British charity has been told "you need to raise it yourselves with the Americans". Individual parliamentarians in both Houses have been very supportive over the years, but of government action there has been none.
Interpal distributes on average around £4 million a year and every penny is accounted for. In the great scheme of things, this is a relatively miniscule amount (Israel gets $8m a day from the US). The bureaucratic system that we have in place makes it ridiculous to suggest that we divert donations for illegal purposes.
The fact that many of the projects Interpal has funded are also funded by USAid doesn't carry any weight in Washington, and America insists that we should discriminate along political lines in the distribution of our funds; discrimination of any kind is illegal for British charities, and rightly so. We will continue to support Palestinians with humanitarian aid without fear or favour, the only criteria being need.
Many of Interpal's beneficiaries are women and children. The children of Palestine, Muslims and Christians alike, have had their childhood stolen from them; we should all hang our heads in shame at this. More than 80 per cent of the children in the Gaza Strip suffer from post-traumatic stress. Every time an Israeli jet flies overhead, or a helicopter, or a drone, these children wait for the bombs to follow; that is what they have come to expect. It is a shameful situation.
The recent news that the dedicated surgeon and activist Dr Mads Gilbert has been given a lifetime ban by Israel from entering the Gaza Strip illustrates perfectly the Israeli attitude towards anyone offering humanitarian assistance to Palestinians. It has nothing to do with "terrorism" and everything to do with enforcing an immoral and illegal blockade on the territory. What is being done in the name of "the only democracy in the Middle East" is not only undemocratic but also breaks international law. Israel's leadership knows this but carries on regardless and with apparent impunity. NGOs and others will do likewise until justice is seen to be done and a free and independent Palestine emerges from the rubble.
This is an edited version of the speech given by Ibrahim Hewitt at Interpal's 20th anniversary symposium in London on 25th November.
ArticleIsraelMiddle EastPalestine


