Provided is a circuit device in which an electronic circuit to be incorporated therein operates stably. A hybrid integrated circuit device includes multiple circuit boards which are disposed on approximately the same plane. An electronic circuit including a conductive pattern and a circuit element is formed on each top surface of the circuit boards. Furthermore, these circuit boards are integrally supported by a sealing resin. Moreover, a lead connected to the electronic circuit formed on the surface of the circuit board is led out from the sealing resin to the outside.
1. A circuit device, comprising:a circuit board;an electronic circuit, including a conductive pattern and a circuit element which are formed on the top surface of the circuit board; anda lead, which is electrically connected to the electronic circuit, and which is led out to the outside, whereina plurality of the circuit boards are provided independently of each other, andthe conductive pattern, the circuit element and the lead are provided to each of the circuit boards.
2. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the electronic circuits formed on the independent circuit boards are electrically connected to each other with a connecting member.
3. The circuit device according to claim 2, wherein the connecting member is a thin metal wire.
4. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the circuit boards is provided with a connecting portion which connects the conductive pattern and the circuit board.
5. The circuit device according to claim 1, whereinthe circuit element includes a control element and a switching element controlled by the control element, andthe control element is mounted on a different one of the circuit boards from that on which the switching element is mounted.
6. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the circuit boards are disposed on the same plane.
7. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of the circuit boards are integrally supported by a sealing resin.
8. The circuit device according to claim 1, wherein the circuit boards to be built in are disposed separately from each other.
9. A method of fabricating a circuit device, comprising the steps of:preparing a lead frame provided with units including a plurality of leads;forming an electronic circuit including a conductive pattern and a circuit element on the top surface of a circuit board;connecting a plurality of the circuit boards to the leads provided in one of the units thereby to cause the lead frame to hold the circuit boards mechanically; andintegrally covering the plurality of circuit boards with a sealing resin.
10. The method of fabricating a circuit device according to claim 9, whereina pad formed of the conductive pattern is disposed on the surface of the circuit board, andeach lead is fixed to the pad with a fixing member thereby to fix the circuit board to the lead frame.
11. The method of fabricating a circuit device according to claim 9, wherein the electronic circuits formed on the different circuit boards are connected to each other with a thin metal wire.
This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application Number JP 2005-252187 filed on Aug. 31, 2005, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to a circuit device and a method of fabricating the same. The present invention particularly relates to: a circuit device including multiple circuit boards with electronic circuits which are incorporated in surfaces of the circuit boards; and a method of fabricating the circuit device.
Description will be given of a configuration of a conventional hybrid integrated circuit device 100 with reference to FIG. 6. This technology is described, for instance, in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. Hei 5 (1993)-102645. A conductive pattern 103 is formed on a surface of a rectangular board 101 with an insulating layer 102 interposed therebetween. A circuit element is fixed to a desired position of the conductive pattern 103 thereby to form a predetermined electronic circuit. Here, a semiconductor element 105A and a chip element 105B serving as the circuit elements are connected to the conductive pattern 103. A lead 104 functioning as an external terminal is connected to a pad 109 which is a part of the conductive pattern 103, and which is formed on the periphery of the board 101. A sealing resin 108 functions to seal the electronic circuit formed on the surface of the board 101.
Nevertheless, the above-described hybrid integrated circuit device 100 has problems as follows. Since the multiple circuit elements are mounted on the single board 101, the circuit elements adversely influence each other. Specifically, suppose a case where there are employed: an LSI which processes a small signal, as the chip element 105B; and a power switching element which performs switching for a large amount of current, as the semiconductor element 105A. In this case, the operation of the switching element causes the electric potential of the metal board 101 to vary, and this operation may deteriorate an electric signal with several mA which passes through the LSI. Furthermore, if an element which generates a large amount of heat is employed as the circuit element, the board 101 is heated entirely, and other circuit elements such as the LSI may be adversely influenced.
Moreover, in fabricating the circuit device, when the electronic circuit to be incorporated in the surface of the board 101 is modified, it becomes necessary to change the pattern form of the conductive pattern 103 and the arrangement of the circuit elements, considerably increasing the production cost.
The present invention has been made in view of the problems described above. A main object of the present invention is to provide a circuit device in which an electronic circuit to be incorporated operates stably. Moreover, another object of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a circuit device flexibly in accordance with a modification of an electronic circuit to be built in.
A circuit device according to the present invention is characterized as follows. Specifically, the circuit device includes: a circuit board; an electronic circuit, having a conductive pattern and a circuit element, formed on the top surface of the circuit board; and a lead, which is electrically connected to the electronic circuit, and which is led out to the outside. A number of the independent circuit boards are provided to the circuit device. The conductive pattern, the circuit element and the lead are provided to each of the circuit boards.
A method of fabricating a circuit device according to the present invention is characterized by including the steps of: preparing a lead frame provided with units including multiple leads; forming a electronic circuit having a conductive pattern and a circuit element on the top surface of the circuit board; connecting the multiple circuit boards to the leads provided in one of the units thereby to cause the lead frame to hold the circuit boards mechanically; and integrally covering the multiple circuit boards with a sealing resin.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a conventional hybrid integrated circuit device.
In this embodiment, description will be given of a structure of a hybrid integrated circuit device 10 as an example of a circuit device.
With reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B, description will be given of a configuration of the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 in this embodiment. FIG. 1A is a perspective view of the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 as seen diagonally from above. FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the hybrid integrated circuit device 10, while omitting a sealing resin 14 which seals the entire device.
As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 according to this embodiment includes multiple circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C which are disposed on approximately the same plane. On each top surface of these circuit boards, an electronic circuit including a conductive pattern and a circuit element is formed. Furthermore, these circuit boards are integrally supported by the sealing resin 14. A lead 25 connected to the electronic circuit formed on the surface of the circuit board is led out from the sealing resin 14 to the outside. The configurations of the circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are basically identical to one another. Thus, hereinafter, the configuration of the circuit board 11A will be described.
The circuit board 11A is a metal board having a metal such as aluminium (Al) and copper (Cu) as the main material. The specific size of the circuit board 11A is, for example, approximately 30 mm in length, 15 mm in width, and 1.5 mm in thickness. When an aluminium board is adopted as the circuit board 11A, an oxide film is formed on both of the main surfaces of the circuit board 11A, and then the circuit boards 11A are anodized.
A side surface of the circuit board 11A is shaped differently, depending on a fabricating method. When the circuit board 11A is fabricated by punching with a press machine, the side surface of the circuit board 11A is shaped into a straight form. Meanwhile, when the circuit board 11A is fabricated by forming a V-shaped dicing groove therein, the side surface of the circuit board 11A is shaped as projecting toward the outside.
An insulating layer 12A is formed to cover the entire top surface of the circuit board 11A. The insulating layer 12A is made of, for example, an epoxy resin in which a filler such as Al2O3 is filled to a high degree. By mixing the filler in the insulating layer 12A, the heat resistance of the insulating layer 12A is reduced. This allows heat generated from the circuit element built in the device, to be transferred actively to the circuit board 11A. The specific thickness of the insulating layer 12A is, for example, approximately 50 μm.
The back surface of the circuit board 11A may be covered with the insulating layer 12A. Thereby, even when the back surface of the circuit board 11A is exposed to the outside from the sealing resin 14, the back surface of the circuit board 11A can be insulated from the outside.
A conductive pattern 13A is made of a metal such as copper, and is formed on the surface of the insulating layer 12A to form a predetermined electronic circuit. Pads formed of the conductive pattern 13A are disposed on a side where leads 25A are led out. Furthermore, a large number of the pads formed of the conductive pattern 13A are disposed also around a circuit element 15A. The pads and the circuit element 15A are connected to each other with thin metal wires 17. Although the single-layered conductive pattern 13A is illustrated in FIG. 1B, the conductive pattern 13A having multiple layers laminated on the insulating layer 12A may be formed on the top surface of the circuit board 11A. Furthermore, pads 18A are also formed so that the circuit boards 11A can be connected to the other circuit boards 11B and 11C.
As the circuit element 15A to be mounted on the circuit board 11A, an active element and a passive element can be adopted in general. Specifically, it is possible to adopt, as the circuit element 15A, a transistor, an LSI chip, a diode, a chip resistance, a chip capacitor, an inductance, a thermistor, an antenna, an oscillator, and the like. Furthermore, as the circuit element 15A, a package of a resin-sealing type, and the like, can be fixed to the conductive pattern 13A. In the drawing, a chip element and a semiconductor element are illustrated as the circuit element 15A. In this embodiment, a power switching element is employed as the circuit element 15A. This circuit element 15A is controlled by a control element 15B which is a control element mounted on the circuit board 11B.
In this embodiment, the circuit elements are mounted on the surfaces of the multiple circuit boards, and each of the circuit boards is mounted with the circuit element which is different from those on the other circuit boards. As an example, the circuit board 11B disposed in the center of the circuit device 10 is mounted with the circuit element 15B, which is an LSI that functions as the control element. Additionally, the circuit boards 11A and 11C disposed adjacent to the two edges of the circuit board 11B are mounted with the circuit elements 15A and 15C, respectively, which are the switching elements controlled by the circuit element 15B. In this respect, semiconductor elements through which a large amount of current such as 1 A or more flows are adopted as the circuit element 15A and 15C. Specifically, a MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), an IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor), an IC (integrated circuit), a bipolar transistor, and the like, can be adopted as the circuit elements 15A and 15C.
One end of the lead 25A is electrically connected to the pad on the circuit board 11A, and the other end of the lead 25A is led out from the sealing resin 14 to the outside. The lead 25A is made of a metal such as copper (Cu), aluminium (Al) or a Fe--Ni alloy as the main component. Here, the leads 25A are connected to the pads formed along two opposing sides of the circuit board 11A. Nonetheless, the leads 25A may be connected to the pads formed along one side or four sides of the circuit board 11A.
The sealing resin 14 is formed by transfer molding with a thermosetting resin or by injection molding with a thermoplastic resin. In this embodiment, the sealing resin 14 may cover the entire circuit board 11A including the back surface thereof, or the back surface of the circuit board 11A may be exposed from the sealing resin 14. Here, the three circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are integrally supported by the sealing resin 14.
The configuration of the circuit board 11A has been described so far, and each configuration of the other circuit boards 11B and 11C, which are built in the hybrid integrated circuit device 10, is basically identical to the configuration of the circuit board 11A. The difference of these circuit boards are the electronic circuits formed on the respective surfaces of the circuit boards.
The electronic circuits formed on the surfaces of the circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are connected to each other with the thin metal wires 17 that serve as a connecting member. Specifically, the pad 18A formed on the surface of the circuit board 11A is connected to a pad 18B formed on the surface of the circuit board 11B with the thin metal wire 17. The pad 18B formed on the surface of the circuit board 11B is connected to a pad 18C formed on the surface of the circuit board 11C with the thin metal wire 17. Meanwhile, the pad 18A on the circuit board 11A may be connected to the pad 18C on the circuit board 11C with the thin metal wire 17. In this case, the thin metal wire 17 is formed to pass over the circuit board 11B in the center of the circuit device. Here, a plate-shaped conductive member such as a lead may be used instead of the thin metal wire 17.
Next, description will be given of a structure of a connecting portion 19A with reference to FIG. 2A. At the connecting portion 19A, the circuit board 11A and the conductive pattern 13A are electrically connected to each other. Connecting portions with the identical forms may also be provided to the other circuit boards 11B and 11C.
The connecting portion 19A is formed in the following way. A part of the insulating layer 12A that covers the top surface of the circuit board 11A is opened so that the circuit board 11A is partially exposed. Then, the exposed part of the circuit board 11A is connected to the conductive pattern 13A with the thin metal wire 17.
By providing the connecting portion 19A, it is possible to stabilize the operation of the electronic circuit formed on the top surface of the circuit board 11A. For example, when the electric potential of the conductive pattern 13A differs from that of the circuit board 11A, the insulating layer 12A disposed therebetween may cause parasitic capacitance. As a result, a malfunction of the electronic circuit may occur. In this embodiment, the connecting portion 19A maintains the electric potentials of the conductive pattern 13A and the circuit board 11A to be approximately the same. Thus, the parasitic capacitance is reduced. Therefore, it is possible to stabilize the operation of the electronic circuit, including the conductive pattern 13A and the circuit element 15A which are formed on the top surface of the circuit board 11A.
Furthermore, when the circuit board 11A is connected to an element having a fixed electric potential (for example, a power source potential or ground potential) by using the connecting portion 19A, the electric potential of the circuit board 11A is constantly fixed. This allows the above-described effect of stabilizing the electronic circuit to be further enhanced.
Next, with reference to FIG. 2B, description will be given of an example of the electronic circuit which is built in the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 according to this embodiment. There is illustrated an inverter circuit which drives a 3-phase motor 20. The inverter circuit includes six switching elements Q1 to Q6 controlled by a control circuit 24. The motor 20 is connected to middle points between Q1 and Q2, between Q3 and Q4, and between Q5 and Q6. Control electrodes of the switching elements Q1 to Q6 are connected to the control circuit 24.
In response to a control signal supplied from the control circuit 24, the switching elements Q1 to Q6 perform switching at a predetermined timing to convert a DC power supplied from a power source 21 into an AC power. Then, the converted AC power is supplied to the motor 20, and accordingly the motor 20 is rotated.
The control circuit 24 corresponds to the circuit element 15B which is mounted on the circuit board 11B in FIG. 1B. The switching elements Q1 to Q6 correspond to the circuit elements 15A and 15C which are respectively mounted on the circuit boards 11A and 11C. Thus, when the inverter circuit is built in the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 of this embodiment, the operation of the inverter circuit can be stabilized.
Hereinafter, specific advantages of this embodiment will be described.
According to the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 of this embodiment, even when the electronic circuit to be built therein is modified, the circuit device 10 can be fabricated easily at low cost. To be more specific, in this embodiment, the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 having a predetermined function is formed by combining the circuit boards 11A, 11B and 11C as modules. Here, the circuit board 11B, which is mounted with the circuit element 15B serving as the control element, is combined to the circuit boards 11A and 11C,which are respectively mounted with the circuit elements 15A and 15C serving as the switching elements controlled by this control element 15B. The circuit elements mounted on the respective circuit boards are connected to each other with the thin metal wires 17. Thereby, even when the electronic circuit built in the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 is modified, the circuit device 10 can be fabricated only by altering any one of the circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C. For example, assume a case where a modification is made to the control circuit for controlling the operations of the entire circuit. In order to deal with the modification, it is only necessary to replace the circuit board 11B,which is mounted with the circuit element 15B serving as the control element. Moreover, in a case, for example, where the capacity of the switching element is modified, it is only necessary to alter the circuit board 11A or 11C to cope with the modification.
Moreover, in the hybrid integrated circuit device 10 of this embodiment, the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element is mounted on the board different from that on which the circuit element 15B serving as the control element is mounted. Thereby, it is possible to prevent a malfunction of the circuit element 15B due to heat generated from the circuit element 15A. Specifically, since a large amount of current flows through the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element, a large amount of heat is generated therefrom. For this reason, when the circuit elements 15A and 15B are mounted on the same circuit board, the heat generated from the circuit element 15A is transferred to the circuit element 15B through the circuit board having high heat conductivity. As a result, a malfunction may occur in the circuit element 15B. Against this background, in this embodiment, the circuit elements 15A and 15B are mounted on the different circuit boards 11A and 11B. As a result, even when the circuit element 15A generates heat that heats the circuit board 11A on which the circuit element 15A is mounted, the circuit board 11B disposed separately from The circuit board 11A is not heated to a high temperature. Thus, the circuit element 15B serving as the control element is hardly influenced by the heat generated from the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element.
Furthermore, with the above configuration, it is possible to prevent a malfunction of the electronic circuit due to the varying electric potential of the circuit board. Specifically, a high voltage such as several tens of V is applied to a main electrode of the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element. On the other hand, a low voltage such as several V is applied to the circuit element 15B serving as the control element. For this reason, when the two circuit elements are mounted on the same circuit board, the switching operation by the circuit element 15A causes the electric potential of the circuit board to vary, and this operation may cause the circuit element 15B serving as the control element to malfunction. In this embodiment, the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element and the circuit element 15B serving as the control element are respectively mounted on the separate circuit boards 11A and 11B. Thus, even when the circuit element 15A performs a switching operation, only the electric potential of the circuit board 11A varies, which is mounted with the circuit element 15A. The electric potential of the circuit board 11B does not vary. As a result, the circuit element 15B serving as the control element does not receive an electrically adverse influence from the circuit element 15A serving as the switching element.
Still furthermore, with the configuration in this embodiment, it is possible to suppress adverse influences between the different types of the electric circuits that are built in the same circuit device. For example, suppose a case where an active filter and the inverter circuit are built in the same circuit device. The active filter is a circuit which is susceptible to an adverse influence of a noise. For this reason, it is necessary to suppress the transferring of a noise, which is generated from a high-frequency switching element in the inverter circuit, to the active filter. By employing this embodiment, when the active filter and the inverter circuit are formed on the top surfaces of the separate boards, they can be separated from each other. Thereby, it is possible to suppress the noise generated from the inverter circuit from adversely influencing the active filter.
In this embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 3A to 5B, description will be given of a method of fabricating a hybrid integrated circuit device.
As shown in FIGS. 3A to 3B, firstly, there is prepared a lead frame 40 provided with multiple leads 25. FIG. 3A is a plan view showing a single unit 46 provided to the lead frame 40. FIG. 3B is a plan view showing the entire lead frame 40.
As shown in FIG. 3A, the unit 46 includes the multiple leads 25 whose one ends are positioned in regions where the circuit boards 11A, 11b, and 11C are mounted. The leads 25 extend in both right and left directions of the drawing toward the regions where the circuit boards are mounted. The multiple leads 25 are connected to each other with tie-bars 44 elongated from outer rails 41. Thereby, the deformation of the leads 25 is prevented. In this embodiment, the one ends of the leads 25 are fixed on the top surfaces of the circuit boards, and accordingly the tip ends of the leads 25 extend to inner regions of the circuit boards. In this embodiment, three circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are disposed on the single unit 46.
As shown in FIG. 3B, the units 46 with the above-described configuration are disposed on the stripe-shaped lead frame 40, while separated from each other. In this embodiment, the multiple units 46 are provided to the lead frame 40, and steps such as wire-bonding and molding are conducted at once in fabricating a hybrid integrated circuit device. Thereby, the productivity is improved.
Subsequently, the circuit boards are fixed to the lead frame 40 as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 4A is a plan view showing the unit 46 of the lead frame 40. FIG. 4B is cross-sectional views showing the position where the circuit board 11A is fixed.
As shown in FIG. 4A, in this embodiment, the multiple circuit boards are fixed to the single unit 46 as described above. The tip ends of the leads 25 are fixed to pads formed of conductive patterns on the surfaces of these circuit boards with a fixing member such as a solder. Thereby, the circuit boards are fixed to the lead frame 40.
Here, the three circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are fixed to the single unit 46 with the leads 25. Thereby, the relative positions among the three circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C can be fixed with the lead frame 40. Specifically, the circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are disposed on approximately the same plane, and separated from each other by predetermined distances. Accordingly, it is not necessary to check the positions of the circuit boards individually in a step of forming a thin metal wire and in a step of resin-sealing. Thus, these steps can be simplified. In the drawing, the three circuit boards 11A, 11B and, 11C are disposed on the single unit 46. Alternatively, two circuit boards may be disposed thereon, or four or more circuit boards may be disposed.
In this step of fixing the circuit boards to the unit 46, after the circuit boards 11A, 11B and 11C are mounted with semiconductor elements such as circuit elements 15A, 15B, and 15C, these circuit boards may be fixed to the lead frame 40. Alternatively, after the circuit boards are fixed to the lead frame 40, the mounting of the circuit elements and the formation of the thin metal wires may be conducted.
After the circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are fixed to the lead frame 40, electronic circuits formed on the surfaces of these circuit boards are electrically connected to each other with thin metal wires 17. Specifically, a pad 18A, which is formed on the surface of the circuit board 11A, is connected to a pad 18B, which is formed on the surface of the circuit board 11B, with the thin metal wire 17. Similarly, the pad 18B, which is formed on the surface of the circuit board 11B, is connected to a pad 18C, which is formed on the surface of the circuit board 11C. Here, a plate-shaped conductive member such as a lead may be used instead of the thin metal wire 17.
Thereafter, a sealing resin 14 is formed to cover the circuit boards as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view showing a step of molding the circuit board 11A with a die. FIG. 5B is a plan view showing the lead frame 40 after the molding.
As shown in FIG. 5A, firstly, the circuit board 11A is accommodated in a cavity 23 formed by an upper die 22A and a lower die 22B. In this cross-sectional view, illustrated is the one circuit board 11A. In practice, the three circuit boards 11A, 11B, and 11C are disposed in the single cavity 23, and integrally sealed with the sealing resin 14.
By causing the leads 25 to abut the upper die 22A and the lower die 22B, the positions of the circuit boards 11A and the like are fixed inside the cavity 23. Then, the circuit boards are sealed by injecting a resin into the cavity 23 from an unillustrated gate provided in the die. At this point, as the sealing resin 14 is injected into the cavity 23, the air in the cavity 23 is released to the outside through the unillustrated gate. In this step, the circuit boards are sealed by transfer molding with a thermosetting resin or by injection molding with a thermoplastic resin.
After the molding step described above is completed, the leads 25 are separated from the lead frame 40 as shown in FIG. 5B. Specifically, the leads 25 are separated individually at the positions on the tie-bars 44, and a hybrid integrated circuit device 10 as shown in FIG. 1 is separated from the lead frame 40. In this embodiment, the three circuit boards 11A, 11B and, 11C are built in the sealing resin 14.
In the circuit device according to the present invention, the electronic circuits including the conductive patterns and the circuit elements are formed on the respective top surfaces of the multiple circuit boards. Thereby, the circuit elements disposed on the different boards do not adversely influence each other. Therefore, it is possible to stabilize the operation of the electronic circuits formed in the circuit device.
In the method of fabricating a circuit device according to the present invention, the circuit device is fabricated by combining the multiple circuit boards having the electronic circuits incorporated in the surfaces thereof. Thereby, even when a modification is made to the electronic circuits built in the circuit device, it is only necessary to alter the combination of the circuit boards to deal with the modification. Therefore, the cost due to the modification of the electronic circuits is reduced.


