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🦄 Community
March Raises Alarm for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
By Unicorn Riot April 10, 2018 October 18, 2018
Minneapolis, MN – On February 13, 2018, hundreds gathered at the Minnesota Indian Women's Resource Center to participate in an art build for the February 14 day of action for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW). The event was co-sponsored by All My Relations Art Gallery and the Minnesota Indian Women's Sexual Assault Coalition (MIWSAC) alongside other groups.
Community Art Build and March Raises Alarm For Missing And Murdered Indigenous Women from Unicorn Riot on Vimeo.
We spoke with MIWSAC Executive Director, Nicole Matthews, who told us,
We see a huge connection between human trafficking and murdered and missing indigenous women. We just want to keep getting out there and raising awareness and doing what we can to make a difference. We need to push people to start gathering the data. And also we need to raise the visibility for native women so we are hearing stories. So we are putting a message out there that our lives do matter and that we are going to do something about it and that the community is going to be made aware of it as well."
Nicole Matthews, Director of MIWSAC
During the art build, we also spoke to Rory Wakemup, the director of the All My Relations art gallery. He told us the art build was styled after the "Bring Her Home – Stolen Daughters of Turtle Island" show at All My Relations. The build created a space for community members to collaborate to raise awareness of missing and murdered indigenous women. Multiple art stations featuring stencils and collage work, and also screen printing buzzed with activity.
Rory Wakemup (on left) – Director of All My Relations Art Gallery
At the screen printing station, we heard from Nico, who told us about the "Peoples Library," a Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD) campus group that's trying to do more community outreach to connect MCAD students to the south Minneapolis area. Screen prints reading "Justice! For Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women" and "Bring Her Home" were created hand in hand by community members and students demonstrating how the screen printing stations worked.
Peoples Library Screen Printing Stations at MMIW Art Build
We drifted from station to station talking to artists and community members about missing and murdered indigenous women. Lori Youngbird, a community member said, "This is a good way to get the message out, let people understand that this is happening and it's been happening for century." She also told us she's always surprised at how few people know about the sexual violence and sex trafficking issues facing native peoples in North America.
Lori Young Bird Speaks on MMIW
Deanna Standing Cloud, Program and Community Director of the Tiwahe Foundation, said that justice for missing and murdered indigenous women has been:
an ongoing issue and it's pretty invisible in the wide spectrum of society. Nobody knows. We have the highest rate of murdered and missing indigenous women, girls, boys and men. And the highest number of police brutality in the indigenous community and nobody is really talking about that in mainstream media. So this is our way of showing and being visible. So people know about this issue because it's not being told. So this is a story we always have to tell ourselves."
Deanna StandingCloud on having to tell the story of MMIW
The art build was followed by a march of hundreds led by a women's warrior song. We spoke to survivors of assaults, and family members of women who have been missing for years. The interviews spanned from asking for help to find love ones, to wondering why more people weren't outraged that these tragedies continued to happen.
During the march we spoke with the family of Kateri Marie Mishow, who has been missing since January 1, 2007. They marched behind a banner flanked by children with Kateri's picture and her name. Behind them, Kateri's mother and father followed and told us they were missing Kateri. "Bring her home," her sister in law said.
Family of missing Kateri Marie Misow speak about MMIW.
We spoke to Rene Anne Goodrich, part of Native Lives Matter, who said,
think about the missing and murdered indigenous women in all the work that you do. That's what we are trying to do. Bring in allies to support the work that started here. So think about how can you incorporate those indigenous women and think about their lost lives and how can you incorporate that into your work. And help support the movement."
Rene's statement echoed what we heard from other people we spoke with throughout the march.
Rene Ann Goodrich asks everyone to think of MMIW in all the work they do
The march swung its way back to the Minneapolis American Indian center where it began. Marchers sang and drummed, some asking why there weren't more people, others excited that so many people had come. Together they made sure someone was raising awareness of murdered and missing indigenous women in Minnesota, and across North America. Watch the march below.
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Categories: Community
Tagged: All My Relations, Bring Her Home, Community Art Build, community resistance, Kateri Marie Mishow, MCAD, MInneapolis, MMIW, Murdered Missing Indigenous Women, Peoples Library, Protest March Feb 14th, Red Dress, Student Out Reach, Turtle Island, united states, Wear Red
ZAD Battles Thousands of Police During Attempted Eviction of Autonomous Zone in France
A Report From the Frontlines of the ZAD-NDDL Eviction Attempt


Anthony Morgan of Metal Forces recently conducted an interview with vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe of U.K. doom metallers MY DYING BRIDE.
The second in a three-part series of video clips in which vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe and bassist Lena Abé of U.K.
The first in a three-part series of video clips in which vocalist Aaron Stainthorpe and bassist Lena Abé of U.K.
RockNLive.org recently conducted an interview with U.K. doom metal veterans MY DYING BRIDE. You can now watch the chat below.


Pueblo, Colo. (January 23, 2019) — This week the Southern Colorado Press Club (SCPC) announced it will be awarding grants of up to $2,500 to support the projects of individuals and/or organizations in Southern Colorado whose mission aligns with the Club's priorities. Types of organizations who may qualify include, but are not limited to, schools, community centers, and libraries. Individuals can also apply, and do not need to be affiliated with an organization to qualify. Qualified projects should be short term, with a completion date no later than June 28, 2020.
Grant applications will be accepted from Monday, February 4 – Friday, March 8, 2019 and should be submitted to socopressclub@gmail.com. Awardees will be notified by April 1, 2019. Applications can be found online at http://www.socopressclub.org.
Grant application (Word doc) Application period has ended!


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Homeless advocate, who apparently…
Homeless advocate, who apparently video-recorded officers, files lawsuit against Anaheim for his arrest
By Sean Emery | semery@scng.com | Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: August 3, 2017 at 5:15 pm | UPDATED: August 4, 2017 at 7:46 am
An advocate for the homeless has filed a lawsuit against the city of Anaheim alleging that he was wrongfully arrested in 2015 while recording officers confiscating property from individuals living at a city park.
Luis Noble-Perez, in a lawsuit filed this week at the federal courthouse in Santa Ana, accuses Anaheim officers of seizing his cell phone as he recorded them taking property belonging to homeless individuals at Maxwell Park.
The suit does not specify whether the homeless were present when their property was allegedly taken.
According to the lawsuit, the officers "arrested Noble for no reason, other than the fact that Noble was video-recording them interacting with the homeless community in the park and the defendants wanted to deter Noble from advocating for the homeless."
The lawsuit – which alleges that Noble suffered unspecified physical, mental and emotional injures during the arrest – does not specify whether Noble was booked into jail. There is no indication in Orange County Superior Court records that he ultimately faced any criminal charges tied to the arrest.
The lawsuit seeks $3 million in compensatory damages and $2 million in punitive damages.
Mike Lyster, the city's spokesman, said police have clear guidelines on personal property left unattended in city parks. Lyster said police provide "prior notification, storage and details to retrieve property with no questions asked, with the exception of evidence or items that pose a public safety risk."
The police efforts are part of a "comprehensive, citywide effort under way to address homelessness," Lyster added, which includes the county's first year-round homeless shelter and two check-in storage centers for the homeless to store their belongings.
"We appreciate all Lou does and share his concern for the homeless," Lyster said. "While we can't comment on this case specifically, where it's safe to do so anyone can observe our officers while allowing them to do their job."
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OCR Newsletter
Sean Emery
Sean Emery is a crime and public safety reporter for the Register who covers state and federal courts and criminal justice issues. He has worked for the Register since 2006, previously covering breaking news, the city of Irvine, the Orange County Great Park, and the city of San Juan Capistrano.
OC Fair 2019: Things to do today, July 19

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Discussion on fuel quality, filtration, fuel prices, and fuel consumption for D-Max and MU-X vehicles. Topics on fuel consumption when towing are contained in the Towing board.
Discussion on all things steering and suspension for ALL MODELS including wheel bearings.
MOVED: PID details for Transmission temp in Torque Pro app anyone?


Black Sheep Inn aims to provide a comfortable, educational experience for guests, teaching about the local area, customs and Permaculture, while contributing to and improving the community and natural environment. The goal is to be a leader in environmental stability. Staying at the Inn includes unlimited Ozone purified water and guests can refill their water bottles 24 hours a day.