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February 2020 Vol. 12 Issue 2
An Updated Review on Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopausal Women
Examining the latest research on estradiol, estriol, estetrol, and oxytocin
By Timothy Schwaiger, ND
Menopause can be a challenge for women who suffer from unwanted symptoms, including insomnia associated with night sweats and hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and chronic urinary problems. In addition, for those contemplating hormone replacement therapy (HRT) while evaluating its use and the potential for aggravating side effects and medical risks, the information available to the public can be confusing.
Some hormonal changes that occur in menopausal women and andropausal men are associated with medical comorbidities like insulin resistance and obesity. Body weight affects hormone levels, and this paper will reference that link as it pertains to conditions affecting menopausal women. However, this topic deserves a more comprehensive review than this paper can provide.
Despite the successful use of nonhormonal treatments to alleviate menopausal symptoms,1 localized vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, and chronic urinary problems continue for some women. This article will summarize the use of low-dose or ultralow-dose estradiol, estriol, estetrol, and oxytocin therapy as a potentially safe option for some of these women. It also will briefly review the use of micronized progesterone in opposing estrogen therapy. Before a discussion of the possible therapies, a review of the hormones used in menopausal women is essential.
Estrogen Hormones
In women, the 4 main naturally occurring estrogens are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4). Following is an overview of each.
Estrone (E1)
After menopause, a reduction in estradiol levels occurs due to a decrease in production by the ovaries. What little estradiol is present after menopause comes primarily from peripheral conversion.2 Estrone becomes the dominant estrogen after menopause; it is produced through peripheral conversion of adrenal androstenedione by aromatase, primarily in adipose tissues, but also directly in the adrenal glands.3,4 Fatty breast tissue is a principal site of aromatase activity, but activity is also present in the brain, muscle, liver, and, minimally, the ovaries of a postmenopausal woman. Notably, the body stores estrone primarily in adipose tissue, so women with low body fat may have lower levels of estrone compared to women with normal body fat or women with a higher body mass index (BMI).5
Estradiol (E2)
Estradiol is primarily made in the ovaries. It is the most prevalent estrogen in the body during the reproductive years, is responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics, and prepares the body for pregnancy. Estradiol is a metabolite of testosterone and has been shown to participate in male sexual development in early life as well as adult male sexual function in later life.6 Estradiol plays an important role in bone density in men.7 The use of estradiol in the treatment of osteoporosis in menopausal women is an important benefit to discuss with patients when weighing the benefits and risks of HRT.
Finding the lowest dose of estrogen that benefits bone density is an essential component in the current environment of thoughtful prescribing of HRT. Research is attempting to establish the lowest dose of hormone therapy that patients can use to obtain a clinically significant and positive effect on a negative health deficiency—for example, introducing the lowest dose of estrogen therapy to counteract or improve a negative health marker such as low bone density. In a trial of transdermal low-dose estradiol (14 µg [0.014 mg]) for 2 years, a 2.6% and 0.4% increase occurred in lumbar and hip bone density, respectively (P<0.001). Trial participants also used 800 mg of daily calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D. There was no significant increase in the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in the women using the hormone cream. It should be noted that 1 of the 417 women in the study developed hyperplasia.8
Estetrol and oxytocin offer unique and promising alternatives for practitioners, especially given their potential antitumor properties, although more studies are needed to verify the safety of these therapies.
Low-dose therapy, or "micro-dosing," has also been shown to address vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes. In a stepwise fashion, 14 µg of daily transdermal estradiol cream was effective in reducing moderate to severe hot flashes in 50%, 70%, and 95% of women following 2, 4, and 12 weeks of use, respectively (P<0.001).9 No significant side effects were noted in the women using the estradiol cream.
In another study of 188 women using a 14 µg estradiol patch, only 8.5% of the hormone-treated group (16 women) had endometrial proliferation at the end of the study (P=0.06), and 12.2% (23 women) had vaginal bleeding (P=0.3). The researchers concluded that the estradiol and placebo groups had similar rates of endometrial hyperplasia and vaginal bleeding.10
The clinical goal would be to provide a type of estrogen replacement therapy that would result in minimal to no increase in serum estradiol levels until further research demonstrates whether the observed correlation between estradiol levels in menopausal women and risk of cancer is conclusive. The following is a summary of such research.
In a study using 50 µg (0.05 mg) of 17-β-estradiol intravaginal cream nightly, serum estradiol levels changed from 7.7 pg/mL to 9.7 pg/mL after 8 weeks of use (P=0.24).11 In another study using 25 µg (0.025 mg) of intravaginal estradiol, there was a sharp increase in serum estradiol levels within the first several hours of delivery, and levels remained elevated for 2 weeks. This was compared to a 10 µg (0.01 mg) dose, which showed a less dramatic increase in serum estradiol levels during the first 8 hours and no significant difference after 14 days when compared to placebo (P<0.01).12 See Figure 1.
Figure 1: Unadjusted mean serum estradiol concentrations after treatment with TX-004HR 10 μg estradiol vaginal inserts (n =19) versus placebo (n=17). Copyright © 2019 The North American Menopause Society. Used with permission from author.
Estriol (E3)
Estriol (E3) is present in small amounts in premenopausal women. It is the main estrogen produced during pregnancy, and it is made by the placenta. E3 is 1 of the hormones measured in a quad screen, a blood test used during pregnancy to assess the risk of fetal deformities.13 Estriol is the weaker estrogen. It has greater affinity for estrogen beta receptors (ERβ) and less affinity for estrogen alpha receptors (ERα).14 There is evidence that stimulation of ERβ can produce antiproliferative activity and that ERα is more responsible for the proliferation of breast tissue.15
Ultralow-dose estriol of 0.03 mg (30 µg) has been shown to help with menopausal symptoms related to vaginal atrophy and—when 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus are added—reduce recurrence of urinary tract infections.16,17 There was a trial using 0.03 mg vaginal tablets with 16 postmenopausal women with breast cancer who were also using aromatase inhibitors. These women inserted the vaginal tablet daily for 4 weeks and then reduced therapy to 3 times per week for a total of 12 weeks. Although there was a slight increase in serum estriol (E3) levels after 8 weeks, there was no rise in E1 or E2 serum levels.18
Between 2008 and 2011, a large trial took place involving 59 centers in Germany.19 This trial compared the use of 0.2 mg and 0.03 mg pessaries versus placebo for vaginal atrophy. Over the course of 12 weeks, estriol and placebo were given once daily for 20 days, followed by twice weekly for 9 weeks. Participants reported vaginal dryness as the most common symptom. Both the 0.2 mg and the 0.03 mg doses were more effective than placebo in improving signs and symptoms related to vaginal atrophy. The lower dose of 0.03 mg resulted in clinically significant improvements in the vaginal maturation index, and the pH of the vaginal area changed to a more acidic level of around 5.
Some literature suggests a relationship between higher pH levels in the vaginal area and increased risk of urinary tract infections.20 In addition, the loss of favorable microflora such as Lactobacillus species may increase the risk of urinary tract infections.21 In a study involving 132 postmenopausal women, researchers noted that there was a significant correlation between vaginal pH and vaginal atrophy symptoms (P<0.001). There was also a lower count of Lactobacillus species found in individuals with vaginal atrophy, which is associated with a reduction of lactic acid produced, thus increasing vaginal pH levels.22
If you use a compounding pharmacy for the estriol dose of 30 µg, be sure the pharmacy can compound such a low dose. This is more possible with orders of larger quantities. For example, with an order of 100 tablets or 60 grams of cream, it is more likely the pharmacy can create this low-dose formula. The pharmacy may also have the ability to add the Lactobacillus probiotic directly to the estriol formula.
Estetrol (E4)
Estetrol is produced by a growing fetus, and it is produced only during pregnancy. See Figure 2.
Figure 2. Estetrol is produced in the fetal liver and only found in low levels during pregnancy. Estetrol is converted from estradiol and estriol by the 2 enzymes 15α- and 16α-hydroxylase.
Although not a lot is known about this estrogen, research has shown estetrol to be 100 times weaker than estradiol, and it appears that estetrol is a weak estrogen agonist primarily through ERα and an antagonist to the proliferative effects on breast tissue associated with estradiol.23 In a small study of 15 women, using 20 mg of E4 resulted in a significant down-regulation of ERα and up-regulation of ERβ (P<0.05). See Figure 3.
Figure 3. Increase (dark gray bar), decrease (light gray bar), or no change (white bar) in intratumoral expression of ERα and ERβ in response to 14 days of oral treatment with 20 mg E4 or placebo per day.24 Used with permission from the authors.
E4 appears to not alter coagulation factors in the liver, which may contribute to reduced risk of thrombosis.25 In a 2017 study, it was shown that E4 decreased levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a dose-dependent manner, which suggests that E4 has a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.26 This study also found that 10 mg of E4 had similar positive effects on bone turnover markers as a dose of 2 mg of estradiol. The bone turnover marker used in the study was osteocalcin levels, which have been shown to increase with estrogen deficiency–related menopause. A reduction in osteocalcin levels in the study is favorable to bone density in menopausal women.27
Because of E4's high bioavailability and half-life of 28 hours, patients can appropriately use it as an oral agent. For contrast, E3 has a half-life of 20-30 minutes. E4, at a dose of 2 mg, has been shown not to be associated with endometrial proliferation.
The Role of Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland and perhaps is most noted for its role in stimulating the production of mother's milk during breastfeeding. We now know that this hormone is associated with both male and female sexual function, as well as with promoting social bonding.28 In this article, we will focus on the use of oxytocin for postmenopausal symptoms.
Researchers administered intranasal oxytocin at a dose of 32 IU to a group of heterosexual females aged 41 to 64 years and diagnosed with hypoactive sexual desire, arousal, or orgasmic disorder. The study included the male partners, and couples were selected based on exclusion of those having relationship problems or male androgenic dysfunction. In this study, 63% of the women were categorized as postmenopausal. Although the female sexual function test was very slightly higher in the group using intranasal oxytocin as compared to the placebo group, there was no significant difference overall in the oxytocin versus placebo groups (P<0.01).29
The focus so far in this article has been to discuss low-dose alternatives for the treatment of menopausal signs and symptoms, primarily those involving the improvement of vaginal atrophy, vasomotor symptoms, and chronic urinary tract infections afflicting those in the menopausal-age group. The use of oxytocin instead of or in combination with ultralow-dose estrogen merits strong consideration. There is evidence that oxytocin stimulates the gastrointestinal tract, and it has been shown to enhance gastric emptying in response to meals.30 This review will focus on topical vaginal applications.
In a study involving 140 postmenopausal women (70 in the oxytocin group and 70 in the placebo group) and the use of 1 mg (600 IU) of oxytocin gel, 69% of the women using vaginal oxytocin showed a reduction in vaginal atrophy (P=0.001). In addition, 45 of the 70 women in the oxytocin group experienced a significant reduction in dyspareunia (P=0.001). It is important to note that there was no significant increase in serum estradiol levels in the oxytocin group.31
Interestingly, research demonstrates that estrogen stimulates the activity of oxytocin, and testosterone may reduce the effects of oxytocin, alternatively shifting its hormonal activity to that of vasopressin.32,33 Vasopressin may lead to overstimulation of the sympathetic system. So theoretically speaking, oxytocin, when combined with estrogen therapy, may have synergistic effects.
Another study compared intravaginal administration of 400 IU and 100 IU of oxytocin compared to placebo. There were 24 women in each of the treatment arms. In this study, the effects of oxytocin on pH, vaginal atrophy, and dyspareunia were evaluated. Interestingly, women using the 100 IU gel were found to have a lower pH than those using the 400 IU (P=0.0245). Women using 100 IU of oxytocin showed a clinically significant improvement in vaginal atrophy (P=0.005) and a reduction in dyspareunia (P=0.0156). The 100 IU oxytocin group did not experience an increase in endometrial thickness or increase in serum levels of estradiol.34
A topic of particular interest is the potential use of oxytocin in reducing the risk of certain cancers. Research has shown that breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer.35,36 Oxytocin receptors are also found in other areas of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract and prostate; there is evidence that oxytocin might be protective against certain gastrointestinal cancers and prostate cancer.37 More research is needed before any recommendations can be made.
Micronized Progesterone
The final discussion needed when reviewing the use of estrogens in the treatment of menopausal symptoms is when to use (and when not to use) progesterone. Progesterone or progestins are used to oppose the potential effects of endometrial proliferation from the use of estrogens. In other words, when the use of estrogens causes the endometrial lining to thicken, progesterone should be used to counter this estrogenic effect. Other factors also increase the risk of endometrial cancer, including BMI and going into menopause at a later age, but consistent in the research is the fact that unopposed estrogen use is a significant risk factor.38
Gompel (2012) reviewed the use of 200 mg of micronized progesterone versus progestogens. In a study involving 596 postmenopausal women during a 3-year period, the use of micronized progesterone as compared to progestogens did not significantly increase high-risk endometrial changes (P=0.16). The author also noted that most studies concur that continuous use (25 days per month) of progesterone as compared to sequential use further reduces the risk of negative endometrial alterations.39
A study of 77 postmenopausal women compared the use of conventionally prepared conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg) in conjunction with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 mg) to natural E2 gel (1.5 mg) in conjunction with oral micronized progesterone (200 mg). After 2 months of treatment, the conventionally prepared estrogen/medroxyprogesterone group showed significant breast cell proliferation, whereas the group receiving natural E2 plus oral micronized progesterone demonstrated no significant increase in breast cell proliferation (P=0.05).40
Researchers also studied oral micronized progesterone (200 mg) for its effects on cardiovascular risk and found that when it's combined with non-oral E2, there is no increased risk of cardiovascular complications such as elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or lipid levels (P<0.01 and P=0.1, respectively).41
Laboratory Evaluation
One challenge or obstacle in measuring estrogen levels (primarily estradiol) in postmenopausal women is the questionable accuracy when trying to evaluate low levels of estrogen. Though not related to menopause, this challenge is especially important in women with fertility issues or those using aromatase inhibitors, when detection of subtle fluctuations is needed for proper assessment. This challenge also arises when using low-dose or ultralow-dose estradiol therapy, and there is a need to evaluate between undetectable and very low plasma levels of estradiol. Accurately measuring serum estradiol levels might help the clinician determine compliance and evaluate the impact of specific dosing regimens for determining suitable levels of HRT on bone density, for example. Although evidence exists that increased circulating estradiol levels in postmenopausal women may increase the risk of breast cancer, clear clinical guidelines are lacking. Ordering measurements of serum estradiol levels prior to HRT might be of clinical value; however, this author recommends further clarification.42 Because the half-life of estriol is so short, ordering serum level tests of this hormone is of questionable value until more is known about the association between estriol and disease risk.
Creams and Gels
HRT base creams should be an oil or oil-in-water cream free of polyethylene glycol, fragrances, dyes, petroleum, and parabens. Patients can ask that specific oils, such as coconut oil, be used, but the absorption may not be the same as an oil-water base cream. Several commercially available HRT base creams are available, such as HRT Heavy and VersaBase. VersaBase also comes in a gel form. The advantage for pharmacies in using some of these commercial forms is that the shelf life can be as long as 6 months. If the creams or gels have too high of a water content, the regulated shelf life might be only 14-30 days.
Capsules can be inserted vaginally, though depending on the capsule type, women sometimes complain that the capsule does not dissolve. Oral micronized progesterone comes in a capsule form.
A few compounding pharmacies offer vaginal tablets. The ultralow-dose estriol from Germany called Gynoflor is a tablet and has been on the market in that country for several years.
Any hormone replacement therapy should take place only in conjunction with open and honest dialogue with each patient. Medical practitioners must explain the potential benefits and risks and incorporate into clinical practice proper follow-up during the replacement period. As published in The North American Menopause Society's position paper, HRT in breast and/or endometrial cancer survivors should be considered only after efforts have been made to treat bothersome vasomotor symptoms with nonhormonal therapies, and this decision should be made in conjunction with the patient's oncologist.43
When practitioners and patients are considering low-dose and ultralow-dose estrogen therapy, they should give the same consideration. The ultimate clinical and patient outcomes should reflect the thoughtful and evidence-based decision-making process of the physician who is also respecting the involvement of the patient in the process.
The monitoring of changes in serum estradiol levels is worth considering; it's advisable for the prescribing physician or oncologist to check for changes in endometrial thickness as needed.
Estetrol and oxytocin offer unique and promising alternatives for practitioners, especially given their potential antitumor properties, although more studies are needed to verify the safety of these therapies. The use of progesterone to oppose estrogen therapy is a strong recommendation; however, sustained use of oral micronized progesterone (25 days per month) appears to best reduce the risk of endometrial problems. The use of progesterone in conjunction with low-dose and ultralow-dose estriol may or may not be required, but until more clinical trials are conducted, the use of oral micronized progesterone would have greater benefits and safety.
For women without any personal or family history of female cancers, HRT should center on offering the most benefits from therapy while minimizing any risks. Starting at the lowest dose of HRT to accomplish the highest degree of benefits should be the goal of the patient-doctor relationship.
Timothy Schwaiger, ND, MA, received his naturopathic degree from Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine in Tempe, Arizona, and completed a 2-year residency there in Family Medicine. He has a master of arts degree from Webster University in Health Care Management. Schwaiger currently serves as chief medical officer at Bastyr University in California and is a professor of naturopathic medicine. Schwaiger has been in practice since 1999 and loves being a naturopathic physician. He uses naturopathic modalities as well as an integrative approach to family care, pain management, and cancer therapy.
Australasian Menopause Society. Complementary and herbal therapies for hot flushes: January 2018. https://www.menopause.org.au/hp/information-sheets/734-complementary-and-herbal-therapies-for-hot-flushes. Australasian Menopause Society. Accessed January 29, 2020.
Labrie F. All sex steroids are made intracellularly in peripheral tissues by the mechanisms of intracrinology after menopause. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;145:133-138.
Manson JE, Bassuk SS. Menopause and postmenopausal hormone therapy. In: Jameson JL, ed. Harrison's Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2017:215-225.
Forney JP, Milewich L, Chen GT, et al. Aromatization of androstenedione to estrone by human adipose tissue in vitro: correlation with adipose tissue mass, age, and endometrial neoplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;53(1):192-199.
Hetemäki N, Savolainen-Peltonen H, Tikkanen MJ, et al. Estrogen metabolism in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(12):4588-4595.
McCarthy MM. The two faces of estradiol: effects on the developing brain. Neuroscientist. 2009;15(6):599-610.
Vandenput L, Ohlsson C. Sex steroid metabolism in the regulation of bone health in men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(3-5):582-588.
Ettinger B, Ensrud KE, Wallace R, et al. Effects of ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol on bone mineral density: a randomized clinical trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(3):443-451.
Bachmann GA, Schaefers M, Uddin A, Utian WH. Lowest effective transdermal 17beta-estradiol dose for relief of hot flushes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(4):771-779.
Johnson SR, Ettinger B, Macer JL, Ensrud KE, Quan J, Grady D. Uterine and vaginal effects of unopposed ultralow-dose transdermal estradiol. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105(4):779-787.
Illston JD, Wheeler TL, Parker CR, et al. Low-dose 17-β-estradiol cream for vaginal atrophy in a cohort without prolapse: Serum levels and vaginal response including tissue biomarkers associated with tissue remodeling. Maturitas. 2015;81(4):475-479.
Archer DF, Constantine GD, Simon JA, et al. TX-004HR vaginal estradiol has negligible to very low systemic absorption of estradiol. Menopause. 2017;24(5):510-516.
Keller NA, Rijshinghani A. Advantages of the quadruple screen over noninvasive prenatal testing. Clin Case Rep. 2016;4(3):244-246.
Cano A, Estévez J, Usandizaga R, et al. The therapeutic effect of a new ultra-low concentration estriol gel formulation (0.005% estriol vaginal gel) on symptoms and signs of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: results from a pivotal phase III study. Menopause. 2012;19(10):1130-1139.
Paterni I, Granchi C, Katzenellenbogen JA, Minutolo F. Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ): subtype selective ligands and clinical potential. Steroids. 2014;90:13-29.
Jaisamrarn U, Triratanachat S, Chaikittisilpa S, Grob P, Prasauskas V, Taechakraichana N. Ultra-low-dose estriol and lactobacilli in the local treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2013;16(3):347-355.
Mueck AO, Ruan X, Prasauskas V, Grob P, Ortmann O. Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):140-147.
Buchholz S, Mögele M, Lintermans A, et al. Vaginal estriol-lactobacilli combination and quality of life in endocrine-treated breast cancer. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):252-259.
Griesser H, Skonietzki S, Fischer T, Fielder K, Suesskind M. Low dose estriol pessaries for the treatment of vaginal atrophy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial investigating the efficacy of pessaries containing 0.2 mg and 0.03 mg estriol. Maturitas. 2012;71(4):360-368.
Sumati AH, Saritha NK. Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis. J Glob Infect Dis. 2009;1(2):151-152.
Stapleton AE. The vaginal microbiota and urinary tract infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(6).
Tuntiviriyapun P, Panyakhamlerd K, Triratanacbat S, et al. Newly developed vaginal atrophy symptoms II and vaginal pH: a better correlation in vaginal atrophy? Climacteric. 2015;18(2):246-251.
Gérard C, Blacher S, Communal L, et al. Estetrol is a weak estrogen antagonizing estradiol-dependent mammary gland proliferation. J Endocrinol. 2015;224(1):85-95.
Singer CF, Coelingh Bennink HJT, Natter C, et al. Antiestrogenic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in women with estrogen-receptor positive early breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(11):2447-2451.
Kluft C, Zimmerman Y, Mawet M, et al. Reduced hemostatic effects with drospirenone-based oral contraceptives containing estetrol vs. ethinyl estradiol. Contraception. 2017;95(2):140-147.
Coelingh Bennink HJT, Verhoeven C, Zimmerman Y, Visser M, Foidart JM, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Pharmacodynamic effects of the fetal estrogen estetrol in postmenopausal women: results from a multiple-rising-dose study. Menopause. 2017;24(6):677-685.
Kalaiselvi VS, Prabhu K, Ramesh M, Venkatesan V. The association of serum osteocalcin with the bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(5):814-816.
Magon N, Kalra S. The orgasmic history of oxytocin: love, lust, and labor. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15(Suppl3):S156-S161.
Muin DA, Wolzt M, Marculescu R, et al. Effect of long-term intranasal oxytocin on sexual dysfunction in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2015;104(3):715-723.
Ohlsson B, Janciauskiene S. New insights into the understanding of gastrointestinal dysmotility. Drug Target Insights. 2007;2:229-237.
Torky HA, Taha A, Marie H, et al. Role of topical oxytocin in improving vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Climacteric. 2018;21(2):174-178.
Windle RJ, Gamble LE, Kershaw YM, Wood SA, Lightman SL, Ingram CD. Gonadal steroid modulation of stress-induced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity and anxiety behavior: role of central oxytocin. Endocrinology. 2006;147(5):2423-2431.
Delville Y, Mansour KM, Ferris CF. Testosterone facilitates aggression by modulating vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus. Physiol Behav. 1996;60(1):25-29.
Al-Saqi SH, Uvnäs-Moberg K, Jonasson AF. Intravaginally applied oxytocin improves post-menopausal vaginal atrophy. Post Reprod Health. 2015;21(3):88-97.
Zheng T, Holford TR, Mayne ST, et al. Lactation and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Connecticut. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(11):1472-1476.
Su D, Pasalich M, Lee AH, Binns CW. Ovarian cancer risk is reduced by prolonged lactation: a case-control study in southern China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(2):354-359.
Lerman B, Harricharran T, Ogunwobi OO. Oxytocin and cancer: an emerging link. World J Clin Oncol. 2018;9(5):74-82.
Brinton LA, Felix AS. Menopausal hormone therapy and risk of endometrial cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;142:83-89.
Gompel A. Micronized progesterone and its impact on the endometrium and breast vs. progestogens. Climacteric. 2012;15(Suppl1):18-25.
Murkes D, Conner P, Leifland K, et al. Effects of percutaneous estradiol-oral progesterone versus oral conjugated equine estrogens medroxyprogesterone acetate on breast cell proliferation and bcl-2 protein in healthy women. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(3):1188–1191..
Casanova G, Spritzer PM. Effects of micronized progesterone added to non-oral estradiol on lipids and cardiovascular risk factors in early postmenopause: a clinical trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2012;11:133.
Rosner W, Hankinson SE, Sluss PM, Vesper HW, Wierman ME. Challenges to the measurement of estradiol: an Endocrine Society position statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):1376-1387.
The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2017;24(7):728-753.
Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Does Short-term Hormone Replacement Therapy Increase the Risk of Breast Cancer?
Fenugreek Standardized Extract for Menopausal Symptoms


