text:
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text:
La escaramuza de la península Camber fue una operación anfibia británica de pequeña escala, que fue exitosamente repelida por los defensores argentinos, en el marco de la guerra de las Malvinas de 1982.

Historia
Desde la reconquista de las Malvinas, la península Camber estaba siendo ocupada por unidades argentinas, para defender el frente norte de Puerto Argentino.

En la noche del 13 de junio de 1982; una fuerza británica al mando del capitán Chris Baxter y compuesta por efectivos de los Marines Reales, del Servicio Aéreo Especial y del Escuadrón de Botes Especial; inició una incursión anfibia a través de la caleta Serpiente, a fin de desembarcar en la península Camber.

El objetivo de la operación era distraer la atención del ataque de británico sobre Wireless Ridge, y aliviar la batalla del 2.º Batallón de Paracaidistas. Sin embargo, también podría haberse buscado atacar la batería terrestre de misiles Exocet del capitán Julio M. Pérez de la Armada Argentina.

Esa península estaba siendo defendida por un grupo de efectivos argentinos al mando del mayor Jorge A. Monge, formado por dos Secciones de Tiradores de Infantería de Marína, una Sección de Tiradores de Marinería del Apostadero Naval y una batería antiaérea del GADA 101.

La operación británica dio comienzo con una oleada de 3 botes lanzados en procura de la costa norte de Camber. Al detectarse el ataque enemigo, la batería antiaérea y los tiradores argentinos abrieron fuego con sus cañones, ametralladoras y fusiles, logrando desbaratar la incursión de los botes británicos, que se batieron en retirada.

Como resultado del enfrentamiento, un suboficial del Servicio de Botes Especial y dos integrantes del Servicio Aéreo Especial resultaron heridos, uno con considerable dolor luego de ser alcanzado en la ingle.

Ya en la madrugada del 14 de junio, el Comando de la X Brigada de Infantería Mecanizada puso a las Compañías de Comandos 601 y 602 a proteger a la batería. El Comando impartió la orden pese a que el jefe de la sección, mayor Jorge Monge, había manifestado no necesitar ayuda, ya que había repelido el desembarco británico.

Referencias

Bibliografía utilizada

 Separata N.º 10 de la revista Desembarco: Actuación de las secciones destacadas en Camber - Puerto Argentino

Península Camber

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The LMV/BMP-311 is a gear driven centrifugal pump.
This pump is engineered for critical heavy-duty services within the Refining, Chemical, Gas Production, and Specialty Processing industries.
- Pump Case Corrosion Allowance 0.125"
- Suction & Discharge Size 3" X 2"


Transformation Tuesday | John & Mary's Edition!
John & Mary's on Transit in Depew decided to upgrade their look and chose impulseGUIDE to help them do it. We are so happy to be working with a business that is a staple in the community and loved taking photos of all of Buffalo's favorite foods!
Make sure you check out their brand new menu boards and two digital impulseBOARDS in person while you eat some mouth watering food. They also offer frosty treats during the summer months, so you can relax on their outdoor patio with a big scoop of ice cream!


text:
"""
Copyright [2009-2017] EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
"""

import pytest

from rnacentral_pipeline.databases.ensembl import helpers

from .helpers import features, feature_for, first_feature_for

@pytest.fixture(scope="module")  # pylint: disable=no-member
def human_12():
    return features("data/ensembl/Homo_sapiens.GRCh38.90.chromosome.12.dat")

def test_it_gets_transcript_id(human_12):
    assert (
        helpers.transcript(feature_for(human_12, "ENST00000535849.1"))
        == "ENST00000535849.1"
    )

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "transcript_id,notes",
    [
        # ('ENST00000540907.11', [
        #     "processed_transcript",
        #     "transcript_id=ENST00000544511.1"
        # ]),
        ("ENST00000540226.1", ["antisense_RNA"]),
    ],
)
def test_it_can_get_notes(human_12, transcript_id, notes):
    assert helpers.notes(feature_for(human_12, transcript_id)) == notes

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "transcript_id,note_data",
    [
        # ('ENST00000540907.11', {'transcript_id': ['ENST00000540907.11']}),
        ("ENST00000544511.1", {"transcript_id": ["ENST00000544511.1"]}),
    ],
)
def test_it_can_get_grouped_notes(human_12, transcript_id, note_data):
    feature = feature_for(human_12, transcript_id)
    assert helpers.note_data(feature) == note_data

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "transcript_id,status",
    [
        ("ENST00000535572.5", False),
        ("ENST00000408512.1", True),
        ("ENST00000358495.7", False),
        ("ENST00000535376.5", False),
        ("ENST00000623153.1", False),
        ("ENST00000546223.1", True),
        ("ENST00000358495.7", False),
        ("ENST00000358495.7", False),
        ("ENST00000481052.5", False),
        ("ENST00000430095.6", False),
        ("ENST00000364606.1", True),
    ],
)
def test_can_detect_if_is_noncoding(human_12, transcript_id, status):
    feature = first_feature_for(human_12, transcript_id)
    assert helpers.is_ncrna(feature) == status

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


General Sikorski Banquet Venue ARE YOU A VENDOR?
Situated in lovely North Oshawa, Ontario, The General Sikorski Banquet Venue is a tranquil area that serves as a great venue for wedding celebrations. Their beautiful facilities allow future newlyweds to hold both their ceremony and reception in one location. Family and friends can revel in the timeless, country and rustic atmosphere throughout such a special day.
The General Sikorski Banquet Venue features stunningly gorgeous indoor and outdoor spaces for ceremonies, receptions, bridal showers, engagement parties and rehearsal dinners. They have four halls such as the Grand Ballroom which has a capacity for 450 guests with a spacious dance floor while the Red Room can fit 80 for something more intimate. In addition, there is an outdoor chapel for ceremonies.
Catering focuses on delicious traditional Polish dishes with gluten-free options for any guests that have allergies. Their catering options consist of buffet, dessert, family style eating, plated food and the use of server(s). Their bar services include bilingual bartenders (Polish/English) and an open or cash bar.
Our reception at General Sikorski Hall was beautiful and the food was delicious! Communication was a little bit difficult here and there during the planning process but overall everything turned out exactly the way we wanted the day of our wedding.


Top Activities For Dogs Who Like To Play Keep Away - Wag!
A dog's temperament goes a long way in terms of affecting which activities they like and don't like respectively; lower energy, "homebody" type dogs may not want to go out for a long jog or hike up a mountain in order to get all of their stored up energy out of their systems. Conversely, higher energy dogs will likely not be satisfied unless they can run and jump to their hearts' content. Keep away activities benefit these types of dogs more than any other kind; they offer energetic dogs a perfect opportunity to burn off their excess energy while also bonding with their caretakers.
This classic game is the perfect type of activity for a dog who likes to play keep away. Tug of war matches are typically held between groups or pairs of humans; a strong, sturdy rope is absolutely required for this game, as well as a good sense of restraint firmly embedded in the minds of both players. The restraint part of this project is what can potentially make it difficult for certain types of dogs, meaning that this activity has a bit of a learning curve to it. Read on for a few steps that will help you and your dog get past that curve.
The best way to teach your dog how to use restraint during this activity is by encouraging them via praise and rewards. We recommended that you bring a few dog treats around when you're training your dog for this activity; the idea is that, early on, you help your dog understand that this activity is game. Let them tug on the rope for a bit, clam them down if they seem to be getting agitated, and give them a treat once they calm down.
Before you and your dog take on this activity, you'll want to be very particular when you're out and about looking for ropes you and your pet can use; you won't want to get a rope that's too cheap, lest you risk it snapping in half during a tug of war session. On the other end of the spectrum, you don't want to get any ropes that have too many chemicals on them. Be careful when selecting a rope and don't hesitate to ask your local retailer for help.
As with many of the activities that dogs can learn to engage in, consistency is the key to mastery; once you and your dog start playing tug of war together, keep it up! Try to complete a session of tug of war at least once a week and continue to encourage your dog each time.
If you think this activity sounds like some sort of mystical training method from a far away land, you may not be too far from wrong depending on where you live and what exactly you might define as "mystical." Fartlek is actually a unique form of training that involves running very quickly to much more slowly on an alternative basis. This activity is great for dog owners who are looking to get a great cardio workout as well as dogs who love to play keep away. Fartlek is also very physically intensive, so you'll want to wear the appropriate gear for this exercise.
Interval training exercises really test your body's ability to adapt to various scenarios; by changing your running speed from extremely fast to relatively slow, almost on a dime, you're really putting your muscles to work. So in order to avoid injury while trying this activity, stretch your muscles thoroughly.
While the name of this step may sound like we're trying to give you advice on how you can avoid getting into an unsavory verbal argument, we're actually recommending that you find an area where the ground is level before you try this activity; a sidewalk or a park are excellent places to try this activity, provided no other passersby are down range, so to speak.
The first few times you and your dog attempt this activity, they may not entirely get the hang of it. That's perfectly fine and a natural part of the process; wash up, cool off, and keep it at this activity on a weekly basis until your dog finally begins to run and slow down at an even pace with yourself.
This next activity is particularly interesting. As it happens, tether tug is something of a specialized activity that's heavily derived from tether ball. Tether tug, however, axes out the ball completely in favor of utilizing a flexible and chemical free rope. Pre-built tether tug sets can be bought for a very low price both online and in store. These pre-built sets are made for dogs of all shapes and sizes, and are cater-made for energetic dogs.
As it happens, there are actually quite a few guides online that can teach how to build a homemade tether tug toy using a piece of wood, a drill, and a rope. If that isn't your fancy, you can always order a tether tug toy and follow the instructions that come with the set.
The great thing about these types of toys is how customizable they are; you can either simply outfit your tether tug toy with a good ol' fashion rope or you can outfit it with a tennis ball or any other type of ball that your dog is particularly fond of.
All of this running and playing will undoubtedly tire your dog out after enough time has passed, leaving you with a very well worked out, yet hungry dog. Once your dog has completed a session of going at it with a tether tug, be ready to give them their treats as soon as possible.
Another time-tested, oldie but goodie type of activity that dogs who love keep away will likely take to, is fetch. Just as mentioned before, try to think of different ways how you can take liberties with a game of fetch in order to elevate it to another level; try playing water fetch if you have access to a pool for instance.
A simple but effective game that any dog who enjoys keep away will likely love. Really, most dog owners will likely think to give Frisbee a try, so we encourage you to try and innovate during the next time you and your dog play a game of Frisbee. Active Frisbee is one such innovation, but the sky and your imagination are really the limits here.
Keep away is great game to play with your dog from a physical perspective, but it's always good to mix things up in order to keep your dog on their toes. The activities listed above are just a few of the kinds of activities that a dog who enjoys playing a good game of keep away might enjoy. Really, any activity that's physically intense and that also encourages your pet to chase an item or to try and keep up with you will likely serve as a great substitute for keep away. Feel free to take liberties with the activities mentioned above as well.