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Fieldwork (Fossils)
Paleobiology
Macroecology
South American Fossil Mammals
Books, Chapters, Reviews, Comments, Extended Abstracts
Graduate Gross Anatomy (ANAT 411)
Medical Gross Anatomy
Surgical Anatomy of the Head and Neck (ANAT 516)
Mammal Diversity and Evolution (BIOL 345/445)
Basal typotheres (Oldfieldthomasiidae, Archaeopithecidae)
AWP Administrator
Notoungulata
The evolutionary relationships of most notoungulates are not entirely clear. This is particularly true for notoungulates that diverged prior to the split between typotheres and toxodonts (basal notoungulates) and early members of the Typotheria (basal typotheres). Basal typotheres are generally placed in the families Oldfieldthomasiidae and Archaeopithecidae, but although some phylogenetic analysis have found these to be members of the Typotheria (e.g., Cifelli 1993; Billet 2011), others have not (Vera 2016).
Left: Reconstruction of the skull of Oldfieldthomasia debilitata in lateral view. Right: Left upper P1-M3 (above) and left lower p4-m3 (below) of Oldfieldthomasia debilitata in occlusal view with anterior to left. Both figures are from Simpson (1967).
The geologically oldest typotheres come from the early Eocene of Itaboraí, Brazil and are placed in the family Oldfieldthomasiidae. The species from this site, Colbertia magellanica, is one of the more abundant mammals in the fauna and is known from limb bones in addition to teeth and jaws (Bergqvist and Bastos 2009). It was a medium-sized animal that was probably 1-2′ long (30-50 cm), similar to a Virginia opossum. A closely-related species from northwest Argentina, Colbertia lumbrerense, is known from a mostly complete skull that has provided detailed information about the anatomy of the skull base of these notoungulates (García López 2011). Lorente et al. (2014) described limb bones of an oldfieldthomasiid from western Argentina, Allalmeia atalaensis, and estimated its body mass at about 6.5 lbs. (3 kg).
The family name Oldfieldthomasiidae is based on the genus Oldfieldthomasia, which has been found in middle Eocene (Vacan and Barrancan) strata in Argentina. This unusual name was coined by Florentino Ameghino to honor the English zoologist Oldfield Thomas. Some well-preserved fossils of Oldfieldthomasia have been found, including a skull that Simpson (1936) sliced into 55 four-millimeter-thick pieces in order to describe the anatomy of its cranial cavity. Nowadays, such studies are done virtually using computed tomography (CT scanning). Oldfieldthomasiids are less specialized than later typotheres and characterized by a complete, closed dentition (i.e., they have 22 teeth in their upper and lower jaws with no spaces among them) in which the premolars and molars are low-crowned (brachydont). López and Bond (2003) suggested that some species currently referred to the family Oldfieldthomasiidae should be placed in a separate family. However, that family has not yet been formally named nor defined.
Upper (left) and lower (right) dentition of Acropithecus rigidus (from Simpson 1967). The specimen on the left is a left maxilla in occlusal (upper) and labial (lower) views. The specimen on the right is a left mandible in occlusal (above) and labial (below) views.
The family Archaeopithecidae is only represented by two uncommon genera from the early and middle Eocene (Archaeopithecus and Acropithecus). They were relatively small animals, like many early typotheres, and are characterized by their more conical incisors and canines and certain aspects of their cranial anatomy. Their cheek teeth are almost identical to those of the early interathere Notopithecus. Florentino Ameghino thought that these and other small, early notoungulates were the ancestors of apes and monkeys. For that reason, he named them Archaeopithecus ("ancient ape"), Acropithecus ("topmost ape"), and Notopithecus ("southern ape").
Classification: Order Notoungulata: Suborder Typotheria
Stratigraphic Range (Oldfieldthomasiidae): early Eocene (Itaboraian) to late Eocene (Mustersan)
Stratigraphic Range (Archaeopithecidae): early Eocene (Riochican) to late Eocene (Mustersan)
Recognized Genera (Oldfieldthomasiidae): Acoelodus, Allalmeia, Brachystephanus, Colbertia, Dolichostylodon, Kibenikhoria, Maxschlosseria, Oldfieldthomasia, Suniodon, Tsamnichoria, Ultrapithecus, Xenostephanus
Recognized Genera (Archaeopithecidae): Acropithecus, Archaeopithecus
References Cited:
Bergqvist, L. P., and A. C. F. Bastos. 2009. A postura locomotora de Colbertia magellanica (Mammalia, Notoungulata) de bacia de São José de Itaboraí (Paleoceno superior), Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 12:83-89.
Billet, G. 2011. Phylogeny of the Notoungulata (Mammalia) based on cranial and dental characters. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9:481-497.
Cifelli, R. L. 1993. The phylogeny of the native South American ungulates; pp. 195-216 in F. S. Szalay, M. J. Novacek, and M. C. McKenna (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny: Placentals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
García López, D. A. 2011. Basicranial osteology of Colbertia lumbrerense Bond, 1981 (Mammalia: Notoungulata). Ameghiniana 49:3-12.
Lorente, M., J. N. Gelfo, and G. M. López. 2014. Postcranial anatomy of the early notoungulate Allalmeia atalaensis from the Eocene of Argentina. Alcheringa 38:398-411.
Simpson, G.G. 1936. Structure of a primitive notoungulate cranium. American Museum Novitates 824:1-31.
Simpson, G. G. 1967. The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part II. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 137:1-260.
Vera, B. 2016. Phylogenetic revision of the South American notopithecines (Mammalia: Notoungulata). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14:461-480.
Related Pages Notoungulata
Hegetotheriidae
Darin Croft
Hegetotheriids (also known as hegetotheres) were small to medium-sized mammals that ranged from the size of a rabbit (probably about 12-16″/30-40 cm ) to a beaver (about 3 feet/1 m long). Some hegetotheres were very rabbit-like in both their skull and skeleton (pachyrukhines; see below), whereas others had proportions more similar to a large rodent such […]
The evolutionary relationships of most notoungulates are not entirely clear. This is particularly true for notoungulates that diverged prior to the split between typotheres and toxodonts (basal notoungulates) and early members of the Typotheria (basal typotheres). Basal typotheres are generally placed in the families Oldfieldthomasiidae and Archaeopithecidae, but although some phylogenetic analysis have found these to be […]
Homepage, Notoungulata, South American Fossil Mammals
Notoungulates – literally "southern ungulates." – may be the most emblematic of all extinct South American mammals. Notoungulates were the most abundant of the native South American ungulates, and probably more species of notoungulates have been named than all other groups of endemic ungulates combined. The group includes more than 150 extinct genera in around a dozen families. Notoungulates lived […]
Basal Notoungulates (Henricosborniidae, Notostylopidae)
The basal notoungulate families Henricosborniidae and Notostylopidae are mainly known from Eocene fossil sites. Henricosborniids have also been identified from at least one Paleocene site (Tiupampa), and notostylopids survived into the early Oligocene based on a recently named species from Chile, Chilestylops davidsoni (Bradham et al. 2015). The cheek teeth of notostylopids are rather distinctive (see Simpson 1948 for […]
Mesotheriidae
Mesotheriids, more commonly known as mesotheres, have been known to science longer than almost any other group of notoungulates. The first mesotheriid, Mesotherium, was named by Serres in 1867. At that time, only the toxodontids Toxodon and Nesodon had been named and described. Mesotherium was named "middle beast" in reference to Serres' belief that it represented an evolutionary intermediate […]
Interatheriidae
The Interatheriidae (interatheres) are perhaps the most successful group of notoungulates; they are the longest-ranging of all notoungulate families, and nearly two dozen genera have been described (though it is unclear how many of these are valid). Moreover, interatheriids are often very abundant in the faunas in which they are found, suggesting high population densities; […]
Archaeohyracidae
Archaeohyracids ("ancient hyraxes") are in no way related to true hyraxes (order Hyracoidea), nor do they closely resemble them. They have traditionally been one of the most poorly known groups of notoungulates; they tend to be rare in most faunas, and only a single skull (the holotype of Archaeohyrax patagonicus, at left) had been described until […]
Coming Soon. Classification: Order Notoungulata; Suborder Typotheria Stratigraphic Range: early Oligocene (Tinguirirican) to early Pleistocene (Marplatan) Selected Genera: Hegetotherium, Hemihegetotherium, Paedotherium, Prohegetotherium, Propachyrucos, Pachyrukhos, Tremacyllus Selected References: Cerdeño, E., and M. Bond. 1998. Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of Paedotherium and Tremacyllus (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene to Pleistocene of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate […]
Toxodontidae
Coming Soon. Classification: Order Notoungulata; Suborder Toxodontia Stratigraphic Range: Selected Genera: Selected References:
Isotemnidae
Isotemnids were the common large (relatively speaking) notoungulates of the Eocene, and are last recorded in rocks of early Oligocene age. As originally conceived, they do not constitute a natural (monophyletic) group; rather, they include a collection of early-diverging members of the suborder Toxodontia and perhaps one or more other traditionally-recognized families (see Billet 2011). Given […]
Leontiniidae
Notohippidae
Homalodotheriidae
Anatomy Animals Bolivia Bolivia Chile Chile-Central Chile-Northern Chile-Southcentral Courses Fieldwork Locations Fitness fossil Fossil Mammals Fossils glyptodont Henricosborniidae Homepage Homepage-center Interatheriidae litoptern Macroecology Macroecology Mammal Diversity and Evolution Mesotheriidae Miocene Neotropics Notostylopidae Notoungulata Notoungulata Other Activities Paleobiology Paleobiology paleoecology Peltephilidae Peru Peru Plants Research Research Projects rodent Science Outreach South American Fossil Mammals Sustainability Systematics Uncategorized
Related Pages: Notoungulata
Darin A. Croft, PhD
CWRU School of Medicine
E-mail: dcroft@case.edu
Campus Office: EG-03 (East Wing)
© 2020 Darin A. Croft, PhD. All rights reserved. Site By Academic Web Pages.


