text:
\section{Introduction}

Quantum many-body systems at sufficiently strong disorder can exhibit a so-called \textit{many-body localized} (MBL) phase as shown in by Basko et al. in Ref.~\onlinecite{Basko:2006hh} (see also Refs.~\onlinecite{fleishman1980interactions,Gornyi:2005})
This dynamical phenomenon is an extension of Anderson localization\cite{Anderson:1958vr} to interacting systems and involves a breakdown of statistical mechanics wherein MBL quantum systems do not thermalize.\cite{Nandkishore2014}
MBL systems can also be characterized by the properties of their highly excited eigenstates and it was argued \cite{Pal:2010gr} that such eigenstates would have only local entanglement and thus obey the area law\cite{Eisert:2010hq}.
This conjecture has further been corroborated  by subsequent numerical studies examining the behavior of entanglement entropy in highly excited eigenstates.\cite{Bauer:2013jw,Luitz:2015,Kjaell:2015df}
In contrast to the area law in eigenstates, a logarithmic growth of entanglement without bounds as a function of time is found following a global quench.\cite{Znidaric:2008cr,Bardarson:2012gc,Serbyn:2013he,Vosk:2013kt} Interestingly, even in the MBL regime it is possible to have a sharp definition of phases and phase transitions based on the notion of eigenstate order \cite{Huse:2013bw,Pekker:2013vt,Vosk2014,Chandran:2013uz,Bahri:2013ux}.
A description of MBL systems was introduced based on the existence of a complete set of commuting local integrals of motion (also called ``l-bits'') which are believed to exist in systems in which \emph{all} many-body eigenstates are localized \cite{Serbyn:2013cl,Huse:2013uc,Huse:2014uy,Chandran:2015df,Ros2015,Huse:2014uy} and this captures all of the features mentioned above.

The question of how quantum many-body systems behave when exposed to periodic driving with a  Hamiltonian $H(t)=H(t+T)$ is currently a focus in the field of non-equilibrium physics.\cite{Lazarides:2014ie,Lazarides:2015jd,abanin2015effective,DAlessio:2014fg,Ponte:2015dc,Ponte:2015hm,Lazarides:2014ie,DAlessio:2014fg,Ponte:2015hm,Eckardt:2008fg,Genske:2015iq,Ponte:2015dc,Lazarides:2015jd,rehn2016periodic}
With sufficient disorder, it is expected that periodically driven (or Floquet) systems can exhibit a dynamical quantum phase transition from a localized to an extended, ``infinite-temperature'' phase as function of the driving.
The properties of a Floquet system are determined by the eigenstates $|\psi_{n}\rangle$ of its time evolution operator $U_T$ for one period.
In its eigenbasis, the unitary can be expressed as $U_T=e^{i\theta_n}|\psi_n\rangle\langle\psi_n|$ with $\theta_n\in[-\pi,\pi)$.
We can define a so called Floquet Hamiltonian $H_{F}$ with eigenvalues $\theta_n$ and corresponding eigenstates $|\psi_n\rangle$ such that $U_T = e^{iTH_F}$.
Like the MBL phase in static systems, the Floquet MBL phase is characterized by the locality of the eigenstates, including an area law and the conjectured existence of quasi local integrals of motion.\cite{Abanin20161}
Finally, Floquet MBL systems can also exhibit phases in which the Floquet eigenstates exhibit different forms of order \cite{Khemani16},
some unique to the driven setting. A spate of recent work has identified a large set of such phases with symmetry breaking and
topological order.\cite{Keyserlingk16,Keyserlingk16b,Roy2016,Else2016,Potter2016,Keyserlingk16c}

To understand the phenomenon of MBL in both in static and driven systems, we must solve a quantum many-body problem.
Due to the exponentially growing Hilbert space, it is prohibitively expensive to diagonalize systems larger than $\sim$$20$ spins.
In Ref.~\onlinecite{khemani2016obtaining}, a generalization of the density matrix renormalization group  method \cite{White:1992,Schollwock2011} (DMRG-X) was introduced that  obtains \emph{highly excited} eigenstates of MBL systems to machine precision at moderate to large disorder in a time that scales only polynomially with $N$ (see also related works in Refs.~\onlinecite{Pekker:2014ux,pollmann16,lim15,yu2015finding,serbyn16}).
The underlying principle is that quantum states that are only slightly entangled (i.e., area law states) can be efficiently represented using matrix-product states (MPS)\cite{Fannes-1992,Schuch:2008ty,PhysRevLett.114.170505}.  Furthermore, the DMRG-X method explicitly takes advantage of the local spatial structure of the  eigenstates.

In this paper, we generalize the DMRG-X method to find the eigenstates of Floquet MBL systems.
An important insight for this generalization is that the Floquet operator $U_T$ can be compressed into a matrix-product operator (MPO) representation.\cite{verstraete}
This compression is performed iteratively using a variant of the time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm.\cite{vidal2004}
We  first benchmark the method by comparing with exact diagonalization (ED) results for small system sizes.
By  going to systems far beyond ED, we can then unambiguously show that the MBL phase remains robust over a range of parameters.
In particular, we measure the entanglement entropy of the eigenstates and show that the system studied exhibits the characteristic area law.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Sec.~\ref{sec:algo} we introduce and discuss the TEBD + DMRG-X algorithm to find highly excited states of Floquet MBL systems.
In Sec.~\ref{sec:binary}, we introduce a binary drive model and briefly review a previous ED study.
 %
We benchmark our algorithm with exact results for small systems in Sec.~\ref{sec:ed} and then show results for large systems in Sec.~\ref{sec:big}.
 %
We finally conclude with a summary and outlook in Sec.~\ref{sec:disco}.

\section{Algorithm}\label{sec:algo}
The algorithm to efficiently find MPS representations of Floquet eigenstates introduced in this paper is a generalization of the DMRG-X algorithm for static MBL systems.
A key difference is that we first need to construct an MPO representation of the the Floquet operator.
\subsection{Efficient representation of states and operators}
A general quantum state $|\Psi\rangle$ for a one-dimensional system of $N$ sites can be written in a canonical MPS form \cite{VidalCanonical} such that
\begin{eqnarray}
	\ket{\Psi} = \sum_{\{j_n\}}
		\Gamma^{[1]j_1} \Lambda^{[1]} \Gamma^{[2]j_2} \Lambda^{[2]} \cdots \Lambda^{[N-1]} \Gamma^{[L]j_N}| j_1, \ldots ,j_{N} \rangle.\nonumber\\
 \label{eq:mps}
\end{eqnarray}
Here,  $\Gamma^{[n]j_n}$  are $\chi_{n} \times \chi_{n+1}$ matrices and $|j_n\rangle$ with $j_n=1,\dots,d$ is a basis of local states at site $n$ (for a spin 1/2 system, $d = 2$).
The matrices at the boundaries,  $n=1$ and $n=N$, are vectors so that $\chi_1 = \chi_{N+1} = 1$ and the product over all matrices gives a complex number, which is the amplitude of $|\Psi \rangle$ on the basis state $|j_1 \cdots j_N \rangle$.
The  $\Lambda^{[n]}$ are diagonal matrices in which the entries correspond to the Schmidt values for a decomposition at bond $n$ into a sum of $\chi$ orthogonal wave functions $\ket{\alpha}_{[1,\dots, n]}$ and $\ket{\alpha}_{[n+1,\dots, N]}$ to the left/right of the bond.
The state then takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
	\ket{\Psi} &= \sum_{\alpha=1}^\chi \Lambda^{[n]}_\alpha \ket{\alpha}_{[1,\dots,n]} \otimes \ket{\alpha}_{[n+1,\dots,N]}.
\end{eqnarray}
The wave functions $|\alpha\rangle_{L/R}$ are formed by simply multiplying all matrices to the left and right, respectively. The index $\alpha$ is the dangling index on the left / right of the matrices at site $n$ / $n+1$.

\begin{figure}
	\begin{center}
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig1.pdf}
	\caption{Schematic tensor representation: (a) and (b) exemplify a generic MPS and MPO respectively, both in canonical form where $\Lambda_n$ are positive, real, square diagonal matrices containing the Schmidt values.  (c) overviews the TEBD method for creating the Floquet MPO.  Successive two-site unitary operators are applied, from $U_0=U(0,\delta t)$ to $U_{T/\delta t}=U(T-\delta t,T)$.  (d) focuses on the evolution of one site over time $\Delta$, showing contraction of two sites, application of a unitary operator, and singular value decomposition (SVD) . \label{fig:mpsmpo}}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

A  similar idea applies to the space of linear operators which can in turn be represented in terms of MPOs taking the form
\begin{eqnarray}
	O= \sum_{\{j_n\}\{j_n'\}}
		\Gamma^{[1]j_1j_1'} \Lambda^{[1]} \Gamma^{[2]j_2j_2'} \Lambda^{[2]} \cdots \Lambda^{[N-1]} \Gamma^{[N]j_N}\times\nonumber\\
		\times | j_1, \ldots ,j_{N} \rangle\langle j_1', \ldots ,j_{N}' |.\nonumber\\
 \label{eq:mps}
\end{eqnarray}
Here the only difference compared to MPS is that we added one physical index to the tensors.
Further, the norm $\mathcal{N} = \sum_{\alpha}\Lambda_{\alpha}^2$ corresponds to the two-norm of the linear operator.
In the following, we use a graphical representation of the MPSs and MPOs as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:mpsmpo}(a) and (b).

\subsection{Floquet MPO}
We now discuss how to compress a Floquet operator $U_T$ into an MPO form assuming that the terms in the driven Hamiltonian are short-ranged.

