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Germain Pichault de La Martinière (parfois la Martinière ou Lamartinière), né à Argenton-l'Église le  et décédé le  au château de La Martinière à Bièvres, est un chirurgien et conseiller d'État français au service des rois Louis XV puis Louis XVI, qui créa les écoles de chirurgie en France.

Biographie

Chirurgien militaire

Né dans les Deux-Sèvres dans une famille de chirurgiens, Germain Pichault suit les traces familiales. Il arrive à Paris à l'âge de 23 ans où il est agrégé au collège de Saint-Cosme en 1728, obtenant une place de chirurgien du roi servant par quartier. Ayant par ailleurs reçu le titre de maître en chirurgie, La Martinière est pourtant attaché aux armées royales à sa demande, tout d'abord comme aide-major. Il fait ainsi la campagne d'Italie du maréchal de Villars en 1733, puis participe l'année suivante au siège de Philippsburg lors de la campagne du Rhin de la guerre de Succession de Pologne.

En 1740, Germain Pichault se marie avec Marie-Anne Nepicier. La même année, la guerre de Succession d'Autriche éclate, qui durera jusqu'en 1748. En 1741, promu au grade de chirurgien-major, il se distingue par son ardeur et l'efficacité de ses soins lors du siège de Prague puis de la retraite de 1742, lors de la campagne de Bohême du maréchal de Belle-Isle. À son retour, il est nommé et chirurgien-chef des Gardes-Françaises et c'est à ce poste qu'il suit Louis XV dans la campagne de Flandres et se rend grandement utile pendant le siège de Fribourg, puis, pendant une seconde campagne en 1746, lors des sièges de Mons et Namur ou encore durant la bataille de Rocourt. C'est en 1747, à Bruxelles, à l'issue de cette campagne que Louis XV nomme Pichault de La Martinière premier chirurgien, à la succession de François de la Peyronie, décédé en avril. Les hostilités cessent avec le traité d'Aix-la-Chapelle.

Premier chirurgien du Roi
Germain Pichault de La Martinière devient le chirurgien personnel du roi Louis XV qui l'honore de sa plus intime amitié jusqu'à sa mort, fonction qu'il conservera auprès de son successeur. Sa nomination à cette nouvelle charge est assortie de la jouissance d'une étonnante prérogative : « tous maîtres, chirurgiens, barbiers, perruquiers et autres, qui exercent quelque partie de la chirurgie et de la barberie dans le royaume, lui payeront 21 sols et 3 deniers pour une fois seulement ».

Il poursuit l'entreprise réformatrice  de Lapeyronie qui, avec l'appui du vieux chirurgien de Louis XIV, Georges Mareschal, avait initié la création d'une Académie royale de chirurgie dès 1731. La Martinière n'aura de cesse à sa suite d'œuvrer à l'émancipation de la chirurgie et d'arracher l'indépendance de celle-ci vis-à-vis de la faculté de médecine de Paris, en en faisant une discipline autonome, tâchant de réduire au silence les querelles inter-disciplinaires. En effet, depuis 1716, une âpre fronde des chirurgiens, qui n'étaient pas autorisés à traiter les maladies sans présence des médecins, les opposait à ces derniers, représentés par la Faculté.

Émancipation de la chirurgie

Cette lutte se traduira par une confrontation entre de La Martinière et François Chicoyneau, premier médecin du roi et chancelier de la Faculté, qui se soldera par un décret du conseil d'État cessant, de fait, la sujétion d'un corps à l'autre en 1750. Un décret royal de 1770 effacera définitivement cette sujétion séculaire des chirurgiens en faisant prêter serment au premier chirurgien en les mains du roi à la place d'en celles du premier médecin.

Les statuts de l'Académie de chirurgie seront promulgués en 1748 et La Martinière en prendra la direction pendant près de trente-sept années. Ainsi, soucieux d'améliorer la formation des chirurgiens et des médecins, il obtient du roi l'édification d'un bâtiment assez spacieux pour contenir l'Académie, le Collège  et la Bibliothèque de chirurgie, en remplacement du trop exigu amphithéâtre d'anatomie de Saint-Cosme, dans le fief originel de la communauté des chirurgiens de Paris. La construction de l'ouvrage sera confiée à Jacques Gondouin en 1769 et achevé en 1774. La Martinière fait par ailleurs établir des écoles de chirurgie dans les principales villes de province et fonde à Paris l'École pratique de chirurgie où les élèves peuvent s'exercer à disséquer et à répéter les opérations sur des cadavres.

En 1757, il obtient, avec François Desport, chirurgien en chef de l'armée de Westphalie, que les chirurgiens militaires soient dotés d'un uniforme particulier reconnaissable par tous pour les protéger tant des soldats ennemis qu'alliés.

La mort de Louis XV

En 1771, le souverain nomme son premier chirurgien conseiller d'État. Louis XVIII rapporte dans ses Mémoires que Louis XV « était comme un enfant docile en présence du chirurgien investi de toute sa confiance » et décrit de quelle manière « il n'y avait pas à transiger avec sa volonté », parlant de sa « franchise brutale ». En avril 1774, La Martinière fait conduire le roi, malade, de Trianon à Versailles, contre l'avis du médecin de Madame Du Barry, qui affirmait que la maladie du roi « ne serait rien ».