Marley Natural loves our vendors, so this week we're highlighting one of San Diego's finest — Mankind Cooperative. Not only do they carry Marley Natural's full range of flower, pre-rolls and concentrates, they are also active in supporting San Diego's Veteran community. We spoke with Cathy and Zack, to hear how cannabis enhances their experiences and where they see the future of the herb.
Hi Zack, thank you for speaking with us. How did you get into the cannabis industry and what you do at Mankind Cooperative?
Zack: I got into this industry because I've always been passionate about cannabis. I believe in its medicinal properties, as well as it's enjoyable, so I wanted to be in the industry. I'm the restock clerk. It's my job to bring products from the back to the floor, make sure the whole store is well-stocked, everything looks pretty, all the prices are correct, all the SKUs are correct, that kind of thing.
You've got an important role. What is your favorite Marley product, and why?
Zack: I like the studio flowers, just because they're awesome. They smell great. They taste great. Makes my whole house smell good, so I love it.
Awesome, Studio it is! What is the coolest place that you've ever medicated with Marley?
Zack: I like to take my vape chamber with me when I go hikin, because it's not causing a spark. I'm not going to cause a forest fire. It's easy to medicate on the go. You don't have to worry about a lighter or anything, so when you're charging up a mountain, it's nice to just be able to take a little puff here and there and keep going.
Okay. How do you feel like that medicating with Marley during your hikes enhances them?
Zack: I think you enjoy nature and your surroundings a little bit more. You take a minute to stop and look around, take a little puff, and just realize where you are. You know?
Oh yes we do. Why are you an advocate for the herb?
Zack: I believe it's a non-toxic way to treat many illnesses. My mom was taking Ambien, and it tricks your brain into turning off and you don't really get sleep. You're just kind of comatose, and that's not healthy sleep. It affected every aspect of her life.
Now that she's off of those terrible chemicals, she's much happier. She's like a whole new woman. It's really cool. I was able to get my mom off of years of using Ambien with just cannabis, so I think it's better for us than a lot of the things we consume on a regular basis. I think it's the way of the future.
What strain is she smoking?
Zack: She doesn't smoke. She doesn't really like the taste of cannabis, which was kind of a tricky obstacle to get over, but she does vape, so that helps.
That's great to hear. And last, but not least — where do you foresee the future of cannabis? Imagine 20 years into the future, what would be your ideal vision of cannabis?
Zack: I think it'll be a lot more widely accepted. It will be the same way we see beer. There will be events, you'll be able to go to a football or a basketball game, and they'll have a place where you can smoke, vape or something like that. I think it would be cool.
I also think the prepackaged stuff is the way of the future, as far as companies taking it upon themselves to say, "This is what I want our product to look like on the shelf. This is what our product will represent. We want consistency." That kind of thing is the future. We're getting there.
Great, thank you Zack! Alright Cathy, on to you. Thanks for speaking with us. Let's start at the beginning. How did you get into the cannabis industry?
Cathy: I got into the cannabis industry about ten years ago because of my younger son, James. I was into holistic health and James owned Body Mind College. I worked as a biofeedback practitioner. He said, "Mom, you know, this would be a really good business. I think you're going to love this herb, and I think it would help people." I'm like, "Okay."
Being a professional ice skater for all those years, I was on the tail end of the hippies, but I wasn't really doing the hippie thing because I was an ice skater. I was very focused. So, I knew nothing about cannabis but I went out and I learned. We opened up a shop ten years ago, and I love it. I'm amazed with how natural, healthy and wonderful this plant is, so I'm a big fan.
What is your role at Mankind Cooperative?
Cathy: I am the marketing director. I love helping promote medical marijuana. I think it's wonderful, and we have a whole Veterans program. We're reaching out, now, to Veterans. You interviewed Sean, who loves Marley, so we like to help the Veterans. We do a lot of the outreach for people who might not know this is an alternative for them. You know, if they have PTSD, pain, anxiety — we want people to know they can check us out. It's worth it.
Have you ever used cannabis to enhance your skating?
Cathy: Back in the day, no. I was very focused. As the top half of the pair team, so I'm balanced on one hand upside down going 50 miles an hour. I don't even want to breathe. So no, never tried it. But now, I'm thinking of going skating just for fun. For the fun and the creativity, I think that would be good. For competitive pair skating, nah, I don't think so!
Yeah, definitely play it safe for pairs skating!
Cathy: But at this point, I'd be like, "Boy, I really feel the music." The creativity part would be awesome.
What about any ice skating injuries, anything like that? Do you use cannabis to help medicate?
Cathy: Yes. Absolutely. I have a lot of problems with my neck from quite a few death spirals, and I find the CBD pre-rolls very effective. I love the CBD, particularly being a lightweight. I can only take two puffs of the Sativa or Indica. With the CBD, I can do four puffs. It tastes great and I get an uplifted mood. It helped my neck, so I did a yoga class. I haven't been able to do a lot of chaturangas because they hurt the heck out of my neck. But CBD Marley pre-rolls are very good for yoga.
Oh, perfect. Speaking of Marley pre-rolls, I've heard you're quite a fan. Why do you love them so much?
Cathy: I love the natural paper. I love how it's not bleached because I have autoimmune issues. I like that papers don't run. You have a joint and it's perfect. They're so well-made. I like the little tin and how it fits in your purse. I'll take two puffs of the Sativa, and then I can put it out and put it back in my little tin in my purse, and then an hour or two later, I can re-light it and do it again. I like how Marley Natural is natural, smooth and safe. And you know, it's Bob Marley. You guys care. It's not going to have any chemicals in it that would be bad for a weakened immune system.
Yeah, speaking of autoimmune, you mentioned that you have autoimmune issues. How do you use Marley to medicate? Is it safe for autoimmune disorders? How does it help with yours?
Cathy: I'm glad we're finally getting to study these things. It used to be, to study medical marijuana you had to say you were looking for what was wrong with it. Literally, that was how you funded a study. Now we can actually look at how cannabis helps. The CBD has absolutely helped to get your shoulders off your ears. To me, the Sativa's definitely uplifting. I love the Indica for relaxing muscles afterwards, so I find it to be very useful. Then, you're not getting the side effects from other drugs. I mean, the options they would give me would be pills, which all have side effects. Here, I smoke this, and I have no negative effects. In fact, I have good side effects from the endocannabinoid systems. So yeah, love it.
We love to hear it. What is your favorite Marley strain, and why?
Cathy: Definitely one of the Sativas. I've been smoking a Jack Herer cartridge lately.
Let's talk about your Veteran work. Mankind Cooperative is in a heavy military area. What are some things you offer Veterans and why should a Veteran come check out Mankind Cooperative when he or she might be offered pharmaceuticals instead?
Cathy: Thank you for that. We want to attract Veterans so they can see the pills with all of the side effects aren't working. An estimated 22 Veterans kill themselves every day. That is totally unacceptable. Cannabis uplifts the mood. It can help take away fear and PTSD. I've watched Veterans change immediately from smoking cannabis. We want them to come in. We do a lot of special events for Veterans. Anything we can do that will help the people who make it possible for us to enjoy this plant.
Last question. I'm an advocate of the herb because?
Cathy: I have seen so many people find relief from pain. My hubby takes RSO instead of a whole bunch of pills they gave him for hip replacement. The herb is fun and lovely and wonderful.
If you're in San Diego, stop by Mankind Cooperative at 7128 Miramar Road, #10, San Diego, CA 92121. Also make sure you're following them on Instagram at @mankindcoopsd.


Thank you for sharing this. It still astonishes me that 1/5 pregnancies end in miscarriage yet so little effort is made to prepare women for it or support those as they experience it. A worthy campaign indeed.


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Description: The Zebra GK420d direct thermal printer offers the best value in a basic desktop printer, featuring a fast 5 inches per second print speed to meet your low- to medium-volume printing requirements.


text:
ACCEPTED

#### According to
Index Fungorum

#### Published in
C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. , Paris 158: 1705 (1914)

#### Original name
Cladochytrium mauryi Har.

### Remarks
null

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Answered: My Room is not opening and My Mail is not letting me open packages.
Unanswered: Home Before Dark - lower points?
Answered: Avvie size help please!
Answered: HAs any body answered all the questions at quizzys?
Answered: I need a teacher.
Unanswered: a problem with the deluxe prize machine??
Answered: How do you post pictures on forums?
Answered: What is Scary Berry Crunch?
Unanswered: Question about Cafe Theme???
Unanswered: I typed in the wrong email for ganz estore!


