text:
Evaluation of tropospheric ozone reanalyses with independent ozonesonde observations in East Asia
Sunmin Park1,
Seok-Woo Son1,
Myung-Il Jung1,
Jinkyung Park1 &
Sang Seo Park2
The modern reanalysis datasets provide not only meteorological variables, but also atmospheric chemical compositions such as tropospheric ozone and aerosol concentration. However, the quality of chemical compositions has been rarely assessed especially over East Asia. To better understand the characteristics of reanalysis datasets on regional scale, the present study evaluates tropospheric ozone derived from seven reanalyses against five independent ozonesonde observations in East Asia. The reanalysis datasets are the ECMWF Reanalysis 5th (ERA5), Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate reanalysis (MACCRA), Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service reanalysis (CAMSRA), as well as the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), NASA Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and updated Tropospheric Chemistry Reanalysis (TCR-2). It turns out that MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2, which incorporate chemical transport model, depict most reasonable spatio-temporal variability of tropospheric ozone in East Asia. The MACC exhibits a better quality with relatively small mean biases of 6.4 ± 1.3% in tropospheric column ozone than biases of 7.8 ± 2.7% and 7.8 ± 2.8% for CAMSRA and TCR-2. The CAMSRA further shows a significant monthly correlation with the observation of up to 0.7 at 850 hPa. Among the seven reanalyses, MACC, CAMSRA, and TCR-2 are suitable for local tropospheric ozone study on seasonal to inter-annual time scales. However, none of the seven reanalysis datasets reproduce the observed trend of tropospheric ozone. This result suggests that even the latest datasets are inadequate for the long-term ozone change study.
Tropospheric ozone is an important trace gas in the atmosphere. It is primarily generated by the local photochemical production from natural and anthropogenic sources and the input from the stratosphere. Its concentration is highly variable in space and time due to the various emission sources, complicated chemical processes, atmospheric transports, and other influences of meteorological conditions (e.g., Ramsey et al. 2014). Although a relatively small amount compared to stratospheric ozone, tropospheric ozone affects weather and climate systems as a short-lived climate forcer (Monks et al. 2015; Scott et al. 2018). For instance, tropospheric ozone directly and indirectly influences atmospheric radiation. The indirect impact is realized through its impact on carbon uptake by the reduction of vegetation productivity (Lombardozzi et al. 2015) and methane lifetime (Fiore et al. 2008). According to the IPCC report (Myhre et al. 2013), the estimated radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone is 0.2 to 0.6 W m−2 in the present climate.
Atmospheric reanalysis datasets provide global tropospheric ozone data in high spatial and temporal resolutions by assimilating diverse satellite observations. However, there remain considerable discrepancies between the reanalyses and in situ observations especially in the lower troposphere (i.e., Flemming et al. 2017). The ozone product from Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate reanlaysis (MACCRA), for instance, shows significant biases in the diurnal and seasonal cycles of the near-surface ozone in Europe (Katragkou et al. 2015). Wargan et al. (2017) also indicated that the use of Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2) ozone product needs a caution for decadal change and long-term trend studies.
Despite many previous studies, no studies have assessed the quality of tropospheric ozone reanalysis product in East Asia against independent observations. It is unclear whether the latest reanalyses reproduce the seasonality and inter-annual variability of tropospheric ozone in East Asia where local emissions are substantially large. A few recent studies reported an overall increasing trend of tropospheric ozone in East Asia since the year 2000 (Parrish et al. 2014; Gaudel et al. 2018). However, such a trend is not evaluated from the reanalysis datasets.
The goals of the present study are (1) to evaluate the tropospheric ozone concentration from seven reanalysis datasets using five long-term ozonesonde measurements in East Asia, and (2) to suggest the proper usage of reanalysis tropospheric ozone. "Data and methods" section describes the data and methods, and "Results and discussion" section discusses the results, including the evaluation of ozone vertical profile, seasonal cycle and long-term trend of 850-hPa ozone concentration. Summary is provided in "Conclusions" section.
Data and methods
The seven reanalysis datasets, which provide ozone vertical profile, are examined (Table 1). They are the ECMWF Reanalysis 5th (ERA5), MACCRA, Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service Reanalysis (CAMSRA), NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), MERRA2, and updated Tropospheric Chemistry Reanalysis (TCR-2). All datasets are evaluated for the common period of 2003–2012 except for trend analysis. The long-term trends are examined for the two time periods, i.e., the common period of 2003–2012 and the extended period of 2003–2017 excluding CFSR and TCR-2 which provide shorter period of dataset. For these two reanalyses, we use all available datasets (Table 1). Only monthly-mean ozone profiles are examined.
Table 1 Seven reanalysis datasets used in this study
The ERA5, MACCRA, and CAMSRA are generated by the ECMWF, but differ in the details. The ozone mass mixing ratio in ERA5 is produced by an updated version of the ozone parameterization of Cariolle and Deque (1986) scheme as described by Cariolle and Teyssèdre (2007). This scheme linearly estimates ozone mass mixing ratio by considering temperature, stratospheric chlorine concentration, altitude, and season. The linear coefficients have been calculated using an external 2-D photochemical model. Various satellite observations, covering different time periods, are assimilated (Hersbach et al. 2019). Moreover, it applies a variation bias correction to ozone data.
The MACCRA and CAMSRA differ from ERA5 as they incorporate the chemical transport model. The MACCRA utilizes the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) coupling to the Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers version 3 (MOZART-3) chemical transport model (Flemming et al. 2009) and considers the production and loss of ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and others. Here IFS provides background meteorological fields and initial ozone concentration and MOZART-3 model computes chemical reactions, emissions, and depositions (Inness et al. 2013). The CAMSRA is the most recent ECMWF global reanalysis data for atmospheric composition. A modified and extended version of Carbon Bond (CB05) chemical mechanism, as implemented in the global chemistry transport model Tracer Model 5 (CTM TM5) (Yarwood et al. 2005; Huijnen et al. 2010) for troposphere, is used. The chemical mechanism describes tropospheric chemistry with 54 species and 126 reactions, and includes the chemistry routine related to tropospheric ozone (Inness et al. 2019).
All ECMWF reanalyses use the four-dimensional variational data assimilation to combine satellite observations with chemistry-aerosol modeling (Inness et al. 2013; 2019). For the ozone data assimilation, various ozone products, including ozone vertical profile, total column ozone and ozone partial column from multiple satellites are used. Among others, they include the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV), Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) datasets.
The other four reanalysis datasets, CFSR, MERRA2, JRA-55, and TCR-2, are provided from NCEP, NASA, JMA, and JAMSTEC, respectively. The CFSR considers ozone as a prognostic variable (Saha et al. 2010). The climatological ozone is analyzed and transported from a two-dimensional chemistry model, the Naval Research Laboratory CHEM2D-Ozone Photochemistry Parameterization (NRL CHEM2D-OPP) (McCormack et al. 2006). This model computes the ozone production and loss rates by considering local ozone mixing ratio, temperature, and overlying ozone vertical column density.
The MERRA2 is produced with the updated Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) atmospheric data assimilation system. No chemical transport model is incorporated in MERRA2. Instead it estimates ozone using a diurnally and height-varying relationship between ozone and prognostic odd oxygen in a two-dimensional chemistry model (Rienecker et al. 2008; Gelaro et al. 2017). More importantly, the chemical production or loss of tropospheric ozone is not considered and dry deposition is the only removal process at the surface. The assimilated ozone products in MERRA2 are ozone mixing ratio profiles, partial and total column ozone concentration from various satellite observations (Wargan et al. 2015, 2017).
The JRA-55 ozone data are produced in two methods over the two time periods. Before 1978, time-interpolated three-dimensional climatological monthly mean is used for the daily ozone distribution. An estimated daily mean three-dimensional ozone vertical profile, derived from the Meteorological Research Institute Chemistry-Climate Model version 1 (MRI-CCM1) offline Chemical Transport Model (Shibata et al. 2005), is then applied from 1979 to the present (Kobayashi et al. 2015). It is produced separately from the data assimilation system. For data assimilation, a nudging scheme is applied using the total column ozone from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on Nimbus-7 and OMI.
The tropospheric ozone from TCR-2 (Miyazaki et al. 2019, 2020; JAMSTEC 2019) is produced by assimilating a set of satellites of diverse atmospheric compositions into a global chemical model of the troposphere, named CHemical AGCM for Study of atmospheric Environment and Radiative forcing (CHASER). This model calculates 88 chemical and 25 photolytic reactions with 47 chemical species (Sudo et al. 2002). Moreover, it considers natural and anthropogenic emission sources of 10 chemical compounds (i.e., nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide) to obtain basic chemical transformation of ozone. For the data assimilation, the Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) technique is applied (Hunt et al. 2007) using various satellites such as OMI, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer's (TES), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT).
The above seven reanalysis datasets are evaluated against long-term measurements of five ozonesonde stations in East Asia (Table 2). Here, East Asia is defined as the region between 15° to 50°N latitude, and 100° to 150°E longitude. The chosen stations are Hong Kong (HKO), Naha (NAH), Pohang (POH), Sapporo (SAP), and Tsukuba (TKB), ranging from 21.02° to 43.06°N and from 105.83° to 141.33°E. Although additional stations are available, only the stations which provide more than 10 years of dataset are examined in this study. All ozonesonde datasets are retrieved from the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WMO-GAW/WOUDC 2013; http://www.woudc.org). The only exception is POH station whose ozone profiles are directly obtained from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA; https://www.kma.go.kr). It is the longest ozonesonde station in Korea since 1995 (Kim et al. 2006).
Table 2 Ozonesonde stations used in this study
None of these station observations are assimilated in the reanalyses. Each station launches ozonesonde at least once a week unless local weather condition is extreme. Hence all stations provide 1 to 13 ozone vertical profiles per month except for POH which has 1% missing data in monthly ozone profiles. The ozonesonde data carry about 7-17% measurement errors in the troposphere below 250 or 300 hPa and ± 5% in the stratosphere from 200 to 10 hPa (e.g., Beekman et al. 1994). Depending on region and season, these errors could become larger (Miyazaki and Bowman 2017). In spite of the measurement errors, the ozonesonde observations have been extensively used for ozone trend studies and model evaluations (e.g., WMO 2007).
It is also noteworthy that ozonesonde measurements in East Asia have a rather short history. Although some stations around the world have measured ozone profiles since the late 1970s, most stations over East Asia have started to measure ozone profiles only in the 1990s (Table 2). In this study, daily observations are used to compute the monthly-mean ozone profiles. Although the launching frequency of ozonesonde varies between stations, all available data in each month are simply averaged. If a single observation is not available, the monthly-mean record is set to a missing value.
For a direct comparison, the unit of ozone concentration in both the reanalyses and observations is converted to ppbv. A comparison is conducted by analyzing ozonesonde with the reanalysis ozone in the grid box containing the ozonesonde station. In the vertical, only standard pressure level data are used with an emphasis on 850 hPa, which represents the characteristics of ozone from near surface to lower troposphere with a less topography impact over East Asia. As an alternative reference level, 500-hPa pressure level is also examined, but shown only in Additional file 1.
Figure 1 presents spatial distribution of 850-hPa ozone concentration over East Asia from the seven reanalysis datasets. It clearly shows that each reanalysis has substantially different climatological distribution. The four reanalysis datasets without chemical transport model (i.e., ERA5, CFSR, MERRA2, and JRA-55 shown in the left column) exhibit zonally elongated distribution. Their latitudinal patterns, however, are drastically different. While JRA-55 shows a latitudinally decreasing ozone concentration, ERA5, MERRA2, and CFSR show a maximum ozone concentration in midlatitudes. The source of this discrepancy is unknown.
Climatology of 850-hPa ozone mixing ratio (unit: ppbv) from seven reanalysis datasets and five ozonesonde stations. Grey shading represents the underground missing values
All reanalyses incorporated with chemical transport model exhibit more localized ozone distribution, centered at eastern China where ozone precursor emissions are abundant. A decreasing ozone concentration on its downstream region in MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2 hints ozone transport from eastern China to Korea and Japan. This pattern is indeed consistent with westerly background wind in the region (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). As reported in the previous studies, tropospheric ozone can be transported from eastern China to Korea, Japan, and even to western United States through the prevailing westerly wind (Brown-Steiner and Hess 2011; Gaudel et al. 2018).
In Fig. 1, ozonesonde observations are overlaid on the reanalysis ozone values. Climatological ozone concentration ranges from 46.3 ppbv in HKO at ~ 22.3°N to 57 ppbv in POH at ~ 36°N, and to 42.2 ppbv in SAP at ~ 43°N (Additional file 1: Table S1). This banded structure, largely resulting from ozone transport along the jet stream, reveals that lower-tropospheric ozone concentration over East Asia significantly varies with latitudes, local emissions, and background flows (Ding et al. 2008; Parrish et al. 2014).
The visual evaluation indicates that MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2 reasonably well capture the spatial distribution and amount of ozone concentration. Additional file 1: Table S1 shows 10-year climatology of 850-hPa ozone concentration at each station, and the difference between each station and reanalysis. A majority of reanalysis datasets underestimate ozone at TKB and POH stations, located at ~ 36°N. In contrast, all reanalyses overestimate ozone at NAH. It indicates that latitudinal bias exists in several reanalyses, although some reanalyses are able to depict the local emission and transport.
The detailed seasonal cycle of tropospheric ozone at 850 hPa is further illustrated in Fig. 2. Most reanalysis data faithfully reproduce the observed seasonal cycle of 850-hPa ozone concentration. A notable underestimation appears from JRA-55, especially at the higher latitude stations. But, this data overestimates ozone concentration in most stations at 500 hPa (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). The ERA5, CFSR, and MERRA2 also underestimate overall seasonality at most stations. Chemical transport model-based reanalyses, i.e., MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2, fairly well capture the observed seasonal cycle in quantity. Similar but better agreement between reanalyses and observation is found at 500 hPa (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). Although most reanalyses show a better match with the observation at 500 hPa, MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2 still exhibit the relatively small biases compared to other datasets. The annual-mean biases of the two groups of reanalyses with and without the chemical transport model are 3.7 ± 0.6% and 7.3 ± 1.9%, respectively, for five ozonesonde observations.