En fait, le souverain est atteint des premiers symptômes de la petite vérole qui l'emportera. Peu après, La Martinière est le seul des médecins du roi qui ose diagnostiquer ouvertement la présence de la maladie et dire « qu'il regardait le roi comme perdu », avis auquel finiront par se ranger les autres médecins. Cet épisode et ses enjeux sont racontés, romancés, par Alexandre Dumas dans l'épilogue de son roman Joseph Balsamo.

Dernières années

Il conserve sa charge de premier chirurgien auprès de Louis XVI, qui l'apprécie autant que son prédécesseur. Consacrant l'essentiel de son temps à l'organisation et la modernisation de la chirurgie et de la médecine françaises, Pichault de La Martinière ne laissera pas de travaux scientifiques, à l'exception d'un petit Mémoire sur le traitement des plaies d'armes à feu, ni d'ouvrages, hormis des Mémoires présentés au Roi par le sieur Pichaut de la Martinière son premier Chirurgien. Il se fera par ailleurs le protecteur de l'anatomiste Pierre-Joseph Desault

Germain Pichault de La Martinière meurt le  dans sa résidence de campagne de Bièvres, où il est inhumé simplement, laissant de quoi fonder deux chaires de professeurs appointés à l'école pratique et 10 lits dans l'hôpital pour « maladies chirurgicales peu communes » qu'il avait créé à l'école de chirurgie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 François Iselin, La Martinière. Chirurgien de Louis XV, Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 2010
 Léo Desaivre, Germain Pichault de La Martinière, premier chirurgien de Louis XV et de Louis XVI, 1697-1783, Blois, impr. A. Girardet, 1895
 Article « Martinière (Germain Pichaut de la) », in Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales, tome V, éd. Masson/Asselin, Paris, 1874,
 Antoine Louis, Éloge de Lamartinière, lu dans la séance publique du , in Éloges lu dans les séances publiques de l'Académie royale de chirurgie de 1750 à 1792, commentaires de E.-F. Dubois, Paris, éd. Baillères & fils, 1859, p. 296-305,
 Paul Delaunay, Le monde médical parisien au dix-huitième siècle, Paris, éd. J. Rousset, 1906,

Articles connexes
 Histoire de la chirurgie
 Théâtre anatomique

Liens externes

Chirurgien français
Naissance dans la province du Poitou
Naissance en septembre 1697
Décès en octobre 1783
Médecin français du XVIIIe siècle
Médecin militaire français
Décès à 86 ans


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Book Review: Brainwashed
NeuroskepticBy NeuroskepticJune 18, 2013 9:59 PM
Brainwashed, by Sally Satel and Scott O Lilienfeld. Basic Books.
I wanted to dislike this book. You see, I was suspicious of the fact that one of the authors is a resident scholar with the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), an organization whose political values I oppose, and, insofar as it's an organization with political values, has little business going near science. Then, when I found that the book cites me (with fellow neurobloggers Mind Hacks and Neurocritic) in the Acknowledgements and elsewhere, that actually made it worse. A sense of intellectual possessiveness joined my ideological reasons for not liking the thing. I was hoping that it would be dreadful so that I could unleash the venom I had brewed up: "Ayn Rand, Please Get Off My Bandwagon"; "The only good bits here are the bits they stole from me" - it would have been glorious. However, sadly, Brainwashed turned out to be good. The book's subtitled "The Seductive Allure of Mindless Neuroscience", and it covers a range of examples of the modern mania about 'the brain'. The overselling and misinterpretation of neuroscience is everywhere, because - for some reason - we've convinced ourselves that the human brain, which has been working away quite steadily for 50,000 years, has suddenly become more important. Brainwashed begins with a brief introduction to fMRI scanning (because most, though not all, neurononsense involves it) and then takes us through 'neuromarketing', lie detectors, addiction, and what neuroscience means for free will, the law, and moral responsibility. These chapters outline several different ways in which, if we're not careful, misapplied neuroscience could cause real harm - in particular, in the justice system, as well as in medicine and business. The discussion is well-written and remarkably balanced; it doesn't make the mistake of throwing out the baby of neuroscience with the bathwater of hype. As for the AEI, there's no problem. This is one of the less political popular science books I can remember. It's 150 pages of solid content; there's no waffle here. In fact, I wished this book were longer, and it's not often that happens. This however brings me onto Brainwashed's main flaw. The reason I wished it longer is that the whole book felt like an introduction to something... but no, it just ends. What I was hoping for was more of a birds-eye view examination of what makes vulgarized neuroscience so attractive, and why it's wrong to use neuroscience in the ways that it is - fundamentally. We don't really get that. There's a few bits, but by and large it's about particular cases. Brainwashed offers a pleasant and informative walk amongst the trees. But it doesn't show us the wood. Should you buy it? Honestly, I would recommend it for anyone who doesn't heavily read blogs like this one. Those that do will likely be familiar with the names and ideas in here. But for new readers, or as a gift, it would be fantastic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Paul Casey Retains Win At Valspar Championship
Paul Casey has become the first man to retain the Valspar Championship title after a thrilling final day in Florida. 41 year old Casey who was leading by one overnight by dropped three shots during the opening nine as the other players continued to apply pressure.
The English player was on level playing ground with Jason Kokrak with eight under on the 29th hole, but the American's bogey saw Casey needing a par four at the last in order to claim the win. He found a bunker straight off tee, but managed to hit the green from there, and went on to two putt for a first win since his victory last year.
Talking about defending his title, Casey stated that it felt cool, and that it was messy but the course was difficult an he did make some errors, and that it was hard work considering all 72 holes. Casey's latest win means that European golfers have won three past three PGA events, and follows on from Rory Mcllroy's victory at the Players Championship, as well as Francesco Molinari winning at the Arnold Palmer Invitational.
The Briton was just one clear of Dustin Johnson, who is currently the world number one, as they went into the final round, but the American was on poor form, and dropped shots on both the third and fourth holes in a three over par round that saw no birdies, with South African Louis Oosthuizen proving the greater challenge.
Brooks Koepka An Unhappy Figure At Ryder Cup
September 27, 2021 by Trent Wilson
Team USA Ryder Cup contender Brooks Koepka is everything but impressed with the media after a recent interview portrayed him as someone adverse to team sports and as such, not fully committed to his role as part of the team at Whistling Straights. Koepka spent the biggest part of Thursday's ….
DeChambeau Says You Can't Please Everyone
US golfer and Ryder Cup contender Bryson DeChambeau says even if he landed 18 holes-in-one, folks would still find something to criticize him about. DeChambeau has been avoiding the media since early August when he sparked a massive outcry over his refusal to be vaccinated. The controversy since then has ….
Daniel Hillier Ready For Second Open Championship
New Zealand golfer Daniel Hillier has been working on his game to take on his next major tournament. His last major, the US Open, saw the young golfer overwhelmed and let the competition get the better of him. He believes that he is better prepared for the upcoming Open Championship. ….
Mickelson Says Ko Inspired Him To PGA Win
May 28, 2021 by Trent Wilson
Phil Mickelson has credited New Zealand golfer Lydia Ko as his inspiration for winning last weekend's PGA Championship. The big win saw the 50-year-old interrupt a two-year drought on the PGA Tour. He's also now the oldest player ever to have won a golf major. His stellar victory came off ….
Lydia Ko Falls Short At Women's World Champs
May 7, 2021 by Trent Wilson
Though eventually two shots off the lead with several starting birdies counting in her favour, Kiwi golfer Lydia Ko just could not manage to make a final push for the win in Singapore on Sunday. The pro-golfer finished tied on 11-under par in the latest leg of the LPGA Tour ….
Top NZ Golf Betting Odds