text:
Banking and Finance Law Daily FDIC proposal would require conditions for industrial banks before deposit insurance approval
FDIC proposal would require conditions for industrial banks before deposit insurance approval
By Colleen M. Svelnis, J.D.
The FDIC has issued a proposal that would require certain conditions and commitments to be met before approval of deposit insurance applications by industrial banks or industrial loan companies.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would require certain conditions and commitments for approval or non-objection to certain filings involving an industrial bank or industrial loan company (ILCs) whose parent company is not subject to consolidated supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. The proposal would add a new rule, Part 354 of the FDIC Rules and Regulations, codifying the FDIC's current supervisory processes and policies with respect to covered industrial banks and "This proposal would ensure that parent companies serve as a source of strength for their industrial bank subsidiaries," stated FDIC Chairman Jelena McWilliams. "By codifying these requirements, the proposal would enhance transparency and provide important protections for the Deposit Insurance Fund."
The proposal is intended to ensure the safe and sound operation of these institutions as well as provide the necessary transparency regarding the FDIC's supervisory practices. The proposed rule would apply to deposit insurance, change in bank control, and merger filings that involve industrial banks. Under the proposal, a covered parent company must enter into written agreements with the FDIC and the industrial bank to do the following:
address the company's relationship with the industrial bank;
require capital and liquidity support from the parent to the industrial bank; and
establish appropriate recordkeeping and reporting requirements.
The agency also issued a Fact Sheet on the proposed rule, as well as an agency staff memorandum recommending that the FDIC Board of Directors approve the proposal. FDIC is seeking comments on the proposed rule, which are due 60 days from publication in the Federal Register.
In a separate statement, McWilliams explained that the FDIC evaluates all applications for deposit insurance, including those for industrial banks, based on the same statutory factors, and the same FDIC regulations that apply to any insured depository institution apply equally to industrial banks. According to McWilliams, the proposed rule "would codify a number of required commitments that the FDIC has typically included as a precondition for approval of industrial banks in the past. The rule would require that any industrial bank seeking deposit insurance1 agree to such commitments as a precondition for approval." McWilliams stated that the rule would accomplish the following:
The rule would provide transparency to potential future applicants and the broader public as to what the FDIC requires of parent companies of industrial banks.
The rule would ensure that all parents of industrial banks approved for deposit insurance going forward would be subject to such required commitments.
Martin J. Gruenberg, a member of the FDIC Board of Directors, issued a statement expressing his support of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Gruenberg stated that the proposal appears to be consistent with its stated purpose, "to codify existing practices utilized by the FDIC to supervise industrial banks and their parent companies, to mitigate undue risk to the DIF (Deposit Insurance Fund) that may otherwise be presented in the absence of Federal consolidated supervision of an industrial bank and its parent company, and to ensure that the parent company that owns or controls an industrial bank serves as a source of strength for the industrial bank, consistent with Section 38A of the FDI [Federal Deposit Insurance] Act."
Industry response. In a letter sent to McWilliams, Independent Community Bankers of America expressed concern over the proposal, asking the FDIC to refrain from approving any deposit insurance applications submitted by ILCs until the proposed rulemaking is finalized, as well as hold a hearing on each of the pending ILC applications. ICBA expressed particular concern about three applicants—Square Financial Services, Inc., Nelnet Bank and Rakuten Bank America—"because the owners of those ILCs have substantial commercial interests." The ICBA asked the FDIC to deny any applicant whose owner does not agree to be subject to the same restrictions imposed by the Bank Holding Company Act (BHCA) that community bank holding companies are subject to "for safety and soundness reasons and to maintain the separation of banking and commerce."
ICBA also joined with other community groups to ask the agency to hold off approving any applications submitted by industrial banks or ILCs for deposit insurance until the proposed rulemaking is finalized and hold public hearings on each application. "Given the number and variety of significant outstanding policy issues, we believe it would be imprudent for the FDIC to approve applications from ILCs or industrial banks until the final rulemaking is promulgated," the organizations stated in their letter.
Companies: Bank Policy Institute; Center for Responsible Lending; Independent Community Bankers of America; National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
MainStory: TopStory DepositInsurance
Banking and Finance Law Daily: Breaking legal news at your fingertips
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Financial Privacy Law Guide
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Federal Banking Law Reporter
Bank Digest Online
Federal Banking Dodd-Frank Act with Reforms QuickCharts
Federal Banking Law Integrated Library


The assessment of DNA integrity influenced by sperm ageing, which is manifested in DNA double strand break was performed under neutral condition using cornet assay. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to use modified neutral comet assay which also could be termed as single cell gel electrophoresis to assess DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa during liquid storage for 24, 48 and 72 hours at 18° C. In the protocol 2% 133-mercaptoethanol has been used prior to the lysis procedure for removing nuclear protein. A total of six boars, three each from Hampshire and Crossbred (Hampshire X Khasi local) taken for this study. Ejaculates sample taken for cornet at 0 hour and then preserved for 24, 48 and 72 hours at 18° C. At 0 hour comet percentage was minimum and as the time advances it increases along with time. There was no individual variation among the boars and between the breeds. Study indicates there was elevated level of DNA damage at prolong storage (72 hours) and it seems that long term storage can affect genomic integrity of boar spermatozoa. Therefore, screening of sperm DNA damage may be used as an additional test of sperm function that can have diagnostic value in practice.


Our women's health & pregnancy osteopath offers home visit treatment in London or if you prefer to be treated at our osteopathy practice, she consult at Belgravia, westminster SW1 practice near Victoria Station, Moorgate EC2 between Liverpool street Station and Monument station and at Clapham SW4 Practice between Clapham South and Clapham Common Station.
We are Axa ppp recognised for osteopathy treatment. Other insurances cover osteopathy treatment, check your individual contract for confirmation.


An opportunity to purchase an attractively presented and spacious three bedroom mid link family home set back from the road on this popular street in New Harraby. 299 Pennine Way boasts a modern kitchen and bathroom as well as a private rear garden with open aspect and would be ideally suited for first time buyers or families but would also make a great buy to let. Accommodation comprises Entrance into Hallway, Large Living/Dining Room, Modern Fitted Kitchen and Utility Room. To the first floor there are Three Good Sized Bedrooms and Bathroom. The property benefits from gas central heating and uPVC double glazing. Externally there is a large driveway, front garden and attractive rear garden with open aspect, Internal viewing is highly recommended.
19' 0'' x 13' 9'' (5.79m x 4.19m) Large living/dining room, laminate wooden flooring, T.V. and telephone points, space for a good sized dining table, two double radiators, two uPVC double glazed windows to the front and rear of the property.
6' 9'' x 6' 5'' (2.06m x 1.95m) Fitted with some base and wall units, worktop surface, space for a fridge and tumble dryer, karndean flooring, electric meter, smart meter, gas meter and fuseboard, radiator, uPVC window to the front of the property.
Access to the loft, uPVC double glazed window to the rear of the property, doors to all three bedrooms and bathroom.
12' 5'' x 9' 8'' (3.78m x 2.94m) Nicely presented double bedroom, built in cupboard with shelving, further built in cupboard housing the 'Ideal' combination boiler, single radiator, uPVC double glazed window to the front of the property.
10' 8'' x 10' 5'' (3.25m x 3.17m) Good sized double bedroom, laminate wooden flooring, single radiator, uPVC double glazed window to the front of the property.
8' 3'' x 7' 10'' (2.51m x 2.39m) Good sized third bedroom, large built in cupboard, laminate wooden flooring, single radiator, uPVC double glazed window to the rear of the property.
10' 3'' x 5' 4'' (3.12m x 1.62m) Modern white three piece bathroom suite, thermostatic shower over the bath, WC, wash hand basin, chrome heated towel ladder, extractor fan, two frosted uPVC double glazed windows to the rear of the property.
To the front of the property there is a driveway providing off street parking for up to three vehicles, low maintenance garden laid to lawn. To the rear there is a low maintenance garden laid to lawn with a block paved patio area, garden shed and open aspect.