text:
Glass House Shaded by Retractible Shutters
By dornob
A series of glass boxes protected by retractible metal shutters blur the boundaries between indoors and out in this two-level home by Spanish firm Estudio Entresitio. Transparent volumes interact with voids and stark concrete walls to create a variety of irregularly shaped spaces characterized by strong diagonal and vertical lines.
From the outside, it's hard to tell where the interior of this glass house even begins, as the shutters are flush with the glass in some areas and separate from it in others, creating courtyards that have a sense of privacy, yet are open to the sky. These serve as sunlit circulation routes from one end of the home to the other.
Large operable glazed walls enable the indoor areas to be opened to the outdoor and transitional spaces, so the home can go from feeling cozy and warm to fresh and breezy within minutes.
While the second floor of common areas is nearly all glass, forming one continuous curving volume, the bottom floor full of the sleeping areas is more fragmented, with the shady spaces between the rooms feeling like protective caves.
"Two different schemes superimposed one on top the other; a longitudinal one, based on spatial forking, and the one underneath, based on a hand fingers like configuration. As a result, it is a fractured mass, ruled by the rhythm of the roof structure. Some other important things are the growth against the slope, entrance through the umbilicus and permeable skins that thicken space boundaries."
"Upper level is a daytime pavilion with a metal roof structure that goes all the way through in visual continuity, with long views through a sequence of spaces. Concrete supporting walls and glass enclosure are the other two vertical elements, blurring the idea of interior and exterior. Rooms below are burrow like, with nested openings in between them."


