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RELIGIOUS RITES
4 THE CONCEPT AND FORMS OF RITUAL
4.7 Sacrament
4.7.1 NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE
4.7.2 TYPES AND VARIATIONS
4.7.2.1 Types.
4.7.2.2 Variations.
4.7.2.2.1 Sacramental ideas and practices in preliterate societies.
4.7.2.2.2 Sacramental ideas and practices in the ancient Near East.
4.7.2.2.3 Sacramental ideas and practices in the Greco-Roman world.
4.7.2.2.4 Sacramental ideas and practices in the Indo-Iranian world.
4.7.2.2.5 Sacramental ideas and practices of pre-Columbian America.
4.7.3 THEOLOGY AND PRACTICE OF SACRAMENTS IN CHRISTIANITY
4.7.3.1 Baptism.
4.7.3.2 Confirmation.
4.7.3.3 The Eucharist.
4.7.3.4 Repentance.
4.7.3.5 Ordination.
4.7.3.6 Marriage.
4.7.3.7 Healing of the sick.
4.7.4 CONCLUSION
The Latin word sacramentum, which etymologically is an ambiguous theological term, was used in Roman law to describe a legal sanction in which a man placed his life or property in the hands of the supernatural powers that upheld justice and honoured solemn contracts. It later became an oath of allegiance taken by soldiers to their commander when embarking on a new campaign, sworn in a sacred place and using a formula having a religious connotation.
When sacramentum was adopted as an ordinance by the early Christian Church in the 3rd century, the Latin word sacer ("holy") was brought into conjunction with the Greek word mysterion ("secret rite"). Sacramentum was thus given a sacred mysterious significance that indicated a spiritual potency. The power was transmitted through material instruments and vehicles viewed as channels of divine grace and as benefits in ritual observances instituted by Christ. St. Augustine defined sacrament as "the visible form of an invisible grace" or "a sign of a sacred thing." Similarly, St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that anything that is called sacred may be called sacramentum. It is made efficacious by virtue of its divine institution by Christ in order to establish a bond of union between God and man. In the Anglican catechism it is defined as "an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace." (see also Christianity, sacred and profane)
The term sacrament has become a convenient expression for a sign or symbol of a sacred thing, occasion, or event imparting spiritual benefits to participants; and such signs or symbols have been associated with eating, drinking, lustration (ceremonial purification), nuptial intercourse, or ritual techniques regarded as "means of grace" and pledges of a covenant relationship with the sacred order. In this way the material aspects have become the forms of the embodied spiritual reality.
The several types of sacraments (i.e., initiatory, purificatory, renewal, communion, healing, cultic elevation) are well exemplified in Christianity, though they also may be found in other Western religions, the Eastern religions, and preliterate religions. In the 12th century the several sacraments of the Western Christian Church were narrowed by Peter Lombard (12th-century theologian and bishop) to seven rites, viz., Baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist (the Lord's Supper), penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. This enumeration was accepted by St. Thomas Aquinas, the Council of Florence in 1439, and subsequently by the Council of Trent (1545-63). All these rites were thus affirmed by the Roman Catholic Church as being sacraments instituted by Christ. The number, however, has been modified by modern theologians since the precise origins of some of the seven sacraments are uncertain. Protestant Reformers of the 16th century accepted two or three sacraments as valid: Baptism, the Lord's Supper, and, in some fashion, penance. Both Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy accept the sevenfold enumeration. In addition to these, any ceremonial actions and objects related to sacraments that endow a person or thing with a sacred character have been designated "sacramental," though they are differentiated from those of dominical (i.e., Christ's) institution in conveying divine grace ex opere operato (it works by itself) or in conferring an indelible character on the recipient, such as Baptism, confirmation, and holy orders. Sacramentals include the use of holy water, incense, vestments, candles, exorcisms, anointing and making the sign of the cross, fasting, abstinence, and almsgiving. (see also Protestantism)
The word sacrament, in its broadest sense as a sign or symbol conveying something "hidden," mysterious, and efficacious, has a wider application and cosmic significance than that used in Christianity. For example, the evolutionary process is viewed by some as a graded series in which the lower stratum provides a basis for the one next above it. The lower, indeed, seems to be necessary to the growth of the higher. This view has introduced concepts of new powers and potentialities in organic evolution culminating in the human synthesis of mind transcending the process. The entire universe, therefore, can be said to have a sacramental significance in which the "inward" (or spiritual) and the "outward" (or material) elements meet in a higher unity that guarantees for the latter its full validity. Thus, the sacred meal has been at once a sacramental communion and a sacrificial offering (e.g., wine, bread, or animal as a sign or symbol of a divine death and resurrection for the benefit of man) in which the two fundamental and complementary rites have been closely combined throughout their long and varied histories.
In preliterate society everyday events have been given sacramental interpretations by being invested with supernatural meanings in relation to their ultimate sources in the unseen divine or sacred powers. The well-being of primitive society, in fact, demands the recognition of a hierarchy of values in which the lower is always dependent on the higher and in which the highest is regarded as the transcendental source of values outside and above mankind and the natural order. To partake of the flesh of a sacrificial victim or of the god himself or to consume the cereal image of a vegetation deity (as was done among the Aztecs in ancient Mexico), makes the eater a recipient of divine life and its qualities. Similarly, portions of the dead may be imbibed in mortuary sacramental rites to obtain the attributes of the deceased or to ensure their reincarnation. To give the dead new life beyond the grave, mourners may allow life-giving blood to fall upon the corpse sacramentally. In this cycle of sacramental ideas and practices, the giving, conservation, and promotion of life, together with the establishment of a bond of union with the sacred order, are fundamental. In Paleolithic hunting communities this sacramental idea appears to have been manifested in the sacramental rites performed to control the fortunes of the chase, to promote the propagation of the species on which the food supply depended, and to maintain right relations with the transcendental source of the means of subsistence, as exemplified in paintings--discovered in the caves at Altamira, Lascaux, Les Trois Frères, Font-de-Gaume and elsewhere in France and Spain--that show men with animal masks (illustrating a ritual or mystical communion of men and animals that were sources of food). (see also primitive religion, human sacrifice, cannibalism, death rite, afterlife, prehistoric religion, nature worship)
When agriculture and herding became the basic type of food production, sacramental concepts and techniques were centred mainly in the fertility of the soil, its products, and in the succession of the seasons. This centralization was most apparent in the ancient Near East in and after the 4th millennium BC. A death and resurrection sacred drama arose around the fertility motif, in which a perpetual dying and rebirth in nature and humanity was enacted. In this sequence birth, maturity, death, and rebirth were ritually repeated and renewed through sacramental transitional acts, such as passage rites, ceremonies ensuring passage from one status to another. In passage rites the king often was the principal actor in the promotion of the growth of the crops and the propagation of man and beast and in the promotion of the reproductive forces in nature in general at the turn of the year. (see also fertility cult)
In the Greco-Oriental mystery cults the sacramental ritual based on the fertility motif was less prominent than in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions. It did, nevertheless, occur in the Eleusinia, a Greek agricultural festival celebrated in honour of the goddess Demeter and her daughter Kore. The things spoken and done in this great event have remained undisclosed, though some light has been thrown upon them by the contents of the museum at Eleusis, such as the vase paintings, and by later untrustworthy references in the writings of the early Church Fathers (e.g., Clement of Alexandria) and some Gnostics (early Christian heretics who held that matter was evil and the spirit good). The drinking of the kykeon--a gruel of meal and water--can hardly be regarded as a sacramental beverage since it was consumed during the preparation for the initiation rather than at its climax. There is nothing to suggest that a ritual rebirth was effected by a sacramental lustration, or sacred meal, at any point in the Eleusinian ritual. What is indicated is that the neophytes (mystae) emerged from their profound experience with an assurance of having attained newness of life and the hope of a blessed immortality. From the character of the ritual, the mystery would seem to have been connected with the seasonal drama in which originally a sacred marriage may have been an important feature, centred in Demeter, the corn mother, and Kore (Persephone), the corn maiden. (see also Greek religion, mystery religion)
In the 6th century BC, or perhaps very much earlier, the orgiastic religion of the god Dionysus, probably originating in Thrace and Phrygia, was established in Greece. In the Dionysiac rites the Maenads (female attendents) became possessed by the spirit of Dionysus by means of tumultuous music and dancing, the free use of wine, and an orgiastic meal (the tearing to pieces and devouring of animals embodying Dionysus Zagreus with their bare hands as the central act of the Bacchanalia). Though not necessarily sacramental, these rites enabled the Maenads to surmount the barrier that separated them from the supernatural world and to surrender themselves unconditionally to the mighty powers that transcended time and space, thus carrying them into the realm of the eternal. Ecstatic rites of this nature did not commend themselves to the Greeks of the unemotional nonsacramental Homeric tradition; such rites did appeal, however, to many, some of whom had come under the influences of the Orphic mysteries in which it was possible for them to rise to a higher level in its thiasoi (brotherhoods). The purpose of the Orphic ritual was to confer divine life sacramentally on its initiates so that they might attain immortality through regeneration and reincarnation, thereby freeing the soul from its fleshly bondage. (see also ecstasy)
To what extent, if at all, metempsychosis (the passing of the soul at death into another body) was introduced into Greece from India can be only conjectural in the absence of conclusive evidence. Though belief in rebirth and the transmigration of souls has been widespread, however, especially in preliterate religions, it was in India and Greece that the two concepts attained their highest development. In post-Vedic (the period after the formulation of the Hindu sacred scriptures, the Veda) India, belief in the transmigration of souls became a characteristic doctrine in Hinduism, and the priestly caste (i.e., the Brahmins) reached their zenith as the sole immolators of the sacrificial offerings; but sacramentalism was not a feature in the Brahmanasthe ritual texts complied by the Brahmins. In the earlier Vedic conception of somathe personification of the fermented juice of a plant, comparable to that of ambros in Greece, kava in Polynesia, and especially haoma in Iran, the sacramental view is most apparent (see HINDUISM ).
In Zoroastrianism haoma(Sanskrit soma, from the root su or bu, "to squeeze" or "pound") is the name given to the yellow plant, from which a juice was extracted and consumed in the Yasna ceremony, the general sacrifice in honour of all the deities. The liturgy of the Yasna was a remarkable anticipation of the mass in Christianity. Haoma was regarded by Zoroaster as the son of the Wise Lord and Creator (Ahura Mazda) and the chief priest of the Yasna cult. He was believed to be incarnate in the sacred plant that was pounded to death in order to extract its life-giving juice so that those who consumed it might be given immortality. He was regarded as both victim and priest in a sacrificial-sacramental offering in worship. As the intermediary between God and man, Haoma acquired a place and sacramental significance in the worship of Mithra (an Indo-Iranian god of light) in his capacity as the immaculate priest of Ahura Mazda with whom he was coequal. The Mithraic sacramental banquet was derived from the Yasna ceremony, wine taking the place of the haoma and Mithra that of Ahura Mazda. In the Mithraic initiation rites, it was not until one attained the status of the initiatory degree known as "Lion" that the neophyte could partake of the oblation of bread, wine, and water, which was the earthly counterpart of the celestial mystical sacramental banquet. The sacred wine gave vigour to the body, prosperity, wisdom, and the power to combat malignant spirits and to obtain immortality (see ZOROASTRIANISM AND PARSIISM ). (see also Avesta)
The early Christian leaders noticed the resemblances between the Mithraic meal, the Zoroastrian haoma ceremony, and the Christian Eucharist; and between Mithraism and Christianity, to some extent, there was mutual influence and borrowing of respective beliefs and practices. But Mithraism's antecedents were different, being Iranian and Mesopotamian with a Vedic background before it become part of the Hellenistic and Christian world (c. 67 BC to about AD 385).
The recurrent and widespread practice of holding sacred meals in the sacramental system, in addition to being well documented in the Greco-Roman world, also occurred in the pre-Columbian Mexican calendrical ritual in association with human sacrifice on a grand scale. In the May Festival in honour of the war god Huitzilopochtli, an image of the deity was fashioned from a dough containing beet seed, maize, and honey; then the image was covered with a rich garment, placed on a litter; and carried in a procession to a pyramid-temple. There pieces of paste similarly compounded and in the form of large bones were tranformed by rites of consecration into Huitzilopochtli's flesh and bones. A number of human victims were then offered to him, and the image was broken into small fragments and consumed sacramentally by the worshippers with tears, fears, and reverence, a strict fast being observed until the ceremonies were over and the sick had been given their communion with the particles. This ceremony was repeated at the winter solstice when the dough was fortified with the blood of children, and similar images were venerated and eaten by families in their houses. The main purpose of the sacrament was to secure a good maize harvest and a renewal of the crops, as well as human health and strength. In Peru at the Festival of the Sun, after three days of fasting, llamas, the sacred animals, were sacrificed as a burnt offering, and the flesh was eaten sacramentally at a banquet by the lord of the Incas and his nobles. It was then distributed to the rest of the community with sacred maize cakes. Dogs, regarded as divine incarnations, also were slain and parts of their flesh solemnly eaten by the worshippers. (see also Aztec religion, cannibalism, Inca religion)
Similar rites were celebrated in North America by Indians at the Feast of Grain among the Natchez of Mississippi and Louisiana and among the Creeks in the Mississippi Valley when the corn was ripe. Among the Plains Indians sacrificial blood was employed sacramentally to make the earth fruitful by the fructifying power of the sun.
Though the widespread conception of the sacramental principle is an ancient heritage, in all probability going back before the dawn of civilization, it acquired in Christianity a unique significance. There it became the fundamental system and institution for the perpetuation of the union of God and man in the person of Jesus Christ through the visible organization and constitution of the church, which was viewed as the mystical body of Christ.
Baptism, as the initial rite, took the place of circumcision in Judaism in which this ancient and primitive custom was the covenant sign and a legal injunction rather than a sacramental ordinance. Baptismal immersion in water was practiced in Judaism for some time before the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, and it was adopted by John the Baptist (a Jewish prophet and cousin of Jesus Christ) as the principal sacrament in his messianic movement.
The purificatory lustration of John the Baptist, however, was transformed into the prototype of the Christian sacrament by the baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan and by the imagery of this event combined with the imagery of his death and resurrection. A distinction was made, however, between the water baptism of John and the Christian Spirit Baptism in the apostolic church. Under the influence of the missionary Apostle St. Paul, the Christian rite was given an interpretation in the terms of the mystery religions, and the catechumen (initiate instructed in the secrets of the faith) was identified with the death and Resurrection of Christ (Rom. 6:3-5; Gal. 3:12). The bestowal of the new life constituted a sacramental rebirth in the church in union with the risen Lord as its divine head.
With the development of infant Baptism, the regenerative initial sacrament was coupled with the charismatic apostolic laying on of hands as the seal of the Spirit in the rite of confirmation (Acts 8:14-17). By the 4th century, confirmation became a separate "unction" (rite using oil) administered by a bishop or, earlier and in the Eastern Church, by a priest to complete the sacramental baptismal grace already bestowed at birth or on some other previous occasion. At first, especially in the East, a threefold rite was performed consisting of Baptism, confirmation, and first communion; but in the West, where the consecration of the oil and the laying on of hands were confined to the episcopate, confirmation tended to become a separate event with the growth in the size of dioceses. It was not, however, until the 16th century that Baptism and confirmation were permanently separated. In England Queen Elizabeth I was confirmed when she was only three days old; and infant confirmation is still sometimes practiced in Spain. But the normal custom in Western Christendom has been for confirmation to be administered at or after the age of reason and to be the occasion for instruction in the faith, as in the case of the mystae in the Mysteries of Eleusis. But whether or not confirmation conveys a new gift of the Spirit or is the sealing of the same grace bestowed in Baptism, which is still debated, it has come to be regarded in some churches as conferring an indelible quality on the soul. Therefore, it cannot be repeated when it has once been validly performed as a sacrament.
Together with Baptism the greatest importance has been given to the Eucharist, both of which institutions are singled out in the Gospels as dominical (instituted by Christ) in origin, with a special status and rank. Under a variety of titles (Eucharist from the Greek eucharistia, "thanksgiving"; the Latin mass; the Holy Communion; the Lord's Supper; and the breaking of the bread) it has been the central act of worship ever since the night of the betrayal of Christ on the Thursday preceding his crucifixion. It was then that the elements of bread and wine were identified with the body and blood of Christ in his institution of the Eucharist with his disciples and with the sacrifice he was about to offer in order to establish and seal the new covenant. This "real presence" has been variously interpreted in actual, figurative, or symbolical senses; but the sacramental sense, as the anamnesis, or memorial before God, of the sacrificial offering on the cross once and for all, has always been accepted. (see also atonement)
Along these lines a eucharistic theology gradually took shape in the apostolic and early church without much controversy or formulation. In the New Testament, in addition to the three accounts of the institution of the Eucharist in the first three "books" of the New Testament known as Synoptic Gospels because they have a common viewpoint and common sources (Matt. 26:26ff.; Mark 14:22ff.; Luke 22:17-20), St. Paul's earliest record of the ordinance in I Cor. 11:17-29, written about AD 55, suggests that some abuses had arisen in conjunction with the common meal, or agapewith which it was combined. Like the Iranian haoma ceremony, it had become an occasion of drunkenness and gluttony. To rectify this, St. Paul recalled and re-established the original institution and its purpose and interpretation as a sacrificial-sacramental rite. Fellowship meals continued in association with the postapostolic Eucharist, as is shown in the Didache(a Christian document concerned with worship and church discipline written c. 100-c. 140) and in the doctrinal and liturgical development described in the writings of the Early Church Fathers little was changed. Not until the beginning of the Middle Ages did controversial issues arise that found expression in the definition of the doctrine of transubstantiation at the fourth Lateran Council in 1215. This definition opened the way for the scholastic interpretation of the eucharistic Presence of Christ and of the sacramental principle, in Aristotelian terms. Thus, St. Thomas Aquinas maintained that a complete change occurred in the "substance" of each of the species, while the "accidents," or outward appearances, remained the same. During the Reformation, though the medieval doctrine was denied by the continental Reformers, it was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent in 1551. Holy Communion was retained as a sacrament by most of the Protestant groups, except the Society of Friends, the Salvation Army, and some of the Adventist groups, which abandoned the sacramental principle altogether. (see also sacrifice)
In its formulation, the Christian doctrine of conciliation, which, as St. Paul contended, required a change of status in the penitent, had to be made sacramentally effective in the individual and in redeemed humanity as a whole. In the Gospel According to Matthew (16:13-20, 18:18) the power to "bind and loose" was conferred on St. Peter and the other Apostles. Lapses into paganism and infidelity in the Roman world by the 3rd century had demanded penitential exercises. These included fasting, wearing sackcloth, lying in ashes and other forms of mortification, almsgiving, and the threat of temporary excommunication. Details of the sins committed were confessed in secret to a priest, who then pronounced absolution and imposed an appropriate penance. In 1215 the sacrament of penance received the authorization of the fourth Lateran Council and was made obligatory at least once a year at Easter on all mature Christians in Western Christendom. When pilgrimages to the Holy Land, to Santiago de Compostela in Spain, or going on a Crusade could be imposed as penitential exercises, commutation by means of payment of money led to abuses and traffic in indulgences and the treasury of merits, a superabundance of merits attributed to Christ and his saints that could be transferred to sinful believers. The abuses opened the way for the Lutheran revolt against the penitential system, before they were abolished by the Council of Trent. The power of absolution was retained in the Anglican ordinal and conferred upon priests at their ordination and in the Order of the Visitation of the Sick. The sacrament of penance, however, ceased to be of obligation in the Anglican Communion, though it was commended and practiced by John Whitgift, Richard Hooker, and, after the Restoration in 1660 by the Nonjurors (Anglican clergy who refused to take oaths of allegiance to William III and Mary II in 1689) and revived by the Tractarians (Anglo-Catholic advocates of High Church ideals) after 1833, who encountered some Protestant opposition notwithstanding its entrenchment in canon law and in The Book of Common Prayer. (see also confession)
The church has claimed that the ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons derives its authority and sacramental efficacy from Christ through his Apostles. In the Roman Catholic Church it has been maintained that a special charismatic sacramental endowment conveying an indelible "character" has been conferred on those who receive valid ordination by the laying on of hands on their heads by bishops (who thus transfer to them the "power of orders"), prayer, and a right intention. In Protestant churches the ministry is interpreted as a function rather than as a status. Just as the sacramental power to ordain, confirm, absolve, bless, and consecrate the Eucharist can be given, so also it can be taken away or suspended for sufficient reason. (see also episcopacy)
In the Roman Catholic Church the institution of holy matrimony was raised to the level of a sacrament because it was assigned a divine origin and made an indissoluble union typifying the union of Christ with his church as his mystical body (Matt. 5:27-32; Mark 10:2-12; Luke 16:18; I Cor. 7:2, 10; Eph. 5:23ff.). The adherence of Jesus to a rigorist position in regard to divorce and remarriage (Matt. 19:9; i.e., unchastity the only cause for divorce), similar to that adopted by the rabbinical school headed by the conservative teacher Shammai in Judaism, was made the basis of the nuptial union as taught by St. Paul, except in regard to the dissolution of a marriage contracted between a Christian and a pagan who refused to live with his or her partner (I Cor. 7:2ff., 15ff.). (see also marriage rite)
Apart from this deviation, known as the "Pauline Privilege," which was recognized in canon law in the 13th century, a marriage validly contracted in the presence of a priest, blessed by him, and duly consummated has been regarded as a sacramental ordinance by virtue of the grace given to render the union indissoluble. In Protestant churches, marriage is regarded as a rite, not a sacrament; views on divorce, however, vary, and many traditional notions of marriage and divorce are now being debated.
The anointing of the sick, an initiatory rite, conforms to the general pattern of the sacramental principle and is comparable to the other rites of passage, such as those concerned with birth and death, seed time and harvest, and with the securing of supernatural power and spiritual grace against the forces of evil that are looked upon as rampant at these critical junctures.
In Christianity anointing of the sick was widely practiced from apostolic times as a sacramental rite in association with the ceremony of the imposition of hands to convey a blessing, recovery from illness, or with the last communion to fortify the believer safely on his new career in the fuller life of the eternal world. Not until the 8th and 9th centuries, however, did extreme unction, another term for the final anointing of the sick, become one of the seven sacraments. In Eastern Christendom, it has never been confined to those in extremis (near death) nor has the blessing of the oil by a bishop been required; the administration of the sacrament by seven, five, or three priests was for the recovery of health rather than administered exclusively as a mortuary rite. Extreme unction is also coupled with exorcism for the restraint of the powers of evil--a practice taken over from Judaism by the early church and still retained by the Orthodox Eastern Church for mental diseases.
The ecumenical movement in the 20th century has initiated reforms in liturgical worship and in private devotions within Christianity. Such reforms, involving the celebration of sacraments (primarily the Eucharist), have done much to promote the recovery of a unity among Christians that transcends differences in beliefs and ritual practices. The second Vatican Council (1962-65) has played a significant part in the process of recovery of unity and of renewal.
(E.O.J.)
[ 홈 ] [ 위로 ] [ 목차 ] [ Sacred or Holy ] [ Worship ] [ Ritual ] [ Nature ] [ Prayer ] [ Creed/Confession ] [ Sacrament ] [ Sacrifice ] [ Rites of Passage ] [ Death Rites ] [ Purification ] [ Dietary laws ] [ Ceremonial ] [ Religious Dress ] [ Feasts/Festivals ] [ Bibliography ]