text:
Jack's Posts
My Take On Art Spiegelman
Graphic Narratives > "Word Books" (updated)
Graphic Narratives > "Word Books" (original)
Deeper and Darker (NEW)
Deeper and Darker
Open-Mindedness and Strategy
Squarzoni knows…he's trying to tell us
Literary Narrative Reflection
My Take On Tracing Maus
Analysis on Literacy Narrative Comic
Literacy Narrative Comic First Draft
Comparative Essay Reflection
Reflecting CO^2 in Climate Change
Literacy Narrative 3 Reflection
Shining Brighter
Primate Biogeography
Dracula Likes to Gamble Too
Fear: A Mindset
Who Can Guess What's In My Bag?
Daily Struggle
Two Points for the Pelicans
More to Music Than You Know
Sincerely Yours, The Breakfast Club
The Great Pyramid of Semester One
Reflection Page
The phrase "a picture is worth a thousand words" does not receive as much credit as it should. In David Small's Stitches, and Tillie Walden's Spinning, each individual picture has an underlying meaning and story behind it. The decision to utilize the power of images instead of words to explain their journey from trauma to recovery allows the reader to empathize with the author's struggles. The impact that these events can have on victims can be difficult for them to express, but by illustrating their experiences with pictures, David Small and Tillie Walden are able to convey a level of emotion that overshadows what any combination of words can deliver.
Small and Walden figured out that by taking their childhood trauma and turning it into a graphic memoir, the traumatic events within their stories seem much more intense than if they were to simply write about them in a normal memoir-style book. In Tillie Walden's, Spinning, there is a span of pages (340-345) where there is not a single word written, yet the story that the pictures tell is clear as day. The reader is provided with a five page summary of Walden's entire life as a skater, and how it quickly crumbled to pieces. The most interesting page is the last page, pictured below, a completely black rectangle. This represents how now that Tillie has decided to conclude her skating career, she has just lost what provided the most light for her in her life. That is why the page is black; to show us that a chapter in Tillie's life has just come to an end. The previous two pages is where Tillie Walden realizes her life-changing idea : "I did not want to go to skating" (Walden 338-339). While Tillie Walden could have used dramatic words and description to recount how she felt in that moment, she created a montage of her life using pictures to explain what led to her exact feelings. Similarly, in Hillary Chute's essay, "Graphic Women", the idea of illustrating trauma is used in several graphic narratives written by women: "The stories to which women's graphic narrative is today dedicated are often traumatic: the cross-discursive form of comics is apt for expressing that difficult register, which is central to its importance as an innovative genre of life writing" (Chute 2). Chute believes that in order for the significance and weight of the traumatic events that occurred to be accurately depicted, a graphic narrative is one of the better routes to take because pictures convey much more sentiment than words do. Detailed drawings bring radiant life to the story and give the reader something to wrap their mind around when thinking about the traumatic experience. It is also easier to pick up on the intended emotion that the writer wants the reader to feel when seeing expressive drawings rather than words.
In David Small's, Stitches, there is a span of pages where all that is shown is rain. What precedes these images is David being told by his therapist, who he trusts wholeheartedly, something that breaks his heart: "Are you ready. Your mother doesn't love you. I'm sorry David. It's true. She doesn't love you" (Small 254-255). The amount of sentiment that should be experienced by the reader is immense, but it is heightened by the next eleven pages, page 257 through page 267, which include detailed drawings of constant rain, showing how destructive this news was for David to hear. Small included eleven straight pages of rain to emphasize the sadness he felt in that exact situation. The pages start out showing a single tear drop and quickly transition to a heavy downpour. Including these images shows us how heartbroken David was when he finally understood the truth about his mother. It also could have meant that David was about to experience a rebirth. After finally being told what he had known all along but couldn't accept, he is now ready to move on to a new chapter of his life. Small helped the readers put themselves in his shoes. He could not have done this had he simply written it out. There were simply no words to describe the way he felt, which is why pictures are the better option to elucidate a traumatic experience such as this one. Walden and Small incorporate the same ideas in their graphic narratives because they know how to use their drawings to convey the emotions that they want the reader to feel at certain parts of their stories, however, where they differ is the level of emotion and the intensity of the usage of their pictures.
David Small's decision to turn his life story into a graphic narrative came about through an organic process. In an interview with Becky Ohlsen, a representative for the "Book Page" review site, Small stated, "When I started making it a graphic [memoir], it started coming back" (Ohlsen 1). Small continues to elaborate, explaining that when he first started to write his story, he couldn't recall his memories because he was writing it as 'prose.' He had been having bad dreams about it and decided he needed a change. As he turned his work into a graphic narrative, the imagery and the memories came back instantly. He stated that he would be looking at a random object, no matter where he was in his house, and the memories would materialize in his mind. Hillary Chute also concurs with this point; she believes it is more common for authors writing about traumatic childhood experiences to use graphic narratives as their medium: "Images in comics appear in frag-ments, just as they do in actual recollection; this fragmentation, in particular, is a prominent feature of traumatic memory" (Chute 4). To depict these fractured memories as images is more authentic to Small's story of trauma; fragmented drawings not only illustrate how he felt in the moment, but are representative of his entire writing process as a whole.
Tillie Walden, contrarily, decided to turn her twenty-two years of life into a graphic narrative, simply because she had been involved in comics ever since she was young. Her father had gotten her to see the amazement of them when she was a child and she has been involved with them ever since. In an interview, when asked about her father and comics, she responds, "…all he did was present me with material that I could learn from and enjoy…he signed me up for a workshop with Scott Mcloud and that was the turning point for me" (Wong 3). I think that Walden had always intended for Spinningto be a graphic narrative. She knew how significant comics were to her and that the best way for her to share her traumatic experiences, and her road to recovery, was via pictures. She learned long before she even thought about developing Spinningthat comics are a much better medium for stories such as hers, where the traumatic experiences and steps to recovery are required to be deeply and vividly comprehended.
Evidently, both Walden and Small have produced beautiful art in their graphic narratives, for the pictures and dialogue within their books truly depict their experiences from trauma to recovery. The crucial decision made by both of them to turn their memoirs into graphic narratives, rather than writing them out solely with words, was also a large factor in producing such emotional and sentimental elements within their books. Hillary Chute's viewpoints on trauma in graphic narrative touches base with both of their pieces of work, and stands true for Small and Walden.
Chute, Hillary L. Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics. Columbia University Press, 2010.
Ohlsen, Becky. "Stitches: A Memoir by David Small – Interview | BookPage." BookPage.com, bookpage.com/interviews/8519-david-small-graphic-novels-comics#. WCSoC3Myu4.
Small, David. Stitches a Memoir. W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library, 2016.
Walden, Tillie. Spinning. First Second, 2017.
Wong, Alex. "'Everything I Had to Say about My Life Is in That Book': An Interview with Tillie Walden." The Comics Journal, http://www.tcj.com/everything-i-had-to-say-about-my-life-is-in-that-book-an-interview-with-tillie-walden/.


text:
Denmark to ban prisoners serving life from new romantic relationships
A new bill will ban convicted criminals from talking about their crimes and they will only be allowed to speak with people they knew before imprisonment through letters and phone calls.
Amar Mehta
News reporter @Amarjournalist_
Thursday 16 September 2021 18:37, UK
Image: A 17-year-old fell in love with Peter Madsen (pictured in 2008), who was jailed for the murder of journalist Kim Wall. Pic: AP
Prisoners serving life sentences in Denmark are to be banned from entering new romantic relationships.
Under a new bill introduced by the Danish government, inmates will be limited to contacting those already close to them for the first decade of their sentence.
The six-point bill has been proposed by minister of justice Nick Haekkerup, who hopes the ban will curb the rise of "groupies" for criminals.
"Today, it is possible for lifers and detainees to write to, call and receive visits from people with whom they have been in contact during their imprisonment," the minister said.
"This makes it possible, for example, for lifers to have new relationships while serving their sentences."
Prisoners will no longer be able to spend time dating or talking about their crimes on social media and will be restricted to letters or telephone contact with people they already knew prior to their imprisonment.
More on Denmark
Nadia Nadim: World Cup pundit's mum killed by truck - forcing ITV star off-air during Denmark-Tunisia match
Christian Eriksen makes return in major tournament for Denmark 17 months after cardiac arrest on pitch
'Powerful explosions' behind two Nord Stream gas pipeline leaks in Baltic Sea
Mr Haekkerup said: "In recent years, we have seen distasteful examples of inmates who have committed bestial crimes being contacted by very young people to gain their sympathy and attention.
"Of course, we have to stop that. That is why the government is now coming up with six concrete initiatives that fundamentally restrict the opportunity for lifers and certain detainees to make contact with the outside world."
The bill comes following revelations that a woman fell in love with submarine killer Peter Madsen when she was 17.
Cammilla Kurstein said she fell in love with Madsen after they exchanged letters and spoke on the phone in the space of two years.
In 2017, Madsen was convicted of murdering journalist Kim Wall on board his homemade submarine after she went to interview him.
He later dismembered her body and dumped it into the sea.
He was handed a life sentence in 2018.
The bill was sent for consultation on Wednesday and will take effect on 1 January, next year.


We are excited about our Spring Medical Trip April 13th - 19th 2019.
Our team of volunteers with be conducting 4 medical clinics during our upcoming trip. Each trip participant is asked to help raise funds to make sure the cost of the trip and the medical clinics does not take away from our 2019 operating budget. We are already almost 14% down in donations from this time last year.
Click on the name of the trip member below and THANK YOU in advance for your support! And remember, your donation is tax deductible!
Link to us on Facebook, tag us on twitter, or simply tell a friend. Every time you tell someone about us, it helps us. It would mean so much to us and the people of Haiti.
Donating in our name is another great way to share our story! We will provide a letter to the person you are honoring and your donation is tax deductible!


text:
Book Review: Yaakov and the Jewel of Jamaica
May 10, 2018 By Jewish Home LA
Book Review: Yaakov and the Jewel of Jamaica by Nathaniel Wyckoff (CreateSpace 2018)
Reviewed by Brenda Goldstein
Who knew that Jews sailed the seas as pirates – let alone a rabbi? Once again, Nathaniel Wyckoff takes little-known Jewish history and masterfully weaves it into a compelling story for both children and adults.
When asked about the inspiration for his latest book in the Peretz Family Adventures Series, Yaakov and the Jewel of Jamaica, Wyckoff says, "It's a bit of a convoluted story." A rabbi friend "recommended that I write one [a book] about Rabbi Shmuel Pallache, a.k.a. the 'Pirate Rabbi.' To whet my readers' appetite for the Pirate Rabbi, I introduced him in Yaakov and the Treasures of Timna Valley as a distant relative of Leah Peretz and, consequently, her children."
Set in futuristic 2025 and 2026, the Peretz Family Adventures Series features 12-year-old Yaakov and his family, along with their handy robots. This time around, Yaakov's mother, Leah, gets invited by her former art teacher to participate in an art show in Jamaica. Never ones to pass up an opportunity for adventure, Yaakov and his siblings realize that this presents the perfect opportunity to search for the burial site of a precious family heirloom on the island, as well as that of Christopher Columbus's fabled and much sought-after gold mine.
Of course, Yaakov and his family encounter no-good thugs who try to stop them, as in any good adventure. Wyckoff again shows his mastery of story-telling, leaving the Peretzes' ultimate triumph over evil until the very end. As with all the books in the series, we meet a bunch of interesting characters, including quirky, evil villains who contrast starkly with the Peretzes and their strong sense of morality. This time, most of the characters have a distinctly Jamaican feel, and Wyckoff provides constant description of the island's lush vegetation.
Originally from the San Fernando Valley, like the Peretzes, Wyckoff combines his technical knowledge, passion for Jewish history, and storytelling into thrilling, page-turning adventures for all ages. He spent many hours researching his topic. "While working on the third book in the series, Yaakov and the Secret of Acra Fortress, I dug for information on Rabbi Pallache," Wyckoff says. "My searches led me to a fascinating work by Edward Kritzler, Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean. Although Kritzler's book discusses Shmuel Pallache, it turns out that Rabbi Pallache never actually traveled to the Caribbean Sea. Still, my investigations and reading planted a seed."
"Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean gave me a huge amount of food for thought," says Wyckoff. He explains that the Kritzler book discusses Columbus's gold mine in great detail, "and the historical accounts in the book are the types of things kids often love," he says. Although no one actually found the gold mine, according to Kritzler, many searched for it, "including some Jews who were connected to piracy. So…what if my beloved fictional Peretzes went searching for it?"
Wyckoff also dedicated time to study how best to write for his prime audience: children. With each book in the Peretz Family Adventures Series, Yaakov and his siblings get a bit older and wiser. We see Rachel develop from a pesky little sister into a firebrand with a talent for solving obscure clues and predicaments. Younger brother Yosef, always the loose cannon, begins to take more of a leadership role in Jamaica. Yaakov becomes more introspective in this book; the author demonstrates his main character's inner-conflict primarily in relation to his dealings with Yosef.
One can find Yaakov and the Jewel of Jamaica, as well as the other three books in the Peretz Family Adventures Series, on Amazon.com, as well as at www.peretzadventures.com


text:
#include "Item.h"
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

Item::Item() //default constructor (set values using setters)
{
    this->itemsLeft = 100; //defaulted to 100 items left
    this->price = 1.00; //default price of $1
    this->description = ""; /*all strings are initially set to null
    remember to change them if a food or drink item has one of these attributes.