The Floquet time evolution operator for one period $T$ of driving is given by
\begin{equation}
U_T = \mathcal{T}\exp\left\{-i\int_0^TH(t)dt\right\},
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{T}$ denote the time ordering operator. The compression of $U_T$  is performed using the time-evolving block decimation algorithm.\cite{vidal2004} While originally proposed to evolve MPS, it can analogously be used to compress a unitary into an MPO.
The algorithm uses Trotter-Suzuki decomposition, which approximates the exponent of a sum of operators with a product of exponents of the operators.
For example, the first order expansion reads
\begin{equation}
	e^{(V+W)\delta} = e^{V\delta}e^{W\delta} + \mathcal{O}(\delta^2).
	\label{eq:ST1}
\end{equation}
Let us now assume that the Hamiltonian is a sum of two-site operators of the form $H(t)=\sum_n h^{[n,n+1]}(t)$ and decompose it as a sum
\begin{align}
	H &= H_{\rm odd}(t) + H_{\rm even}(t) \notag\\
	&= \sum_{n\; {\rm odd}} h^{[n,n+1]}(t) + \sum_{n\; {\rm even}} h^{[n,n+1]}(t).
\end{align}
Note that each term $H_{\rm odd}$(t) and $H_{\rm even}$(t) consists of a sum of commuting operators.
We now divide the time into small time slices $\delta t$  and consider a time evolution operator $U(t,t+\delta t)$.
Using, as an example, the first order decomposition~\eqref{eq:ST1}, the operator $U(t,t+\delta t)$ can be expanded into products of two-site unitary operators
\begin{equation}
	\left[\prod_{n\; {\rm odd}} U^{[n,n+1]}(t,t+\delta t)  \right]\left[\prod_{n\; {\rm even}} U^{[n,n+1]}(t,t+\delta t)  \right],
	\label{TimeEvol}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
	U^{[n,n+1]}(t,t+\delta t)=e^{-i \, \delta t \, h^{[n,n+1]}(t)}
\end{eqnarray}
The successive application of these two-site unitary operators for one period $T$ is the main part of the algorithm.
A pictorial representation of the algorithm is given in Fig.~\ref{fig:mpsmpo}(c) and (d).
This simple decomposition corresponds to a first order Trotter decomposition with  total error $\mathcal{O}(\delta t)$.
It is straight forward to perform higher order decompositions.\cite{Schollwock2011}

To start, a simple product operator is formed by a tensor product of identity operators.
Then the two-site gates $U^{[i,i+1]}(t,t+\delta t)$ are successively applied alternating even and odd bonds.
Each application of a two-site gate follows the same procedure:
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item Contract two neighboring tensors $\Gamma^{[n]}$ and  $\Gamma^{[n+1]}$  with adjacent $\Lambda$'s to form a mixed representation of $\Xi^{ii';jj'_{\alpha\beta}}$ in terms of the local operators $|ij\rangle\langle i'j'|$ and Schmidt states to the left and right.
\item Apply the two site gate $U^{[n,n+1]}(t,t+\delta t)$ by contracting over two physical indices.
\item Group the legs left and right of the center and perform a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix $\Xi_{ii'\alpha;jj'\beta}$ to obtain the new tensors.
\item Truncate by neglecting small singular values and renormalize the operator such that $\sum_{\alpha} (\tilde{\Lambda}_{\alpha}^{[n]})^2=\mathcal{N}.$
\end{enumerate}

Note that the compression of the Floquet operator is  efficient as long as the period is sufficiently short independent of the system size $N$.
In particular, for a generic local Hamiltonian, the size of the dimension of the matrices needed to express the operator grows exponentially with time due to to the fact that degrees of freedom within a light cone get entangled.\cite{lieb:1972,kliesch2014lieb}
In special cases the growth of the bond dimension can be much slower.
For example due to the slow growth of entanglement in MBL systems, the bond dimension required to express the unitary is expected to only grow polynomially with time.
Further, for Hamiltonians consisting of commuting operators, the dimension is independent of the length of the driving period.

 \subsection{DMRG-X}

Once we have obtained the MPO representation of the Floquet operator $U_T$ we can use DMRG-X to variationally find its eigenstates in MPS form.
The procedure is very similar to the original DMRG-X procedure, with the difference that the Floquet operator is usually not Hermitian.
Let us now briefly review the basic concepts of the DMRG-X algorithm (details of the algorithm can be found in Ref.~\onlinecite{khemani2016obtaining}).
The DMRG-X algorithm diagonalizes the effective Floquet operator $\mathcal{U}_T$  in a mixed representation which expresses local states in the spin basis $|j_{n}\rangle\otimes|j_{n+1}\rangle$ and the environment in terms of orthogonal Schmidt states $\ket{\alpha}_{[1,\dots,n-1]} \otimes \ket{\beta}_{[n+2,\dots,N]}$.
This effective Floquet operator is generated at each step from the MPO representation of $U_T$.
The algorithm is initialized by choosing a product state that has a finite overlap with some l-bit state, e.g., for the binary drive model discussed below we choose random states in the $\sigma^z$  basis.  We then start our DMRG-X algorithm with the following local two-site update at sites [n,n+1]:
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
 \item Construct the effective Floquet operator $\mathcal{U}_T$ in the mixed basis for sites $[n,n+1]$.
 \item Diagonalize  $\mathcal{U}_T$ and pick the eigenstate  that has \emph{maximum overlap} with the current MPS.
 \item Update the tensors on sites [n,n+1] and move to the next bond.
 \end{enumerate}

The sweeping procedure is repeated until the MPS converged to a Floquet eigenstate with the ``l-bit'' quantum number selected by the initial configuration.
To accelerate the algorithm for larger bond dimensions, we switch to a sparse matrix method once the bond dimension has reached a certain threshold.
We then find a number of $n_{x}$ eigenstates near the quasi energy $E = \log \langle\psi| \mathcal{U}_T | \psi\rangle$ using an iterative shift-invert method, with $|\psi\rangle$ being the current MPS.
We the successively increase $n_{x}$  in case none of the excited states has a significant overlap with $|\psi\rangle$.

From the eigenstates, we can then investigate signatures of MBL such as area-law entanglement entropy, fluctuations in entropy and other observables, participation ratio, and correlation functions (i.e. spin glass order parameter, which we do not explore here).
Due to the periodic nature of Floquet quasi-energy spectrum, we assume that the properties of all the eigenstates are statistically the same and confirm this by studying eigenstates with different quasienergies.
Therefore, the behavior of a single eigenstate of $U_T$ is expected to describe all the eigenstates, and fully characterize the thermalization properties of the system.

\section{Binary drive model}\label{sec:binary}
To test the algorithm, we consider a binary drive  \cite{Ponte:2015dc,d2013many} in which the Hamiltonian dynamically switches using the following protocol.
For a time $T_0$ a localized Hamiltonian
\[
H_0 = \sum_{i}h_i\sigma_i^z+J_z\sigma_i^z\sigma_{i+1}^z,
\]
is applied, where the $h_i$ are uniformly distributed in $[-W,W]$. Then the delocalizing part
\[
H_1 = J_{\perp}\sum_{i}\sigma_i^x\sigma_{i+1}^x+\sigma_i^y\sigma_{i+1}^y
\]
acts for a time $T_1$ so that the total period is $T=T_0+T_1$.
The corresponding Floquet operator is then $U_T=e^{-iH_0T_0}e^{-iH_1T_1}$.
Ponte et al.  studied in Ref.~\onlinecite{Ponte:2015dc} this model varying $T_1$ for fixed  $J_{\perp}=J_z=1/4$, $W=2.5$, and $T_0=1$; we adapt the same parameters for our work.

Using ED of small ($N=10-14$) system sizes, as well as evolution of local observables and entanglement (up to $N=30$), it was argued that the binary drive model exhibits an MBL transition as function of $T_1$.
For small values of $T_1$, the system is found to be MBL while for large $T_1$ the Floquet operator is delocalized.
Different measures of MBL resulted in ambiguous values for a critical $T_1^C$ for a phase transition, giving a $T_1^C$ between ~0.6 to 1.1.
Furthermore, significant drifts were observed for the values obtained by ED due to finite size effects.

\section{Comparison to exact diagonalization}\label{sec:ed}

\begin{figure}
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig2.pdf}
	\caption{ Comparison with ED for a chain of length $N=10$ a timestep of $\delta t=10^{-3}$. Shown is the average over 100 different disorder realizations (a) $\delta U$ from varying $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ \, with $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}=32$ to guarantee zero error from DMRG-X.  (b) $\delta\psi$ from varying $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ with $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ adjusted to maintain a constant, low $\delta U$.  (c) Quasi-energy spectrum from ED vs. TEBD + DMRG-X.\label{fig:EDcompare}}	\end{figure}

We now benchmark our method by comparing with ED results for small system sizes.
The simulation contains errors due to approximations made both during the MPO compression of the unitary and the MPS representation of the eigenstates.

First we compare in Fig.~\ref{fig:EDcompare}(a) the approximated Floquet operator with the exact one for $N=10$ by plotting the norm difference
\begin{equation}
\delta U =  \frac{\lVert U_{\mathrm{ED}}-U_{\mathrm{MPO}}\lVert_2}{\lVert U_{\mathrm{ED}}\lVert_2}
\end{equation}
for a range of $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ with $\lVert\cdot\lVert_2$ being the Frobenius norm.  $U_{\mathrm{ED}}$ is the exact unitary with dimensions $D=d^{2N}$, and $U_{\mathrm{MPO}}$ is the unitary created from contracting the truncated MPO along all the bond indices.
$U_{\mathrm{MPO}}$ is affected by Trotter error due to the finite time step in second order Trotter decomposition as well as truncation error due to truncation to a bond dimension $D_{\mathrm{max}}$.
Evidently, for  small $T_1\le 1$, a small $D_{\mathrm{max}}$$\sim$$20$ is sufficient to faithfully represent the unitary $U_{T}$ and error comes solely from Trotter decomposition.
Further, we tested that for a given small $T_1$, the required $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ does not depend on the system size (not shown).
However, as the delocalization time $T_1$ is increased, $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ must also be increased to capture the same accuracy.
A few comments are in order:
(i) The unitary $U_T$ can be efficiently represented with a rather small bond dimension even though the system is already in the extended phase as the total time $T_0 + T_1$ is short.
(ii) For the specific binary drive used, the required $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ depends only weakly on the specific disorder realization as the disordered part $H_0$ contains only commuting terms.
(iii) While the Trotter error can easily be further reduced, we found that an error of $10^{-6}$ is sufficient to find the eigenstates up to machine precision.
(iv) In principle it is possible to optimize the choice of the Floquet operator over the different choices of initial time to
obtain the smallest average bond dimension over the period.