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https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/23/5/1331/2394904/Inoculative-Release-of-Steinernema-scapterisci
Parkman, J. P.; Frank, J. H.; Nguyen, K. B.; Smart, G. C. Jr.
Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Inoculative release of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to suppress pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses
Environmental Entomology. Vol. 23, No. 5, October 1994, p. 1331-1337.
College Park, MD: Entomological Society of America
TIC Keywords: Steinernematidae; Scapteriscus vicinus; Gryllotalpidae; Golf courses; Biological control; Pest control
"Single inoculative applications of Steinernema scapterisci were made on golf courses in north central (Alachua County) and southeastern (Broward County) Florida. Nematode-infected Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets were collected from eight of nine treated plots and from five of six treated plots in Alachua and Broward counties, respectively. However, infected individuals were collected with regularity from only two courses in Alachua County where level of infection was greatest during the spring (March-June). Weekly infection levels for weeks 1-12 after treatment ranged from 0-100%. Infection of Scapteriscus spp. adults from treated plots in Alachua County, 25.2%, was significantly greater than that for nymphs, 1.2%; and infection of Scapteriscus borellii, 25.0%, was significantly greater than that of S. vicinus, 11.0%. Nematode-infected mole crickets were collected from four control plots in Alachua County and from one in Broward County during the 2nd yr after treatment. Significantly fewer mole crickets were collected in 24-h trap catches the 2nd yr after treatment on all treated plots combined and control plots combined in both counties. Mean trap catch was reduced 68, 62, and 41% the 2nd yr on treated plots where the nematode persisted; on control plots where infected crickets were collected; and on control plots where the nematode was not detected, respectively. Damage ratings and number of mole crickets soap-flushed from treated plots were significantly reduced the 2nd yr after treatment. Results indicate S. scapterisci can serve as an inoculative biological control agent for Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets on golf courses and as a biopesticide for relatively rapid suppression of pest populations."
Parkman, J. P., J. H. Frank, K. B. Nguyen, and G. C. Jr. Smart. 1994. Inoculative release of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to suppress pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses. Environ. Entomol. 23(5):p. 1331-1337.
MSU catalog number: SB 599 .E44

