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Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering / 2017 / Article
AbstractIntroductionExperimentalConclusionsConflicts of InterestReferencesCopyright
Volume 2017 |Article ID 4064208 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4064208
O. Lupicka, B. Warcholinski, "The Adhesion of CrN Thin Films Deposited on Modified 42CrMo4 Steel", Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2017, Article ID 4064208, 14 pages, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4064208
The Adhesion of CrN Thin Films Deposited on Modified 42CrMo4 Steel
O. Lupicka1 and B. Warcholinski 1
1Faculty of Technology and Education, Koszalin University of Technology, Sniadeckich 2, 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
Academic Editor: Hiroshi Noguchi
Received29 Aug 2017
Accepted22 Oct 2017
Here, the effect of adhesion of CrN hard coatings on modified 42CrMo4 steel substrate is presented. Modifications of the substrate are shot peening, nitriding, shot peening, and nitriding joined process. In the shot peening process, two variable process parameters were used: exposure time (t) and air pressure (p). The nitriding process was conducted in the following parameters: nitriding potential Np = 4.86, nitriding time tn = 3 h, and temperature process T = 530°C. Modified substrates were characterized by surface hardness HV5 and hardness profiles on the cross section of samples and by surface roughness parameters. On such prepared substrates, the CrN coating was deposited. The adhesion of CrN coating on modified substrates was defined by the scratch test. Chemical and phase composition of the films was determined using EDS method and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The surface hardness of deposited films was also defined. The substrate of 42CrMo4 steel without mechanical and heat treatment coated by hard CrN film was used as a reference.
Adhesion and hardness of thin coatings are the most important quantities that determine the various applications. Qualitative assessment of both of these parameters allows understanding the properties of the coatings, as well as their contribution to the development of others. Among numerous techniques used to evaluate the adhesion of the coating to the substrate, the scratch method is the most commonly used which allows to get quantitative image of adhesion. Critical load is defined as the force at which the coating is removed from the substrate, and it depends on many factors, including the hardness of the coating and the substrate, film thickness, roughness of the coating and the substrate, and the type of the substrate material [1, 2]. On the one hand, it depends on the deposition technology of thin coatings and, on the other hand, on scratch test parameters (diamond indenter radius, the intenders travelling speed, and load increase rate). Some of these factors also affect the results of another test—qualitative assessment of the durability of the coating, the Daimler–Benz test. Both of these methods are complementary and provide a deeper assessment of the phenomena affecting the adhesion of the coating.
Among the plastic treatments modifying the surface layer, the shot peening plays an important role. During the process of shot peening on the treated surface dynamically, peening elements work in the form of balls (steel, glass, and ceramic). This method is used only as a strain hardening treatment. It is irreplaceable for machining limp and/or thin-walled objects, where the use of large static forces is impossible due to the deformation of the shape of the workpiece. Furthermore, after machining, the layer shows an increase in defects in the structure—dislocations, texture, shape, and size of the grains [3]. Shot peening is a method to improve the resistance of metal pieces to fatigue by creating regions of residual stress.
The results of thermochemical treatments are the layers formed by diffusion introducing a foreign element, which forms compounds (nitrides, borides, etc.) with very varied properties. Gas nitriding, one of the most common surface treatments used, consists in introduction of a nitrogen atom into the surface layer of the steel object usually thermally enhanced. The source of atomic nitrogen is ammonia, which dissociates at a temperature of nitriding on atomic hydrogen and nitrogen. The most important feature of the nitrided layers, especially on alloy steels, is their high hardness. The maximum hardness is achieved at low-temperature nitriding (500–520°C), since at these temperatures, finely nitrides of alloying elements are formed.
The nitriding at elevated temperatures, in which nitrides of larger dimensions and lower coherence with the substrate are formed, leads to a reduction in hardness. Another advantage of nitriding is the possibility of protecting the surface against corrosion; to this purpose, so-called anticorrosive nitriding is used. In order to meet the above requirements, it is necessary to select the parameters of the nitriding process which enable the formation of a non-porous surface carbonitrides zone with a thickness of several micrometers protecting steel against corrosion. Nitrided layer also has a sufficiently high resistance to fatigue [3–5], abrasion [3], and cavitation erosion.
Each of the analyzed surface treatments is widely used in various industries (automotive, machinery, and aerospace). For several years, attempts have been made to their sequential use, in particular to the connection of nitriding and PVD processes or shot peening and nitriding. Nitriding of steel and PVD coating deposition have been the subject of many publications [6–9] as shot peening and PVD coating deposition [10, 11]. To ensure good adhesion of coatings to the substrate nitrided, the formation of so-called "white layer" of iron nitrides ε-Fe2-3N i γ′-Fe4N [12] on the surface should be reduced or completely eliminated. The improvement of the performance of tools and machine parts was obtained after the deposition of hard thin coatings on them, which significantly alter their properties. Chekour et al. [6] emphasized that the nitriding has a significant effect on the increase in durability. Tools with only CrN coating show 1.3 times higher durability compared with the uncoated tools. Nitrided substrates with CrN coating increase the tool's durability fourfold.
Chromium nitride has a relatively low coefficient of friction, good wear resistance, and high corrosion resistance. Due to the excellent resistance to abrasion, chromium nitride coating has been used as the coating on tools for cutting, milling, and threading of components made of titanium and its alloys, brass, copper, and other nonferrous metals, covering molds, stamps, and machine parts. Chromium nitride is characterized by high chemical resistance and has a very low affinity for nonferrous workpieces. These coatings can be prepared by various PVD including arc and magnetron techniques [13].
One of the critical parameters in the selection of the type of coating on the tool is the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The hardness of the coating affecting the wear resistance, fracture toughness [7], structure, or the coefficient of friction will have little significance when the adhesion of the coating to the substrate is insufficient. Low adhesion results in an almost immediate flaking off of the coating on contact of the tool with the workpiece. It is the adhesion that characterizes the ability of the coating-substrate system to load transfer. The energy of chemical bonds, the processes at the substrate-coating interface such as mutual diffusion of atoms, and the substrate surface development are responsible for the adhesion. Reducing the surface roughness promotes the growth of adhesion [14].
Liu et al. [10] found that the hard coating or surface hardening increases wear resistance. It should be remembered that the brittle surface layer accelerates the initiation of cracks and reduces the fatigue life. In this case, it is helpful; for example, shot peening treatment increases considerably the material fatigue resistance.
One of the most important trends in surface engineering includes activities aimed at improving the mechanical properties of the coating-substrate systems. Additive synergistic effect can be achieved by combining existing surface treatments, such as mechanical with thermochemical or searching for new solutions. In particular, the objective of this study was to find an answer to the question of whether favorable changes in the properties of the substrate material resulting from the combined process of burnishing (shot peening) and gas nitriding are achieved.
In the present work, the adhesion of CrN thin coatings deposited on the substrate, previously modified by cold working (shot peening) or thermochemical treatment (gas nitriding) and by the combined process of shot peening and nitriding, was tested. As a reference, the ground substrate was used.
2. Experimental
The tests were conducted on samples made of 42CrMo4 structural steel with the following chemical composition (wt.%): C (0.22), Si (0.35), Mn (0.70), P (0.01), S (0.001), Cr (1.12), Mo (0.26), and Fe balanced. All samples were hardened and tempered. The hardening was carried out for 8 min at a temperature of 845°C and tempering at a temperature of 620°C for 120 min. After that, the hardness of the samples increased from 93 HRB (19 HRC) to 30 ± 1 HRC.
2.1. Surface Modification
Quenched and tempered samples were subjected to shot peening, nitriding, and combined shot peening and nitriding process.
In the shot peening process, the shot marked as SW170 of a diameter of 0.43 mm and a hardness of 470 HV was used. The head of a diameter of 5.3 mm, positioned 200 mm from the shot-peened substrate, was also used. Shot peening was performed at 120 s, 360 s, or 600 s, under the air pressure of 0.45 MPa.
The nitriding was conducted in a laboratory furnace with a vertical quartz retort of a diameter of 50 mm using the following process parameters: temperature T = 530°C, nitriding time tn = 3 h, nitrogen potential Np = 4.86, and nitriding atmosphere 70% NH3 + 30% H2. After the nitriding process, the samples were cooled down in the furnace.
CrN coatings were deposited using cathodic arc evaporation on the 42CrMo4 steel substrate. The substrate surface was previously modified by shot peening or nitriding or by the combined process of shot peening and nitriding. Before PVD process, the substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic alkaline bath and then placed on the turntable in the working chamber at a distance of 18 cm from the arc source. The vacuum chamber vas evacuated to the base pressure of 1 × 10−3 Pa. The substrates were heated up to a temperature of 300°C. Before the deposition of the coating, the substrates were cleaned by ion etching of metal ions at a voltage of 600 V for 10 minutes, and the argon pressure in the chamber was maintained at 0.5 Pa to remove weakly bonded particles on the surface. The improvement in the coating adhesion to the substrate was obtained by deposition of the thin chromium layer with a thickness of about 0.1 µm directly on the substrate. The coating deposition was carried out with a substrate bias voltage bias of −150 V, arc current of 80 A, and the nitrogen pressure of 1.8 Pa. Rotation speed of the table was 2 min−1.
2.2. Sample Characterization
The chemical composition of the CrN coating was determined using EDX (Oxford Link ISIS 300). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a glancing angle (ω = 3°) and Bragg–Brentano geometry was recorded on an X'Pert PANalytical device using Cu-Kα radiation in the range of 2 theta angles between 30 and 120°. The grain size was calculated using Scherrer's formula [15]. Due to instrumental peak broadening, 0.2° for silicon standard, the Warren–Biscoe correction method was used [15].
The phase composition of the nitrided layer was determined by X-ray phase analysis. One aim of this analysis was to determine the volume fraction of the µ and γ′ phases in the layer. For this purpose [16], the adjusted intensities of the main diffraction lines of the phases and iron ({101}-ε, {200}-γ′, and {110}-α-Fe) were used. Layer thickness was calculated from the formula resulting from the absorption of Beer's law:where I0 is the diffraction line for initial state sample, Iα the diffraction line for nitrided sample, µ the linear absorption coefficient for the nitride layer, and θ the Bragg angle.
The studies of the sample structure on the cross sections were conducted on a Neophot 2 optical microscope, and the morphology studies on a Jeol JSM 5500LV scanning electron microscope were conducted. For the surface quality evaluation, the Nikon Eclipse Imaging MK200 optical microscope, equipped with Imaging Software NIS-Elements software, was applied. The data were automatically collected for quantitative and dimensional analyses of the macroparticles. All images were taken at the same magnification (400x), the same contrast, sharpness, and threshold of sensitivity. The measurements were taken for each sample at five points, located on a line at an equal distance from each other.
Hardness measurements on cross sections of the samples were determined by the Vickers method under the load of 0.1 kgf (0.98 N). For measuring the surface hardness, the loads of 0.5 kgf (4.903 N) and 5 kgf (49.03 N) were applied. The measurement was performed 15 times for each load, at different locations on the surface of each sample. The hardness of CrN coatings was determined using a FISCHERSCOPE® HM2000 nanoindenter with the indenter penetration depth of about 0.2 µm. The results were averaged based on 10 measurements.
The coating stresses were determined using Stoney's formula [17]:where E is the Young modulus of the substrate, ν the Poisson coefficient of the substrate, tf the thickness of a layer, R the radius of the substrate curvature together with the coating, and Rs the radius of the substrate curvature. The curvature radius was calculated from the data obtained from the surface roughness analyzer (Hommel Werke Profilometer T8000). For this test, a silicon substrate of 0.3 mm thick, 30 mm long, and 4 mm width covered by CrN coatings was applied.
Surface roughness measurements were performed using a Hommel Tester T8000 profilometer.
The adhesion of the coatings was determined using the scratch test (CSEM Revetest® Scratch-Tester) with a Rockwell type C diamond indenter. It was moved at a speed of 10 mm/min by linearly changing the load from 0 to 100 N at 100 N/min. Critical load Lc1 was defined as the force at which the first damage of the coating was observed, and Lc2 was determined as the load at which the total detachment of the coating from the substrate was observed. This load was determined by observing using an optical microscope with an average of at least three measurements. To check the adhesion of the coatings, the Daimler–Benz test [4] was also used. It depends on the assessment of the coating damage caused by the Rockwell intender pressed with constant load (ca. 1470 N = 150 kgf) in the substrate-coating system. Depending on the type and quantity of the coating damage, it is assigned to one HF1 to HF6 groups, where HF1 to HF4 show good adhesion to the substrate and the marks HF5 to HF6 show poor adhesion.
3. The Test Results
3.1. Properties of the Surface Layer after the Shot Peening Process
As a result of the shot peening process, surface layers were obtained, whose properties were characterized, among others, through the study of surface roughness, surface hardness, and the hardness distribution on the cross sections of the samples.
In Figures 1 and 2, obtained by SEM, the characteristic change in the geometry of the surface after shot peening process can be seen. From the analysis presented in pictures, it ensures that the increase in the value of the exposure time t increases the number of traces in the form of pits on the surface of the workpiece (Figure 1). It is shown explicitly in Figure 2, which presents the results of the roughness measurements.
Metallographic photos taken on SEM: (a) initial substrates; (b) shot-peened substrate (t = 120 s, p = 0.45 MPa); (c) shot-peened substrate (t = 360 s, p = 0.45 MPa); (d) shot-peened substrate (t = 600 s, p = 0.45 MPa).
The parameters of surface roughness after grinding process (initial state) and after shot peening process.
The value of surface roughness parameter, Ra, of the samples before the shot peening had been 0.29 µm, and for the samples after shot peening, the value was in the range from 5.24 to 5.91 µm. The presented data show that the surface roughness parameter, Ra, increased by about 20 times after the shot peening process, as compared to the surface roughness in the initial state. The lowest value of the parameter (Ra = 5.24 µm) was obtained in the case of shot peening surface with the shortest exposure time of 120 s, while the highest Ra = 5.91 µm was obtained for the longest exposure time 600 s. It follows that, with increasing exposure time, the surface roughness of shot-peened steel increases. In the same shot peening process, parameter ratio of roughness Rt and Rz is 17 times. Because of the roughness of the surface, hindering the performance of subsequent testing adhesion of CrN, all samples were polished to Ra about 0.029 µm.
The degree of deformation of the layer obtained by shot peening is different from that of the material in the initial state. The analysis of metallographic pictures shows that, as in the case of changes in surface roughness (Figure 2), there is an increase of crumple zones (Figure 3) with the increase of exposure time.
Photos taken on a cross section of an optical microscope: (a) sample ground, larger 50.4x; (b) shot-peened sample (the process parameters: t = 120 s, p = 0.45 MPa); (c) shot-peened sample (the process parameters: t = 600 s, p = 0.45 MPa).
As a result of shot peening, the structure was obtained (Figure 3) with visible irregular deformations of layers, which has resulted from the repeated hitting of balls on the surface of the material being processed. The peening process also caused essential, from the strength properties point of view, microstructural changes in the surface layer (Figure 3). As a result of the applied heat treatment of steel (Section 2.1), a sorbitic structure was obtained. For burnished steels with sorbitic structure the formation of fine-grained amorphous surface layer containing separated high-dispersive carbides is characteristic. This layer is difficult to etch. Both the thickness of this layer and the amount of the carbide present in it are dependent on the degree of deformation and increase with the increase of degree of deformation [18].
In surface layer on account of its characteristic structure zone, smaller or larger differences (gradients) of virtually all elastic and plastic properties occur, represented by the increase of hardness. The surface hardness was measured on all samples subjected to shot peening process with the parameters set in Section 2.1. Comparing the results of changes of surface hardness (Figure 4) and structural changes (Figure 3), it can be concluded that the shot peening process causing larger changes in the structure of the surface layer results in simultaneous larger increase of surface hardness (Figure 4). Moreover, the analysis of the obtained results indicated that the process parameters for assumed maximum increment of surface hardness amounted to 216 HV5, representing an increase of 72% relative to the hardness of the samples in the initial state. The surface hardness of the shot-peened sample in time 120 s amounted to 427 HV5 (relative to hardness of the sample in the initial state 299 HV5), extra time for shot peening causes an increase of hardness to 515 HV5.
The surface hardness of the sample in the initial state and after the shot peening process.
The essence of the shot peening is a direct impact of peening elements on the treated surface. The surface layer is therefore characterized by high hardness, diminishing with the distance from the surface (Figure 5). To determine the hardness of the shot-peened zone, additionally, the measurements of hardness at a load of 0.5 kg (4.9 N) were taken (Figure 4). In this case, the analogous character of changes in hardness was obtained, compared with the larger load (5 kg). The determined values are higher by about 150 HV0.5. It should be noted that the depth of penetration of the indenter into the surface hardened zone was about 8 µm. The higher load, where depth of penetration was around 20 µm, includes a zone of varying hardness values, which results in a lower hardness value.
Distribution of microhardness profiles µHV0.1 in samples before and after shot peening.