 ***ALL ITEMS SHOULD HAVE NAME AND DESCRIPTIONS***
                                                             */
    this->name = "";
    this->size = "";
    this->flavor = "";
    this->quantity = 1; //defaulted to 1 item for the order
    this->requested_extras;
    this->allowed_extras;
}

//Item initializer list
Item::Item(int itemsLeft, double price, string name, string description, string size, string flavor, int quantity)
    : itemsLeft(itemsLeft), price(price), name(name), description(description), size(size), flavor(flavor), quantity(quantity){}

void Item::setItemsLeft(int itemsLeft) //set items left
{
	this->itemsLeft = itemsLeft;
}

int Item::getItemsLeft() //get items left
{
	return itemsLeft;
}

void Item::setPrice(double price) //set price
{
	this->price = price;
}

double Item::getPrice() //get price
{
	return price;
}

void Item::setDescription(std::string description) //set description
{
	this->description = description;
}

std::string Item::getDescription() //get description
{
	return description;
}

void Item::setName(std::string name) //set name
{
	this->name = name;
}

std::string Item::getName() //get name
{
	return name;
}

void Item::setSize(std::string size) //set size
{
	this->size = size;
}

std::string Item::getSize() //get size
{
	return size;
}

void Item::setFlavor(std::string flavor) //set flavor
{
	this->flavor = flavor;
}

std::string Item::getFlavor() //get flavor
{
	return flavor;
}

void Item::increaseQuantity() //set quantity
{
    this->quantity = this->quantity + 1;
}

void Item::decreaseQuantity()
{
    this->quantity = this->quantity - 1;
}

int Item::getQuantity() //get quantity
{
	return quantity;
}

void Item::addExtra(string extra)
{
    if (find(requested_extras.begin(), requested_extras.end(), extra) == requested_extras.end())
    {
        this->requested_extras.push_back(extra);
    }
}

string Item::getExtras()
{
    string extras = "Extras: ";
    for (auto const& s : requested_extras){
        extras += s;
        extras += ", ";
    }
    extras.pop_back();
    extras.pop_back();
    return extras;
}

void Item::removeExtra(string extra)
{
    vector<string>::iterator extra_it = find(requested_extras.begin(), requested_extras.end(), extra);

    if (extra_it != requested_extras.end())
    {
        requested_extras.erase(extra_it);
    }
}

void Item::addAllowedExtras(vector<string> extras)
{
    this->allowed_extras = extras;
}


text:
Trump says right-wing voices are being censored. The data says something else
But data from Facebook, the world's largest social media company, pours cold water on the assertion that conservative voices are being silenced.
In fact, according to CrowdTangle, a data-analytics firm owned by Facebook, content from conservative news organizations dominates Facebook and often outperforms content from straightforward news organizations.
Additionally, over the last month on Facebook, Trump has captured 91% of the total interactions on content posted by the US presidential candidates, according to CrowdTangle. Biden has captured only 9%.
CrowdTangle computes interactions by totaling the number of likes, comments, and shares a post receives.
Over the last month, the top performing news organization in the US was Fox News, a conservative network which largely echoes the Trump White House's messaging.
Fox News captured 13% of all interactions among US news organizations with more than 29 million likes, comments, and shares, according to CrowdTangle.
The second top-performing page belonged to Breitbart, a right-wing website that is largely supportive of the President and has close ties to the White House. Its Facebook page accounted for 9% of the total US media interactions over the last month with more than 20 million likes, comments, and shares.
The third best performing US news organization was CNN, with 7% of the interactions; the fourth was ABC News with 5%; the fifth was NPR with 4%.
When sorting by US political media, the data skews largely in favor of conservative news organizations, according to CrowdTangle. Six of the top 10 US political media pages belonged to conservatives.
Ben Shapiro, the prominent conservative news personality, generated more than 25 million interactions over the past month on his page, accounting for 29% of the total share from US political media on Facebook, according to CrowdTangle.
See also Coronavirus: Countrywide Rely on redundancy prepare places 1,200 jobs at hazard
The second top US political media page belonged to Breitbart, with 23% of total interactions.
Other conservative outlets in the top 10 for US political media over the last month: The Western Journal in fifth with 4% of the total interactions; TheBlaze in seventh with 3% of the total interactions; IJR in eight with 2% of total interactions; and the Washington Examiner in ninth with 2% of interactions.
Trump and Republican lawmakers have repeatedly accused Facebook and other social media platforms of bias, painting the companies as villains in a longstanding culture war used to excite the conservative base.
Technology platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, have banned certain users in the past for violating hate speech policies.
In a widely covered move, Facebook, YouTube, and Apple booted right-wing conspiracy theorist Alex Jones from their platforms in 2018 for violating hate speech and harassment policies. The companies maintained that they do not discriminate against users for their political beliefs.
But the nuance has been lost on Trump, Republican leaders, and members of the conservative media.
Republicans and right-wing media outlets have been all too happy running with the narrative that social media companies are censoring conservatives, regardless of the facts. Fox News, Breitbart, and other outlets have amplified claims that conservatives are under fire on social media platforms.
In addition to the president, House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy, Texas Sen. Ted Cruz, and Donald Trump Jr. have been among some of the Republicans to promote this narrative.
Claims of social media bias and censorship have also made their way to Congress. Lawmakers have held hearings on the so-called practice of "social media filtering" where right-wing personalties have been asked to testify about the discrimination they've supposedly faced at the hands of the companies.
The narrative is unlikely to go away anytime soon. The politicians and media outlets on the right that push it do not seem moved by the facts. Instead, they seem more interested in a narrative that resonates with and whips up the conservative base.
See also Singer and British forces Vera Lynn, 'honey', dies at 103


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Elijah Streams: Joey LeTourneau: "Why the Father's Blessing?"
Joey LeTourneau, his wife Destiny, and their six children live in northern California. From California to Israel, the Middle East, Africa and beyond, wherever God bases them their passion and purpose is to reveal the nature of the Father and see His family restored.


text:
Philip Ichovski (* 12. Dezember 1991 in Wien) ist ein österreichischer Volleyball-Nationalspieler.

Ichovski feierte mit den hotVolleys elf österreichische Meistertitel im Jugendbereich. 2008 wechselte der Mittelblocker zu VCA Hypo Niederösterreich. In Amstetten holte er 2010 den Cupsieg. 2012/13 spielte Ichovski in der deutschen Bundesliga bei Chemie Volley Mitteldeutschland, kehrte danach aber wieder zurück nach Amstetten. Im österreichischen Nationalteam war Ichovski Teil des Kaders der Heim-EM 2011 in Österreich und Tschechien, bei der man nach drei Niederlagen in der Vorrunde ausschied. Ichovski gilt als eine der größten Zukunfts-Hoffnungen des österreichischen Volleyballs.

Weblinks
 Team VC Amstetten
 Steckbrief EuroVolley 2011
 Steckbrief hotVolleys

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballnationalspieler (Österreich)
Volleyballspieler (HotVolleys Volleyballteam)
Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Sportler (St. Pölten)
Österreicher
Geboren 1991
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Upon payment of tuition, we will ship your textbook, Nurse Coaching: Integrative Approaches for Health and Wellbeing (2015), along with a few readings to complete before the start of the program and instructions for accessing your cohort's web dashboard.
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text:
from fractions import Fraction

import numpy as np
from .core import (UnitsError, UnitConversionError, dimensionless_unscaled,
                   get_current_unit_registry)

def _d(unit):
    if unit is None:
        return dimensionless_unscaled
    else:
        return unit

def get_converter(from_unit, to_unit):
    """Like Unit._get_converter, except returns None if no scaling is needed,
    i.e., if the inferred scale is unity."""
    try:
        scale = from_unit._to(to_unit)
    except UnitsError:
        return from_unit._apply_equivalencies(
                from_unit, to_unit, get_current_unit_registry().equivalencies)
    if scale == 1.:
        return None
    else:
        return lambda val: scale * val

UFUNC_HELPERS = {}

# In this file, we implement the logic that determines for a given ufunc and
# input how the input should be scaled and what unit the output will have.