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With the lighting of the Christmas tree in Rockefeller Center, it is officially the Holiday Season in New York and, although the first day of the winter isn't until the 22nd of December, transitioning from your Fall to Winter wardrobe is already underway. The elegant and ever-stylish cape has recently become one of the most popular items in Korean fashion for this coming season. From Jo Yoon Hee to Ga-In, Korean actresses and K-pop idols alike have modeled this piece; featuring as the center of many winter fashion photo shoots.
A cape with a fur collar, resembling Jo Yoon Hee's from her shoot for Blue Pepe, not only adds a touch of sophistication and maturity, but also extra warmth and protection against snowy weather. Convenient pockets add practicality to its modern design while the buttons allow versatility, creating sleeves when fastened.
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A hooded cape, like Ga-in's for her photo shoot featured in Korea's issue of Marie Claire, would also add protection from the elements as well as an industrial feel to the stylish design. The extra detail on the unbuttoned straps adds subtle attention to the hood keeping the design well balanced.
Click's cape coat ($182.00; available in beige and khaki at yesstyle.com) with its detachable fur-lined hood and double button design balances between chic and casual practicality. The fur accents around the armholes of the cape also ties up the overall look of the coat without being overwhelming to the design.
Now, capes aren't solely designed as outerwear but have inspired different adaptations of its design. A knit cape, resembling Lee Min Jung's for her Besti Belli photo shoot, with its simple but elegant cut can be worn as a top or layered over a heavy sweater. This cape, with its buckle detail at the throat, also features pockets and buttons creating sleeves. The subtle details add a down-to-earth or minimalist feel to the overall look.
Jcstyle's knit cardigan cape ($68.00; available in dark brown and dark gray at yesstyle.com) also displays simplicity through detail with large buttons down the front and at the lapels of its collar as well as the heavy cable knit design woven throughout the hem of the cardigan. Also, because of its cape inspired style, this piece can also be layered over a sweater without looking bulky.
Capes have also had their influence on dresses adding another dimension of maturity and elegance to the garment. A cape-inspired dress, like one worn by Lee Hyori for her shoot in Top Girl, with its clean lines and covered shoulders has a very conservative yet modern feel to it. With its wing illusion, the cape gives a delicate touch to the overall look.
Ode's cape dress ($98.00; available in black and khaki at yesstyle.com) with its sharp seam lines running down the front over the bust to the hem of the skirt as well as at the shoulders and back of the "sleeves" gives the dress a classic and feminine feel. The high scoop neckline adds that conventional feel without making it too formal or resembling business attire.
The cape is a fashionable piece that can be worn with anything from a dress to jeans always adding a sense of style and sophistication without being overt. It's simple design and clean cut balances it between modern and classic. So, whether you're crossing your loved ones off your Christmas shopping list or just meeting with friends and family during the holidays, consider the cape and its charming adaptations.