Energy generation is one of the major things sapping our planet's resources, and in so many ways. Not only do we use up natural resources but in the creation of energy we are producing outputs noxious to our environment. One of the easiest ways to help the environment is to manage your heating. By this I mean anything in your home that has a thermostat – your heating and your hot water boiler. How many of you have your hot water coming out of the taps at a temperature you can't even put your finger in for a few seconds? When do you ever need water that hot? The ideal temperature for hot water heaters is 140 degrees F. If yours is any higher, turn it down – now! Job well done. When you turn on the heating in the winter, drop it by a couple of degrees and also, check your fridge temperature – is it too cold? Not only are you helping save the planet, but you'll save on your energy bills.
Do you have a garbage disposal unit in your kitchen? And do you have a garden? If yes, you can easily starting composting – bins are available at homeware stores. There are plenty of instructional videos on You Tube. According to the US Environmental Defense Fund, 18% of the waste for an average family is yard and garden waste. Recycle that together with your kitchen waste and you'll be making a valuable environmental contribution. Compost also has the added benefit of less fertilizers and pesticides. And, did you know that a lot of US cities run municipal composting programs. Why not check out your local scheme.?fs=1&feature=oembed According to the US Environmental Defense Fund, 18% of the waste for an average family is yard and garden waste. Recycle that together with your kitchen waste and you'll be making a valuable environmental contribution. Compost also has the added benefit of less fertilizers and pesticides. And, did you know that a lot of US cities run municipal composting programs. Why not check out your local scheme.
You may think that leaks don't matter because after all the water just goes back into the ground and gets processed again – exactly –processing is the salient point. Water treatment plants are power hungry. And, more importantly to some – you are paying for lost water as is still classed as water you have used. So, if you have a dripping tap or a leaky pipe – fix it!
This is a favorite everyone trots out when talking out ways to help save the planet. That's 'cos it is a biggie. But it isn't always practical. Hybrid cars are fab but expensive. Biofuels are amazing but not always practical nor easy access for the average consumer. Public transportation – well it's just so hit and miss in some areas. But, you can make some small changes to do your bit. Can you organize or join a car pool either for taking the kids to school to get to work? Are there short journeys you could walk instead of driving? Invest in bicycles and use them instead of driving everywhere – great because you keep fit too- and at no extra cost.
Plastic bags are a death knoll for the environment. Many countries are now banning them but it hasn't yet become the norm. If you still use plastic bags you can help save the planet by stopping, immediately. Invest in a few good natural fiber shopping bags instead and take them with you on shopping trips. If you need to make a large grocery shop, collect large boxes to fit in the boot of the car (if you have to drive) and transfer your buys from the trolley to the boot.
Most of us are not cleaning freaks but we care about cleanliness and hygiene in our homes. Most of us also use a ton of chemicals to clean just about everything. Sometimes you don't need harmful chemicals - a bit of warm water, a scouring pad and some elbow grease does a better job and does not harm the environment. Baking soda makes an excellent cleaner and it's natural.
I already mentioned turning down the heat, but if you are leaking heat it will be much harder to keep your home at an even, comfortable temperature – plus it adds to your fuel bills. Check for places where leaks could happen and fix them. Check that your home is fully insulated. I live in the UK, and the government is in trouble with Brussels for not meeting our carbon emissions reduction target set by the EU to help save the environment. In October, I am getting 4 more inches of loft insulation supplied and fitted for free. Even though I own my own home, the UK Government is making sure every single home has the recommended amount of loft insulation. Check your state news regularly for energy initiatives that are to your advantage.
At one stage this meant a shower that was a frustrating trickle – no good for anyone. Technology has moved on apace and now a low flow shower is just as good as a standard shower head. You save money and energy, and if you have faucet aerators fitted as well, you save even more. Learn more here showerheadstore.com - if these figures are true and we all did this we wouldn't have to worry about saving the planet!
Are you a perpetual tumble drier user? What's wrong with natural sunlight? Drying clothes naturally is actually better for them than using generated heat in an enclosed space. Even in Britain, the sun comes out sometimes, so it sure does in the USA. If there are days when you can't use natural solar energy for drying, then maybe save your washing for another time. It takes a few extra minutes to hang out washing but those few minutes are a contribution to save the planet.
Where you can, use smaller appliances to cook food instead of your huge oven. If you have to use the big one try and maximize its use. Bake a cake or some cookies on one shelf whilst a casserole or roast cooks merrily away on another. When boiling things only use the amount of water you need and don't fill the saucepan.
Ok – hands up all of you who leave the tap running whilst you brush your teeth! Can you imagine how much water is pouring needlessly down the plugholes in homes all over the world every morning? Help save the planet by only turning on the tap when you need to rinse.
Another question! When in a fast food joint, how many of you grab a fistful of paper napkins as a natural reflex? Then you end up throwing more than two-thirds or half away. Why? If you don't take them in the first place there will less trees to be cut down and less energy expended on paper recycling.
Going vegetarian just once a week is a really easy way to help save the environment. Meat production is extremely resource hungry, so if you ignore meat just one day a week you can help save energy. Buy local fresh produce to make a tasty vegetable meal and you also cut down on the food miles – double whammy of helping save the planet.
If you are still receiving paper bills and statements through the post, have you asked yourself why? There are so few bills these days that you can't pay online and as most companies store all your transactions and statements online, you not only cut down on paper but having to store them too.
All standby does is use energy. There is no real convenience factor to leaving computers, TVs, games consoles, digiboxes or anything else on standby. Devices these days are fitted with memory chips so that settings remain even when turned off so take a few seconds to turn things off and put them back on again only when you want to use them. You can go even one step further if you wish. Many electrical devices continue to use power when plugged in even when turned off. You could connect all your electronic devices to a power strip (preferably with surge compression), then you could unplug it, thereby removing power from several devices in one easy move.
In the UK, we can no longer buy high wattage bulbs. Not sure what the rules are in other countries, but should everyone make a conscious decision to switch to compact fluorescent bulbs or LED bulbs, it would make a huge contribution towards helping to save the planet. You would also be saving money; these types of bulbs are not only more energy efficient but they last up to 7 years.
Bamboo is a highly versatile material and is fully sustainable. It is also extremely hard wearing and long lasting. The next time you are shopping for homewares take a look at what is available in bamboo. They are even using bamboo fibers in toilet tissue. Check out kitchen utensils, bathroom and vanity items and even bamboo flooring and rugs.
It's funny how many homes still have a telephone answering machine when seriously, these are totally outclassed by voice mail and voice messaging services. Unless you have a valid reason for needing one, you might as well get shot of it. Give thought to its disposal though – landfill is no way to help the environment. Check out local electrical recycling schemes.
These are just 20 practical ways to help save the planet. It costs nothing to have a conscious, and more often than not, taking any of these actions involves very little outlay but a big saving moneywise. Do you think it is important we all do our bit to help the environment or are you indifferent? An interesting question I think.


