text:
PK-35 Vantaa may refer to:

 PK-35 Vantaa (women), a Finnish women's football club in the Kansallinen Liiga
 PK-35 Vantaa (men), a former Finnish men's football team (2008–2016)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Eurogamer.pt's Reviews
Bruno Galvão
No Recommendation / Blank - SEASON: A letter to the future
Season: A Letter to the Future is the latest example of an indie adventure about exploration and meddling, able to leave you totally in love with the approach to the themes explored here. It is a pity that the technical component is having several problems and lacks refinement to elements such as the camera and controls. As food for the soul, Season: A Letter to the Future is an intriguing relaxed, a good break from the mega-blockbusters that occupy most of our time, but as a game, they should have gone further to create a more striking memory.
Review in Portuguese | Read full review
No Recommendation / Blank - Forspoken
With Forspoken's credits on screen, there's a clear feeling that Luminous Productions' good ideas deserved a much better run and less mess. Many of the mistakes of Final Fantasy 15 have again been made in Forspoken, with so many others on top serving as an excessive burden for what good can do. Parkour's frantic gameplay with magic and narrative deserved better design and execution, not to mention the graphical component, performance, and key elements like the camera. Forspoken has its charm, but makes serious mistakes.
Adolfo Soares
Essential - Dead Space (Remake)
As a result, this remake of Dead Space obviously manages to largely supplant the original. It gives you a new life and a phenomenal rejuvenation. In this way, it reaches a new audience of players who are thirsty for titles of this genre and with a quality label, but also gratifys all the unconditional followers and fans of the franchise. It is a game that should not be lost, has to be played and tried down to its smallest detail. An almost perfect remake, as it should be. It glorifies the legacy built in 2008, later perfected in 2011 in Dead Space 2. Well, now I'm going to pack my bags and luggage for the New Game+. Cut off their limbs.
Vítor Alexandre
Recommended - Fire Emblem Engage
All combined results in an experience that based on traditional bases and the foundations that have earned the series, is better overall, both in terms of argument as in the equipment management system and the combat system. By carrying the heroes of other campaigns through the emblems, Engage seems to risk everything for the sake of a narrative that gives all the guarantees, even when it ends up punching the player's stomach. The outfit and the character's character are other reinforced elements, as well as the remarkable voice work, both in Japanese and English. With the combat system, leisure options in Somniel and equipment management reinforced, Emblem reaches a new level in the growth of the series. It's my favorite Fire Emblem.
Recommended - One Piece Odyssey
One Piece Odyssey is a pleasant surprise and fans can finally celebrate the first great game within this inspiring universe. This kind of Dragon Quest with One Piece skin works very well although it's an easy experience. Eiichiro Oda's contribution results in a faithful tone to One Piece and an interesting narrative that captures the player. This is ILCA's second game as the main studio and could be the start of a major series.
No Recommendation / Blank - Package Inc
Compared to other simulators, Package Inc is a modest production, but not least from the point of view of the challenge, since in its genesis contains elements typically arcade, in a kind of maximum possible to achieve in a time limit, showing at the same time a minimalist construction.
Recommended - Marvel's Midnight Suns
Marvel's Midnight Suns isn't an easy game, but if you have the time, patience and taste for strategy, you'll be rewarded with an RPG that conquers you. There are plenty of mechanics to learn, you'll have to master the use of cards and Heroism for buffs, debuffs or use of special attacks, but when you start chaining moves effectively, you'll get a huge taste. With over 45 hours of assured play and a narrative filled with good cutscenes, the good has a weight far greater than the negative.
No Recommendation / Blank - Need for Speed Unbound
Need for Speed: Unbound is not an undisputed triumph as you expected from Criterion Games, but it is a very fun open world driving game. The high vehicle customization, anime aesthetics and feeling that your driving ability is constantly tested are part of its appeal. On the other hand, money management and relentless police generate some friction that can interfere with the sense of instant gratification you expect from an arched driving game.
Recommended - Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII Reunion
Crisis Core -Final Fantasy 7- Reunion is an easy game to remember. The original version is one of the great milestones of square enix's golden age and the new one promises to appear with the same status in this new golden age of the Japanese company. More than a remaster, but with elements coming directly from the original that prevent it from becoming a remake, Crisis Core -Final Fantasy 7- Reunion is a glorious attest to the capabilities of this Japanese house.
No Recommendation / Blank - The Callisto Protocol
I can't recommend it, and despite some good times, these are not enough to make you forget your obvious shortcomings. Linear by the negative, without extra challenges (puzzles), is to go get a certain thing to open something else with some monsters along the way. There is a lack of exciting content and moments of apotheosis. Because of the lack of time or because there was no more budget, I know that The Callisto Protocol is a job with a huge burden on its back, Dead Space. Sometimes it feels like a finished job in a hurry to get into the upcoming Christmas-season sales window. I'm really sorry.
No Recommendation / Blank - Far Cry 6: Lost Between Worlds
Far Cry 6 Lost Between Worlds is a somewhat strange idea, but it sometimes even works. I would like to see a more rewarding approach in the early stages, as it is too boring because of a slow move allied to uninteresting enemies. The idea of combining weapon damage with colors is positive, but it feels like it's short. After finishing, I found no incentive to return to play, which contradicts a little the construction of the skills that Dani acquires, they are at the peak at the end of it all. The challenge of returning to the Rifts is null, there is nothing new to visualize.
Recommended - Pentiment
It is in the background a kind of great interactive book, like a great manuscript capable of leading us to a better understanding of this sixteenth century. Nothing is left to chance. There aren't many games like this, esumsome any passion or desire of a designer, more than following a business orientation or selling a product that is known to be of popular taste. Maybe that's why Pentiment is a remarkable and convincing effort by 13 producers, almost a football team. And it is already known that a team united around a captain can go very far in this arduous journey of creation.
No Recommendation / Blank - Evil West
Evil West looks like a PS3/Xbox 360 remaster, maybe even a PS3 game running on a current platform, but it can captivate. Simple, linear, without great depth and with a plot in the style of a B-series movie, the work of Flying Wild Hog does nothing new or worthy of prominence, but fulfills in the most important, fun. If you divide their parts, you easily look at the problems, but the whole ends up resulting in a unique experience that might even aspire to the status of cult classic.
Recommended - Return to Monkey Island
Thirty years after the last Monkey Island signed by Ron Gilbert and Dave Grossman, Return to Monkey Island comes to us in this nostalgic and fascinating way with which we recognize old characters and a legendary unrevealed secret. It's a whole construct based on the power of narrative and how humorous and fun it can be in exploration segments, or simply in puzzle operations. The magic of Monkey Island is still there, the familiar tone of the voices toasts us with echoes of the past, but it is also a new adventure, filled with new characters and a fervent leap in the chapter of surprises, being visual art an element of this ability with which it successfully surprises. The contestatory voices have been silenced and today, both new players and veterans seek such secrecy with the same fervor as 30 years ago.
Recommended - The Dark Pictures Anthology: The Devil in Me
The Devil in Me is another chapter filled with mysteries and narrative intensity, with a formatting that continues the good work of Supermassive Games. I managed to hold on from start to finish, always in awe, but at the same time wondering what would come next. The restlessness of spirit is the flame of this whole narrative, in an adult bet only directed to lovers of suspense and terror, who like to feel strong emotions that make us feel alive. It is almost 10 hours that can be repeated after the first final, in an attempt to save all the characters and achieve the ideal end, if you like this type of epilogues.
Jorge Loureiro
No Recommendation / Blank - Pokémon Scarlet & Violet
The game world is excessively empty, not only because of the lack of density of vegetation and other elements, but for the lack of activities. Cities contrast a bit with this, expressing life, with happy NPCs walking back and away, and lots of shops to enter, where you can buy clothes and accessories for your character. Outside the cities, you'll only find huge beams of light on the horizon, symbolizing the crystals where you can participate in Tera Raid Battles (which are virtually identical to the Max Raid Battles of the previous game). Pokémon Scarlet and Violet had a lot to gain if they had been postponed.
No Recommendation / Blank - WRC Generations
So we have the arrival of this WRC Generations with a farewell flavor, from a generation of titles delivered by Nacon. There is not much evolution here when compared to the WRC 10 predecessor, and it is difficult to recommend it to those who own this version. It is worth the improvement of physics and visual touch-ups. It highlights the new cars that will delight aficionados of this sport so particular and engaging.
No Recommendation / Blank - Sonic Frontiers
Sonic Frontiers is a game that involves tolerating some frustration and during which I found myself forcing myself to like it, when even the game itself didn't seem to want it. The concept of open zones for extremely fluid and dynamic gameplay, which grows according to your interaction, is very good and has immense potential, but it often feels like we're playing a beta. Camera problems, extreme pop-in graphics, inconsistent controls, lots of fun little tasks and an exaggeration of mechanics affect the experience. Here is the basis to build a spectacular game.
Essential - God of War Ragnarök
Epic, emotional and enduring. A mind-blowing journey through Norse mythology that goes beyond what we could have hoped for.
No Recommendation / Blank - Call of Duty: Modern Warfare II (2022)
If you want something to relax after a day of work or after school, it is best to look for alternatives to Call of Duty, because it is most certain that your stress levels go up to unhealthy levels.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Bhadaur és una ciutat i municipalitat de Panjab (Índia), al districte de Sangrur, a  amb una població al cens del 2001 de 16.818 habitants.