When it comes to marketing, trends are always changing. There's always a new technology or a new product that promises better results with a more significant return on your investment.
However, the big brands and savvy marketeers know the secret to a successful marketing campaign. And, they aren't limiting themselves just to online marketing tactics or modern gimmicks.
No, they're using promotional business products, and printed mugs are on top of their "must-have" lists. But why? What kind of pulling power do these simple products wield?
When it comes to low-cost marketing, branded mugs are the very best choice. If you have a small or a medium-sized business, you don't want to overspend on a huge campaign.
That's why UK printed coffee mugs are the way to go. They are cheap to get and have an amazing impact on people who receive them. According to research, 85% of people who receive printed mugs will do business with the advertiser.
What every company wants and needs is brand recognition. You want people to be able to recognise your company in an instant. You want the mere sight of your logo to be enough for them to remember what kind of products/services you're offering.
Promotional mugs are the perfect giveaway for this purpose, because people who get them will keep them. Drink their coffee or favourite beverage out of them. Put them on their tables in their offices. Your logo will be right in front of them for hours each and every day, and not just them, their colleagues as well!
Mugs give value to both you and your customers. Since more than 500 billion cups of coffee are drunk every year, mugs are always needed both at home and the office. So, their value lies the fact that a person who gets and uses your mug is advertising you.
Now think how much would you have to pay someone to carry your advertisement around their office? Or to tell people about you? That's what personalised mugs do. They tell your story to everyone, boosting brand recognition, sales, as well as a positive attitude towards your business.
One of the main reason why custom mugs are so popular within the marketing and business community lies in their simplicity and versatility. You can print literally thousands at once, and the more you print, the cheaper they are.
There's always a practical use for them no matter what the occasion. Going to a trade show or exhibition? Give away mugs. Attending a conference or business seminar? Bring printed travel mugs. Need a reward for your valued employees? Give them bone china mugs. Need to promote your club? Distribute mugs. People visited your company or event, and you want to give them a gift? Mug time!
With most promotional tools, you have no idea what the return on your investment will be, or worse, if there will be one at all. You can make estimates and hope for the best, but to be honest, it's a gamble. However, with low cost printed mugs, it's not.
According to industry research by the BPMA, the very fact that you gave a mug to a potential customer almost guarantees that that person will come to you when they need your products or services. The research is simply plain for all to see when it comes to how promotional mugs can help your business!
Another great thing about company logo mugs is that you have so many choices to select from. You can make something original and interesting, a design that will both draw attention and be memorable.
Ceramic mugs or chalk ones, china mugs or those with a colour coat, heat changing mugs, glass mugs, porcelain mugs, promotional photo mugs and plastic mugs - the options and combinations are endless, offering limitless branding opportunities.
We offer a variety of printing options on our range of mugs from screen printing and etching through to UltraHD dye sublimation photo print technology allowing us to reproduce full colour images and logos to a standard most can only dream of.
In addition, why not consider maximising your branding reach with our range of Pantone Matched promotional mugs which are sprayed with an intense colour to match your corporate branding. Imagine how impressed your clients will be when they receive your promotional coffee mug, uniquely customised to your corporate colours!
Our team of professional graphic designers are always on hand to offer expert advice in product selection to ensure that your artwork is reproduced to the highest quality.
So, if you are looking for low cost, budget, discount, value or cheap promotional mugs, and happen to find the same logo mugs cheaper, with the same print specification and turnaround, just let us know and we will match the price and back it with our industry Award Winning Customer Service - that's our guarantee!
For additional information on how to choose the right printed coffee mugs for your brand, simply give us a call, say 'hello' and speak to one of our dedicated account managers.


In the summer of 1978, Mike Höglund where invited to a jam in a studio where the band WILD ZEPHYR rehearsed. The band consisted of the trio Mats Attaque, Ingemar Sallman and Bosse Berglund. This setting decided to continue cooperation and took the name TRASH. They began writing songs and with a lot of covers on the setlist, they was soon out and proved themselves on the stages in Mora. The influences were Black Sabbath, Thin Lizzy, Rush, etc..
In spring 1979 the band was invited to back then the popular TV show "Diskotaktet". Before they sat down in the bus to the TV studio the band decided to change its name to TRYCKVÅG because nobody was really happy with the name TRASH. The songs performed was the instrumental "Wild Zephyr" and the newly written and tougher "White Wizard". The producer of the TV program liked "White Wizard" and wondered if TRYCKVÅG, along with TOMAS LEDIN wanted to represent Sweden on the radio show "Europatoppen". The answer was of course YES. This was a great opportunit for the four teenagers from Mora. Whole Europe got to listen to a TV recording of the song where the TV technicians put on a flanger effect on the entire mix to make everything sound a little cooler. One last place and 16 points speaks for themselves on the quality of the recording. Anyway, it meant that the band got more gigs and Dalarna was now their workplace.
Songwriting continued but you could now see that the band musically divided into two camps. Mats and Micke went more and more to Metal music while Ingemar and Bosse chosed blues. Bo Berglund chose to leave the band later that year and was replaced with the new drummer Thomas Broman. With Thomas, TRYCKVÅG became a more solid metal band. Shortly thereafter Ingemar Sallman unfortunately left the band. The band continued for a while as a trio, the trio that would prove to be the foundation of TRYCKVÅG. Mats now handled the guitars and vocals.
Now began the hunt for a new singer and a guitarist. The singer Donald Burnett, a Scotsman who lived in Rättvik, and Lars-Erik Wilkensson became the new members of the band. A constellation that was intact for a few years until Donald chose to move back to Scotland again.
A singer named Conny Lind was recruited to the band. With Conny at the mic TRYCKVÅG became a fun live band to watch. It started really well with a first prize in Dala-Demokratens competition "Kapprocken" with big headlines as a result. Other bands attending was SIX FEET UNDER, IRON FIST, DEATH WISH, ALIEN DISEASE, HEAVY THUNDER, FUSION among others.
The band also got to open the first "Dalarocken" organized 1981. In 1982, the band signed a record deal with CBS, but it did not sound as good in the studio as it did live so nothing came out of it. Conny was asked to leave the band 1983, 1984 the band also choosed to continue without Lars-Erik Wilkensson.
Now begins the confused period of TRYCKVÅG's career. With the help from a local music store they record their first and only single 'Stay The Night / It's A Party Tonight'. They recruited Robert Widell on keyboards. The single was not directly representative of the type of music TRYCKVÅG mainly played and with a keyboard instead of the guitar there was not the same energy live. The spark was gone but the band stayed together despite that. They later continued as a trio again, without keyboard.
Mats, Mike and Thomas moved to Stockholm in 1987 to continue their career. They tried for a while but then ended up in different bands and TRYCKVÅG disbanded. However they would reunite after attending Mora Music schools 50th anniversary in 1999. Since then, TRYCKVÅG have played many gigs, both in Stockholm and Mora.
The band was formed in 1978, when bassist Höglund was invited to jam with the boys from the band Wild Zephyr, featuring Mats Attaque, Bosse Berglund and Ingemar Sellman. They took the new name Trash and started playing covers by Think Lizzy, Black Sabbath, Rush etc. In 1979 they were given the opportunity to play on Swedish television and decided to change the name to Tryckvåg (shock wave in English). A producer for the show liked the band and one of the songs, "White Wizard" was entered in the Europatoppen radio show, where it ended up last place. The band now started dividing into two camps, where two wanted to do more metal and the other two blues. Ingemar and Bosse were out and now drummer Thomas Broman entered and Mats also took over the vocals. They now drafted guitarists Lars-Erik Wilkensson and Scotsman Donald Burnette. A couple of years later Donald moved back to Scotland. They now drafted singer Conny Lind. The band won a bandstand gaining them a contract with CBS. However, the band failed to impress in the studio and the deal fell through. In 1983 Conny got the boot and a year later so did Lars-Erik. The band, now as a trio, recorded their first and only single, using session keyboardist Robert Widell in the studio. In 1987 the trio relocated to Stockholm, where Conny had already moved. They tried to make it work for a while, but finally ended up in different bands. Conny and Tomas played in Odessa while Mikael was in Bang Bang. They joined forces and formed Sin City. When Conny moved to the US to join Alex Masi, the others found singer Leif Sundin and they became Great King Rat. Mikael later recorded with UK band Thunder, Conny has made it on record with State of Mind, Amaze Me and Raceway, Mats moved to the US to join Mogg and Tomas later joined Electric Boys. On John Norum''s album 'Face The Truth' the song "Good Man Shining" was written by Mats Attaque/Mikael Höglund/Tomas Broman/John Norum/Glenn Hughes. Mats later returned to Sweden and Broman returned to playing with John Norum. In 1999 the band released a pro-printed CD-R compilation 'Demolition', featuring all the band's unreleased demos. In 2012 Broman and Höglund formed the new band Bridge To Mars together with Jock "JJ" Marsh (ex-Spellbound, Glenn Hughes).