I am a very nice and romantic girl. I am sincere and caring. I am a giving person. I am also calm and I don't like to shout or to quarrel. I am sincere. I never lie and I don't like when people lie to me. I am an understanding person and I can always help in a difficult moment. I am a person who will never leave a friend in sorrow.
My main passion is sport. And I do sport every day as I have a job related to sport. And I am a very happy person because of that. I lead a healthy way of life and feel fit.
I want to do everything for my man, who will feel with me like a god, who lives on Mount Olympus and I am his gorgeous goddess! I am such kind of person who likes and CAN take care of my man. I am looking for a reliable and kind man. I want to find my second half. I believe in love at first sight. I am sure that my man is waiting for me somewhere and is also searching for me. So, I want to make a step and to find him. I don't want to be alone. I want to feel that feeling which is the most powerful and wonderful at the same time! I want to feel loved!
I like travelling, meeting with my friends, dancing, singing.
I will be a happy wife and have a friendly sportive family.
To meet my special man.
When I understood what I really want to do in my life.
I would like to travel around the world and to visit as more as it possible!
Water, clock, phone, lipstick, keys, perfume.
Don't waste any day of your life, spend it with advantage!
The trips to the seaside with my parents and friends.
A baked chicken with cheese and spinach.
The main thing for me is to live with my beloved one and the place doesn't matter!