On the basis of measurements on the hardness of the cross sections of samples (HV0.1) before and after shot peening, hardness profiles were also determined. Figure 5 shows a hardness profile characteristic for this type of treatment, on which relatively small changes in hardness were observed. Hardness distribution curve indicates the area of enhanced zone extending about 180 µm from the surface. Shorter times of shot peening cause the reduction of the hardness but the hardness profiles are similar. Simultaneously with time reduction of shot peening, the depth of the enhanced zone is smaller. The research [18] concludes that sorbitic steels have the least capacity to strengthening by deformation of superficial (15% strengthening). This is related, among others, with lower susceptibility of fine-grained steel structures (sorbitic steel) to cold plastic deformation. Despite the small ability to strain hardening, sorbitic steels are treated by burnishing.
The phase composition of (carbo)nitride zone after nitriding process and after combined shot peening and nitriding process presented by means of X-ray diffraction pattern (a), distribution of volume contents of ε and γ′ phases in a compound layer (b), and the (carbo)nitride zone thickness (c).
The surface layer formed in the shot peening process is characterized by a high density of structural defects, such as dislocations. In the surface layer, fragmentation into smaller grains also occurs. From the viewpoint of forming a nitrided layer, defecting the structure, which makes easy diffusion paths, affects the growth of kinetics. The defected surface in shot peening process determines the phase of nucleation of iron (carbo)nitrides zone. Plastic deformation and gradients forming stress have also influenced the process of diffusion of nitrogen atoms to the center of the material and carbon toward the surface.
3.2. The Properties of the Surface Layer after Shot Peening and Nitriding Process
In the next stage, shot-peened samples were treated by nitriding in time tn = 3 h (2.2). The properties of the layers were determined, as in the previous case, by measuring the surface hardness and the hardness distribution on the cross sections of the samples. In addition, structural studies and phase changes of the nitrided layer by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction were conducted.
The nitrided layer produced in the process consisted of the external zone of the phase composition ε(Fe2–3N) and γ′(Fe4N) and the zone of internal nitriding, so-called a diffusion zone. From the analysis of X-ray diffractions presented in Figure 6(a), it comes out that the use of shot peening process as an additional treatment prior to nitriding causes changes in the volume fraction of phases ε and γ′ in iron (carbo)nitrides zone. For shot peened samples, compared to surface unmodified by plastic treatment samples, one can observe increased ε phase content in iron (carbo)nitrides zone. The ε phase content is 67 and 54%, respectively (Figure 6(b)). Consequently, the thickness of iron (carbo)nitride zone grows faster on samples in which the surface layer was modified by shot peening process (Figure 6(c)).
Samples subjected to nitriding process retained variation of hardness caused by various times of shot peening process. These results are illustrated in the bar graph shown in Figure 7. As shown, in the case of samples subjected only to nitriding process, there was an increase in hardness of 402 HV5 (299 HV5 initial state), an increase of 134%. After the shot peening process and then nitriding, the variation in hardness values was, as already mentioned, 216 HV5 after shot peening, and increased to the amount of 248 HV5. Maximal increase of 471 HV5 in hardness was recorded for the sample shot peened at time t = 360 s and then nitrided, compared with the sample that was only shot peened in which the hardness amounted to 477 HV5 (Figure 4).
The surface hardness after nitriding process (nitrided sample) and after combined process of shot peening and nitriding.
Hardness profiles (Figure 8) after the combined process are characterized by a shape similar to that obtained after the shot peening process. If a process is combined, the area of enhanced zone reaches about 250 µm from the surface. An increase in hardness in the surface zone of approximately 85 HV0.1 on samples of the combined shot peening and nitriding process was observed. Moreover, hardness profiles are characterized by greater gradient of hardness after combined process compared to the hardness profiles designated after the nitriding process (Figure 8).
Microhardness (µHV0.1) profiles for the samples after nitriding and after combined shot peening and nitriding process.
3.3. Adhesion of the Coatings on Modified Substrates
3.3.1. General Remarks
CrN coatings deposited on 42CrMo4 steel substrates: pure and after thermochemical treatment and/or shot peening are characterized by a uniform thickness throughout the area of its occurrence, good adhesion to the substrate material, and a compact structure without visible delamination. There are no areas of weak adhesion of the coating to the substrate. Basic properties of the coatings summarized in Table 1 are comparable to data presented by other authors [19].
Thickness (μm) 1.8 ± 0.2
Hardness, H (GPa) 23.6 ± 0.8
Young's modulus, E (GPa) 285 ± 8
H/E index 0.082 ± 0.005
Stress, σ (GPa) −1.4 ± 0.2
The properties of CrN coatings on 42CrMo4 steel.
Mechanical properties (H, E) of CrN coatings (Table 1) are similar to those presented in [20, 21]. Compressive stress amounted to 1.4 GPa is relatively small compared to 8 GPa [21] or 5 GPa [22]. Similar value of stress −1.2 GPa is shown in [23].
For single-phase monolayer coatings, macrostress is connected with microstructural damage caused by high-energy ion bombardment during film growth (internal stresses) and mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients of the coating and the substrate (thermal stress) occurring during cooling from a deposition to room temperature [24]. The value of thermal stress σth can be calculated using the formula [24]where ECrN is the Young modulus of CrN coating, νCrN the Poisson ratio of CrN coating, αCrN the thermal expansion coefficient of CrN, αsub the thermal expansion coefficient of substrate, Tdep the deposition temperature, T0 the room temperature.
The thermal stress in CrN coating-Si substrate system amounts to about −0.1 GPa and for CrN coating-steel substrate system about −0.7 GPa. It indicates that the internal compressive stresses for CrN-steel substrate system are higher of about 0.6 GPa and reaches about 2 GPa.
On the surface of the coating, macroparticles and craters can be observed (Figure 9). The macroparticles are characterized by different sizes, from fractions to some micrometers (Figure 10).
SEM image of CrN coating surface in EDS analysis.
Size distribution and macroparticle density of the CrN coating on 42CrMo4 steel substrate.
It was found that the macroparticle density decreases with the increase in size above a maximum of around 0.25–0.5 µm. Only a small number of particles are found below 0.25 mm. The particles with the size of 1 µm constitute about 72% of all particles. The macroparticles are the typical effect of the deposition technique applied, that is, cathodic arc evaporation, and their quality depends on the deposition parameters [25, 26].
The composition of the coatings was determined by means of the EDX method. These measurements confirm the presence in the coating, obtained at a nitrogen pressure of 1.8 Pa, of chromium and nitrogen in an amount of about 48 at. % and 51 at. %, respectively (Figure 11). This proportion is typical for cubic CrN phase [27]. Creation of chromium nitride was then confirmed by X-ray studies. It must also be noted that, in all samples, about 1 at. % of oxygen was recorded.
The EDS analysis of CrN coating from area shown in Figure 9.
3.3.2. X-Ray Phase Structure Analysis
Figure 12 shows the diffraction pattern of the obtained CrN coating. All identified diffraction lines, that is, (111), (200), (220), (311), (222), etc., are characteristic in cubic phase of chromium nitride. Diffraction lines from the substrate are not visible due to the identification method—grazing incidence X-ray diffraction.
Diffraction pattern of the CrN coating on the steel 42CrMo4 substrate.
The observed diffraction lines are shifted about 0.3–0.5° toward the lower angles with respect to the ICDD data. This is related to the compressive stress in the layer caused by ion bombardment during the deposition process. A similar diffraction pattern is shown in [28–31]. The size of the crystallites, calculated using Scherrer's formula, in the coating is about 10 nm.
The diffraction pattern (Figure 12) indicates the difference in the preferred orientation compared to the standard (ICDD 11-0065). It can be noted that the highest intensity is for (111) and then for (200) diffraction line. The intensities of the remaining diffraction lines are close to one another, but more than 10 times less than the intensity of the (111) line. It should be noted that according to the ICDD, the intensity of the diffraction lines is as follows: (111)-80%, (200)-100%, (220)-80%, (311)-60%, (222)-30%, (400)-30%, and (420)-50%. It means that the coating is textured. The values of the texture coefficient, Tc, for the planes are proportional to the number of grains oriented with the corresponding crystallographic plane parallel to the sample surface. The texture coefficient Tc(hkl) indicates the relative degree of preferred orientation among crystal planes. It was calculated using the following equation [32]where I(hkl) is the diffraction line intensity from the (hkl) plane for the textured sample, Io(hkl) the respective intensity corresponding to the bulk CrN data from JCPDS File number 11-0065, and n the number of diffraction lines analyzed.
The Tc(hkl) data are gathered in Table 2. The value of the Tc is proportional to the number of preferentially oriented (hkl) planes. Tc(hkl) close to unity indicates a randomly distributed powder sample, and Tc(hkl) > 1 indicates preferential orientation. High preferred orientation is attributed to many grains in this orientation.
(hkl) plane (111) (200) (220) (311) (222) (400) (331) (420)
Tc(hkl) 5.76 0.44 0.35 0.36 0.13 0.56 0.14 0.26
The Tc(hkl) texture coefficient for CrN coating.
3.3.3. Adhesion of the Coatings
Of many methods for determining the adhesion, one of the simplest and widely used is a scratch test. This method is characterized by a relatively short measurement time and high repeatability of easily interpretable results, and it simulates the load (stress) occurring during the use of the product with the coating. Applying a linearly increasing normal force to the coating-substrate system tested generates a stress, which may have both a tensile and compressive character. These stresses commonly affect the stresses arising in the coating occurring as a result of difference in thermal expansion coefficients of the substrate material and the coating. After exceeding the critical value of stress, the coating is removed—this corresponds to the critical load Lc. Such damage is an adhesive. Damage to the cohesion of the layer-substrate system occurring outside the surface of the layer-substrate contact shows good adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The sliding of a loaded diamond indenter on the coating is accompanied by plastic deformation of the substrate and pressing the indenter into the coating. There is also a shear force acting on the indentation-coating boundary.
Damage to the coating can take several forms such as cohesive, adhesive, or conformal crack, coating delamination from the substrate, chipping, flaking off, etc. [33]. The variety of possible defects of the coating in the scratch test makes consistent interpretation of results difficult.
Figure 13 shows the results obtained from the scratch tests carried out on CrN coatings deposited on the substrate without shot peening and on the modified shot peening substrates. All samples were characterized by the critical force Lc2 in the range of 35–40 N, comparable to the critical force of the coating on the substrate in the initial state. As shown in Figures 1(b)–1(d), after shot peening, the surface layer was not compact, which resulted in a high surface roughness (Figure 2). In this case, prior to deposition of the coating, surface grinding was performed in order to improve the quality of the surface and reduce the roughness. Hardness measurements performed showed that the hardness of the substrate was reduced by about 50 HV0.5. Despite the increase in the hardness of the shot peening processed substrates, there was no difference in the critical load Lc of the samples. Detailed analysis indicates even a slight decrease in the critical load for the sample with the longest time of shot peening, 600 s. This may result from greater number of defects in the structure, increasing the surface hardness.
The friction force for a progressive load scratch test on CrN coating deposited on substrate without shot peening and after shot peening with different treatment parameters plotted versus the applied load.
Comparison of coating damage in scratch test is rather difficult because of the different properties of the coating-substrate system tested. Film thickness, hardness of the substrate, and the stresses arising at the diamond indenter-coating interface are the main factors that have an impact on the critical force Lc [2]. Therefore, the measurements were performed for systems in which the coatings show the uniform thickness of (1.8 ± 0.2) µm. The strong effect on the adhesion of the coating to the substrate, determining the critical load Lc, is adequate for substrate surface preparation. Particularly important is the ionic cleaning, conducted directly before the coating process, which removes the surface oxide layer and the weakly bonded impurities. The procedure was used for the deposition of the coatings studied.
Figure 14 shows the photos of scratches made with a load of 37–42 N and the damages of the coatings. It was found that in all the coatings, there is brittle fracture, particularly evident in the bottom and the edge of the scratch. In the case of a coating deposited on the substrate after shot peening treatment (600 s), it can be observed as definitely getting the most spallings in the track of friction.
A fragment of the scratches corresponding to the load from the range of 37–42 N for CrN coatings deposited on shot peening–treated substrates and the untreated substrate.
Substrates after successive shot peening and nitriding show much higher hardness (about 50%) than after the shot peening process. This certainly contributed to the observed (Figure 15) increase in the critical load, that is 60–67 N, and for a substrate only nitrided, even 74 N. The slightly lower value for the substrate with the largest shot peening time is probably connected with the lower surface hardness (Figure 7). The nature of these changes, that is, a relationship of substrate hardness and critical force was previously presented by Ichimura and Rodrigo [1]. Slightly lower critical load for the CrN coating deposited on the substrate subjected to shot peening and nitriding treatment compared to the nitrided substrate results from the nature of the surface layer after these treatments. After shot peening, there is a large development of the substrate surface (higher roughness, Figure 2), and nitriding impairs the condition. The parts of the machined surface are weakly associated with the core result in lower adhesion of the coating to the substrate.
The results of the scratch test of the CrN coating on nitrided substrate and substrates subjected by combined shot peening and nitriding processes, nitriding time tn = 3 h.
The photos of the scratches performed for loads in the range of 60–65 N (Figure 16), at the same magnification, show the slightly different nature of the coating damage than those shown in Figure 16. CrN coating cracks are smaller due to the cohesive coating cracking and/or bending of the coating in the direction of the motion of a diamond indenter.
A fragment of the scratches corresponding to the load in the range of 60–65 N for CrN coatings deposited on nitrided substrate and combined shot peening and nitriding process-treated substrates.
The flaking off of the coating which may lead to partial exposure of the substrate or even force in coating into the substrate can be seen. Gas nitriding of the substrate (first stage of treatment causes an increase in its hardness) limits the fragmentation of coating by the restriction of the substrate plastic deformation. The total detachment of coating from the substrate was not observed.
Rockwell diamond indenter movement may cause plastic deformation of the coating and the substrate. Despite this, there is no delamination of the coatings. Similar observations in the complex of nitriding and PVD thin coating deposition processes were reported by Chang et al. [34]. This indicates the excellent toughness and adhesion of coatings.
An easy-to-use test for the evaluation of hard coating adhesion to the substrate is the Daimler–Benz test. The examination shall cover an area both inside and outside the indentation in terms of the type of coating damage: radial cracks, angular intersecting cracks, coating delamination, or the combination of its defects. In the hard coatings with good coherence arise only small radial cracks if any. These coatings with good adhesion do not exhibit delamination neither in indentation nor in its direct surrounding. The test results for CrN coatings deposited on different substrates without any treatment, after the shot peening treatment, nitriding, and the combination of the nitriding and shot peening treatments are shown in Figures 17(a)–17(d), respectively. For a proper evaluation the images of coating-substrate systems are presented in the same magnification. One can see the different "responses" of the substrate-coating system on the load. In Figures 17(a) and 17(b), there is a so-called pile up of substrate materials on the border of the coating-indentation resulting in peripheral cracks. These effects can be seen in the accompanying 3D images, which also reveal a number of radial cracks and the chipping of the coating inside the indentation. In Figure 17(c) illustrating the test result for a coating deposited onto the nitrided only substrate, previously described damages to the coating are not present. 3D image of the sample shows a smooth surface within the indentation. CrN coating deposited onto multistage- (shot peening and nitriding-) treated substrate (Figure 17(d)) shows a few radial cracks which are also revealed in the 3D image.
Failure modes after Daimler–Benz test (left column) and 3D visualization of the selected indent morphology (right column) for CrN coatings deposited on (a) initial substrates, (b) shot-peened substrate (t = 600 s, p = 0.45 MPa), (c) nitrided substrate (tn = 3 h), and (d) shot-peened (t = 600 s, p = 0.45 MPa) and nitrided substrate (tn = 3 h).
The test results confirm a very good adhesion of the coating to the nitrided substrates. The substrate subjected also to shot peening treatment, despite higher hardness, shows a greater amount of damage. Thus, a process of nitriding in the multistage substrate treatment is crucial to improve the adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The test results confirm those obtained with the scratch test.
The use of modern technology significantly improves the tool materials. These modified substrate-coating systems provide a significant increase in service performance, both for dry cutting and at high cutting speeds.
In this study, the substrates were modified by machining (shot peening), by thermochemical treatment (nitriding), and by the combination of these two processes. A thin hard CrN coating was deposited on different substrates modified. To assess the adhesion, the scratch test and the Daimler–Benz test were used. The results are as follows:(a)In the shot peening process, depending on the process parameters, the hardness of the material increases by about 50%. With increasing the shot peening time, the hardness also increases. Simultaneously, the surface roughness parameters Ra also significantly increases (about 20 times).(b)The substrates subjected to a combined treatment consisting of the shot peening and nitriding show a hardness of about 50% higher than after the shot peening and about 40% higher than after the nitriding. The highest hardness was obtained for the following parameters of shot peening: pressure of 0.45 MPa and time of 360 s. Elongation in shot peening time resulted in a hardness decrease of about 50 HV0.5.(c)Surface modification processes used increase adhesion of the coating, which is due to the increase of its hardness.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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When Boston Marathon participants reached the halfway point in the race, they were met with a deafening roar.
Wellesley College students continued the annual tradition known as the Scream Tunnel. Students screamed as marathoners dashed past. Many held signs - some jokes, others requesting a kiss from runners.
The Scream Tunnel dates back to the college's founding when students expressed support for their favorite runner. The vocal support for runners continued and soon became a tradition.
In addition to holding original signs, students hang signs along the course showing messages of support from across the world.