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Home ‹ Board index ‹ General Discussion ‹ NBA & Basketball
All-Decade Teams (50s-Present)
Like real basketball, as well as basketball video games? Talk about the NBA, NCAA, and other professional and amateur basketball leagues here.
by Andrew on Tue Jun 25, 2019 9:22 pm
Another offseason topic here, though I'll admit this one also has some modding motivation. What would be your All-Decade teams for the 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s, 90s, 00s, and 10s?
Minimum 12, maximum 15 players per team.
Nominate the starting five.
Players can only appear on one team, so pick the decade you feel is the best fit.
If you need a template, here's a straightforward one.
[size=150][b]1950s[/b][/size]
[b]Starters[/b]
[b]Bench[/b]
[b]Inactive/Alternates[/b]
Re: All-Decade Teams (50s-Present)
by shadowgrin on Thu Jun 27, 2019 2:18 pm
Speaking of 90s (defense)
Not meant to hijack the thread, this is the most recent thread about vintage basketball so posted it here
Gunslinger made a good point
HE'S USING HYPNOSIS!
JaoSming2KTV wrote: its fun on a bun
shadowgrin
Doesn't negotiate with terrorists. NLSC's Jefferson Davis. The Questioneer
by Dee4Three on Thu Jun 27, 2019 2:24 pm
Arenas is only talking about the physical nature of the 90s, and hes also wrong about the reason why it was physical.
The rules allowed the game to be more physical, they didnt heavily favor the offense like they do in todays NBA. That is literally Arenas flying off the handle talking BS. It was also more physical because everybody wanted to beat eachother, not a "friends"league as much as it is today. Players were not constantly jumping teams to play against rivals, they were trying to win with the team they were on. Money wasnt even close to what it is in todays league, and the AAU generation of players hadn't started.
Defense seemed like more of a priority for the league and the players back in the 90s, the effort on that end seemed to be higher.
Nobody can honestly take that take seriously from Arenas, he is losing his mind in this clip. Especially if you know the game of basketball, and actually watched back than.
EDIT: I watched the whole thing, and it's even more ridiculous now hahaha. They said that Pippen and Rodman were "small" and undersized, and wouldnt have the same impact today.
Anybody who puts any stock into this interview either doesn't know the game or is easily influenced by bullshit.
Here are some more gems from the "gunslinger" who made a "good point" during this interview
Gilbert Arenas says
◾ Power forwards in 90s were 6'4" to 6'8" (??)
◾ Defense doesn't win championships
◾ The late Anthony Mason wouldn't be able to guard players today (but he guarded MJ, Hakeem, Malone, Shaq & Vince)
◾ Gary Payton was a "little guy" he could post up
And FYI
20-year-old Arenas (2nd season) vs 34-year-old Payton (13th season)
GA: 19 PTS, 11 AST
GP: 26 PTS, 10 AST, W
GA: 28 PTS, 5 AST
GP: 20 PTS, 7 AST, W
Everything about this interview is incorrect and garbage. People who take this seriously dont know shit about basketball.
"I don't know if I practiced more than anybody, but I sure practiced enough. I still wonder if somebody - somewhere - was practicing more than me." - Larry Bird
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvHJXrqit8Dc6HBY5P6EmAA
https://twitter.com/Dee4Three84
Dee4Three
NLSC Team Member
Location: New Hampshire, USA
by sticky-fingers on Tue Jul 02, 2019 4:59 am
Just saw that and laugh too... Their arguments are totally biased because they forgot the context : this isnt the same game anymore, the same rules.
OK, put Prime LeBron in 1975 with 1975 rules AND 1975 players, what will happen ? no spacing, no fast line to the rim, handcheck, no 3s in paint , no technical foul, no travel allowed, no palm... 15 championships ? No way
Lou Williams vs Scottie Pippen or Dennis Rodman with hand checking ?!
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by Andrew on Tue Jul 02, 2019 1:51 pm
The comment about player heights is also strange, because there were plenty of power forwards who were big, strong, and taller than 6'8". That's not even a matter of opinion or bias. The average height in the NBA has been 6'7" for decades now, and there were bigs back in the 90s who were indeed quite large in stature.
I mean, you can debate rules, skills, technology, attitudes, strategy, and all that. But saying that all the power forwards in the 90s were 6'4" to 6'8" tops is factually incorrect. You might as well say the only reason Michael Jordan scored a lot of points is that back then there were two basketballs on the court, and he was allowed to shoot at the other rim while the rest of the players were up the other end. Demonstrably false.
Anyway, to redirect the topic to its original purpose, let's get to some All-Decade picks.
by debiler on Wed Aug 21, 2019 9:21 pm
Ok, I'm game. I'll do my favorite decade, the 90's. That's when I got into NBA basketball and started playing myself.
C - Hakeem Olajuwon
One of the two positions that was undisputed to me. There were other truly great Centers (Ewing, Robinson, slim Shaq) in this decade, but Hakeem reigned supreme in my opinion. His game got so well-rounded and smooth that it was an absolute pleasure to watch him go to town on his opponents. I'd have loved for his Rockets to have faced the Bulls at least once in the finals. There's a chance that MJ's perfect 6-0 record would be in danger, as they had noone who could even hope to contain The Dream offensively and defensively.
PF - Karl Malone
It's a pretty close one between the Mailman and Barkley, but I give this spot to the former, only because he stayed productive throughout the whole decade, while Sir Charles declined pretty quickly towards the late 90's. The question is: would Malone have been as consistent if he had played under different circumstances (i.e. not having Stockton on his team)? We'll never know, and as it is, Malone was an amazing model athlete and an outstanding presence during his whole career.
SF - Grant Hill
Yeah, I know. But I think that putting Scottie Pippen over Grant would be unfair. Early in his career, Hill was an amazing scorer, even without a reliable outside shot. His quickness on his first step and his agility rivaled MJ, and who knows what he could have done if it weren't for these injuries. I'm choosing him for the "what-if" factor.
SG - John Starks
HAHA - it's MJ. Who else, really? Nothing to say that hasn't been said already. GOAT. Period. Next.
PG - John Stockton
It breaks my heart to snub the beast that Gary Payton was, especially on the defensive end. But considering that Stockton was also an elite defender who knew every trick in the book, I'm going with the point guard who was as adept at creating for his teammates as nobody before and nobody after him. Stockton was every coach's dream, a man who would immaculately orchestrate the offense, harrass the opponent's PG all game long and just wouldn't back down from anyone. The more I write, the more I'm convinced that it could only be Stockton.
David Robinson
honorable mentions
Jason Kidd (belongs in the 2000s)
Clyde Drexler (belongs in the 80s)
Chris Mullin (if the list went from mid-80s to mid-90s, he'd be a lock)
Shawn Kemp (one of my favorite players ever, but just not consistent enough)
Chris Webber (his Sacramento years are more memorable)
Shaq (let's face it - fat Shaq was the real Shaq)
Confucius say: "Man go to bed with itchy butt wake up with smelly finger."
debiler
Return to NBA & Basketball