Seasonal cycle of 850-hPa ozone mixing ratio (unit: ppbv) from observation (black), ERA5 (orange), MACCRA (red), CAMSRA (green), CFSR (light blue), MERRA2 (blue), JRA-55 (purple), and TCR-2 (pink) at five ozonesonde stations. The error bars indicate observed one standard deviation on interannual time scale
To understand the nature of tropospheric ozone biases, it is worth discussing an observed seasonality of 850-hPa ozone concentration shown in Fig. 2. Four out of the five stations show a maximum ozone concentration in spring (> 50 ppbv) and a minimum ozone concentration in either summer or winter (< 50 ppbv). The springtime high ozone concentration is partly attributed to a larger amount of downward ozone transport from the stratosphere (Li et al. 2007) and an enhanced local photochemical production (Dufour et al. 2015). A low ozone concentration during summer is partially due to an abundant moisture and precipitation associated with Asian summer monsoon (Ding et al. 2008; Dufour et al. 2015).
A different seasonality between stations in Fig. 2 could be attributed to the latitudinal location of ozonesonde stations (Tanimoto et al. 2005; Myhre et al. 2013). The HKO station exhibits a relatively high ozone concentration in late fall and winter. This is primarily sourced by the long-range ozone transport from the continent (Lam et al. 2001). The midlatitude stations (i.e., POH, TKB, and SAP), however, show a minimum ozone concentration in winter. This minimum is likely caused by weak photochemical production (e.g., Liu et al. 2015) and rapid chemical transport by strong atmospheric circulation (Yamaji et al. 2006). A distinct seasonal cycle of ozone concentration, which is slightly different from 850 hPa, also appears at 500 hPa (Additional file 1: Fig. S2).
Figure 3 shows the vertical profile of ozone mixing ratio from 1000 to 300 hPa at each ozonesonde station with reanalysis dataset (see also Additional file 1: Fig. S3). All reanalysis datasets qualitatively well capture the seasonal evolution of vertical ozone distribution. A high ozone concentration in the upper troposphere (above 400 hPa), principally transported not from the troposphere but from the stratosphere, is observed. In addition, a relatively low concentration exists near the surface at all ozonesonde stations. Although tropical tropopause is maintained at ~ 100 hPa and higher in all seasons, midlatitude tropopause exhibits a significant seasonal cycle with a higher tropopause height in summer and a lower tropopause height in winter (e.g., Fig. 5 of Son et al. 2011). Around East Asia, the wintertime tropopause locates around at ~ 300-hPa pressure level.
Seasonal and vertical distribution (from 1000 hPa to 300 hPa) of ozone mixing ratio in observation (first column) and seven reanalysis datasets (ERA5, MACCRA, CAMSRA, CFSR, MERRA2, JRA-55, and TCR-2 from the second to right most columns) for SAP, POH and HKO stations. Ozone concentration is averaged over 10 years and missing values are shaded in grey. Here, we present three stations and the other two stations can be found in supplementary information
The mean bias of each reanalysis data is quantified in Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Fig. S4. A relatively large positive bias pronounces in JRA-55 from the mid- to upper troposphere. In addition, a negative bias appears from surface to the lower troposphere at all stations and seasons. Note that the bias patterns of MERRA2, CFSR and ERA5 differ from that of JRA-55 (compare 7th column with 2nd, 5th, and 6th columns in Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Fig. S4). These datasets slightly underestimate lower-tropospheric ozone at most stations. As an exception, SAP and NAH display overestimation during the warm season. Among these reanalyses, a smaller bias appears in the reanalyses, which are assimilated with both total column ozone and ozone vertical ozone profile. Huijnen et al. (2020) show that a large ozone bias could be related to the lack of direct tropospheric ozone. Therefore, a possible reason of the bias in JRA-55 can be attributed to the use of only total column ozone for data assimilation.
Same as Fig. 3 but for relative biases (units: %, from 2nd column). Note that the first column is identical to that in Fig. 2 and shown here as a reference. The relative bias is defined as (reanalysis-ozonesonde)/ozonesonde × 100 for each month. Here, we present three stations and the other two stations can be found in supplementary information
To quantify overall biases, the percentage biases shown in Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Fig. S4 are vertically integrated from 300 hPa to 1000 hPa and averaged over 12 months. The resulting values are then averaged across the five stations. It turns out that JRA-55 has the largest bias of 19.4 ± 9.2%. The ERA5, MERRA2 and CFSR show much smaller errors with 9 ± 1.1, 12.7 ± 1.5, and 10.4 ± 2.9% errors compared to JRA-55, but larger than MACCRA (6.4 ± 1.3%), CAMSRA (7.8 ± 2.7%), and TCR-2 (7.8 ± 2.8%) (Additional file 1: Table S2).
The percentage biases are also evaluated at the two vertical layers, i.e., one in the lower troposphere (below 500 hPa) and the other in the upper troposphere (500 to 300 hPa). The JRA-55 yields the largest bias of 17.7 ± 9.2% in the lower troposphere and 34 ± 2.6% in the upper troposphere. The CAMSRA shows the smallest biases with 9.5 ± 4.2% in the lower troposphere and TCR-2 yields the smallest with 6.3 ± 1% in the upper troposphere. The other chemical transport model-based reanalysis, MACCRA, yields 11.2 ± 7.4% in the lower troposphere (2nd smallest) and 10.7 ± 1.8% in the upper troposphere. Other reanalyses without a chemical transport model produce a larger bias than these three reanalyses (except ERA5 in the upper troposphere). This result suggests that MACCRA, CAMSRA and TCR-2 ozone data have smaller uncertainties than other reanalysis ozone data especially in the lower troposphere.
Figure 5 summarizes 850-hPa ozone bias in reanalyses in terms of correlation coefficient, normalized standard deviation, and normalized root mean-square error at the five ozonesonde stations. The deseasonalized monthly-mean ozone data are used to construct a Taylor diagram. It turns out that CAMSRA and TCR-2 have a smaller bias than MACCRA at most stations (Fig. 5a). Inness et al. (2019) also indicated that CAMSRA has a relatively small mean bias and standard deviation compared with MACCRA in global domain. Comparison of the three best reanalyses shows slightly better results from CAMSRA (Fig. 5a). Four stations show a statistically significant and relatively higher correlation with ozonesonde. The normalized standard deviation and root mean-square error of CAMSRA are smaller than 0.6 and 1.0, respectively. Huijnen et al. (2020) indicated that CAMSRA performs statistically better than TCR-2 at 850 hPa in Japan. Not surprisingly, other datasets exhibit larger errors than these three reanalyses (compare Fig. 5a, b). A few reanalyses show even a negative correlation. A similar but smaller error presents at 500 hPa (Additional file 1: Fig. S5).
Taylor diagram comparing five ozonesonde observations (circle: SAP, square: TKB, triangle: POH, rhombus: NAH, and circle with thick black lines: HKO) with a MACCRA (red), CAMSRA (green) and TCR-2 (pink); b ERA5 (orange), MERRA2 (blue), CFSR (light blue), and JRA-55 (purple) at 850 hPa. The correlation coefficient (indicated at the circumference) that is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level is denoted with a filled circle
We further examine the decadal trend of deseasonalized ozone concentration at 850 hPa (Fig. 6). When averaged across five stations, the observed ozone in East Asia shows a significantly positive trend of 4.9 ± 7.9 ppbv decade−1 for the period of 2003–2012 (black bars in Fig. 6a, b) and 6.4 ± 6 ppbv decade−1 for 2003–2017 (Fig. 6c, d). These results agree well with the previous findings of increasing ozone trend over East Asia (Chang et al. 2017; Gaudel et al. 2018). Figure 6a, c shows the decadal trend from 10- and 15-year datasets of reanalyses with a chemical transport model. None of the three reanalyses produce the same trend with similar magnitude as observation except for POH station (Fig. 6a, c). No decadal trend exists in TCR-2 and CAMSRA. They show the different trends in magnitude or/and in sign. Similar results are obtained with other datasets (Fig. 6b, d). The magnitude of reanalysis trend is smaller by a factor of two. Although the decadal trend at 500 hPa displays slightly better results (Additional file 1: Fig. S6), these results indicate that the use of reanalysis data in long-term ozone trend studies needs a great caution.
Decadal trend of deseasonalized monthly-mean 850-hPa ozone mixing ratio (unit: ppbv decade-1) at five ozonesonde stations: observation (black), MACCRA (red), CAMSRA (green), JRA-55 (purple), TCR-2 (pink), ERA5 (orange), CFSR (light blue), and MERRA2 (blue): a, b for 10 years over 2003–2012 and c, d for 15 years over 2003–2017. Note that CFSR is analyzed with only 8-year data from 2003 to 2010 and TCR-2 is considered from 2005. The trend that is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level is denoted with a filled bar. A two-tailed t-test is used to assess the statistical significance
The present study evaluates tropospheric ozone derived from seven reanalysis datasets, i.e., ERA5, MACCRA, CAMSRA, CFSR, MERRA2, JRA-55, and TCR-2 against long-term ozonesonde observations in East Asia. For 850-hPa ozone concentration, MACCRA, CAMSRA, and TCR-2, which incorporate a chemical transport model, yield a better agreement with observations than the other four reanalyses. An annual-mean bias between reanalyses with and without a chemical transport model is 3.7 ± 0.6% and 7.3 ± 1.9%, respectively. These three reanalyses also exhibit more realistic spatial distribution with a maximum ozone concentration in eastern China and its extension to the downstream region. This implies that they well capture tropospheric ozone dispersion along with local emission and transport.
Between the three reanalyses with better performance, TCR-2 and CAMSRA show relatively small mean biases in most analyses than MACC. Both CAMSRA and MACCRA use the same emission data, but different chemical mechanisms and wet/dry deposition. This could be the cause for the differences between CAMSRA and MACCRA performances. With respect to the percentage bias of tropospheric column ozone, MACC shows the smallest bias with 6.4 ± 1.3%, followed by CAMSRA (7.8 ± 2.7%) and TCR-2 (7.8 ± 2.8%). Moreover, in the two atmospheric layers, CAMSRA shows the smallest biases with 9.5 ± 4.2% in the lower troposphere and TCR-2 yields the smallest with 6.3 ± 1% in the upper troposphere. These all three reanalyses, however, fail to reproduce the long-term ozone trends since 2003. This result indicates that the latest reanalysis datasets are still not suitable for the long-term ozone trend analysis in East Asia.
The other four reanalyses, ERA5, CFSR, MERRA2, and JRA-55, poorly represent the spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone. These results indicate that the tropospheric ozone from these reanalyses is not suitable even for seasonal and interannual ozone analyses. This result implies that the reanalysis without chemical transport model has limitation to express the ozone transportation in the lower troposphere.
Our results reveal two key points. The reanalyses incorporated with a chemical transport model and assimilating both total column and vertical profile of ozone satellite observations produce significantly improved tropospheric ozone in East Asia. Another point of this study is that the chemical transport model-incorporated reanalysis still has limitation to reproduce tropospheric ozone particularly in the long-term trend. These reanalyses consider atmospheric composition and meteorology as well as interaction processes between gas phase and aerosol. This complicated process produces better tropospheric ozone than the one without it. However, the processes could also yield imbalance among coupled reanalysis components, various sources (e.g., wind and precipitation) of systemic error from satellite assimilation, and limited implementation of complex tropospheric chemistry. Therefore, further advances with assimilating various atmospheric components are essential in reanalyses.
The ozonesonde data used in this study come from WOUDC (World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre: https://woudc.org/home.php) and KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration: http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/index.jsp). The ozone mixing ratio is derived from three different organizations including ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/browse-reanalysis-datasets), NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research: https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/climate-forecast-system-reanalysis-cfsr), JMA (Japanese Meteorological Agency: https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds628.1/), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration: https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/data_access/) and JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology: https://ebcrpa.jamstec.go.jp/tcr2/download.html). The data are available in the aforestated websites.
ECMWF:
European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts
ERA5:
ECMWF reanalysis 5th generation
MACCRA:
Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate Reanalysis
CAMSRA:
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Reanalysis
MERRA2:
Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2
CFSR:
Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
JRA-55:
Japanese 55-year Reanalysis
TCR-2:
Updated Tropospheric Chemistry Reanalysis
IPCC:
IASI:
Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer
IFS:
Integrated forecasting system
MOZART3:
Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers version 3
CB05:
Carbon bond
CTM TM5:
Chemistry Transport Model Tracer Model 5
MRI-CCM1:
Meteorological Research Institute Chemistry-Climate Model version 1
SBUV:
Solar backscatter ultraviolet
TOMS:
Total ozone mapping spectrometer
TES:
Tropospheric emission spectrometer
MOPITT:
Measurements of pollution in the troposphere
OMI:
Ozone monitoring instrument
Microwave limb sounder
GEOS:
Goddard Earth Observing System
NRL CHEM2D-OPP:
Naval Research Laboratory CHEM2D-Ozone Photochemistry Parameterization
HKO:
NAH:
POH:
SAP:
TKB:
WOUDC:
World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre
WMO:
KMA:
Korea Meteorological Administration
CHASER:
Chemical AGCM for Study of atmospheric Environment and Radiative forcing
EnKF:
Ensemble Kalman filter
JAMSTEC: TCR-2 reanalysis data, available at: http://ebcrpa.jamstec.go.jp/tcr2/download.html. Accessed: 23 May 2019
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We are grateful to the WOUDC, KMA, ECMWF, NCEP, JMA, NASA and JAMSTEC for providing ozonesonde observations and reanalysis datasets.
This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant KMI2018-01112.
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
Sunmin Park, Seok-Woo Son, Myung-Il Jung & Jinkyung Park
School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
Sang Seo Park
Sunmin Park
Seok-Woo Son
Myung-Il Jung
Jinkyung Park
PS prepared initial draft, relevant figures/tables, and wrote the main manuscript. JMI provided relevant figures, contributed to the structure of the article, and provided critical insights on the analysis. PJ conducted data checking and preparation, produced figures relevant to spatial and vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone. PS contributed to the structure of the manuscript. SSW initiated the idea of this study, contributed to the structure of the article, and write-up of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Seok-Woo Son.
Additional figures and tables.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Park, S., Son, SW., Jung, MI. et al. Evaluation of tropospheric ozone reanalyses with independent ozonesonde observations in East Asia. Geosci. Lett. 7, 12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-020-00161-9
Ozonesonde
Reanalysis evaluation