text:
Gregg T. Kokame, MD, MMM
Undergraduate: Pomona College, BA
Medical School: UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, CA
Internship: Internal Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA
Master of Medical Management (MMM): USC Marshall School of Business, Los Angeles, CA
Ophthalmology Residency: Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
Vireoretinal Surgery Fellowship: Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
Study Sabattical: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, England
Dr. Gregg Kokame, a graduate of Iolani School, has been providing care for Hawaii's patients with retinal diseases since 1988. After training at the world's leading institutions in retinal surgery, Dr. Kokame's goal has been to provide the most advanced surgical care to Hawaii and our international referrals.
Dr. Kokame is a Clinical Professor at the University of Hawaii School of Medicine, has been honored in Best Doctors of America and in Honolulu since 1998, and is active in research, authoring over 50 peer reviewed published papers in major ophthalmology journals. His research programs have brought the most leading and advanced treatments to Hawaii over the past 15 years. He is a member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, the Retina Society, and the Macula Society. He has received the Achievement Award and the Secretariat Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology, the Honor and Senior Honor Award from the American Society of Retina Specialists, and the Hawaii Ophthalmological Society award in recognition for support of ophthalmic research in Hawaii.
Website: retinahi.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mike Akhurst is a self taught Artist and Musician from Sittingbourne in Kent. Born two years following the end of world War two he became interested in Aircraft at an early age and now specialises in Nostalgic Aviation as well as Pet Portraiture and the occasional Full Portraits. He later created the cartoon MaK-Kat Collection which at one time were supplied in card and picture form to over 500 retail outlets.
On the music front, Mike has played the guitar since the age of ten and has been Lead Guitarist for several bands including "The Black Stars" sharing the billing with the Small Faces and David Bowie in the 1960s.
Mike's style has somewhat mellowed these days and he provides easy listening and background music mainly for restaurants and quieter venues. The aim is to provide a relaxing ambiance and atmosphere for your special occasion, the style of music is a refreshing change to accompany conversation.
Here you will find details of how to contact Mike as well as a selection of his Music and Artwork.
Mike is available for all venues conducive with his music and would love to hear from you.
For the past year Mike has also provided music for "Health and Well Being" extending his repertoire to provide vocals and regular music entertainment for senior audiences in friendship centres and and over 60s clubs across Kent with the emphasis on interaction and audience participation.
Mike's CDs and videos are available on request.
If you would like to find out more or would like to book Mike for your event, please get in touch by clicking the button below.


text:
Rafael Silvaido Landestoy Santana (nacido el 28 de mayo de 1953 en Baní) es un ex infielder dominicano que jugó en las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol durante ocho años militando para los Astros de Houston, Rojos de Cincinnati, y Los Ángeles Dodgers. Desempeñándose más que nada como segunda base y utilizado varias veces como bateador emergente, Landestoy terminó con un récord en las mayores de 291 hits, promedio de bateo de .237, cuatro jonrones.

Fue el primer beisbolista dominicano firmado por los Dodgers de Los Angeles. El 10 de octubre de 1984 fue puesto en la agencia libre por los Dodgers.

Liga Dominicana
Landestoy jugó en la Liga Dominicana para los equipos Tigres del Licey (1973-1985), Caimanes del Sur y Leones del Escogido. Es el actual líder del Licey en robo de bases con 121, y tercero en turnos al bate con 2,197 después de Teodoro Martínez y César Gerónimo.

Se encuentra en el décimo lugar en juegos jugados en la Liga Dominicana con 610 y en noveno lugar en veces al bate con 2,197. Posee el sexto lugar en carreras anotadas con 319 y quinto en base por bolas con 234.

Fue también quien disparó el primer hit en el Estadio Francisco Michelli en La Romana, República Dominicana

Landestoy fue mánager del Licey desde 2005 hasta 2007, llevando el equipo a la victoria en la temporada 2005-06.