Creativity be damned, the game is a victim of its fascination with mouse controls and pixel-to-pixel accuracy. By ditching the tile format that makes games like Pipe Dream simple to play, Laser Light adds a new layer of complexity that dramatically – even unfairly – raises the difficulty.
The game's main objective is to direct laser beams to hit specific spots on the board. You do this by using a small set of mirrors, refractors, and other nifty devices to angle the laser around a series of obstacles. Bonus points are awarded for hitting extra targets (usually pieces of fruit) along the way. The variety in the puzzles is almost immediate, with different-colored beams firing at difficult angles. By the end, you'll also have to contend with bombs, color changers, and all manner of obstructions.
Laser Light occupies an odd intermediate spot in the puzzle game pantheon. It's the type with multiple difficulties and a couple dozen puzzles that you can jump between, with an end goal of total completion. But it also encourages fast work over methodical planning; each stage has a five-minute time limit, and any misfires subtract 10 points from your possible end-of-level reward. You can only get full credit for puzzles if you get through them with both speed and accuracy.
Both those criteria are fair, but the two styles don't work particularly well in tandem. The need for perfection in the first round discourages experimentation and ultimately questions the need for the pursuit of a high score at all. That renders the bonus fruit unnecessary and takes the wind out of the metagame.
Even with a significant chunk of the replay value missing, Laser Light still has a major mechanical problem. Objects can be placed at any point rather than snapping to large tiles. Since the lasers reflect with pinpoint accuracy, this leads to some immensely frustrating situations where a laser will hit a mirror a few pixels off, causing the entire contraption to fall apart. Again, this trashes the scoring aspects of the game, but it also leads to frequent and mostly unfair losses. Nothing can ruin a puzzle game like failing on a technicality, and Laser Light is loaded with that sort of nitpicking. In fairness, you can bring up a directional grid with the right mouse button, but aligning your mouse properly across multiple mirrors is an arduous task in itself.
I could normally recommend Laser Light for its clever puzzles and steady difficulty curve, because it does offer some compelling puzzles. The game just has too much broken at its core to be a worthwhile experience.