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Why Einstein Considered Compound Interest the Most Powerful Force in the Universe
Is the power of compound interest really the 8th Wonder of the World?
By Jim Schleckser, CEO, Inc. CEO Project@incCEOProject
There is an often-told story that when Albert Einstein was once asked what mankind's greatest invention was, he replied: "Compound interest." There's even one claim that Einstein called compound interest the "8th Wonder of the World."
While there is some debate about whether Einstein really said any of this or not, there's no question that the compounding of interest is a brilliant thing. As another great American, Benjamin Franklin, described it: "Money makes money. And the money that money makes, makes money." That is probably the simplest explanation of compound interest you'll ever hear.
To be fair, compounding interest is a wonderful thing when you are earning it. When you are racking up interest on credit card debt, you'd probably agree with Einstein about it being the most powerful force in the universe.
While the compounding of money may sound complicated, especially if you don't have a computer spreadsheet handy, there's actually an easy-to-use tool that's been around for years that you can use to make calculations in your head. While it's not as precise as a spreadsheet, it can be really effective in helping you make decisions. It's called the Rule of 72.
Many times when we're dealing with finances--especially when it comes to making new investments, buying real estate or capital spending--we talk about the potential of doubling our money and how soon that might happen. If you're considering making an investment with a given interest rate, you can use the Rule of 72 to figure out how long it will take to double your money.
Let's say that someone offered you the chance to invest in a piece of property in return for 10 percent interest for your loan. Divide 72 by 10, and you get 7.2--which is the number of years it will take for you to double the value of your investment.
You can also use the Rule of 72 the other way around. If someone promises they will double your money in three years, you can divide that into 72 and determine that they are willing to pay you an interest rate of 24 percent on your investment (72/3 = 24 percent). That can be a good fact check because 24 percent is really high, which means the investment is also likely to be very risky.
The Rule of 72 can also be very useful when it comes to calculating things like how often your money will double over the course of your career.
As an example, let's say that you are 30 years old and that you have already socked away $500,000 in an 401(k) account that generates a 10% annual return. But you plan on working until you're 65. If you leave your money in that account until you retire, how much will you have?
If you use the Rule of 72, you learn that you will double your money every seven years (actually 7.2). That means your money will double in value around five times over the next 35 years you're working, which means you'll have $1 million after seven years; $2 million after 14; $4 million after 21; $8 million after 28; and finally, you'll have a whopping $16 million when you retire in 35 years.
That's the kind of math that astounded Einstein and Franklin--and shows you the power of saving as much money as you can early in your career in a retirement vehicle like a 401(k), so that it can compound over time.
There's actually another quote attributed to Einstein about compound interest that should serve as a warning. He supposedly said: "He who understands it, earns it; he who doesn't, pays it."
So, if you want to make sure you fall into the first category, and not the second, use the Rule of 72 as your guide.


Published: February 7, 2012 12:00 am Updated: Feb. 7, 2012 8:06 a.m.
FILE - In this July 19, 2011 file photo, three-time Tour de France winner Alberto Contador of Spain grimaces as he breaks away on the Col de Manse pass near Gap during the 16th stage of the Tour de France cycling race. Sport's highest court banned Contador for two years on Monday Feb. 6, 2012 after finding the Spanish cyclist guilty of doping, a decision that will strip the 2010 Tour de France champion of his title.
LAUSANNE, Switzerland — Alberto Contador should be considered a "cheat" after being found guilty of doping and stripped of his 2010 Tour de France title, the president of the World Anti-Doping Agency said Tuesday.
"Anyone who is found by a tribunal in a matter in which he was found to be a cheat, is a cheat," John Fahey said in an interview with The Associated Press.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport on Monday held the Spaniard responsible for his failed doping test during the 2010 Tour, which he won. It rejected Contador's claim that eating a contaminated steak caused him to test positive for clenbuterol, a banned performance-enhancer that helps build muscle and burn fat.
"The simple fact is that anyone who has a prohibited substance in their system is a cheat," Fahey said. "It is as simple as that. The only argument then comes as to what was the nature of how that prohibited substance got into the athlete's system. But you're a cheat, effectively, the moment you've got that substance in there."
The three CAS arbitrators said Contador's test result could have come from eating a contaminated food supplement. They said that scenario appeared more likely than suggestions he was contaminated either by a bad steak or, as WADA argued, by a banned performance-enhancing blood transfusion.
"Every day a cheat is caught it is a good day for sport," Fahey said of the ruling. "The findings are clear. They had no doubt with a unanimous decision that a prohibited substance was in his system and they did not accept — and I stress this — they did not accept that that substance got into his system through contaminated meat."
The CAS verdict in Lausanne was delivered 566 days after Contador cycled triumphantly along the Champs d'Elysees in Paris in 2010. Contador's case was slowed by numerous delays and mounds of evidence presented by both sides. In the CAS proceedings, the legal file alone ran to 4,000 pages.
"It is regrettable that it took so long, but it is hard to say that it could have happened any quicker," Fahey said.
Despite the two-year doping ban for Contador, one of cycling's biggest stars since the retirement of seven-time Tour champion Lance Armstrong, Fahey said that the sport is cleaner than it ever has been. Cycling has poured millions into its "blood passport" testing program that aims to catch and dissuade cheats by keeping close tabs on their blood readings.
"There is now a far more comprehensive program in cycling than there ever was before," Fahey said.


