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Q: Error in exec SQL Server query I'm a beginner at SQL Server.
I write this query and pass to this table name and count number with @tblName and @count
DECLARE @Base nvarchar(200)

if  (object_ID('tempdb..##temp')) is not NULL
    DROP TABLE ##temp

SET @Base = 'WITH Base AS (SELECT [picName],[Address],ID, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY Id DESC) RN FROM'
                + Quotename(@tblName) + ' GROUP BY [picName],[Address],ID)
                SELECT * INTO ##temp FROM Base'

EXEC (@Base)

SELECT *
FROM ##temp

declare @command nvarchar(max)

set @command='SELECT TOP 15 [picName],[Address],(SELECT TOP 1 COUNT(Id) FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@tblName) + ') as AllSampleCount FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@tblName) +
             'WHERE [Id] IN (SELECT TOP 15 Id From ##temp WHERE RN >'+ ((QUOTENAME(@Count)-1)*15)+ 'ORDER BY Id DESC) ORDER BY Id DESC'

exec (@command)

drop table ##temp

but I get this error

Conversion failed when converting the nvarchar value 'SELECT TOP 15 [picName],[Address],(SELECT TOP 1 COUNT(Id) FROM [Brochure]) as AllSampleCount FROM [Brochure]WHERE [Id] IN (SELECT TOP 15 Id From ##temp WHERE RN >' to data type int.

A: replace this:
You need to Convert @Count to nvarchar(20)
 set @command='SELECT TOP 15 [picName],[Address],(SELECT TOP 1 COUNT(Id) FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@tblName) + ') as AllSampleCount FROM ' + QUOTENAME(@tblName) +
             'WHERE [Id] IN (SELECT TOP 15 Id From ##temp WHERE RN >'+
             QUOTENAME(CAST((@Count-1)*15 as NVARCHAR(20))) + ' ORDER BY Id DESC) ORDER BY Id DESC'

A: COUNT IS NUMBER SO CONVERTION TO STR IS NEEDED
QUOTENAME(CONVERT(NVARCHAR(10),@Count-1)*15  ) + 'ORDER BY Id DESC) ORDER BY Id DESC'

A: In this fragment:
((QUOTENAME(@Count)-1)*15)

the argument of QUOTENAME is @Count but my guess is the actual argument was supposed be (@Count-1)*15. The problem is how the brackets are placed. The -1 (and later *15) is logically applied to the result of QUOTENAME rather than to @Count. That causes the entire concatenation expression to be treated as numeric and SQL Server, therefore, tries to convert all the arguments in it to numbers. It fails to convert the very first one, 'SELECT TOP 15 ...', and that is what the error is about.
If you rewrite the above QUOTENAME fragment like this:
QUOTENAME((@Count-1)*15)

the issue will be gone.
Note that QUOTENAME expects a string and your argument is numeric. In this situation you can either convert the numeric expression's result to a string explicitly (using CAST or CONVERT), as others have suggested, or leave it without explicit conversion, as above – it will be converted automatically.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Trouble installing Yeoman; "archive/0.9.5.tar.gz" not found I'm trying to install yeoman but it seems that the following url no longer works/may have been removed from github:
I'm running:
npm install -g yeoman
->
npm ERR! fetch failed http://github.com/yeoman/generators/archive/0.9.5.tar.gz
The github repository no longer seems to exist. What should I do? Thank you!
The link is here to make it easy for others to go there.
Thank you for your time and patience reading this; I just started trying to use NodeJS so I am sure the fault is on my end somehow.

A: npm install -g yo
Please refer to our official documentation on our website: http://yeoman.io/
The yeoman binary has not updated/used in > 4 years.