If you've been reading Town and Country Mom for more than a few posts (and thank you if you have!), then you know that I seldom write about fashion or style. Many others do that far better than I ever could. (Two of my favorite women's style blogs are Privilege and Une Femme d'un Certain Age.) This post is not an exception.
The Mister and I leave for our annual mission trip to Peru on Sunday. Packing for this trip is a breeze. Like a hurricane.
The good news is that the Mister and I are both reasonably light travelers. Additional good news is that we each get to check two bags weighing up to 50 pounds for free in addition to our carry-on bags. Our goal is to fill the four checked bags with items we will leave behind. We have collected children's clothes, soccer balls (deflated), small stuffed animals, school supplies, individually wrapped candies, sheets, towels, and hygiene items. Friends have given us old (as in no longer stylish) suitcases to use, and we will leave those behind as well. The recipients are thrilled to have a place to store things out of the desert dust.
For myself, I am keeping it simple. My version of trekker chic is: five pairs of stone/khaki pants and shorts and lots of white shirts and tops; two caps; my Peru backpack; and some new work gloves. All of this except my caps and backpack will be left. I'll also take at least one decent dress to wear shopping and to dinner in Lima as well as my usual flight garb (black knit pants, black turtleneck, shawl (hopefully a new baby Alpaca one) and black Clark's) to wear home.
Other necessities (some would say luxuries) include water bottles, individually packed trail mix, Starbucks instant coffee, a jar of peanut butter, my Bible, a notebook, and my iPod. For the travel days, I'm thinking of taking a needlepoint project as well as a book because for some mysterious reason, I enjoy needlepointing and eavesdropping people-watching in airports.
I wrote several posts about our trip last year—about our work and about what we ate and about what we bought—and I'm on the fence about writing about Peru when we return this year. If you'd like to hear more, or if you have questions about our trip, please let me know. Or if you'd rather return to regular programming, let me know that, too!
In the meantime, I've planned some non-Peru related posts for while we're away, and I hope they post as scheduled. I may not be able to respond to, or even publish your comments, as internet service is extremely sketchy but I'm already looking forward to catching up when we return!
Lastly, we're most grateful for prayers for our group as well as for Middle and Little, who are staying behind with their grandparents. Big, of course, is at college, studying.
Thank you T&C. Much appreciated. I remember your trip last year, and I'd love to hear a recap when you return. It's such a great thing you do, a way to really live the values of responsibility.
What an amazing oppotunity ~ can wait to hear more upon your return! Love what you are doing for others.
I loved hearing about your trip last year and look forward to hearing about it this year. Save travels!
Will be praying for you and your ministry! So honored to call you friend! ...and thanks again for your sweet email.
Thanks for your visit to my blog and for becoming a follower. I'm returning the favor. I hope you have a wonderful mission trip. My prayers go with you. It's a great thing you are doing. How happy the people must be to see you.
Have a safe trip and return.
Just found your blog for the first time, and I am lovin' it! I am now a follower on Bloglines.
We seem to have some things in common- I was trying to figure out where you live, because I saw some references to the upstate and Clemson. My son is a Clemson grad, and is now back there in grad school. My husband and I are grads. My husband is from the town of Clemson, and I am from Charleston. Now we are smack dab in the middle in Columbia. I am an elementary French teacher. I saw some francophone references in your blog, too. Happy travels on your mission trip. My family enjoys doing those, too.
Godspeed! I do hope you will share your experiences with us when you return. I think the kind of work you are doing is inspirational and truly makes the world a better place.
Thinking about you and hope you are doing well! Look forward to your return. God bless!


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The 2016 Primetime Emmy Awards Nominations were announced this morning with Black-ish star Anthony Anderson and once-and-future Gilmore Girls actress Lauren Graham being the hosts for the telecast.
HBO's Game of Thrones earned the most nominations and in its first year of eligibility, USA breakout Mr. Robot made a strong showing.
The fascination of former football star OJ Simpson's Limited Series paid off for FX's The People v O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story with a whopping 22 nominations, only behind Game of Thrones.
UnReal and Orange is The New Black were completely dissed except for a Best Supporting nod for UnReal's Constance Zimmer.
Here is a complete list of the nominees.