text:
Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada:
High seas and winds kept us from our scheduled call at the French islands of St-Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland. So instead we spent yesterday at sea, arriving last night at Sydney, Nova Scotia.
We arrived with a chill wind, a harbinger of winter around the corner.
Sydney seems mostly frozen in the 1950s, a simpler and more innocent time—at least in my memory.
It is one of the only places in North America where I could direct you to a cobbler to have your shoes resoled. Or Doc Archibald with his office in an old Victorian behind a white picket fence.
The fiddle at the Sydney Cruise Terminal. Photos by Corey Sandler
From 1784 to 1820, Sydney was the capital of the British colony of Cape Breton Island. The colony was merged with neighboring Nova Scotia when the British decided to develop the abundant coal fields surrounding Sydney Harbor.
By the early twentieth century Sydney was home to one of the world's largest steel plants, fed by the coal mines of the Dominion Coal Company.
Silver Spirit at anchor in Sydney harbor today.
By the late 1960s both coal and steel industries were failing, and were taken over by federal and provincial governments. That lasted until late in 2001 when they could not be sustained any further.
Today the economy is not exactly booming, although the region benefits greatly from the lure of the Louisbourg Fortress nearby, a faithful reconstruction of the great French citadel erected to fend off the British. That didn't quite work, and the Brits eventually captured and then knocked down the thick stone walls. But in the 1960s, federal and provincial governments, along with private money paid for the reconstruction of the fortress.
TODAY IN SYDNEY
In another direction is Baddeck on the Bras d'Or (the Golden Arm), which most of the Anglophone locals insist on pronouncing something like "brass door."
This was the summer home of Alexander Graham Bell, and the museum erected there is an amazing peek into the mind of a true genius.
Bell is perhaps most famous for the telephone; I guess we will forgive him for that. But consider also his accomplishments in aeronautics, metal detectors, sound recording, photoelectric cells, solar heating, and even air conditioning produced by directing fans across ice harvested from Lake Bras d'Or and stored in the basement of his estate.
All photos and text Copyright 2018 by Corey Sandler, all rights reserved.
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text:
Family LawMay 26, 20200 comments
Co-Parenting and COVID-19
Divorced parents who share custody of their children find themselves in uncharted territory when it comes to co-parenting in the age of COVID-19. Unfortunately many of these parents did not have functional relationship prior to the emergency, and for them, the pressures of the unique situation have created unprecedented challenges. Let us consider some of the most frequent COVID-19 related issues coming to the attention of family law attorneys during this strange time.
COVID-19 Safety Concerns: It is unlikely that divorced parents are going to be in total agreement on how to handle their children during the COVID-19 outbreak. For example, if the parents do not share the same level of concern about the virus, daily disputes can arise over how to best address the safety of the children. Parties in this situation might consider trying to agree upon a set of policies recommended by third party experts. For example, the parents could establish that they will both follow all CDC recommendations, which at this time include social distancing and wearing masks in public. Agreeing to follow expert advice eliminates the need for the parties to have daily discussions about the subject matter and prevents either party from feeling like their behavior is being dictated by the other. Depending on the history of animosity between the parties, the agreement to follow expert guidelines may need to be in writing, and it might make sense to have the parties' attorneys help with the negotiation and drafting of the document.
Visitation: Even if the parties cannot agree on an established set of expert guidelines to follow, it is imperative that both parents continue to have contact with the children, provided it is safe. If one parent is particularly anxious about the children's exposure while at the other parent's home, the concerned parent should start by expressing his or her concern clearly and give the other party a chance to respond. The American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (AAML) and the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) prepared a list of seven guidelines, which provide helpful advice for co-parenting in this unprecedented time. They are reproduced fully here:
Comply with all CDC and local and state guidelines and model good behavior for your children with intensive hand washing, wiping down surfaces and other objects that are frequently touched, and maintaining social distancing. This also means BE INFORMED. Stay in touch with the most reliable media sources and avoid the rumor mill on social media.
Be honest about the seriousness of the pandemic but maintain a calm attitude and convey to your children your belief that everything will return to normal in time. Avoid making careless comments in front of the children and exposing them to endless media coverage intended for adults. Don't leave the news on 24/7, for instance. But, at the same time, encourage your children to ask questions and express their concerns and answer them truthfully at a level that is age-appropriate.
BE COMPLIANT with court orders and custody agreements.
As much as possible, try to avoid reinventing the wheel despite the unusual circumstances. The custody agreement or court order exists to prevent endless haggling over the details of timesharing. In some jurisdictions, there are even standing orders mandating that, if schools are closed, custody agreements should remain in force as though school were still in session.
At the same time, it would be foolish to expect that nothing will change when people are being advised not to fly and vacation attractions such as amusement parks, museums, and entertainment venues are closing all over the US and the world. In addition, some parents will have to work extra hours to help deal with the crisis and other parents may be out of work or working reduced hours for a time. Plans will inevitably have to change. Encourage closeness with the parent who is not going to see the child through shared books, movies, games and FaceTime or Skype.
Provide honest information to your co-parent about any suspected or confirmed exposure to the virus, and try to agree on what steps each of you will take to protect the child from exposure. Certainly, both parents should be informed at once if the child is exhibiting any possible symptoms of the virus.
BE GENEROUS
Try to provide makeup time to the parent who missed out, if at all possible. Family law judges expect reasonable accommodations when they can be made and will take seriously concerns raised in later filings about parents who are inflexible in highly unusual circumstances.
BE UNDERSTANDING
There is no doubt that the pandemic will pose an economic hardship and lead to lost earnings for many, many parents, both those who are paying child support and those who are receiving child support. The parent who is paying should try to provide something, even if it can't be the full amount. The parent who is receiving payments should try to be accommodating under these challenging and temporary circumstances.
Flexibility: Due to the shut-down, many parents have lost their jobs or had their work schedules significantly reduced. On the other hand, first responders and health care workers are often working more hours than ever before andmany people are working from home for the first time. These changes to daily life can offer parents a unique opportunity to work together, which might serve to create some good will between them. For example, if a parent is working extra shifts, the other might offer to care for the children during this time –doing so will be supporting an essential worker and contributing to the community. Similarly, if a parent is working from home, the other parent may offer to take the children during online meetings or important phone conferences. One accommodating act of this nature may lead the other parent to reciprocate, which could be the first step toward a more collaborative co-parenting relationship.
Child Support: Those seeing reduced hours or loss of employment due to the virus often do not have savings to pay their monthly expenses, including child support. The parent who relies on the child support payments must consider the reason for the payor's inability to pay and respond accordingly. If the payor is unable to pay child support through no fault of his or her own, anger is not an appropriate reaction. On the other hand, a payor who has had a loss of employment should communicate this to the payee right away and try to work out an agreement on how the arrearage will be addressed once income has been reestablished.
Co-parenting is difficult work, even during normal times, and with the social and financial implications of COVID-19, it has become even more demanding. The practical tips above are offered in the hope that they may help resolve the disagreements likely to arise between parents during the pandemic. If, after trying these suggestions, the parties are still unable to settle their differences, attorneys may need to advise them about other available options. Our attorneys are ready to assist you with your custody and visitation questions.
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The .NAME top level domain name (TLD) is the personalized domain for individuals who want to express themselves. Bloggers who want to promote their website, tweeters, families who want to share their history, social networkers or even professionals whose brand is their name, the .name TLD is the perfect and smart choice for building a personal web presence.
Transfering in your .NAME domain to PSI Japan is easy. Simply search for the domain name in your panel and select Transfer on the results page. Contact PSI Japan Sales for pricing for bulk transfers - we would love to hear from you!
PSI Japan offers resellers multiple ways to connect and sell our services. Many use our comprehensive web Control Panel. Some use any one of our six APIs. Still others use modules for WHMCS, AWBS, or PLESK. Choose the one that best suits your business.
1. Are there any restrictions using .NAME domains?
2. What is a .NAME email registration?
Similar to registering a domain only, individuals can also just register an email address. It is important to note that with the email registration of joe@doe.name both the second level domain, doe.name, and the third level domain joe.doe.name will not longer be available for registration.