Translocation of the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) effector protein via the cag-Type IV Secretion System (cag-T4SS) into host cells is a hallmark of infection with Hp and a major risk factor for severe gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. To mediate the injection of CagA, Hp uses a membrane-embedded syringe-like molecular apparatus extended by an external pilus-like rod structure that binds host cell surface integrin heterodimers. It is still largely unclear how the interaction of the cag-T4SS finally mediates translocation of the CagA protein into the cell cytoplasm. Recently certain carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), acting as receptor for the Hp outer membrane adhesin HopQ, have been identified to be involved in the process of CagA host cell injection. Here, we applied the CRISPR/Cas9-knockout technology to generate defined human gastric AGS and KatoIII integrin knockout cell lines. Although confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a co-localization of Hp and β1 integrin heterodimers on gastric epithelial cells, Hp infection studies using the quantitative and highly sensitive Hp β-lactamase reporter system clearly show that neither β1 integrin heterodimers (α1β1, α2β1 or α5β1), nor any other αβ integrin heterodimers on the cell surface are essential for CagA translocation. In contrast, deletion of the HopQ adhesin in Hp, or the simultaneous knockout of the receptors CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 in KatoIII cells abolished CagA injection nearly completely, although bacterial binding was only reduced to 50%. These data provide genetic evidence that the cag-T4SS-mediated interaction of Hp with cell surface integrins on human gastric epithelial cells is not essential for CagA translocation, but interaction of Hp with CEACAM receptors is facilitating CagA translocation by the cag-T4SS of this important microbe.
The Cag Type IV secretion system of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) interacts with host cell integrins and injects the bacterial oncoprotein CagA into host cells thereby contributing to inflammation and carcinogenesis during chronic infection. Binding of β1 integrin receptors by the CagA protein and the type IV secretion system is well described by many research groups, but its function for CagA translocation is not well understood. We report here that this interaction is not essential for the function of the secretion system and for CagA injection into the gastric epithelial cells lines AGS and KatoIII. However, the bacterial binding to a set of specific receptors called carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) by the Hp outer membrane protein HopQ is a prerequisite for CagA translocation. Interestingly, other bacterial adhesins and the mediated binding events do not have a similar effect on CagA translocation, suggesting a specific feature associated with HopQ mediated binding.
Data Availability: All data are all contained within the paper and/or Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) SFB914 Projects B05 and Z01 and DFG HA2697/16-2, DFG HA2697/18-1 to RH and ANR-13-ISV3-0006-Sintesys to LT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Secretion systems of Gram-negative bacteria have evolved to mediate the passage of macromolecules across two or more cellular membranes, either into the extracellular space, or directly into selected host target cells . A highly versatile group represents the bacterial Type IV secretion systems (T4SS), which can transport diverse components in a contact-dependent manner, ranging from single proteins to protein-protein and protein-DNA complexes [2, 3]. One of these bacteria is Helicobacter pylori (Hp), which is recognized as one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens worldwide and very efficiently utilizes the cytotoxin-associated gene (cag) type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) as a major virulence determinant [4, 5]. The effector protein CagA, together with a set of 27 proteins acting as structural and/or regulatory elements of the T4SS, are encoded on the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI), approximately 40 kb in size. Upon host cell contact the cag-T4SS forms needle-like surface appendages, the T4SS pili [6–8], which are involved in the translocation of CagA from cell-adherent Hp across the bacterial and epithelial membranes into the host cell cytoplasm . Our view on these fascinating nanomachines was extended recently by ultrastructural insights into the cag-T4SS-dependent membranous pilus-like appendages by in vivo electron cryotomography . Injected CagA is tyrosine-phosphorylated on multiple Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) motifs in the C-terminal region, allowing its interaction with a set of cellular target proteins [10, 11]. This results in dysregulation of the homeostatic signal transduction events in gastric epithelial cells, in loss of cell polarity, chronic inflammation and malignancy, qualifying CagA as a bacterial oncoprotein .
The cag-T4SS targets host cells via β1 integrin receptors [13, 14], and induces in these cells the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) . The pilus-associated protein CagL has originally been reported to interact via an arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif with the α5β1 integrin heterodimer and thereby to activate Src and focal adhesion kinase, however, the requirement of the RGD motif for T4SS functionality was assessed differently [13, 14]. Other cagPAI proteins, including CagY, CagI and CagA, have also been identified as interacting with the α5β1 integrin and an integrin binding domain for CagA was identified [16, 17].
In addition to receptor binding by the cagT4SS itself, the outer membrane protein HopQ was identified to support CagA translocation by acting as a non-cagPAI-encoded cofactor of T4SS function . Later on, HopQ was found to selectively bind a set of receptors from the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule family (CEACAMs). CEACAM1, CEACAM3, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 were identified as functional receptors for Hp via the outer membrane protein HopQ [19, 20]. Hp-CEACAM binding not only plays a role for Hp adherence, but this interaction deeply contributes to the process of CagA translocation. Thus, the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), which is devoid of CEACAM receptors on its surface, was resistant for CagA injection by Hp, but became readily susceptible upon functional expression of CEACAM1 or CEACAM5 on its surface [19, 20].
The purpose of this study was to further dissect the role of integrin receptors versus the function of CEACAM receptors for the cagT4SS in the process of CagA translocation. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we systematically generated single to multiple integrin knockout epithelial human cell lines (AGS and KatoIII) ending up with KatoIII cells without any integrin heterodimers on their surface. Unexpectedly, CagA translocation into these completely integrin-deficient cells was not significantly changed, suggesting that other integrin-independent Hp–host cell interactions must be important. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of CEACAM receptors (CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 simultaneously) generated in KatoIII cells resulted in a strong reduction of CagA translocation capacity by Hp, suggesting that β-integrin receptors play a minor role in the T4SS-mediated CagA translocation, but the Hp-CEACAM interaction is of major importance.
The integrin receptor family is composed of 24 distinct integrin heterodimers, generated by different α and β subunits. Generally, integrin receptors follow a distinct tissue- and cell type-specific expression pattern in epithelial cells, leukocytes or platelets . Thus, six β1 integrin heterodimers (α1β1, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1, α6β1 and α9β1), two αv integrins (αvβ5 and αvβ6) and the integrin α6β4 are known to be epithelial-specific (Fig 1A) .
Fig 1. Schematic representation of the mammalian integrin receptor family, integrin profiling in AGS and KatoIII gastric cell lines and the strategy for integrin β1 knockout generation.
A) Illustration of possible integrin α and β associations . Epithelial cell-specific heterodimers are marked with red circles, α and β subunits expressed in AGS or KatoIII cells, as determined in B and C, are shown as filled blue or green (integrin genes targeted by CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene knockout) circles. Grey and white circles represent subunits tested but not expressed, or not tested for expression, respectively. B) Integrin expression profile of AGS cells as determined by flow cytometry using different integrin antibodies. C) Integrin expression profile of KatoIII cells as determined by flow cytometry. D) Strategy for targeted deletion of integrin β1 gene. Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nickase binding sites (20 bp, highlighted in blue) are immediately followed by the 5'-NGG PAM (protospacer adjacent motif). The short guide RNA (sgRNA) pairs are located on both strands of the target DNA with a 25 bp gap. Cloning scheme of the CRISPR plasmids (see Materials and methods for details). All values in B and C were determined as standard errors of the mean (±SEM) from three independent experiments.
AGS and KatoIII cell lines are generally used as model systems for the evaluation of CagA translocation, since both cell lines were derived from human gastric epithelial cells. To get an overview of integrin expression on the surface of these cells, we stained them with different integrin-specific antibodies and determined the integrin expression profile by flow cytometry. AGS and KatoIII cells indeed produced β1 integrins (including α1β1, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1, α6β1 and α9β1), αv integrins (αvβ5 and αvβ6) (αvβ8 only by KatoIII) and the β4 integrin (α6β4) on their surface, however with varying expression levels (Fig 1B and 1C).
We planned to generate a β1 gene knockout in AGS cells that should lack surface expression of all potential β1 containing integrins, since the targeting of either subunit of a given integrin heterodimer should ultimately result in the depletion of the targeted integrin heterodimer [22, 23]. In order to obtain integrin knockout cell lines without undesired off-target mutagenesis, the double nicking strategy was applied . For design of paired short guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the integrin β1 (ITGB1) gene, the online CRISPR design tool (http://tools.genome-engineering.org) was used for optimal sgRNA analysis and identification (See further details of the method in Experimental Procedures) (Fig 1D and S1 Table).
For generation of a β1 integrin deficient AGS cell line, verified CRISPR constructs targeting exon 5 of the β1 integrin gene (ITGB1) were transfected into AGS cells. Transfected cells went through a selection procedure to obtain knockout cell lines. Since CRISPR constructs contain the puromycin resistance gene, the transfected population was treated with puromycin to kill non-transfected cells. The surviving cells were stained with integrin β1 antibody for negative selection by FACS sorting. Finally, serial dilutions of the sorted negative populations resulted in stable cell lines, which could be verified as completely integrin β1-deficient by flow cytometry analysis (Fig 2A). Furthermore, the complete absence of the gene product was verified by (i) demonstrating the disruption of the targeted gene sequence by PCR amplification and sequencing of the integrin β1 alleles (S1A Fig) and (ii) by immunoblotting of cell lysates using a β1 integrin-specific antibody (S2A Fig).
Fig 2. Integrin expression of AGS and KatoIII wild type and corresponding single and multiple integrin-knockout cell lines.
A-E) Integrin expression was determined showing FITC median from three independent flow cytometry experiments. As negative controls, cells were stained with secondary antibody only (Goat-anti mouse, Goat-anti rat). A) ITGB1 surface expression in wild type and ITGB1 KO AGS cells. B) ITGAv surface expression in wild type and ITGAv KO AGS cells. C) ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGB4 KO AGS cells. D) ITGB1 and ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGB1B4 KO AGS cells. E) ITGAv and ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGAvB4 KO AGS cells. F-M) Integrin expression was determined showing FITC median from three independent flow cytometry experiments. As negative controls, cells were stained with secondary antibody only (Goat-anti mouse, Goat-anti rat). F) ITGB1 surface expression in wild type and ITGB1 KO KatoIII cells. G) ITGAv surface expression in wild type and ITGAv KO KatoIII cells. H) ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGB4 KO KatoIII cells. I) ITGAv and ITGB1 surface expression in wild type and ITGAvB1 KO KatoIII cells. K) ITGAv and ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGAvB4 KO KatoIII cells. L) ITGB1 and ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGB1B4 KO KatoIII cells. M) ITGAv, ITGB1 and ITGB4 surface expression in wild type and ITGB1AvB4 KO KatoIII cells. All values are indicated as average values including standard errors of the mean (±SEM), (n = 3).
Next, the verified β1 integrin-deficient AGS cells were tested for CagA translocation capacity by Hp. Traditionally, CagA translocation is assessed by detecting tyrosine-phosphorylated EPIYA motifs as a phosphorylated CagA band via western blot. This can be used for quantification, but is not very sensitive and accurate. We have recently established a sensitive β-lactamase reporter system (TEM-1 reporter assay) to accurately determine Hp CagA translocation into host cells independently of its tyrosine phosphorylation and host cell kinase activity . When applying the Hp strain P12[TEM-CagA] in the TEM-1 reporter assay, we surprisingly did not observe a significant difference in CagA translocation into AGS wild type versus β1 integrin-deficient cells (Fig 3A). This observation suggested that the β1-integrin interaction was apparently not essential for the bacteria or the cag-T4SS to inject CagA.
Fig 3. CagA tyrosine phosphorylation and quantitative evaluation of CagA translocation into wild type integrin-knockout AGS or KatoIII cell lines by the TEM-1 β-lactamase reporter assay.
A) AGS and five integrin-depletion cell lines in 96-well plates were infected with P12[TEM-CagA], the P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA], the genetically complemented P12ΔhopQ:hopQ[TEM-CagA] and as negative control the translocation-deficient P12ΔcagT[TEM-CagA] deletion mutant at an MOI of 60. B) KatoIII wild type and seven single or multiple integrin depletion cell lines in 96-well plates were infected with P12[TEM-CagA], the P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA], the genetically complemented P12ΔhopQ:hopQ[TEM-CagA] and as negative control the translocation-deficient P12ΔcagT[TEM-CagA] deletion mutant at an MOI of 60. Ratios of blue to green fluorescence of each sample were calculated and normalized to the mean of blue to green ratio of the negative controls. All values were indicated as standard errors of the mean (±SEM) from n = 3 independent experiment for AGS and n = 5 independent experiments for KatoIII cells. The red line marks the level of the controls. C) AGS cells, two AGS integrin-depletion cell lines (ITGB1B4 KO, ITGAvB4 KO), KatoIII cells and the triple integrin-depletion KatoIII cell line (ITGAvB1B4 KO) were infected with strain P12, P12ΔhopQ or P12ΔhopQ:hopQ, for 2.5 hours with an MOI of 60. Translocation of CagA was determined by detecting tyrosine-phosphorylated CagA with the anti phosphotyrosine antibody PY99. Statistics: Two-way ANOVA with a Tukey's multiple comparison Post-Hoc test was performed. (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001). Values within each group did not change significantly, with exception of KatoIII wild type versus ITGAv KO KatoIII cells infected by P12 [TEM-CagA].
One possible explanation for this unexpected result might be that other integrin heterodimers (αvβ5, αvβ6, or α6β4), which are known to be expressed on AGS cells (see Fig 1A), are able to functionally substitute β1 integrin heterodimers regarding CagA translocation. We therefore extended the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout strategy to inactivate integrins αv and β4 separately, using the same procedure as for integrin β1 (see S3 Fig and S4 Fig for design of integrin gene inactivation strategy). Furthermore, by targeting different combinations of two of the aforementioned genes in the same cell, different combinations of double mutants were obtained (ΔITGAvB4, ΔITGB1B4), which did not produce the corresponding integrins on the cell surface, as determined by flow cytometry (Fig 2B–2E). A concomitant knockout of all three integrin genes, which ultimately should result in cell lines devoid of all integrins on the AGS cell surface, could not be obtained in the AGS cell background, probably because they do not survive.
The correct genetic inactivation of the integrin genes was verified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the corresponding αv- or β4-specific integrin alleles (S1B and S1C Fig). The complete absence of the gene products was confirmed by immunoblotting with integrin αv- or β4-specific antibodies (S2A Fig). We next asked whether obvious differences in the morphology, physiology or function of the integrin-knockout AGS derivatives are apparent compared to wild type AGS cells. A thorough study of the general cell morphology did not show any peculiarities. AGS AvB4 cells did only grow in tissue culture when collagen was added, which indicated that the integrin receptor-mediated binding to certain integrin ligands was absent. All wild type and knockout mutant cells showed the hummingbird phenotype (S5 Fig). IL-8 induction in AGS wild type cells was slightly reduced in the P12ΔhopQ infecting strain, as compared to the P12 wild type (wt) and the complemented mutant strain (S6 Fig). Interestingly the level of IL-8 induction was generally higher when integrin knockout cells were used as compared to AGS wild type cells, but the general pattern of reaction of the knockout versus the wild type cells was well conserved (S6 Fig). This indicates that the main phenotypic characteristics of the knockout cells are still conserved in comparison to wild-type cells, arguing against unexpected compensatory mutations or significant alterations in signal transduction networks in the knockout cells.
Interestingly, infection experiments based on the TEM-1 reporter assay showed no statistically significant difference in CagA translocation efficiency into AGS wild type versus single or multiple integrin αv- or β deficient cells (Fig 3A). Similar results were obtained by the conventional tyrosine phosphorylation experiments upon infection of the mutant AGS epithelial cell lines (Fig 3C).
In conclusion, we demonstrate here that Hp is able to translocate its CagA protein into gastric epithelial AGS cells devoid of most integrin receptors on their surface, although a complete integrin-free state could not be obtained in the AGS cell background.
In order to compare our data obtained from AGS gastric epithelial cells with another independent human gastric cell line we chose the KatoIII cells for integrin gene knockout experiments. The same strategy and knockout plasmids were applied. We finally obtained a total of seven stable integrin-deficient KatoIII cell lines, all of which could be verified to be completely devoid of their corresponding cell surface integrins, as determined by flow cytometry (Fig 2F–2M). These included the single knockout cell lines (ΔITGB1, ΔITGAv, ΔITGB4), the double knockout cells (ΔITGB1B4, ΔITGAvB4, ΔITGAvB1) as well as a triple knockout cell line (ΔITGB1AvB4). The latter cell line indeed lacks all integrins we tested for by specific antibodies, as demonstrated by the absence of the αv and all individual β integrin subunits (β1 –β8) on the cell surface (see scheme Fig 1A and S7B Fig).
Next, KatoIII wild type and the corresponding knockout cell lines were analyzed by immunoblotting with the corresponding anti-integrin antibodies to confirm the complete absence of the gene product (S2B Fig). On the genetic level knockout mutations could be verified by sequencing of each gene (S1 Fig).
We then performed infection experiments to quantify CagA translocation for all seven different KatoIII integrin-knockout cell lines. Again, single or multiple integrin knockout cell lines did not show a significantly different CagA translocation efficiency as compared to wild type KatoIII cells (Fig 3B). Using a plate reader assay for adherent AGS cells, or a flow cytometry approach for KatoIII suspension cells, we next quantified and compared CagA translocation of different Hp P12[TEM-CagA] strains. They comprised a hopQI gene deficient strain (P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA]), a genetically complemented hopQI knockout strain (P12ΔhopQ:hopQ[TEM-CagA]) and a strain that served as a negative control for CagA translocation (P12ΔcagT[TEM-CagA]). The outer membrane protein HopQ has been recently identified as a major Hp adhesin binding to host cell CEACAMs and was found to be a major contributing factor for CagA translocation [19, 20], whereas in AGS wild type and integrin knockout cells CagA translocation by a HopQ-deficient strain was generally reduced (Fig 3A). In contrast to AGS cells, CagA translocation by the P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA] strain into wild type KatoIII, as well as into integrin knockout KatoIII cell lines was almost completely abolished (Fig 3B). The genetically complemented strain (P12ΔhopQ:hopQ[TEM-CagA]) was restored in its ability for CagA translocation (Fig 3A and 3B).
In summary, these data support our results obtained with AGS cells. Furthermore they suggest that in AGS cells (an) other receptor(s) distinct from CEACAMs seem(s) to support the process of CagA translocation, as shown by infection assays with a P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA] strain (Fig 3A). Such (a) receptor(s) is/are apparently absent in the KatoIII cell background, where CagA translocation seems to be mostly dependent on the HopQ-CEACAM interaction (Fig 3B).
We next performed an integrin profiling in each integrin depletion cell line to investigate whether the depletion of individual integrins can influence the expression levels of the remaining integrins. Especially increased expression levels of remaining integrins could be a reasonable explanation for the sustained CagA translocation efficiency in the different integrin deficient cell lines. To cover all kinds of integrin combinations, also aberrant expression of non-epithelial integrin heterodimers, we analyzed integrin knockout cell lines (AGS and KatoIII background) for expression of integrin αv, β1, β2, β3, β4, β5, β6, β7 and β8 by flow cytometry using specific antibodies (S7 Fig). Among them, non-epithelial integrins β2, β3, β7 and β8 were not differently expressed by any of the mutant versus the wild type cell lines. Integrins β5 and β6 were absent only in αv knockout cells (see black arrows), probably due to the loss of their exclusive alpha integrin binding partner (S7 Fig and Fig 1A for scheme). In addition, the KatoIII β1 KO cell line showed a significant reduction in integrin αv and β5 surface localization as compared to wild type KatoIII cells (S7B Fig, black arrows). The remaining integrins expressed on the surface of each integrin-deficient cell line exhibited similar expression levels as found on wild type AGS or KatoIII cells. This reduced CEACAM expression in KatoIII knockout cells could be responsible for a slightly but not significantly reduced CagA translocation capacity of the integrin double and triple knockout cells (Fig 3B).
Elevated expression levels of remaining integrins, or aberrant expression of non-epithelial integrin heterodimers could be a reasonable explanation for the sustained CagA translocation efficiency in the integrin or CEACAM deficient cell lines. However, we can safely exclude this possibility after intensive integrin profiling experiments. Most importantly, no unexpected additional integrin subunit(s) appeared on the cell surface, even in the triple integrin knockout KatoIII cells. This indicates that these cells do not bear any integrin on their surface to be exploited for CagA translocation by Hp. Thus, our data unequivocally demonstrate for the first time that the apparent complete absence of any integrin on the cell surface does not have a significant effect on the capacity of Hp to translocate CagA into these cells.
So far our data clearly show that integrin receptors on the surface of AGS or KatoIII cells do not have a major impact for CagA translocation capacity of Hp, but the loss of the adhesin HopQ strongly reduced CagA translocation, especially in KatoIII cells. The question arose whether it is sufficient for CagA translocation to just mediate a physical tethering of the bacteria to the cell surface, or whether a special interplay between HopQ and CEACAMs, which may result in a very tight or close binding to the cell surface, is needed to facilitate CagA translocation?
To address these questions, we next generated in KatoIII cells a triple CEACAM knockout (CEACAM1/5/6 knockout) using the CRISPR/Cas system (S8 Fig) and verified the knockout status by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and sequencing (Fig 4A and 4B and S9 Fig). Attempts to combine the integrin triple knockout and the CEACAM triple knockout mutations in KatoIII were not successful, since corresponding mutant cell lines did not survive. Notably, the triple integrin knockout KatoIII cells showed a 50% reduced expression of CEACAM5 as compared to the wild type cells (Fig 4B and 4C), but a 4.5 fold increase in CEACAM1 expression, which might be explained by the fact that both surface receptors are usually found in the same lipid background and even might interact with each other . This disturbance of CEACAM expression might have some influence on the slightly lower CagA translocation activity of Hp into the integrin double and triple knockout cells that we can always observe, although this difference is not statistically significant (Fig 3B). For CEACAM1/5/6 KO KatoIII cells no significant changes in the intrinsic integrin αv or β expression pattern could be observed (S10 Fig).
Fig 4. Characterization of KatoIII wild type and CEACAM- or integrin knockout cells for CEACAM expression by flow cytometry and western blotting.
A) Wild type and CEACAM1/5/6 KO KatoIII cells were analyzed for CEACAM receptors on their surface by flow cytometry using anti-CEACAM antibodies (CEACAM1 (8G5, Genovac), CEACAM5 (26/3/13, Genovac), CEACAM6 (9A6, Genovac)). Goat anti-mouse or anti-rat were used as negative control antibodies (n = 3). For statistical analysis the Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-test was performed. (ns, non-significant, *** p<0.001). B) Immunoblot showing the production of CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 by KatoIII cells and the absence of the receptors in KatoIII CEACAM1/5/6 KO cells, as indicated. The Pan α-CEACAM antibody (CEACAM1/3/4/5/6 (D14HD11, Genovac)), recognizing all three CEACAMs was used. Shown is a representative blot of an experiment that was performed three times. Lysates of HEK293::CEACAM1 and HEK293::CEACAM5 producing cells were added as controls for the correct size of the corresponding CEACAM proteins. The stainfree method was used as loading control. C) Densitometric quantification of CEACAM band signals in each sample in the immunoblot presented as fold CEACAM expression compared to Kato wild type cells.
We then infected the CEACAM triple knockout KatoIII cells with the P12[TEM-CagA] strain to quantify CagA translocation. As expected from the results with the P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA] strain, the CEACAM triple knockout showed a nearly complete loss of CagA translocation, comparable to and in support of the P12ΔhopQ[TEM-CagA] strain results (Figs 3B and 5B). Similar results were obtained in the CagA tyrosine phosphorylation assay for strain P12 and other Hp lab strains (Fig 5C and 5D). Thus, in KatoIII cells the HopQ-CEACAM interaction seems to be the major driver/mediator for CagA translocation.
Fig 5. KatoIII wild type, KatoIIIΔανβ1β4 and KatoIII CEACAM1/5/6 KO cells tested for binding of P12 wt and P12ΔhopQ mutant strains and their CagA translocation capacity.
A) P12-GFP and P12ΔhopQ-GFP strains were used for infection of KatoIII wild type, KatoIIIΔανβ1β4 and KatoIII CEACAM1/5/6 KO cells. The bacterial binding capacity of Hp P12-GFP and a P12ΔhopQ-GFP strain to the different cell lines was evaluated by flow cytometry (n = 4). The data are normalized to uninfected KatoIII cells. Statistics: Data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA. As Post-Hoc Test a Tukey's multiple comparison test was performed. (ns: not significant; * P < 0.05). B) KatoIII wild type and KatoIII CEACAM1/5/6 KO cells were infected with Hp P12[TEM-CagA] and corresponding mutant strains at an MOI of 60 for 2.5 h, as indicated. Ratios of blue to green fluorescence of each sample were calculated and normalized to the mean of blue to green ratio of the negative controls. All values were indicated as standard errors of the mean (±SEM) from n = 5 independent experiments. Statistics: Two-way ANOVA was performed. As Post-Hoc test mutants mean were compared by a Bonferroni test (ns: not significant *** P < 0.001). C) KatoIII cells or the CEACAM1/5/6 KO cell line were infected with strain P12, P12ΔhopQ or P12ΔhopQ:hopQ, for 2.5 hours with an MOI of 60. Translocation of CagA was determined by detecting tyrosine-phosphorylated CagA with the antibody PY99. Arrowheads indicate the position of the weak tyrosine-phosphorylated (PTyr) CagA band. D) KatoIII cells or the triple integrin-depletion KatoIII cell line were infected with strain P12, G27, 1-20A or TN2GF4 for 2.5 h with an MOI of 60. Translocation of CagA was determined by detecting tyrosine-phosphorylated CagA with the antibody PY99.
Next, an important question was how much of the total adhesion of the bacteria can be attributed to the HopQ-CEACAM interaction and is binding per se, independent of the type of host cell receptor, sufficient to allow CagA translocation. Interestingly, the binding capacity of a P12-GFP strain to KatoIII wild type versus the CEACAM triple knockout KatoIII cells was reduced to a level of about 75% (Fig 5A), whereas the CagA translocation was nearly completely abolished under these circumstances (Fig 5B). These data suggest that binding per se is not sufficient for Hp to induce CagA injection. It seems that the HopQ-CEACAM interaction mediates a(n) additional signal(s) to initiate CagA injection.
To further study potential changes in the interaction of Hp with cells lacking all surface integrin receptors, or the relevant CEACAM receptors, we performed confocal microscopy studies using KatoIII wild type cells, KatoIIIΔαvβ1β4 and KatoIIIΔCEACAM1/5/6 cell lines infected with P12 wild type or P12ΔhopQ strains (Fig 6A–6C). We typically find a reduced number of Hp binding to KatoIIIΔαvβ1β4 and KatoIIIΔCEACAM1/5/6 cell lines as compared to KatoIII wild type cells, and the binding pattern of Hp to integrin-deficient cells appears to be different. Interestingly, KatoIIIΔCEACAM1/5/6 cell lines produce large amounts of β1 integrin (Fig 6C), and Hp is found closely attached to β1 integrin, although under these conditions very little CagA translocation was found (Fig 5B). Thus, we see for each cell line an intimate interaction of the bacteria with the host cells, independent of the capacity for CagA translocation of the strain (Fig 6A–6C, white arrowheads). Triple integrin knockout cells show a high number of adherent bacteria (Fig 5A) but a lower expression of CEACAM5 (Fig 4B and 4C). This is also visible by a lack of CEACAM5 recruitment to the bacterial surface in the triple integrin knockout cells, which is in stark contrast to the CEACAM5 receptor recruitment seen in Hp-infected KatoIII wild type cells (Fig 6A, versus B and C; yellow arrows). Notably, CagA translocation into these cells is not significantly reduced as compared to the KatoIII wild type cells (Fig 3B and 3C).