text:
Home / News / dylantheinfamous
News: dylantheinfamous
Following on from her introduction to the Blah family, we are proud to present the new video from Jaydonclover. Housenohome features further production from regular collaborator, dylantheinfamous, as well as an unsurprisingly tight feature from Cult favourite, Black Josh. The video was made by Jaydon and Milky. Housenohome is taken from happy, but still sad, which is available now on all streaming services.
dylantheinfamous,
Jaydonclover,
dylantheinfamous - MOONLOOPS [Vol. 2] is Out Now
The latest project from producer and all round beat wizard, dylantheinfamous, was officially released yesterday. Carrying on the work of its predecessor, MOONLOOPS [VOL. 2] weighs in at 21 tracks and is available for your listening pleasure in both digital and cassette formats. We've included a preview below to get a taste of what's on offer, then head over to the shop to get your hands on the limited edition beat tape. All relevant links are available here.
MOONLOOPS [VOL.2] by dylantheinfamous
Cassette,
dylantheinfamous - MOONLOOPS [VOL. 2]
At the start of last year - AKA the good old days - we introduced dylantheinfamous to the label, with the official release of his beat tape, moonloops [vol. 1]. Now the Birmingham producer is back with a follow up, aptly entitled moonloops [vol. 2], which promises more of the same sounds that have earned him praise from prominent Cult members like Black Josh and Lee Scott. The project is due for release on 10 March and will be available on both digital and cassette. No pre-orders, but check back nearer the time for more info and the necessary links.
beat tape,
languid.oceans - do u (Video)
Yet more visual offerings from the debut languid.oceans album, as Obijuan and looms. release a new video for their track, do u. Once again it's dylantheinfamous on production, with a simple but effective drumless loop giving the two MCs all they need to deliver their verses. The video was shot on location in Alicante in Spain. The self-titled LP is available now on all the usual platforms.
languid.oceans,
looms.,
Obijuan,
dylantheinfamous - moonloops [vol. 1] cassette release
Last month we released the first official offering from dylantheinfamous, the Birmingham beat-maker who had already had a hand in a few notable Blah projects. The moonloops vol. 1 release proved very popular and we also know you all like new things, so today we have released a cassette version of the project. Featuring 23 tracks, each written, composed and produced by dylan, the run of tapes is limited to 20, so be quick if you want to get your hands on one. You can place your order now over at the shop.
languid.oceans - languid.oceans LP (Stream)
Following on from our recent announcement that Obijuan and looms. had joined the Cult, under their collaborative title, languid.oceans, we are now pleased to unveil their debut album. The self-titled LP weighs in at 11 tracks, with the majority of the production coming from fellow Cult affiliate, dylantheinfamous. If you've heard the first two singles from the album, then you will already know the vibe - dusty lo-fi gems, peppered with soul and jazz, and laced with two contrasting but extremely complementary flows. You can hear the full thing for yourself below and there are also more streaming options here, as well as pre-orders for the vinyl release.
languid.oceans by languid.oceans
languid.oceans - dap (Video)
Not content with one new video a week, now the newest additions to the Cult are back with the second visual trip from their forthcoming debut LP. languid.oceans (Obijuan x looms.) follow up their lead single, Sway In The Morn, with another woozy lo-fi jam, thanks to dylantheinfamous who's on production once again. The self-titled debut album is due for release on Friday, with vinyl pre-orders available now over at the Blah shop.
languid.oceans - sway in the morn (Video)
We just dropped a brand new video from languid.oceans, the rap duo made up of Obijuan and looms. The track comes hot on the heels of their excellent guest spots on Lee's most recent releases and it also heralds the imminent arrival of their debut LP. The track is produced by dylantheinfamous, who handles full production on the self-titled album, which is due for release on 14 February. More news on that coming soon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Gay Marriages, worldwide:
Past and current activities concerning gay
marriages (a.k.a. same-sex marriages, SSM),
across the U.S. and the rest of the world.
In this web site, the acronym "SSM" refers to same-sex marriage. This term is the most
accurate because it includes same-sex marriages that include one or two bisexuals.
However, our use of "gay marriage" improves search engines' access to this web site.
"LGBT" refers to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender/Transsexual community.
Front page of the New York Times on Saturday, 2015-JUN-27, one
day after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on same-sex marriage.
Two column headings say:
"Forceful Dissents From the Court And Nation"
Historic Day for Gay Rights, but a Twinge of Loss for Gay Culture"
Current status in the United States.
After 2015-NOV, marriage had become generally available to same-sex couples throughout the 50 states, and District of Columbia, and four out of five territories. The exception remains American Samoa where most of the population are American residents, not American Citizens. As a result, not all decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court apply in that territory.
During 2016, there were still holdouts in a few counties where county clerks are valuing their faith group's religious beliefs above their oath of office, their promise to uphold the U.S. Constitution, and their obligation to obey the Golden Rule. They are refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. This was not too serious a problem in practice because, in most or all cases, same-sex couples can simply travel to another nearby county within their state to pick up their license. By mid-2018, when this disclaimer was last updated, if there are any clerks still refusing to issue such licenses, they seem to be largely ignored by the media.
One exception ocurred in Root, NY which is located west of Schenectady and northwest of Albany. An engaged same-sex couple, Dylan Toften and Thomas Hurd, approached the town clerk, Laurel "Sherrie" Eriksen during mid-2018 to purchase a marriage license. No news outlet appears to have reported the exact date. She refused to issue a license because her sincere religious beliefs called for her to discriminate against persons with a homosexual orientation. Also, they had not made an advance appointment with her. She recommended that they make an appointment with the deputy town clerk who does not share her religious need to discriminate. The couple then drove 13 miles to Cobleskill, NY where they obtained a marriage license.
Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo (D) has directed the state government's Division of Human Rights to look into the matter. He also asked the couple to visit him in Albany and offered to officiate at their wedding. Gov. Cuomo said:
"Personally, I cannot believe that this could happen anywhere in this country, let alone in the state of New York."19
The Gallup Poll found that approval of gay marriage had reached about 63% in 2017 20 and more than two out of three (67%) in 2018. 21 This includes 83% of Democrats, 71% of Independents and 44% of Republicans. 21 Youths currently in high schools are the first generation where the majority have close friendships with gay/lesbian youths who are fellow students or close family members. They are reaching an understanding of sexual orientation that is far superior to previous generations. Future adult support for same-sex marriage can only increase as these students age.
The Most Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori, the Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church, offered a thoughtful survey on marriage:
Bishop Schori discussed how marriage was viewed from biblical times until shortly after voters in California voted very narrowly in 2008-NOV to continue to restrict marriage in that state to one woman & one man:
Some current really "hot topics" about same-sex marriage (SSM) (a.k.a. gay marriage or marriage equality):
SSM appeared to be the most prominent religious conflict in the U.S. during most of 2015, surpassing even abortion access.
1990 to now: An overview listing the main events in the battle for marriage equality in the U.S. & the rest of the world: Part 1 Part 2
1991 to 2015-MAY: A detailed description of the progress towards SSM across the U.S.
2014-MAY: A snapshot of the current status of marriage equality, mainly in North America
2014-SEP: Launching of a new non-profit group: Evangelicals for Marriage Equality: Part 1 Part 2
2014-OCT: U.S. Supreme Court refuses to hear appeals from three Circuit Courts, As a result, marriage equality came to 11 states:
2015-JAN to JUN: The U.S. Supreme Court accepted repeals of SSM cases from KY, MI, OH, & TN in a consolidated case: Obergefell v. Hodges The high court legalized gay marriage across the U.S. States gradually responded by allowing same-sex couples to marry. As of 2015-NOV, same-sex couples can obtain marriage licenses and marry in in all 50 states, four territories and the District of Columbia. However, they may have to travel to an adjacent county to get a license, because a few county clerks may be still refusing to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The main exception is the Territory of American Samoa in the Pacific Ocean.
2004 to now: Dates when states have made marriage licenses available to same-sex couples in the United States
2016: Last U.S. locations where marriage licenses were still unavailable to same-sex couples
Different views on SSM and marriage equality: Between conservatives and liberals; between Republicans and Democrats
A brief look at 25 years of arguments used by conservatives opposed to same-sex marriage: Part 1 Part 2
Opposition to SSM, based on the belief that marriage equality causes the birth rate to decrease, & threaten the states' economies
Different views on the type of democracy on which the United States is based, and how this influences SSM
Major conflicts between the LGBT community and religious conservatives: largely over wedding-related goods and services
Excerpts from past Supreme Court rulings on topics like marriage, and private same-gender sexual behavior
History and current status of SSM in the U.S. and other countries:
SSM in individual U.S. states and the District of Columbia
SSM in other countries
U.S. & Canadian milestones on the multiple-decade path towards marriage equality
Past predictions for the future of same-sex marriage in the U.S.
Past speculation on when will the U.S. Supreme Court issue its decision on same-sex marriage. What might their decision be?
2013-JUN: The U.S. Supreme Court issued rulings on:
Proposition 8 in California
Section 3 of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
Impact of the DOMA ruling on couples. Radical IRS ruling favoring same-sex couples. Conflicting interpretations
The floodgates open:
2013-JUN to SEP: Changes for binational, married couples. Subsequent lawsuits triggered by Windsor
2013-AUG-SEP: The Pentagon equalizes programs for service members in same-sex marriages (SSMs)
2014-FEB: Justice Department gave same-sex and opposite-sex marriages equal protection in all its programs
2018-OCT: U.S. denies visas to some LGBT diplomats
2019-FEB: Recent U.S. polls. Kansas: Government considers bill to call same-sex marriages "parody mariages"
Worldwide SSM status as of 2017-DEC:
Marriage equality -- creating the right for loving, committed same-sex couples to marry -- has become established in a growing number of countries. The Netherlands was the first during 2001. The U.S. Supreme Court legalized gay marriage across the entire country on 2015-JUN-26. The 13 states that had banned it gradually fell in line with the court ruling..
Among major English speaking countries, only Northern Ireland has not taken this step. Public support for SSM is quite high in this country and debate is active there.
On 2017-DEC-07, the Australian Government was the most recent to legalize same-sex marriage. They had conducted a postal survey on gay marriage among all enrolled electors. (In Australia, voting is compulsory, so that about 96% of the eligible population is entrolled). An incredible 79.5% of eligible voters returned their volunteer survey cards. 61.5% favored marriage equality; 38.4% favored denying same-sex couples the right to marry.
Color coding: For same-sex couples:
Dark blue: Marriages can be solemnized now.
Blue: Civil unions or domestic partnersipes are available
Green: Marriages solemnized elsewhere can be recognized.
Orange: Same-sex couples became ableto marry n 2018.
Gray: Countries that do not yet allow same-sex marriages.
The Supreme Court legalized gay marriage across the entire country in 2015-JUN-26, with the exception of the territory of American Samoa.
Status of marriage equality as of 2017-DEC-08:
The following countries have made marriage available for same-sex couples. In order by year, they were:
2001: The Netherlands.
2001: Belgium.
2005: Canada (the first country in the western hemisphere and the first in North America) and Spain.
2006: South Africa (the first country in Africa).
2009: Norway and Sweden.
2010: Argentina, Iceland, and Portugal.
2012: Denmark.
2013: Brazil, France, New Zealand, and Uruguay, .
2014: England, Scotland., and Wales.
2015: Finland, Greenland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and United States (except for American Samoa)
2016: Colombia
2017: Germany, and Malta.
2018: Australia
2019: Taiwan (the first country in Asia), Austria. 14,22
Mexico City legalized same-sex marriages in late 2009. Some states in Mexico have since done the same.
The media cannot quite agree exactly how many countries have attained marriage equality. This is because England and Wales are sometimes counted as one country and sometimes as two. Also, some media accounts date same-sex marriage to the time when the enabling bill is signed into law, while others date them to when the law came into effect.
Northern Ireland remains the only large, developed, predominately English speaking country that continues to deny the right of same-sex couples to marry.
Other aspects of same-sex marriage (SSM) discussed in this section:
SSM is very controversial. The central government in almost every country is responsible for defining marriage eligibility. However, in the U.S., marriage is defined at the state level. This means a total of 57 separate battles -- one in each of 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government and the five U.S. territories (three of which are in the Pacific Ocean, and two in the Atlantic). The current status is shown below.
At its peak, prohibiting same-sex marriage seems to have assumed greater importance recently among religious and social conservatives than even restricting women's access to abortion. Part of the opposition is due to beliefs promoted by some conservative faith groups about the nature of sexual orientation. Some common beliefs are:
That everyone is born heterosexual but that some people choose to become gay or lesbian later in life;
That homosexuality is an addiction similar to drug dependence or alcoholism. Once some people try same-gender sexual activity, they become "hooked"on it.
That children who are sexually abused by adults of the same gender are much more likely to become gay or lesbian during their teen or early adult years.
That adults who engage in same-gender sexual activity can become heterosexual through effort involving prayer and therapy;
That abusive pedophilia -- adults sexually molesting pre-pubertal children -- is much more common among gays and lesbians than among heterosexuals.