Chewy no bake Pumpkinroos are a fall twist on classic scotcheroos! An easy, chewy, sweet n' salty make ahead no-bake treat.
My house smells like heaven. Pure heaven. As long as heaven smells like pumpkin and spices and fall things, which I'm convinced it does. The holiday baking bug has settled in early this year and I'm not even trying to resist. If you can't beat it, bake it, right??
These Pumpkinroos from Karo® Syrup are a fun, fall-flavor twist on classic Scotcheroos and are absolutely to die for. The best part? Easy to make, NO BAKE, and prep time is 20 minutes or less! The first thing you'll do is combine crisp rice cereal, toasted oat cereal, and crushed pretzels in a large bowl. Don't worry about taking the time to chop the pretzels, crushing them by the handful does the trick without having to dirty a knife and cutting board.
Next you'll melt sugar and Karo® Syrup in a pan on the stove. The Karo Syrup gives these bars just the right amount of sweetness to let the almond butter and pumpkin pie spice shine through, and creates the perfect gooeylicious consistency to bring all of those cereals and pretzels together in a minute. Once your mixture is smooth, stir in the almond butter and pumpkin pie spice until nice and creamy.
Stir the cereals and pretzels in with the almond butter mixture until all of the ingredients and coated well. Transfer to a large baking pan, press into an even layer, and chill until firm. The last step is to cut into bars, dip in melted white chocolate, and sprinkle with some chopped nuts and a little extra pumpkin pie spice. That's it! These are so good, you may want to double the batch and bake a little extra. It's a great way to show someone you care and a fun, Halloween classroom treat!
Chewy no bake Pumpkinroos are a fall twist on classic scotcheroos! An easy, chewy, sweet n' salty make ahead no-bake treat.
Line a 9x13 inch baking pan with nonstick foil and grease with cooking spray. Combine cereals and pretzels in a large bowl and set aside.
Combine sugar and corn syrup in medium sauce pan. Stir over medium high heat until melted and the mixture just begins to boil around the edges. Remove from heat. Stir in almond butter and 1 teaspoon pumpkin pie spice; mixing until well combined.
Pour mixture into reserved bowl and mix well. Pour into prepared pan and press into an even layer. Chill for 30 minutes.
Lift foil from pan and place on a large cutting board. Cut into bars, dip into chocolate to cover about 1/2 of the bar, and sprinkle with nuts and pumpkin pie spice. Allow chocolate to cool completely before serving.
This post is in partnership with Karo® Syrup.
Try these other treats you'll love!
These are so fun Tiff!!!
These sound and look so delicious, I also love the simplicity of them!!!
It is so yummy! will deFINATELY TRY IT OUT ONCE. THANKS FOR THE GREAT RECIPE.