Fig 6. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies of the epithelial cell line KatoIII and integrin and CEACAM knockout KatoIII cells infected with Hp P12 wild type and mutant strains.
Confluent monolayers of KatoIII (A), KatoIIIΔαvβ1β4 (B) and or KatoIIIΔCEACAM1/5/6 (C) cells were infected with Hp P12 wt, P12ΔhopQ or P12ΔhopQ::hopQI. The cells were analyzed by CLSM (63 x objective) by a Zeiss LSM 880 with Airyscan. The top row shows an overview, the lower row a magnification of characteristic observation fields specified by a red window. Several planes are combined to obtain a Z-stack (bottom to top), showing bacterial binding and co-localization of β1 integrin or CEACAM5 and Hp. White arrowheads point to the close association of Hp with the gastric epithelial cell surface, yellow arrows point to co-localization events between Hp and CEACAM. Scale bars represent 10 μm. At least 3 micrographs of independent cell culture samples were taken, one representative area is shown. Colors for co-localizations: β1-Integrin/CEACAM5 (green/red): yellow; CEACAM5/ Hp (red/petrol-light blue): white; β1-Integrin/CEACAM5/Hp (green/red, petrol-light blue): white.
It is well established that the cagPAI-encoded T4SS is a major Hp virulence determinant, the function of which has been implicated in severity of disease and increased risk of gastric cancer . A major role of the cag-T4SS is the translocation of the CagA protein into various types of host cells, where CagA interferes in a phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent manner with signaling events to manipulate fundamental processes in the gastric epithelium . Major outcomes include the suppression of innate defense mechanisms , changes in cell polarity and migration [30, 31], and putatively oncogenic events [32, 33]. The involvement of a host cell integrin heterodimer (α5β1 or any other β integrin heterodimer) acting as receptor for the Hp T4SS, especially for the pilus-associated RGD containing CagL protein, was considered as a major requirement for CagA translocation [13, 14] [34, 35]. Several labs have provided data showing the interaction of integrin α5β1 or other αβ integrin heterodimers with different components of the cag-T4SS, especially CagL [13, 34–41], but also CagA , CagI  and CagY [14, 42]. Several previous studies suggested that integrins are required for CagA translocation. The major evidence for a functional role of β1 integrins as receptor for the cag-T4SS and translocation of CagA was coming from studies using β1 integrin-deficient murine fibroblast (GD25) or epithelial (GE11) cell lines, which did not support CagA translocation, whereas the corresponding β1 integrin complemented versions resulted in CagA translocation and phosphorylation [13, 14]. We report now that integrin heterodimers are not required for Hp to translocate its CagA into gastric epithelial cell lines in vitro.
We were interested in a better understanding of the role and the contribution of the recently identified CEACAM receptors versus the integrin receptors for CagA translocation. Therefore we generated a set of knockout cell lines and measured their ability for CagA translocation. The β-lactamase reporter system determines Hp CagA translocation into host cells in a very sensitive, reproducible and quantitative way . Most important, it measures the translocation of CagA directly, rather than its tyrosine phosphorylation. The tyrosine phosphorylation depends on the activity of host cell kinases c-Src or c-Abl, which might be affected in their activity by manipulations of the cells, such as different growth conditions, buffer treatments or procedures like the gene knockout technology.
Taking advantage of the CRISPR/Cas technology we started to knock out important integrins in an additive fashion to generate single (β1), double (β1β4, αvβ4, β1αv,) AGS and KatoIII cells and finally a triple integrin gene knockout cell (αvβ1β4) in the KatoIII background. All CRISPR/Cas constructs and targeted cell lines for the generation of integrin-depletion AGS and KatoIII cell lines are summarized in S2 Table. AGS cells are adherent cells, which did not survive as triple knockout without any integrin on the surface. In AGS cells growing as attached cells on solid surfaces this phenomenon might be due to the induction of anoikis, a tissue architecture surveillance mechanism, which can be induced by the absence of integrin-ECM ligation to assure that dissociated and displaced cells are effectively eliminated, in order to prevent dysplastic growth [43, 44]. KatoIII cells, which grow in a semi-adherent manner, were resistant to anoikis and allowed the generation of a triple integrin knockout. The triple integrin knockout KatoIII cell line, which is devoid of any integrin receptor on the surface, was still competent for CagA translocation. From these results we have to conclude that neither the direct interaction of components of the cag-T4SS with integrins, nor any integrin-mediated signaling event is necessary for CagA translocation.
The data presented above seem to be in opposition to earlier publications [13, 14], which demonstrated that CagA translocation was possible in murine β1 integrin expressing GE11 or GD25 cells, but not in the corresponding integrin knockout cells. However, neither the murine GE11 and GD25, nor the chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line, also used for such experiments, contain human CEACAMs for binding of the Hp adhesin HopQ. This might at least explain why in our earlier experiments only very low (background) levels of CagA translocation could be observed in the β1 integrin-complemented versions of these cells . From our new perspective, the earlier integrin complementation data can be interpreted that the interaction of the cag-T4SS to integrins in cells without human CEACAM receptors has only a small supportive effect for CagA translocation. However, the integrin knockout data presented in this study clearly show that integrins are not necessary for CagA translocation in AGS or KatoIII gastric cell lines.
Using hamster (CHO) cell lines devoid of human beta integrins, but genetically complemented with integrin genes encoding fully functional or partial integrins (CHO K1, CHOβ1TR) we demonstrated that the extracellular part of β1 integrin was supportive for CagA translocation, but the cytoplasmic tail of β1 integrin was not necessary . We also reported that neither the RGD motif in CagL for binding the β1 integrin heterodimer, nor the function of the integrin linked kinase (ILK) were essential for CagA translocation. From that we concluded that no integrin-mediated signaling is involved in this process . Interestingly, also knockdown experiments of integrin α5β1 and ILK showed that both were dispensable for NF-κB activation during Hp infection, but the bacterial adhesin HopQ promoted canonical NF-κB activation in AGS and NCI-N87 cells . Combined these data suggest that integrin-mediated signaling is neither needed for CagA translocation nor NFκB activation.
Earlier data also showed that a recombinant protein of CagA covering the binding site of β1 integrin can interfere with CagA translocation and phosphorylation . A similar effect on CagA phosphorylation was seen with the β1 integrin-specific antibody 9EG7 . These data were interpreted as direct effects of β1 integrin on CagA translocation, suggesting that β1 integrin is essential. In the context of our results in this study we would explain these data as more indirect effects, e.g. by steric hindrance exerted by the binding of the recombinant protein, or the 9EG7 antibody, on the function of other receptors, such as CEACAMs, which usually reside in the same lipid domains as integrins .
With these novel results the question arises why components of the cag-T4SS bind specifically and in some cases with high affinity (CagA, KD values in low nanomolar range) to α5β1 integrin heterodimers [14, 42] although this binding apparently has only a very minor, functional relevance for CagA translocation? The binding of the cag-T4SS components to the extracellular domains of β1 integrin heterodimers may allow, by tethering of the T4SS to the host cell, a low level CagA translocation, but for a full CagA translocation, the HopQ adhesin–CEACAM binding is necessary. Furthermore, we cannot exclude that in an in vivo situation, when Hp interacts with primary gastric cells in tissue, integrin signalling via CagL might play a role. CagA translocation might happen independent from integrin interaction, as our in vitro data suggest, but the activation of Src kinase might be necessary in primary, untransformed cells, but dispensable in transformed cell lines, in which these kinases often are constitutively active.
Our group as well as other labs have shown that certain CEACAMs act as receptors for Hp and support CagA translocation when they are reconstituted in a cell line deficient of CEACAM expression (e.g. HEK293, CHO) [18–20]. The genetic complementation of CEACAM-negative cells, such as CHO or HEK293 cells, showed a drastic effect on CagA translocation [18–20]. However, in contrast to the integrin knockouts, a complete genetic knockout of CEACAM1/5/6 in an epithelial cell line (KatoIII) more or less completely abrogated CagA translocation. This clearly suggests that CEACAM receptors are essential for CagA translocation in certain cell types.
Besides CEACAMs, other surface receptors seem to exist, which can support CagA translocation. Thus, in AGS cells we see a reduction in CagA translocation to approximately 50% when a HopQ-deficient versus a wild type Hp strain is used for infection (Fig 3A) , which is in contrast to KatoIII cells suggesting that in AGS gastric epithelial cells an additional, so far unknown receptor might be expressed, which is probably targeted by another Hp adhesin to support CagA translocation. This receptor might be absent in other cell lines, such as KatoIII cells. Earlier work described a small BabA-Leb mediated but cag-T4SS-dependent effect on the production of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-8, CCL5) and a very minor effect on CagA translocation of Hp. This Leb dependent augmentation of cagPAI T4SS functions, which was seen in Leb-negative non-human and non-gastric CHO or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) transfected with several glycosyltransferase genes , was independent of CEACAMs, since these cells do not produce CEACAMs recognized by HopQ.
Besides the interaction of the bacteria with protein- or oligosaccharide cell surface receptors, the translocated effector protein CagA can bind phospholipids via a K-Xn-R-X-R motif, an amino acid sequence motif conserved among various pleckstrin homology (PH) domains directly involved in the interaction with acidic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) and/or phosphatidylserine (PS) . Murata-Kamiya and coworkers  reported that physical interaction of Hp CagA with host membrane PS, which is aberrantly externalized at the site of bacterial attachment by Hp, plays a key role in the delivery and intracellular localization of CagA. How the exploitation of CEACAM receptors by the adhesin HopQ, the functional buildup of the cag-T4SS secretion apparatus and the CagA binding to PS are coordinated and function to accomplish the internalization of CagA is still not well understood and the aim of intensive future research.
For TEM-1 reporter assays Hp wild type strain P12  and defined P12 knockout mutants were used. To verify CagA translocation results into integrin-deficient AGS or integrin- or CEACAM-deficient KatoIII cells by tyrosine phosphorylation also other Hp strains were applied, such as 1-20A, TN2GF4 or G27 . These strains harbor a functional cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) in their genome, encoding the Cag T4SS . Hp strains and mutants used in this study are listed in S3 Table.
Hp strains were grown on GC agar plates (Oxoid) supplemented with vitamin mix (1%) and horse serum (8%) (serum plates) and cultured for 16–60 h in a microaerobic atmosphere (85% N2, 10% CO2, 5% O2) at 37°C. Escherichia coli strains Top10 and DH5alpha were grown on Luria–Bertani (LB) agar plates or in LB liquid medium  supplemented with antibiotics, as appropriate. Cell lines were cultivated under standard conditions  in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks (BD Falcon) and subcultivated every 2–3 days in 6-well, 48- well (tissue culture treated, Costar, Corning Inc.) or 96-well microtiter plates (black, transparent bottom, tissue culture treated, 4titude). Plasmids were introduced into Hp strains by transformation as described previously . Hp transformants were selected on serum plates containing 6 mg l-1 chloramphenicol, 8 mg l-1 kanamycin, 10mg l-1 erythromycin or 250 mg l-1 streptomycin, as appropriate.
AGS cells (CRL-1739) and Kato III cells (HTB-103) were obtained from ATCC. Cells were generally cultured in RPMI 1640 or DMEM supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) fetal calves serum (FCS) at 37°C and 5% CO2. For passaging of the cells, the medium was removed and the cells were gently washed once with Dulbecco´s PBS (DPBS, Life Technologies). To detach cells, 2 ml Trypsin-EDTA was added to a 75 cm2 flask for 3–5min incubation at 37°C. When detachment was observed under microscope, 8 ml of the pre-warmed RPMI1640 medium was added to neutralize the trypsin. After being gently pipetted up and down, cells were dissociated and were then reseeded into new flasks. Passages taken place in every 2–3 days with a split ratio of 1:5 or 1:8. Cells were discarded when the passage number reached 80.
Generally, one day before transfection, 0.5 x 105 to 2 x 105 cells were plated in 500 μl of growth medium without antibiotics in a 24-well plate so that they would be 90–95% confluent at the time of transfection. For each transfection sample, 500 μg DNA and 2 μl lipofectamine 2000 was prepared according to the manufacturer´s instructions (Lipofectamine 2000, Invitrogen). After transfection the cells were incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 24–48 hours until they were ready to test for transgene expression.
ITGA2 (P1E6, chemicon), ITGA3 (P1B5, chemicon), ITGAv (P2W7, Santa Cruz), ITGB1 (AIIB2, EMD Millipore), ITGB2 (MEM-48, antibodies-online GmbH) ITGB3 (VI-PL2, antibodies-online GmbH), ITGB4 (439-9B, antibodies-online GmbH), ITGB5 (AST-3T, antibodies-online GmbH), ITGB6 (437211, antibodies-online GmbH), ITGB7 (FIB504, antibodies-online GmbH), ITGB8 (416922, antibodies-online GmbH), CEACAM1 (8G5, Genovac), (CEACAM5 (26/3/13, Genovac), CEACAM6 (9A6, Genovac).
Design of short guide RNA.
Design of short guide RNA (sgRNA) for gene targeting by the CRISPR/Cas9 system was accomplished using an online design tool (http://tools.genome-engineering.org) developed by Feng Zhang's lab in Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard. Firstly, a 23 to 250 bp genome fragment from the target region was fed into the design tool. After computational analysis, suitable targets were identified and listed by ranking and scores, according to the prediction of their off-target potential. Usually, the input region of interest should be selected from promoter region or early exons of the target gene. Designed sgRNAs were ordered as oligos commercially. To obtain functional sgRNAs, more than one pair of sgRNAs were designed for integrin beta1 target gene and their efficiencies were tested in the intended cell line (see S1 Table).
In order to acquire sgRNA expressing constructs, top and bottom oligos were annealed before cloning (e.g. Fig 1D). For each reaction, 100 μM top oligo, 100 μM bottom oligo and 2 μl 10 ×T4 ligation buffer were mixed thoroughly. Water was added to each mixture to a total volume of 20 μl. The reaction was heated (95°C for 5 min) followed by slow cooling (4–8°C) to allow the temperature ramping down naturally. The CRISPR vector used in this study was the Cas9 nickase vector (pSpCas9n(BB)-2A-Puro, PX462). The vector harbors the conserved region of the remained sgRNA scaffold, S. pyogenes Cas9 nickase, along with the 2A-Puro for transfection selection. After restriction digestion of the vector (Bpil) and ligation of annealed oligos, Stbl3 competent cells (Invitrogen) were transformed by heat shock. After the outgrowth, 100 μl of each transformation was plated on ampicillin LB plates. Colony growth was inspected and two to three colonies from each transformation were restreaked for sequence verification from the U6 promoter on the vector using U6-Fwd primer (see S1 Table).
Functional validation of sgRNAs was completed by transfection of sgRNA expressing constructs into target cell lines, followed by verification of genome modification from the transfected population. In this study, host cell surface expressing integrins were the targets of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene knockout. Therefore, verification of genome modification was accomplished by flow cytometry surface integrin detection. When the transfected population showed two distinct populations with different phenotypes, in this case, one of the populations with a specific integrin expression and the other without, sgRNA(s) were considered valid and efficient. In order to clarify whether a newly designed sgRNA was working as expected, which means that it targets the expected integrin gene, we checked the transfected cell population early after transfection by flow cytometry. In that state the population was still heterogeneous, but when cells with a specific integrin and a certain percentage of cells without the corresponding integrin expression were detected, we considered the sgRNA construct as functional. After that we isolated a homogeneous knockout population from such a pool by FACS sorting for cells lacking the integrin.
FACS sorting for desired population.
Generation of stable cell lines started from FACS sorting for integrin negative populations from transfected cells. Transfected cells went through a defined selection procedure in order to obtain knockout cell lines. Since CRISPR constructs contain the puromycin resistance gene, the transfected population was treated with puromycin to kill non-transfected cells. The surviving cells were stained with integrin β1 antibody for negative selection by FACS sorting. Finally, serial dilutions of the sorted negative populations resulted in stable cell lines, which could be verified as completely integrin β1-deficient by flow cytometry analysis. After sorting, most of the cells with an undesired phenotype were removed, in a way to markedly simplify the time- and labor-consuming selection works. Each transfected population was stained with specific anti-integrin or anti-CEACAM antibodies for sorting. After sorting, cells were cultured in the presence of penicillin and streptomycin for one or two weeks until they reached the number of 1 × 106 for long term storage by freezing in liquid nitrogen.
Generation of integrin- and CEACAM-depletion cell lines.
Stable cell lines which arose from a single, two or three knockout cells, were obtained by performing serial dilutions from the sorted integrin- or CEACAM-negative population. Sorted cells were detached and dissociated by pipetting up and down carefully to prevent clumping. Afterwards, the cell number was determined by counting with a hemocytometer. In order to dilute the cells in a final concentration of statistically 1.5 cell per well in a 96-well plate, 150 cells were resuspended in 22 ml complete medium and 200 μl diluted cells were added to each well. At least two 96-well plates were plated for each sorted population. One to two weeks later, colonies in each well were inspected with the microscope, and those wells with more than three colonies were marked off. Plates were returned to the incubator to allow them to grow for another 1 to 2 weeks. The wells with one to three clones were marked and expanded to 48- well plates, then 24-well plates, then 6-well plates and finally 25 cm2 flasks for examination and freezing.
This procedure is used for adherent cells, such as AGS cells. One day before infection, adherent cells were detached and 2.5 × 104 cells were seeded in each well in a 96-well plate with black wall and transparent bottom with low fluorescence background (4ortitude). The confluence of the cells was 80% to 90% on the day of infection. Before infection, Hp strains with fusion protein of beta-lactamase TEM-1 and CagA were collected as described before. Ideally, bacteria were resuspended and pre-incubated in sterile PBS containing 10% FCS at 37°C, 10% CO2 for 1.5 h. Subsequently, cells were infected by bacteria with an MOI of 60 for 2.5 h at 37°C, 5% CO2 as described above. Infections were stopped by placing the plates on ice and all the supernatants were removed. Prepared substrates mix is loaded immediately on the cell surface, followed by incubation at room temperature for 120 min in the dark. Plate reader filters are set to allow excitation of wavelength around 410nm, and detection of blue emission around 450nm and green emission around 520nm. Afterwards acquired data was normalized and analyzed following manufacturer's instruction to obtain the blue to green fluorescence ratio.
For suspension and semi-adherent cell lines, CagA translocation was detected by flow cytometry. The method of CagA translocation assay with flow-cytometry detection is very similar to the plate-reader detection except following procedures. Firstly, semi-adherent cells were detached after infection with room-temperature trypsin-EDTA before incubation with CCF4-AM fluorescence substrate mix. Secondly, incubation of cells with CCF4-AM mix were implemented at 27°C with constant shaking condition to allow even loading of cells with substrate and avoid cell sedimentation. Finally, cells were washed at least 2 times with PBS by centrifugation at 200–300 × g for 5 mins after incubation with CCF4-AM substrate. Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry for Pacific Blue fluorescence and AmCyan green fluorescence.
Rabbit polyclonal antisera AK268 and AK257, directed against the CagA N-terminal and the CagA C-terminal region, respectively, have been described previously [5, 53]. The mouse monoclonal antibody against TEM-1 β-lactamase was obtained from Abcam (ab12251). For immunoblotting the following antibodies were used: ITGAv, (EPR16800, abcam), ITGB1 (LM534, EMD Millipore), ITGB4, (439-9B, abcam), CEACAM1/3/4/5/6 (D14HD11, Genovac).
Standard infections of AGS and KatoIII cells with Hp strains and subsequent preparations for phosphotyrosine immunoblotting were performed as described previously . Briefly, cells were plated one day before infection in 6-well plates. On the day of infection, cells were infected using an MOI of 60 for 2.5 h at 37°C and 5% CO2. After washing with PBS, cells were collected by cell scrapers in the presence of 1 ml PBS* (PBS containing 1 mM Na3V04, 1 mM PMSF, 10 μg/ml leupeptin and 10 μg/ml pepstatin). Cells with adherent bacteria were collected by centrifugation and resuspended in SDS-PAGE sample solution.
SDS PAGE and western blotting was performed as described previously . For the development of immunoblots, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filters were blocked with 5% non-fat milk powder in TBS (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl), 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 (TBS-T), and incubated with the respective antisera at a dilution of 1:1.000–1:15.000 in TBS-T with 1% non-fat milk powder. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antiserum was used to visualize bound antibody. Standard infections of AGS and KatoIII cells with Hp strains and subsequent preparations for phosphotyrosine immunoblotting were performed as described previously . Tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting with the phosphotyrosine antibody PY99 (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies).
Single gel systems  were adapted for Stain-Free detection as described in protocol depository Protocols.io under dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.gipbudn.
Western Blot data were quantified by densitometry using ImageJ. Band intensities of strain-free gel were normalized to the band intensity of KatoIII lane. CEACAM1, 5 and 6 expression was measured as area percent of the respective lane and normalized to the CEACAM1, 5 and 6 expression of KatoIII cells. Comparability between cell lines was achieved by standardizing each normalized CEACAM expression to the normalized loading controls.
One day prior to experiments cells were seeded at 5 x 104 cells in a 24-well plate equipped with uncoated cover slides and grown overnight at 37°C and 5% CO2. Cells were infected with Hp wild type or isogenic mutant strains with an MOI of 10 for 3h at 37°C and 5% CO2. For immunostaining cells were fixed with 4% PFA for 10 min at room temperature. Cells were washed twice with Dulbecco´s PBS (DPBS, Life Technologies) and blocked overnight with 2% FCS in PBS at 4°C. Fixed cells were incubated with mouse anti-CEACAM5 (26/3/13, Genovac, 1:300), rabbit anti-Hp (AK175, 1:400) and rat anti-integrin beta1 (AIIB2, Millipore, 1:200) for 1h at room temperature. After washing secondary antibodies were applied (goat anti-rat Alexa488, goat anti-mouse Alexa555 and goat anti-rabbit Alexa647 all from Invitrogen, 1:1000) and incubated for 1h at room temperature in the dark. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (5μg/ml) for 10 min. Samples were mounted on the cover slip with Fluorescent Mounting Medium (DAKO). A cytospin3 (Shandon) was used to centrifuge suspension cells onto glass slides. Micrographs were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM880, Zeiss) with Airyscan Module using a 63x oil immersion objective.
Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7.2. Data were analyzed with One-way or Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), as further specified in the legends of the corresponding figures. The significance level was set to 0.05. If overall ANOVA tests were significant, a post hoc test (Tukey's HSD test or Bonferroni test) was performed. Details for each experiment are described in the figure legends.
S1 Fig. Verification of targeted deletions within integrin genes of AGS and KatoIII cells by gene amplification and DNA sequencing.
The top line shows the corresponding sequence of human integrin β1 A), the integrin αv B) or the β4 gene C) showing the Guide A and Guide B sequences (blue, underlined), the PAM sequence and putative cleavage sites of Cas9 nickase. (red arrowheads). The deleted areas as identified by sequencing of corresponding PCR fragments are indicated by a dashed line.
S2 Fig. Verification of the loss of integrin and CEACAM protein production by immunoblotting.
Lysates of AGS wild type and integrin knockout cell lines (A) and KatoIII wild type and integrin- or CEACAM1/5/6 knockout cell lines (B) were analyzed by immunoblotting using specific antibodies against human integrins as indicated. Loading controls are presented by the stain-free method on top using corresponding cell lysates.
S3 Fig. Strategy for targeted deletion of integrin αv gene in exon 4.
Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nickase binding sites (20 bp, highlighted in blue) are immediately followed by the 5'-NGG PAM (protospacer adjacent motif). The short guide RNA (sgRNA) pairs are located on both strands of the target DNA with a 25 bp gap. Cloning scheme of the CRISPR plasmids (see Materials and methods for details).
S4 Fig. Strategy for targeted deletion of integrin β4 gene in exon 6.
S5 Fig. Characterization of AGS wild type and integrin knockout cell lines for their ability to induce the hummingbird phenotype.
(A) AGS wild type, AGS αvβ4 or AGS β1β4 cells were infected with P12 wt, P12ΔhopQ, or a complemented P12ΔhopQ/hopQ Hp strain re-expressing wt hopQ gene for 4 h. As compared to non-infected controls, AGS wild type and AGS knockout mutant cells show an elongated and spindle-shaped (hummingbird) phenotype. Bar, 50 μm.
S6 Fig. Determination of IL-8 induction in AGS integrin-depletion cell lines.
The induction of IL-8 was determined after infection of AGS wild type or integrin knockout cell lines for 4 h with P12 wt, P12ΔhopQ, P12ΔhopQ/hopQ or other Hp lab strains. Statistics: n = 4, one way Anova, ***, p<0.001. Values are means +/- SEM.
S7 Fig. Integrin profiling in different integrin-depletion cell lines.
Wild type cell lines and integrin-depletion cell lines were stained with antibodies specific to ITGAv, ITGB1, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGB4, ITGB5, ITGB6, ITGB7 and ITGB8, and were subsequently monitored by flow cytometry in the FITC-A channel. FITC median were obtained and analyzed with the Flowjo software. All values were indicated as standard errors of the mean (+SEM) from three independent experiments. The significance of differences was analyzed using One way ANOVA. A) Integrin profiling in integrin-depletion AGS cell lines (n = 3). B) Integrin profiling in integrin-depletion KatoIII cell lines (n = 3). Integrin β subunits, which were strongly reduced, or completely absent in certain knockout cell lines, are marked with black arrows.
S8 Fig. Strategy for a targeted deletion within exon 2 of the CEACAM1 gene in KatoIII cells.
S9 Fig. Verification of targeted deletions within the CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 genes of KatoIII cells by gene amplification and DNA sequencing.
The top line shows the corresponding sequence of human CEACAM1 (A), CEACAM5 (B) and CEACAM6 gene (C) with the Guide A and Guide B sequences (blue, underlined), the PAM sequence and putative cleavage sites of Cas9 nickase. (red arrowheads). The deleted areas as identified by sequencing of corresponding PCR fragments are indicated by a dashed line.
S10 Fig. Integrin profiling in KatoIII wild type and KatoIII cells lacking CEACAM1, CEACAM5 and CEACAM6 (CEACAM1/5/6 KO) cells.
KatoIII cells and integrin-depletion cell lines were stained with antibodies specific to ITGB1, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGB4, ITGB5, ITGB6, ITGB7 and ITGB8, and ITGAv and were subsequently monitored by flow cytometry in the FITC-A channel. FITC median were obtained and analyzed with the Flowjo software. All values were indicated as standard errors of the mean (+SEM) from three independent experiments. The significance of differences was analyzed One way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-test.
S11 Fig. Quantitative evaluation of CagA translocation into wild type integrin-knockout AGS or KatoIII cell lines by the TEM-1 β-lactamase reporter assay.
A) Raw data of KatoIII cells and derivatives thereof measured by flow cytometry, as shown in Fig 3A. B) Raw data of KatoIII cells and derivatives thereof measured by flow cytometry, as shown in Fig 3B.
S1 Table. Sequences of paired sgRNAs designed for targeting ITGB1, ITGAv and ITGB4 genes.
S2 Table. CRISPR constructs and targeted cell lines for the generation of integrin-depletion AGS and KatoIII cell lines.
S3 Table. Bacterial strains used in this study.
We thank Franziska Schindele for providing the TEM-1 reporter assay, Verena Königer for help with the generation of Hp mutant strains and general discussions and Evelyn Weiss for excellent technical support.
51. Sambrook J, Russel DW. Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2001.