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A Fresh Basil bath fizzer with a famous quote inside.
Someone great once said... "Get thyself into a hot, soothing tub of water and drop a Quote Bomb!" We concur. Simply dunk this fragrant fizzer into your bath, and watch as a wise quote appears. Ideal for adults and kids ages 10 and up.
Phthalate-, Paraben-, SLS-, Sulfate-, Gluten-, and Cruelty-Free. Vegan.
Common sense warnings: Small parts. Choking hazard. NOT FOR CHILDREN UNDER AGE 3. Not edible. May make your tub slippery. Keep out of eyes and mouth. In rare cases, skin irritation may occur. Always test this product on a small area of skin before initial use. Do not use if your skin is cracked, damaged or sunburned.
Growing up, sisters Isabel and Caroline always loved using fizzing bath bombs, but couldn't help but feel a little bit sad when a bomb finished dissolving because, well... it was gone. So in 2012, at ages 10 and 11, they decided to create their own line of bath bombs that each contain a fun surprise in the middle! Now isn't that way more exciting than a bath bomb that just disappears? (We think so!) They also wanted to keep our bombs as natural as possible, so they make them ourselves using just a few simple, high quality ingredients.


The Rangers are trusting in the talents of Colby Lewis (who they consider is a version of Bob Gibson) to take them to their first World Series title, "Well, you definitely think when you're a kid you want to be in this position, be on this stage. Therefore as a buyer, it's crucial to go with the organic anti aging products rather than inorganic ones.in with direct links to download files having resume support. Insomnia or sleep disorders are not like diseases, literally any problem whether related to physical health or mental or emotional health of a person can cause this disorder. It is important to consider your situation individually.
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text:
- Select training provider - (Office of Scholarly Communication)
Office of Scholarly Communication Training
Office of Scholarly Communication course timetable
Tue 16 Jul – Fri 8 Nov
Open Access Update 2019 (for librarians) [Places] 12:00 - 13:00 Office of Scholarly Communication Online Webinar
What's new in Open Access for 2019?
Open Access is a fast moving area but it can be hard to find time to keep up with the latest developments. This session offers a brief update on the biggest changes both within Cambridge and the wider world in the last year.
REF 2021 open access requirements: a practical introduction to uploading publications (for librarians, research support staff and administrators in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences) [Places] 14:00 - 15:00 Cambridge University Library, IT Training Room
This course covers the practical steps you need to take in order to ensure that work submitted for publication by University of Cambridge researchers is compliant for REF2021.
We will introduce the principles of open access and open research, and guide you through the necessary steps to meet the open access requirements of REF2021. We will demonstrate key processes for uploading work to Symplectic, including choosing the right version of a work to upload. There will be plenty of time in the session to ask questions, and for you to try out uploading papers.
This course will be useful to you if you:
administer the uploading of research outputs to Symplectic Elements to make them open access
manage Symplectic profiles
Creating the Perfect Recipe: Creative Commons Cookbook (for librarians) [Places] 12:00 - 13:00 Office of Scholarly Communication Online Webinar
How do you create the perfect copyright recipe?
Creative Commons licenses sit alongside existing copyright regulations as a way to help researchers use existing creations and share their own work with others. This webinar will explore the history of the Creative Commons movement, explore how the licenses can be put together and how librarians can encourage their researchers to use them to their best advantage.
REF 2021 open access requirements: a practical introduction to uploading publications (for librarians, research support staff and administrators in Sciences, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine) [Places] 10:00 - 11:00 Cambridge University Library, IT Training Room
Publish and Perish? : How to Spot a Predatory Publisher (for librarians) [Places] 12:00 - 13:00 Office of Scholarly Communication Online Webinar
Dear esteemed author...
So-called predatory publishers regularly approach researchers via email to solicit manuscripts and conference papers. With the emphasis on publishing as a measure of academic success still strong it can be easy to give in to temptation and flattery but this can do more harm than good to a future career.
This session will look at whether these publishers are a problem, how to spot a potential problem publisher or conference and the best advice to offer researchers if they are approached.
REF 2021 open access requirements: a practical introduction to uploading publications (for librarians, research support staff and administrators in Science, Technology Engineering, Mathematics and Medicine) [Places] 14:00 - 15:00 Cambridge University Library, IT Training Room


text:
Timeline: Attacks in Syria
Syria has seen attacks by internal dissenters as well as by external powers.
27 Oct 2008 06:46 GMT
A 2004 attack which killed a Hamas activist in Damascus was blamed on Israel [EPA]
Syria has seen few major attacks, either by internal groups or by outside powers, although it remains technically still at war with Israel, only withdrew its troops from Lebanon in 2005 and was named by George Bush, the US president, as part of his administration's so-called "axis of evil".
Attacks by groups inside Syria, which is tightly-controlled by the state and its powerful security forces, are rare. Most have been blamed on Sunni Muslim groups.
From outside Syria, both Israel and the US have been involved in bombing raids on the country.
April 1986: A string of co-ordinated attacks around the northern fishing port of Tartus and several other towns kill at least 144 people and injure another 149.
Syrian officials blame Saddam Hussein, the then-president of neighbouring Iraq.
December 1996: An explosion on a bus in a Damascus neighbourhood kills 13 people and wounds 40 others.
April 2004: Three assailants, a policeman and a woman passer-by die in a gun battle in an area of Damascus which includes a number of diplomatic missions.
The government blames al-Qaeda, but the attack is claimed by a group which says it wants to avenge the government crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama in 1982.
September 2004: A car bomb in southern Damascus kills an official of the Palestinian Hamas movement and three passers-by. Both the government and Hamas blame Israel.
September 2006: Three armed men and a member of the security forces are killed and 14 people wounded in a failed attempt to set off a car bomb outside the US embassy in Damascus.
September 6, 2007: Israel attacks a site in northern Syria that Damascus called an "unused military building" but which some later reports suggested was a planned nuclear facility.
February 12, 2008: Imad Moghaniyah, a senior Hezbollah commander linked to attacks against Western and Israeli targets in the 1980s and 1990s, is killed by a car bomb in Damascus.
Hezbollah blames Israel, but it denies any involvement.
August 6, 2008: Syria confirms the assassination of Mohammed Sleiman, an army general described in the Arab media as having been the government's liaison with the Hezbollah movement in Lebanon.
September 27, 2008: Seventeen civilians die in a car bomb blast on a road leading to Damascus's airport.
October 26, 2008: Syria says a US raid on the village of Sukariya in the country's east killed eight civilians.


This Christmas was made extra special with the assistance of a couple new blog friends. New blog friends that sent some awesome holiday packages my way that consisted of items so perfect for me you'd think we are everyday real world friends.
The second swap I signed up for via this here blog was the Secret Santa swap hosted by Wife of a Sailor. Again so fun to shop for the blogger I got to be Santa for.. and even more fun to get mail back from my Santa, who also goes by Lisa and blogs over at Must be Doin' Somethin' Right. [That is such a classic love song.. btw.] This lovely lady sent me two of my favorite things, chocolate and a Kristin Hannah book [best author EVER.]. I'm Lisa's newest follower and I seriously LOVE her blog.
If you signed up and did not send cards... I will be e-mailing you in the next week.
Happy Weekend beauties! Last one of 2012!
Looks like a great time! I enjoyed the card exchange :) It was fun, thanks for hosting!
Oh my gosh, look at all the goodies you got! I am so going to sign up for the Holiday Card exchange next year :D So fun!!
cute stuff! love the card exchange idea!
My cards ARE going out!! They will of course be super late!! I've had them ready for like two weeks, but the husband packed them up in the moving stuff and I JUST found them yesterday!! Sorry about them being late, but they will all get them!! ;-) I think I have only gotten about 4 of them so far.
Thanks Amanda for organizing the card exchange. Loved getting mail from overseas, I think I can see my card on display. I got your card and 3 others,Loving them.
Thanks Amanda for organizing the card exchange, So far I have received your lovely card and three others.
Aw, I love how well-matched you and Kenzie are! What a great package of adorable things to spoil yourself with. :D Thanks for swapping with us!