text:
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/proc_fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/mmzone.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/div64.h>
#include "internal.h"

/*
 * display a single region to a sequenced file
 */
static int nommu_region_show(struct seq_file *m, struct vm_region *region)
{
	unsigned long ino = 0;
	struct file *file;
	dev_t dev = 0;
	int flags;

	flags = region->vm_flags;
	file = region->vm_file;

	if (file) {
		struct inode *inode = file_inode(region->vm_file);
		dev = inode->i_sb->s_dev;
		ino = inode->i_ino;
	}

	seq_setwidth(m, 25 + sizeof(void *) * 6 - 1);
	seq_printf(m,
		   "%08lx-%08lx %c%c%c%c %08llx %02x:%02x %lu ",
		   region->vm_start,
		   region->vm_end,
		   flags & VM_READ ? 'r' : '-',
		   flags & VM_WRITE ? 'w' : '-',
		   flags & VM_EXEC ? 'x' : '-',
		   flags & VM_MAYSHARE ? flags & VM_SHARED ? 'S' : 's' : 'p',
		   ((loff_t)region->vm_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT,
		   MAJOR(dev), MINOR(dev), ino);

	if (file) {
		seq_pad(m, ' ');
		seq_file_path(m, file, "");
	}

	seq_putc(m, '\n');
	return 0;
}

/*
 * display a list of all the REGIONs the kernel knows about
 * - nommu kernels have a single flat list
 */
static int nommu_region_list_show(struct seq_file *m, void *_p)
{
	struct rb_node *p = _p;

	return nommu_region_show(m, rb_entry(p, struct vm_region, vm_rb));
}

static void *nommu_region_list_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *_pos)
{
	struct rb_node *p;
	loff_t pos = *_pos;

	down_read(&nommu_region_sem);

	for (p = rb_first(&nommu_region_tree); p; p = rb_next(p))
		if (pos-- == 0)
			return p;
	return NULL;
}

static void nommu_region_list_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)
{
	up_read(&nommu_region_sem);
}

static void *nommu_region_list_next(struct seq_file *m, void *v, loff_t *pos)
{
	(*pos)++;
	return rb_next((struct rb_node *) v);
}

static const struct seq_operations proc_nommu_region_list_seqop = {
	.start	= nommu_region_list_start,
	.next	= nommu_region_list_next,
	.stop	= nommu_region_list_stop,
	.show	= nommu_region_list_show
};

static int proc_nommu_region_list_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	return seq_open(file, &proc_nommu_region_list_seqop);
}

static const struct file_operations proc_nommu_region_list_operations = {
	.open    = proc_nommu_region_list_open,
	.read    = seq_read,
	.llseek  = seq_lseek,
	.release = seq_release,
};

static int __init proc_nommu_init(void)
{
	proc_create("maps", S_IRUGO, NULL, &proc_nommu_region_list_operations);
	return 0;
}