Next we compare the quality of the eigenstates obtained using DMRG-X from a fully converged Floquet operator ($D_{\mathrm{max}}=40$). In this case, the only error is due to the finite bond dimension $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ of the MPS.
Figure~\ref{fig:EDcompare}(b) shows the norm error \begin{equation}
\delta \psi = 1-\left|\langle\psi_{\mathrm{MPS}}|U_{\mathrm{ED}}|\psi_{\mathrm{MPS}}\rangle\right|
\end{equation}
comparing the MPS representation of the state with the exact one for varying bond dimension $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$.
Here $\psi_{\mathrm{MPS}}$ is the eigenstate created from contracting the truncated MPS along all the bond indices.
If $T_1$ is small, we obtain machine precision eigenstates already for $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}\approx 20$.
For larger $T_1$, the required bond dimension saturates at the maximal value of $2^5=32$ (at which the full Hilbert space is spanned by the Schmidt states and DMRG is equivalent to ED).
This behavior is hinting at the presence of an extended phase as the MPS description is no longer efficient.
Lastly we choose a specific disorder realization and compare the energies $\theta_n$ of the DMRG-X algorithm initiated with different product states and ED results in Fig.~\ref{fig:EDcompare}(c) for $ T_1=0.2$.
As also observed in the original DMRG-X algorithm\cite{khemani2016obtaining}, certain energy levels are missing.
This happens if two or more eigenstates of $U_T$ have maximum weight on the same input basis state and can be avoided by requiring every new state to be orthogonal to the prior ones.
Further, for large $T_1$, missing quasi-energies and eigenstates may arise from a bias toward lower entropy eigenstates, as discussed in the concluding remarks below.

\section{ MBL beyond ED}\label{sec:big}
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig3.pdf}
\caption{Distribution of $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ necessary for $\mathrm{trunc}=10^{-12}$, taken from $\sim 300$ disorder realizations.  Since the distributions have been normalized to 1, they can be taken as probabilities of requiring a certain $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$.  The left panel shows data for $T_1=0.2$ while the right panel shows data for $T_1=0.3$.\label{fig:histograms}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{fig5B.pdf}
\caption{(a) Disorder averaged half-chain entanglement entropy $\langle S_{\mathrm{half}}\rangle$. (b) Disorder averaged maximum entanglement over the bonds $\langle S_{\mathrm{max}}\rangle$ for $N=10-42$ and $T_1=0.05-0.40$, averaged over 400 disorder realizations.
\label{fig:entropy}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
We now go beyond the ED limit and consider systems up to $N=42$ sites.
In order to faithfully represent the Floquet operator, we choose, for each value of $T_1$, the $D_{\mathrm{max}}$ such that the truncation error is small compared to the Trotter error which is of order $10^{-8}$.
The more delicate part is the bond dimension $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ used in for the DMRG-X algorithm, since it varies with system size.
Moreover, as we iterate over different disorder realizations and eigenstates, we find that the required bond dimensions fluctuate strongly.
We thus choose the bond dimension dynamically by ensuring that the truncation error
\[
\mathrm{trunc} = \displaystyle\sum_{\alpha=\chi_{\mathrm{max}}}^{d^{N/2}} \Lambda_{\alpha}^2
\]
at each DMRG step is smaller than $10^{-12}$.
As independent measure we calculate
\[
\delta E = 1-\left|\langle\psi_{\mathrm{MPS}}|U_{\mathrm{MPO}}|\psi_{\mathrm{MPS}}\rangle\right|
\]
to make sure that the eigenstates are well converged.
We only show data with relatively small $T_1$ for which all simulations for different disorder realizations converged with a moderate bond dimension of $\chi_{\mathrm{max}} \le 52$.
The histograms of $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$'s for different system sizes and $T_1$ are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:histograms}.
For $T_1=0.2$ (deep in the MBL phase), we find that $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ is basically independent of system size.
However, already for $T_1=0.3$ we observe a noticeable a tail toward larger $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$, which is accounted to the appearance of Griffith regions and resonances.
When going to larger $T_1$, which lie in the extended phase, the required $\chi_{\mathrm{max}}$ diverges quickly and cannot be simulated anymore (not shown).

Figure~\ref{fig:entropy}(a) shows the half chain entanglement entropy for various system sizes, displaying a clear area law for small $T_1\le 0.4$.
The stability of the area law even for systems up to $N=42$ is a strong indication for the presence of an MBL phase.
The disorder averaged {\it maximum} entanglement over the bonds $\langle S_{\mathrm{max}}\rangle$ however shows a logarithmic increase with system size.
This increase is characteristic of the proliferation of Griffiths regions with anomalously low disorder.  The probability of a Griffiths region of size $L$ in a size $N$ chain scales as $Ne^{-L/L_0}$.  If we set this probability to a constant, then $L\propto\frac{1}{L_0}\log{N}$.  Since the entanglement entropy in these regions is proportional to their volume, the maximum entropy should indeed scale as $\log{N}$. This has also been discussed in the context of undriven MBL systems.\cite{khemani2016obtaining,Devakul16} We note that the Griffiths effects considered
here are in an MBL region. Presumably they connect across the localization transition to the Griffiths region discussed in
Refs.~\onlinecite{agarwal2015anomalous,BarLev2015}.

\section{Conclusions}\label{sec:disco}
We have generalized the recently introduced Density-Matrix Renormalization Group for eXcited states (DMRG-X)\cite{khemani2016obtaining} algorithm to efficiently obtain Floquet eigenstates of one-dimensional, periodically driven many-body localized systems.
To this end we introduced an algorithm to compress the Floquet operator in a matrix-product operator form of small bond dimension.
We tested the algorithm by considering a disordered spin-1/2 binary drive model.
We first benchmarked the algorithm and confirmed that the algorithm reproduces the exact diagonalization results up to machine precision for small bond dimensions.
We then considered system sizes that lie beyond exact diagonalization and focused on the regime in which the delocalizing time is short.
Here we find excellent convergence and observe an area law in the disorder averaged half chain entanglement entropy.
In addition, we find a logarithmic growth of the disorder averaged maximum entanglement entropy, which is due to Griffith regions.

For stronger driving (i.e. longer $T_1$), the system becomes more delocalized and with the spreading of resonant Griffiths regions, the assumption of local integrals of motion and small spin configuration change no longer holds.
Here, DMRG-X  demonstrates a bias toward lower entropy eigenstates in the eigenstate selection step after energy targeting.
This is due to lower entropy eigenstates typically having larger overlap with initial states that are zero entropy product states, and can be mollified by starting with random states beyond mere product states.
The point of onset of length-dependence, and thus delocalization and Griffiths regions, is not affected by eigenstate biasing because where Griffiths regions do not contribute significantly to entropy growth, there would be no length-dependence of entropy or other thermalization measures.
Therefore, deep in the MBL phase, the system can be well described by the local integrals of motion picture and the DMRG-X method is not biased towards low entanglement states.
Going forward we expect this algorithm to be very useful in exploring the properties and stability of quantum orders in Floquet eigenstates.

{\bf Acknowledgments.}
We thank I. Cirac for an especially enlightening discussion at the start of this project and V. Khemani for collaboration on much related work as well as discussions specific to this project.
SLS acknowledges support from the NSF-DMR via Grant No. 1311781, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation via
a Humboldt Award.
FP acknowledges support from the DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Research Unit FOR 1807 through grants no. PO 1370/2-1.