Rages de Bhadaur
Els sobirans de Bhadaur eren del grup dels pulkhians. La dinastia era la Sidhu (de la tribu sidhu-brar la més poderosa dins els clans jats al sud del Sutlej) descendent de Phul, l'ancestre de totes les famílies phulkianes; Phul va deixar sis fills; el seu fill gran Tiloka o Tilok Singh fou l'ancestre de les cases reials de Nabha, Jind i Badrukhan. El seu fill Suk Chain que inicialment només era un notable rural, va fundar Balanwali i va dominar alguns territoris en la confusió que va seguir a la invasió d'Ahmad Shah Durrani després del 1747; a la seva mort el 1751 la ciutat de Balanwali va passar al seu fill gran Alam Shah; Badrukhan va passar al seu fill segon Gajpat Singh; i el tercer Bulaki va rebre Dyalapura. El segon fill de Phul, Rama o Ram Singh, fou el pare de sis fills dels quals Dunna, Ala Singh i Bakhta foren els ancestres de les cases reials de Bhadaur, Patiala i Malaudh les més importants del Cis-Sutlej; col·lateralment descendent de Phul va estar connectats amb les cases de Faridkot, Kaithal, Arnauli, Jhumba, Saddhuwal, i Attari (aquest darrer feu al nord del Sutlej). Tilok i Ram Singh foren beneïts com a lluitadors pel mateix Guru Gobind Singh en un edicte de 2 d'agost de 1696. L'estat va romandre independent fins al maig de 1809 quan fou posat formalment sota protectorat britànic. El 1857 fou agregat a Patiala i va quedar mediatitzat.

Referències
Extracte de l'article a la Wikipèdia en anglès.

Municipis del Panjab


No, we developed the system keeping in mind that noise should be minimized. It is more quiet than the average fridge when vacuumizing. We know there are systems in the market that make a lot of noise and you just don't want that in your kitchen, living room or anywhere else for that matter.


text:
General Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher) and Rey (Daisy Ridley) in STAR WARS: EPISDOE IX
Star Wars Resistance recap: What did Kaz find in the Sith Temple? by Susan Lulgjuraj
A Mandalorian with ethics and morals: This bounty hunter is soft! by Julie Gray
Resistance Reborn is the Star Wars Episode IX prequel everyone should read
by Meg Dowell 2 months ago Follow @MegDowell
Resistance Reborn follows Leia, Poe, and the rest of what remains of the Resistance as they work to rebuild their efforts and stay in the fight. Everyone should read this Star Wars novel.
The journey to Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker nears its end — and so does the series of books that tell the stories leading up to the epic conclusion to the Skywalker saga.
Rebecca Roanhorse's Resistance Reborn is one of the final stories serving as a "prequel" to Episode IX. But it is one of the most significant, and the one most worth taking the time to read.
More from Star Wars Books
Star Wars: The Rise of Kylo Ren No. 2 brings Ben face-to-face with the Knights of Ren
Star Wars: Insight Editions' books add great visuals to the fandom
Resistance Reborn gave us the Finn and Poe bromance we needed
Star Wars No. 1 (2020): Luke Struggles with his destiny in the aftermath of Episode V
Star Wars: 10 reasons a Doctor Aphra TV series must happen
No, you don't "have" to read or watch anything before you see The Rise of Skywalker in December. But you "should" read this.
Resistance Reborn: The ultimate 'crossover event'
In addition to prominently featuring characters we already know and love, Roanhorse pulls characters from just about every possible medium: other canon novels, but also comics, TV shows, and even Battlefront II.
Seeing all these characters coming together and fighting together gives you a little bit of an Endgame feel (though let's save that comparison for after whatever we're walking into next month). It's special. It's fun. And it's an important reminder that all we have seen so far has been leading up to something bigger than we can fathom at this point.
Can those who aren't familiar with the Star Wars expanded universe still enjoy the book? Of course. You get plenty of Leia Organa and Poe throughout the story, characters whom most audiences are plenty familiar with by now.
Understanding the significance of the story itself really only requires the prior knowledge that the Resistance is in trouble and needs help — you've likely already gathered that information from The Last Jedi.
Will the significance of some characters and their relationships to each other go over your head? A little bit. Can you pretty much gather all you need to know from context? Absolutely.
An OG character comes back one last time
There are a lot of characters — old and new — in this story. It's impressive that Roanhorse managed to bring in so many people without making it impossible to follow. Each character has their role and their place, and it's especially exciting when it's a character we have known since the very beginning.
Wedge Antilles is one of many characters from the original Star Wars movies that have been rumored to return in The Rise of Skywalker. Without giving anything away, it's very, very unlikely that he will make an appearance to fight alongside the Resistance in the film. But the author did an amazing job of making his final fight a good one.
At first, Wedge is reluctant to leave his quiet, peaceful life to join the conflict between the Resistance and the First Order. But he agrees to take part because that's who Wedge Antilles is. He's going to do everything he can to make sure good wins over evil — even if that means putting his life on the line in the process.
No spoilers, but the way Wedge's story ends will only make you love him more. Roanhorse risked a lot bringing back a character so many still remember and love from the original trilogy — the same way Wendig did. But she honored his legacy with a "sendoff" that will make his absence in the final movie completely acceptable.
C3PO (Anthony Daniels), Finn (John Boyega) and Poe Dameron (Oscar Isaac) in STAR WARS: EPISODE IX.
Rey falls flat — on purpose
There really isn't much to Rey's story in this book. She has significantly fewer lines than her fellow Resistance fighters (not counting Rose) and doesn't add much to the story. If she hadn't been there at all, the whole thing probably could have had the exact same outcome without her.
But Roanhorse absolutely nails the major female characters leading various elements of the plot — even Maz. So why didn't Rey get more of the attention she deserved?
This likely was not an accident. Not because she is an insignificant character or doesn't have any room to grow, though. Quite the opposite, actually.
In technical terms, Rey serves as a "flat" non-dimensional character in Roanhorse's narrative. This doesn't mean she's boring or that she doesn't matter — it just means she does not develop from start to finish. She remains exactly the same, even when she does have minor roles throughout the story. She doesn't change because she can't. Not yet.
We are about to witness the biggest theatrical release in Star Wars history, and not just in terms of ticket presales. The Rise of Skywalker is the film that will end the Skywalker saga and could change Star Wars as we know it.
Rey is a main player in this story. Based on what we've seen in trailers up to this point, it seems like she is going to go through a lot. A lot of training, a lot of character growth. The purpose of Resistance Reborn is not Rey's story. It's the Resistance's story.
The time to tell Rey's story, to give her a complete and complex arc and to show who she can and will become, is soon to come. This book simply wasn't it. And the same likely goes for Rose. This was not her book. There is plenty more of both of these women to come.
Should you read Resistance Reborn before you see The Rise of Skywalker?
The short answer? Yes. The longer answer: Yes, but with two exclamation points!!
Start a 7-day free trial of Disney+
Again, there is no "required reading" when it comes to Star Wars. If you don't have time or have zero interest, you're not going to walk into the movie completely lost.
But there is one reason I'm recommending people give it a go before December 20, and one of them is HYPE.
Even though I was already excited for the film — which was just over a month away when this book was released — I'm not sure I was "ready." We already know we're not going to get nearly as much Leia screen time as we'd like. We know the story is going to pick up about a year after The Last Jedi, and it's likely going to be so action-heavy that it's going to force us to jump right in without more than an opening crawl to fill us in.
Resistance Reborn not only gives us all the Leia Organa — she's a main character, and plays a huge role in the events that occur in the story — it also shows us what happened directly after the last movie. We're right back there in the Falcon mourning all the losses and wondering where the Resistance is going to go from here.
We're given just a little bit more to hold us over until the next and final chapter in this story. And it's worth every page.
We know where the Resistance stands now. We know that they might actually have a real shot at beating the First Order. We've been briefed, and now we're ready to march into TROS with our Kleenex and significant others and we're ready for all that is to come.
Well. As ready as we can be, anyway.
This book is a thrilling, brilliantly crafted story that will warm, break, and prepare your heart for the final battles on the horizon. I don't recommend you read the entire thing in one sitting like I did — it takes a bit to process everything. But if you do have the time, give it a read. I can guarantee you won't regret it.
In this Star Wars story, there is a little something for everyone to enjoy.
Related Story: If Reylo doesn't happen, will you still love Star Wars?
You can pick up your copy of Resistance Reborn wherever books are sold.
Dork Side of the Force 2 monthsStar Wars: Important Resistance Reborn novel out today
Entertainment Weekly 2 monthsWhat to Watch on Tuesday: It's a Pearson Thanksgiving on the 'This Is Us' fall finale
Dork Side of the Force 2 months4 best moments from Wedge's Resistance Reborn excerpt
Dork Side of the Force 3 monthsJourney to Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker - Force Collector (Review)
Star Wars: Important Resistance Reborn novel out today
What to Watch on Tuesday: It's a Pearson Thanksgiving on the 'This Is Us' fall finale
4 best moments from Wedge's Resistance Reborn excerpt
by Matthew Rudoy
Journey to Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker - Force Collector (Review)
by Thomas Willoughby


HSmom, "have done" is an interesting verb to watch. In American and British english, we would say "i have done it". necessarily requiring the DO. but in many dialects in england, you can say "I had done" without the DO.
This page was last modified on 15 May 2010, at 00:48.


Comic Stars Fighting is a super fighting game you don't want to miss, choose your best comic fighter and fights against to implacable enemies. Use precise attacks and combos to who stand against your side.
WASD to move; UIOJKL to attack. More see tutorial in the game.


text:
Q: How do I check if I can use the allowed_block_types filter? For a WordPress theme I deregister a few blocks for Gutenberg (in fact, I only register the ones I need).
For this, I use a filter:
add_filter( 'allowed_block_types', 'amb_allowed_block_types' );

This filter hooks into a function like this:
function amb_allowed_block_types( $allowed_blocks ) {

    return [
        'core/paragraph',
        'core/image',
        'core/heading',
        'core/gallery',
...

This works nice. But I don't want to use this filter if it is being used on a WP theme that doesn't have Gutenberg enabled. How can I make sure that this filter is only being used on Gutenberg sites?
Many thanks!