Convenience and quality is maximized in the Napoleon Triumph 495 with side burner (T495SB). Stainless steel construction, a range side burner and folding side shelves for easy portability.
Small spaces aren't a problem for these full sized grills. Napoleon's Triumph Series feature convenient folding side shelves and locking casters so that you can tuck your grill away when it's not in use, or bring it out to where the action is. The integrated bottle opener means you can stay with the party, not miss out on the fun while searching for an opener in the junk drawer. You can cook your whole meal on the grill with the convenient range side burner, giving you more time to spend enjoying the meal, instead of running back and forth to the kitchen. Durable stainless steel construction and an affordable price tag round out the features of the Triumph Series 495, making it the grill that will fit all your outdoor space needs.


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By Lottie Gonzalez-Habes On 28 January 2018 In Education, Quality Education
Educating with Compassion, Empathy and High Standards
"Democracy has to be born anew every generation, and education is its midwife."
– John Dewey, School & Society, SUNY Oswego
There is an all-too-common trend to magnify ailments that often impact public education in many cities throughout the U.S.A. Rather than counterbalance those negative perceptions by spotlighting areas of success, which are also happening around us, detractors of public education insist on piling on. Hence, we resist! Public schools continue to fulfill the valiant role of combating inequality by delivering services and offering opportunities to all children in our communities.
Rochester city schools have been at the forefront of one such positive initiative for the past few months. Since the devastation caused by recent hurricanes which ravaged the Caribbean, Rochester Schools have opened their doors to the children of hundreds of families who were displaced from their homes and their towns and who are now arriving in our communities. Almost 400 students have already completed the application, language assessment, and enrollment processes and are continuing their education at one of Rochester's public schools.
Upon arrival, these families with children ranging from first grade age through twelfth grade, contact relatives or friends in Rochester or seek assistance directly from community agencies such as Ibero-American Action League or the Catholic Family, among others. Consequently, these families and their school age children are referred to the school district to begin enrollment. The process of normalcy for the children begins with the welcoming staff of the Rochester City School District's (RCSD) Equity and Placement Department. RCSD teachers, social workers, counselors, and office staff join forces to provide professional assistance to the families until the students are finally enrolled in a school. The placement in schools or programs is far from arbitrary. In keeping with New York State instructional standards and to maximize opportunities for continuity and success, the children take the New York State Identification Test for English Language Learners (NYSITELL). This assessment measures levels of language proficiency, giving guidance to assist in the process of appropriate grade level placement or program of instruction selection for each student.
Similarly to the assistance provided by the RCSD, educators who are members of AFT (American Federation of Teachers) are lending a hand to assist teachers living in hurricane ravaged areas, who, like their students, saw their homes destroyed or damaged by the potency of the weather events. The American Federation of Teachers, along with AFL-CIO and other labor organizations, are working in the charitable initiative named "Operation Agua." They are purchasing water filters and traveling to Puerto Rico to bring water purification methods to families in communities in need of clean safe water. Public education is the thread that connects these acts of selfless solidarity.
We can all be inspired by the words of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, "Don't let fear stop you. Don't give up because you are paralyzed by insecurity or overwhelmed by the odds. Understand that failure is a process in life, that only in trying can you enrich yourself and have the possibility of moving forward. The greatest obstacle in life is fear and giving up because of it." (AZ Quotes)
By Mia Young On 27 January 2018 In Campaign 2018, Politics
For Prospective Candidates
Here at the Monroe County Democrats, candidate recruitment and training is a key part of our mission. We are always seeking out the very best talent — from the private sector, community organizations, schools, and non-profits — and preparing local leaders for public office.
For 2018 and beyond, we are especially seeking candidates for these positions:
Town and village court judges
Town and village boards
Town and village Democratic Committee members
Great leaders come from all walks of life and backgrounds, and it's hard to define all of the factors that will make a person likely to succeed in public office.
In general, we are looking for candidates that have demonstrated success and bring practical experience to each position, along with a passion for and commitment to our community.
For example, judicial candidates should have relevant experience practicing law, and they should be willing to come before the bar association judiciary committee for an evaluation of their qualifications for the bench. Town and city board members should have experience managing a staff, budget, and long-term organizational strategy.
For more information about running for office, please contact your local town or city Democratic Committee leaders or the Monroe County Democratic Committee Chairwoman, Jamie Romeo.
The recommended deadline to notify us about your intent to campaign for public office for 2018 has past, however, we will continue to meet with prospective candidates for specific positions past that deadline in preparation for the next available electoral opportunity. If you are interested, let us hear from you!
By Mia Young On 27 January 2018 In Campaign 2018, Local Spotlight, Politics
We're Kicking Off Petition Season!
Hard to believe, but petition season is almost here! Our first day of petitioning will be Tuesday, March 6th.
In New York State, petitions are the first step for candidates hoping to run for elected office. Over the next few weeks, thousands of community members will sign their support for our local leaders to help get their names on the ballot.
Petitioning is also our first opportunity to get fired up for the coming year and reconnect with other Democrats in our neighborhoods. While signing petitions, community members can sign-up to volunteer on campaigns, host a lawn sign, or participate in voter registration drives.
If you're able to walk door-to-door carrying petitions, please contact your local town or city Democratic Committee leaders or our Operations Director, Henrietta Herriott. We will be putting together our petition-carrying teams over the next few weeks. We'll start with Congressional petitions in March, then carry statewide and local petitions in June.
For prospective candidates, it's not too late to run! The deadline to notify us about your intent to campaign for public office is Wednesday, February 28th. Please visit our recruitment page for more information.
To stay up-to-date with important news and events, please sign up for our newsletter.
By Mia Young On 18 January 2018 In Local Spotlight
Monroe County Democrats Launch New Website
We are thrilled to announce that our new website is here!
In addition to the new look and feel, we hope that the new website will help us in our mission to support local leadership and serve as a forum for civic engagement.
Here's what's new: Continue Reading
Newly-Elected Legislator Howard Maffucci to Visit Town Talk Event in Pittsford
On Saturday, January 20, the newly-elected County Legislator Howard Maffucci will join Pittsford Town Board Members Stephanie Townsend and Kevin Beckford at Town Talk, an event that gives residents the opportunity to bring questions and concerns to their elected officials.
The event will run from 2-3 p.m. at the Village Bakery on State Street in Pittsford.
Town Talk is part of a larger campaign to give residents more input in the direction of their town.
"There is a lot of direct impact we can make on people's lives," said Pittsford Town Board Member Stephanie Townsend in an interview. "I want to bring that kind of engagement with our community and making sure that our town government is serving the diverse needs within the community."
For more information and to RSVP to Town Talks, please visit: https://www.facebook.com/events/328420050994618/
Brighton Supervisor Moehle Reflects on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Supervisor Moehle's remarks were originally published in the Brighton Pittsford Post, and have been shared here in its entirety. The original post entitled "Diversity Makes A Stronger Community" can be found here: http://www.monroecopost.com/news/20180112/from-supervisor-diversity-makes-stronger-community
During January of each year, we celebrate the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King was committed to building communities and a world in which equality for all men and women would be the basis of a just society. In Brighton, we know that diversity is one of our core values, and through our diversity we become a stronger community. Families move to Brighton for many reasons, but one of the primary reasons I hear over and over from new residents in Brighton is that Brighton met their desire to live in a diverse community.
A little more than a year ago, two Brighton neighborhoods woke up to find anonymous fliers in their driveways; fliers that contained racist and anti-Semitic hate speech. Last March, the JCC, in Brighton, which serves thousands of people from every faith and background, was targeted twice by bomb threats.
In response to the anonymous fliers, I invited a number of community members from different races, faiths and backgrounds to meet here at Town Hall to discuss how the community could respond. Out of that meeting, CURB, Community Uprooting Racism in Brighton, was established, and a candlelight march was held to show the solidarity of the Brighton community in support of community diversity. CURB continues to promote diversity and inclusion in Brighton through action and dialogue. In the wake of the JCC threats, we witnessed the leadership of the JCC continuing to open their doors to community members in need of warmth after the severe wind storm and outreach from Brighton's Islamic Center to the JCC to demonstrate their solidarity as brothers and sisters in our community. In each case, instead of retreating to bunkers of ignorance and fear in response to hate, Brighton responded with love and support.
As a government leader, it is important to me that town government in Brighton also continues to reflect and support the community in which we live and work. We have adopted laws in Brighton to protect the civil rights of members of the LGBTQ community. Whenever possible, we reach out to minority media and community organizations when hiring new employees. We will soon consider local legislation that will prohibit discriminating against renters based on the source of their income. Finally, along with our newest Councilmember Robin Wilt, I will establish a new advisory committee to help establish programs that reflect and support the diversity of Brighton and to assist town government in identifying and implementing new inclusive practices that we can use in our operations. All of these programs and more have made Brighton an inclusive and diverse community and we are committed that your town government also continues to reflect and model that inclusiveness.
– William Moehle, Brighton Town Supervisor