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text:
Página 1 dos resultados de 19060 itens digitais encontrados em 0.065 segundos
Universidade Nacional da Austrália
World Bank: Washington, DC
‣ Evaluating business innovation policies in developing countries: the case of Mexico
Martínez-Covarrubias, Juan Luis
Fonte: University of Limerick Publicador: University of Limerick
Tipo: info:eu-repo/semantics/book; all_ul_research; ul_published_reviewed; ul_theses_dissertations
#developing countries#business innovation policies#Mexico
peer-reviewed; Developing countries have recently been emulating innovation policies implemented by developed countries with the firm conviction that it will improve their economic development prospects. Nevertheless, the specificities and conditions of the former group differ from the latter. Technological as well as absorptive and innovation capacities are key factors determining these differences. According to the literature on evaluating innovation policy, these key issues have been overlooked by current evaluation practices in developing countries. Another literature, dealing with global value chains, claims that upgrading firms functionally and inter-sectorally may allow developing countries to escape the negative effects of globalisation highlighted by dependency theory and the law of uneven development. However, there is a gap between these two literatures. To date, no empirical evaluation framework for the evaluation of innovation policies in developing countries explicitly considers either the importance of technological and absorptive capacity building, or the likelihood of firms to upgrade functionally and inter-sectorally in global value chains. This thesis fills that gap by developing and validating an evaluation framework of innovation policies in developing countries which explicitly considers these important factors. Evaluation of business innovation policies implemented in Mexico from 2006 to 2009 served as a laboratory to test this methodological framework. A unique dataset...
‣ Global Development Finance 2012 : External Debt of Developing Countries
#ACCESS TO MARKET#ACCOUNTING#AMOUNT OF DEBT#ARREARS#ASSETS#BALANCE OF PAYMENT#BALANCE SHEETS#BANK DEBT#BANK FINANCING#BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS#BANK LENDING
The data and analysis presented in this edition of global development finance are based on actual flows and debt related transactions for 2010 reported to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System (DRS) by 129 developing countries. The reports confirm that in 2010 international capital flows to developing countries surpassed preliminary estimates and returned to their pre-crisis level of $1.1 trillion, an increase of 68 percent over the comparable figure for 2009. Private capital flows surged in 2010 driven by a massive jump in short-term debt, a strong rebound in bonds and more moderate rise in equity flows. Debt related inflows jumped almost 200 percent compared to a 25 percent increase in net equity flows. The rebound in capital flows was concentrated in a small group of 10 middle income countries where net capital inflows rose by an average of nearly 80 percent in 2010, almost double the rate of increase (44 percent) recorded by other developing countries. These 10 countries accounted for 73 percent of developing countries gross national income (GNI)...
‣ From Flying Geese to Leading Dragons : New Opportunities and Strategies for Structural Transformation in Developing Countries
Lin, Justin Yifu
Fonte: Banco Mundial Publicador: Banco Mundial
#ADVANCED COUNTRIES#ADVANCED COUNTRY#ADVANCED ECONOMIES#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY#AGRICULTURAL SECTOR#AGRICULTURE#ANNUAL GROWTH#ANNUAL GROWTH RATE#BANKRUPTCY#BILATERAL TRADE#BUSINESS CLIMATE
Economic development is a process of continuous industrial and technological upgrading in which any country, regardless of its level of development, can succeed if it develops industries that are consistent with its comparative advantage, determined by its endowment structure. The secret winning formula for developing countries is to exploit the latecomer advantage by building up industries that are growing dynamically in more advanced fast growing countries that have endowment structures similar to theirs. By following carefully selected lead countries, latecomers can emulate the leader-follower, flying-geese pattern that has served well successfully catching-up economies since the 18th century. The emergence of large middle-income countries such as China, India, and Brazil as new growth poles in the world, and their dynamic growth and climbing of the industrial ladder, offer an unprecedented opportunity to all developing economies with income levels currently below theirs --including those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Having itself been a "follower goose...
‣ Fiscal Competition in Developing Countries : A Survey of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Madies, Thierry; Dethier, Jean-Jacques
#ADDED TAX#AGENCY PROBLEM#ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION#AUCTION#AUCTIONS#BAILOUT#BID#BIDS#BOND#BUDGET CONSTRAINT#BUDGET CONSTRAINTS
The last two decades have witnessed a sharp increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and increased competition among developing countries to attract FDI, resulting in higher investment incentives offered by host governments and removal of restrictions on operations of foreign firms in their countries. Fiscal competition between governments can take the form of business tax rebates, productivity-enhancing public infrastructure or investment incentives such as tax holidays, accelerated depreciation allowances or loss carry-forward for income tax purposes. It can take place between governments of different countries or between local governments within the same country. This paper surveys the recent theoretical and empirical economic literature on decentralization which attempts to answer three questions. First, does theoretical literature on fiscal competition and "bidding races" contribute to a better understanding of such phenomenon in developing countries? Second, are FDI inflows in developing countries sensitive to fiscal incentives and is there empirical evidence of strategic behavior from the part of developing countries in order to attract FDI? Third...
‣ Motor Third-Party Liability Insurance in Developing Countries : Raising Awareness and Improving Safety
Gönülal, Serap O.
#ACCESS TO INFORMATION#ACCIDENTS#ACCOUNTING#ACCOUNTING RULES#ACCOUNTING STANDARDS#ACTUARIAL SCIENCE#ADJUDICATION#ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS#ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES#ADVERSE SELECTION#ASSETS
This study focusses on motor insurance, possibly the most important type of insurance sold in developing countries. In most countries, motor third-party liability (MTPL) insurance is compulsory in order to protect the public. World Bank studies in Africa, Central Asia, and Europe have shown that motor insurance premiums represent at least 30 percent of all non-life premium income. MTPL insurance has been introduced in the formerly centrally planned economies only in the past decade, and it is poorly understood. Motorists are inclined to view it as a form of tax that they are at liberty to evade, rather than as a protection against their personal liability, a concept that is not familiar to the general public. This report discusses the high motor accident casualty rate in developing countries, and predicts that it will increase dramatically by 2020. It focuses specific aspects of MTPL systems, with reference to the experiences gained in both developed and developing markets. The report examines existing practices, and discusses some aspects of the MTPL system...
‣ What Factors Appear to Drive Private Capital Flows to Developing Countries? And How Does Official Lending Respond?
Dasgupta, Dipak; Ratha, Dilip
#ADJUSTMENT LENDING#AGGREGATE LEVEL#ALLOCATION MODELS#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BANK LENDING#BANK LOANS#BENCHMARK#BLEND COUNTRIES#BONDS#BORROWING#BORROWING COUNTRIES
The authors study what drives private capital flows to developing countries, as well as the apparent response of official lending for the years 1978-97. Econometric results reveal that non-foreign direct investment portfolio flows to a country tended to rise in response to: 1) An increase in the current account deficit. 2) A rise in foreign direct investment flows. 3) Higher per capita income. 4) Growth performance. Once those variables were accounted for, private flows did not seem to be influenced by location, and regional factors. In addition, private capital flows (whether foreign direct investment or not) seem to respond positively (with a one-year lag) to World Bank lending commitments. By far the most important determinant of official lending to a developing country, seems to be the external current account balance, or a change in international reserves in the country. Official flows - including World Bank lending - appear to have played a stabilizing (or counter-cyclical) role in response to the volatility of private capital flows...
‣ Krueger/Schiff/Valdes Revisited : Agricultural Price and Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries since 1960
Anderson, Kym
#ABSOLUTE VALUES#ADVANCED ECONOMIES#ADVERSE IMPACT#AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS#AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT#AGRICULTURAL PRICE#AGRICULTURAL PRICES#AGRICULTURE#ALLOCATION#BALANCE SHEETS#BENCHMARK
A study of distortions to agricultural incentives in 18 developing countries during 1960-84, by Krueger, Schiff and Valdes (1988; 1991), found that policies in most of those developing countries were directly or indirectly harming their farmers. Since the mid-1980s there has been a substantial amount of policy reform and opening up of many developing countries, and indicators of that progress have been made available recently by a new study that has compiled estimates for a much larger sample of developing countries and for as many years as possible since 1955. The new study also covers Europe s transition economies and comparable estimates for high-income countries, thereby covering more than 90 percent of world agricultural output and employment. This paper summarizes the methodology used in the new study (pointing out similarities and differences with those used by the OECD and by Krueger, Schiff and Valdes), compares a synopsis of the indicators from Krueger, Schiff and Valdes and the new study for the period to 1984...
‣ Market Access for Developing Countries Exports
International Monetary Fund; World Bank
#AGGREGATE MEASURE OF SUPPORT#AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE#AGREEMENT ON TRADE#AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES#AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS#AGRICULTURAL GOODS#AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS#AGRICULTURAL MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL POLICY#AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Integration into the world economy has proven a powerful instrument for countries to promote economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. Trade has been an engine of growth for the past fifty years, owing in part to eight successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalization, as well as unilateral and regional trade liberalization. The growing integration of the world economy has raised living standards and brought increased opportunity to many parts of the globe. Many developing countries have shared in this prosperity. As a group, developing countries have become much more important in world trade, and their trade relationships have changed markedly from the traditional north-south pattern. Developing countries now account for one-third of world trade, up from about a quarter in the early 1970s, and many have substantially increased their exports of manufactures and services relative to traditional commodity exports. The share of manufactures in developing country exports has risen to 80 percent; moreover...
‣ Key issues for freer agricultural trade from the perspective of developing countries
Zhong, Funing
Fonte: Universidade Nacional da Austrália Publicador: Universidade Nacional da Austrália
Tipo: Working/Technical Paper Formato: 107242 bytes; 352 bytes; application/pdf; application/octet-stream
#developing countries#agricultural trade#subsidies#domestic support#non-tariff barriers#biotechnology#market access
Almost eight years have passed since the Uruguay Round of multi-lateral negotiations were conducted under GATT, but developing countries are yet to see or benefit from the freer agricultural trade projected by most studies during the negotiations. Because most developing economies depend heavily on agricultural production and trade, the world agricultural market has a significant impact on their growth, as well as on their attitude towards the next round of negotiations. It was predicted that, following the completion of the Uruguay Round of negotiations and the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the prices of most farm products in the world market would greatly increase because of cuts in domestic price support and export subsidies in developed countries. As a result, developing countries – with the exception of the poorest and most food-deficient ones – would benefit significantly from freer trade in agriculture and see their GDP growth accelerate. In reality, however, this has not been the case. World prices for major farm products remain low, while trade volumes remain the same. The reason for this is not new: the developed countries have kept their domestic price support and export subsidies at the same high levels...
‣ Developed country imports from developing countries: are they importing enough?
Katheklakis, Kosta
Tipo: Relatório
#developing countries#imports#agricultural industry#sustainable resources
The development of an efficient and competitive agricultural industry is of increasing importance to developing countries in their pursuit of industrialisation. The economically sustainable allocation of resources which is characteristic of an efficient industry allows sustainable growth both in the economy and in incomes. Growth in income is particularly vital in the alleviation of poverty. Increased trade flows, whether it be in agricultural or non- agricultural products facilitates the growth of local producers in developing countries. Agriculture is important for developing countries because a majority of their population lives in rural areas where agriculture is the primary source of income. Thus the increase in agricultural trade for these countries, as brought on by the establishment of a competitive and efficient industry helps to raise rural incomes and promote industrialisation. However, there exist many o bstacles to the free flow of trade in agricultural products. Many of these obstacles orig1nate in the trade and domestic support policies of the developed world. For this reason, previous and current trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation have had the facilitation of development in developing and Least Developed Countries as a primary concern. The Uruguay Round of negotiations was aimed at reducing tariffs and domestic support with an aim to improving market access for developing countries. While there were some decreases in tariff levels...
‣ "Global Development Finance" Projects a Brighter Outlook for Developing Countries; Global Development Finance: uma perspectiva mais positiva para os países em desenvolvimento
Lynn, Robert; De Klein, Annette; Farah, Caroline; Keyfitz, Robert; Riordan, Mick; Van Der Mensbrugghe, Dominique; Wolfe, Bert
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Brief; Publications & Research
#ECONOMIC GROWTH#DEVELOPMENT FINANCE#GLOBAL INTEGRATION#INTERNATIONAL TRADE#COMMODITY PRICES#CAPITAL FLOWS#FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS#ECONOMIC FORECASTING#MONETARY POLICY#ECONOMIC RECOVERY ADJUSTMENT PROCESS#CAPITAL FLOWS
Prospects for developing countries have improved considerably in the past six months finds the World Bank's just-released "Global Development Finance 2000." Industrial country output and world trade growth have become stronger and more broadly based. Although prices for primary commodities have firmed, inflationary pressures in the world economy remain contained. And while interest rates in some industrial countries have risen, spreads on lending to developing countries have fallen sharply--and capital flows to developing countries have stabilized. Developing countries grew an estimated 3.3 percent in 1999, up 0.6 percentage points from the estimate in last fall's "Global Economic Prospects" and more than twice the pace in 1998 (table 1). Developing country growth is expected to rise to 4.5-5.0 percent in 2000-02. During the recent financial crisis 45 developing countries containing 1.6 billion people experienced a drop in per capita income. But in 2000 those numbers are expected to fall to 14 countries with 140 million people. Still...
‣ Brain Drain in Developing Countries
Docquier, Frédéric; Lohest, Olivier; Marfouk, Abdeslam
Tipo: Journal Article; Journal Article
#Brain Drain#Developing Countries#educational attainment#human capital#immigration#international migration#migrants#political instability#skilled workers#small countries
Brain Drain in Developing Countries Frederic Docquier, Olivier Lohest, and Abdeslam Marfouk An original data set on international migration by educational attainment for 1990 and 2000 is used to analyze the determinants of brain drain from developing countries. The analysis starts with a simple decomposition of the brain drain in two multiplicative components, the degree of openness of sending countries (measured by the average emigration rate) and the schooling gap (measured by the education level of emigrants compared with natives). Yet recent theoretical studies emphasize several compensatory effects, showing that a limited but positive skilled emigration rate can be beneficial for sending countries (Commander, Kangasniemi, and Winters 2004; Docquier and Rapoport 2007; Beine, Docquier, and Rapoport 2001, forthcoming; Schiff 2005 provides a critical appraisal of this literature). However, without reliable comparative data Frederic Docquier (corresponding author) is a research associate at the National Fund for Economic Research; professor of economics at the Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; and research fellow at the Institute for the Study of Labor, Bonn, Germany; his email address is docquier ires.ucl.ac.be. Olivier Lohest is a research is a researcher at the Institut Wallon de l'Evaluation...
‣ The Role of Special Differential Treatment for Developing Countries in GATT and the World Trade Organization
Michalopoulos, Constantine
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper; Publications & Research
#AGRICULTURAL SECTOR#AGRICULTURE#AVERAGE TRADE#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BILATERAL TRADE#CAPITAL GOODS#COMMODITY EXPORTERS#COMPETITIVENESS#CONCEPTUAL BASIS#CONCESSIONS#CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS
The author analyzes how changes in thinking about the role trade plays in economic development have been reflected in provisions affecting developing countries in the GATT and the WTO. He focuses on the provisions calling for the special and differential treatment of developing countries. The WTO's special, and differential treatment has been extended to include measures of technical assistance, and extended transition periods to enable countries to meet their commitments in new areas agreed on in the Uruguay round of negotiations. At the same time, many WTO provisions encourage industrial countries to give developing countries preferential treatment, through a variety of measures, none of them legally enforceable. The author concludes that weaknesses in the institutional capacity of many developing countries, provide a conceptual basis for continuing special, and differential treatment in the WTO, but that the benefits should be targeted only to low-income developing countries, and those that need help becoming integrated with the international trading system. In addition...
‣ International Migration, Remittances, and Poverty in Developing Countries
Adams, Richard H., Jr.; Page, John
#AIR#AVAILABLE DATA#AVERAGE INCOME#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#CENSUS DATA#COUNTRY DATA#DATA SET#DEPENDENT VARIABLE#DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS#DEVELOPED COUNTRIES#DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Few studies have examined the impact of international migration and remittances on poverty in a broad cross-section of developing countries. The authors try to fill this gap by constructing a new data set on poverty, international migration, and remittances for 74 low- and middle-income developing countries. Four key findings emerge: 1) International migration-defined as the share of a country's population living abroad-has a strong, statistical impact in reducing poverty. On average, a 10 percent increase in the share of international migrants in a country's population will lead to a 1.9 percent decline in the share of people living in poverty ($1.00 a person a day). 2) Distance to a major labor-receiving region-like the United States or OECD (Europe)-has an important effect on international migration. Developing countries that are located closest to the United States or OECD (Europe) are also those countries with the highest rates of migration. 3) An inverted U-shaped curve exists between the level of country per capita income and international migration. Developing countries with low or high per capita GDP produce smaller shares of international migrants than do middle-income developing countries. The authors find no evidence that developing countries with higher levels of poverty produce more migrants. Because of considerable travel costs associated with international migration...
‣ Developing Countries, Dispute Settlement, and the Advisory Centre on WTO Law
Bown, Chad P.; McCulloch, Rachel
#ACCOUNTING#AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE#AGREEMENT ON TEXTILES#AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDIES#ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES#ANTI-DUMPING MEASURES#APPELLATE BODY#BARRIER#CAPACITY BUILDING
Critical appraisals of the current and potential benefits from developing country engagement in the World Trade Organization (WTO) focus mainly on the Doha Round of negotiations. This paper examines developing country participation in the WTO dispute settlement system to enforce foreign market access rights already negotiated in earlier multilateral rounds. The dispute data from 1995 through 2008 reveal three notable trends: developing countries sustained rate of self-enforcement actions despite declining use of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) by developed countries, developing countries increased use of the DSU to self-enforce their access to the markets of developing as well as developed country markets, and the prevalence of disputes targeting highly observable causes of lost foreign market access, such as antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards. The paper also examines potential impacts of the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) into the WTO system in 2001. A close look at the data reveals evidence on at least three channels through which the ACWL may be enhancing developing countries' ability to self-enforce foreign market access: increased initiation of sole-complainant cases...
‣ More Favorable and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries : Toward a New Approach in the World Trade Organization
Hoekman, Bernard; Michalopoulos, Constantine; Winters, L. Alan
#ACCESS TO SERVICE MARKETS#AGRICULTURAL MARKET ACCESS#AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS#AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT#AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT POLICIES#AGRICULTURAL TRADE#AGRICULTURE#ANTIDUMPING#APPAREL#AVERAGE LEVEL#AVERAGE TARIFF
The authors discuss options that could be considered in the World Trade Organization (WTO) to provide more favorable treatment-so-called special and differential treatment (SDT)-to small and low-income countries. They argue that there is a need both for differentiation across WTO members and for steps that would benefit all developing countries. The authors suggest the following to make the Doha Round more supportive of development: 1) A binding commitment by industrial countries to abolish export subsidies and nontariff barriers (tariff quotas) and to reduce most-favored-nation tariffs on labor-intensive products of export interest to developing countries to no more than 5 percent in 2010, and to no more than 10 percent for agricultural products. All tariffs on manufactures should go to zero by 2015, the target date for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Liberalization should also be undertaken by developing countries on the basis of a formula approach. 2) A binding commitment by industrial countries on services to expand temporary access for service providers by a specific amount-for example...
‣ Attracting Foreign Direct Investment : What Can South Asia's Lack of Success Teach Other Developing Countries?
Gould, David M.; Tan, Congyan; Sadeghi Emamgholi, Amir S.
#ACCOUNTING#ADVANCED ECONOMIES#AVERAGING#BALANCE OF PAYMENTS#BANK LENDING#BARRIERS#BOND#BUDGETS#BUSINESS CYCLE#BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS#CAPITAL ACCOUNT
Like many other developing countries, South Asian nations have been experiencing increased foreign direct investment inflows over the past decade as developing countries get a larger share of cross-border investments that were once sent to developed countries. Nonetheless, South Asia's inflows of foreign direct investment remain the lowest relative to gross domestic product among developing country regions. Why are South Asia's foreign direct investment inflows so low and what lessons can be drawn for developing countries as a whole? The analysis in this paper uses a novel empirical model that accounts for possible trends in convergence in the ratio of foreign direct investment to gross domestic product between countries and cross-sectional data for 78 countries from 2000 to 2011. The sample contains 52 developing countries. The analysis finds that two key factors are at work -- high overall regulatory restrictions on foreign direct investment and specific restrictions placed on doing business with other countries. These factors include overall trade restrictiveness...
‣ Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 2000
Fonte: World Bank: Washington, DC Publicador: World Bank: Washington, DC
Tipo: Publications & Research :: Publication; Publications & Research
#Financial crises#Economic recovery#Poverty incidence#External shocks#Restructuring#Exchange rate depreciation#Supply and demand#Commodity prices#Labor markets#Labor mobility#Wages
Developing countries are now recovering from the worst ravages of the financial crisis of 1997-98. However, the recovery is both uneven and fragile, and many countries continue to struggle in the aftermath. In addition to a review of international economic developments, this report considers three areas where the crisis has had a major impact on growth and welfare in the developing world. First, the crisis has increased poverty in the East Asian crisis countries, Brazil, and the Russian Federation, and elsewhere. Chapter 2 reviews the evidence on the crisis' social impact on East Asia and other developing countries, and addresses the broader issue of the impact of external shocks on poverty in developing countries. Second, though the East Asian crisis countries are experiencing a strong cyclical recovery, severe structural problems remain. Chapter 3 outlines the depth of the problems faced by the corporate and financial sectors of these economies, analyzes the challenges facing the restructuring process, and discusses the appropriate role of government in supporting restructuring and reducing systemic risk. Third, exchange rate depreciations and declines in demand in East Asia exacerbated the fall in primary commodity prices that began in 1996. Chapter 4 examines how the most commodity-dependent economies in the world--the major oil exporting countries and the non-oil exporters of Sub-Saharan Africa--have adjusted to the commodity price cycle.
#International trade#Private capital flows#Long-term trends#Commodity prices#Poverty reduction#Regional integration#Trade policy#Trade barriers#Trade regulation#Regulatory control#Standardization
Technological innovations and the dismantling of trade barriers over the past decade have contributed to an acceleration of growth in global trade. This acceleration has been associated with faster growth in developing countries as a group. However, many of the poorest countries have not kept pace. This year's report focuses on international trade and discusses policies that are required if developing countries are to benefit from global integration. The report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 examines the prospects for developing countries and world trade and projects that long-term growth has improved and is projected to be higher despite significant vulnerabilities. Chapter 2 analyzes trade policies in the 1990s and discusses reductions in barriers to trade, trends in trade and economic growth, weaknesses in domestic trade-related policies, and trade protection in industrial countries. Chapter 3 explores the relationships between product standards and regulatory barriers to trade, labor standards and trade sanctions...
‣ Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries
Sankaranarayanan,Rengaswamy; Budukh,Atul Madhukar; Rajkumar,Rajamanickam
Fonte: World Health Organization Publicador: World Health Organization
Tipo: Artigo de Revista Científica Formato: text/html
Publicado em 01/01/2001 Português
#Cervix neoplasms/diagnosis#Cervix neoplasms/prevention and control#Cervix uteri/cytology#Vaginal smears/utilization#Mass screening/organization and administration#Developing countries#Central America#South America#Africa South of the Sahara#South Africa#India
Cervical cancer is an important public health problem among adult women in developing countries in South and Central America, sub-Saharan Africa, and south and south-east Asia. Frequently repeated cytology screening programmes -- either organized or opportunistic -- have led to a large decline in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in developed countries. In contrast, cervical cancer remains largely uncontrolled in high-risk developing countries because of ineffective or no screening. This article briefly reviews the experience from existing screening and research initiatives in developing countries. Substantial costs are involved in providing the infrastructure, manpower, consumables, follow-up and surveillance for both organized and opportunistic screening programmes for cervical cancer. Owing to their limited health care resources, developing countries cannot afford the models of frequently repeated screening of women over a wide age range that are used in developed countries. Many low-income developing countries, including most in sub-Saharan Africa, have neither the resources nor the capacity for their health services to organize and sustain any kind of screening programme. Middle-income developing countries, which currently provide inefficient screening...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Building happy teams
Recruitment insights
The Future of Talent Acquisition is Here: Top Trends for 2021
Mita Mandawker
https://d2u2v5qkh37ugd.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/07114132/christina-wocintechchat-com-LQ1t-8Ms5PY-unsplash.jpg 5760 3840 Mita Mandawker Mita Mandawker https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1e6a113ed7748d690daf7a08ac8277fe?s=96&d=mm&r=g January 7, 2021 January 7, 2021
COVID-19 marked a radical change in the way we lived, worked and hired talent for companies. The pandemic accelerated digital transformation, ushering in what some are calling a 'Fourth Industrial revolution.'
Globally, businesses hustled to quickly make their operations, people and process virtual and digital-friendly. After the initial slowdown, companies have now embraced the 'new normal' and on their way to scaling businesses again. However, they need the right workforce and talent to do that. As more roles become remote-friendly and following the shakeup we saw in 2020, the talent market has never been more competitive.
As the demand for talent picks up, it is essential to understand what trends will shape talent acquisition in 2021 so you can be ready to bring the best talent onto your team. We anticipate that trends like the digitization of hiring, a continuation of remote-friendly work environments, and a deepening commitment to diversity and inclusion will shape talent acquisition in 2021, fueled by the developments over the past year. Are you ready?
AI will pave the way for data-driven talent decisions
Hiring the right people in a timely and cost-effective manner is a challenge for every business. Companies will focus on a data-driven approach to hiring talent this year leveraging AI (artificial intelligence). AI is proven to be better at seeing patterns than people. This will be a game-changer as it will help companies make smarter hiring decisions and eliminate unconscious bias, which permeates the hiring processes.
Companies will start integrating AI-powered chatbots for the initial phases of applicant screening to better identify the top candidates before taking them to the next stages in the hiring cycle (scheduling multiple rounds of interviews, etc.).
The use of AI will also permeate the other phases of employee lifecycle like automation of employee verification, onboarding, etc. Since most companies do not have this technology built into their HR platforms already, it will be important to identify and work with a capable, trusted technology partner.
Diversity and inclusion will go beyond mere points on the checklist
2020 was a pivotal year for diversity, especially with conversations around the Black Lives Matter movement. A lot of organizations defined and put down policies on diversity and inclusion for the first time. They set diversity targets, to reflect their stance on diversity and inclusion, especially in their talent decisions.
For many companies, 2021 will be a year for accountability. Companies will move beyond checking off items on their diversity and inclusion checklist, to actually showing the outcomes of their efforts. Inclusion will become more than a word: for companies to retain amazing, diverse talent, it will be essential for those employees to feel heard and included at their workplace. It's important to remember that when it comes to building diverse and inclusive teams, there's no "perfect" playbook.
We expect to see many companies move beyond basic lip service to actually deepening their commitments to their diversity and inclusion initiatives.
Agile, cross-functional teams will rise, built and dismantled on a project basis
COVID-19 forced companies to evaluate and change the way we work – from siloed department based working to more agile, cross-functional, project-based teams. Companies will continue to re-work on their organizational structure to foster agility and collaboration. Agility and collaboration have proven crucial for ensuring business continuity and success, a lesson hard learnt from the pandemic.
A lot of companies have already started moving from permanent hires to staffing their teams with part-time resources, who work on predetermined projects for a set time-frame before moving on. We will continue to see a spike in the number of freelancers in the coming year.
This approach to leveraging talent will also change the way companies assess and hire talent. Candidates with potential and transferable skills, like adaptability and problem-solving will be prioritized over their pedigree and technical capacity to do specific tasks.
Remote hiring is here to stay
Over the last year, recruiters and HR managers learnt that it is possible to do end-to-end hiring and onboarding remotely. Especially with the cost and time savings possible when hiring goes virtual, remote hiring will pick up this year.
We expect the hiring process will be a combination of in-person and remote processes, depending on the positions being hired for. For instance, for entry-level positions, the complete hiring process may be remote, with the new hires making their first physical contact with the company on their day of joining (maybe not, in case of remote workers). For the senior, executive-level hires, the hiring process may constitute a mix of remote and in-person processes.
But, for companies to leverage remote hiring, they need to define, refine and keep improving their virtual hiring processes, finding the right technology that works for them and making sure there is enough human contact present in the remote hiring procedures.
Digital candidate experience will be prioritised
"Online video interviewing, digital assessment, and digital candidate experience strategies were 'nice to have' before the crisis. Now they're business-critical." Josh Bersin, world-renowned thought leader in HR, Leadership and HR technology space, could not have explained the importance of candidate experience better.
Candidate experience was always important, especially with a distinct shift towards remote working and hiring. It will become important for companies to provide an exceptional experience given that candidates will not be experiencing their offices and culture in person.
Every HR and hiring activity from attracting talent, to showcasing employer brand, to sourcing talent, to interviewing, will need to be built to provide a great digital experience for candidates in order to attract top talent.
The top employers will have a candidate communication plan, which will make all relevant information available to candidates about the company. Employers have to show — not tell — what their company is all about. Every small step matters – from sending email/text reminders to candidates a day before the interview to sharing employee pictures, videos and office pictures, so candidates can virtually experience or visit the workplace. This will help candidates get a taste of company culture and team without physically visiting offices.
At Shortlist, we are hopeful that 2021 will usher in growth and prosperity for you and your organizations. We hope these trends will give you some insight into what to expect this year and help you tailor your hiring strategy and processes. We are always here to help you as you think through your hiring, onboarding, and technology needs for 2021. We welcome the opportunity to discuss your plans with you and can offer advice on how to leverage these trends for a great year ahead!
WE CAN HELP YOU HIRE. REACH OUT TO US TO TODAY.
Contact Shortlist Here
Shortlister Spotlight: Meet Reynold Owuor, Executive Search Research Associate