A: You can check if the current theme supports Gutenberg blocks inside your function
function amb_allowed_block_types( $allowed_blocks ) {
    if(! current_theme_supports('wp-block-styles') ){
        return $allowed_blocks;
    }
    return [
        'core/paragraph',
        'core/image',
        'core/heading',
        'core/gallery',
...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Devco floor coverings of Perth provides the best in flooring sales and installation for new home and commercial construction. Devco floor coverings are one of Perth's largest independent commercial flooring contractors.
Decades of experience in all phases of the commercial flooring process, including 'on staff' installation, make Devco flooring the preferred choice for general contractors, architects, designers and other members of the building trade. We ensure that projects are completed on time and on a budget while maintaining the industry's highest installation standards. We are known throughout Perth and the Joondalup for our expertise in specialty flooring, which is utilized in a variety of commercial settings.
Devco offers a wide array of services to help install and maintain your flooring. When installing new carpet, our Devco smart choice Installation package and installation guarantee are unmatched. When looking to maintain your existing wood floors, we can help you choose between wood floor or our Devco certified sand and finish process.
At Devco we are trend-savvy and able to help you bring your room ideas to life!


text:
Sea Shepherd Ship, Brigitte Bardot, Has Arrived In The Faroe Islands
The Australian-registered Brigitte Bardot arrives in the Faroe IslandsYesterday, at approximately 1030 local time, the Australian-registered Sea Shepherd fast trimaran, Brigitte Bardot, arrived at Sund in the port of Tórshavn in the Faroe Islands for the organization's 2015 Pilot Whale Defense Campaign, Operation Sleppid Grindini.
The Brigitte Bardot was met by nine Faroese police officers, but was not boarded. The vessel and crew cleared customs without incident.
The crew of the Brigitte Bardot takes their place alongside the Sea Shepherd land team, including Land Team Leader, Rosie Kunneke of South Africa, and Campaign Co-Leader, Scottish actor Ross McCall, who arrived on the Island archipelago earlier in the week.
Captain of the Brigitte Bardot, Wyanda Lublink of the Netherlands, said, "My crew and I are honored to stand with our dedicated land team in defense of the pilot whales. We are determined to do all that we can within the limits of the law to bring light to this outdated and unjustifiable slaughter."
For hundreds of years the people of the Danish Faroe Islands have been herding migrating pilot whales from the sea into shallow water and slaughtering them in a practice called the 'grindadráp' or 'grind'.
Campaign Co-Leader, Ross McCall greets Brigitte Bardot Captain, Wyanda Lublink. Photo: Mayk WendtThe slaughter of cetaceans is illegal within the European Union (EU), of which Denmark is a member state. However, Danish nationals in the Faroe Islands remain dubiously exempt from this law.
In 2014, Denmark actively collaborated with the Faroese whalers when the Danish Navy arrested eight Sea Shepherd crewmembers and seized three Sea Shepherd small boats for acting in defense of a pod of pilot whales targeted in a grind.
Earlier this week, while campaigning for the upcoming Danish national elections, Danish Prime Minister Helle Throning-Schmidt voiced her support of the on-going slaughter of cetaceans in the Faroe Islands.
"There is a major inconsistency between the Faroe Islands claiming to be exempt from EU law, and at the same time being protected by Denmark, a member of the EU, to do so. Without the money, resources and political support provided by Denmark to the Faroe Islands, the practice of the grind, which flouts EU law, would not be able to continue." said Captain Alex Cornelissen, CEO of Sea Shepherd Global and Campaign Leader of Operation Sleppid Grindini.
Operation Sleppid Grindini will be Sea Shepherd's sixth Pilot Whale Defense Campaign in the Faroe Islands. The Sea Shepherd ships Sam Simon and Bob Barker, both registered in the Netherlands, will shortly join the rest of the Sea Shepherd crews, making this Sea Shepherd's strongest at-sea presence in the region to date.
Faroese police officers were on-ground to meet the Sea Shepherd ship on its arrival in Tórshavn
Police, with Operation Sleppid Grindini Land Team Leader, Rosie Kunneke, and Campaign Co-Leader, Ross McCall. Photo: Mayk Wendt


text:
import sys
import time
import datetime
import subprocess
import pathlib
import os
import select
import signal
import json
import collections
import smtplib
import platform
import email.mime.text as mimetext

import lockfile
from zplib import datafile

from .config import scope_configuration
from .util import base_daemon
from .util import logging
logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)

STATUS_QUEUED = 'queued'
STATUS_ERROR = 'error'

HEARTBEAT_BYTES = b'\n'
HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT = 5*60 # in seconds

def main(timepoint_function):
    """Example main function designed to interact with the job running daemon, which
    starts a process with the timestamp of the scheduled start time as the first
    argument, and expects stdout to contain the timestamp of the next scheduled
    run-time.

    Parameters:
        timepoint_function: function to call to do whatever the job is supposed
            to do during its invocation. Usually it will be the run_timepoint
            method of a TimepointHandler subclass. The function must return
            the number of seconds the job-runner should wait before running
            the job again. If None is returned, then the job will not be re-run.
            The scheduled starting timestamp will be passed to timepoint_function
            as a parameter.
    """
    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
        scheduled_start = float(sys.argv[1])
    else:
        scheduled_start = time.time()
    next_run_time = timepoint_function(scheduled_start)
    if next_run_time:
        print(next_run_time)

class JobRunner(base_daemon.Runner):
    def __init__(self):
        self.base_dir = scope_configuration.CONFIG_DIR
        self.jobs = _JobList(self.base_dir / 'jobs.json')
        self.current_job = _JobFile(self.base_dir / 'job_current')
        self.log_dir = self.base_dir / 'job_logs'
        self.log_dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
        self.audit_log = self.log_dir / 'audit_log'
        super().__init__(name='Scope Job Manager', pidfile_path=self.base_dir / 'scope_job_runner.pid')

    def _log_audit_message(self, message):
        isotime = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat('t', 'seconds')
        with self.audit_log.open('a') as log:
            log.write(f'{isotime}> {message}\n')

    # THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS ARE FOR COMMUNICATING WITH / STARTING A RUNNING DAEMON
    def add_job(self, exec_file, alert_emails, next_run_time='now'):
        """Add a job to the queue.

        Parameters:
            exec_file: path to python file to run. The requested run-time is passed
                to the exec_file as the first argument as a time.time() timestamp.
                (The requested run-time might not be the actual time the file is run
                if a previous job takes over-long.) The standard output from running
                this file, if present, will be interpreted as the timestamp to run
                the job again.
            alert_emails: one email address as a string, list/tuple of multiple emails, or None.
                If not None, then these email addresses will be alerted if the job fails.
            next_run_time: either a time.time() style timestamp, or 'now'.
            """
        job = self.jobs.add(exec_file, alert_emails, next_run_time, STATUS_QUEUED)
        self._log_audit_message(f'Added job: {job.exec_file}')
        if self.is_running():
            self._awaken_daemon()
        else:
            print('NOTE: The job-runner is NOT CURRENTLY RUNNING. Until it is started again, this job WILL NOT BE RUN.')

    def remove_job(self, exec_file):
        """Remove the job specified by the given exec_file.

        Note: this will NOT terminate a currently-running job."""
        job = self.jobs.remove(exec_file)
        self._log_audit_message(f'Removed job: {job.exec_file}')
        print(f'Job {job.exec_file} has been removed from the queue for future execution.')
        if self.current_job.get() == exec_file:
            print('This job is running. The current run has NOT been terminated.')

    def resume_job(self, exec_file, next_run_time=None):
        """Resume a job that was suspended due to an error.

        If next_run_time is not None, it will be used as the new next_run_time,
        otherwise the previous run-time will be used. 'now' can be used to
        run the job immediately."""
        if next_run_time is None:
            # don't specify next_run_time to use the old value
            self.jobs.update(exec_file, status=STATUS_QUEUED)
        else:
            self.jobs.update(exec_file, status=STATUS_QUEUED, next_run_time=next_run_time)
        print('Job {} has been placed in the active job queue.'.format(exec_file))
        if self.is_running():
            self._awaken_daemon()
        else:
            print('NOTE: The job-runner is NOT CURRENTLY RUNNING. Until it is started again, this job WILL NOT BE RUN.')

    def purge(self):
        """Remove all jobs that have no scheduled runs remaining."""
        jobs = self.jobs.get_jobs()
        for job in jobs:
            if job.status == STATUS_QUEUED and job.next_run_time is None:
                self.jobs.remove(job.exec_file)
                self._log_audit_message(f'Purged job: {job.exec_file}')
                print(f'Purged: {job.exec_file}')

    def resume_all(self):
        """Resume all jobs that are in the error state."""
        jobs = self.jobs.get_jobs()
        for job in jobs:
            if job.status == STATUS_ERROR:
                print('Resuming job {}.'.format(job.exec_file))
                self.jobs.update(job.exec_file, status=STATUS_QUEUED)
        if self.is_running():
            self._awaken_daemon()
        else:
            print('NOTE: The job-runner is NOT CURRENTLY RUNNING. Until it is started again, jobs WILL NOT BE RUN.')

    def status(self):
        """Print a status message listing the running and queued jobs, if any."""
        is_running = self.is_running()
        if is_running:
            print('Job-runner daemon is running (PID {}).'.format(self.get_pid()))
            current_job = self.current_job.get()
        else:
            print('Job-runner daemon is NOT running.')
            # In the unlikely event that the current_job file didn't get cleared before the daemon exited
            # we should just ignore any stale entries in current_job.
            current_job = None
        if current_job:
            print('Running job {}.'.format(current_job))
        jobs = self.jobs.get_jobs()
        upcoming_jobs = []
        non_queued_jobs = []
        for job in jobs:
            if job.exec_file == current_job:
                continue
            if job.status == STATUS_QUEUED and job.next_run_time is not None:
                upcoming_jobs.append(job)
            else:
                non_queued_jobs.append(job)
        if current_job and not upcoming_jobs:
            print('No other queued jobs.')
        elif not upcoming_jobs:
            print('No queued jobs.')
        else:
            print('Queued jobs:')
            if not is_running:
                print('NOTE: As the job-runner is NOT CURRENTLY RUNNING, queued jobs WILL NOT BE RUN until the runner is started.')
            for job in upcoming_jobs:
                print(self.format_job_blurb(job))
        if non_queued_jobs:
            print('Jobs not queued:')
            for job in non_queued_jobs:
                print(self.format_job_blurb(job))

    @staticmethod
    def format_job_blurb(job):
        if job.next_run_time is None:
            time_blurb = 'no additional runs scheduled'
        else:
            now = time.time()
            interval = (job.next_run_time - now)
            past = interval < 0
            if past:
                interval *= -1
            hours = int(interval // 60**2)
            minutes = int(interval % 60**2 // 60)
            seconds = int(interval % 60)
            timediff = ''
            if hours:
                timediff += str(hours) + 'h '
            if hours or minutes:
                timediff += str(minutes) + 'm '
            timediff += str(seconds) + 's'
            if past:
                time_blurb = 'scheduled for {} ago'.format(timediff)
            else:
                time_blurb = 'scheduled in {}'.format(timediff)
        return '{}: {} (status: {})'.format(time_blurb, job.exec_file, job.status)

    def start(self, verbose):
        super().start(self.log_dir, verbose, SIGINT=self.sigint_handler, SIGHUP=self.sighup_handler)

    def stop(self, message):
        """Gracefully terminate job daemon.