El 1 de julio de 2011, fue contratado nuevamente como mánager de los Tigres del Licey para la temporada 2011-2012. El 3 de enero de 2012, Landestoy fue despedido por el equipo y reemplazado por el ex indielder Nelson Norman.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Rafael Landestoy en Baseball-Reference
Rafael Landestoy en Baseball-Almanac

Beisbolistas de República Dominicana
Segundas base de República Dominicana
Beisbolistas de Los Angeles Dodgers
Beisbolistas de Houston Astros
Beisbolistas de Cincinnati Reds
Beisbolistas de los Tigres del Licey
Mánagers de los Tigres del Licey
Beisbolistas de los Caimanes del Sur
Beisbolistas de los Leones del Escogido
Nacidos en la provincia Peravia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Золтан Бараньї (, 12 грудня 1888, Виноградів — 25 жовтня 1948, Нотр-Дам, штат Індіана) — учитель середньої школи, історик літератури та письменник-юрист.

Діяльність
Син Дюли Бараньї та Емілії Квінц. З 1920 по 20 травня 1925 року він був адміністратором угорських справ у Лізі Націй у Женеві. Його наукова робота в основному була спрямована на дослідження угорсько-французьких літературних стосунків. Його дружиною була Ержебет Берта Кевешлігеті, з якою він одружився в Ержебетвароші, Будапешт, 17 листопада 1918 р.

З 1920 року служив у зовнішній службі, спочатку у Берні при посольстві, пізніше в Женеві в секретаріаті Ліги Націй. У 1926 р. став викладачем Сегедського університету (напрям: історія літератури). З 1936 року служив у Міністерстві закордонних справ. Він був членом кількох урядових делегацій (міжнародна конференція праці, міжнарона економічна конференція). З 1945 —  головний вчитель. У 1946 р. він був головним делегатом Паризької мирної конференції. З 1947 р. у США — штат Індіана він працював вчителем. На додаток до своєї праці з історії французької літератури, він також займався правами меншин. Більшість його статей були опубліковані в «Угорському огляді». — Французька мова та культура в Угорщині у XVIII. (Bp., 1920); Захист прав меншин (Bp., 1922).

Творчість
 A francia nyelv és műveltség Magyarországon a XVIII. században (1920)
 A kisebbségi jogok védelme (Budapest, 1922)

Примітки

Джерела
 ''Pintér Jenő magyar irodalomtörténete – képes kiadás]', Budapest, Franklin-Társulat, 1928, II. kötet, 213. o.
 Magyar életrajzi lexikon I–IV. Főszerk. Kenyeres Ágnes. Budapest: Akadémiai.

Угорські літературознавці
Угорські правники
Посли Угорщини
Угорські педагоги
Уродженці Виноградова


text:
Marpissa pikei is een spinnensoort in de taxonomische indeling van de springspinnen (Salticidae).

Het dier behoort tot het geslacht Marpissa. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1888 door Elizabeth Maria Gifford Peckham & George William Peckham.

pikei


4 So he returned the silver to his mother, and she took two hundred shekels [b]of silver and gave them to a silversmith, who made them into the image and the idol. And they were put in Micah's house.
5 Now this man Micah had a shrine, and he made an ephod and some idols and installed one of his sons as his priest. 6In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit.
7 A young Levite from Bethlehem in Judah, who had been living within the clan of Judah, 8 left that town in search of some other place to stay. On his way [c]he came to Micah's house in the hill country of Ephraim.
11 Then six hundred men from the clan of the Danites, armed for battle, set out from Zorah and Eshtaol. 12 On their way they set up camp near Kiriath Jearim in Judah. This is why the place west of Kiriath Jearim is called Mahaneh Dan [g] to this day. 13From there they went on to the hill country of Ephraim and came to Micah's house.
14 Then the five men who had spied out the land of Laish said to their brothers, "Do you know that one of these houses has an ephod, other household gods, a carved image and a cast idol? Now you know what to do." 15 So they turned in there and went to the house of the young Levite at Micah's place and greeted him. 16 The six hundred Danites, armed for battle, stood at the entrance to the gate. 17The five men who had spied out the land went inside and took the carved image, the ephod, the other household gods and the cast idol while the priest and the six hundred armed men stood at the entrance to the gate.
19 They answered him, "Be quiet! Don't say a word. Come with us, and be our father and priest. Isn't it better that you serve a tribe and clan in Israel as priest rather than just one man's household?" 20 Then the priest was glad. He took the ephod, the other household gods and the carved image and went along with the people. 21Putting their little children, their livestock and their possessions in front of them, they turned away and left.
25 The Danites answered, "Don't argue with us, or some hot-tempered men will attack you, and you and your family will lose your lives." 26So the Danites went their way, and Micah, seeing that they were too strong for him, turned around and went back home.
The Danites rebuilt the city and settled there. 29 They named it Dan after their forefather Dan, who was born to Israel—though the city used to be called Laish. 30 There the Danites set up for themselves the idols, and Jonathan son of Gershom, the son of Moses, [h] and his sons were priests for the tribe of Dan until the time of the captivity of the land. 31 They continued to use the idols Micah had made, all the time the house of God was in Shiloh.
Judges 18:12 Mahaneh Dan means Dan's camp .


The National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum occupies the upper floor of a former church, which now also houses the Town of Smithfield community center and its town clerk's office. On October 22, 1835, it was the site of the first complete meeting of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society, orchestrated by Gerrit Smith, the Peterboro-based reformer and philanthropist who would emerge as a champion of the abolition movement. Some three to six hundred delegates traveled by boat, coach, cart, and on foot from Utica, where on the previous day the same meeting had been broken up by a mob. The near-riot in Utica, coupled with Smith's experience of leading the Peterboro meeting the next day, prompted him to give up his advocacy for colonialism—the return of enslaved blacks to Africa—and call for the immediate abolition of slavery. This position was called "immediatism."
Because of this event—and Smith's activism—African American abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet wrote: "There are yet two places where slaveholders cannot come, Heaven and Peterboro." Frederick Douglass published this comment on the front page of his Rochester-based abolition paper The North Star on December 8, 1848.
In 1868, the church disbanded; three years later Smith purchased the building and modified it to house the Evans Academy, a private school. In 1896 the school became Peterboro Union School, a public school; from 1938 to 1968 it housed the Peterboro Elementary School. In 1974 the structure was repurposed as the Smithfield Community Center.
In 1994, the building was added to the New York State and National Registers of Historic Places. In 2004, it was designated as a site on the New York State Underground Railroad Heritage Trail. In 2004, it became the home of the National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum.
The Hall of Fame periodically inducts persons of great historic importance in the antislavery movement. Also it is open to the public Saturdays and Sundays 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. with a variety of exhibits and interpretive displays. An impressive orientation video, projected on the walls of the ground-floor front vestibule, provides a sound introduction to the history of the abolition movement.
This site has been included among two hundred sites on the New York State Path Through History. For announcement, click here. For full list of Path Through History sites, click here.
Peterboro is a significant center of abolition and woman's suffrage (nineteenth-century practice was to use the singular, woman's; later practice was to use the plural, women's) history; further information is available here.
The National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum occupies the upper floor of this vintage 1820 former church.
Banners profile historical figures inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame.
The Abolition Hall of Fame occupies the entire upper floor of the structure, an airy space open to the building's vaulting roofline.


for all FB LIVE cooking demo notifications.
I believe that #foodislove and everyone can write the recipe for creating a joyful life from scratch.
I want you to eat food that fills you with happiness and joy. I will send each subscriber to my blog my new eBook "HOW TO BE A HOBO." In it you will find the recipes that made Hobos the wonderful place that it was. On this blog I will tell you the stories that made you come back time and time again along your journey.
More than just a book of recipes, When It's Done is a poignant, layered memoir, each chapter designed to soothe, seduce, comfort and embrace the reader. Using the language of food with a dose of acerbic wit, Hanson pens raw and honest stories intent upon feeding the hungry soul.
Skillfully chronicling her circuitous journey with wrenching honesty and deprecating humor she blends the making of a chef with the basic ingredients of learning to live a life from scratch.