Copyright @ 2011 by Mark Cranston – www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk – Some rights reserved.
This website is solely for educational and research purposes. No commercial or business element is intended.
You are welcome to use any of the information within but please contact myself first. All I ask on reproducing an image etc is that you create a link to my website.


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Most people who get migraine headaches will tell you they are painful and can even be debilitating. Some who suffer from the intense throbbing or constant ache find relief by resting in a dark room with a cold compress over their forehead. Others find that a scalp massage or putting pressure on the temples can help lessen discomfort. Fortunately, medications also are available to help relieve pain if symptoms have already started and preventive medications can be taken on a regular basis to reduce the severity or frequency of migraines.
Migraines can last anywhere from a few hours to several days. Some people have migraines several times a month, while others have them less frequently. There are two types of migraines. Classic migraines usually start with some type of visual disturbance called an aura, such as flashes of light, zig-zag lines or blind spots. Common migraines do not begin with an aura. Instead, they tend to start more slowly but can last longer and interfere with daily activities.
While migraines sometimes run in families, women are three times more likely to suffer this type of headache than men.
Some people may have a feeling that they are going to get a migraine before it happens. These "premonitions" may include intense energy, food cravings, mood changes, fatigue, thirst or drowsiness.
Different people will have different triggers that can cause or worsen a headache. Those who suffer from migraines should be aware of those factors that can start a headache and try to avoid them if possible.
Nonprescription medications such as aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen or ketoprofen can help relieve migraine headaches. More severe pain may require prescription medications. People who experience migraines more than twice a month may benefit from taking daily medications to reduce the frequency, severity and length of future migraines. Check with your doctor if your medications stop relieving pain and start causing headaches. These rebound headaches can occur if over-the-counter or prescription headache medications are taken in high doses or for more than nine days per month.
In addition to medications, you can make certain lifestyle changes to help ease migraine pain. Don't drink alcohol or smoke. Watch what you eat and exercise regularly. Get plenty of sleep and stay relaxed. Avoid triggers that you know can cause a migraine.