        Note: If a job is currently running, it will complete."""
        self.assert_daemon()
        self.signal(signal.SIGINT)
        self._log_audit_message(f'Requesting daemon stop: {message}')
        current_job = self.current_job.get()
        if current_job is not None:
            print('Waiting for job {} to complete.'.format(current_job))
        self.current_job.wait()
        if current_job is not None:
            print('Job complete. Job-runner is stopping.')

    def terminate(self, message):
        self._log_audit_message(f'Terminating daemon: {message}')
        super().terminate()

    def duty_cycle(self, intervals=[6, 24, 24*7]):
        """Return job-running cycle over the previous number of hours specified."""
        logfiles = sorted(self.log_dir.glob('messages.log*')) # read all logs, including rotated ones
        completed_jobs = []
        for logfile in logfiles:
            # read text, skipping first char which is a >, then split job entries on
            # >s that start at new lines.
            log_entries = logfile.read_text()[1:].split('\n>')
            start_time = None
            for entry in log_entries:
                isotime, loglevel, module, message = entry.split('\t')
                timestamp = time.mktime(time.strptime(isotime, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'))
                if message.startswith('Running job'):
                    start_time = timestamp
                elif message.startswith('Job done'):
                    if start_time is None:
                        # job logs shouldn't contain job stop but no job start...
                        print('Anomaly in job log {}: no start time for job done at {}'.format(logfile, isotime))
                        continue
                    elapsed_time = timestamp - start_time
                    completed_jobs.append((start_time, elapsed_time))
        duty_cycles = []
        for interval in intervals:
            start_threshold = time.time() - interval * 3600 # interval is in hours
            in_interval = [job[1] for job in completed_jobs if job[0] > start_threshold]
            job_hours = sum(in_interval) / 3600
            duty_cycle = int(100*job_hours / interval)
            duty_cycles.append((job_hours, duty_cycle))
            print('In the last {} hours, jobs ran for {:.1f} hours ({}%).'.format(interval, job_hours, duty_cycle))
        return duty_cycles

    def _awaken_daemon(self):
        """Wake the daemon up if it is sleeping, so that it will reread the
        job file."""
        self.signal(signal.SIGHUP)

    # FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS ARE FOR USE WHEN DAEMONIZED

    def sigint_handler(self, signal_number, stack_frame):
        """Stop running, but allow existing jobs to finish. If received twice,
        forcibly terminate."""
        logger.info('Caught SIGINT')
        if self.running:
            logger.info('Attempting to terminate gracefully.')
            self.running = False
            if self.asleep:
                raise InterruptedError()
        else: # not running: we already tried to end this
            logger.warning('Forcibly terminating.')
            raise SystemExit()

    def sighup_handler(self, signal_number, stack_frame):
        """If sleeping, break out of sleep."""
        logger.debug('Caught SIGHUP')
        if self.asleep:
            raise InterruptedError()

    def initialize_daemon(self):
        self.jobs.update_job_lock()
        self.current_job.clear()

    def run_daemon(self):
        """Main loop: get a job to run and run it, or sleep until the next run
        time (or forever) otherwise."""
        # upon restarting, try to run job_runner_check (in a subprocess, so if it breaks it's not our problem)
        # to send the all-clear email if there were previous alert emails
        job_runner_check = pathlib.Path(sys.argv[0]).parent / 'job_runner_check'
        if job_runner_check.exists():
            logger.debug('running job_runner_check')
            subprocess.run([str(job_runner_check)])
        self.asleep = False
        self.running = True
        logger.debug('starting job runner daemon mainloop')
        self._log_audit_message(f'Daemon started.')
        try:
            while self.running:
                self._run_job_or_sleep()
        finally:
            self._log_audit_message(f'Daemon exited.')

    def _run_job_or_sleep(self):
        job = self._get_next_job() # may be None
        if job and job.next_run_time > time.time():
            # not ready to run job yet
            sleep_time = job.next_run_time - time.time()
            job = None
        else:
            sleep_time = 60*60*24 # sleep for a day
        if job:
            # Run a job if there was one
            self.current_job.set(job)
            try:
                self._run_job(job)
            finally:
                self.current_job.clear()
        else:
            # if we're out of jobs, sleep for a while
            self.asleep = True
            logger.debug('Sleeping for {}s', sleep_time)
            try:
                time.sleep(sleep_time)
            except InterruptedError:
                logger.debug('Awoken by HUP')
            self.asleep = False

    def _run_job(self, job):
        """Actually run a given job and interpret the output"""
        logger.info('Running job {}', job.exec_file)
        # -u for unbuffered output -- necessary for _listen_for_heartbeats
        args = [sys.executable, '-u', str(job.exec_file), str(job.next_run_time)]
        logger.debug('Parameters: {}', args)
        start_time = time.time()
        sub = subprocess.Popen(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        timed_out, retcode, stdout, stderr = _listen_for_heartbeats(sub)
        elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
        logger.info('Job done (elapsed time: {:.0f} min)', elapsed_time/60)
        logger.debug('Stdout {}', stdout)
        logger.debug('Stderr {}', stderr)
        logger.debug('Retcode {}', retcode)
        if sub.returncode != 0:
            error_text = 'Calling: {}\nReturn code: {}\nStandard Error output:\n{}'.format(' '.join(args), sub.returncode, stderr)
            if timed_out:
                error_text = 'Job timed out after {} seconds (timeout interval: {} sec)\n'.format(int(elapsed_time), HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT) + error_text
            self._job_broke(job, timed_out, error_text)
            return
        lines = stdout.rstrip().split('\n')
        last = lines[-1]
        if last.startswith('next run:'):
            try:
                next_run_time = float(last[9:])
            except Exception as e:
                self._job_broke(job, False, 'Could not parse next run time from job response "{}": {}'.format(last, e))
                return
        else:
            next_run_time = None
        try:
            self.jobs.update(job.exec_file, next_run_time=next_run_time)
        except ValueError:
            logger.info('Could not update job {}: perhaps it was removed while running?', job.exec_file)

        if next_run_time:
            logger.info('Next run time in {:.0f} seconds'.format(next_run_time - time.time()))
        else:
            logger.info('No further runs scheduled.')

    def _get_next_job(self):
        """Get the job that should be run next."""
        for job in self.jobs.get_jobs():
            if job.status == STATUS_QUEUED and job.next_run_time is not None:
                return job

    def _job_broke(self, job, timed_out, error_text, new_status=STATUS_ERROR):
        """Alert the world that the job errored out."""
        self.jobs.update(job.exec_file, status=new_status)
        error_type = 'timed out' if timed_out else 'failed'
        self._log_audit_message(f'Job {error_type}: {job.exec_file}')
        logger.error('Acquisition job {} {}:\n {}\n', job.exec_file, error_type, error_text)
        if job.alert_emails:
            subject = f'[{platform.node()}] Job {job.exec_file} {error_type}.'
            self.send_error_email(job.alert_emails, subject, error_text)

    @staticmethod
    def send_error_email(emails, subject, text):
        try:
            host = platform.node().split('.')[0]
        except:
            host = 'scope_job_runner'
        sender = f'{host}@zplab.wustl.edu'
        config = scope_configuration.get_config()
        message = mimetext.MIMEText(text)
        message['From'] = sender
        message['To'] = ', '.join(emails)
        message['Subject'] = subject
        try:
            with smtplib.SMTP(config.mail_relay) as s:
                s.sendmail(sender, emails, message.as_string())
        except:
            logger.error('Could not send alert email.', exc_info=True)

_Job = collections.namedtuple('Job', ('exec_file', 'alert_emails', 'next_run_time', 'status'))

def _listen_for_heartbeats(sub):
    stdout_fd = sub.stdout.fileno()
    stderr_fd = sub.stderr.fileno()
    open_fds = {stdout_fd, stderr_fd}
    output = {fd: b'' for fd in open_fds}
    last_heartbeat_end_pos = 0
    last_heartbeat = time.time()
    time_left = HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT
    timed_out = False
    while open_fds:
        ready = select.select(open_fds, [], [], time_left)[0]
        for fd in ready:
            out = os.read(fd, 2048)
            if not out:
                # closed fd reports as ready, but has no data
                open_fds.remove(fd)
                continue
            output[fd] += out
            if fd == stdout_fd:
                pos = output[fd].rfind(HEARTBEAT_BYTES, last_heartbeat_end_pos)
                if pos != -1:
                    last_heartbeat_end_pos = pos + len(HEARTBEAT_BYTES)
                    last_heartbeat = time.time()
        time_left = last_heartbeat + HEARTBEAT_TIMEOUT - time.time()
        if time_left < 0:
            timed_out = True
            sub.kill()
            time_left = 1 # small timeout for last output to get buffered for select
    retcode = sub.wait()
    stdout = output[stdout_fd].decode()
    stderr = output[stderr_fd].decode()
    return timed_out, retcode, stdout, stderr