Dr. Frances Zauhar is leaving her post as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and will remain a member of faculty as an Associate Professor of English and Director of the Core Curriculum.
Zauhar's tenure as Dean will end on June 30. She held the position for seven years.
In a letter to her colleagues, Zauhar said she is grateful for the opportunity to serve in the position.
Starting in the fall, Zauhar will also serve as Director of the Core Curriculum. As part of her new position she will work with groups across campus to pilot and review components of the new core curriculum. After the core is put into effect she will work with the delivery of it as it matures.
Provost Dr. Susan Turell said she will soon announce a plan to examine options for a smooth transition of duties this summer.


text:
Chris Hemsworth narrates Candlelight Ceremony…
Chris Hemsworth narrates Candlelight Ceremony and Processional at Disneyland
By Mark Eades | meades@scng.com | Orange County Register
Chris Hemsworth, who plays the character of "Thor" in Disney/Marvel movies, waves to the crowd during the Candlelight Ceremony at Disneyland. Hemsworth was the guest narrator for the 2017 version of the annual traditional event that tells the story of the first Christmas, and includes carols sung by a nearly 600-voice choir accompanied by a 50-piece orchestra. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Nearly 600 voices make up the choir that performs at Disneyland's annual Candlelight Ceremony. The choir is made up of choirs from schools and churches around Southern California. The ceremony takes place in Town Square at Disneyland. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Drew Tablak sing "Silent Night" while Tom Hines accompanies him during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony in Town Square on Main Street U.S.A. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Chris Hemsworth, known on-screen as the character of "Thor" in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, narrates the story of the first Christmas during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony, Saturday, Dec. 2, 2017. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
The Herald Trumpeters play during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony from atop the Main Street U.S.A. station of the Disneyland Railroad. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Justin Figueroa and Jamie Carganilla sing a Christmas Carol during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony in Town Square on Main Street U.S.A. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Mia Vavasseur sings a solo during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony in Town Square on Main Street U.S.A. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Nancy Sulahian conducts the 50-piece orchestra, and a choir of nearly 600 voices during Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony, an annual tradition at the theme park during the holiday season since the 1950s. (Photo by Mark Eades, Contributing Photographer)
Chris Hemsworth was at Disneyland Saturday night, not as Thor, the character he plays in the Marvel movies, but as the guest narrator for Disneyland's Candlelight Ceremony.
While Hemsworth thrilled many in the audience with his appearance, he seemed thrilled at listening to the nearly 600 voices singing Christmas carols behind him.
The annual ceremony tells the story of the first Christmas in song and story, and has been a part of the holiday season at Disneyland since the earliest days of the theme park in the 1950s.
The nearly 600 voices were made up of choirs from schools, churches and other groups around California. It also included an all-volunteer Disneyland Cast Choir, and the Walt Disney Studios Cast Choir.
Musical accompaniment was provided by a live, 50-piece orchestra.
The ceremony started with the choir, holding battery-powered candles, hence the name, walking down Main Street U.S.A. while singing Christmas carols. When they reached Town Square, they climbed the steps in front of the Main Street train station for the Disneyland Railroad and up onto a variety of risers, including a section where they formed a "Living Christmas Tree."
Once all the voices were in place the rest of the annual event started, including the appearance of a guest narrator, in this case Hemsworth.
He told the story of the birth of Jesus, with carols sung by the choir during each part of the moving ceremony. The choir was accompanied by the orchestra, and a handbell choir.
There were also a few soloists, and the audience was asked to sing along during a rendition of "Silent Night."
While regular visitors could stand around Town Square to watch the performance, there was a seating area for invited guests from local charities that Disney contributes to, and other special guests.
The event, traditionally, features two performances a night Saturday and Sunday the first weekend in December each year.
Past narrators have included James Earl Jones, Dick Van Dyke and last year it was Ginnifer Goodwin, star of "Once Upon a Time" and "Zootopia."
Choirs participating in the Saturday performances were:
Saugus High School Concert Choir
Bonita HS Concert Choir and Chamber Singers
Damonte Ranch High School Lunch Choir
San Marcos High School Madcappella Choir
John Burroughs High School Powerhouse
UCLA Candlelight Choir
Newbury Park High School Chamber Singers and Alumni
Troy High School Vocal Ensemble
Santa Ana High School's SanArts Swingin' Saints Jazz Choir
Santa Ana High School Chamber Singers
Paul Delgado Singers
Harvest Praise Ensemble
Claremont United Church of Christ Handbell Choir
Community choirs taking part in Sunday's performances this year are:
Anaheim First Presbyterian Church Choir
Bellflower High School Vocal Ensemble and Alumni
Granada Heights Friends Church Ambassador Choir
La Sierra University Church Chancel Choir
Fountain Valley High School Vocal Music Concert Choir
Abbe Road A Cappella (Santa Susana HS)
Krewe of Good Gifts
Santa Ana High School Alumni Choir
High Desert Chorale
Los Osos High School Chamber Singers
Liberty Community Choir
San Clemente Mormon Choir
Rancho Verde High School Chamber Choir
Concordia University Irvine Handbell Choir
Mark Eades | Videographer
Mark Eades is currently a multi-media reporter for the Orange County Register. He has covered the theme park industry since 2009. He has also covered breaking news and for three years, covered Orange County's canyons and the community of Coto de Caza. Prior to working at the Orange County Register, he worked at the Orange County Newschannel for nearly five years. Prior to that he worked as a writer and producer in the theme park design business. In fact, he was a Disney Imagineer from 1982 to 1993 where he worked on many projects for Disneyland and Walt Disney World.
meades@scng.com
Follow Mark Eades @markaaedes


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How do you think about this wedding dress shared by tidebuy reviews?
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Well, I have a blue blazer and short ensemble that is perfect for a vacation. I just simply pair it with white sneakers. Everything is fine with quality and delivery.
I bought this jacket to layer some of my clothes. The cute ensemble makes it a perfect fit for my body. It is such a versatile piece with an elegant print on it. The bomber jacket is not ideal for winters. If you are buying it for warmth, you might be disappointed. Otherwise, it is a great option.


text:
John Jones (vers 1755 - 1797) est un graveur en manière noire et pointillé et un éditeur britannique.

Biographie

John Jones est né entre 1745 et 1755. Il s'installe à Londres en 1783.

En 1790, il est fait graveur extraordinaire du prince de Galles, le futur George IV, puis devient le graveur principal du duc Frederick d'York.

John Jones a notamment influencé Charles Turner et , ce dernier étant son fils.

Œuvre

John Jones a produit un grand nombre de planches, principalement d'après des portraits de Joshua Reynolds et George Romney et d'autres peintres contemporains. Il édite lui-même ses estampes, qu'il expose à l'Incorporated Society of Artists de 1775 à 1791.

Ses manières noires les plus notables sont des portraits de:

 Signora Baccelli la danseuse et Richard Warren, médecin, d'après Thomas Gainsborough ;
 James Balfour et  d'après Henry Raeburn
 John Barker, James Boswell, George James Cholmondeley, Charles James Fox, Lord Hood, Fanny Kemble, William Pitt et Anna Maria Tollemache, d'après Joshua Reynolds
 Ynyr Burges, Edmund Burke et le duc et la duchesse de Marlborough, d'après George Romney
  en tant que Marquis dans Midnight Hour (adapté par Elizabeth Inchbald de l'original français) d'après Martin Archer Shee, ainsi que le Blenheim Theatricals, d'après , des sujets de personnages d'après , , Henry Fuseli et d'autres.

Il a aussi gravé d'après des dessins de Henry William Bunbury.

John Jones a gravé au pointillé:
  et Elizabeth Farren en tant que Sir Peter et Lady Teazle, d'après
 Serena, d'après Romney
 Robinetta, Muscipula, la diseuse de bonne-aventure, et un portrait du Duc de York, d'après Reynolds

La veuve de John Jones a édité en 1800 l'estampe View from Richmond Hill d'après Reynolds (1796).

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance en 1755
Décès en 1797
Graveur britannique du XVIIIe siècle
Graveur en manière noire
Graveur au pointillé
Éditeur d'estampes
Marchand d'estampes