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Yellowstone's Q'Orianka Kilcher Charged with Collecting Disability While Working on Show
Celebrity JusticeArrest
By Alexander Gates On Jul 13, 2022
Yellowstone actor Q'Orianka Kilcher, who portrays Angela Blue Thunder, was charged in May for collecting $96,838 in disability benefits while she was working on the television series, per CBS News.
According to the California Department of Insurance, the 32-year-old North Hollywood resident was charged with two counts of worker's compensation insurance fraud. Continue reading and we'll fill you in on the details.
Yellowstone – When Was Kilcher Injured?
Kilcher is known for portraying Angela Blue Thunder in four episodes of the Paramount Network modern Western which stars Kevin Costner, among other notable Hollywood actors. Kilcher is also known for filling roles as Pocahontas in the 2005 movie The New World, and as Inca Princess Kawillaka in 2019's Dora and the Lost City of Gold, per Deadline.
Kilcher reportedly injured her neck while on the set of Dora in October 2018, according to Variety. A Year later Kilcher reportedly told her doctor that she had been offered work but could not take it because of the painful aftermath of her injury, per the California Department of Insurance statement.
Yellowstone – When Did Kilcher Start Receiving Disability Payments?
Between 2019 and 2021, Kilcher reportedly took in $96,838 in temporary disability payments. However, a subsequent investigation by the department discovered that she had worked on Yellowstone for several months in 2019 during the period of time she had claimed to be disabled.
"According to records, she returned to the doctor and started receiving disability benefits five days after last working on the show," read the California Department of Insurance statement. In May, Kilcher surrenders to law enforcement and was arraigned on two counts of worker's compensation insurance fraud.
Yellowstone – Kilcher Asks to be Given the 'Presumption of Innocence'
Kilcher's attorney, Michael Becker, said in a statement that his client had been a passenger in a production vehicle when she was injured. "Third-party doctors verified her injury and entitlement to benefits. Ms. Kilcher was at all times candid with her doctors and treatment providers…and she never intentionally accepted benefits that she did not believe she was entitled to," read the statement.
The statement continued by stating that Kilcher would "vigorously defend herself" and requests that she be given the "presumption of innocence" both inside the courtroom as well as outside. This isn't Kilcher's first run-in with the law as she was arrested in 2010 for tying herself to a White House fence.
Be sure and stay up to date on this developing drama and return here often for more spoilers, news, and updates.
Alexander Gates
Alexander is a veteran of the United States Navy, an editor-at-large, and a content writer. As a writer, he currently writes about travel and reality TV. He has written numerous opinion pieces for Blasting News, travel articles for Trip101 and has been a curator for the last four years having since reviewed thousands of articles.
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Sharon Miller says 7 months ago
Only watch GH. Forget the rest stories.
Kathryn Johnson says 7 months ago
Re: YELLOWSTONE'S Q'ORIANKA KILCHER CHARGED WITH COLLECTING DISABILITY WHILE WORKING ON SHOW
What I have read in previous articles regarding Kilcher is she is innocent.
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An engaging social campaign speaking playfully about a serious problem. Prostate cancer is the third – following lung and colorectal cancers – most frequent cancer among Polish men. With an early diagnosis, it is fully curable, yet still it kills four thousand Poles every year. One reason for this high fatality rate is too late diagnosis. The TNT movie channel described the problem in a truly cinematic style.
Over 700 photos posted in the application by over 500 people. PLN 15,000 collected and donated to the Rak'n'Roll Foundation for preventative tests conducted by the Badaj prostate cancer prevention programme. Soon after the application's launch, the campaign was ranked among the most interesting advertisements of the week by the wirtualnemedia.pl portal.
A TV movie channel – social media – CRS actions How to smartly engage a TV brand in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility? So that the results are measurable, and all the actions are consistent with the existing communications of the brand? That was the challenge we took on in this project.
We joined the annual international "Movember" campaign, which was communicated under the Polish name "Wąstopad". The primary objective of the campaign is to raise the awareness of prostate cancer and encourage men to undergo regular screening. We invited Adam "Nergal" Darski to be the ambassador of the campaign. The movie channel, in a specially designed application available on TNT Polska's Facebook fan page, encouraged men to grow a moustache and post a photo of their moustached self. For every photo posted, TNT donated PLN 10 to the Rak'n'Roll Foundation. This amount was increased to PLN 50 in the last week of the campaign. The money collected and donated to the Rak'n'Roll Foundation was used to support the financing of urological consultations for men, as a part of the Gadaj*Badaj programme. The campaign was accompanied by a competition, in which the owners of the five best movie-style moustaches won a styling service in the Barberian Academy & Barber Shop, a barber salon owned by Adam "Nergal" Darski. Moreover, TNT used the "Movember" campaign to screen well known movies with moustached leading role actors, including "Smokey and the Bandit", "Shaft", and "Bowfinger". The movies were screened in a specially created series "Movember in TNT" and were intended to inspire viewers to grow a movie-style moustache; as was the picture gallery of the popular application.