text:
A View of Barton Broad – The secong largest Broad in Norfolk. Photo: Broads Authority. "As you approach the entrance to Barton Broad, the bottom becomes muddy, and the broad itself is full of mud; there being large hills where the water is not more than two feet deep. The navigable channels wind between these hills, and are marked out by posts." G. Christopher Davies 1882
The work:
R.F.Carrodus researched 19th century rural practices around the Horning area and found that the traditional broadland turf, certainly at that time was three and a half inches square, and two or three feet long; he also eatimated that to dig up a thousand turves a day was regarded as a good day's work, although some people claimed to be able to dig twenty turves a minute. The geographer C.T.Smith who did all the original work on the medieval records about the broads, followed Carrodus. He took the size of a medieval turf as a quarter of a cubic foot for the purposes of rough calculations about how long it would have taken how many men to dig out the basins of the broads.
Examples of old peat cutting tools which would have been very similar to those used for extracting peat from the Norfolk Broads. Photo: Norfolk Broads Forum.
The decline of the peat cutting industry:
Stalham Hall in 1910. Photo: Public Domain.
The accounts of the Norwich (Whitefriars) Priory show that peat was the main fuel in the cathedral kitchens in the first half of the 14th century. Turf consumption began to fall after 1350, although the Priory continued to rely on turf as the main source of fuel until around 1384. After this date, however, other fuels, such as wood, are increasingly mentioned in the accounts, and after 1440 there are no further references to peat as a fuel.
'Cowgate Norwich' by David Hodgson 1860. The Norwich (Whitefriars) Priory stood on the eastern side, between the church of St James, Pockthorpe (seen above – but now the Puppet Theatre) and the River Wensum. Norwich Catherdral now sits on the opposite bank of the river. Photo: Norwich Museum Service.
The advent of the plague:
The impact of the Black Death:
http://www.broadsmaker.com/home
http://www.broadsmaker.com/a_brief_overview_of_the_historical_evidence
Also: C.T.Smith. Part II of "The making of the Broads, "The historical evidence", a reconsideration of their origin in the light of new evidence.", Lambert et.al., R.G.S., 1960.
Author norfolktalesmythsPosted on May 3, 2019 October 28, 2020 Categories 13th Century, 14th Century, 15th Century, 16th Century, east anglia, medieval, Medieval/Middle Ages, Norfolk, Norfolk Broads, Stories
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text:
DEC, ACC relies on FIC to prosecute money laundering, reveals regional body
By Mukosha Funga Njenga,
L-r: DEC Commissioner Alita Mbahwe, her deputy Kelvin Silwimba and Public Relations Officer Theresa Katongo during a press briefing at her office in Lusaka on June 7, 2019 - Picture by Tenson Mkhala
The Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG) says, in its latest June report that Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in Zambia depend of intelligence information gathered by the Financial Intelligence Centre (FIC) to investigate and prosecute money laundering cases.
And according to the ESAAMLG report released Friday, any changes to the law establishing the FIC may relegate the Centre to a similar compromised capacity as that of the Anti-Money Laundering Investigations Unit (AMLIU) which did not release periodic reports to guide on trends and typologies of criminal activities.
The bulky report published on www.esaamlg.org detailed the finding of the FIC assessment team which also met law enforcement agencies during the recent visit to Zambia.
"The LEAs rated highly the quality and usefulness of the financial intelligence received from the FIC. To some extent, the LEAs have used the financial intelligence to investigate money laundering cases. The FIC and the LEAs use bilateral and group structures as mechanism to obtain feedback on the status of the disseminations made to the LEAs," the report read in part.
It stated that law enforcement agencies in Zambia sometimes rely on the information contained in the FIC trends report to design their annual operational objectives.
"The FIC has produced Quality typologies/trends reports for over four years that focused on prevailing and emerging money laundering and terrorist financing risks in the country. Both the LEAs and other stakeholders expressed usefulness of the reports in relation to understanding money laundering and terrorist financing risks and application of mitigating controls. LEAs largely have all the powers to carry out financial investigations, however not all pursue such investigations with the commencement of investigation of every illicit proceed generating crime."
Meanwhile, the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money laundering group observed that the legal profession in Zambia is vulnerable to misuse for money laundering.
"The legal profession in Zambia is also vulnerable to misuse for money laundering risks mainly due to its involvement in activities exposed to a high money laundering risk (e.g. real estate transactions, creating legal persons and arrangements on behalf of clients). Other entities vulnerable to laundering of cash include casinos, precious stones and metal dealers, and second-hand motor vehicle dealers," stated the regional body.
"Zambia still faces a risk of the offences identified to be high risk as the investigations and prosecutions being done are not consistent with the high risk offences identified. The authorities have also not come up with policies and strategies to guide investigations and prosecution of the high risk offences and how provisional and confiscation measures relating to these illicitly generated proceeds should be prioritised as an objective."
In terms of effectiveness, the report stated that the FIC had been able to score successes because of the established law which allowed it to operate independently, compared to the AMLIU under the Drug Enforcement Commission which was considered non-compliant to regional and global standards of a Financial Intelligence Unit.
"Previously, Zambia was rated Non-Compliant with requirements of this Recommendation. Some of the main technical deficiencies were that: the AMLIU did not have sufficient operational independence or autonomy; the AMLIU did not serve as a national centre for receiving, analysing and disseminating disclosures for STRs and other
relevant information concerning money laundering as required under the Egmont definition of a Financial Intelligence Unit; AMLIU did not have adequate procedures to secure and protect information under its custody; AMLIU did not release periodic reports to guide on trends and typologies of criminal activities; AMLIU not
seriously considering applying for Egmont Group membership," read the report.
"The Zambia FIC is established under Section 3 (1) of the FIC Act, No. 46 of 2010 (as amended). It is an administrative type Financial Intelligence Unit, legally independent and autonomous, headed by a Director General who has five directorates immediately under her office, (namely, Monitoring and Analyis, Compliance, Legal, ICT and Finance & Administration). The offices of the FIC are housed exclusively in a detached but secure and discrete building complex. It is the centre for receipt and analysis of suspicious transaction reports and other information relevant to money laundering, associated predicate offences and terrorist financing; and for the dissemination of financial intelligence. It is empowered to carry out all the core functions of an FIU The Centre is empowered under the FIC Act to receive disclosures for Wire Transfers."
Mukosha is interested in good governance and anti-corruption reporting.Email: mukosha@diggers.news
» All articles by Mukosha Funga Njenga
ESAAMLG report has exposed DEC, ACC
FIC needs additional funding, calls to change its law misplaced – TIZ
FIC responds to attacks: I'm mystified by Lungu's reaction to trends report, complains Kasanga
A prophet has no honour in his own country.
ERB cautions OMCs planning artificial fuel shortage: sanctions will apply