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Technical issues are what happen to the best of us, be it a battery issue, a cracked screen or a dodgy speaker.
A lot of issues that arise with mobile phones are at first glance small, but in the long run, can escalate to something more sinister if not sorted out quickly.
This post is going to be about why you should repair your phone, however big the issue, sooner rather than later.
Faulty batteries are a problem that is commonplace for various people. Be it an iPhone which turns off at 17%, or a battery that lasts two hours, faulty batteries are a common problem which could lead to an issue as the majority of smartphones, especially iPhones, have built in batteries.
If you own a smartphone that has a battery that can be taken out, then great, you can replace it anytime, no problem. But if you have an iPhone 6s which is dying after 3 hours taken off charge, then that is an issue which you should sort out as soon as possible at your local mobile repair shop.
The reason why you should repair a faulty battery as soon as you can is because if you don't, it will only get worse, to the point where you will always be carrying around a charger, overcharging your phone, and eventually having your phone die prematurely due to an overheated battery.
Repair your phone battery as soon as it becomes faulty to avoid unnecessary problems when you're out and about.
Broken phone screens are one of, if not the most common issue within the modern world today when it comes to smartphones. It can either shatter on the first drop, or start off with a small crack, either way, you need to ensure you get your phone screens repaired as soon as it happens.
Small cracks increase with time, drop after drop, and not only looks bad, but can lead to injury and glass splinters if you're not careful. Cracked iPhone screen repair is also relatively cheap (varying on model), if you choose the temporary option, but it is advised that you go with the reliable phone repair shops and get a glass screen replacement which is a lot more permanent and less likely to bring up extra problems.
A less common but still existing issue with smartphones nowadays is a faulty speaker. Speaker issues happen usually when a little bit of water seeps into it, eventually muffling the sound of the speaker, eventually until one stops working.
It may be bearable with an old iPhone, which has two separate speakers, but with a modern iPhone which has merely one speaker, you can't risk the damage worsening until your speaker is broken.
When you see your iPhone or Samsung start to act funny with the speaker, it's best advised to take it into a smartphone repair store and get the problem alleviated before it's too late.
Speaker issues are a real hassle, and before it becomes an issue where you can't play your music aloud or have someone on loud speaker, combat the problem directly as soon as you see the symptoms.
In summary, I hope you get the moral that once you see an issue with your phone, you sort it out as soon as you see it.
Phone repair shops are there to help your phone last longer, for those of you who wish to keep the same reliable phone and not break the bank with replacements, it's best to repair it before it becomes irreparable.
Next Post How To Become A Solitaire Expert?


text:
Q: Hi i want to ask question regarding particular solution for nonhomogenous differential equation. The question is
$$
x''+2ax'+(w^2+a^2)x = \sin(yt).
$$
I have no idea on how to get the particular solution for this question since it has a lot of constants. I need the particular solution to be able to get the overall general solution. I have used the undetermined coefficient method to solve it but i got stuck. Any help would be appreciated.

A: If $(a,w)\ne (0,\pm y)$, then
$$
x''+2ax'+(\omega^2+a^2)x=\sin(yt)
$$
possesses a particular solution of the form
$$
x_p(t)=A\cos(yt)+B\sin(yt).
$$
If $(a,w)= (0,\pm y)$ (case of resonance), then a particular solution should be of the form
$$
x_p(t)=At\cos(yt)+Bt\sin(yt).
$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Spanish designer Francesc Rifé has designed the MUS Sofa for KOO International.
MUS is a modular sofa designed by Francesc Rifé for KOO International. Of clear Nordic inspiration, at the heart of the project is the wooden platform supporting the cushions. In symbolic terms, this pallet with a few sacks dropped on top is what gives the collection its identity. Composed of various elements, including a chaise lounge and puffs, MUS can go with auxiliary furniture such as coffee tables, side tables or accessories such as magazine racks and garden boxes. These elements add something of a human quality to the collection. MUS can be used to divide spaces and is aimed at both contract and home use.
Visit the KOO International website – here.


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text:
package jp.plen.plenconnect2.services;

import android.app.Service;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothGatt;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothGattCharacteristic;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothGattService;
import android.bluetooth.BluetoothProfile;
import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.os.Binder;
import android.os.IBinder;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.annotation.StringRes;
import android.util.Log;

import com.eccyan.optional.Optional;

import org.androidannotations.annotations.EService;

import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

import de.greenrobot.event.EventBus;
import jp.plen.rx.binding.Property;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.R;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.exceptions.PlenConnectionException;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.exceptions.ScenographyException;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.utils.BluetoothUtil;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.utils.PlenGattConstants;
import jp.plen.plenconnect2.utils.WatchDogTimer;
import rx.Observable;
import rx.schedulers.Schedulers;
import rx.subjects.PublishSubject;
import rx.subscriptions.CompositeSubscription;

@EService
public class PlenConnectionService extends Service {
    private static final String TAG = PlenConnectionService.class.getSimpleName();
    private static final int MAX_PACKET_SIZE = 20;
    private final IBinder mBinder = new Binder();
    private final WatchDogTimer mWatchDogTimer = new WatchDogTimer();
    private final Property<State> mState = Property.create(State.INITIALIZED);
    private final PublishSubject<Request> mRequest = PublishSubject.create();
    private final BluetoothGattCallback mBluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback();
    private final CompositeSubscription mSubscriptions = new CompositeSubscription();
    private final Queue<String> mTxDataQueue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<>();
    @NonNull private Optional<BluetoothGatt> mGatt = Optional.empty();
    @NonNull private Optional<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> mTxCharacteristic = Optional.empty();
    @NonNull private StateNotification mLastStateNotification = new StateNotification(State.INITIALIZED);

    @Override
    public void onCreate() {
        super.onCreate();
        Log.d(TAG, "onCreate ");
        EventBus.getDefault().register(this);

        int stop_delay = getBaseContext().getResources().getInteger(R.integer.plen_connection_service_stop_delay_sec);
        mWatchDogTimer.init(this::stopSelf, stop_delay, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

        mSubscriptions.clear();
        mSubscriptions.add(Observable
                .zip(mState.asObservable(), mState.asObservable().skip(1), StateTransitionEvent::new)
                .doOnNext(ev -> {
                    mLastStateNotification = new StateNotification(ev.getNewState());
                    postStateNotification();
                })
                .doOnNext(ev -> Log.i(TAG, ev.getNewState().getDescription(getApplication())))
                .subscribe(this::post));
        mSubscriptions.add(
                mRequest.observeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
                        .onBackpressureBuffer()
                        .subscribe(this::process));

        postStateNotification();
        mState.set(State.DISCONNECTED);
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        Log.d(TAG, "onDestroy ");
        disconnect(new DisconnectRequest());
        mSubscriptions.unsubscribe();
        EventBus.getDefault().unregister(this);
        super.onDestroy();
    }

    @Override
    public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
        super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId);
        return START_NOT_STICKY;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean onUnbind(Intent intent) {
        mWatchDogTimer.restart();
        return true;
    }

    @Nullable
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        mWatchDogTimer.stop();
        startService(new Intent(getBaseContext(), PlenConnectionService_.class));
        return mBinder;
    }

    @Override
    public void onRebind(Intent intent) {
        mWatchDogTimer.stop();
        super.onRebind(intent);
    }

    public void onEvent(Request request) {
        mRequest.onNext(request);
    }

    synchronized private void process(@NonNull Request request) {
        request.process(this);
    }

    private void connect(@NonNull ConnectRequest request) {
        if (getState() != State.DISCONNECTED) {
            mRequest.onNext(new DisconnectRequest());
            mRequest.onNext(request);
            return;
        }

        mState.set(State.CONNECTING);
        try {
            mGatt = Optional.ofNullable(BluetoothUtil.getBluetoothAdapter(getApplication())
                    .getRemoteDevice(request.mAddress)
                    .connectGatt(getApplication(), false, mBluetoothGattCallback));
        } catch (ScenographyException e) {
            postErrorEvent(e);
            mState.set(State.DISCONNECTED);
            return;
        }
        if (!mGatt.isPresent()) {
            resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_connecting_failed));
        }
    }

    private void disconnect(@NonNull DisconnectRequest request) {
        mGatt.ifPresent(gatt -> {
            if (getState() != State.DISCONNECTED) {
                mState.set(State.DISCONNECTING);
                gatt.disconnect();
            }
        });

        mState.asObservable()
                .filter(s -> s == State.DISCONNECTED)
                .first()
                .observeOn(Schedulers.immediate())
                .subscribe();
    }

    private void write(@NonNull WriteRequest request) {
        String data = request.getData();
        // MAX_PACKET_SIZE バイトごとに分割してバッファに貯める
        for (int i = 0; i < data.length(); i += MAX_PACKET_SIZE) {
            mTxDataQueue.offer(data.substring(i, Math.min(i + MAX_PACKET_SIZE, data.length())));
        }
        if (getState() == State.SERVICE_IDLE) {
            writeNextTxData();
        }
    }

    private void writeNextTxData() {
        if (mTxDataQueue.isEmpty()) {
            if (getState() == State.WRITING) {
                mState.set(State.SERVICE_IDLE);
            }
            return;
        }

        mGatt.ifPresent(gatt -> mTxCharacteristic.ifPresent(tx -> {
            tx.setWriteType(BluetoothGattCharacteristic.WRITE_TYPE_DEFAULT);
            tx.setValue(mTxDataQueue.poll());
            boolean isWriting = gatt.writeCharacteristic(tx);
            if (!isWriting) {
                postErrorEvent(new PlenConnectionException(
                        getString(R.string.log_ble_writing_failed)));
                mState.set(State.DISCONNECTED);
                mState.set(State.CONNECTING);
                if (!gatt.connect() || !gatt.discoverServices()) {
                    resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_connecting_failed));
                }
                return;
            }
            mState.set(State.WRITING);
        }));
    }