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Arts & Entertainment	By Aly Comingore	| Thu Jan 09, 2014 | 12:00am
Getting to Know Dub Thompson
Agoura Rockers Record with Foxygen, Get Weird at Isla Vista Theater
<b>COOKING UP SOMETHING GOOD:</b> Dub Thompson's Evan Laffer (left) and Matt Pulos plug it at Isla Vista Theater this Friday, January 10, in support of their as-yet-unreleased debut.
Meet Dub Thompson. The Agoura Hills-based brainchild of longtime friends Evan Laffer and Matt Pulos makes the kind of oddly cacophonous, noisy groove rock that music purists love to hate. There's a hint of Can, a touch of The Zombies, and an undeniable Captain Beefheart vibe running through the band's soon-to-be-released debut; an eight-track offering filled with off-kilter pop experiments that boast titles like "Epicondyles" (a vampy, fuzzed-out musing on personal discontentment) and "Pterodactyls" (about the flying dinosaurs, of course). It also stands to mention that both Laffer and Pulos are just 19 years old.
This Friday, Dub Thompson makes its return to Santa Barbara for an extra-special show as part of the Magic Lantern film series. Below, Laffer and Pulos talk band names, their parents' record collections, and recording with Foxygen's Jonathan Rado.
How did you guys meet?
Evan: We met in middle school. We weren't close friends, though. In high school we had PE together and kind of just started talking about music.
Matt: I heard he played drums.
Evan: Yeah. And I knew he played guitar. At some point we hung out and played them at the same time. We were 14.
What were you listening to at 14 years old?
Evan: Talking Heads. Pretty much only Talking Heads. And They Might Be Giants.
That's pretty impressive for a 14 year-old. Were your parents really into music?
Evan: Nope. Between the two of us, our dads had a bunch of really lame records that were almost cool. I listened to a lot of XTC. My dad had weird taste in music.
Matt: He liked, like, Oingo Boingo.
Evan: He loves Todd Rundgren, but some of that stuff gets really weird. Within a pretty tame record collection I found some whacky stuff and kind of gravitated towards that.
Were there other bands before Dub Thompson?
Evan: We had a lot of names.
Matt: A lot of fuckin' names.
Evan: Our first band was called Hot Father. Then we were The Mint Condition, then Nuevo Faves.
Matt: They were all horrible.
Evan: For a while we were known as The Wolf Thompson Band, which was amazing. We played at our high school; that was how we were introduced. Wolf Thompson was the name of the dean of our middle school. He was a 6'4" walking slab of meat who made me cry when I was 11. He made a really great name for a band.
Outside of the high-school gig, were you guys playing shows?
Matt: There were no shows.
Evan: We had a really out-there repertoire. For most of high school, we were really into Can and The Zombies. Liking Can was our excuse to not record anything and just jam and jam and jam.
Matt: We totally did the Can thing where we would just jam until songs happened.
Evan: Even some songs on the new record came out of writing like that.
Can you tell me a bit about recording the album? I know you guys worked with Rado from Foxygen.
Matt: Yeah. We went to this tiny house that Rado was renting in Bloomington, Indiana, and slept on the floor. It was very primitive, really. There was no silverware. We bought a lot of canned food, ate off of children's plates. But we recorded a bunch of songs. We had no idea if it was an LP or a record or that anybody would ever want to buy it.
Do you have a title? Or a release date?
Matt: We have no idea.
Evan: At first we wanted to call it Soundclown.clown.
Matt: That's the working title.
Evan: The release date is … springy? The earlier part of 2014, for sure.
How do you describe Dub Thompson's sound?
Evan: Oh god. The one thing we've been saying a lot lately is that it's kind of impressionistic rock music. It's very formless, lots of broad strokes of—
Matt: It's like liquid punk, or something.
Evan: I like "liquid punk."
Matt: But we can't really describe it. It's very listenable, but it's not really catchy. That doesn't mean it's not sexy, though. It's very sexy.
How about the live show — what does the touring band look like?
Matt: It's a four piece.
Evan: Matt's the first piece. He plays guitar and sings. I play the drums. Rado does a lot of keyboards and Rado-y stuff. He's very much playing the mad scientist role.
Matt: Then we have this 16-year-old prodigy god playing bass.
Evan: He's an amazing jazz guitarist named Andrew. He's a total Syd Barrett freak. He's a junior at our old high school.
Matt: He's way more mature than I was at that age.
I feel like Calabasas/Westlake/Agoura Hills has a pretty rough track record as far as music is concerned.
Matt: [Laughs.] Foxygen is number one.
Evan: Followed closely by Hoobastank.
Matt: Linkin Park, Incubus, The Neighbourhood — we're following in that tradition.
Do you feel like you're part of a music scene down there?
Matt: No.
Evan: If anything, we're part of the S.B. scene. We're playing shows with Dante Elephante and The Trashberries. … But we did kind of cheat just because we never really played any shows. We played once at our high school, and then we played a sold-out show at The Echo opening for Foxygen.
Matt: Now we're really going to have to pay our dues, be homeless, play for no one.
What's next for Dub Thompson?
Evan: The next record is going to be immensely different.
Matt: And way better.
Evan: But as a band, we're trying to tap into something juicier and more directly weird. Our friend Jackie is kind of the prime scholar on Dub Thompson at the moment. She said, "If you listen to Foxygen, it sounds sweet, but they hate you. With Dub Thompson it sounds really awful, but they love you."
4•1•1
Dub Thompson plays at Isla Vista Theater (960 Embarcadero del Norte) on Friday, January 10, at 9:30 p.m. with The Trashberries. For info, call (805) 966-3652 or visit facebook.com/coolsummerpresents.
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will be held April 20th from 12 pm to 3 pm @ Riverview Park (4620 North 300 West, Provo. Burgers and Dogs will be provided. For more info contact Jodi B. @ 801-472-9946. There is a flyer posted below in PDF format.
The Sixth Annual Springfest Campout will be held June 7th to June 9th, 2019 @ Balsam Campground up Hobble Creek Canyon. For more info on planning meetings, t-shirt design contest, and the itinerary for the event two flyers are posted below in pdf format.
only meets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday instead of Monday thru Friday.
The updated meeting schedule (4/15/2019) is posted below in PDF format.
This years' Maple Grove Campout will be held August 9th-11th, 2019.For directions or if you need any more information the flyer is posted below.
The 37th annual G.O.D. Camp-out will be held at Defa's Ranch, July 12, 13, 14, 2019. For more info the flyers are posted below.
The 35th Annual Tri-State Roundup will be held on May 16-19,2019 at the Riverside Casino in Laughlin, Nevada. For more info on the schedule and how to register, the flyer is posted below in PDF format.
"AA in the Military" and is available at Central Office for $12.50.