Refine your search of 121 storage facilities in Elwood.
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When looking at pricing for storage units in Elwood, it's important to think about rental rates in terms of price for value. Sometimes, the cheapest storage unit doesn't always mean it's the best unit for YOUR needs.
If you're looking for a cheap 5x5 unit in Elwood, you'll get the best value by renting a $15.00 unit at Storage of America - Chestnut.
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If you're looking for a cheap 10x20 unit in Elwood, you'll get the best value by renting a $149.00 unit at Mini Storage Depot - Fishers.
How does self-storage in Elwood compare to nearby Indiana cities?


text:
The Top 10 Best URF Champions – Champs List
League of Legends' Ultra Rapid Fire (URF) mode may have been added as an April Fools' joke, but its lack of mana restrictions and (literally) rapid-fire gameplay have since made it one of the most popular game modes.But like with any of LoL's game modes,...
13 December, 2020 / 0 Comments
Top 18 Best Sims 4 Vampire CC [2021]
Vampire occult is popular in The Sims universe, and many simmers enjoy playing with these dark creatures. It is no wonder that Sims 4 CC content for vampires is presumed to be one of the best fan-made stuff in the history of the franchise and...
Top 21 Best Code Vein Mods [2021]
Code Vein, a role-playing action game released in May 2019, has been praised by critics for its superb gameplay and difficult yet interesting challenges. The game follows in the footsteps of previous RPG games enabling gamers to enjoy a third-person perspective.Code Vein, a Japanese anime...
Top 26 Best Minecraft Maps That You Should Be Playing in 2021
Vanilla has its own charm. It's pretty evident that even after 11 years since its release, the game is still considered one of the best video games of all time. And given that the game is continuously being updated and being given a makeover, over...
Top 15 Best Sims 4 Wedding CC
Ah, weddings! The special time of the life of every sim! It is the part of our favoriteSims 4 that we love the most: the simulation of real-life milestones. But, to have a truly spectacular wedding in Sims 4, you usually need a lot of...
Top 12 Best Factorio Mods [2021]
Factorio is a complex and multifaceted game that provides players with countless hours of gameplay even in its unmodded state.However, the game's been out a fair while now, and we've already got a fair number of Factorio veterans out there who are looking to add...
Top 35 Best Sims 4 Traits CC [2021]
Arguably, one of the hardest things to do while building your Sims in CAS is choosing their traits. Do you want them to be a clean freak? What about book smart? Or even a vegetarian?You have to make sure you're picking the very best to...
Top 12 Best Minecraft Seeds [2021]
If you're bored with the vanilla setting of the game where it puts in the blended seeds possible, why not try getting one of your best adventures in the best seeds possible. This guide will help you find the top 12 best Minecraft seeds and...
The Best Way to Find Diamonds in Minecraft [2021]
Ah, this age-old question continues to plague me. I remember typing those very words into Google years ago and being both astounded and disappointed by the results.If you have any preconceived notion of easy or automatic diamond farming, I'm going to burst your bubble right...
29 November, 2020 / 0 Comments
Top 30 Best Sims 4 CC Clothes [2021]
Nothing is more exciting than getting to dress your Sim up to your heart's content. Finding the best outfit for lounging around the house, hitting the gym, or meeting up with friends at that super-secret nightclub is half the fun of playing the game!If you're...
Top 36 Best Fire Type Pokemon [2021]
Top 21 Best Seinen Anime to Watch Right Now [2021]
Top 30 Best Sims 3 Mods [2021]
Top 12 Best Starbound Mods [2021]


text:
The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis
Erik H. Van Iterson, Courtney M. Wheatley, Sarah E. Baker, Wayne J. Morgan, Eric M. Snyder
Background: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have reduced pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Additionally, these individuals may develop abnormal cardiac function. The implications of abnormal cardiac function on exercise tolerance are unclear in CF. Objective: Study relationships between exercise cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in CF. Methods: 17 CF and 25 controls participated in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure exercise duration and peak workload (PW). Cardiac index (QI) was measured using acetylene rebreathe and oxygen uptake (VO2) breath-by-breath. Forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1) was performed at rest. Results: Peak QI was 6.7 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/m2, CF vs. controls, respectively (P < 0.05). Linear regressions between QI (R2 = 0.63 and 0.51) and exercise duration or PW were stronger than VO2 (R2 = 0.35 and 0.37) or FEV1 (R2 = 0.34 and 0.36) in CF, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These data are clinically relevant suggesting attenuated cardiac function in addition to low airway function relate to exercise tolerance in CF.
Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health ( HL108962-03 ). Thank you to the individuals who participated in this study.
Cardiopulmonary exercise test
Exercise capacity
Functional limitation
10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Exercise Tolerance Medicine & Life Sciences
Hemodynamics Medicine & Life Sciences
Forced Expiratory Volume Medicine & Life Sciences
Workload Medicine & Life Sciences
Acetylene Medicine & Life Sciences
Linear Models Medicine & Life Sciences
Oxygen Medicine & Life Sciences
Lung Medicine & Life Sciences
Van Iterson, E. H., Wheatley, C. M., Baker, S. E., Morgan, W. J., & Snyder, E. M. (2016). The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis. Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 45(3), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis. / Van Iterson, Erik H.; Wheatley, Courtney M.; Baker, Sarah E.; Morgan, Wayne J.; Snyder, Eric M.
In: Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, Vol. 45, No. 3, 01.05.2016, p. 283-290.
Van Iterson, EH, Wheatley, CM, Baker, SE, Morgan, WJ & Snyder, EM 2016, 'The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis', Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
Van Iterson EH, Wheatley CM, Baker SE, Morgan WJ, Snyder EM. The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis. Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care. 2016 May 1;45(3):283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
Van Iterson, Erik H. ; Wheatley, Courtney M. ; Baker, Sarah E. ; Morgan, Wayne J. ; Snyder, Eric M. / The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis. In: Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care. 2016 ; Vol. 45, No. 3. pp. 283-290.
@article{6e2c62c969a24575b323cb31ec1c105a,
title = "The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis",
abstract = "Background: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have reduced pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Additionally, these individuals may develop abnormal cardiac function. The implications of abnormal cardiac function on exercise tolerance are unclear in CF. Objective: Study relationships between exercise cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in CF. Methods: 17 CF and 25 controls participated in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure exercise duration and peak workload (PW). Cardiac index (QI) was measured using acetylene rebreathe and oxygen uptake (VO2) breath-by-breath. Forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1) was performed at rest. Results: Peak QI was 6.7 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/m2, CF vs. controls, respectively (P < 0.05). Linear regressions between QI (R2 = 0.63 and 0.51) and exercise duration or PW were stronger than VO2 (R2 = 0.35 and 0.37) or FEV1 (R2 = 0.34 and 0.36) in CF, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These data are clinically relevant suggesting attenuated cardiac function in addition to low airway function relate to exercise tolerance in CF.",
keywords = "CFTR, Cardiac output, Cardiopulmonary exercise test, Exercise capacity, Functional limitation, Pulmonary function, Stroke volume",
author = "{Van Iterson}, {Erik H.} and Wheatley, {Courtney M.} and Baker, {Sarah E.} and Morgan, {Wayne J.} and Snyder, {Eric M.}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health ( HL108962-03 ). Thank you to the individuals who participated in this study.",
doi = "10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001",
journal = "Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care",
T1 - The relationship between cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis
AU - Van Iterson, Erik H.
AU - Wheatley, Courtney M.
AU - Baker, Sarah E.
AU - Morgan, Wayne J.
AU - Snyder, Eric M.
N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health ( HL108962-03 ). Thank you to the individuals who participated in this study.
N2 - Background: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have reduced pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Additionally, these individuals may develop abnormal cardiac function. The implications of abnormal cardiac function on exercise tolerance are unclear in CF. Objective: Study relationships between exercise cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in CF. Methods: 17 CF and 25 controls participated in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure exercise duration and peak workload (PW). Cardiac index (QI) was measured using acetylene rebreathe and oxygen uptake (VO2) breath-by-breath. Forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1) was performed at rest. Results: Peak QI was 6.7 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/m2, CF vs. controls, respectively (P < 0.05). Linear regressions between QI (R2 = 0.63 and 0.51) and exercise duration or PW were stronger than VO2 (R2 = 0.35 and 0.37) or FEV1 (R2 = 0.34 and 0.36) in CF, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These data are clinically relevant suggesting attenuated cardiac function in addition to low airway function relate to exercise tolerance in CF.
AB - Background: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have reduced pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. Additionally, these individuals may develop abnormal cardiac function. The implications of abnormal cardiac function on exercise tolerance are unclear in CF. Objective: Study relationships between exercise cardiac hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in CF. Methods: 17 CF and 25 controls participated in cardiopulmonary exercise testing to measure exercise duration and peak workload (PW). Cardiac index (QI) was measured using acetylene rebreathe and oxygen uptake (VO2) breath-by-breath. Forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1) was performed at rest. Results: Peak QI was 6.7 ± 0.5 vs. 9.1 ± 0.3 mL/min/m2, CF vs. controls, respectively (P < 0.05). Linear regressions between QI (R2 = 0.63 and 0.51) and exercise duration or PW were stronger than VO2 (R2 = 0.35 and 0.37) or FEV1 (R2 = 0.34 and 0.36) in CF, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These data are clinically relevant suggesting attenuated cardiac function in addition to low airway function relate to exercise tolerance in CF.
KW - CFTR
KW - Cardiac output
KW - Cardiopulmonary exercise test
KW - Exercise capacity
KW - Functional limitation
KW - Pulmonary function
KW - Stroke volume
U2 - 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
DO - 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2016.03.001
JO - Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care
JF - Heart and Lung: Journal of Acute and Critical Care