That children raised in families headed by a same-sex couple do not thrive as well as children raised by an opposite-sex couple.
All of the above are denied by numerous professional mental health organizations like the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, etc. and by human sexuality researchers. Unfortunately, little or no dialogue is occurring among these associations and faith groups to resolve their differences. They remain far apart on fundamental understanding of sexual orientation.
Additional religious beliefs commonly found among conservative faith groups are:
That all persons who engage in same-gender sexual activity will spend eternity after death in Hell. This belief often causes great emotional pain to the LGBT community as well as parents of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender individuals.
That homosexual behavior is hated by God.
That if same-sex marriage becomes more common in the U.S. that God will retaliate at some point by causing one or more horrendous natural disasters as he did at Sodom and Gomorrah, and later during the time of Noah, with great loss of life. 2 Fear of God's punishment is a main motivator among many religious conservatives which causes them to strongly oppose SSM.
Many recent court rulings have determined that those states that have banned same-sex marriage through legislation and/or by amending their constitution have violated the equal protection and/or the due process clauses of the U.S. Constitution's 14th Amendment. These states can expect to have same-sex marriage eventually legalized by rulings of one of their federal District Courts because of these violations.
Since 2011, national polls have regularly showed that most Americans favor legalizing SSM. Support is increasing, and opposition is dropping, each by 1 to 2 percentage points/year.
Previous to 2012, referendums in two states terminated SSMs: California in 2008 and Maine in 2009. These votes temporarily prevented new SSMs. They were passed with about a 6 percentage point margin. The most recent referendums on SSM were held on 2012-NOV-06 to restore SSM in Maine, and legalize SSM in Maryland, and Washington State. All three states legalized SSM with about a 5 percentage point margin. Overall gain in margin over four years was about 11 percentage points.
Support for equal rights and benefits for same-sex couples appears to be accelerating. It is at least partly caused by a generational shift: The vast majority of teens support marriage equality. Most senior citizens still oppose marriage equality, but are leaving the voter pool because of disability or death.
A large and growing percentage of the adult population believes that marriage equality is inevitable.
An increasing number of religious and social conservatives are diverting their energy away from preventing same-sex marriage. They are working harder to establish the right of individuals, companies and churches to actively discriminate against the LGBT community without running afoul of state human rights legislation. They promote this in the name of religious freedom. But it is not religious freedom in the historical meaning of the term, which includes the freedom of belief, freedom to assemble, freedom of religious speech, freedom to proselytize, etc. It is a recently emerged meaning for religious freedom: the religiously-based freedom to oppress and discriminate against others. Few seem to realize that the ethic of reciprocity -- a.k.a. Golden Rule -- requires Christians and followers of other religions to do the exact opposite.
One of many points of view:
Other topics covered in greater detail:
Introductory material:
Background material: <<< Please read some of these essays first!
Past marriage trends & changes worldwide, from biblical times to now. Marriage as a human right
If you approve of same-sex marriage (SSM), study this chart. If you don't, then study this chart, unless you are easily offended
Is same-sex marriage a good or bad idea? The pros and cons considered
Why are some individuals and groups opposed to same-sex marriage while others favor allowing it?
How kids react to same-sex marriage proposals
Five books, either for or against same-sex marriage
History and current status of SSM and civil unions:
2013-MAR: Graphical presentation of public opinion about SSM in the U.S.
Brief timelines of SSM/civil union developments, mainly in the U.S. and English speaking world:
Snapshot in mid-2005
From 2012 to the present time
Detailed description of developments, mainly in the U.S.:
Current status: in the U.S., Canada, South America, Europe, etc.
Expected near-term SSM activity in North America -- constitutional amendments, citizen initiatives, etc.
Current SSM status outside the U.S. Strategy. Our past predictions for the future of SSM in the U.S. Links to resources.
SSM in Canada: an overview
2012 platforms by the National Democratic and Republican parties concerning SSM: Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 (See also, platforms on abortion)
Harms resulting from:
The denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples
Same-sex marriage itself according to some conservatives
Health benefits resulting from SSM
Quotations showing the diversity of beliefs about SSM
Changes, including re-definitions, of marriages since before biblical times
Why are couples not permitted to marry?
The battle over interracial marriage in the U.S. Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
Why do some same-sex couples want to marry?
Disagreements over whether same-sex marriage should be permitted
Analysis of Family Research Council`s stance on SSM
Arguments against SSM raised by the National Organization for marriage
Allowing military chaplains to conduct SSM ceremonies
Inside a "scary, society-destroying family" led by parents of the same sex
Support for same-sex marriage by the National Association of the Deaf (NAD)
A speech by Ed Fallon in opposition to a state DOMA law in Iowa
How do children fare with same-sex parents?
One child with three legal parents: a Canadian court decision
Governments that recognize same-sex relationships
Companies that extend benefits to partners of gay/lesbian employees
Marriage benefits that are denied to gay & lesbian couples
A sampling of opinions by religious leaders and individuals
Affects of Religion and race on attitudes towards SSM:
Christian, Jewish and other religions' policies toward same-sex marriages and equal rights for gays
The Bible and same-sex marriage
Two aspects to marriage: civil and religious: should they be separated?
Marriage and family forms in the Bible and now
Reactions by the African American churches and community concerning marriage equality
2012: Resolution by the Southern Baptist Convention that same-sex marriage is not a civil rights issue:
Part 1: The resolution itself
Part 2: Analysis of the resolution
2008: Article in Newsweek in support of SSM
TV ads by the National Organization for Marriage opposing SSM:
2009 fear-based ad
2012 ad promoting "natural" marriage and denigrating adopting families
Laws in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world:
Legal aspect of same-sex marriages
U.S. court & legislative activity restricting same-sex marriage - DOMA laws
The Nebraska DOMA law declared unconstitutional
U.S. Constitutional amendments to ban SSM:
Federal: Proposed Marriage Amendment (FMA) to the U.S. Constitution to ban SSM
North Carolina: Amendment One, a stealth amendment to ban SSM and recognition of many other relationships
Part 1 Part 2 Part3
An interpretation of the U.S. Constitution as it applies to same-sex marriage
Will SSM inevitably lead to decriminalizing polygamy?
International declarations on the rights of LGBT persons
Laws in other countries that oppress or protect LGBT persons
Public opinion polls:
In the U.S.:
Single polls
Repeated polls:
On same-sex marriage
On same-sex civil unions
In Canada:
1996 to 2002;
2003-JAN to AUG
2003-SEP to DEC
2005 This is the year in which SSM was legalized across Canada
Anecdotal comments about SSM
Legal developments affecting SSM, civil unions, etc. in the U.S.:
LGBT news items 1996 to 2010
The status of governments' recognition of same-sex relationships as of mid-2005 with links to later developments
Recognition that same-sex relationship seems to have reached a tipping point on 2011-FEB-23
We have documented other events on a month-by-month basis, showing an accelerating movement towards LGBT equality during:
2011-FEB/MAR 2011-APR 2011-MAY-01 to 15 2011-MAY-16 to 31 2011-JUN-01 to 10 2011-JUN-11 to 30
2011-JUL-01 to 15 2011-JUL-16 to 31 2011-AUG-01 to 15 2011-AUG-16 to 31 2011-SEP 2011-OCT
2011-NOV 2011-DEC
2011: Year end review
2012-JAN 2012-FEB 2012-MAR
2009 to 2012: Summary of changes in the U.S. towards equal rights for LGBTs
2012-MAY: President Obama, and others, announce personal support of SSM. Reactions.
2012-MAY 2012-JUN 2012-JUL 2012-AUG 2012-SEP 2012-OCT 2012-NOV 2012-DEC
2013-JAN 2013-FEB 2013-MAR-01 to 14 2013-MAR-15 to 21 2013-MAR-23 to 26 2013-MAR-26 to 31
2013-APR-01 to 04 2013-APR-05 to 30 2013-MAY 2013-JUN 2013-JUL 2013-AUG 2013-SEP 2013-OCT 2013-NOV 2013-DEC
2014-JAN 2014-FEB 2014-MAR 2014-APR 2014-MAY 2014-JUN 2014-JUL 2014-AUG 2014-SEP 2014-OCT (4 parts) 2014-NOV 2014-DEC
2015-JAN (2 parts) 2015-FEB 2015-MAR (4 parts) 2015-APR 2015-MAY (2 parts) 2015-JUN (2 parts) 2015-JUL
2015-AUG to 2016-JAN (2 parts) 2015-FEB (2 parts)
Within Native American Nations:
Coquille Nation
Mid-2005-JUN: Status of marriage equality:
Inter-faith, interracial, inter-ethnic marriages were recognized everywhere in the U.S. However, same-sex marriages were treated very differently. As a result of voter plebiscites, legislative activities, and/or court rulings, same-sex marriages had become legal and available in most states and not in others. Same-sex marriage had been approved by recent court decisions in some additional states, but many had been stayed pending appeals to higher courts. See the image below.
On 2014-OCT-06, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to not review four rulings that dealt with marriage equality that were issued by three U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal. This quickly added five new states to the places where marriage licenses are available to same-sex couples. It also set up six additional states where marriages should have been immediately made available. These are states that are under the jurisdiction of these same three U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal. Kansas and South Carolina. They initially resisted this precedent but were forced to comply by late 2014-NOV.
In those states where same-sex marriage was still not allowed, there were many lawsuits active attempting to attain marriage equality. There was at least case one in every state -- . Until same-sex marriage became available everywhere in the U.S., married same-sex couples had to be very careful where they lived and to where they traveled. A medical emergency could have become a life-or-death matter very quickly if it happened while they were one of the states shown below as red, orange or light blue.
The second latest state to attain marriage equality before the U.S. Supreme Courts major ruling on 2015-JUN-26 was Alabama on 2015-FEB-09. However, marriage licenses were temporarily not available there because of a dispute between state and federal courts. The final state to attain marriage equality before the High Court ruling was Nebraska on 2015-MAR-02, shown in bright blue above.
As of 2015-MAR-03, the most recent changes in marriage status had involved three states that have changed from red (SSM banned) to black (SSM legal):
Kansas was 34th state to attain marriage equality on 2014-NOV-13. However, only some counties allow same-sex marriage.
Montana was 35th state on 2014-NOV-19.
South Carolina was 36th state 2014-NOV-20.
Florida was the 37th state on 2015-JAN-05.
Alabama was the 38th state on 2015-FEB-09.
Nebraska was the 39th state on 2015-MAR-02 (Shown in blue). A decision of a District Court has been appealed to the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals who might enforce a stay.
That left 12 states that still had not attained marriage equality.
As of 2015-MAR-03 marriage equality has been attained in 40 locations, including 39 states and the District of Columbia. They were:
Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington state, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming).
However;
The status of same-sex marriage in Missouri was in a state of flux. It was available only in St. Louis and Kansas City, MO.
In Nebraska, the state has appealed the ruling of a federal District Court to the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals who might place a stay on the lower court ruling.
At least one lawsuit seeking marriage equality is active in each of the remaining 11 states which currently ban same-sex marriage as shown above.
The current state of same-sex marriage in the U.S. is very similar to to the situation regarding interracial marriages prior to a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to legalize such marriages in across the entire U.S. in 1967.
The vast majority of Americans now believe that marriage equality is inevitable across the U.S. in the near future. There are signs that:
Non-profit groups who have been promoting marriage equality are beginning to shift their emphasis towards protecting the LGBT community from discrimination in employment, accommodation, etc.
Non profits who have been resisting marriage equality are now beginning to emphasize changes in local and state human rights legislation so that individuals and public accommodations will have the religious freedom to actively discriminate against same-sex couples. Such discrimination violates one of the main tenets of their faith -- the Golden Rule. However, this conflict is generally ignored and rarely discussed.
The slow progress towards marriage equality by U.S. state, district and territory:
American Samoa, Territory of
The Pursuit of equality, a documentary DVD
Guam, Territory of
Idaho. Including a discussion of the Hitching Post Chapel conflict
Issuing of SSM marriage licenses in various states as of early 2004
2004 to 2008: Early events in various states
As of 2015-MAR-03, same-sex couple were able to marry in 37 states and Washington DC. Over 70% of Americans live in a location that has attained marriage equality.
In four states, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Tennessee, federal District Courts had ruled in favor of marriage equality. A three-judge panel of the 6th U.S. Court of Appeals subsequently reversed their rulings by a close, 2 to 1, vote. During 2015-JAN, the U.S. Supreme Court accepted all four cases for appeal, and held hearings on the case. Obergefell v. Hodges, during 2015-APR-28. The high court is issued its ruling on 2015-JUN-26 which legalized same-sex marriage everywhere across the U.S. except for the Territory of American Samoa. As of 2015-NOV, the status of SSM in that territory is still unclear. Resolution may be attainable only through the territorial courts.
Status of SSM elsewhere in the world:
As of 2014-DEC-01, eighteen countries had either legalized SSM or have passed laws to attain marriage equality at some date in the near future when laws become effective. They are: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Iceland, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, and Uruguay.
Mexico, and the United States are unlike other countries, in that marriage laws are defined by individual states. Some, but not all, state governments in these countries have legalized SSM.
Canada: Ten provincial/territorial court cases and one federal government decision This is a big section!
Outside North America:
As of 2019-JAN-01, 28 countries had legalized marriage by same-sex couples.
In South and Central America
Argentina: SSM bill considered. SSM bill passes parliament
Bermuda Part 1 Part 2
Denmark Part 1 Part 2