fs_initcall(proc_nommu_init);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Khuman Lampak Sports Complex to be upgraded under Khelo India Scheme
PIB/ TMB Report
IMPHAL: Imphal's Khuman Lampak Sports Complex has been named as one of the first eight Khelo India State Centre of Excellence (KISCE) under Sports Authority of India's flagship talent identification and nurturing programme, Khelo India.
Khuman Lampak Sports Complex will be upgraded with a total budget of Rs.12.9crore in four years.
The support will be in the form of infrastructure upgradation, setting up of sports science centre and also soft component in the form of quality coaches and sports science human resources eg Physiotherapists, strength and conditioning expert. High quality equipments will also be provided to the players. The academy will also have High performance Manager to ensure quality sports science input and performance management.
The Sports Ministry is upgrading existing sporting infrastructure in each state and UT, in partnership with the state and UT, and creating KISCEs with the aim to create a robust sporting ecosystem in the entire country. Each KISCE will be extended sports-specific support in 14 Olympic sport, of which one state or UT will be given support for a maximum of 3 sports. In the first leg, 8 KISCEs have been identified, including the one in Imphal in Manipur. The other KISCEs will be set up in Mizoram, Telengana, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Odhisha, Karnataka and Kerala.
Speaking about the decision to set up the KISCEs, Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Shri. Kiren Rijiju said, "These Khelo India State Center of Excellence is yet another step towards building a robust sports ecosystem one one hand and India's pursuit of excellence in Olympics, on the other. These state-of-the-art centers will ensure that athletes proficient in a certain sport can be given the highest level of training and these centers become the best facilities in the country to train athletes in the priority sport for which they have been earmarked. I am confident this step will help to further India's effort of becoming one of the top 10 countries in the Olympics in 2028."
The setting up of the KISCE will also help to broad-base talent identification, since the states and UTs will also identify and develop talent in each sport for which funding is received. As a joint partnership, the Sports Authority of India will provide financial support in various avenues like sports science back-up, engagement of coaches and support staff, procurement of sports equipment, among other things. The state will be responsible for lodging, boarding, regular maintenance, infrastructure upgradation and overall management of the center. Wherever required, SAI will provide technical expertise and assistance, while putting in place a regular monitoring mechanism, to ensure that athletes are trained at par with international standards.


Hiraeth Artistic Productions presents William Shakespeare's Richard III, directed by Zoe Ford, at the Upstairs at the Gatehouse Theatre, a 128-seat fringe venue, above The Gatehouse Pub, in Highgate north London, from 4 Feb to 1 March 2014.
Surrounded by the dilapidated remains of England's once grand court, Richard, Duke of Gloucester has high hopes for the crown. After murdering the King, Richard and Clarence aid their older brother Edward on to the throne and thus their family, the House of York into power. However it isn't long before Richard's jealousy and his own unshakable ambition set into motion a rampant trail of backstabbing, plotting and slaughter.


I am using tomcat8 and would like to configure ip address with subnet in RemoteAddrValve for IP whitelisting (Example: 0.0.0.0/0). Can anyone help in how to configure subnet in allow field.
> I am using tomcat8 and would like to configure ip address with subnet in RemoteAddrValve for IP whitelisting (Example: 0.0.0.0/0). Can anyone help in how to configure subnet in allow field.
looks pretty easy to understand.
Example 1 provides the syntax you are looking for.
can allow or deny access (aka whitelist or blacklist) from any range of client IP addresses.
is not much else anyone here can tell you.
address format, or (c) the definition of a "subnet", or .. ?
>> anyone help in how to configure subnet in allow field.
> looks pretty easy to understand.
might be a better match for what the OP is looking for.
> Example 1 provides the syntax you are looking for.
> from any range of client IP addresses.
> "whitelist", there is not much else anyone here can tell you.
>>> anyone help in how to configure subnet in allow field.
>> looks pretty easy to understand.
> might be a better match for what the OP is looking for.
Order, Allow from and Deny from directives..".
That was Apache httpd up to 2.2, which is end-of-life since 2018/01/01.
>> Example 1 provides the syntax you are looking for.
>> from any range of client IP addresses.
>> "whitelist", there is not much else anyone here can tell you.
> confuses more than enlightens the casual reader.


text:
package org.jabref.logic.importer;

import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;

import org.jabref.logic.xmp.XmpPreferences;
import org.jabref.model.util.DummyFileUpdateMonitor;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
import org.mockito.Answers;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class ImportFormatReaderIntegrationTest {

    private ImportFormatReader reader;

    private final int count;
    public final String format;
    private final Path file;

    public ImportFormatReaderIntegrationTest(String resource, String format, int count) throws URISyntaxException {
        this.format = format;
        this.count = count;
        this.file = Paths.get(ImportFormatReaderIntegrationTest.class.getResource(resource).toURI());

    }

    @Before
    public void setUp() {
        reader = new ImportFormatReader();
        ImportFormatPreferences importFormatPreferences = mock(ImportFormatPreferences.class, Answers.RETURNS_DEEP_STUBS);
        when(importFormatPreferences.getEncoding()).thenReturn(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        reader.resetImportFormats(importFormatPreferences, mock(XmpPreferences.class), new DummyFileUpdateMonitor());
    }

    @Test
    public void testImportUnknownFormat() throws Exception {
        ImportFormatReader.UnknownFormatImport unknownFormat = reader.importUnknownFormat(file, new DummyFileUpdateMonitor());
        assertEquals(count, unknownFormat.parserResult.getDatabase().getEntryCount());
    }

    @Test
    public void testImportFormatFromFile() throws Exception {
        assertEquals(count, reader.importFromFile(format, file).getDatabase().getEntries().size());
    }

    @Test
    public void testImportUnknownFormatFromString() throws Exception {
        String data = new String(Files.readAllBytes(file), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        assertEquals(count, reader.importUnknownFormat(data).parserResult.getDatabase().getEntries().size());
    }

    @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{index}: {1}")
    public static Collection<Object[]> importFormats() {
        Collection<Object[]> result = new ArrayList<>();
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/RisImporterTest1.ris", "ris", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/IsiImporterTest1.isi", "isi", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/SilverPlatterImporterTest1.txt", "silverplatter", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/RepecNepImporterTest2.txt", "repecnep", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/OvidImporterTest3.txt", "ovid", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/Endnote.entries.enw", "refer", 5});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/MsBibImporterTest4.xml", "msbib", 1});
        result.add(new Object[] {"fileformat/MsBibImporterTest4.bib", "bibtex", 1});
        return result;
    }

}


text:
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Coconino County, Arizona.

It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 155 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 11 that are also National Historic Landmarks.  There are also two former listings.

Current listings

|}

Former listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Arizona
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona