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"We feel like guinea pigs:" the schools being forced to close on Friday afternoons
As students break up for summer, 250 schools are saying goodbye to their five-day weeks – and thousands of kids are preparing to lose 10 per cent of their primary education.
By Indra Warnes
Love Island week 7: A hot mess
2019 Love Island is delivering twists and turns like no season before it.
Love Island Week 5: the most dramatic week in the show's history
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Chinese Whispers
by Francis Phillips Jun 8, 2009 Feb 23, 2021 / 3 mins /
The author, a journalist, is a third-generation Chinese-Canadian and her book is sub-titled, "Searching for Forgiveness in Beijing." In 1972, as an ardent young Maoist at McGill University, she was invited to spend a year at Beijing University. During her time there she got to know a fellow student, a Chinese girl called Yin, who had confided in her that she wanted to visit America. Such an aspiration in Mao's China was tantamount to treason. Wong, who by her own admission was a "'True Believer': fanatic, ignorant and adolescent", informed on her acquaintance to the authorities.
For many years, absorbed in a successful career as a foreign correspondent, Wong forgot her youthful betrayal. Then, discovering her student diary of her Beijing sojourn, she was confronted by this buried memory and stricken with remorse. What if her action had "thoughtlessly destroyed a young woman I didn't even know"? With husband and two teenage sons in tow, she returns to Beijing three decades later and the seemingly impossible task of tracking down Yin.
Here the title is apt. After the Cultural Revolution – in full swing in 1972 – was over, the Chinese deliberately erased it from history and public consciousness. Former students Wong had known were reluctant to talk, even when she was able to track them down; "pretending nothing happened is perhaps the only way to cope". Finally, almost miraculously, there is a breakthrough; she meets the victim of her thoughtless action and apologises several times. Yin, who had changed her name to Lu Yi, forgives her and tells her story. Apparently, Wong's accusation had been only one of 30 "crimes" she had been accused of at that time; she had been forced to leave the university and do hard labour in a remote province. Pardoned years later, she had become a successful lawyer and had even made the longed-for trip to America. So the story ends happily.
Much of the book concerns Wong's struggle to understand her own behaviour: why had this "middle-class Montreal Maoist" thrown herself so enthusiastically into the Cultural Revolution and why had she held so stubbornly to the view that Mao's version of socialism was so superior to the capitalist system at home? The Communists, she argues, did eliminate the triads, the local militia, the armed thugs and the prostitutes; they had built roads, reservoirs and irrigation systems. They had forced their creaking civilization into the 20th century. Yet the author does not examine what cost in human lives this might have entailed.
Alongside her quest for Yin, Wong treats the reader to a vivid and humorous description of modern Beijing: seemingly a vast and heavily polluted building site, with permanent smog and surveillance. It is clear that the huge city must have done a Potemkin village-type makeover before the Olympics. I read the book during the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre of June 4, 1989. This, the author discovers, is also never spoken about; indeed, a whole new generation, preferring pop music and dancing, knows nothing about the ultimate sacrifice made in the name of freedom by their student precursors. One of her former tutors at Beijing University, whom she nicknames "Fu the Enforcer", laments that whereas in the old days the dominant motto of the student society was "'serve the people', now there is a spiritual crisis. People have no goal except to get rich."
There are also those she terms the "walking wounded", the older generation who suffered during Mao's long and violent regime, yet who prefer to bury their memories rather than speak of them. Their scars run too deep for excavation and analysis. The author herself has embarked on a worthy journey: to atone for past wrong-doing, however excusable it might have been at the time. The narrative is written in a jaunty style, as well it might be; when Wong began her book, she of course already knew its ending. One wonders what she would have written and indeed, whether she would have written at all, if she had learnt that she really had been responsible for destroying the life of another student. It would have been a different and a darker territory; indeed, the stuff of literature rather than this lively travelogue.
Francis Phillips writes from Buckinghamshire, in the UK.
Francis Phillips
francis_phillips.225@mercatornet.com
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हिन्दी साहित्य
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Books > Language and Literature > हिन्दी साहित्य > A PRIMER OF MODERN STANDARD HINDI
A PRIMER OF MODERN STANDARD HINDI
by Michael C. Shapiro
This primer presents a systematic introduction to the structure of Modern Standard Hindi. It is intended to provide the student with a through foundation in the grammatical structure of that variety of Hindi that is commonly taught in Indian schools and that is the common vehicle of publication in Hindi. Although much emphasis is placed on the written language, discussion is also provided of aspects of conversational Hindi.
The core of the work contains thirty-one chapters. The first four offers discussions of the linguistic status of Hindi as well as comprehensive description of Hindi phonetics and the Devanagari syllabary in which Hindi is written. Chapter 5 through 31 each contains description of fundamental aspects of Hindi grammar. These chapters have extensive translation and grammatical exercises appended to them. The work as a whole introduces a core vocabulary of approximately fifteen hundred entries, incorporating lexical items found on most standard elementary word lists for the language.
Supplemental materials in this book include graded reading passages, a guide to further study in Hindi, and Hindi English glossary. Although the Devanagari syllabary is used throughout the book, Roman transliteration is also provided through Chapter 15.