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Die Genabelte Puppenschnecke (Lauria cylindracea) ist eine Landlungenschnecke aus der Familie der Lauriidae. Sie ist lebendgebärend (ovovivipar) und bringt pro Jahr nur sehr wenige, voll entwickelte Junge zur Welt. In vielen Regionen in Südeuropa ist sie neben Helix aspersa die häufigste Schneckenart.

Merkmale
Das Gehäuse ist 3 bis 4 mm hoch und etwa 1,8 mm breit (dick). Es ist eiförmig bis annähernd zylindrisch mit einem stumpfen Apex und weist im Adultstadium fünf bis sieben schwach gewölbte Windungen auf. Allerdings kann die äußere Form von zylindrisch bis stumpf-konisch variieren. Die Endwindung entwickelt am unteren Rand eine Kante. Die Mündung ist rundlich, elliptisch bis leicht oval mit einem weißen, scharfrandigen, nach außen umgeschlagenen Rand, der kallös lippig verdickt ist sowie einem parietalen Callus. Der Grad des Umschlags kann aber variieren. Der für gewöhnlich ausgebildete Angularzahn ist mit der Spitze der Außenlippe verbunden; er setzt sich in das Gehäuseinnere als feine, spiralige Linie fort und ist durch die Schale von außen zu sehen. Er kann selten aber auch fehlen. Bei juvenilen Tieren sind eine Columellarlamelle und einige Palatalfalten vorhanden, die durch das Gehäuse hindurch als spiralige Linien erscheinen. Sie werden im Adultstadium wieder resorbiert. Der Nabel ist eng und offen.

Die Schale ist braun und durchscheinend, die Oberfläche glänzend und nur mit schwachen Anwachsstreifen versehen. Der Weichkörper des Tieres ist dunkel, wobei Fuß und Seiten meist etwas heller sind. Die oberen Fühler sind relativ kurz, die unteren Fühler sehr kurz. Das Gehäuse wird beim Kriechen sehr hoch in einer senkrechten Position über dem Körper getragen.

Im Genitalapparat teilt sich der männliche und weibliche Trakt sehr früh, ein Eisamenleiter ist quasi nicht vorhanden. Der dünne Samenleiter (Vas deferens) ist dadurch sehr lang; er mündet apikal in den vergleichsweise sehr kurzen Epiphallus. Dieser schwillt nach der Einmündung des Samenleiters sehr rasch an; der Durchmesser nimmt dann zum Übergang Epiphallus/Penis auf die Hälfte ab. Am Übergang Epiphallus/Penis sitzt ein vergleichsweise langer, konischer Blindsack ("Caecum" oder Penisblindsack, auch Appendix). Der Penis ist vergleichsweise sehr lang und erreicht etwa die dreifache Länge des Epiphallus. Etwa am Beginn des unteren Drittels des Penis setzt der sehr lange Penisappendix an. Der untere Teil des Penisappendix ist dick (etwa Penisdicke), danach nimmt die Dicke zunächst auf die Hälfte ab. Der folgende Teil ist sehr lang und dünn, der Endteil ist wiederum sehr stark, keulenförmig angeschwollen. Der Retraktormuskel teilt sich in zwei Stränge, von denen einer am Ende des stark verdickten unteren Teils des Penisappendix ansetzt, der andere Strang am Übergang Epiphallus/Penis zwischen dem Epiphallus und der Penisblindsack.

Der obere Eileiter ist zum "Uterus" umgebildet, in dem die Eier zurückgehalten werden, bis die Jungen fertig entwickelt sind. Durch die frühe Trennung von Samen- und Eileiter ist der freie Eileiter insgesamt sehr lang. Der Spermathek zweigt erst kurz vor dem Atrium vom Eileiter ab. Dadurch fehlt quasi die Vagina. Der Stiel der Spermathek ist sehr lang. Die Samenblase ist vergleichsweise klein und kommt im Bereich der Prostata und der Eiweißdrüse zu liegen.

Geographische Verbreitung und Lebensraum
Die Genabelte Puppenschnecke kommt auf Madeira, den Kanarischen Inseln und den Azoren sowie in den atlantisch beeinflussten Regionen Westeuropas (Britische Inseln, Frankreich, Belgien, Niederlande, Deutschland, Dänemark), in den Küstengebieten von Skandinavien (bis zu 64° N; isoliert auf den Lofoten-Inseln), Orkney-Inseln, Südeuropa (Italien, Küstengebiete der Balkanhalbinsel und Griechenland), Kleinasien, Zypern, isoliert auf der Halbinsel Krim und im Kaukasus, im Kopet-Dag (Turkmenistan), im Nahen Osten (Libanon, Israel) und auf der Arabischen Halbinsel vor. Es gibt außerdem einige isolierte Vorkommen in der Westschweiz, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in Niedersachsen, in Hessen und am Isteiner Klotz (Baden-Württemberg). Inzwischen ist die Art auch anthropogen nach Neuseeland verschleppt worden. Auch aus Südafrika gibt es Fundmeldungen, ebenso aus Nordamerika (British Columbia und Jamaika) und Tristan da Cunha im Südatlantik.