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Hexen (The Witch) and Den lille pige med svovlstikkerne (The Match Girl) after H.C. Andersen were two early successes by the Danish composer August Enna.
He was born on the island of Lolland to a family with Italian roots and learnt the shoemaker's trade, as did his father and elder brother. Music was central in the family but it was not until he was eighteen that he was able to get some formal training, in violin and later in piano. He started composing with little theoretical background but still managed to attract Niels W. Gade's attention with a Symphony in C minor and through further contact received a fellowship which enabled him to write Heksen, which within a few years was performed on forty stages throughout Europe. In total he composed fourteen operas, eleven operettas, five ballets and some incidental music. Stylistically he is rooted in Central European late- romantic ideals; Wagner is easily discernable but there is also a Nordic tone but hardly as prominent as to make him a national-romantic composer. He seems not to have been able to develop his tonal language along the new paths that were being trodden around the turn of the last century and his later works were not received with much enthusiasm, even though Carl Nielsen, when evaluating his score of Gloria Arsena, wrote: 'As always from Enna's hand, excellently instrumented, with vocal cantability, etc. Certainly no new values added in this opera, but I can most warmly recommend this Danish work for acceptance.' This was in 1912. The work was premiered in 1917.
The overture is well-wrought and melodious, Wagner's voice permeating the score in slightly diluted form. The first act takes some time to build the tension. It is filled with beautiful, lyrical music but it is of uniform density and where Wagner often illuminates the score with chamber-like transparency, Enna tends to over-employ the French horns and create a rather compact sound. Arota's opening aria could be said to have something of the simple folk-like melody of Nielsen's Danish songs, which also play a central part in his opera Maskarade. Nielsen, although just a few years younger than Enna, is harmonically and rhythmically and in matters of orchestration, a man of the 20th century. Enna remains firmly rooted in the 19th century, and it should be remembered that the two operas are almost contemporaneous. As time goes by the drama gathers momentum and towards the end of the long encounter between Arota and Janos the temperature for the first time rises to something close to boiling point (CD1 tr. 5). Thereafter it seems that Enna found the ebb and flow that makes a piece of music drama live, and even though it is basically a lyric tale it grows. The peasant chorus (CD1 tr. 6) is jolly and idyllic and not far removed from Smetana (The Bartered Bride). There is some really efficient powerful choral writing later in this scene.
Act 2 opens with a dark, chromatic prelude, quite evocative and this is a signal that the intensity is to thicken. This act is much more tense and also filled with glowing passion, where the strings reveal Andreas' feelings. To me it seems that Enna becomes much more involved, much more personal when he gives the strings free rein. There is a coherence and inevitability in this act that I wish had been there from the beginning. In the first act there are several highly attractive passages but it is the second act that convinces me of Enna's capacity as a dramatist. I suspect that this is where I will most readily return. The duet between Arota and Andreas (CD2 tr. 4) can stand comparison with, say, Goldmark or Humperdinck. A real highlight is the following aria for Andreas (CD2 tr. 5), where und Küsse selig von meinem Lippen saugen! is as impassioned as anything in Germanic opera of the time. This also inspired the admirable Lothar Odinius to singing with a glow and beauty reminiscent of Fritz Wunderlich.
Odinius made a very good impression on a Schubert recital some while ago and here he confirms that in the field of lyric German tenors he is one of the top contenders. The other tenor, Korean born Alfred Kim, has a larger voice with heroic ring. He is much in demand on the continent in roles like Cavaradossi, Don José, Rodolfo and Faust, but his tone is not always ingratiating. Johanna Stojkovic is a good Arota and her lyric soprano has character, while Egbert Junghanns as Matthäus is expressive but rather weak.
The chorus and orchestra from the North German Radio are excellent, the ladies' voices in particular. Hermann Bäumer sees to it that the climaxes, mainly in the second act, are given true impact.
There is a good essay on Enna and bios on the singers and conductor. There is both a synopsis and full texts, which are a necessity with a little known work.
Heisse Liebe is no lost masterpiece and I doubt that it will be performed very often but it is still good to have a recording of it. In particular the second act has a great deal to offer. I see in the booklet that the same company offers a recording of The Little Match Girl. Why not hope for The Witch?