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The Land Airbus – tomorrow's monorail?
by Jim - ideas, observations and handy shortcuts · October 22, 2013
It seems that 30-odd years ago, the monorail was being touted as the solution to urban transport, especially in cities.
Monorails popped up around the globe, including Sydney and the Gold Coast. One of the benefits of the monorail was its ability to be built around existing infrastructure, by constructing the rail above existing streets, but it was hampered by a lack of passenger capacity.
Other solutions to urban transport often include light rail. Many cities, including Melbourne, use light rail very effectively to transport huge numbers of passengers quickly and effectively.
Adelaide has recently extended its light rail network and the Gold Coast is currently building a light rail system to facilitate public transport in and around Surfers Paradise – from Southport to Broadbeach and many destinations in between.
But light rail usually requires some of the existing road, reducing the amount of road available for other traffic.
So – is there a solution that has the convenience of light rail, but with the lower-impact benefits of the monorail?
It seems there may be. The Land Airbus, developed by TBS China, straddles existing traffic lanes, reducing impact on existing traffic and provides passenger space and comfort for public transport users.
They have developed a brief video to showcase their concept, and it's compelling viewing.
Let us know what you think of this as a potential solution to urban transport in the comments…
Jim - ideas, observations and handy shortcuts
Jim has been a member of the .id team since early 2010, following 10 years as a Director in local government and prior to that, many years at IBM. Jim is also a former .id client and recognised the value of .id's tools in council decision making. He decided to join .id to help spread the word! He manages .id's local government clients in Queensland and South Australia, helping them to use .id's tools for informed strategy and policy decisions. Outside work, Jim enjoys learning Spanish, travel (especially to Spanish speaking locales) and collects the odd car or two…
The demographic impact of WWI
Why do we need all this space?
Lessons in over-simplifying statistics – or why I'm not such a Wally with water
Fascinating. Did not see what fuel was envisaged. Good sized roof for solar recharging. Big problem could be accidents in normal traffic blocking rails.
Next story What are the demographics of fire-prone areas?
Previous story South East Queensland: The 200 kilometre city