def _validate_alert_emails(alert_emails):
    if alert_emails is None:
        return alert_emails
    if isinstance(alert_emails, str):
        alert_emails = (alert_emails,)
    for email in alert_emails:
        if not isinstance(email, str):
            raise ValueError('Email address {} must be a string.'.format(email))
    return alert_emails

def canonical_path(path):
    return pathlib.Path(path).expanduser().resolve()

class RLockFile(lockfile.LockFile):
    def __init__(self, path, timeout=None):
        super().__init__(path, threaded=False, timeout=timeout)
        self.acquisitions = 0

    def acquire(self, timeout=None):
        if not self.acquisitions:
            super().acquire(timeout)
        self.acquisitions += 1

    def release(self):
        if self.acquisitions: # if it's already zero, don't decrement, but allow the release() below, which will error out in the usual way
            self.acquisitions -= 1
        if not self.acquisitions:
            super().release()

class _JobList:
    """Manage a list of jobs that is always stored as a file on disk. No in-memory
    mutation is allowed, so this job list is effectively stateless."""
    def __init__(self, backingfile_path):
        self.backing_file = canonical_path(backingfile_path)
        self.update_job_lock()
        if not self.backing_file.exists():
            self._write({})

    def update_job_lock(self):
        """Re-create a new job-lock. Necessary after daemonization because the lockfile
        workes based on process PID, which changes after daemonization. So make a new
        lock object that knows about the new PID."""
        self.jobs_lock = RLockFile(str(self.backing_file))

    def _read(self):
        """Return dict mapping exec_file to full Job tuples, read from self.backing_file."""
        with self.jobs_lock, self.backing_file.open('r') as bf:
            job_list = json.load(bf)
        job_dict = {}
        for exec_file, *rest in job_list:
            exec_file = pathlib.Path(exec_file)
            job_dict[exec_file] = _Job(exec_file, *rest)
        return job_dict

    def _write(self, jobs):
        """Write Job tuples as json to self.backing_file."""
        job_list = [[str(exec_file)] + rest for exec_file, *rest in jobs.values()]
        with self.jobs_lock, self.backing_file.open('w') as bf:
            datafile.json_encode_legible_to_file(job_list, bf)

    def remove(self, exec_file):
        """Remove the job specified by exec_file from the list."""
        with self.jobs_lock: # lock is reentrant so it's OK to lock it here and in the _read/_write calls
            exec_file = canonical_path(exec_file)
            jobs = self._read()
            if exec_file in jobs:
                job = jobs.pop(exec_file)
                self._write(jobs)
            else:
                raise ValueError('No job queued for {}'.format(exec_file))
        return job

    def add(self, exec_file, alert_emails, next_run_time, status, check_exists=True):
        """Add a new job to the list.

        Parameters:
            exec_file: required path to existing file
            alert_emails: None, tuple-of-strings, or single string
            next_run_time: timestamp float, 'now' or None
            status: current job status
            check_exists: raise error if exec_file does not exist
        """
        exec_file = canonical_path(exec_file)
        if check_exists and not exec_file.exists():
            raise ValueError('Executable file {} does not exist.'.format(exec_file))
        alert_emails = _validate_alert_emails(alert_emails)
        if next_run_time is 'now':
            next_run_time = time.time()
        elif next_run_time is not None:
            next_run_time = float(next_run_time)

        with self.jobs_lock:
            jobs = self._read()
            job = _Job(exec_file, alert_emails, next_run_time, status)
            jobs[exec_file] = job
            self._write(jobs)
        return job

    def update(self, exec_file, **kws):
        """Update the values of an existing job. Any parameter not in keyword args
        will be copied from the old job."""
        with self.jobs_lock:
            old_job = self._get_job(exec_file)
            assert set(_Job._fields[1:]).issuperset(kws.keys()) # kws can include any known field but exec_file
            for field in _Job._fields: # make sure all fields, including exec_file, are in kws
                if field not in kws:
                    kws[field] = getattr(old_job, field)
            # don't check if the file exists: it's already in our database so we
            # need SOME way of changing its status (i.e. to error!)
            self.add(check_exists=False, **kws)

    def get_jobs(self):
        """Return a list of Job objects, sorted by their next_run_time attribute.

        Note: if next_run_time is None, the job will appear at the end of the list."""
        jobs = self._read()
        return sorted(jobs.values(), key=lambda job: job.next_run_time if job.next_run_time is not None else float('inf'))

    def _get_job(self, exec_file):
        """Get the Job specified by exec_file"""
        exec_file = canonical_path(exec_file)
        jobs = self._read()
        if exec_file in jobs:
            return jobs[exec_file]
        else:
            raise ValueError('No job queued for {}'.format(exec_file))

class _JobFile:
    def __init__(self, jobfile_path):
        self.job_file = canonical_path(jobfile_path)

    def get(self):
        """Return the contents of the job_file if it exists, else None."""
        if self.job_file.exists():
            with self.job_file.open('r') as f:
                return canonical_path(f.read())
        else:
            return None

    def set(self, job):
        """Write the given string to the jobfile."""
        with self.job_file.open('w') as f:
            f.write(str(job.exec_file))

    def clear(self):
        """Remove the jobfile if it exists."""
        if self.job_file.exists():
            self.job_file.unlink()

    def wait(self):
        """Wait until the jobfile has been cleared."""
        while self.job_file.exists():
            time.sleep(1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


10% On Sale Until 04/15/2019! Sale Price: $28,800 | 16.67 acres of beautiful grass land building areas and prime moose hunting right out your back yard. Easy owner financing terms available. Road access. Perfect property to start your homestead on. For full details see file D3 on website. The Alaskan Wildwood Ranch(r) offers prime hunting and trails to play on. No building covenants.


The color theme is Naggaroth Night, Xereus Purple, Hoeth Blue and Shining Gold. So rather traditional for this kind of team. As always painting the eyes has been the most pain for me and only for the Witch Elves it turned out okayish, so I still have a lot to practice in this area. Also I could not be arsed to bother much with high lights and shading but I will tackle this with the next teams.
This has also been my first project where I used electrostatic grass and I think it looks pretty neat. First the bases have been flocked with brown acre and then another layer of glue and grass finished it off. That way in some places you can see the sandy ground and hopefully this does not mean I have to replace all the portions of grass the minis will loose over time.
Finally I added two layers of spray varnish, first glossy then mat to preserve the color as good as possible.


text:
Anna Morton (Moatya) Student File
Student file of Anna Morton (Moatya), a member of the Pueblo Nation, who entered the school on October 3, 1886, graduated in 1898, and departed on September 29, 1898. The file contains a student information card, a photograph, returned student surveys, trade/position record cards, a report after...
Anna Morton Student Information Card
Student information card of Anna Morton, a member of the Pueblo Nation, who entered the school on October 3, 1886 and departed on September 29, 1898. The information card indicates that Morton graduated in 1898, married Sylvas Lubo, and was working at the Sherman Institute in Riverside,...
Annie George (Smoke) Student File
Student file of Annie George a member of the Cherokee Nation, who entered the school on December 14, 1893, graduated in 1898, and departed on August 28, 1899. The file contains student information cards, photographs, returned student surveys, a report after leaving, and a letter/correspondence....
Annie George Student Information Card
Student information card of Annie George, a member of the Cherokee Nation, who entered the school on December 14, 1893 and departed on August 28, 1899. The information card indicates that George had graduated in 1898, married John A. Tagnette, and was living in Cherokee, North Carolina in 1913....
Caleb Sickles Student File
Student file of Caleb Sickles, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 28, 1891, graduated in 1898, and ultimately departed on June 12, 1900. The student did not attend the school continuously, but left and reentered. The file contains photographs, student information...
Caleb Sickles Student Information Card
Student information card of Caleb Sickles, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 28, 1891 and departed on June 12, 1900. The file indicates Sickles had graduated in 1898, married Mabel Teachnor, and was living in Tiffin, Ohio in 1913.
Clarence Butler Student File
Student file of Clarence Butler, a member of the Coeur d'Alene Nation, who entered the school on February 7, 1895, graduated in 1898, and departed on March 16, 1898. The file contains a student information card, returned student surveys, former student response postcards, a news clipping, a...
Clarence Butler Student Information Card
Student information card of Clarence Butler, a member of the Coeur D'Alene Nation, who entered the school on February 7, 1895 and departed on April 16, 1898. The information card indicates that Butler had graduated in 1898 and was living in St. Maries, Idaho in 1913.
Cora Cornelius Student File
Student file of Cora Cornelius, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 16, 1889, graduated in 1898, and ultimately departed on July 5, 1898. The file contains student information cards, a returned student survey, and a report after leaving. The file indicates Cornelius...
Cora Cornelius Student Information Card
Student information card of Cora Cornelius, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 16, 1889 and departed on July 5, 1898. The information card indicates that Cornelius had graduated in 1898, married Julius Adams, and was living in West Depere, Wisconsin in 1913.
David McFarland Student File
Student file of David McFarland, a member of the Nez Perce Nation, who entered the school on December 16, 1891, graduated in 1898, and departed on March 7, 1898. The file contains a student information card, returned student surveys, letters/correspondence, a news clipping, and a report after...
David McFarland Student Information Card
Student information card of David McFarland, a member of the Nez Perce Nation, who entered the school on December 16, 1891 and departed on March 7, 1898. The information card indicates that McFarland graduated in 1898, married Ella Bassett, and was living in Fort Lapwai, Idaho in 1913.
Edith Pierce Student File
Student file of Edith Pierce, a member of the Seneca Nation, who entered the school on November 13, 1895, graduated in 1898, and departed on February 1, 1899. The file contains a student information card, a returned student survey, and a report after leaving. The file indicates Pierce was living...
Edith Pierce Student Information Card
Student information card of Edith Pierce, a member of the Seneca Nation, who entered the school on November 13, 1895 and departed on February 1, 1899. The information card indicates that Pierce graduated in 1898, married Peter S. LaDue, and was living in Richwood, Minnesota in 1914.
Edward Peterson Student File
Student file of Edward Peterson, a member of the Ehnek Nation, who entered the school on October 12, 1895, graduated in 1898, and departed on March 7, 1898. The file contains a student information card, news clippings, a returned student survey, a report after leaving, and correspondence. The...
Edward Peterson Student Information Card
Student information card of Edward Peterson, a member of the Ehnek Nation, who entered the school on October 12, 1895 and departed on April 7, 1898. The information card indicates that Peterson had graduated in 1898 and was living in Massachusetts in 1913.
Ellen Thomas Student File
Student file of Ellen Thomas, a member of the Chippewa Nation, who entered the school on September 13, 1895, graduated in 1898, and departed on May 6, 1898. The file contains a student information card, returned student surveys, a trade/position record card, a report after leaving, letters/...
Ellen Thomas Student Information Card
Student information card of Ellen Thomas, a member of the Chippewa Nation, who entered the school on September 13, 1895 and departed on May 6, 1898. The file indicates that Thomas graduated in 1898, married John L. Prophet, and was living in Seneca, Missouri in 1914.
Frank James Student File
Student file of Frank James, a member of the Kaw Nation, who entered the school on August 23, 1893 and departed on March 7, 1898. The file contains a student information card, a photograph, correspondence, and a returned student survey indicating that after leaving the school James married Rosie...
Jacob Jamison Student File
Student file of Jacob Jamison, a member of the Seneca Nation, who entered the school on October 10, 1892 and departed on March 4, 1898. The file contains a student information card, a returned student survey, and a report after leaving. The file indicates Jamison was a farmer in Gowanda, New...
Jacob Jamison Student Information Card
Student information card of Jacob Jamison, a member of the Seneca Nation, who entered the school on October 10, 1892 and departed on March 4, 1898. The information card indicates that Jamison graduated in 1898, married Bertha Dye, and was living in Gowanda, New York in 1913.
John Webster Student File
Student file of John Webster, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 16, 1889 and ultimately graduated in 1898, departing on March 7, 1898. The student did not attend the school continuously, but left and reentered. The file contains student information cards, former...
John Webster Student Information Card
Student information card of John Webster, a member of the Oneida Nation, who entered the school on August 16, 1889 and departed on March 7, 1898. The file indicates that Webster graduated in 1898 and was living White Earth, Minnesota in 1918.
Joseph Blackbear (Goaso) Student File
Student file of Joseph Blackbear (Goaso), a member of the Cheyenne Nation, who entered the school on September 15, 1889 and ultimately graduated in 1898, departing on September 19, 1898. The student did not attend the school continuously, but left and reentered. The file contains student...
Joseph Blackbear (Goaso) Student Information Card
Student information card of Joseph Blackbear (Goaso), who entered the school on September 15, 1889 and departed September 19, 1898. The card indicates that he graduated in 1898 and was employed. He married Cora Blind Man and was living in Hammon Oklahoma.