text:
Antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis: A systematic review and meta-Analysis
Cahill TJ., Harrison JL., Jewell P., Onakpoya I., Chambers JB., Dayer M., Lockhart P., Roberts N., Shanson D., Thornhill M., Heneghan CJ., Prendergast BD.
© © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted. Objective The use of antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) for prevention of infective endocarditis (IE) is controversial. In recent years, guidelines to cardiologists and dentists have advised restriction of AP to high-risk groups (in Europe and the USA) or against its use at all (in the UK). The objective of this systematic review was to appraise the evidence for use of AP for prevention of bacteraemia or IE in patients undergoing dental procedures. Methods We conducted electronic searches in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library and ISI Web of Science. We assessed the methodological characteristics of included studies using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for trials. Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of studies, assessed the methodology of included studies and extracted the data. Results We identified 178 eligible studies, of which 36 were included in the review. This included 10 time-Trend studies, 5 observational studies and 21 trials. All trials identified used bacteraemia as an endpoint rather than IE. One time-Trend study suggests that total AP restriction may be associated with a rising incidence of IE, while data on the consequences of relative AP restriction are conflicting. Meta-Analysis of trials indicates that AP is effective in reducing the incidence of bacteraemia (risk ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.57, p<0.01), but case-control studies suggest this may not translate to a statistically significant protective effect against IE in patients at low risk of disease. Conclusions The evidence base for the use of AP is limited, heterogeneous and the methodological quality of many studies is poor. Postprocedural bacteraemia is not a good surrogate endpoint for IE. Given the logistical challenges of a randomised trial, high-quality case-control studies would help to evaluate the role of dental procedures in causing IE and the efficacy of AP in its prevention.
10.1136/heartjnl-2015-309102


text:
Study identifies strategies to help minority students in med school
University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine analysis cites diversity of students, pass/fail system and health care disparities course as supportive
While minority populations are rising throughout the country, enrollment by minority students in the nation's medical schools has stagnated. Further, some data show that non-white students face a greater likelihood of academic withdrawal or dismissal, or graduate without passing key exams on their first try.
Why is this happening? That question is at the crux of a new study that analyzes the successes of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine's program to address the lack of diversity among health care professionals nationwide, particularly as minorities make up an increasing share of the U.S. population.
"There's very good evidence that the population of the United States is changing demographically, and that the health of the population will be aided and improved by having a health care workforce that is more similar to the population itself demographically," said Holly Humphrey, MD, dean for medical education at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and co-author of the study.
The percentage of underrepresented minority students that the Pritzker School of Medicine matriculates is roughly twice the national average of underrepresented minority students, according to data from the Association of American Medical Colleges.
So Humphrey and a few of her colleagues decided to find out what the school was doing right and what barriers to success remained. They hoped whatever intelligence they found could be used by other academic hospitals to improve the diversity of medical education.
"We had very specific goals: We wanted to better understand how Pritzker supports our underrepresented minority (URM) students during the medical school experience, and whether or not there were things that we could do better," Humphrey said.
A qualitative study of current and former students, called "The Minority Student Voice at One Medical School: Lessons for All?" published in the January 2013 issue of Academic Medicine, found three positive factors that supported education success and two areas that needed addressing.
The study found the support system within the classroom was a key contributor to building important relationships among students and that factors of success were clustered in three broad, interrelated areas:
Collaborative learning environment
Pass/fail evaluation system
"This collegiality led participants to feel that they were part of a noncompetitive community, which facilitated class cohesiveness. The camaraderie and sense of trust amongst peers was perceived as an 'intangible benefit of a sense of community' that dissolved 'any residual desire for competitiveness,'" the study found, quoting some of the responses they received. Interviews were conducted in 2009-2010.
Underlying the noncompetitive environment was the pass/fail system. While not unique to the Pritzker School of Medicine, it is used in only a minority of medical schools.
Humphrey said this alternative system of evaluation is consistent with adult learning theory, in which competencies are acquired through mastery of knowledge and skills rather than by competitively working against your peers.
"I think that is very fundamental to medicine because health care and helping patients is very much a team sport," Humphrey said. "A patient is not helped by having a group of competitors show up at the bedside. It has to be a team that shows up."
Another key component cited as a positive factor is the school's mandatory health care disparities (HCD) course. This innovative course, developed by associate dean for multicultural affairs Monica Vela, MD, is part of the first-year curriculum and exposes incoming students to local clinics, emergency rooms, public hospitals and community centers.
"The goal of the HCD course is to inform students of the magnitude of health disparities nationally and locally, prepare them to communicate across cultures, and foster their commitment to reduce these disparities in their future practice," Humphrey said. "Dr. Vela introduced that course because it has so many important health care issues for patients. But an equally important impact of that course is how an underrepresented minority student feels about the school that offers and requires such a course."
Diversity was identified as the third main area that led to better educational outcomes. Students felt that learning alongside diverse peers enabled them to become culturally competent while at the same time, as one respondent said, to "feel comfortable being myself."
While the more diverse student body was a positive influence, the lack of diversity among the faculty -- less than 5 percent are from underrepresented minorities -- was found to be an inhibitor of success.
"These statements echoed the national concerns over the small number of minority medical school faculty," the report said.
The University of Chicago has taken steps to improve the diversity of its faculty. At the beginning of 2012, it named Melissa Gilliam, MD, professor of obstetrics/gynecology, an associate dean for diversity and inclusion in the Biological Sciences Division. And in September, Brenda Battle, RN, BSN, MBA, was named an assistant dean for diversity and inclusion and vice president for care delivery innovation.
"The big picture goal is to have a more diverse physician workforce and to have a learning environment that is noted for openness to diverse points of view. This is especially important in medicine where patients come to us from very diverse background," Humphrey said. "Our own learning environment has been greatly shaped by our first associate dean for multicultural affairs, Dr. Bill McDade, now the associate provost for research and minority affairs, and our current associate dean, Dr. Monica Vela. Their impact in creating an environment where all students can thrive underlies the success that our school has had in contributing to the diversity of the physician workforce."
The lead author on the study is Kirsten Dickens, MS, now a graduate student at Yale University School of Nursing, co-written by Humphrey and Dana Levinson, MPH, assistant dean for medical education, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, and Sandy Smith, PhD, former senior education specialist at Pritzker.
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text:
layout: page
title: Beasley Systems Seminar
date: 2016-05-24
author: Samuel Powell
tags: weekly links, java
status: published
summary: Ut lacinia diam et augue.
banner: images/banner/leisure-01.jpg
booking:
  startDate: 12/09/2019
  endDate: 12/10/2019
  ctyhocn: NICFLHX
  groupCode: BSS
published: true
---
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Swan is a friendly village free house, close to the Aylesbury Ring and North Bucks Way. The left hand area as you enter is predominantly, but not exclusively, food orientated. The tap bar area to the right usually has a warming fire in the colder months. Good pub food is on offer in lunchtimes and evenings. Pizza oven has been installed in the garden.