Die Tiere leben in Wäldern, auf Felsen, in Wiesen an nicht zu feuchten Stellen, häufig unter Efeu an Steinmauern. Das Feuchtigkeitsbedürfnis scheint jedoch auch regional etwas unterschiedlich zu sein. So kommt die Art auf der Krim-Halbinsel ungefähr zehnmal häufiger in trockenen Habitaten vor wie in feuchten Habitaten. In Portugal lebt sie dagegen eher in feuchten und schattigen Habitaten unter Moosen, unter Steinen, Laubstreu und der Rinde von morschen Bäumen. In der Schweiz steigt sie bis auf 800 m über NN an.

Lebensweise
Die Genabelte Puppenschnecke ist ausschließlich lebendgebärend (ovovivipar). Der Lebenszyklus wurde an einer Population in Israel detailliert untersucht (Heller et al., 1997). Die meisten Landschneckenarten in Israel sind während der trockenen und heißen Sommermonate inaktiv und erwachen erst wieder mit Einsetzen der Herbst- und Winterregen. Die Genabelte Puppenschnecke stellt eine Ausnahme dar, denn sie ist auch im Sommer aktiv, da sie in Habitaten leben, die auch im Sommer noch etwas feucht sind. Dagegen werden sie in den kühlsten und feuchtesten Wintermonaten inaktiv. Die Reproduktionsperiode beginnt meist im Dezember, wenn die Tiere nach den ersten Winterregen sehr aktiv werden. Bis zur Mitte des Sommers tragen alle Individuen drei bis fünf voll entwickelte Embryonen mit sich, die Jungschnecken werden im Laufe des Sommers sukzessive "geboren". Bei einem Individuum mit Embryonen können die Embryonen bis zu 25 % des Gewichts ausmachen. Im Spätsommer und Frühherbst wurden nur noch sehr wenige Exemplare mit Embryonen gefunden. Vermutlich werden nur etwa fünf bis sechs Jungschnecken pro Individuum und Saison "geboren". Bei der "Geburt" besitzen die Jungtiere bereits ein Gehäuse mit 1,5 bis 2,5 Windungen bei einem Durchmesser von etwa einem Millimeter. Die Tiere  brauchen zwei Jahre bis zum Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife und werden bis zu fünf Jahre alt.

Taxonomie
Das Taxon wurde 1801 von Emanuel Mendes da Costa erstmals als Turbo cylindraceus beschrieben. Die Art ist de facto die Typusart der Gattung Lauria Gray, 1840, da die formelle Typusart, Pupa umbilicata Draparnaud, 1801 ein jüngeres subjektives Synonym von Lauria cylindracea ist.

Bei molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, dass es innerhalb des Taxon eine nördliche und eine südliche Population gibt, die sich anhand eines Minisatelliten-Motivs (TGGAAGTG) unterscheiden. Dieses Minisatelliten-Motiv kommt n der südlichen Population zweimal hintereinander vor, bei der nördlichen Population sogar dreimal hintereinander. Die Grenze zwischen den beiden Populationen verläuft durch Deutschland. Die Populationen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern gehören zur nördlichen Population, während Exemplare aus Rheinlandpfalz bereits zur südlichen Population gehören.

Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Art ist in Südeuropa sehr häufig, in Portugal die zweithäufigste Art, auch in Großbritannien ist sie sehr häufig, die Bestände haben aber abgenommen. In der Schweiz kommt bzw. kam die Art nur an einigen wenigen, sehr warmen Standorten vor, die durch Habitatzerstörung bereits verschwunden sind. Auch in Deutschland ist sie eine seltene Art. Sie wird in Deutschland als stark gefährdet eingestuft.

Literatur
 Michael P. Kerney, R. A. D. Cameron & Jürgen H. Jungbluth: Die Landschnecken Nord- und Mitteleuropas. 384 S., Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin 1983 ISBN 3-490-17918-8
 J. Heller, N. Sivan und A. N. Hodgon: Reproductive biology and population dynamics of an ovoviviparous land snail, Lauria cylindracea (Pupillidae). Journal of Zoology London, 243: 263–280, 1997
 Francisco W. Welter-Schultes: European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification = Bestimmungsbuch für europäische Land- und Süsswassermollusken. A1-A3 S., 679 S., Q1-Q78 S., Planet Poster Ed., Göttingen 2012, ISBN 3-933922-75-5, ISBN 978-3-933922-75-5 (S. 132)

Einzelnachweise

Lauriidae (Familie)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Add Comment 24 April 2009 by Joe Galm
After a brief period of what I'll call "silly-man stagnancy", Jim Carrey returns as, well, Jim Carrey in Yes Man. Largely a situational comedy, Carrey is forced to find a happy medium between the rubber-bodied comic from days past (think Ace Ventura) and the soft-spoken - dare I say - good actor of his more genuine movies (namely Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind). Has he had similar roles before? Yes, but none possess the polarity of Carl Allen, his Yes Man moniker. The results disappoint. In the grand scheme of things, the film does too, though box office numbers indicate otherwise. While the public may not have greeted the picture with an emphatic, "Yes!" they, at the very least, gave this Carrey outing a, "Sure, why not?". In the end, the Warner Bros. release brought in $97.6 million domestically while peaking at 3,434 screens.
With a writing team comprised primarily of screenwriting rookies, it comes as no surprise that Yes Man plays more as sequences of setups and punch lines than anything of narrative interest. The plot evokes memories of another Carrey vehicle, Liar Liar, but instead focuses its intent on human choice rather than the consequence of magical birthday wishes. In this, Carl Allen becomes not a slave to his thoughts (as in Liar Liar where he is forced to act) but to his own naivety. The film opens with Carl, a lonesome loan officer, so grounded in self-pity and isolationism that he refuses almost every opportunity that comes his way. His life has become a cycle of self-sabotage, both professionally and socially, to the extent that even those nearest and dearest to him begin questioning their bond. And they should, as should we - the viewer. Carl is a jerk and, from what we're allowed to infer, with little reason. Inexcusably chalked up to a failed relationship (as generically interjected into the story as can be), he revels in his misery, attempting to drag others down to his level. The outside world meets his antagonism with annoyance and begins fazing him out. It's at this point he needs something, anything, to bring him back. That something is the word, "Yes".
After being coaxed into attending a cultish seminar on the power of "Yes," Carl decides to put this newfound ideology into practice by becoming the most agreeable man on the whole damned planet. The narrative lynchpin here is that he must truly believe that "Yes" leads to good and "No" leads to bad, a notion that's simplistic and silly. As Carl begins accepting every opportunity that presents itself (even when he's not asked to participate in them) we begin to see how cut-and-dry the story is. I imagine the writing team at work:
"What's something funny we can have Jim do?"
"What if he gets strung out on Red Bull and talks really fast?"
"But why is he strung out on Red Bull?"
"An impromptu all-night party that leaves him drained for an important next-day commitment?"
"You just blew my mind."
There's little creativity here, which is how the whole movie plays out. The scenarios Carl finds himself in fuel the story but don't demonstrate a cohesive narrative voice. What's left is a forgettable jumble of jokes that rest on the shoulders of Carrey and, because the film is relatively free of the absurd, he cannot explore these comedic notes farcically, which is his forte. We're left with little except a commonplace message on learning to properly weigh our decisions. Any instance where the film approaches the likes of a character study or a contemporary reflection (as in the more enjoyable Happy-Go-Lucky) it buries itself in genre convention and opts for more commonplace situational gags. This is where the movie is most comfortable - in setting up scenarios for Carrey to knock out of the ball park. Sadly, it can't even get this right. Most jokes miss and those that connect do so with little power. As much as I want to refrain from making a "Just say 'no'" joke, I feel that I'm left with few alternatives. I suppose instead of tempting cleverness at the expense of cliché, I'll opt for a straightforward approach: don't buy this movie. Rent hesitantly.
Distributor: Warner Brothers
Cast: Jim Carrey, Zooey Deschanel, Bradley Cooper, John Michael Higgins, Rhys Darby, Danny Masterson, Fionnula Flanagan, Terence Stamp, Sasha Alexander and Molly Sims
Screenwriters: Nicholas Stoller, Jarrad Paul and Andrew Mogel
Producers: Richard D. Zanuck and David Heyman
Rating: Rated PG-13 for crude sexual humor, language and brief nudity.
NormaOrozco on 10 October 2020
DVD spotlight and all measures are conducted for sufficient movement for the goals. The preaching point of the goal and https://www.ukbestessay.net/coursework is ensured for the height of the goals. The endeavor is selected for the light for the motivated souls for all people.