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In Album Reviews
Yellow: Brymo Album Review
April 16, 2020	Unorthodox Reviews
Nigerian singer, Brymo, On March 1st, 2020, took to his official Twitter account to announce his eighth project and seventh studio album, "Yellow" with the album being officially released on April 1st, 2020, as promised.
Brymo projects two images of life—society as it should be and society as it should not be. The conflict between these two themes is the force that drives much of his music and endears the singer to a certain breed of listeners. Of greater appeal may be the mystery of his art, which lures you like the call of the wild, promising love and rhythm and adventure. He seems to craft his art with the diligence of a portrait painter. Yet the general attraction has got be how he manages to express his lofty ideas, with a graceful economy of words, in a rich baritone that registers its authority over a symphony of strings and chords, as in his latest project.
Categorized into three parts, "Yellow" conveniently explores themes common to Brymo's art, from decay and separation to blackmail and perfidy, as in its opener Espirit De Corps. Literally used to refer to the pride and mutual support shared by members of a group, Espirit De Corps depicts the socio-politics of a society marred by betrayal and blackmail and consequent disorder.
On Blackmail, which follows next, Brymo is heard singing to the accompaniment of loud percussion in something of "sophisti-pop". The collision of throbbing bass drums and heavy guitar twangs infuses a jazz-and-rock feel that, perhaps, helps to express the song's theme of emotional guilt-tripping. Halfway through the track, the singer's smoky bass bows out to the electric guitar solo that brings the record to a storming finish.
You're not quite sure what the artist is trying to express on Ozymandias upon first listen. Unless you're willing to take a break to dig into the legend of Ozymandias and how it sympathizes with the track's theme of self-awareness, it's likely you'll gloss over its meaning and simply wallow in the jaunty melody, groaning, of the singer,
Over piano chords and mellow violin strings, Brymo sings about foiled dreams and the shattered expectations of a people languishing in mental slavery on Strippers and White Lines / Smart Monkey, while he delivers a beautiful ballad in Without You, where he bemoans, in a deeply moving rendition, love amidst the turmoil.
There is a soothing familiarity that dawns on you as Brymo lapses into pidgin English in the second part of this album. It is the click of recognition you feel as the voice comes on in Woman. Defined by soft percussion and bass riffs, Woman expresses the singer's affection for an unnamed partner, pleading commitment and vowing loyalty to their affair:
"Lay down your guard, commit for our matter. Where you go I go go like e snail and the shell."
Feeding off the crumbs of the western instrumentation sampled in Side A, Black Man, Black Woman attempts to appraise gender roles in Nigerian society, speaking to the slavish adherence to societal pressure.
A woman declares her unflinching love for a man, with all of his imperfections, on Gambu. Here he draws heavily on the fine mesh of strings and his vocals to evoke a melody that is beautifully haunting.
Escape is a common enough theme in Brymo's music. Escape from a distressing present to a comforting ideal as he expressly sings on Rara Rira, where he shares his ideal of happiness, enjoyed with the merriment of booze in the company of friends, shorn of responsibility and worry. The track is reminiscent of his salad days in Chocolate City, singing Oleku. Interestingly, Mikky Me Joses weaves magic with percussive sounds and the distant murmur of violin strings to stir the adrenaline in your stream, melt the rigor of your limbs and uplift your spirits. Rara Rira is simply a jam.
Here is, perhaps, where things get seamless. The singer's vocals acquire a quickness that spits out the lyrics with effortless artistry. Brain Gain employs the rich sonority of trumpet riffs and syncopated piano chords, peppered with finger clicks, to deliver a toe-tapping rhythm that resounds with the record's theme of the struggle of survival and intellectual empowerment.
Side C is a mother's embrace, locking you in its warmth and déjà vu. Tapping into the richness of Yoruba folklore, it flaunts a mastery of indigenous storytelling and didactic poetry to portray Brymo at his finest. Òrun n Móoru (Yoruba for Heaven is Heated), a ballad that depicts gossip between courtiers and kings in the slippery world of a palace, delivers moral counsel with the moving rendition of a moonlight storyteller—not without the solemn accompaniment of strings and chords.
A F'èédú Fan'ná features the artiste throwing advice, urging good conduct, supported by piano chords and mellow Shekere sounds.
As is apparent, Yellow features a methodical arrangement to its songs, which builds to a certain climax, reflecting a consistency of style. With a deft and masterful production by the singer's longtime collaborator, Mikky Me Joses, the album showcases classy and expansive instrumentation, incorporating elements of western influences in an interesting medley.
Brymo seeks to make music that stands in stark contrast to mainstream music. By adopting themes uncommon to modern Nigerian music, he hones this contrast, subtly establishing his superiority to the Afropop breed.
Can Yellow, thus, be judged as a classic project? For one, Yellow addresses issues of love and survival with the waning energy of a tired old philosopher. Two years after the release of Osó, the lyrics have not changed; in fact, they stay much the same, reflecting a discomforting complacency in his art, as if saying he's reached the peak of mastery and has no need for improvement. Yellow explores the same hackneyed topics—the turmoil of romance, the sheer persistence of survival, the vanity of ambition—that have formed dominant themes of the artiste's discography.
It is clear that Side A, which draws heavily on western sounds and features tracks sung in English, bristles with more meaning than the artiste's sparse lyrics can express. If it revels in its novelty, it betrays too much effort.
There are moments on the album when you wish that a song had lingered a little while before being brought to an abrupt conclusion like a symphony interrupted in midstream.
Nonetheless, it is apparent that Brymo attempts to be more than an artist. He fancies himself in several lights—storyteller, poet, philosopher, fill in the gap. And for listeners outside of his fanbase, this comes across as desperation, as trying too much. Which is doubly humiliating (The first humiliation, of course, being his perceived fall into obscurity).
And back to the question, perhaps it is only fair to see Yellow, not in comparison with the standards of excellence, but as Brymo's gift of unvarying familiarity in a time of disturbing global uncertainty.
Review by: Kingsley Charles
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Bidooh tokens to list on OKEx partner exchange CoinAll and DDEX Exchange
By Newsroom on January 21, 2019 Latest, Marketing, News
Bidooh, a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, is pleased to announce that its DOOH Token has been admitted to list on CoinAll, a partner exchange of global leader OKEx, and DDEX, a world-leading decentralised exchange. The exchange listings follow the completion of Bidooh's ICO in December 2018 and have been planned to coincide with […]
Bidooh outlines strategy to deliver 2,000% increase in value of DOOH Token
By Newsroom on December 3, 2018 Latest, Marketing, News
Bidooh, a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, is pleased to announce its strategy to increase the global reach of the DOOH Token following the completion of the Group's Initial Coin Offering (ICO). Bidooh's ICO has received the support of major, global digital exchanges such as OKEx and HADAX, and its DOOH token has successfully […]
Bidooh to roll out 10,000 real-time digital advertising screens in South Korea
By Newsroom on November 8, 2018 Latest, Marketing, News
Bidooh, a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, is pleased to announce that it has signed a contract with DBDB Labs, a full-service media agency based in Seoul, to utilise its digital billboard platform across 10,000 screens in South Korea. The 10,000 screens will be rolled out over a period of three years. 2,000 screens […]
Bidooh launches Initial Coin Offering of DOOH Token
By Newsroom on October 31, 2018 Latest, Marketing, News
Bidooh, a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, announced that it has launched the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) of its cryptocurrency, DOOH Token. It follows the successful raise of the $5m soft cap during the pre-sale period. Since announcing its pre-sale on October 1, Bidooh has secured listings for its DOOH Token on exchanges globally, […]
Bidooh secures contracts to roll out 3,000 screens across Eastern Europe
Bidooh, a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, announced that it has secured contracts from two partners based in the Czech Republic and Romania to operate its blockchain-based facial analysis billboard platform on live advertising screens across Eastern Europe. The two contracts combined cover an initial allocation of approximately 300 screens and target a roll-out […]
Leading digital asset exchange OKEx participates in Bidooh's ICO
By Newsroom on October 8, 2018 Latest, Marketing, News
Bidooh (the "Group"), a real-time, real-audience, digital billboard advertising platform, announced that one of the world's largest digital asset exchanges OKEx has participated in its Initial Coin Offering ("ICO"). Bidooh launched an ICO pre-sale of its cryptocurrency, DOOH Token, on 1 October 2018. OKEx uses blockchain technology to optimise the provision of financial services to […]
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Homelessness is a serious issue throughout the state of New Mexico. Through a demographic examination it becomes evident that New Mexico has a high proportion of ethnographies that are currently and historically socioeconomically disadvantaged. Native Americans as a proportion of the US population represent the second highest amongst all States with only Alaska having a higher ratio, while it also has a large Hispanic population. Homelessness is a direct cause from an individual not being able to provide themselves with the most basic of necessities to maintain a healthy life hence having a higher proportion of individuals in poverty places a greater risk of an individual becoming homeless.