    private void resetGatt(@NonNull String errorLog) {
        postErrorEvent(new PlenConnectionException(errorLog));
        mGatt.ifPresent(BluetoothGatt::close);
        mGatt = Optional.empty();
        mState.set(State.DISCONNECTED);
    }

    private void post(Event e) {
        EventBus.getDefault().post(e);
    }

    private void postErrorEvent(@NonNull Throwable source) {
        Log.w(TAG, source.toString());
        post(new ErrorEvent(source));
    }

    private void postStateNotification() {
        post(mLastStateNotification);
    }

    private State getState() {
        return mState.get().get();
    }

    public enum State {
        INITIALIZED(R.string.log_plen_connection_service_initialized),
        DISCONNECTED(R.string.log_ble_disconnected),
        CONNECTING(R.string.log_ble_connecting),
        CONNECTED(R.string.log_ble_connected),
        SERVICE_DISCOVERING(R.string.log_ble_service_discovering),
        SERVICE_DISCOVERED(R.string.log_ble_service_discovered),
        SERVICE_IDLE(R.string.log_ble_service_idle),
        WRITING(R.string.log_ble_writing),
        DISCONNECTING(R.string.log_ble_disconnecting),;

        @StringRes
        private int mDescriptionRes;

        State(@StringRes int descriptionRes) {
            mDescriptionRes = descriptionRes;
        }

        @NonNull
        public String getDescription(@NonNull Context context) {
            return context.getString(mDescriptionRes);
        }
    }

    public static abstract class Request {
        protected abstract void process(PlenConnectionService service);
    }

    public static class ConnectRequest extends Request {
        @NonNull private final String mAddress;

        public ConnectRequest(@NonNull String address) {
            mAddress = address;
        }

        protected void process(@NonNull PlenConnectionService service) {
            service.connect(this);
        }
    }

    public static class DisconnectRequest extends Request {
        protected void process(@NonNull PlenConnectionService service) {
            service.disconnect(this);
        }
    }

    public static class WriteRequest extends Request {
        @NonNull private final String mData;

        public WriteRequest(@NonNull String data) {
            mData = data;
        }

        protected void process(@NonNull PlenConnectionService service) {
            service.write(this);
        }

        @NonNull
        public String getData() {
            return mData;
        }
    }

    public static class StateNotificationRequest extends Request {
        protected void process(@NonNull PlenConnectionService service) {
            service.postStateNotification();
        }
    }

    public abstract class Event {
    }

    public class ErrorEvent extends Event {
        @NonNull private final Throwable mSource;

        public ErrorEvent(@NonNull Throwable source) {
            mSource = source;
        }

        @NonNull
        public Throwable getSource() {
            return mSource;
        }
    }

    public class StateNotification extends Event {
        @NonNull private final State mState;

        public StateNotification(@NonNull State state) {
            mState = state;
        }

        @NonNull
        public State getState() {
            return mState;
        }
    }

    public class StateTransitionEvent extends Event {
        @NonNull private final State mNewState;
        @NonNull private final State mOldState;

        public StateTransitionEvent(@NonNull State oldState, @NonNull State newState) {
            mNewState = newState;
            mOldState = oldState;
        }

        @NonNull
        public State getNewState() {
            return mNewState;
        }

        @NonNull
        public State getOldState() {
            return mOldState;
        }
    }

    private class BluetoothGattCallback extends android.bluetooth.BluetoothGattCallback {
        @Override
        public void onConnectionStateChange(@NonNull BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
            mGatt = Optional.of(gatt);
            if (status != BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_connecting_or_disconnecting_failed));
                return;
            }

            switch (newState) {
                case BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED:
                    mState.set(State.CONNECTED);
                    boolean discoveryStarted = gatt.discoverServices();
                    if (discoveryStarted) {
                        mState.set(State.SERVICE_DISCOVERING);
                    } else {
                        resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_services_discovering_failed));
                    }
                    break;

                case BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED:
                    gatt.close();
                    mGatt = Optional.empty();
                    mState.set(State.DISCONNECTED);
                    break;

                default:
                    resetGatt("onConnectionStateChange() called with unknown newState: " + newState);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void onServicesDiscovered(@NonNull BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            mGatt = Optional.of(gatt);
            if (status != BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_discovering_failed));
                return;
            }

            Observable.from(gatt.getServices())
                    .map(BluetoothGattService::getUuid)
                    .toSortedList()
                    .flatMap(Observable::from)
                    .toBlocking()
                    .forEach(uuid -> Log.i(TAG, getString(R.string.log_ble_found_service, uuid)));

            BluetoothGattService plenControlService =
                    gatt.getService(PlenGattConstants.PLEN_CONTROL_SERVICE_UUID);
            if (plenControlService == null) {
                resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_control_service_not_found));
                return;
            }

            mTxCharacteristic = Optional.ofNullable(
                    plenControlService.getCharacteristic(PlenGattConstants.TX_DATA_UUID));
            if (!mTxCharacteristic.isPresent()) {
                resetGatt(getString(R.string.log_ble_txdata_not_found));
                return;
            }
            mTxDataQueue.clear();

            mState.set(State.SERVICE_DISCOVERED);
            mState.set(State.SERVICE_IDLE);
        }

        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicWrite(BluetoothGatt gatt, BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic, int status) {
            mGatt = Optional.of(gatt);
            if (status != BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                postErrorEvent(new PlenConnectionException(
                        getString(R.string.log_ble_writing_failed)));
                return;
            }
            writeNextTxData();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Subjects & Themes
At the Edge of the World
by Professor Jean Mohr
Swiss photographer Jean Mohr has traveled the globe documenting the lives of the dispossessed, the marginalized and the overlooked for over forty years. In 1996, while convalescing from a serious operation in the mountains near Geneva known locally as The Edge of the World, Mohr realized that he had come close to the edge of his own existence. Having recovered, he was inspired to revisit places that had struck him as being at the edge of the world in the course of his long career, places which were remote in terms of both common experience and geographical location. Each set of photographs in this book from the edge is introduced by a short text written by Mohr himself. Spanning 40 years, his photographs take us to such disparate venues as Romania, Lapland, Pakistan, Greece, Algeria and Nicaragua. Mohr's longstanding collaborator John Berger describes his life in a portrait that sheds particular light on the theme of this book. Read Less
Swiss photographer Jean Mohr has traveled the globe documenting the lives of the dispossessed, the marginalized and the overlooked for over forty years. In 1996, while convalescing from a serious operation in the mountains near Geneva known locally as The Edge of the World, Mohr realized that he had come close to the edge of his own existence. Having recovered, he was inspired to revisit places that had struck him as being at the edge of the world in the course of his long career, places which were remote in terms of both ... Read More
Photography > Subjects & Themes > Regional
Photography > Photoessays & Documentaries
Photography, Artistic
1999, Reaktion Books
Bedrock Books & Art
Helena, MT, USA
Publisher: Reaktion Books
Very good. Back flap has a short cut to the edge. Trade paperback (US). Sewn binding. Contains: Illustrations. Topographics. Audience: General/trade.
Jake's Place Books
Oak Park, IL, USA
Fine. Like new condition.
BookZombie
FRESNO, CA, USA
Collectible-Good. 1861890486 First Edition. Soiling on page edge. Good condition. Light to moderate shelf wear, creasing on covers. Binding intact. [X65]
Fine. Trade paperback (US). Sewn binding. 171 p. Contains: Illustrations. Topographics. In Stock. 100% Money Back Guarantee. Brand New, Perfect Condition, allow 4-14 business days for standard shipping. To Alaska, Hawaii, U.S. protectorate, P.O. box, and APO/FPO addresses allow 4-28 business days for Standard shipping. No expedited shipping. All orders placed with expedited shipping will be cancelled. Over 3, 000, 000 happy customers.
worldofbooks
Goring-By-Sea, WEST SUSSEX, UNITED KINGDOM
Fine. Swiss photographer Jean Mohr has travelled the globe documenting the lives of the dispossessed, the marginalized and the overlooked for over forty years. This book describes his life. Trade paperback (US). Sewn binding. 171 p. Contains: Illustrations. Topographics.
Very Good. Swiss photographer Jean Mohr has travelled the globe documenting the lives of the dispossessed, the marginalized and the overlooked for over forty years. This book describes his life. Trade paperback (US). Sewn binding. 171 p. Contains: Illustrations. Topographics.
Newport Coast, CA, USA


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