References

Coconino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Irish beef industry would be 'wiped out' in event of no-deal Brexit, experts warn
Stock picture. Damien Eagers / INM
Hugh O'Connell
July 4 2019 8:56 PM
THE Irish beef industry would be wiped out in the event of a no-deal Brexit, according to one of the authors of a report on alternatives to the Brexit backstop.
https://www.independent.ie/business/farming/news/irish-beef-industry-would-be-wiped-out-in-event-of-nodeal-brexit-experts-warn-38283737.html
https://www.independent.ie/incoming/article37994084.ece/62421/AUTOCROP/h342/fenceandcattle.jpg
Shanker Singham from the Alternative Arrangements Commission, a non-governmental panel chaired by Conservative MPs, said there would be "mutually-assured destruction" of the beef sector in the UK and Ireland if Britain leaves without a deal on October 31st.
Mr Singham said the impact would be far greater than that of the EU-Mercusor trade deal that has sparked anger amongst beef farmers in recent days.
"The UK has already published its no-deal tariff schedule and if people are worrying about the 99,000 tonnes of Mercosur beef in a no deal there would be hundreds of thousands of tonnes of beef coming into the UK market [in a no-deal scenario] because it's a very lucrative high-price market.
"Everyone - the Australians, the Americans, the New Zealanders, the Argentinians, the Brazilians - they will all want to sell hundreds of thousands of tonnes of beef to the UK which is what they could do in an no-deal environment. It would wipe out the Irish beef industry, it would probably wipe out the UK beef industry as well."
Mr Singham and AAC members, including former UK trade minister Greg Hands, were in Dublin to meet with politicians and interest groups in a bid to gain backing for their plans to break the Brexit impasse.
In a report published last week, the group proposed a range of solutions, including that Ireland and the UK would operate inside a common food safety and animal health area, a trusted trader scheme for customs declarations and mobile inspection teams operating away from the border. The report has been met with scepticism from the Irish government and the EU.
But Mr Hands said he hoped Irish politicians would be open to the proposals his group was putting forward. He met the Taoiseach at the US ambassador's July 4th celebration on Wednesday evening.
"I was pleased that he was aware of the alternative arrangements and the commission and that was good," he said, while declining to go into further details about the conversation.
Mr Hands said that existing technologies being used at border crossings worldwide could be harnessed to create a solution for the Irish border. "We're not saying: 'We're copying the US-Canada border, or the Sweden-Norway border, or the Swiss-EU border - or any other border - and putting it down the middle of the Ireland.' What we're saying is we're learning aspects of each of these borders, as to what can work overall in a package that avoids border infrastructure, and the trusted-trader programme is a key part of that - and it works well."
Brazil to act on deforestation if concerns confirmed, minister says
McGuinness could land a top EU job when it's next on table
Hogan's EU job in jeopardy as FG fears beef deal fallout
Dan O'Brien: 'We should be singing the praises of a beef deal that highlights the huge benefits of a free-trade model - and offers the choice of cheaper prices for those in need'
Ireland to oppose EU plans to scrap daylight saving time
Creed accuses 'active' social media campaign of 'misleading...
Kildare Chairman to run for IFA deputy role
Met Éireann issues weather warning for 10 counties as thundery...


text:
Just a couple of weeks ago I blogged about the spirit of creativity which characterises this phase of the school year.
Far from a weary crawl towards the end of term, these are weeks that reverberate with creative energy. They are enlivened and enriched by high performance.
It's therefore my theme this week. And we've seen it in a number of different areas of school life over the last five days...
It was a week which has just ended with one of the performance highlights of the year. For the last twelve years, in fact.
Saturday afternoon and evening saw Quantum Leap XII. A previous 'Blame it on the boogie' blog explained a little bit of the background to this annual festival of dance, which this year involved no fewer than thirty-nine fantastic group and individual performances which moved and inspired in equal measure:
Creativity, passion, commitment and the highest quality of performance combined in almost three hours of grace and power.
High energy. High performance.
It was a week that began with a team of three Year 9 students - Laurence Bu-Rashid, Connor Humphreys and Jack Hygate - competing in the National Final of the TeenTech Competition at the Royal Society. It's a competition which tests not only the conceptual brilliance of the application of technology to an issue or problem, but also the team's ability to present to panel of judges; to perform under pressure.
And how they performed! The boys so successfully presented their idea of an app-based water purification system to the judges that they won their category of the competition and can now look forward to a presentation at Buckingham Palace in the Autumn!
And it wasn't just about the Year 9's competitive performance skills on show. Head Boy and Girl Duncan Shelton and Kaye Oubridge-Eagan did a magnificent job compering the whole event for an audience which included celebrities such as James May and Dr. Christian Jessen!
High pressure. High performance.
So it was a week to reflect a little more on what shapes high performance.
Regular blog followers will be well aware of my long-held interest in both learning from and applying the lessons of high performance in sport to education.
It's an interest that goes back to my own initial experience of success in school and is also reflected in blogs about Mike Brearley's psychology of leadership...
And Sir Clive Woodward's TCUP when it comes to exams.
But I for a while I've also wanted to go a bit deeper. Rather than simply - and generically - using these sports-themed coaching concepts as analogies and metaphors, I wanted to find out more about the specific behaviours that drive high performance and whether they really are transferable; to genuinely begin to understand and, if appropriate, translate them into a school-based learning programme.
So on Friday we began that process. Working with Planet K2, a consultancy company which have previously worked with businesses to help them perform like elite athletes, we are stating to explore what this can mean for our students...
Here's their 'performance pie'!
And it's very exciting. What does exactly make a high performance Mathematician, Geographer or Historian...?
We're looking forward to working together with students to find out...


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James 2:14 If a brother or sister be naked, and destitute of daily food, 16And one of you say unto them, Depart in peace, be ye warmed and filled; notwithstanding ye give them not those things which are needful to the body; what doth it profit?
Next PostNext Stay on Message: Let me listen. Let me help.


Third grade is primarily a self-contained classroom program. Daily classroom studies include: language arts (consisting of reading, grammar, and spelling), mathematics, social studies, science, Bible, and cursive. In addition, students meet with enrichment teachers for the following subjects each week: music (one 30-minute period), physical education (two 50-minute periods), computer (one 45-minute period), and art (two bi-monthly 60-minute periods). In addition, the students meet weekly with parent leaders for 25-minute discipleship groups based on our Bible curriculum.
Students receive four report cards throughout the year. These report cards measure progress in academic skills, work habits and citizenship. Teachers and parents meet for a conference at the end of the first quarter (and as needed). Approximately 30 minutes of homework in mathematics, language arts, or Bible is expected each weeknight, plus independent reading.


text:
How to make highly-efficient solar cells
A new approach towards highly efficient and air-stable perovskite solar cells
By Editorial Team February 27, 2018 0
This is a Perovskite solar cell prototype.
Research into the use of perovskite materials as solar cells has boomed in the last several years, following reports of high energy conversion efficiencies, which have continued to climb. New research published in the journal Materials Today reveals how to improve the lifetime of these solar cells.
Despite the intense interest in the materials for solar energy applications, "improving the stability of perovskite solar cells is a challenging task," explains Dr. Chang Kook Hong, corresponding author, from Chonnam National University in South Korea.
Perovskite is the general term for any mineral that has the same crystal structure as a particular form of calcium titanium oxide, first unearthed in the Ural Mountains of Russia in 1839 and named for the Russian mineralogist L. A. Perovski.
The unique structure of perovskites can be tweaked for particular properties by changing the various cations and anions from which they are formed. Fundamentally, the structure has the general chemical formula ABX3 where the 'A' and the 'B' represent positively-charged metal ions, cations, that are very different in size, and the 'X' is a negatively charged anion that bonds to both metal cations linking them together in the crystal.
Perovskites can be synthesized in the laboratory very cheaply and formed into thin films that can be incorporated into solar cells. Cations need not be metal ions, but can be any positively-charged ion, such as the ammonium ion or an organic ion; provided A and B are different sizes and a suitable negative ion is used they will give the perovskite structure.
Dr. Hong and colleagues have developed a method known as co-precipitation to make a thin film comprising nanoporous nickel oxide as the hole transporting layer (HTL) for a perovskite solar cell that uses the unique composition of FAPbI3 and or MAPbBr3 as the perovskite layer. Holes are the positive equivalent of negative electrons in discussions of electrochemistry. FAPbI3 is formamidinium lead iodide and MAPbBr3 is methylammonium lead bromide. In addition, they used an organic air-stable inorganic zinc oxide nanoparticles compound as the ETL (electron transporting layer) in order to protect perovskite layer from air.
"We successfully optimized the metal oxide based HTL and ETL protecting layers for highly efficient perovskite absorber by a simple method which can make air-stable photovoltaics," explains co-author Dr. Sawanta Mali. "Our main goal is to solve the problem of the tedious process of making conventional additive-doped, highly expensive, unstable HTLs by replacing low-cost, inorganic air-stable p and n-type metal oxides," Dr. Mali added.
Preliminary tests of the prowess of their device using these perovskites device architecture revealed a 19.10 percent (±1 percent) power conversion efficiency. The current density of the device was almost 23 milliamps per square centimeter and it could generate 1.076 Volts. Importantly, the device could sustain four-fifths of this level of efficiency in use for around five months.
The team suggests that their approach could lead the way to highly efficient and air-stable perovskite solar cells. "This technique is limited to the laboratory scale, however large-scale fabrication should also be possible with this device architecture," said Dr. Hong.
Perovskite
U.S. installers plan to absorb extra cost from Trump tariff
Why polymer solar cells need our attention | R&D
University of Toronto among international collaboration team that just led to a high efficiency breakthrough for next-gen solar cells