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La linea di Davide o Casa di Davide si riferisce alla discendenza del re di Israele Davide, secondo la Bibbia ebraica, il Nuovo Testamento e quanto successo nei secoli seguenti.

Secondo la Bibbia, Davide, della tribù di Giuda, fu il terzo re del Regno di Israele e Giuda. A lui succedette il figlio, Salomone. Dopo la morte di questꞌultimo, le dieci tribù del nord respinsero la linea davidica, rifiutandosi di accettare il figlio di Salomone, Roboamo, e invece scelsero come re Geroboamo e formarono il nordico Regno dꞌIsraele. Le tribù meridionali di Giuda e di Beniamino rimasero leali alla casa di Davide e il loro regno divenne noto come Regno di Giuda. Tutti i successivi re di Giuda, tranne Atalia di Giuda, furono detti diretti discendenti di Davide. Il regno cadde sotto il dominio dellꞌImpero neo-babilonese nel 587/6 a.C.. Gli Asmonei, che instaurarono la loro monarchia in Giudea nel 2º secolo a.C., non furono considerati collegati alla linea davidica né alla Tribù di Giuda.

NellꞌEbraismo e nel Cristianesimo, la Linea Davidica è la linea del sangue dalla quale il Messia ebraico ha unꞌascendenza patrilinea. Nellꞌescatologia ebraica, il Messia è un futuro re ebreo discendente dalla linea davidica, che ci si aspetta che diriga il popolo ebraico durante lꞌEra Messianica e il mondo a venire. I Vangeli Cristiani sostengono che Gesù discende dalla linea Davidica e quindi è il legittimo Messia ebreo. Il Nuovo Testamento, nei libri di Matteo e di Luca, fornisce due diverse versioni della genealogia di Gesù che risalgono fino a Davide.

Storicità

Molto poco si sa in conclusione sulla Casa di Davide. La Stele di Tel Dan cita la morte del re regnante da "BYTDWD", (interpretata come "Casa di Davide") e quindi è di gran lunga la sola citazione extrabiblica esplicita di Davide stesso. La stele è datata al circa 840 a.C.; comunque, il nome del re davidico non è totalmente conservato, tanto che la stele non è sopravvissuta fin dal 9º secolo a.C.. Tutto ciò che rimane del nome è la sillaba finale, lꞌestremamente comune teoforico suffisso -yahū. Poiché la stele fa coincidere la morte del re davidico con quella di  [Io]ram, il re del Regno di Samaria, gli studiosi hanno ricostruito il secondo re caduto come Acazia, il solo re contemporaneo a Jehoram con un nome che termina in -yahū.

Il primo non ambiguo attestato re della linea davidica è Ozia, che regnò nellꞌ8º secolo a.C., circa 75 anni dopo Ahaziah, che è citato su sigilli di bolle appartenenti ai suoi servi Abijah e Shubnayahu. Ozia potrebbe essere citato negli annali di Tiglatpileser III; comunque i testi sono molto frammentari. Inoltre, una pietra tombale, datata al periodo del Secondo Tempio e presumibilmente destinata a segnare la tomba (o una seconda inumazione) di Ozia, fu scoperta in un convento sul Monte degli Ulivi nel 1931, ma non cꞌè modo di determinare se i resti siano genuinamente di Ozia, come pietra che è stata incisa più di 700 anni dopo la morte di Ozia e fu originariamente interrata, e la provenienza della tavola resta un mistero. Un artefatto controverso chiamato la "tavoletta di Ozia" richiama atti compiuti da Ioram, re di Giuda, che regnò circa 44 anni prima di Ozia; comunque, gli studiosi sono tendenzialmente divisi sul fatto che lꞌiscrizione sia o meno originale.
Dopo Ozia, ciascuno dei successivi re di Giuda è attestato in qualche forma, eccetto Amon di Giuda: Iotam, successore di Ozia, è citato sul sigillo del proprio figlio e successore, Ahaz,
che regnò dal 732 al 716 a.C.. Hezekiah, figlio di Ahaz, è attestato da numerosi sigilli reali e Annali di Sennacherib; è registrato che Manasse pagasse tributi a Esarhaddon; Josiah non ha vestigia che lo nominino esplicitamente; comunque, sigilli appartenenti al figlio  Eliashib e funzionari Nathan-melech e Asaiah è stato scoperto; e i re Ioacaz II, Ioiakim e Zedekiah non sono mai esplicitamente nominati negli scritti storici ma invece si allude a loro; comunque, Ioiachin è citato per nome nei documenti babilonesi che dettagliano i motivi per cui a lui e ai suoi figli furono dati mentre erano tenuti prigionieri durante lꞌesilio babilonese.

Le origini della dinastia, dꞌaltra parte, sono avvolte nel mistero. La summenzionata stele di Tel Dan rimane la sola citazione di Davide stesso al di fuori della Bibbia, e lꞌaffidabilità storica della Monarchia Unita dꞌIsraele è archeologicamente debole. Le strutture in pietra a gradini e le strutture in pietra grossa di Gerusalemme, assumendo che sia accurata la datazione stratigrafica contestata di Eilat Mazar alla prima età del ferro, mostrano che Gerusalemme fosse almeno popolata in qualche modo al tempo di Re Davide, e conferisce qualche credibilità nel biblico sostenere che Gerusalemme fosse originariamente una fortezza canaanita; comunque pare che Gerusalemme si sia sviluppata molto dopo la morte di Davide, mettendo in questione la possibilità che essa avesse potuto essere la capitale imperiale descritta nella Bibbia. Ai tempi di Davide, la capitale probabilmente serviva poco più di una formidabile cittadella, e il "regno" davidico era molto più probabilmente vicino a una forma di governo regionale blandamente confederato, sebbene relativamente sostanziale. Dꞌaltra parte, scavi a Khirbet Qeiyafa e Gath furono interpretate da alcuni per mostrare che Giuda era in grado di sistemare società urbane su larga scala, secoli prima di quanto sostengano studiosi minimalisti, e alcuni hanno preso lꞌarcheologia fisica della Canaan del decimo secolo come coerente con la precedente esistenza di uno stato unificato sul suo territorio, come scoperte archeologiche dimostrano sostanziali sviluppi e crescite in molte località, plausibilmente correlate al decimo secolo a.C.. Ancora, alla luce di una generale carenza di evidenza materiale che esplicitamente indichi una Monarchia Unita, non si può positivamente accertare se alcuni portenti della narrazione biblica sulla Monarchia Unita e le origini della dinastia di Davide hanno una qualche base storica. Anche così, quanto a Davide e i suoi immediati discendenti stessi, la posizione di maggioranza, come descritto da Israel Finkelstein e Neil Silberman, autori di The Bible Unearthed, espongono che Davide e Salomone possono ben essere basati su "certi noccioli storici", e probabilmente esiste a loro proprio diritto, ma le loro storiche controparti semplicemente potrebbero non aver regnato su un benestante e sontuoso impero, come descritto nella  Bibbia, e furono più probabilmente capitani di una relativamente modesta società israelita in Giuda e non regnanti su un regno vero e proprio.

Re di Israele e Giuda

Secondo la Bibbia Ebraica (Tanakh), dopo essere stati scelti e diventati re, si veniva abitualmente unti con Olio Santo versato sulla testa. Nel caso di Davide, ciò avvenne ad opera del profeta Samuele.