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Rabat - It took only 123 characters to raise the specter of racism and turn CAN 2017 into an online political debate.
Rabat – It took only 123 characters to raise the specter of racism and turn CAN 2017 into an online political debate.
A journalist at Luxe Radio thought it wise to tweet his opinion of Moroccan binational citizens, moments before the Morocco-Togo soccer game, last Friday.
Talal Chakir, a sports journalist and chronicler at Luxe Radio, sparked wide controversy all weekend long with the "No to Binationals" hashtag of his tweet. Many took to social media to express their outrage at what they deemed was a racist comment, especially coming from a journalist, someone with a broad platform for reaching people.
Some, like Ahmed Ghayat, co-founder of the Citizen Vigilance Committee, which was created in the aftermath of the Istanbul bombing, called for the implementation of a law that would "punish racist speech and acts… we cannot insult millions of citizens with impunity," he declared.
Samira Sitail, renowned journalist and managing editor of 2M TV, took a more personal approach, clearly affronted by such discourse. Refusing to acknowledge the name of the tweet's author, Sitail chose to address him as a "no one," not mincing her words while expressing herself.
"Bi-national and proud to be, his name does not matter, in fact he's a no one. Just some overexcited, egocentric jock, full of arrogance… an ignorant populist, distorted by hatred. But the speech of this little 'no one,' that he vomited onto the bi-national via the antenna of Luxe Radio and on his Twitter account, reminds us how much we –bi-nationals- disturb," declared Sitail on her Facebook account.
Seeing the level of offense his tweet caused, Talal didn't waste time before issuing an equally public apology: "I declare that my tweet (NonAuxBinationaux) did not have the intention or desire to offend the bi-national community.