Do higher scoring students get assigned higher value-added teachers? Maybe— but more work is needed to really tell.
Early in 2014, Chetty, Friedman and Rockoff published a study based on New York City data that found that value-added (VA) models which control for the previous years' test scores can accurately predict teacher impacts on current year student test scores. Along the way, the team demonstrated the viability of a quasi-experimental design that most districts— with student test and teacher assignment data— could use to validate district VA calculations.
In the past several months, two studies have replicated the Chetty et. al.'s methodology and key results in two different samples: a study using data from Los Angeles by Bacher-Hicks, Kane and Staiger and one using data from North Carolina by Jesse Rothstein, who has been academia's most vocal critic of value-add methodologies.
Following the specifications and techniques of the original paper, the two newer papers find little evidence of bias in teacher VA measures (with the typical controls) and show that there are differences in teacher VA across students and schools.
All three studies found a significant, positive relationship between a student's prior year test score and teacher VA. In other words, higher-scoring students do get assigned to high VA teachers, on average, with only some disagreement over what happens to special education students.
Rothstein (North Carolina) found that minority students (Black or Hispanic) and schools with higher fractions of minority students have higher VA teachers, on average. Chetty et al. (New York City) found no such relationships. Bacher-Hicks et al. (Los Angeles) found significantly negative relationships at the student and school levels for African-American and Hispanic students. In other words, in Los Angeles, African-American or Hispanic students or schools with higher fractions of these students have teachers with lower VA, on average.
A key benefit of replicating research (which happens much too rarely in education research) is that in addition to comparing results in different locales, researchers can identify potential weaknesses in a study's design. While Rothstein replicated the Chetty et al.'s results using their techniques and specifications, he also went on to demonstrate two potential flaws that should be the subject of future work: (a) the results change depending on how one makes up for missing classroom or teacher data; and (b) the "random" teacher moves— from classroom to classroom or school to school— required for the quasi-experiment's validity are not so random after all. Taking these into account, he finds significant bias in teacher value-added calculations: for some teachers, the models predict better performance, on average, than they should, while for other teachers, the models go the other way.
What's the bottom line of these studies? There seems to be clear evidence that in New York City, Los Angeles and North Carolina, higher-scoring students are assigned to higher VA teachers, on average. There is significant variation across the three jurisdictions in the relationships between a student's special education or minority status and average teacher VA scores. Finally, Rothstein raises significant questions about validity with respect to resolving missing data and the independence of teacher turnover. All of these require further hypothesis testing— and more replication studies.


text:
Marty Martel Prayer Line For Tuesday April 30
WHISNews21 | May 1, 2013
.WHISNews21 Prayer Line and thoughts for Tuesday April 30, By Marty Martel.
Just want each of you to know that I did complete my procedure this morning and I thank you for your prayers, as the procedure was faster than expected, and I ask you to keep me in your prayers as I wait for the results. I will let each of you know. God Bless All of You.
I will not be issuing any press releases tomorrow or Thursday out of respect, and in honor of the passing of my friend George Jones, but I will send out my prayer line.
I ask you to keep in your thoughts and prayers my dearest friend Jerri Mott as she will undergo surgery tomorrow in one of America's great clinics. Her surgery will be in the morning and I know that with our prayer lines that are worldwide, there is no way that our Blessed Lord can help but hear us and touch the surgeon's with his hands to allow them to make Jerri's surgery complete and successful, and that she will have a speedy recovery. Thank you. Also pray for her hubby Clarence as he will be with her to help her through this important surgery – Marty
Once again I will ask you to put one of my dear friends on the Prayer Line. His name is Len Wilkins and he is in a wheel chair and will never get out. He was injured by a falling limb when we had our ice storm and he was paralyzed from the waist down. He drives and does about everything but he is having problems. I know he is very religious and loves the Lord so if you would put him on it? I would appreciate it. Thanks Cliff or Red Also I will say one for you.
Marty, Please ad my sister "Wanda Austin" to the prayer list. She was admitted t o the hospital with kidney disease in the final stages. Doctors told her she will either do dialysis or go home and call hospice. She has had so many health problems but is a real trooper, she is my rock and has such strong faith. When I call her to check on her she always lifts me up. Praying for God's will in this situation – Jeannette Davis
The following is George Jones obituary written into today's Tennessean (4.30/13)
JONES, George Glenn Age 81, passed away on Friday, the Twenty Sixth of April in Nashville. Mr. Jones was born in Saratoga, TX, son of the late George Washington and Clara Patterson Jones. Jones is survived by his loving wife of 30 years, Nancy Jones; his sister, Helen Scroggins; and by his children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews.
A Celebration of Mr. Jones' Life will be at Ten O'clock in the morning on Thursday, the Second of May at the Grand Ole Opry House. Mr. Jones will be placed in Woodlawn Memorial Park. In honoring the Jones' Family request, those attending are asked to dress business casual.
In 1955, his "Why Baby Why" became his first Top 10 country single, peaking at number four and beginning a remarkable commercial string: Jones would ultimately record more than 160 charting singles, more than any other artist in any format in the history of popular music.
Thru his distinguished music career, he was asked to join the Grand Ole Opry, inducted into the Country Music Hall Of Fame in 1992, and collected the nation's Highest Arts Award, The Kennedy Center Honors for his lifetime achievements in 2008. Jones won the CMA's top male vocalist award in 1980 and 1981. He also earned a Grammy for best male country vocal performance.
Those serving as Active Pallbearers: Bobby Birkhead, Brittany Allyn, Ricky Land, Scott Ulmer, Van Coffey, Vaughan Reed and Walter Ferguson. Those named as Honorary Pallbearers: Billy Contreras, Billy Sherrill, Debbie Doebler, Debra McCloud, Evelyn Shriver, Garth Brooks, Gary Doebler, President George W. Bush, George Lunn, Greg McGill, Harmon Smith, Herb Kinman, Jeremy Westby, Jimmy Dickens, Jimmy Owen, Jimmy Wilson, Kirk Hohimer, Kirk Webster, Mackie Pettus, Pat Boone, Pete Fisher, Reggie Mac, Sharma Reed, Steve Buchanan, Susan Nadler and Members of the Grand Ole Opry.
In lieu of customary floral tributes, the Jones Family respectfully request that memorials be made to The Opry Trust Fund, 2804 Opryland Drive, Nashville, TN 37214; or to The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, 22 Fifth Avenue S., Nashville, TN 37203.
ATTENTION HANK/COUNTRY MUSIC FANS
Robert Ackerman
Palmer, Alaska
Braxton Schuffert, original member of The Drifting Cowboys, dies at 97
Braxton Schuffert, pictured in 2011, was one of the original Drifting Cowboys who performed with Hank Williams. / Advertiser file
Braxton Schuffert, an original member of country music legend Hank Williams' band, The Drifting Cowboys, died Friday night in his hospital following an extended illness. He was 97.
From: www.montgomeryadvertiser.com
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(Older) Obama "Maybe I should Pack Up And Go Home"


Jacques Lassaigne's Champagnes hail from the village of Montgueux and a 4.7 hectare family vineyard which lies south of the Cotes des Blancs and north of the Aube. This is a unique terroir for Champagne; the chalk that typifies the Cotes des Blancs mingles with clay and yields a broader style of Chardonnay-based Champagne than the more chiseled and laser-like versions from further north. This wine is made 35 year-old, organically grown Chardonnay vines from is raised in stainless steel. Fine cashmere bead. Bright citrus fruit with leafy, herbal notes on the nose. Ripe almost tropical undertone on the palate. It's a richer, less angular blanc de blancs (Lassaigne uses an extended "prise de mousse") that still maintains plenty of acidity, minerality and cut. Nice length and verve for a NV. Very good. Now – 2016.


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Matthew W. Dietz
Matthew W. Dietz is a founding member and current Board President of Disability Independence Group. He is the Clinical Director of the Nova Southeastern University, Shepard Broad College of Law's Disability Inclusion and Advocacy Law Clinic where he teaches law students how to be disability rights attorneys though a focus on therapeutic jurisprudence and professional wellness. Professor Dietz has been practicing in the arena of civil rights litigation since 1996 and has handled hundreds of matters involving the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act and other civil rights laws regarding the rights of Persons with Disabilities, and others seeking equal rights under the law on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, age, familial status, and sexual orientation and gender identity. Prof. Dietz has been a very active writer, advocate and speaker on disability rights issues.
He is active in sections and committees in the Florida Bar, and is the past chair of the Animal Law Section, past chair of the Equal Opportunities in the Law Section, and past-chair of the Public Interest Law Section of the Florida Bar. He has worked to eliminate stigma and increase wellness throughout the profession, from creating puppy pits and goat yoga for the annual convention to drafting rules. In his work within the Florida Bar, Prof. Dietz drafted proposed Rule of Administrative Procedure 2.540, which provided guidelines for providing accommodations for Persons with Disabilities in Florida Courts, and is currently working on amending the rules to eliminate stigma against those applicants and members of the Bar with mental illness or histories of drug or alcohol addiction. In 2004, he was awarded the prestigious G. Kirk Haas Humanitarian Award by Florida Bar President Miles McGrane, for his work on behalf of persons with disabilities.
Prof. Dietz represents victims of discrimination in administrative, trial and appellate proceedings, and has over three hundred reported decisions. In the past twenty years. he has worked to redefine effective communication, reasonable accommodation and expand the rights and opportunities of persons with disabilities. In 2019, Matthew Dietz was awarded the American Bar Association's Paul G. Hearne award for performing exemplary service in furthering the rights, dignity, and access to justice for people with disabilities.