A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi can be used in several different ways. It can be used as part of a university-level course as a text for Hindi grammar and writing. As such it will nicely supplement other materials addressing more conversational aspects of the language. It can also be used for self- study purposes by the student who does not have access to a formal instructional program.
Michael C. Shapiro is Associate Professor of Indian Languages and Literature at the University of Washington (Seattle, USA). He is the author of Language and Society in South Asia (with Harold F. Schiffman, MLBD Studies in Linguistics, Vol. 1), Current Trends in Hindi Syntax: A Bibliographic Survey (Studien zur Indologieund Iranistik, Monographic 5), and many studies in Hindi language, linguistic, and literature
This book arises from a sense of dissatisfaction with the teaching materials that are available for the Hindi language. Those materials written during the past three decades, particularly those published in the United States, have concentrated almost exclusively on the inculcation of oral skills in Hindi. Inadequate attention has been given to formal grammar, reading, and writing. It has been my experience that as a result of this emphasis, many students of Hindi in the United States have been seriously deficient in basic literacy skills. Other Hindi instructors with whom I am acquainted like- wise have decried the lack of emphasis on written skills in available language courses, grammars, and the like. There has been a growing sentiment among Hindi teachers that instruction in the language should effect a more even balance among reading, writing, and speaking skills than it currently does.
The title I have selected for this book, A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi, has a decidedly old-fashioned ring to it. This is by intention. The book is a primer, that is, a systematic introduction to its topic. Subjects have been included and arranged on the basis of pedagogical efficacy. The work presupposes no prior knowledge of Hindi or its writing system. Moreover, this is a primer of standard, as opposed to colloquial, Hindi. It tries to impart knowledge of that style of Hindi that is taught in Indian schools and that is used in the various Indian media. The book is not a manual of colloquial Hindi. For that, other materials are readily available. This is not to say that much of what is said in this book about formal Hindi is not applicable to the structure of the conversational language. On the contrary, there is a considerable degree of overlap between the two styles or registers of the language and many of the peculiarities and idiosyncrasies of the colloquial language cannot be explained except in reference to the structures of standard written Hindi. But in the end the imparting of literacy skills and the developing of speaking skills in Hindi are enterprises sufficiently different from one another to warrant that they be accomplished by different techniques and in con- junction with different materials.
In writing a book such as this it is difficult to know what to include and what to leave out. My overriding concern has been to include all of the "nuts and bolts" of Hindi grammar that I believe a student needs to master during the first two years of a college level instructional program. The specific points of grammar that have been treated in this work are, for the most part, those recommended in a recent three-year curriculum for the Hindi language} In addition, I have included a core vocabulary, distributed across the various chapters, of approximately fifteen hundred items. These items have been chosen after examining several published core vocabularies for Hindi. The sequencing of grammatical information in this book is in accordance with my own preferences and teaching practices. I have not aimed for an exhaustive treatment of Hindi grammar in this work—such would be appropriate in a comprehensive reference grammar-, but rather for a systematic and logical exposition of those aspects of the language whose mastery is essential for the development of basic literacy skills.
A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi consists of 31 chapters divided into six parts. Part I (Chapters 1-4) provides some general information about the Hindi language and describes the language's sounds and writing system. The core of the book, Parts II—VI (Chapters 5-31) comprises a step-by-step introduction to the basic grammatical categories and inflections of the language. Each chapter contains discussions of several facets of the language, a vocabulary section containing approximately 50 entries, and a set of written exercises. Hindi forms are given both in the Hindi (or Devanagari) writing system and in Roman transliteration through Part III. The Roman transliteration is eliminated beginning with Part IV. In order to provide the student with samples g of Hindi of greater than sentence length, a set of supplementary reading passages has been included at the end of each of Parts Il through VI. These are graded in order of difficulty and include both prose and poetry texts. The passages have been taken from diverse sources. Many are from children's readings in use in India. Others are from newspapers, books of riddles, anthologies of children's literature, and All India S Secondary Board examination papers in Hindi. Special vocabulary sections have been appended to these reading passages. Following the 31 chapters are two supplements that should be of assistance to the students. These are a Guide To Further Study of Hindi and a Hindi-English Glossary.
1.1. THE HINDI LANGUAGE
Hindi is one of the most widely spoken languages of the world, possessing speakers of the same order of magnitude as those of English and Russian. In India it has been accorded the status of 'Official Language' and, along with English, is recognized by the central government for use for most administrative purposes. It is spoken natively by at least 150 million persons in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar and as a second language by a like number in other states of North India. It is also an official language of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh, as well as of the Delhi union territory. Urdu, a language so closely related to Hindi to allow some to consider the two to be variants of a single tongue, is spoken by tens of millions, either as a first or second language, both in Pakistan and India. Members of emigrant Indian communities the world over use Hindi as a lingua franca. Hindi enjoys some order of official status in countries as diverse as Fiji, Mauritius, and Guyana.