Inizialmente, Davide fu soltanto re sulla Tribù di Giuda, dominata da Hebron, ma dopo sette anni e mezzo, le altre tribù israelite, che si trovarono prive di un capo dopo la morte di Ish-bosheth, lo scelsero anche loro come loro capo.

Tutti i successivi re in entrambe gli antichi primi uniti Regni dꞌIsraele e i successivi Regni di Giuda sostenevano la loro diretta discendenza dal Re Davide per convalidare la loro pretesa di regnare sulle tribù israelite.

Dopo la morte del figlio di Davide, Re Salomone, le dieci tribù settentrionali del Regno di Israele respinsero la linea davidica, rifiutandosi di accettare il figlio di Salomone Roboamo e scegliendo invece come re Geroboamo e formando il settentrionale Regno di Israele. Questo regno fu conquistato nellꞌ8º secolo a.C. dallꞌImpero assiro, che esiliò gran parte della popolazione del Regno Settentrionale e pose termine allo stato sovrano. Gran parte della popolazione del Regno Settentrionale dꞌIsraele fu costretta a spostarsi in Mesopotamia e la maggior parte sparì dalla storia come le Dieci tribù perdute d'Israele, o mescolata alle popolazioni ebraiche esiliate due secoli dopo, mentre il rimanente popolo di Israele sulle alture della Samaria è diventato noto come Samaritani, durante lꞌera classica e i tempi moderni.

Lꞌesilarcato
Più tardi le autorità rabbiniche assegnarono lꞌufficio di esilarca ai membri della   famiglia che ne tracciava la sua patrilinea discendenza da Davide, Re dꞌIsraele. Il più alto funzionario della Babilonia ebraica fu lꞌesilarca Reish Galuta, "Capo della Diaspora". Coloro che tenevano la posizione facevano risalire la loro ancestralità alla Casa di Davide, in linea maschile. Chi ricopriva la posizione era visto come un re-in-attesa, residente in Babilonia nellꞌImpero achemenide così come durante lꞌera classica. Seder Olam Zutta attribuì lꞌufficio a Zerubbabel, un membro della linea davidica, che è citato come uno dei leader della  comunità ebraica nel 6º secolo a.C., portando il titolo di Governatore Achemenide di Yehud Medinata.

I periodi Asmoniano ed Erodiano
Gli Asmoniani, noti anche come Maccabei, instaurarono la loro monarchia in Giudea a seguito della rivolta contro lꞌellenistica dinastia seleucide.

Gli Asmoniani non erano considerati collegati alla linea davidica né alla Tribù di Giuda. I Leviti erano sempre stati esclusi dalla monarchia israelita, così quando i Maccabei salirono al trono per ridedicare il profanato Secondo Tempio, una regola "cardinale" fu violata. Secondo gli studiosi dellꞌebraismo ortodosso, viene considerato che ciò aveva contribuito alla loro caduta e a quella finale della Giudea; che le liti interne abbiano permesso lꞌoccupazione romana e il violento insediamento di Erode il Grande quale re cliente sulla Provincia romana della Giudea e la successiva distruzione del Secondo tempio da parte del futuro Imperatore romano Tito. Durante il periodo asmoniano la linea davidica fu ampiamente esclusa dalla Casa reale in Giudea, ma alcuni membri avevano guadagnato in importanza come capi religiosi e comuni. Uno dei più noti fra questi fu Hillel il Vecchio, che si trasferì in Giudea dalla nativa Babilonia. Il suo pronipote Shimon ben Gamliel divenne uno dei ꞌꞌleaderꞌꞌ ebraici durante la Prima guerra giudaica.

Medioevo
Lꞌesilarcato nellꞌImpero sasanide fu presto abolito a seguito della rivolta di
Mar-Zutra II nel tardo 5º secolo d.C., con suo figlio Mar-Zutra III cui fu negata la carica e risistemato a Tiberiade, allora appartenente allꞌImpero bizantino. Mar Ahunai visse nel periodo succedendo a Mar Zutra II, ma per quasi cinquantꞌanni dopo la fallita rivolta, egli non osò più comparire in pubblico, e non si sa se anche allora (circa 550 d.C.) egli in effetti agì come Esilarca. I nomi di Kafnai e di suo figlio Haninai, che furono Esilarchi nella seconda metà del 6º secolo, furono preservati.

Lꞌesilarcato in Mesopotamia fu ufficialmente ripristinato dopo la conquista Araba nel 7º secolo d.C. e continuò a funzionare durante i primi califfati. Esilarchi continuarono a essere nominati fino allꞌ11º secolo d.C., con alcuni membri della linea davidica dispersi attraverso il mondo islamico. Vi sono versioni contradditorie sul destino della famiglia esilarca nellꞌ11º secolo; secondo una versione, Hezekiah ben David, che fu lꞌultimo esilarca e anche lꞌultimo Gaon, fu imprigionato e torturato a morte. Due dei suoi figli fuggirono ad Al-Andalus, dove fondarono un rifugio insieme a Giuseppe, il figlio e successore di Samuel ibn Naghrillah. Comunque, The Jewish Quarterly Review dice che Hezekiah fu liberato dalla prigione, e divenne capo dellꞌaccademia, ed è citato come tale dai contemporanei nel 1046. Un tentativo fallito di David ben Daniel della linea davidica, di stabilire un esilarcato nel mondo fatimide, ebbe termine con la sua caduta nel 1094 d.C..

Nei secoli dallꞌ11º al 15º, famiglie che discendevano dagli Esilarchi che vivevano nel Sud della Francia (Narbona e Provenza) e nel nord della penisola iberica (Barcellona, Aragona e Castiglia) ricevettero il titolo di "Nasi" nelle comunità ed erano chiamati "uomini liberi". Essi avevano uno speciale ꞌꞌstatusꞌꞌ economico e sociale nella comunità ebraica ed erano vicini ai loro rispettivi governi, alcuni prestando servizio come consulenti e ministri del Tesoro e delle Finanze.

Queste famiglie avevano speciali diritti a Narbona, Barcellona e in Castiglia. Essi possedevano beni immobili e ricevevano il titolo di "Don" e  de la Kblriih (Della Cavalleria). Tra le famiglie dei "Figli della Libertà" vi erano le famiglie degli Abrabanel e dei Benveniste.

Nel suo libro, A Jewish Princedom in Feudal France (Un Principato Ebraico nella Francia Feudale), Arthur J. Zuckerman propone la teoria che dal 768 al 900 d.C. un Principato Ebraico, diretto dai membri dellꞌesilarcato, esistesse già nella Francia feudale. Comunque, questa teoria è stata ampiamente contestata.

Discendenti della casa degli esilarchi vivevano in svariati luoghi molto dopo che la funzione era estinta. Il nipote di Hezekiah ben David, attraverso il suo primogenito David ben Chyzkia, Hiyya al-Daudi, morì nel 1154 in Castiglia; secondo Abraham ibn Daud è lꞌantenato della famiglia ibn Yahya. Molte famiglie, già nel 14º secolo, tracciarono la loro ascendenza indietro fino a Josiah, un fratello di David ben Zakkai, che era stato esiliato a Chorasan (vedi le genealogie in [Lazarus 1890] pp. 180 e seg.). Dei discendenti degli esilarchi Karaite si è detto sopra.

Numerose famiglie ebraiche nella Penisola iberica e nella Mesopotamia continuarono a preservare la tradizione di discendenti degli Esilarchi nel Basso Medioevo, comprese le famiglie degli Abrabanel, ibn Yahya e Ben-David. Numerosi studenti aschenaziti vantavano la discendenza da
Re Davide. Per parte di padre, Rashi è stato ritenuto un discendente di 33a generazione di Yochanan HaSandlar, che fu un discendente di quarta generazione di Gamaliele, che a sua volta si riteneva fosse discendente dalla linea davidica. Parimenti Maimonide sostenne che ci fossero 37 generazioni tra lui e Simeon ben Judah ha-Nasi, che fu anchꞌegli un discendente di quarta generazione di Gamaliele. Meir Perels tracciò lꞌascendenza di Judah Loew ben Bezalel fino ad Hai Gaon attraverso Judah Loew's ritenuto trisnonno di Judah Leib il Vecchio e quindi proveniente anche lui dalla dinastia davidica; comunque questa pretesa è ampiamente discussa da molti studiosi come Otto Muneles.

Hai Gaon era il figlio di Sherira Gaon, che sosteneva la propria discendenza da Rabbah b. Abuha, appartenente alla famiglia degli esilarchi, quindi vantando la discendenza dalla linea davidica. Genero di  Sherira era Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken. Il patriarca della famiglia Meisel, Yitskhak Eizik Meisels, era un presunto discendente di 10a generazione degli Esilarchi, Mar Ukba. La famiglia Berduga di Meknes vantava una discendenza in via paterna dallꞌesilarca Bostanai. La famiglia di banchieri ebrei  Louis Cahen d'Anvers vantava la discendenza dalla Linea Davidica Rabbi Yosef Dayan, che è oggi un pretendente al  trono davidico in Israele e il fondatore del partito monarchico Malchut Israel, discende dalla famiglia Dayan di Aleppo, che discende in via paterna da Zakkai, il fratello minore dellꞌesilarca David I (d. 940). Uno dei discendenti di Hasan, Solomon ben Azariah ha-Nasi, si stabilì ad Aleppo, dove la famiglia divenne i Dayan (giudici) della città e quindi adottò il cognome Dayan.

Eredità moderna
Nel 2012, il The Jerusalem Post riferì che la filantropa Susan Roth aveva creato la Dinastia Davidica come consociata della sua Eshet Chayil Foundation, volta a scoprire, formare un data-base e collegare i discendenti davidici e gestire il King David Legacy Center in Gerusalemme. Nel 2020, Roth scelse Brando Crawford, un discendente da entrambi i nonni, a rappresentare lꞌorganizzazione internazionale. Il King David Legacy Center ha avuto sostegno dagli Ebrei Haredi in Gerusalemme.