Property damage restoration is the last step and where homeowners start to see a light at the end of the tunnel. Our damage restoration company is ready to help you rebuild now. Give us a call, and see our quality workmanship work magic.
Your house was flooded, and you called us promptly. It was the middle of the night, but we were able to get the water out for you. Our restoration service has cleaned it and dried it for you and is ready to move to the next stage. Now we can start with the property damage restoration. We also handle sewage cleanup and sewage removal. Making sure the building is fully sanitized and disinfected is an important part. We want to make sure all harmful bacteria is annihilated. There is a lot more to property damage restoration, however, and we are ready to do it for you. Call our friendly office staff today and see what we have to offer; we are sure you will trust us for your rebuilding process.
A good cleanup service will get the process started, but property damage restoration requires a restoration company that can handle a full rebuild for you. Our team of experts knows where to look for potential long term problems. Crawl spaces and wood flooring are often overlooked and can result in mold and disease issues. We will handle those problems and more. Dry wall, carpets and painting are among the most common parts of property damage restoration, but we can provide electrical and plumbing services when required. This is the part where your home comes back to life, and we will make sure you are an integral part of the process. Reach out to us right away to get your home exactly the way you want it. It is time to put this nightmare behind you and look forward to reclaiming your home.
Seeing your home damaged is never an easy time. We know that you are under a lot of stress and that if the property damage restoration is not handled correctly, it will get even worse. That's why you call us. We will treat you and your home with respect you deserve. Contact us today so we can start working you to get the job done right. We are excited to be in this stage of property damage restoration with you. Our expert site crew is IICRC certified and focused on getting the work done just right. Our office staff is always on the phone with the insurance firms. The team as a whole is committed to making your house as good – or better – than it was before the water. Property damage restoration is about rebuilding your dream, and we are the best in the business. We know how important it is to you that this work be done right. When you hire us, you can be sure that you will get the highest quality work, so call right away to get us started.
We do property damage restoration in Bentonville, Springdale, Fayetteville, NWA and surrounding areas.