text:
Iran's Health Minister Replaces 'Coronavirus Spokesman' Who Was Too Active
By Radio Farda
Dr. Sima Sadat Lari was appointed as the Health Ministry's spokesperson on June 9.
Iran's Health Minister Saeed Namaki on Tuesday replaced the ministry's spokesman who had become a familiar face during the coronavirus crisis. He advised the new appointee to refrain from "political games" and concentrate on the ministry's expert and specialized activities.
Dr. Sima Sadat Lari, the Students Affairs Deputy of the Ministry, who has replaced Dr. Kianoush Jahanpur as spokesperson is a member of the Radiology Faculty of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences.
In his appointment letter, the Health Minister has emphasized that Dr. Lari is the first "official spokesperson" of the ministry. He also thanked Dr. Jahanpur and said he had fulfilled the work of spokesperson as head Public Relations rather than the ministry's spokesman.
Health Minister Namaki has also pointed out that the spokesperson is required to coordinate with him before expressing any opinion [not directly related to the expert opinion of ministry officials] in social media.
A tweet by Jahanpur showing destruction in U.S. protests, with an Arabic line saying "America kills the people"
The Health Minister's appointment letter implies issues between him and his deputy, Dr. Jahanpur, who often got into heated arguments with journalists and social media users over different matters including the coronavirus statistics that he announced on a daily basis.
Jahanpur also frequently tweeted or shared tweets about domestic and international issues such as the recent protests in the United States and his personal views on the same Twitter account that he used to make official ministry announcements and the coronavirus situation.
In early April in a tweet Jahanpur criticized China's coronavirus statistics, calling it "a bitter joke". He did not budge when the Chinese Ambassador in Iran, Chang Hua, reacted promptly by demanding him to "show respect to the truths and great efforts of the people of China".
Iran Official Calls China's Coronavirus Numbers A 'Bitter Joke'
The incident drew complaints from the Chinese government, a Revolutionary Guard official publication censured him for questioning China's honesty, and the Iranian Foreign Ministry had to subtly apologize to China for the Health Ministry Spokesman's remarks. Dr. Jahanpur was eventually forced to capitulate and praise China's coronavirus efforts.
Chinese Ambassador's Op-Ed In Iran Government Mouthpiece Might Backfire
Prominent Iran Lawmaker Demands Foreign Ministry To Summon China's Ambassador
More Iranian Health Officials Speak Up About Questionable Chinese Coronavirus Data
Questioning China's Coronavirus Numbers Causes Diplomatic, Political Uproar In Iran