text:
Gallery Overview • Awards • Additional Details • Contact the Artist • Home • Video
Art is a universal language which provokes thought and triggers emotion. When people view my work–and see in the images what I have seen–then it successfully communicates.
Good fortune has given me the opportunity to come face to face with cultures and people in many corners of the world: neighbors at our villa in Hanoi; farmers in rural Tibet; Aeta hill-tribe members and jungle survival trainers in the Philippines; wedding guests in India; crafts people in Thailand; farmers in the Northwest; powwow participants; Maasai herdsmen and Mt. Kilimanjaro guides; monks and nuns in Ladakh. The documentation of this, our human family, the sameness of its differences, the equality, is the overriding objective of my art.
I received a Bachelor of Fine Arts and Art Education from the University of Cincinnati in the late 70's. By mid-1984, I was living and working out of Hong Kong where I was based for the following seven years. Based on my travels in the region, I first exhibited in Hong Kong a series of paintings which grew out of the kaleidoscope of cultures and colors in which I was immersed. Since then I have continued to broaden and expand the cultures represented.
The inherent cultural variety in the work has been universally received and has led to an equally wide acceptance and distribution of the work. The work has found its way into collections in the United States, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Vietnam and France. Upon my return to the States in the early '90's, the principal body of my work was showcased in a major exhibition at the Frye Art Museum in Seattle. Individual works from the collection have been broadly exhibited nationally including the 44th and 49th Annual Chautauqua National Exhibitions of American Art.
I am a member of the Women Painters of Washington. I currently reside in Skagit Valley, WA.
Recent Awards • Home • Additional Details
Contact us at csh@cshfineart.com


text:
Courtesy of the NYPL Digital Gallery (image use requires permission from the New York Public Library)
If you like...
Richard Cumberland (1631–1718)
Author of A Treatise of the Laws of Nature
Includes the names: Rt. Revd. Richard Cumberland
86 (571) 6 153,215 (3.91) 0 0
Works by Richard Cumberland
A Treatise of the Laws of Nature 31 copies
Memoirs of Richard Cumberland 11 copies
Sanchoniatho's Phoenician history, translated from the first book of… 6 copies
Origines gentium antiquissimæ; or, Attempts for discovering the times of… 4 copies
Arundel By the author of The observer. In two volumes. 4 copies
The West Indian : a comedy 3 copies
John de Lancaster: A Novel 2 copies
The Battle of Hastings, a Tragedy 2 copies
Calvary; or The Death of Christ. A Poem in Eight Books 2 copies
Wheel of Fortune 2 copies
Henry 2 copies
The observer : being a collection of moral, literary and familiar essays… 2 copies
A treatise of the laws of nature. 1 copy
Timon of Athens : a tragedy : as it is acted at the Theatres-Royal in… 1 copy
The Plays of Aristophanes. vol. 1. With an introduction by John P. Maine.… 1 copy
The Memoirs of Richard Cumberland (Ams Studies in the Eighteenth Century) 1 copy
An essay towards the recovery of the Jewish measures & weights,… 1 copy
The Carmelite : a tragedy : performed at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane 1 copy
The letters of Richard Cumberland 1 copy
Comicorum Graecorum Fragmenta 1 copy
The unpublished plays of Richard Cumberland 1 copy
Retrospection, a poem in familiar verse 1 copy
A letter to Richard Lord Bishop of Landaff on the subject of His… 1 copy
The Fashionable Lover 1 copy
The London review 1 copy
De legibus naturæ, disquisitio philosophica... : quin etiam elementa… 1 copy
The brothers : a comedy : as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in… 1 copy
Also by Richard Cumberland
The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales (Contributor) 438 copies, 6 reviews
Eighteenth Century Plays (Contributor) 27 copies
British Moralists, Vol. 1 (Contributor) 18 copies
Comedy of The gamesters, as altered from Shirley and C. Johnson, by D.… (critique, some editions) 1 copy
Timon of Athens, Alter'd from Shakespear (1771) (adapter) 1 copy
meburste (3), SalemAthenaeum (3), lyzard (3), ThomasJefferson (3), JeanSkipwith (3), Crypto-Willobie (3), profsuperplum (2), ellenandjim (2), WalterScottLibrary (2), JamesBoswell (2), mkvande (2), GeorgeWashington (2), henkl (2), IsaiahThomas (2) — more
fairy.bookmother (1), JoChris (1), Macspee (1), Waldstein (1), schammond (1), thefirstdark (1), JamesMonroe (1), StEdwardsSchool (1), marcosburlybiceps (1)
Legacy Libraries
Thomas Jefferson (3), Lady Jean Skipwith (3), James Boswell (2), Sir Walter Scott (2), Isaiah Thomas (2), George Washington (2), Voltaire (2), WilliamShort (1), Samuel Johnson (1), William Wilberforce (1) — 11 more, Terence Kemp McKenna (1), Joseph Priestley (1), John Adams (1), Ebenezer Devotion (1), Donald and Mary Hyde (1), Charles Macklin (1), Edward St. John Gorey (1), George Washington Mordecai (1), Benjamin Franklin (1), JamesMonroe (1), John Witherspoon (1)
17th century (3) 18th century (10) 19th century (6) 20th century (3) American (3) American literature (4) anthology (67) British (7) classic (3) classics (4) collection (3) Cumberland (3) drama (12) English (4) English literature (6) ethics (4) fantasy (10) fiction (53) Fiction Anthology (3) ghost stories (9) gothic (74) gothic fiction (7) gothic literature (3) history (3) horror (47) law (3) literature (17) natural law (3) Oxford (3) paperback (3) philosophy (10) plays (5) read (3) restoration and 18c drama (3) short fiction (4) short stories (67) short story (3) supernatural (6) to-read (22) vampires (3)
Cumberland, Richard
Wikipedia auteurspagina (E)
Richard Cumberland
Richard Cumberland (primary author only)
Richard Cumberland is currently considered a "single author." If one or more works are by a distinct, homonymous authors, go ahead and split the author.
Richard Cumberland is composed of 2 names. You can examine and separate out names.


text:
// @flow
import type { ServerResponse } from 'http';

/**
 * Create a Proxy that will trap typical node middleware callback invocations
 * and route them to the appropriate Promise callback (resolve or reject).
 */
export default function createResponseProxy(
  res: ServerResponse,
  resolve: (result: mixed) => void
) {
  return new Proxy(res, {
    get(target, key) {
      switch (key) {
        case 'end':
        case 'send':
        case 'json':
          return resolve;

        default:
          return target[key];
      }
    }
  });
}


text:
Q: Problems with malloc/free of 2D-array in AMESim I am programming in C for a simulation software that is called AMESim and I need help for the management of 2-D arrays.
AMESim works, like other simulation software such as Simulink or LabView, putting some icons in an ambient called sketch and linking them together, simulating real systems. Behind an icon there is a C function, that is the part that I am writing (well, I am updating it from Fortran). The software has a built-in integrator, that calls the various submodels at needed time and manages the progression in time, so I have not direct access to that part of the code.
I am experiencing problems in one of these submodels: a model of an hydraulic pump where this submodel is not present works perfectly, while when this model is connected the simulation stops abruptly after a certain amount of time (after 1.8... seconds of simulated time, or after about 1970-1980 calls from the integrator).
This submodel does some heavy calculation on tribology using Reynolds equation applied on a 2-D surface, that is represented in the code with a matrix, whose dimensions are decided by the user through graphical interface and then are passed to the function as parameters. On these basis, I need to implement the matrix with dynamical arrays, or better with an array of pointers to pointers (I say one matrix, but really there are several ones of them, some of integer type and some floating, and also about a dozen of mono-dimensional arrays). Matrices are of dimension (L+Le)*M, while some arrays have dimension (L+Le) and others have dimension M.
After experiencing the problem, I tried to narrow the possible causes of error by progressively disabling parts of the code, until I reached the state that is posted below. Doing various tests, I came to understand that the problem is in the allocation of the matrices/arrays: at a certain moment, malloc will return an error  (a NULL) when trying to allocate a row of one of the matrices. I tried various configurations of the function and of the subfunctions that regulate allocation/deallocation, but I am stuck with the error. This happens also when changing compiler (I have tried with Intel and MS VisualC 32-bit).
Here is the code:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "ameutils.h"    //it is a library of AMESim that has various I/O utilities
#include <malloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <direct.h>
#include <errno.h>