Hi All! I'd say I've got a sweet little card for you but that would be a lie :) The challenge over at Mo's Challenge blog is Show Me Some Attitude and it's such a fun one because Mo has the best digi stamps that just scream attitude! I'd been browsing through Mo's shop and absolutely fell in love with Two Tasha (grab it here) with her tutu and scrunched up angry face- just makes me want to stamp my foot and say 'You're not the boss of me!' just cause it really can make a girl feel better :) And what goes better with a little girl in a tutu having a temper tantrum than a lot of pink? I imagine it would probably match her little cheeks as she really got ramped up. If only we could get away with this type of emotion at any age!
Very cute card Katie. The colors you used on the image match so well with the pretty DP. Personally, I'm glad adults can't throw fits like that.....altho some do come close, don't they?!
Thanks for shining in our SHINE ON challenge at DYSU this week. Good luck in the draw!
I love the image and I love yoru coloring - amazing. Thanks for joining us at Do You Stack Up.
Brilliant coloring on this little lady! I'm so glad you were able to play with us at Mo's challenge this week!
This was the image I thought of immediately for my DT card! This is great! I love the embellishments, and your coloring is wonderful. Glad you joined us in Mo's Challenge.
Oh Katie...how absolutely delightful!! Yep...definitely copping an attitude here! That Tasha...what a stinker! She's just been added to my "must have" list!! Thanks for the fun inspiration. What can I say...I love this card! So glad you joined us this week at Mo's! And I agree...Mo's images all scream attitude!! LOL!
Oh this is so cute, gorgeous card.