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Ford to cut jobs in Europe, with focus on Germany: union
Ford Motor Co plans to cut about 3,200 jobs across Europe, following workforce reductions in the US as the automaker slashes costs in a shift toward electric vehicles (EVs).
A majority of the affected positions are concentrated in Germany, affecting roles in product development and administrative areas, the IG Metall union said on Monday after an extraordinary works council meeting at the carmaker's factory in Cologne. The cuts would affect roughly 65 percent of development jobs in Europe.
Development activities in Germany are set to be relocated to the US, according to an IG Metall statement.
A man and a woman visit the Ford Motor Co stand during the Brussels Motor Show in Belgium on Jan. 13.
The European cutbacks come after Ford already eliminated 3,000 jobs primarily in the US in the second half of last year. Ford chief executive officer Jim Farley is targeting US$3 billion in cuts as he seeks to boost profits from traditional internal combustion engine models to help finance the US$50 billion he is pouring into developing electric vehicles.
Ford declined to confirm the cuts in Europe with a spokesman saying that "no decisions have been made."
The US carmaker has been revamping its European presence, after struggling to maintain market share for its lineup of passenger cars amid disappointing returns. Its local commercial-vehicle making arm has been a bright spot.
Ford employs about 4,600 people at the Saarlouis plant in Germany, where the company will cease making the Focus model by 2025, with no plans to produce any other cars there after that. The company is seeking alternatives for the site, while sticking with a US$2 billion planned EV investment at its key European production site in Cologne, where Ford has about 14,000 workers.