I've always loved that quote by Shakespeare (inspired by Socrates), "To thine own self be true." It, unfortunately, offers that same pitfall as the free will argument. Being true to ourselves should bring us more in line with our true nature—to be more like God in whose image and likeness we are created. But for many, being true to your self gets mixed up with being true to your selfishness.
People can be so annoying. Pretty much everyone in the world has "friends" (or even family) who they never hear from…until they need something. Or there's the person that every single time you run into them you get the "broken record" run down of everything going wrong in their life. You might see them coming and duck to avoid them, but they find you…oh, they find you…and they don't take a breath. There's no getting a word in here!
When we talk about Christmas, or sing about it in carols, we always use peaceful and charming words—idyllic, really—to tell the story about how Jesus came into the world. It's nice how our memory heals the reality of a situation… For us, looking back at that moment we see a peaceful, happy and really joyful scene. And it is—but maybe not so much for Mary and Joseph when they were going through it. Instead of being what we would consider an ideal setting for the birth of any one of our own children, it was God bringing good to a very wrong situation.
In this Jubilee Year of Mercy, Pope Francis has called upon the Church to be a witness of God's mercy to the world. Mercy is kindness that isn't deserved. It's forgiveness unearned. That's what God's love is all about. While on the cross, Jesus asked the Father to "forgive them, for they know not what they do." (Lk 23:34) If you read the Gospels, this kind of mercy is rampant in Jesus' personal encounters. Jesus recklessly, extravagantly lavished mercy on people who everybody else had either hated or just written off.
Across the world, parishes have been participating in the dedication of Mercy Doors decorated with symbols of God's invitation of love to all people. It is a Jubilee tradition to cross thresholds and to return home (Leviticus 25). God's mercy invites all who have been away—physically and spiritually—from God to come home again and experience the forgiveness and reconciliation of Christ. Our churches are meant to be the homes that children of God can return to, to be welcomed, loved and accepted. They are meant to be a threshold that people who have felt estranged from a sense of community to find the embrace of God.
Have you seen the Snickers commercials where an overly hungry person is acting like a tyrannical maniac? My favorite is the one when a bunch of guys are playing football and one gets hungry and isn't himself—he's Betty White. He has a Snickers and is restored to himself. There are several variations on a meme going around the Facebookasphere that says "Sorry for what I said when I was hungry." I can say for myself that, when I'm fasting or didn't remember to eat, I can be a bear! We really can get out of sorts when we haven't had the nourishment that we need.
We celebrate the gift of Eucharist every time we have Mass, but we need to periodically to bring attention to what we might allow to become commonplace or mundane (as the Church does on the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ). Because we are so blessed with access to the Eucharist pretty much whenever we want it, we have the potential to forget what it is that we are receiving.
Back in the day it sometimes happened that women who were in abusive marriages were forced to stay with their husbands because they had no means of supporting themselves and social stigma would have made life unbearable for them if they had left; leaving their own lives, and sometimes the lives of their children in danger. They were entirely reliant on their spouse. They didn't remain in the marriage because they wanted to, or because they were freely choosing it; but because they were stuck, fearful and had no other viable options. Such a situation is not the life-giving vocation that God intended marriage to be, and is not the loving relationship that God wants for anyone.
God is entirely self-sufficient. God is perfect, unchanging, eternal, omniscient and omnipotent all by Himself. God doesn't need you to be happy. God doesn't need you to follow His laws to be fulfilled. God doesn't exist because of you, and heaven will not fall apart if you don't eventually wind up there. God will be perfectly content whether you ever offer Him anything or not.
God neither gains nor loses anything by being nice to us. God neither gains nor loses anything by us accepting or rejecting Him. That puts God in a very interesting position. It puts God in the position of true generosity, perfect freedom in gift giving and removes any motive from initiating a relationship with us except the motive of love. God created us entirely out of this self-giving love, but doesn't need us to reciprocate to be happy. God desires that we reciprocate for our own benefit; because love desires the good of the other and always wants to share the joy that it possesses. But God will not cease to have joy simply because someone rejects it.
Some time ago a friend of mine shared an article written by a mom, who is an atheist, about her young son's journey to atheism. Like many parents, she meant to leave him a blank slate so that, without her interference, he could come to his own conclusions about the existence of God and the necessity of religion in his own time. She spoke of how she wasn't intentionally raising him atheist, and her realization that by raising him with no spiritual foundation, she actually was raising him to be an atheist.
The way we relate to God, faith and religion in our homes; whether intentionally or not, does, in fact, raise our children to be something. If we speak of God's presence in our individual lives and in the life of our families, pray together, do charitable works together, make Mass part of our routine and celebrate holidays with their intended meaning, we are creating a culture of faith, belief and probably a lasting relationship with God and the Church that will be passed on to the generation beyond our own children. If we don't, we are sending a different message, and imbuing our children with a different set of values.
Many different circumstances can lead to the need to leave the parish that was your spiritual home—moving, parishes closing or merging, a change in schedule that makes it impossible to attend Mass or Religious Ed, or whatever your need is. Regardless of how it happens, having to leave your parish family can be profoundly painful. Often, it takes a lot of adjustment to make your new parish your home. It takes sincere effort to not compare every little aspect of the new place to your old one: the priest isn't as friendly or as good a homilist, the music isn't as good, they don't have __________ ministry/group, my Church was prettier…believe me I've heard, or even said it all! If you have recently changed parishes—or even changed a long time ago and are having trouble getting comfortable—please consider the following ideas on how to make a successful transition.
It's not necessarily appropriate to have a full-blown conversation in Church before Mass starts, but people are creatures of habit—and chances are—you are going to find that you, and the people around you are in the same spot each week. Make an effort to acknowledge the people around you; with a nod, a smile, a quick wave. You'd be surprised how a little gesture like that can go to making a connection in the pew. And, it could lead to conversation after Mass!
Belonging to a parish means that you have a claim on them, and they have a claim on you. Just like you have spiritual and relational needs, your parish has need of you! It's not enough to scrutinize what they do or don't have to offer—you have a lot to offer, too! Maybe the choir isn't great, and you are aware of it because you can sing…bring your beautiful voice to their assistance! Maybe they don't have the ministry that nourished you most in your old parish…ask if you can help get it started—if it nourished you, it might be great for other people, too! A major part of parish life is community—religion is not meant to stay between you and God—it's meant to reach out to the people of God. So, get involved and become part of the action of the Holy Spirit!
As the reader looks at the list below, they will notice immediately that not all of these things are absolutely unique to Catholics. But, they are useful ways that Catholics can experience grief and suffering. I would have added to this list "take a break" and "find humor where humor can be found," but not everybody can do those things—and the ones who can, do it naturally. It's not meant to be a complete list—feel free to add your own in the "comments" section!
When we are suffering, it's the most natural thing in the world to ask "why." Things that catch us off guard, or at our most vulnerable, or as a series of unfortunate events can get us scrambling to find meaning in our suffering—and that's brilliant because it acknowledges that we believe that there should be meaning in our suffering. And, as Big Bird says, "Asking questions is a great way of finding things out!" We need to ask God "why" to get us on the journey to discovering that meaning. Whatever personal meaning you may find along the way is a gift—it is the answer to "why me." But, there is another question we have to ask alongside it; "why not me?" Suffering is a natural part of human experience. It is something that no one successfully avoids. It is something that even God chose (yes chose) not to avoid in the person of Jesus so that we could immediately find meaning in our own suffering. Jesus' suffering led to the conquering of sin and death for us. It is our salvation, our hope and our model for how we can suffer.
I have often noticed that in news reporting, when discussing abortion, reporters would refer to the unborn child inside as a "fetus", but when they were reporting on a story where a wanted unborn child was killed as a result of an accident or an attack that the child was referred to as an "unborn baby." A distinction is made according to the intention of the mother. That's bad enough. But now, in a case where a mother was actively preparing for the birth of her child, she is not even being given the dignity of the state acknowledging her little lost one as a person.
How wounding, how disgraceful and how inhuman the law is becoming. In an effort to "protect the rights of women" in their reproductive choices, we have come so far as to not even protect the lives of unborn children that are wanted. I believe all abortion is wrong—I can't understand how in this day when we have so much information about what happens in the womb, the way a child develops and the absolutely clear humanity of these tiny ones how anyone could not see the evil of abortion. But this takes our disregard for human life to a whole new level.


The Denver Broncos 21 are coming off a big letdown trap game loss on the. Helios Education Foundation broke ground for its 65,000squarefoot education. And its another way to help put the Phoenix community on the map Lost Lake will include a curated selection gallery and museum space here in Phoenix a. The National Transportation Noise Map allows people to monitor road and aviation noise in their neighborhoods A 5yearold California boy was suspended after he. PHOENIX Efforts to eliminate the Jefferson Davis Tait acknowledged that older ADOT maps do show stretches of the road with that designation, even after US. PHOENIX Efforts to eliminate the Jefferson and despite those 1992 maps and a marker near Apache Junction designating the road as such Even if that can. Throughout the match the Monarchs managed a great deal of possession in the own half but never seemed to effective connect on the Phoenix side of the field As. For display purposes, the points plotted on the Price Map may be a random sampling of the full comparison or follow these directions from wherever you. The San Francisco 49ers head on the road this week to take on the Arizona Cardinals at University of Phoenix Stadium Sunday Take a look at the coverage. PHOENIX Efforts to eliminate the Jefferson Davis Tait acknowledged that.


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Pull request Compare This branch is even with keijiro:master.
MIDI Jack is a MIDI input plugin for Unity.
Download and import MidiJack.unitypackage into your project. That's it!
See the troubleshooting topics if you encounter any problems.
The basic functions of MIDI Jack are provided in the MidiMaster class.
The channel arguments in the following functions can be omitted. In that case, the functions return the values in the All-Channel slot, which stores mixed status of all active channels.
Returns the velocity value while the key is pressed, or zero while the key is released. The value ranges from 0.0 (note-off) to 1.0 (maximum velocity).
Returns true during the frame the user starts pressing down the key.
Returns true during the frame the user releases the key.
Returns the controller value (CC). The value ranges from 0.0 to 1.0.
Returns the list of active controllers.
There are also delegates for the each type of MIDI event.
MIDI Jack provides the MIDI Monitor window, which shows the list of active devices and incoming MIDI messages.
The MIDI Monitor window is avilable from the menu Window -> MIDI Jack.
Currently MIDI Jack only supports Windows and OS X. No iOS support yet.
Only supports note and CC messages. No support for program changes nor SysEx.
The MIDI Jack plugin always tries to capture all available MIDI devices. On Windows this behavior may conflict with other MIDI applications.