# list of ufuncs:
# http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/ufuncs.html#available-ufuncs

UNSUPPORTED_UFUNCS = set([np.bitwise_and, np.bitwise_or,
                          np.bitwise_xor, np.invert, np.left_shift,
                          np.right_shift, np.logical_and, np.logical_or,
                          np.logical_xor, np.logical_not])

# SINGLE ARGUMENT UFUNCS

# The functions below take a single argument, which is the quantity upon which
# the ufunc is being used. The output of the function should be two values: the
# scale by which the input needs to be multiplied before being passed to the
# ufunc, and the unit the output will be in.

# ufuncs that return a boolean and do not care about the unit
helper_onearg_test = lambda f, unit: ([None], None)

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.isfinite] = helper_onearg_test
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.isinf] = helper_onearg_test
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.isnan] = helper_onearg_test
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.sign] = helper_onearg_test
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.signbit] = helper_onearg_test

# ufuncs that return a value with the same unit as the input

helper_invariant = lambda f, unit: ([None], _d(unit))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.absolute] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.fabs] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.conj] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.conjugate] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.negative] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.spacing] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.rint] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.floor] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.ceil] = helper_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.trunc] = helper_invariant

# ufuncs handled as special cases

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.sqrt] = lambda f, unit: (
    [None], unit ** 0.5 if unit is not None else dimensionless_unscaled)
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.square] = lambda f, unit: (
    [None], unit ** 2 if unit is not None else dimensionless_unscaled)
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.reciprocal] = lambda f, unit: (
    [None], unit ** -1 if unit is not None else dimensionless_unscaled)
# cbrt only was added in numpy 1.10
if isinstance(getattr(np, 'cbrt', None), np.ufunc):
    UFUNC_HELPERS[np.cbrt] = lambda f, unit: (
        [None], (unit ** Fraction(1, 3) if unit is not None
                 else dimensionless_unscaled))
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.core.umath._ones_like] = (lambda f, unit:
                                           ([None], dimensionless_unscaled))

# ufuncs that require dimensionless input and and give dimensionless output
def helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless(f, unit):
    if unit is None:
        return [None], dimensionless_unscaled

    try:
        return ([get_converter(unit, dimensionless_unscaled)],
                dimensionless_unscaled)
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "dimensionless quantities"
                        .format(f.__name__))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.exp] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.expm1] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.exp2] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.log] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.log10] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.log2] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.log1p] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.modf] = helper_dimensionless_to_dimensionless

# ufuncs that require dimensionless input and give output in radians
def helper_dimensionless_to_radian(f, unit):
    from .si import radian
    if unit is None:
        return [None], radian

    try:
        return [get_converter(unit, dimensionless_unscaled)], radian
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "dimensionless quantities"
                        .format(f.__name__))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arccos] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arcsin] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arctan] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arccosh] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arcsinh] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arctanh] = helper_dimensionless_to_radian

# ufuncs that require input in degrees and give output in radians
def helper_degree_to_radian(f, unit):
    from .si import degree, radian
    try:
        return [get_converter(unit, degree)], radian
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "quantities with angle units"
                        .format(f.__name__))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.radians] = helper_degree_to_radian
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.deg2rad] = helper_degree_to_radian

# ufuncs that require input in radians and give output in degrees
def helper_radian_to_degree(f, unit):
    from .si import degree, radian
    try:
        return [get_converter(unit, radian)], degree
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "quantities with angle units"
                        .format(f.__name__))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.degrees] = helper_radian_to_degree
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.rad2deg] = helper_radian_to_degree

# ufuncs that require input in radians and give dimensionless output
def helper_radian_to_dimensionless(f, unit):
    from .si import radian
    try:
        return [get_converter(unit, radian)], dimensionless_unscaled
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "quantities with angle units"
                        .format(f.__name__))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.cos] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.sin] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.tan] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.cosh] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.sinh] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.tanh] = helper_radian_to_dimensionless

# ufuncs that require dimensionless_unscaled input and return non-quantities
def helper_dimensionless_to_none(f, unit):
    if not unit.is_unity():
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "unscaled dimensionless quantities"
                        .format(f.__name__))
    return [None], None

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.frexp] = helper_dimensionless_to_none

# TWO ARGUMENT UFUNCS

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.multiply] = lambda f, unit1, unit2: (
    [None, None], _d(unit1) * _d(unit2))

helper_division = lambda f, unit1, unit2: ([None, None], _d(unit1) / _d(unit2))

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.divide] = helper_division
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.true_divide] = helper_division

def helper_power(f, unit1, unit2):
    # TODO: find a better way to do this, currently need to signal that one
    # still needs to raise power of unit1 in main code
    if unit2 is None:
        return [None, None], False

    try:
        return [None, get_converter(unit2, dimensionless_unscaled)], False
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only raise something to a dimensionless quantity")

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.power] = helper_power
# float_power was added in numpy 1.12
if isinstance(getattr(np, 'float_power', None), np.ufunc):
    UFUNC_HELPERS[np.float_power] = helper_power

def helper_ldexp(f, unit1, unit2):
    if unit2 is not None:
        raise TypeError("Cannot use ldexp with a quantity "
                        "as second argument.")
    else:
        return [None, None], _d(unit1)

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.ldexp] = helper_ldexp

def helper_copysign(f, unit1, unit2):
    # if first arg is not a quantity, just return plain array
    if unit1 is None:
        return [None, None], None
    else:
        return [None, None], unit1

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.copysign] = helper_copysign

# heaviside only was added in numpy 1.13
if isinstance(getattr(np, 'heaviside', None), np.ufunc):
    def helper_heaviside(f, unit1, unit2):
        try:
            converter2 = (get_converter(unit2, dimensionless_unscaled)
                          if unit2 is not None else None)
        except UnitsError:
            raise TypeError("Can only apply 'heaviside' function with a "
                            "dimensionless second argument.")
        return ([None, converter2], dimensionless_unscaled)

    UFUNC_HELPERS[np.heaviside] = helper_heaviside

def helper_two_arg_dimensionless(f, unit1, unit2):
    try:
        converter1 = (get_converter(unit1, dimensionless_unscaled)
                      if unit1 is not None else None)
        converter2 = (get_converter(unit2, dimensionless_unscaled)
                      if unit2 is not None else None)
    except UnitsError:
        raise TypeError("Can only apply '{0}' function to "
                        "dimensionless quantities"
                        .format(f.__name__))
    return ([converter1, converter2], dimensionless_unscaled)

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.logaddexp] = helper_two_arg_dimensionless
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.logaddexp2] = helper_two_arg_dimensionless

def get_converters_and_unit(f, *units):

    converters = [None, None]
    # no units for any input -- e.g., np.add(a1, a2, out=q)
    if all(unit is None for unit in units):
        return converters, dimensionless_unscaled

    fixed, changeable = (1, 0) if units[1] is None else (0, 1)
    if units[fixed] is None:
        try:
            converters[changeable] = get_converter(units[changeable],
                                                   dimensionless_unscaled)
        except UnitsError:
            # special case: would be OK if unitless number is zero, inf, nan
            converters[fixed] = False
            return converters, units[changeable]
        else:
            return converters, dimensionless_unscaled

    else:
        try:
            converters[changeable] = get_converter(units[changeable],
                                                   units[fixed])
        except UnitsError:
            raise UnitConversionError(
                "Can only apply '{0}' function to quantities "
                "with compatible dimensions"
                .format(f.__name__))

        return converters, units[fixed]

def helper_twoarg_invariant(f, unit1, unit2):
    return get_converters_and_unit(f, unit1, unit2)

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.add] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.subtract] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.hypot] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.maximum] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.minimum] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.fmin] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.fmax] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.nextafter] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.remainder] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.mod] = helper_twoarg_invariant
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.fmod] = helper_twoarg_invariant

def helper_twoarg_comparison(f, unit1, unit2):
    converters, _ = get_converters_and_unit(f, unit1, unit2)
    return converters, None

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.greater] = helper_twoarg_comparison
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.greater_equal] = helper_twoarg_comparison
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.less] = helper_twoarg_comparison
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.less_equal] = helper_twoarg_comparison
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.not_equal] = helper_twoarg_comparison
UFUNC_HELPERS[np.equal] = helper_twoarg_comparison

def helper_twoarg_invtrig(f, unit1, unit2):
    from .si import radian
    converters, _ = get_converters_and_unit(f, unit1, unit2)
    return converters, radian

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.arctan2] = helper_twoarg_invtrig
# another private function in numpy; use getattr in case it disappears
if isinstance(getattr(np.core.umath, '_arg', None), np.ufunc):
    UFUNC_HELPERS[np.core.umath._arg] = helper_twoarg_invtrig

def helper_twoarg_floor_divide(f, unit1, unit2):
    converters, _ = get_converters_and_unit(f, unit1, unit2)
    return converters, dimensionless_unscaled

UFUNC_HELPERS[np.floor_divide] = helper_twoarg_floor_divide


Once a successful, outstanding student, Zeinah turned to drugs to deal with the drama-filled divorce between her Christian mother and Muslim father. After her husband overdosed, her drug use increased, and she lost custody of her daughter. Can Zeinah's family forget their grudges and religious differences to come together and save her from her prescription pill death spiral?