When the Vegas Golden Knights take the ice for Game 1 of their Stanley Cup Final against the Washington Capitals on Monday, they'll have their soon-to-be professional sports brethren standing in their corner.
This isn't the first time the Raiders have publicly thrown their support to Las Vegas' sport teams. On Sunday, they also took out an ad to wish the Aces good luck in their inaugural WNBA season in Las Vegas. They also threw their support behind the Golden State Warriors in 2015.
The Golden Knights are the first expansion team in NHL history (who didn't have to compete against other expansion teams; sorry, 1967-68 Blues) to make a Stanley Cup Final.
There's a lot of pressure that goes into trying to win a city's first professional sports title. Perhaps the Raiders hope that's one thing they won't necessarily have to worry about when they arrive at their new home in the desert.


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Politics this week
The world this weekJul 13th 2002 edition
Murder in Afghanistan
Abdul Qadir, a vice-president of Afghanistan, was assassinated by gunmen in Kabul, damaging the authority of the fledgling government of President Hamid Karzai.
See article: Fragile Afghanistan
America modified its position on the International Criminal Court, telling the UN Security Council that it no longer demanded permanent immunity for its soldiers serving as peacekeepers. But it still wants to prevent any prosecution of peacekeepers for a year, subject to renewal. Negotiations continued.
Israel's cabinet voted to support a bill brought by a right-wing member of the Knesset that would allow state land to be used exclusively by Jews. Left-wing politicians and civil-rights groups have objected.
See article: The Palestinian leadership
The two Koreas were again in dispute when the North accused the South of sending two warships into its territorial waters in the Yellow Sea. "Premeditated provocation," said the North. On June 29th a South Korean ship sank and four sailors died in a clash with the North.
At last, a winner
Madagascar's low-intensity civil conflict came to an end, after Didier Ratsiraka, one of two men claiming the presidency, fled the country. His rival, Marc Ravalomanana, swiftly won control of the whole island.
See article: Madagascar's civil war fizzles
An influential prelate, Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri, resigned as Friday prayer leader in Isfahan after delivering a blistering indictment of Iran's rulers, in which he gave warning of a flood of resentment at corruption and misrule.
The Organisation of Africa Unity became the African Union, a body whose members promise to uphold democracy and good governance.
See article: The new African Union
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, a South African politician and ex-wife of Nelson Mandela, went on trial on 85 counts of fraud.
Reports suggested that the United States wanted to use Jordan for an attack on Iraq. Jordan denied it would be a launching-pad.
See article: Jordan, Iraq and America
The discovery of a 7m-year-old skull in Chad helped to fill a gap in the history of human evolution. The skull, which has a mixture of ape-like and human-like features, is probably not a direct human ancestor. But it is the only relevant fossil evidence to have been found from this period.
Sick man of Europe
Turkey's three-party coalition headed by Bulent Ecevit was set to fall, after a mutiny within his own party against the ailing 77-year-old prime minister. Several ministers, including the foreign minister and a deputy prime minister, resigned; the economy minister, Kemal Dervis, who is regarded as the key to Turkey's economic reforms, seemed about to follow suit, then apparently changed his mind. The leaders of the two other ruling coalition parties called for an early election. Chaos and uncertainty prevailed.
See article: Turkey in crisis
The European Commission unveiled proposals to reform, modestly, Europe's common agricultural policy. The main idea is to unlink subsidies and production. The French, among others, will resist the changes.
See article: Farm subsidies
In a cabinet reshuffle, Spain's foreign minister, Josep Pique, lost his post to Ana Palacio, a Euro-MP. The justice minister, Angel Acebes, architect of a new law making it easier to ban Batasuna, the political wing of ETA, the Basque-separatist terrorist group, was promoted to minister of the interior. His main job: to crush ETA, already hurt by a judge-ordered freeze on Batasuna's bank accounts.
See article: Should Spain ban the terrorists' political party?
After years of investigation, a report named 179 members of the Irish elite who in earlier decades found it convenient to do business with a firm called Ansbacher Cayman. Any connection with their tax affairs? Not for us to say, said the investigators.
See article: A tax scandal for Ireland's elite
Britain's government said it would decriminalise the possession and use of cannabis. But dealers in drugs, supposedly, will still be chased even harder than now.
After years of getting nowhere, Greek police caught an alleged member of the November 17th terrorist organisation and reckoned it might soon catch others.
The final tally of voting in Bolivia's presidential election showed that Evo Morales, a left-wing leader of coca farmers, had snatched second place, with 21%. Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, a liberal former president, won 22.5%. Bolivia's newly-elected Congress will choose between the two; it is likely to give the nod to Mr Sanchez.
Vicente Fox, Mexico's president, said he had secured an all-party agreement in the opposition-controlled Congress to study his government's proposed energy reforms.
See article: Reforming Mexico's energy industries
Carlos Reutemann, a Peronist provincial governor and former racing driver, said he would not stand for Argentina's presidency in an election due in March. He had been seen as the strongest moderate candidate.
Amateur footage of a handcuffed black teenager being thrown against a car and punched in the face by a white policeman in California was shown on national television. Lawyers for Donovan Chavez, 16, say he did not understand what was happening; the policemen say he had attacked them. Meanwhile another video emerged of police beating a 50-year-old black man in Oklahoma.
See article: Law enforcement in Los Angeles
Defying the White House, the House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly for a bill that would let airline pilots carry guns in cockpits.
The Senate approved plans to store nuclear waste from 39 states inside Yucca Mountain in Nevada, only 145km (90 miles) north-west of Las Vegas. Nevada officials promised to go to court to prevent 77,000 tonnes of radioactive material being buried there from 2010.
Malaysia's highest court dismissed an appeal by Anwar Ibrahim against a conviction for abuse of power. Mr Anwar, a former deputy prime minister, is regarded by humanitarian organisations as a political prisoner.
Peace talks to end Sri Lanka's civil war between the government and the separatist Tamil Tigers, delayed since May, are not now expected to start until August at the earliest.
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Books > Language and Literature > Text to Tradition (The Naisadhiyacarita and Literary Community in South Asia)
Text to Tradition (The Naisadhiyacarita and Literary Community in South Asia)
by Deven M. Patel
Written In the Twelth Century, the Naisadhiyacarita (The Adventures of Nala, King of Nisadha) is a seminal Sanskrit Poem beloved by South Asian literary communities for nearly a millennium. This volume introduces readers to the poem's author, his reading communities, the modes through which the poem has been read and used, the context through which it became canonical, its literary offspring, and the emotional power it still holds for the culture that values it.
Text to Tradition privileges the intellectual, affective, and social forms of cultural practice that inform a region's people and institutions. It also proposes a new way to conduct literary historiography, understanding literary texts as "traditions" in their own right and emphasizing the various players and critical genres involved in their reception. The book underscores the importance of the close study of individual works to building a history of literary cultures. In addition, it creates a groundbreaking model for approaching the study of other venerated South Asian texts.
Deven M. Patel is an assistant professor of Sanskrit languages and the literatures of South Asia at the University of Pennsylvania. He writes on literary history, the formation of literary communities, and the broader significance of literature and exegesis as cultural practice in South Asia.
Compared to what we know about classic works with long reception histories from other parts of the world, we have a surprisingly shadowy understanding of what great literary works composed in South Asia meant to generations of audiences. In earlier "histories of literature," individual works were often presented as static texts with an intrinsic set of features and values that could be uncritically implicated in a narrow or generalized history of a period, a region, or a genre. Accordingly, the emphasis in these works was almost always on the text itself (or, more commonly, groups of texts) and rarely ventured to address how an indigenous literary tradition received and experienced one of its key texts. As such, after more than a century of scholarship, even now we can only gather a vague idea of what kinds of reading communities-and reading practices-clustered around works of literature that continued to remain relevant for a culture over centuries. The case of Sanskrit poetry (karya) and specifically a genre known as mahakavya (literally, a "long" or "great" poem) is emblematic of this poverty in our historical comprehension. Several Sanskrit mahakavya are widely understood as classics of South Asian literature, and while sophisticated studies of individual mahakarya have become available recently, no existing work has yet treated a single poem's literary history from the point of view of its audiences.' Considerable advances and important contributions to the understanding of the intellectual history of Sanskrit culture have been made in the past few decades-especially concerning rich traditions of poetics from the sixth through seventeenth centuries. However, outside of understanding literary culture through the universalizing rubrics of formalized poetics, more investigation into other aspects of the lives of texts is needed to fully explain a literary tradition's view of itself.
Missing, for instance, are serious discussions about an individual Sanskrit poem's reading communities and their reading practices, a sense of what tied a particular work's readership together over centuries, and what the dynamics of difference between these audiences, separated by time and space, were. There is a complex relationship, as philosophers like Paul Ricoeur have argued, between "the world of the text" and "the world of the reader," but the two have been conflated to such an extent in much of the early scholarship on Sanskrit literature that, even today, it is virtually impossible to think of individual works as having a complicated history mediated by various approaches to explain and interpret a text over time.' Missing also is an acknowledgment of the complex, conflicted, and even contradictory effect that knowledge of a text's long history has on readers at varying points in history, including the present. Admittedly, linking individual texts, or even genres, with real communities of readers from premodern South Asia is a difficult task. This is especially the case for texts with long reception histories for which we have centuries-long gaps in tangible evidence to explain how individuals and certain social groups approached them or how they might have functioned within institutions dedicated to learning and teaching literature. Nevertheless, based on the evidence we do have, certain questions can and remain to be addressed. For example, outside of the alankarasastra, what are the different types of readership a Sanskrit poem attracted across centuries? What were some of the diverse explanatory or interpretive practices readers brought to the text? What tied all of them together?
Some of these questions first came up for me while encountering references to a twelfth-century Sanskrit poem entitled the Naisadhiyacarita. Histories of Sanskrit literature consistently noted that the Naisadhiyacarita (literally, the Deeds or Adventures of Nala, King of Nisadha), or simply the Naisadhiya, was considered to be the "last" of the great poems of the classical Sanskrit tradition and that "to the purely native taste," it had been preferable to all other long Sanskrit poems, studied and praised more frequently than even Kalidasa's works.' But I also read contrary statements in other histories of Sanskrit literature: I was confused by the stark gulf that these authors suggested: that the Naisadhiya could once be considered, by some, as the finest poem in Sanskrit while others now would barely recommend, if not dismiss altogether, the idea of picking it up. Some years of actually reading Sanskrit poetry, and not just secondary reviews of it, disabused me of trusting the opinions of literary scholars trained to write about it under the spell of nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century aesthetic expectations." I gathered that while centuries of premodern reading must have embraced feelings of identification with the poet, most colonial—era scholarship on the Naisadhiya-and on much of Sanskrit literature- sought to separate itself from the premodern practices of Naisadhiya commentary. Premodern audiences addressed the Naisadhiya as part of a tradition of classic mahakavya, and, therefore, to write a commentary on the poem meant to try to become an ideal reader for a poem one clearly respected. Modem critics from the colonial period, by and large, ignored or underplayed the tradition in which the text was understood, received, and taught. At the same time, however, much of this literary-historical scholarship desired some form of connection with scholastic engagements from the past and, thus, to maintain a relationship with a continuous discourse of the Naisadhiya.