New Mexico's homeless population is largely concentrated in Albuquerque, although homeless populations generally exist on a marginally lower scale in Santa Fe and Las Cruces.

Cost and utilization of services
According to a 2018 Las Cruces-based study into cost of homelessness on the state government of New Mexico concluded that, on a per nightly basis, emergency shelter costs $30; supportive housing $33, state penitentiary $77, Santa Fe County Detention Centre $82, St Vincent Hospital $550 and UNM Hospital $71. Homelessness by and large is caused by or as a result of health care complications. One need only consider ailments such as addiction, psychological disorders, HIV/AIDS and an array of other ailments that require consistent long-term care that cannot be well managed in an unsafe, unpredictable environment that confronts most homeless.

Inability to adequately manage these medical problems places a further economic burden on the state as the frequency and duration of hospital visits may increase. This phenomenon is evidenced by the fact that on average homeless spent four days longer than comparable non-homeless, costing the State approximately $2,414 per hospitalization. Homelessness causes both serious mental and physical anguish as evidenced by the fact that a homeless person's psychiatric hospitalization rate is 100 times more than their non-homeless compatriot.

Loitering and panhandling laws
Due to New Mexico's strong laws against loitering, sleeping in cars and begging (traits a lot of homeless people are forced to do) they are disproportionately over-represented in the prison system. Police officials can accuse any person they believe may have attempted to disrupt the peace, regardless of whether or not the offense presents danger to the community. Panhandling is an umbrella term that represents begging, sponging and spanging. In the state of New Mexico there are strict regulations on panhandling. Moreover, homeless people are prohibited to beg after dark and if they do they are often sent to jail. In an attempt to remove homeless people from the streets, it is common for the police to dispose of their property.  The above conditions cause the mere act of being homeless to become a self-perpetuating cycle of crime.

Albuquerque/Bernalillo County
Albuquerque has 4-5,000 homeless people, much of whom are concentrated off Central Avenue in the International District.  The International District, nicknamed the War Zone, is the center of Albuquerque's homelessness and cirme issues. In 2009, residents who resented the War Zone name persuaded city leaders to officially re-brand the area as the International District, highlighting its diverse community rather than crime. The first International Festival was held later that year. Despite these changes, crime has continued to be an issue in the neighborhood. In 2017, the Journal reported that it was "the most violent place in the city in the past three years and is home to both victims and suspects." Between 2014 and 2016, 10% of addresses in the neighborhood reported a violent crime, and 25% reported a property crime. One business in the neighborhood reported 98 violent crimes during that period. In 2018, the International District was ranked as the worst neighborhood in New Mexico for the health and well-being of young children.

Like many major American cities, Albuquerque has struggled with a homelessness issue that became more visibly problematic since the 2000s. According to Rock at Noon Day, a homeless services center, there were an estimated 4-5,000 homeless living in the Albuquerque metropolitan area as of 2019. Albuquerque Public Schools spokeswoman Monica Armenta said the number of homeless kids enrolled in district schools, meaning children from families that have no permanent address, has consistently ranged from 3,200 to 3,500. The Coordinated Entry System, a centralized citywide system that the city uses to track and fill supportive housing openings when they become available, shows that about 5,000 households experienced homelessness last year. The International District, off Central Avenue, has a serious issue with blight and homelessness. Fentanyl and methamphetamine use is visible and a serious social issue in the International District, as well as some areas adjacent to Nob Hill and Downtown.

Count
Due to the 2012 Point in Time count taking place in January, where weather, while sunny and dry, is still frigid and cold, the number of homeless individuals on the streets and to be visibly seen is lower than what would counted in the autumn, spring or summertime. According to the nonprofit homeless rights and services coalition, The New Mexico Coalition to End Homelessness says there were more than 1,300 people living on the streets of Albuquerque (0.3% of the city's population) in January 2022, but according to their more recent data that number has grown. The nonprofit says that number has grown to more than 2,800 homeless people with 21% or more than 600 of them coming from outside of the state.

References

Housing in New Mexico
New Mexico

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