Interpretazioni ebraiche
Nellꞌ escatologia ebraica, il termine mashiach o Messiah, nasce per riferirsi a un futuro re ebraico della linea davidica, che dovrà essere unto con olio santo per unzioni e dirigere il popolo durante lꞌera messianica. Al Messia ci si  riferiva spesso come al "Re Messia", o, in ebraico, מלך משיח (melekh mashiach) e, in Aramaico, malka meshiḥa.

Vedute ortodosse hanno in genere sostenuto che il Messia sarebbe stato un discendente patrilineo di Re Davide, e che avrebbe riportato gli Ebrei nella Terra dꞌIsraele, accompagnatore in unꞌera di pace, costruito il Terzo Tempio, padre di un erede maschio, re-istituito il Sinedrio, e così via. La tradizione ebraica allude a due redentori, entrambi chiamati mashiach e sono coinvolti con lꞌintroduzione dellꞌera Messianica: Mashiach ben David; e Mashiach ben Joseph. In generale, il termine Messiah senza qualificativi, si riferisce a Mashiach ben David (Messiah, figlio di Davide).

Interpretazioni cristiane
Nellꞌinterpretazione cristiana lꞌ"Alleanza davidica"  2º Samuele, 7 è intesa in vari modi, riferendosi tradizionalmente alle genealogie di Gesù nel Nuovo Testamento. Unꞌ interpretazione cristiana della linea davidica la considera come continuazione fino a Gesù, figlio di Giuseppe, secondo le genealogie scritte in Matteo (1,1-16), discendenti di Salomone, e Luca (3,23-38), discendenti di Nathan, figlio di Davide, attraverso la linea di Maria.

Poiché gli Ebrei hanno storicamente creduto che il Messia sarebbe stato un discendente in linea maschile da Davide, la linea di Gesù è talvolta citata come motivo per cui gli Ebrei non credono che Egli fosse il Messia. Come proposto figlio di Dio, egli non poteva essere stato un maschio discendente di Davide, poiché secondo la genealogia dei suoi genitori terreni, Maria e Giuseppe, egli non aveva il giusto lignaggio, poiché egli non sarebbe stato un maschio discendente da Maria e Giuseppe, che erano discendenti di Ioiachin, poiché ai discendenti di questꞌultimo era esplicitamente escluso il dominio su Israele tramite Dio.

Unꞌaltra interpretazione cristiana enfatizza la linea minore, non-regale, la linea di Davide attraverso il fratello di Salomone, Natan, come sta scritto nel Vangelo secondo Luca (Luca, 3:3), interamente non-documentato nella Bibbia Ebraica, che è spesso interpretato come lꞌalbero genealogico del padre di Maria.

Una tradizionale interpretazione cristiana ampiamente diffusa, vuole la discontinuità della linea principale davidica da Salomone alla linea di Ioiachin, priva di Dio, che ebbe inizio nei primi anni del 500 a.C., quando il profeta Geremia maledì il ramo principale della linea di Salomone, dicendo che nessun discendente di "[Je]Coniah" avrebbe mai più regnato sul trono dꞌIsraele (Geremia, 22:30). Alcuni commentatori cristiani credono anche che questa stessa "maledizione" sia il motivo per cui Zorobabele, al giusto re salomonico ai tempi di Neemia, non fu dato un regno sotto lꞌImpero Persiano.

LꞌAlbero di Jesse (un riferimento al padre di Davide) è una tradizionale rappresentazione artistica cristiana della connessione genealogica di Gesù a Davide.

Interpretazioni dei Santi degli ultimi giorni
Il Movimento dei Santi degli ultimi giorni accetta Cristo come "Germoglio di Jesse" e Messia. In aggiunta, lꞌescatologia mormonica comprende molti riferimenti ad altre figure profetiche davidiche, incluso uno di nome Davide, che verrà negli ultimi giorni per ereditare il trono e il regno di Davide.

Interpretazioni islamiche
Il Corano cita la Casa di Davide una volta: "Lavora, o famiglia di Davide, in gratitudine. E alcuni dei miei servi sono grati." e menziona lo stesso Davide sedici volte.

Secondo alcune fonti islamiche, qualcuno dei residenti ebrei in Arabia apparteneva alla linea davidica; Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi scrive: "Un uomo ebreo della linea di Davide entrò a Medina e trovò la gente profondamente addolorata. Egli chiese alla gente: Che cosa cꞌè che non va? Qualcuno gli rispose: il Profeta Maometto se nꞌè andato".

Note

Collegamenti esterni

  Jewish Encyclopedia.com:
 A genealogy of the Exilarchs:

  Rabbinic Sources and Seder Olam Zuta:  &

Re di Giuda
Guerra


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Eat | Drink
Arts | Culture
Travel | Staycation
Health | Fitness
Editors Letters
Copyright © 2020, San Diego Union-Tribune | CA Notice of Collection
Remember SeaWorld's Tidal Twister? It's shut down again
Riders brave the new Sea World ride called Tidal Twister just days before it opened to the public in late May.
(Eduardo Contreras/The San Diego Union-Tribune)
By Lori Weisberg
SeaWorld's newest coaster, Tidal Twister, dogged by operational problems, has now been closed more days than it's been open since making its May debut.
The San Diego park so far has said little about the ride's latest closure, explaining that the now month-long shutdown is related to an "operational issue" that it is working on with the ride's manufacturer, Skyline Attractions.
SeaWorld San Diego spokesman Dave Koontz said the park is "optimistic" about reopening the family-friendly coaster by early August. Within the park, a sign is posted stating that "Tidal Twister is temporarily closed for an operational improvement" and will "reopen as soon as possible."
Pressed for more details about the ride's issues, Koontz declined to offer any further explanation.
Although technically a thrill ride, Tidal Twister is designed more for younger children. Situated within a relatively small space, Tidal Twister was billed by SeaWorld as the first coaster of its kind in the world, featuring a nearly 300-foot-long single-rail figure-eight track, elevated 16 feet off the ground. Designed as a horizontal ride, the coaster's 16-passenger trains reach speeds of up to 30 mph.
So far though, the coaster's operation has been spotty. A little more than a week after its May 24 opening, Tidal Twister was shut down with no explanation other than it was experiencing an "operational issue." A week later it was deemed safe to reopen, SeaWorld reported at the time. By July 1, though, the coaster was shut down yet again.
When reached by phone Tuesday, Jeff Pike, president of Orlando-based Skyline Attractions, said he could not discuss anything beyond what was contained in SeaWorld's statement.
Technically, SeaWorld is not required to notify the state Division of Occupational Safety and Health, better known as Cal/OSHA, of the closure because it didn't stem from an accident resulting in any injuries. Cal/OSHA spokesman Frank Polizzi said Tuesday his agency had been informed by the theme park that the coaster was closed in July in order "to work closely with the manufacturer to address the same issues" that forced the temporary closure in June.
Once the ride reopens, no subsequent inspection by the agency is required unless a major modification is made to the ride, Polizzi said.
Tidal Twister is essentially a prototype ride from Skyline. Just one other ride similar to it has been produced by Skyline — The Harley Quinn Crazy Coaster, which opened last year at Six Flags Discovery Kingdom in Vallejo.
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Lori Weisberg
Lori Weisberg covers the tourism and hospitality industry, writing extensively about San Diego County hotels; restaurants; cruise ships; visitor attractions; air travel; and the convention center. A Southern California native and graduate of UCLA, she joined The San Diego Union-Tribune in 1980 and over the years has been awarded a number of fellowships in specialty reporting, multimedia and social media. She has regularly produced multimedia packages for the paper's website and is able to shoot and edit video. Before joining the newspaper, she worked at the Vista Press and the Orange County Register.
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O Partido Reformista da Alternativa Democrática (em luxemburguês: Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei; em francês: Parti réformiste d'alternative démocratique; em alemão: Alternative Demokratische Reformpartei) é um partido político do Luxemburgo de ideologia conservadora .
O partido foi fundado em 1987, com o nome de Comité de Acção 5/6os de Pensões para Todos, nome usado até 2006, como partido com apenas um assunto político: exigir igualdade nas reformas do estado entre os funcionários públicos e o resto dos cidadãos . O partido rapidamente cresceu em sucesso, muito graças à sua mensagem anti-sistema , o que fez deste partido, o maior partido de defesa dos interesses dos pensionistas na Europa Ocidental.
Com o tempo, o partido começou a alargar as suas posições políticas, sendo o partido economicamente mais liberal do Luxemburgo, ocupando um espaço que era ocupado pelo Partido Democrata e adoptando uma linha conservadora em temas como a eutanásia. O ADR deseja implementar uma democracia direta ao estilo suíço e defende e promove intensamente a preservação e o uso da língua luxemburguesa nas instituições estatais e na sociedade.  O partido também é declaradamente eurocéptico suave  , algo que o torna único no panorama político do Luxemburgo, onde existe um europeísmo quase indiscutível. Em 2018 o jogador de futebol Daniel Da Mota, filho de imigrantes portugueses, foi candidato pelo partido ADR nas eleições legislativas.

Resultados eleitorais

Eleições legislativas

Eleições europeias

Partidos políticos de Luxemburgo
Partidos políticos conservadores


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GeniusOld Brew
By Jerry Beck | 05/17/2004 9:58 am | Be the First to Comment!
The following are excerpts from an article, "For This Animated Movie, a Cast of Household Names" By Eric A. Taub published in today's NY TIMES:
Threshold Entertainment, a modestly sized animation and special effects company that has never made a full-length animated film before, hopes to go "Toy Story" one better with "Foodfight!," an animated movie that takes place in a supermarket after the lights go down.The company has the right to use animated versions of 80 name-brand products and their associated characters, including Charlie the Tuna and the Brawny paper towel man. The movie is not expected to be released until late 2005, at the earliest, and the company does not yet have a deal with a distributor."The movie looks wonderful," said Mark Mills, president of Motion Picture Magic, a product placement company in Encino, Calif. "Threshold will be considered to be the new and upcoming Pixar."
Read the whole piece HERE. (Thanks to E. Lurio for the link)
Read More: Foodfight!
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