text:
middle easten
Sustainable Investing Glossary
Smart ESG score
A smart ESG score is a sustainability ranking given to a company by Robeco using environmental, social and governance factors, but with biases removed from the data collection process.
It was developed as a more specific tool to drill down on the true sustainability credentials of companies on a more like-for-like basis. The primary data source for Smart ESG scores is the Corporate Sustainability Assessment (now owned by S&P Global), an annual survey of more than 4,700 companies based on ESG criteria that are both industry-specific and financially material.
Traditional ESG scores often show very strong biases toward existing factors such size, country, region or sector. For example, a large company may have a bigger budget for addressing sustainability issues – including supplying data to the collectors of it – than a smaller one. Subsequently, the larger company may get a higher ESG rating than the smaller one simply because there is more data on which to judge it, even if the smaller one was more sustainable. Similarly, ESG disclosures are more developed in Europe than Asia, which means a traditional scoring methodology would naturally give a higher score to a company from Germany than from India. A portfolio that relied exclusively on these scores would be therefore be unnaturally tilted towards larger-cap European companies when there may be better opportunities undiscovered elsewhere.
Source: Robeco
The Smart ESG score irons that out. They are calculated in a two-fold way. Firstly, biases are removed based on market cap, industry and region. Companies are only compared only to those with similar characteristics from the same region or sector. Biases induced by the heterogeneous and diverse nature of sustainability data are effectively removed. Secondly, a weighting system is used to assigns heavier weights to those ESG criteria which have a greater ability to predict likely future returns according to the company. Only financially material information is used: different ESG indicators will be more financially relevant for different industries, sharpening the focus on financial materiality. Once all the information has been received, an unbiased and financially material ESG score – or Smart ESG score – can be assigned to the company.
Creating returns that benefit the world we live in
The scores are extensively used in Robeco's quantitative strategies, which require a higher level of data crunching that fundamental analysis. They are also used to create 'best-in-class' categories for Robeco's Sustainability Focused range of strategies which have a higher level of ESG integration, typically by excluding those companies with the lowest Smart ESG scores. This enables the resulting portfolio to have an ESG score that is superior to the benchmark that it follows.
See also: ESG integration
Back to the Sustainable Investing Glossary Quantitative Investing Glossary Credit Investing Glossary
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The weight of man-made objects on Earth now exceeds the mass of all living things, new research reveals.
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Tackling high-carbon funding and protecting labor rights in the post-Covid-19 world are Robeco's main engagement themes for 2021.
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Browse the article How do you grow meat in a lab?
Will a steak taste as good if it comes from a lab as it does from a cow?
A lot of us love the taste of a nice juicy hamburger or a T-bone steak that's been broiled just right. But even as we're salivating over that delicious sizzling hunk of goodness on our plates, there's a certain unappetizing reality that some of us don't like to think about. In order to get the meat for our delicious meal, a cow had to be killed and butchered. And we humans tend to feel an affinity toward cows, with their big eyes, flapping tails and soulful mooing. We smile at computer-generated anthropomorphic cows in TV commercials, because, well, we like to imagine what they would say if they could speak to us. We like cows, but we also like to eat them. It's a bedeviling conundrum. Some people solve it by become vegetarians, and abstaining from eating what they call "food with a face." But if you're accustomed to the taste of animal flesh -- and the protein, iron and other nutrients that it contains in abundance -- a tofu burger or a plate of rice and beans may seem like a poor substitute.
But wouldn't it be great if you could have all the meat you wanted, but without having to kill any animals? It probably seems like an impossible fantasy, like those talking cows in the commercials. But guess again. It may not be too long before you're able to dine on some delicious meat that looks, smells and tastes exactly like top quality organic grass-fed beef. But instead of coming from a cow, it'll come from a laboratory.
For years, scientists have envisioned the manufacturing of synthetic meat, which would involve taking a small amount of muscle cells from a living animal and using it to culture lumps of tissue that then could be cooked and eaten, just like real beef or chicken. But recently, they've moved closer to making mass-produced test-tube burgers a reality. In 2011, University of Missouri tissue engineering specialist Gabor Forgacs not only produced a sample of synthetic muscle, but publicly ate some of it at a scientific conference. He's started a company, Modern Meadows, which eventually aims to produce the stuff for consumers. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, a team of researchers led by Maastricht University vascular physiologist Mark Post also claims to be on the verge of unveiling an artificial burger of its own [source: Levitt].
In this article, we'll tell you about how scientists are trying to make synthetic meat, and how it may change our dining habits. But first, let's look at the history of the quest for fake flesh.
How soon before lab-grown meat appears at a store near you?
The Dutch team headed by Post envisions using cow stem cells -- the building blocks of muscles and other organs -- to create synthetic meat. In the lab, they've cultured stem cells in petri dishes, and then put them together in a small container so that they produce muscle cells, which grow and form small pieces of muscle about 2 centimeters long, 1 centimeter wide and about a millimeter thick. The off-white strips of synthetic flesh look more like calamari than hamburger, and the taste is pretty bland. But researchers envision growing bigger patty-like hunks in round containers, and then mixing it with artificial blood and fat so that it gets a more meaty texture, smell and taste [source: Ghosh].
Modern Meadow, the outfit started by University of Missouri researcher Forgacs, plans to add an even stranger wrinkle to the synthetic meat concept. The company envisions using a 3-D printer to spray successive layers of "bio-ink" composed of muscle cells to build fake steak or hamburger. Modern Meadow says this process will enable it to manufacture meat faster and more efficiently than processes previously envisioned by scientists [source: U.S. Department of Agriculture].
A 2011 Wired magazine article points out that while fake burgers seem to be on the horizon, there are still some daunting technical hurdles to be overcome. It's not easy to trick stem cells to growing meat, and it requires a complex soup of fuels, salts, minerals, hormones and other stuff to grow muscle cells that are healthy enough to survive. And growing a piece of meat as complicated as say, a porterhouse steak, is going to be a real challenge. An actual slab of porterhouse isn't just a bunch of muscle cells that stick together. The cells are part of muscle fibers, which in turn integrated with one another into a complex piece of tissue that is capable of doing work in a living animal's body. The tissue also contains a network of blood vessels and deposits of fat, all of which contribute subtly to the appearance, texture and taste [source: Timmer].
How Soon Will Synthetic Meat Ever Replace Big Macs?
Not right away, probably. For one thing, producing synthetic meat initially is going to be really expensive -- Post's fake hamburger, which he's hoping to get a celebrity chef to cook, will cost about £200,000 or U.S. $320,000 to produce. (You could buy 89,635 Big Macs -- which go for $3.57 apiece as of late 2012 -- for that much money.) Of course, as researchers refine the process, they're hoping to drive the cost down quite a bit [source: Ghosh].
Test-tube burgers would have a lot of advantages over the real stuff. For one thing, fake meat wouldn't eat up our resources the way that cows do. According to EarthSave, an environmental organization, growing a pound (about half a kilogram) of beef necessitates the use of 2,500 gallons (9,464 liters) of water, 12 pounds (5.4 kilograms) of grain, 35 pounds (15.8 kilograms) of topsoil and the energy equivalent of 1 gallon (4 liters) of gasoline. And with some experts estimating that food production will have to double within the next 40 years to keep up with expanding populations in developing countries, it's going to be tough to find enough pastureland, grain and water to feed the number of cows we would need for meat. "Anything that stops more wild land being converted to agricultural land is a good thing," University of British Columbia professor food ecologist Sean Smukler said in a 2012 BBC News interview. "We're already reaching a critical point in the availability of land" [source: Ghosh].
Jason Matheny, director of New Harvest, a nonprofit research organization that has been working since the mid-2000s to promote its development, said in a 2008 interview that synthetic meat would have health advantages as well. It would be easier to control and eliminate food-based pathogens in laboratory meat, and fat content could be systematically controlled, making it healthier to eat [source: Kiger].
That is, assuming that synthetic meat ranchers can get people to eat the stuff. Modern Meadow, the Missouri-based startup that hopes to become the first manufacturer of synthetic meat, concedes that convincing consumers that fake flesh is okay may be a bit of a challenge. "We expect it will first appeal to culinary early-adopted consumers, and the segment of the vegetarian community that rejects meat for ethical reasons," the company wrote in a 2012 proposal for a U.S. Department of Agriculture grant. "With reduction in price, it can reach the masses with religious restrictions on meat consumption (people restricted to Hindu, Kosher, Halal diets) and finally populations with limited access to safe meat production" [source: U.S. Department of Agriculture].
Author's Note: How do you grow meat in a lab?
My father was a grocery store owner and a butcher, so I grew up around meat of all kinds. We ate steaks and hamburgers probably several times a week, in addition to pastrami, stews, bacon, sausage, and plenty of a strange, oily processed meat product called chipped ham, for which people in my hometown of Pittsburgh had a peculiar craving. But after I grew up and reached middle age, I mysteriously lost my desire to eat meat. I think some of it has to do with being the owner of three dogs, and realizing that it felt strange to eat some animals and play fetch with others. Today, I subsist on rice and beans, cashew butter, fresh and cooked vegetables, oatmeal and raw salads and fruit, a small amount of cheese and eggs, and an occasional serving of farm-raised tilapia. Maybe I'm a mammal supremacist, but I don't get quite as misty-eyed about fish. The idea of synthetic meat intrigues me, though I'm not sure if I'd actually eat it, even if it was available. I've gotten so accustomed to my plant-based diet that I'm not sure that meat would taste good to me at this point.