//various functions prototypes
void allocate_matrix(int ***table, int rows, int columns) ;
void free_matrix(int*** table, int rows);
void allocate_matrixd(double ***table, int rows, int columns) ;
void free_matrixd(double*** table, int rows);

//bla bla check of parameters and so on

//this is my main function
void barreldin27wpprova_( \*bla bla, there are a lot of parameters
for the calculation that I will skip */ ,
double *rp, //array with real parameters chosen by the user
int *ip, //array with integer parameters
double *c, //array with static double that are saved between calls of the function
int ic[6] //array with static int
)
{

int loop, i;
double *Xdib=NULL, *Xwib=NULL, *Xddb=NULL, *Xwdb=NULL;
double **MatH=NULL, **MatPdim=NULL, **Matx=NULL, **Maty=NULL, **DummyMat=NULL, **MatZp=NULL;
int **DummyMatInt=NULL, **Matrixt=NULL, **Matrixtn=NULL, **Matrixp=NULL, **Matrixpn=NULL;
double *VectR=NULL, *DummyL=NULL, *DummyM=NULL, *tetar=NULL, *tetag=NULL, *radim=NULL;
//these are all of my arrays

//allocation of dynamic blocks
   allocate_matrix(&DummyMatInt,(L+Le),M);
      //repeat for all int matrices
   allocate_matrixd(&Matx,(L+Le),M);
      //repeat for all double matrices

//the program stops with an error from malloc during one of these allocations

   VectR= malloc((L+Le) * sizeof(double));
   if (VectR == NULL) {
    amefprintf(stdout,"Error in allocation of VectR\n");   //amefprintf is internal
                            of AMESim, the same as fprintf
    AmeExit(1); //exit function of AMESim
    }
   //repeated for all dynamic arrays, then initialized to 0.e0 with "for" cycles

//a lot of calculation and subfunctions, that are all disabled in this example; function outputs
  are set to zero

//Deallocation of dynamic blocks
free_matrix(&DummyMatInt, (L+Le));    //repeated for all int matrices
free_matrixd(&Matx, (L+Le));          //repeated for all double matrices
free(VectR); VectR =NULL;             //repeated for all arrays
}

These are the two functions for allocation/deallocation, for space reasons I will write only the integer ones:
void allocate_matrix(int ***table, int rows, int columns)
{
 int i,j;

 *table =  malloc(rows * sizeof **table );
  if (*table == NULL) {
    amefprintf(stdout,"Error in memory allocation array of pointers\n");
    AmeExit(1);
    }

 for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
     (*table)[i] = malloc(columns * sizeof *(*table)[i]);
     if ((*table)[i] == NULL) {
        amefprintf(stdout,"Error in memory allocation row %d \n",i);
        AmeExit(1);
        }
     for (j=0; j < columns; j++) {
        (*table)[i][j] = 0;
     }
    }

 }

void free_matrix(int*** table, int rows)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < rows; i++)
    {
    free ((*table)[i]);
    (*table)[i] = NULL;
    }
free (*table);
*table = NULL;
return;
}

I was writing to check if I have messed up something with all the referencing/dereferencing of the pointers and to better understand how to control the free space of the heap. Another explanation of the error (that should be taken into account as last resource, I believe) is that there is some unknown bug in the software integrator, but it will surely be difficult to verify.

A: It turned out that the parameter Le was not correctly initialized (it was initialized after the allocation of the arrays).
So, during allocation it had a casual value (let's say 20), allocating a space of L+20 memory blocks, while when initialized its value was 0. When free was called, it freed only L+0 memory blocks, causing a memory leakage during long runs of the program.
Unfortunately, the structure of AMESim is a bit complex, particularly regarding parameter assegnation. Also, Fortran is less prone to errors of this kind (or maybe it simply skips them), IMO, so during conversion from one to the other all this kind of mess is showing up...
Thanks to the ones that have read/replied!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Beginning - PVC Hose and a passion for quality!
In 1980 we founded ARP Co Ltd with a passion to deliver Quality, Value and Service with Industrial Rubber and PVC Hose Assemblies as our core products. We didn't want to be any old company that could only work on part numbers from a catalogue we took pride in being able to offer assistance by knowing our products as there wasn't the luxury of Google back then.
Since then we have grown and increased our stocks and product ranges to include Hydraulics - Pneumatics - Rubber Sheet, Gaskets and much more constantly adapting and updating our products to satisfy our customer's needs.
Technology has changed the way we work and the modern office is nothing like the office of 1980. But the means to transfer is still the same and until matter transfer is developed we will always need hose and pipework. Always looking to the ever changing world, we have endeavoured to stay relevant keeping up with the new technologies and innovations as they are updated.
Since 1998 we have been accredited to ISO9001:2008 as a Stockist andDistributor of Hose Assemblies for Hydraulic, lndustrial and Pneumatic Applications, and Ancillary Equipment.
We are in the process of upgrading to ISO9001:2014 and committed to safeguarding the environment and striving towards ISO14000. 38 years have passed our commitment to excellence has not changed. We will always put the customer first and we still work on the principle our word is our bond and if we say it we will deliver we will do all humanly possible to fulfil our promise.


text:
Komentar Dinonaktifkan pada 28 bodies recovered after Indonesia tunnel collapse
Indonesia (CNN) — Emergency workers have recovered all 28 bodies from a collapsed tunnel at an underground mine training facility in Indonesia, the mining company said Wednesday.
Another 10 people were rescued in the aftermath of the accident, which occurred on May 14 about 500 meters from the entrance of the Big Gossan Mine, according to PT Freeport Indonesia, which mines gold, copper and silver in the region. The Indonesian government said a tunnel roof collapsed after a landslide.
The facility is in the eastern Indonesian province of Papua.
PT Freeport has said mining operations, which ceased during the rescue and recovery operations, will remain suspended indefinitely. It says it will launch an independent investigation into the cause of the incident.
"With the recovery work completed we are now focusing on reviewing safety throughout our underground operations and in determining what caused the collapse. We will take all actions required to provide for the safety of our work force," said Richard Adkerson, President and CEO of Freeport.
"Our workforce has always been, and will continue to be, our top priority. Our goal in all our worldwide operations has been to reduce incidents and avoid fatalities. Fatalities are unacceptable for our company.
"We are in the process of assembling an outside investigation team comprised of Indonesian and international experts in underground mining and geotechnical science. We will be transparent in the investigation and its findings and cooperating with the authorities from the Government of Indonesia."
Tag: freeport


The Fish Creek Inn is just steps away from Alibi Dock, downtown shopping and a variety of restaurants, you'll find our newly renovated 13 room hotel complete with ensures and 8 individual suites - all with pillow top mattresses, along with 5 nicely appointed cottages.
Amenities: Motel rooms available with 1 King bed or 2 Queen beds. Suites include 1 Queen bedroom and full size sofa sleeper. Cottages available with 1 or 2 bedrooms with full kitchen. Fireplace and washer/dryer are included in all suites and some cottages. All rooms include flatscreen TVs, cable TV, WiFi, outdoor swimming pool, picnic area and outdoor grills. Great downtown location!