Store in a cool dry place. If freezing, freeze on day of purchase and defrost thoroughly before use. If purchased frozen defrost thoroughly before use and use within 24 hours of defrost. Once defrosted do not refreeze.
The cake itself is lovely, I just didnt like the big dollop of icing. Texture off for me and didnt taste of anything. Ended up scraping it all off which was a waste.
Love these cupcakes! I have one with a dollop of dairy/gluten free vanilla ice cream. Then it tastes just like fudge cake! Yummy!


Image Title: Colour Designs For Bedrooms Sliding Closet Doors Wood 3. Filename: colour-designs-for-bedrooms-sliding-closet-doors-wood-3.jpg. Image Dimension: 520 x 800 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Felix Gusikowski. Uploaded Date: Monday - February 04th. 2019 07:16:11 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: zillow.com.
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text:
// Copyright (c) 2003-2014, Jodd Team (jodd.org). All Rights Reserved.

package jodd.proxetta.asm;

import jodd.asm.AsmUtil;
import jodd.asm.MethodAdapter;
import jodd.proxetta.InvokeAspect;
import jodd.proxetta.InvokeInfo;
import jodd.proxetta.InvokeReplacer;
import jodd.proxetta.MethodInfo;
import jodd.proxetta.ProxettaException;
import jodd.util.StringPool;
import jodd.asm4.Label;
import jodd.asm4.MethodVisitor;
import jodd.asm4.Type;

import static jodd.proxetta.asm.ProxettaAsmUtil.INIT;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.ALOAD;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.DUP;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.INVOKESPECIAL;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.INVOKESTATIC;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL;
import static jodd.asm4.Opcodes.NEW;

/**
 * Invocation replacer method adapter.
 */
public class InvokeReplacerMethodAdapter extends MethodAdapter {

	protected final WorkData wd;
	protected final MethodInfo methodInfo;
	protected final InvokeAspect[] aspects;

	public InvokeReplacerMethodAdapter(MethodVisitor mv, MethodInfo methodInfo, WorkData wd, InvokeAspect[] aspects) {
		super(mv);
		this.wd = wd;
		this.aspects = aspects;
		this.methodInfo = methodInfo;
	}

	/**
	 * Detects super ctor invocation.
	 */
	protected boolean firstSuperCtorInitCalled;

	/**
	 * New object creation matched.
	 */
	protected InvokeReplacer newInvokeReplacer;

	/**
	 * Invoked on INVOKEVIRTUAL, INVOKESPECIAL, INVOKESTATIC, INVOKEINTERFACE or INVOKEDYNAMIC.
	 */
	@Override
	public void visitMethodInsn(int opcode, String owner, String name, String desc) {

		// replace NEW.<init>
		if ((newInvokeReplacer != null) && (opcode == INVOKESPECIAL)) {
			String exOwner = owner;
			owner = newInvokeReplacer.getOwner();
			name = newInvokeReplacer.getMethodName();
			desc = changeReturnType(desc, 'L' + exOwner + ';');
			super.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, owner, name, desc);
			newInvokeReplacer = null;
			return;
		}

		InvokeInfo invokeInfo = new InvokeInfo(owner, name, desc);

		// [*]
		// creating FooClone.<init>; inside the FOO constructor
		// replace the very first invokespecial <init> call (SUB.<init>)
		// to targets subclass with target (FOO.<init>).
		if (methodInfo.getMethodName().equals(INIT)) {
			if (
					(firstSuperCtorInitCalled == false) &&
							(opcode == INVOKESPECIAL) &&
							name.equals(INIT) &&
							owner.equals(wd.nextSupername)
					) {
				firstSuperCtorInitCalled = true;
				owner = wd.superReference;
				super.visitMethodInsn(opcode, owner, name, desc);
				return;
			}
		}

		// detection of super calls
		if ((opcode == INVOKESPECIAL) && (owner.equals(wd.nextSupername) && (name.equals(INIT) == false))) {
			throw new ProxettaException("Super call detected in class " + methodInfo.getClassname() + " method: " + methodInfo.getSignature() +
				"\nProxetta can't handle super calls due to VM limitations.");
		}

		InvokeReplacer ir = null;

		// find first matching aspect
		for (InvokeAspect aspect : aspects) {
			ir = aspect.pointcut(invokeInfo);
			if (ir != null) {
				break;
			}
		}

		if (ir == null) {
			super.visitMethodInsn(opcode, owner, name, desc);
			return;
		}

		wd.proxyApplied = true;

		String exOwner = owner;
		owner = ir.getOwner();
		name = ir.getMethodName();

		switch (opcode) {
			case INVOKEINTERFACE:
				desc = prependArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_OBJECT);
				break;
			case INVOKEVIRTUAL:
				desc = prependArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_OBJECT);
				break;
			case INVOKESTATIC:
				break;
			default:
				throw new ProxettaException("Unsupported opcode: " + opcode);
		}

		// additional arguments
		if (ir.isPassOwnerName()) {
			desc = appendArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_STRING);
			super.visitLdcInsn(exOwner);
		}
		if (ir.isPassMethodName()) {
			desc = appendArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_STRING);
			super.visitLdcInsn(methodInfo.getMethodName());
		}
		if (ir.isPassMethodSignature()) {
			desc = appendArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_STRING);
			super.visitLdcInsn(methodInfo.getSignature());
		}
		if (ir.isPassTargetClass()) {
			desc = appendArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_CLASS);
			super.mv.visitLdcInsn(Type.getType('L' + wd.superReference + ';'));
		}
		if (ir.isPassThis()) {
			desc = appendArgument(desc, AsmUtil.L_SIGNATURE_JAVA_LANG_OBJECT);
			super.mv.visitVarInsn(ALOAD, 0);
		}

		super.visitMethodInsn(INVOKESTATIC, owner, name, desc);
	}

	@Override
	public void visitFieldInsn(int opcode, String owner, String name, String desc) {
		// [*]
		// Fix all Foo.<field> to FooClone.<field>
		if (owner.equals(wd.superReference)) {
			owner = wd.thisReference;
		}
		super.visitFieldInsn(opcode, owner, name, desc);
	}

	@Override
	public void visitTypeInsn(int opcode, String type) {
		if (opcode == NEW) {
			InvokeInfo invokeInfo = new InvokeInfo(type, INIT, StringPool.EMPTY);
			for (InvokeAspect aspect : aspects) {
				InvokeReplacer ir = aspect.pointcut(invokeInfo);
				if (ir != null) {
					newInvokeReplacer = ir;

					// new pointcut found, skip the new instruction and the following dup.
					// and then go to the invokespecial
					return;
				}
			}
		}
		super.visitTypeInsn(opcode, type);
	}

	@Override
	public void visitInsn(int opcode) {
		if ((newInvokeReplacer != null) && (opcode == DUP)) {
			return;	// skip dup after new
		}
		super.visitInsn(opcode);
	}

	@Override
	public void visitLocalVariable(String name, String desc, String signature, Label start, Label end, int index) {
	}

	@Override
	public void visitLineNumber(int line, Label start) {
	}

	// ---------------------------------------------------------------- util

	/**
	 * Appends argument to the existing description.
	 */
	protected static String appendArgument(String desc, String type) {
		int ndx = desc.indexOf(')');
		return desc.substring(0, ndx) + type + desc.substring(ndx);
	}

	/**
	 * Prepends argument to the existing description.
	 */
	protected static String prependArgument(String desc, String type) {
		int ndx = desc.indexOf('(');
		ndx++;
		return desc.substring(0, ndx) + type + desc.substring(ndx);
	}

	/**
	 * Changes return type.
	 */
	protected static String changeReturnType(String desc, String type) {
		int ndx = desc.indexOf(')');
		return desc.substring(0, ndx + 1) + type;
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This young man was asked to bring stuff up from the corral where we were camping in Pecos, so he the threw the hay bags over Khami's neck, jumped aboard and rode up to the trailer in his pajamas.
This horse is a seasoned old endurance campaigner with almost 1700 miles under his belt, but he's not exactly accustomed to being packed with things like hay bags around his neck. However, he has utmost confidence that what his rider has planned is going to be fun, so he's up for it.
On other occasions, this horse has been known to act silly, terrify some adults, and be a general handful. He is, after all, an Arabian. What makes this relationship possible?


On a earlier post I was talking about the Micro cases to hold my H4N, well now I have turned one into a basic cleaning kit and battery holder. Let your imagination run wild.
While working in LA, I found "Panchro" to be the lens fluid cleaner of choice in the "film" world. This came as a tip from a lens technician in LosAngeles while I was waiting on some rental equipment. Plus, the micro case keeps things "dry" when you pack them with other things. What is not shown, are a few sheets of KimWipes that I keep beneath the lens brush and Pancro.
See another post for my "Bad Day on Location" kit.