Recognition of this shift in scholarly attitude notwithstanding, the modern critiques of the Naisadhiya also inspired a strong curiosity: What could the "native taste" have actually meant across time, and what did a "traditional type" of reader like about the Naisadhiya that these later critics clearly despised? Could we recover forms of literary awareness and criticism about the poem that might have existed in the past, and might still-or no longer-exist in the present? Ultimately, this curiosity led me to investigate documents, agents, and social contexts that would otherwise have remained invisible to a project solely focused on the text itself. What began, therefore, as a modest exploration of one of the greatest works of South Asian poetry has now also become a book about dozens of arguably less-important works, composed by dozens of men over hundreds of years. Rather than speak of a single literary work, therefore, I claim to write here about a singular tradition of a literary work: the Naisadhiya tradition.
A Tradition of A Text
The word tradition, even when applied to literary texts, can be a protean designation, open to being shaped {or disfigured} to suit hosts of possible pasts, presents, and futures. Most simply, a literary tradition may refer to sets of textual and scholarly practices that grow up around a root or source text (mula-grantha in Sanskrit). Tradition, thus, explains an ongoing set of self-aware text-critical and aesthetic engagements with a powerful literary object that span centuries. These engagements include, but are not limited to, formal commentaries, narrative texts, encomia, pseude—pigrapha, translations, visual representations, anonymous snatches of literary-critical discourse available from oral tradition, and modern forms of literary criticism.
A well-known maxim in Sanskrit explains: "a commentator knows but not the poet" (vyakhyata janati na tu kavih). Accordingly, the most important documents for my study are commentaries on the Naisadhiya written in Sanskrit from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. In addition to being different hermeneutic orientations to the poem, commentaries serve as storehouses for encomia (prasasti) to the Naisadhiya and biographical information about the text, the author, and the reception history of the poem. Commentaries help us, among other things, to trace the poem's legibility through history. They present sites for competing aesthetics and draw out important contrasts between the creative and critical enterprises intrinsic to Sanskrit literary culture-the work of the poet (kavi) and the scholar (pa1:t~ita). Tradition also frames sets of shared tastes and values that, over time, undergo subtle changes and even reversals. Recognizing that certain literary texts can, in many situations, be encountered autonomous to any mediating influences, it seems that very many other works, by dint of their age and reputation, can never be approached through such a naive lens. Tradition, therefore, rather than fortifying the idea that literary works are received unmediated, trans-historically, and are available to all people at all times in all contexts, actually helps us to move away from this fiction.
Finally, tradition serves as a label for the effect produced in readers when encountering and sustaining an older and influential work that brings with it centuries of readings, reading practices, and dramatic shifts in context of reading. In applying a concept like tradition to frame a diverse reception history for an 800-year-old poem like the Naisadhiya, this book pays special attention to the critical concepts associated with reader-reception theories developed in the latter half of the twentieth century. In particular, my understanding of a Naisadhiya tradition encompasses seeing commentators, at different turns, as different types of readers and part of different types of reading communities. Thus, following one stream of reader-response theory, Text to Tradition delineates the reading practices of empirical readers and reading communities in specific historical situations in order to reconstruct the contributions of human agents in forming the Naisadhiya tradition as it exists for us today," I see the literary-historical agenda of my study as less guided by an urge to understand the Naisadhiya as such and more focused on the critical engagements that explore its changing intelligibility from the point of view of different audiences at different periods. I plot, therefore, a selective trajectory that focuses on those moments when the Naisadhiya tradition turns to analyze its own history, as my primary concern is with the way readers of the poem throughout history imagine and write about their relationship with each other and with their predecessors. I have sought to articulate those changes, tracing the history of the tradition through some of its most important transitional moments.
I am also sympathetic to other understandings of an "audience" as largely a critical fiction-an implied reader-and wish fruitfully to see the Naisadhiya tradition as largely an effect the poem has had on readers throughout history. Here I interpret reader identifications with Sriharsa and the Naisadhiya as largely an affinity to effects rather than objective entities. Thus, we may posit readers' response to a Sriharsa effect or to a Naisadhiya effect rather than to an actual poet and poem. Each discursive engagement with the poem sees it as something different. There are multiple Naisadhiyas, in other words, conceived in different ways by commentators-as-editors, commentators-as-interpreters, biographers and hagiographers, or by literary critics. The poem's discursive genres also develop independently of the poetic traditions of encomia, imitation, and oral verses speaking of rivalry between poems and generally produce a different kind of Naisadhiya as the object of scholarship, evaluation, and commentary. The shifting and unpredictable nature I identify with the Naisadhiya tradition at various historical moments also speaks to a notion that neither the text nor its empirical readers have an independent status but are rather mutually constituted/absorbed into an "interpretive community" that determines, at any given point, what the text is."
The Text of the Tradition
The text at the heart of the tradition is an extraordinary one. The following chapters, where I explore and discuss the Naisadhiya's unique aesthetic as a poem and what I am calling the Naisadhiya tradition, will make clear what makes it so extraordinary. First, however, I briefly address the choice of this particular work over and above hundreds of other candidates, especially when the reception histories of equally neglected works of more well-known poets like Kalidasa remain to be written.
The Naisadhiya emerged at an important moment in South Asian literary and intellectual history. It was produced at the eve of a new political dispensation in northern India that would gradually but definitively realign the patronage networks of Sanskrit literary and intellectual production. At a time when vernacular languages were boldly moving into the literary realm, the Na4iadhfya had an unprecedented role in catalyzing change in various literary cultures of South Asia. The Naisadhiya's awareness of regional languages is manifested, for example, in a twelfth-century Sanskrit enriched by neologisms, a distinctive style and syntax, a turn toward the use of popular subgenres well represented in the literary cultures of the newly emergent languages, and the use of vernacular meters. New works on poetics dealing with topics of trope and rhetoric crop up during the time of Sriharsa to keep pace with the transforming aesthetics of kavya in Sanskrit and the regional languages. It is the first, and in some cases the only, mahakavya translated into the early literary cultures of South Asia's regional languages. In addition to being a source text for Pahari painters during the eighteenth century and Kathakali dramatists since the seventeenth century, it has also been read as religious allegory by audiences since the sixteenth century.
The poem is an emblem of a literary age in transition. The Naiadhiya was both a distillation of past mahakavya practices and a model for future poets working in multiple South Asian languages. Less than a century after its composition, the legacy of the poem began to take shape through the emergence of Sanskrit commentaries and biographies of both the poem and poet. By the fourteenth century, literary communities across the subcontinent came to see the Naisadhiya as the fifth and final text in a canonical formulation known as the paiicamahakavya, or "the five [classic] mahakavya," which include the works of Kalidasa (fourth century CE?), Bharavi (sixth century), and Magha (seventh century). The Naisadhiya both affirms inherited norms of the mahakavya tradition (from earlier poets like Kalidasa, Bharavi, and Magha) and also galvanizes new trends in Sanskrit and regional South Asian literatures. As we shall see, however, the energy it infused in the genre was not unanimously lauded among the critics historically. Its unstable position as a "great work," therefore, in the divergent evaluative matrices of Sanskrit literary communities has rendered the poem both a confirmation and a disruption of familiar patterns in works that precede it. Finally, its relative lateness (the twelfth century), in relation to other established classics, makes the poem coeval with the unprecedented increase of secondary kavya-related documents in South Asia (formal commentaries, narrative accounts, translations, and adaptations), supplying its historical record with a richly detailed and textured archive-clearly the most extensive of any mahakavya we have. The diverse history of this important Sanskrit literary work's reception from the twelfth to twentieth centuries, therefore, effectively indexes the wider changes that characterize the literary landscape of South Asia in the second millennium.
Acknowledgment ix
The Naisadhiya's Aesthetic 17
Eight Centuries of Commentary 49
The Naisadhiya Interpreted and Overinterpreted 81
Struggles Over the Text 107
Secondary Waves of Reading 131
Legends of the Naisadhiya 153
The Tradition Expands to the Regions 175
Appendix 1: Sanskrit Text of Citations From Commentaries and Narratives 211
Appendix 2: Encomia (Prasasti) To Sriharsa and the Naisadhiya 229
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I received two emails today about suggestions to the DGCA guidelines which have been requested to send to the DGCA by May 21.
Both suggestions are fine for the most part, but both include suggesting a ban on cameras.
A ban on cameras would effectively kill the FPV aspect of the hobby for good.
My question is - the original DGCA guidelines did not mention anything about cameras, so we should we mention it for them? Leave the rest of the suggestions in place, just omit the section on cameras.
In all honesty, though, we should just ask them to exempt everything below 500 grams for multirotor craft and below whatever weight you guys decide for planes.
Anything above that weight is subject to whatever regulation you'd like.
Looks like the LOSers are trying to kill FPV for good. Even the AMAI draft letter is similar to this. What I fail to understand is why they have to ask for guidelines SPECIFICALLY TARGETING FPV pilots, especially since the DGCA draft did not even mention these points. You go fly your big gassers with 72 MHz radio LOS, and leave us alone if you're not willing to help us. Anyway, it looks like they are missing their chance to move with the times. Too bad AMAI and others, you're going the way of the dinosaur. FPV racing is the future, and you have to be blind not to see it. It is not that you can stop us from flying FPV anyway. I am honestly quite disappointed to have such an organisation claiming to represent us.
NOT AT ALL COOL! AMAI IS CLEARLY TRYING TO PUSH ASIDE FPV FLYERS TO SAFEGUARD THEIR OWN INTEREST!
And yes I am shouting, really pisses me off how grown up adults can act so childish(Looking at their own interests by crushing others)!
Totally disagree with point 3 why mention what dgca has not in their previous draft? We should be allowed to mount a camera on. I would like to know why so many senior members are against fpv? I'm sure you would love it if you gave it a shot. Please reconsiderand and do not mentioning the camera for the future flyers of India. Peace.
DGCA guidelines very clearly mention about no payload, and payload is again defined, so Cameras (or any other payload) were already covered by DGCA.
Payload is defined in the DGCA circular as "All components of equipment on board a UAV that are not needed for the flight or for its control. Its transport aims exclusively to fulfill a specific mission.". As far as I'm concerned, an FPV camera/ system is needed for control of my ZMR. HD recording cameras may be a problem then but (a) who's going to enforce it and (b) DVRs are always an option.
"As far as I'm concerned"
If they haven't bothered to be more specific, then the guidelines are open to interpretation. If they start enforcing any of these guidelines, let alone the minutiae of what does and does not constitute payload, then I will comply to their standards.
You Aint flying unless u fly INVERTED !!!
FPV would never see the light of the day if cameras are banned. Maybe a law permitting to be flown within designated areas.
I would suggest to refer to the laws which are being drafted by the FAA , EASA and other countries for cameras/FPV flying.
I suggest going with the FAA guidelines.
It will allow us to fly atleast 500 mts high and also 5 km range.
I need those height and range for a good trip video.
I think my fellow hobby photographers would like it too.
I wanted to let you know about this petition I just started on Change.org, "Directorate of General Civil Aviation (DGCA): Immediate Govt. regulation change regarding recreational Rc flying".