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Tonight on BBC One, the One Show team go stargazing, with the aim of learning how to take a simple 'startrail' picture. On hand to help presenter Jamie Crawford take his first steps into astrophotography will be our features editor, and experienced astrophotographer, Will Gater. Jamie and Will travelled to rural Oxfordshire and the famous Rollright Stones to photograph the night skies, with the ancient stones providing an impressive foreground for their shots. Find out whether they 'got the shot' on tonight's programme, which starts at 7pm on BBC One.


The weekly portion, "Veyeshev", starts with the story of Josef's youth and ends with him being put in prison in Egypt. The major part of the weekly portion tells us about Josef and his relationships with his father and his brothers. Josef's changing fate brings him to Egypt as a slave sold by his own brothers because of Yaakov's, his father's, obvious preference of Josef over the other children. But in the midst of the portion we are also told a story about Judah and Tamar, Tamar is Judah's daughter in law. This story drew my attention not only because of piquant details of Tamar's getting pregnant to Judah by playing a role of a prostitute, but because this is one of those scarce stories where women play a main role.
Tamar was married to Judah's eldest son, Er. For some unexplained development in the text of Torah, God did not like Er and killed him. Er and Tamar had no children, so with accordance with the law, Judah sent his other son, Onan, to fulfill the duty of the levirate marriage obligation, this means that the younger brother will continue the seed of his dead brother. Onan did not want Tamar to conceive a child who would not belong to him. It looks like he broke a strict divine commandment and was killed by God as his brother was. Judah sent Tamar, the double widow, to her father's house, under the pretext that the youngest son of his, Shela, is too young and therefore not able to perform his levirate obligation.
The time passed and Judah's wife died, Shela grew up, but nobody remembered that Tamar was sitting and waiting for the levirate to conceive a child. When Tamar realized that nobody is going to help her, she decided to take matters into her own hands. This is surprising in the patriarchal society where she was raised and lived in. Tamar dressed up as a prostitute and sat at the side of a road where Judah traveled. The widowed Judah was tempted to spend a night with the prostitute and did not recognize her as his daughter in law. As a pledge, he left his seal with her, in lieu of payment for her services. When the rumors spread that Tamar, the widow, was pregnant, Judah reacted immediately by ordering her to be burnt. Tamar did not get scared or lose her integrity. She never mentioned to anyone that it was Judah who fathered her child. She sent him his seal as an identification sign of the child's father. Judah recognized the seal and the righteousness of Tamar: "She was more right than I. צדקה ממני". In spite of the happy end, this story leaves a sour taste. This story only proves that women in Torah and in the ancient society could get what they wanted only by using some indirect ways and treachery. Tamar did not consider an option of direct confrontation with Judah. She is not his equal.
Women are rarely protagonists in the Tanah. But when they are, they are usually represented as controversial and even negative images. Our mothers lie, steal, cheat and do all kinds of things that the editors of Tanah would not like our fathers to do. When our fathers do something really ambivalent, the text provides an explanation. Maybe these explanations do not always sound convincing, especially nowadays, but at least they try to find some explanation and that is what is really important. Our mothers and other women do not benefit from such an indulgent attitude. So, what kind of a lesson does this story teach us? What kind of example does this story set for us, women?
We are drawing closer to the Hanukkah and this is another story, historical or imaginary, that does not include women as protagonists. The heroes of the holiday are Makkabim who do not have mothers, wives or sisters. The only two stories connected to the Hanukkah where women are protagonists are the story about the mother who sacrificed her seven children to God's glory: she inspired her sons to die refusing to perform any act that could have resembled any kind of pagan worship. The other story that appears at the book called "Beit haMidrash" of Yelnik is about the priest's daughter, who being in great despair of spending her first night with a Greek governor instead of her groom, stripped herself of cloths at the midst of the wedding feast. Surprised and outrageous family and guests were ready to kill the courageous virgin. But standing there naked, she gave the whole crowd an inspiring speech calling them to revenge the Greeks for all the insults they'd made to the Jewish identity. The young girl called the Jews to reconsider their anger: they were going to let her pass through the hands of an uncircumcised gentile without any scruples, so why now they were so angry by just seeing her naked? The enthusiastic crowd killed every Greek in the city and the Maccabean revolt started. So what's the message of Tamar's story and Hanukkah women? If a woman wants to enter the history, she has to sacrifice the dearest to her or to strip naked. The stories of Judith and Ester are another examples of the same phenomenon.
I find it rather confusing to live with these messages and I try to look carefully through the texts: may be there is something more to it. I really hope that such methods should not be in use today. I believe that modern women would not need them and then it would be another miracle to celebrate.
The Babylonian Talmud (Sabbath 23B) teaches us that women can light the Hanukkah candles because they were part of the miracle. This saying reminds us that women are part of our people's history. And if something happens to the Jewish people, whether it is a terrible conquest and an exile or a wonderful miracle, it happens to men and women equally.
And more, if women act they can change their lives and the life their people.