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You are here: Home / Faith / Baby Born Without A Brain, The Fact That He Lived At All Is Truly A Miracle.
Baby Born Without A Brain, The Fact That He Lived At All Is Truly A Miracle.
By Tabitha Khaye On 1/22/2015 in Faith, Health & Nutrition, Uncategorized Email to a friend
Josiah White was born without a brain, doctors said he only had a brain stem, could die at any time, and was not expected to live. Rachel and Eric White were undaunted by the dire prognosis that Josiah could be gone at any time. They felt a strong conviction that it was the will of God they adopt him, so they did just that, and their reward was tenfold! Josiah as you will see from the video was a bright, happy baby that brought a lot of love, and joy into the lives of the White family. In the short time he was with them he impacted them profoundly. Eric says, "he gave us far more than we could ever give him. In two years he taught me more about life than I could have taught him in 18 years." It is easy to see Josiah has left a legacy of love behind him, and that is a beautiful thing!
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Zum Weihnachtssingen des 1. FC Union Berlin treffen sich jährlich am 23. Dezember Fans und Freunde des 1. FC Union Berlin im Stadion An der Alten Försterei zur Einstimmung auf das Weihnachtsfest. Das Weihnachtssingen findet seit 2003 im Berliner Bezirk Treptow-Köpenick statt. Mit etwa 28.500 Teilnehmern im Jahr 2016 kommt beim Weihnachtssingen von Union der "inzwischen berühmteste Weihnachtschor Deutschlands" zusammen.

Hintergrund

2003 hatten sich 89 Mitglieder des Fanclubs "Alt-Unioner" heimlich zum ersten Weihnachtssingen im Stadion getroffen, um nach sportlich enttäuschender Hinrunde das Jahr gemeinsam zu beschließen. Seither hat sich das Weihnachtssingen zu einer Großveranstaltung entwickelt, die seit 2012 auch die Nutzung des Stadioninnenraums für die Zuschauer und Sänger erforderlich macht.

Wegen des Stadionumbaus musste das Weihnachtssingen 2008 vor das Rathaus Köpenick verlegt werden.

Seit 2014 werden aufgrund der hohen Nachfrage für das Weihnachtssingen Eintrittskarten verkauft, da bei zuvor freiem Eintritt die Kapazitätsgrenze erreicht worden war. Die Einnahmen aus dem Ticketverkauf kommen der Jugendarbeit von Union zugute.

Musikalische Unterstützung beim Weihnachtssingen leistet der Schulchor des Emmy-Noether-Gymnasiums Köpenick. Fester Bestandteil der Veranstaltung ist außerdem das Verlesen der Weihnachtsgeschichte durch einen Köpenicker Pfarrer.

Resonanz
Das als Geheimtreffen gestartete, inzwischen als "Tradition" bezeichnete Weihnachtssingen gilt als wichtiger Teil der Identität des 1. FC Union, auch in internationaler Wahrnehmung.

Das Weihnachtssingen im Stadion hat Nachahmer in vielen anderen deutschen Städten gefunden (u. a. in Köln, Aachen, Gelsenkirchen oder Dresden).

2022 wurde das Weihnachtssingen live im RBB übertragen.

Auswirkung der COVID-19-Pandemie
Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie konnte das Weihnachtssingen 2020 nicht durchgeführt werden. Stattdessen konnten die Fans ein "Weihnachtssingen-Paket" für zu Hause kaufen. Am 23. Dezember 2020 wurde über den vereinseigenen Webkanal das Singen von 2019 für jedermann kostenlos empfangbar ausgestrahlt. Zusätzlich strahlte der RBB eine Sendung mit den schönsten Liedern der Vorjahre aus. Auch 2021 war infolge der Pandemie eine Durchführung nicht möglich.

Weblinks
 Fankalender: Weihnachtssingen, Informationen auf der offiziellen Heimseite des 1. FC Union Berlin

Einzelnachweise

1. FC Union Berlin
Brauchtum (Weihnachten)
Musik (Weihnachten)
Veranstaltung (Gesang)
Musikalische Veranstaltung in Berlin
Berlin-Köpenick
Feste und Brauchtum (Berlin)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When you purchase CodeTwo Public Folders, you should buy a number of licenses that equals the number of computers or mobile devices on which you want to install the Client Apps. Please note that the Syncing Master is NOT taken into account as a client license. To be able to synchronize data on a computer hosting the Syncing Master, you have to buy and install the Client App on that computer as well (or use one of the licenses from your package). Moreover, if you buy the program for the first time, you are obliged to purchase the basic package containing licenses for 3 computers (workstations) and 1 Syncing Master license. Furthermore, along the basic package you can also buy extra licenses for additional computers.
You can use your licenses in the local network (without the Forwarding Service) for an unlimited period. However, if you decide to purchase a license including the Forwarding Service (that lets you share your data via the Internet) you will be eligible to use it for 12 months from the purchase date. After the license expires and will not be extended beforehand, the Forwarding Service will be switched off, and the program will start working in the local network only. The detailed information concerning licensing can be found below.
Once the order is completed, the user will receive a license key, which will upgrade the program from the demo version to the full version.
If such need arises, you can always buy additional licenses of the program. The price for additional licenses is lower than during the initial purchase. To purchase additional licenses, place a new order. The additional licenses will be added to your existing license key. Therefore, you will need to repeat the activation procedure in the Licensing program to increase the number of licensed machines.
If you are currently running any earlier version of CodeTwo Public Folders, you may upgrade/update it to the newest version published on our website. An upgrade of versions starting with a different digit needs an additional payment, for instance, when you are upgrading from version 4.x to 5.x. On the other hand, an update of the same version of the program is free of charge, for example from version 4.6 to 4.7 or from 5.0 to 5.1.
The trial version is fully functional, and its only limitation is that it cannot be used longer than 30 days.
Before or after the 30 days period expires, you can activate the trial version of the program to the full version. After the activation, you will be able to use the program without any limitations and all settings, as well as data used in the trial period, will be kept. The unlimited usage after activation DOES NOT correspond to the Forwarding Service.


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Home > Agronomy and Horticulture > Faculty Publications > 186
Agronomy and Horticulture Department
Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications
Physiological Significance of Internal Water Relations to Crop Yield
R. O. Slatyer, Australian National University, Canberra City, Australia
Published in Physiological Aspects of Crop Yield: Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the University of Nebraska, the American Society of Agronomy, and the Crop Science Society of America, and held at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr., January 20-24, 1969. Edited by Jerry D. Eastin, F. A. Haskins, C. Y. Sullivan, C. H. M. Van Bavel, and Richard C. Dinauer (Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy & Crop Science Society of America, 1969). Copyright © 1969 American Society of Agronomy & Crop Science Society of America. Used by permission.
The overall effects of water deficits on crop yield are known to everybody. Moderate water deficiencies can result in stunting, distorted development, and much reduced crop yields, and prolonged drought can cause complete crop failure.
Despite these visible symptoms of deficiency, a clear and unambiguous statement as to the effect of deficits on crop yield is difficult to make, for a variety of reasons. Firstly, despite the importance of the phenomenon to agriculture in most of the food producing countries of the world, relatively little attention has been devoted to its water deficits. Secondly, and in part this is a reason for the relative lack of effort ,plant water status is a highly dynamic parameter, strongly influenced by conditions in the soil and atmospheric microenvironment, and also regulated to different degrees in different situations and with different species, by physiological factors. It therefore constitutes a difficult parameter to examine experimentally. Thirdly, as is the case with most types of lesion, water deficits affect the growth and development of crops in many ways, both directly and indirectly. Consequently, it is frequently difficult to assign cause and effect relationships with confidence.
Plant Sciences Commons
Agronomy and Horticulture Website