Transform into sight word spies! I made this activity up, so kids in my class could have fun with high frequency words.
One child needs a recording sheet. The other needs a list of sight words. The child with the list gives his partner sight words to write down (through the walkie talkie). The other child records them on his sheet.
Next, they check in with each other. The child with the sight word list corrects his partner's spelling if needed. Then, they switch off for the next round.


text:
Goodman Manufacturing
International Cellulose Corporate
Praxair Surface Technologies
Texas Medical Center Laundry
Zimmerman & Jansen
Praxair Surface Technologies - Houston, Texas
Praxair Surface Technologies [formally Union Carbide] is a leading global supplier of surface-enhancing processes and materials as well as an innovator in thermal spray, composite electroplating, diffusion, and high-performance slurry coatings processes. They produce and apply metallic and ceramic coatings that protect critical metal components from a variety of environmental conditions, including wear, corrosion, and high temperatures.
The company is a subsidiary of Praxair Inc., one of the largest industrial gases companies in the world and the largest in North and South America. Praxair is a Fortune 300 company with 2010 sales of $10.1 billion.
Ventilation Issues:
The facility had numerous heat generating equipment, mostly ovens, and lacked adequate fresh air into the buildings. Two existing 56" direct drive roof fans were not in use as the noise generated by the fans was too much to tolerate for anyone working in the building.
To remove the heat, eleven 62" roof fans were installed and wall lovers were also provided wherever space allowed. Openings in the roof were designed to accommodate the weight of the new roof fans and metal frames were installed as were custom made roof curbs to accept the new fans. The existing direct drive fans were removed and new fans were installed in their place. Noise from the fans was no longer an issue and the sound level was kept below 70 decibels. The project was completed turnkey with the customer handling the electrical, we provided the starters.
"I want to thank you and your team for working safely. We had very little, to no missed production due to this activity. I appreciate you working around our chaotic environment."
Ventilation-Solutions © 2021 - Houston, Texas


On Meet Magento 2014 I attended an interesting presentation about Continues Integration in Magento from Damian Luszczymak. One important aspect of Continuous Integration is that as a team of developers everyone should follow the same coding guidelines. If you use PHPStorm, you can use PHP CodeSniffer to ensure that the code you are writing as a team is readable by your colleagues.
"Why is this important?" you might ask. Well… if every programmer in your team is programming in the same style, it's easier for programmer A to read, edit or debug the code of programmer B.
Now executing phpcs on your command line should not throw any errors.
I also wrote a nice article in Dutch in response to Damian Luszczymaks' presentation about Continuous Integration in Magento.
Update: I also found this nice tool to generate your own ruleset.
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