1.2. THE LINGUISTIC STATUS OF HINDI
Hindi belongs to the Indo-Aryan family of languages, a subgroup of the Indo- European family. It is thus related to such European languages as English, French, German, Russian, etc. The modern Indo-Aryan languages, including such standardized literary languages as Bengali, Marathi, Konkani, Panjabi, Assamese, Oriya, Nepali, Sinhala (=Sinhalese), Sindhi, Kashmiri, Urdu, and Hindi, are historically derived from Sanskrit, the most important vehicle of communication of classical Indian civiliza- tion. These modern Indo-Aryan languages stand in approximately the same relation to Sanskrit as do the modern Romance Languages (i.e., French, Spanish, Italian, Portu- guese, Rumanian, etc.) to Latin. With the exception of Sinhala, spoken in Sri Lanka, the Indo-Aryan languages are spread over approximately the northern two-thirds of the Indian subcontinent. Languages of the Dravidian family, genetically unrelated to those of the Indo-Aryan family, are the primary standardized vernaculars of the re- maining third of the subcontinent. The most important of these languages are Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
1.3. DIALECTS OF HINDI
In its spoken forms Hindi encompasses a wide range of dialects. Roughly speak- ing, these varieties can be divided into "western" and "eastern" groups, with the former including Braj (western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh), Bundeli (north-central Madhya Pradesh and south- western Uttar Pradesh), Kanauji (west-central Uttar Pradesh), Bangru (Haryana), western and eastern Hindi dialects, there are several other speech forms that, although counted by some as varieties of Hindi, are properly considered distinct languages. These include a number of Rajasthani languages (of which Marwari is the most widely spoken) and the so-called "Bihari" languages, Maithili, Magahi, and Bhojpuri, of eastern Uttar Pradesh, western and central Bihar, and the Nepal Terai.
The standardized form of Hindi, commonly referred to as khari boli (literally 'standing language'), has a somewhat complex history. Before the end of the nine- teenth century "Hindi" literary works were for the most part written in normalized forms of regional vernaculars. Tulsidas and Surdas, two of Hindi's greatest medieval devotional poets, wrote in old forms of Avadhi and Braj respectively. The modern standard language (as opposed to regional vernacular or literary dialects) arose through the infusion of considerable external (i.e., non-Hindi) vocabulary into a grammatical skeleton based on the vernacular dialect spoken in the Delhi area. Such non-Hindi vocabulary has included forms from such diverse languages as Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Portuguese, and English. Beginning in the nineteenth century a heavily Sanskritized form of Hindi, often referred to as suddh (or 'pure') Hindi, began to come into existence. It is this form of Hindi, written in the devanagari writing system (v. chaps. 2-4), that has been promulgated by the Government of India and that is taught in formal courses of study in India.
1.4. HINDI,. URDU AND HINDUSTANI
The terms "Urdu" and "Hindustani" are, unfortunately, often used interchange- ably with 'Hindi,' leading to considerable confusion. Urdu, like Hindi, is based on the grammar of the vernacular dialect of the Delhi area. Its vocabulary, however, has been enriched by borrowings from Persian and Arabic. In contrast to Hindi, it is written in a modified form of Arabic script. Whereas devanagari is written from left to right, Urdu is written from right to left. Literary Urdu can differ quite markedly from literary Hindi. In its most formal varieties the former employs a highly Islamicized vocabulary and may also use a limited set of Persian or Arabic grammatical construc- tions. Formal Hindi, by contrast, can be extremely Sanskritized, drawing from the rich technical vocabulary of Sanskrit and employing Sanskrit word building devices such as prefixes, suffixes, and other grammatical markers.
The term Hindustani, easily confusable with Hindi, is used in many different, and often contradictory, senses. The most generally accepted of these is a vernacular speech form that is neither excessively Sanskritized nor Islamicized. Hindustani's vocabulary consists of a core of "native" lexical items, as well as a number of forms drawn from either the Sanskritic or the Perso-Arabic lexica. It is this Hindustani that is employed by the vast majority of either Hindi or Urdu speakers for conversational purposes. Hindustani is readily understandable both by individuals who use suddh Hindi for formal written communication and by those who use literary Urdu. Collo- quial Hindustani can be easily written in either devanagari or in Urdu script. Since the partition of India in 1947, it has been increasingly common for citizens of India to write in devanagari and for those of Pakistan to write in Urdu script. Even in India, however, many individuals, particularly those who received their education before the 1950's or who identify their mother tongues as Urdu, continue to write Hindustani in Asian vernacular languages. It has become widely studied throughout India as a result of official efforts in its behalf. Except for English, it is the most commonly employed lingua franca in the subcontinent. Hindi films, manufactured in great number in Bombay, are widely shown in India and to overseas Indian communities. Hindi film songs are enjoyed by hundreds of millions of Indians, and even by the speakers of non-Indian languages, throughout the world. Hindi is an important medium for publication of all kinds, from popular novels to literary works and textbooks. In recent years foreign literature has been extensively translated into Hindi.
I have chosen to call the language discussed in this primer Modern Standard Hindi. It is essentially that form of Sanskritized Hindi taught in Hindi language classes in the Republic of India. I have stressed Sanskritic vocabulary over the Perso-Arabic, although I have included many of those common Perso-Arabic vocabulary items that have entered all styles of the language. The writing system here employed is devanagari (as opposed to Urdu script). It is my belief that literary Hindi and literary Urdu ought best to be considered two distinct languages, even though the colloquial versions of these two languages overlap to a considerable degree. Readers whose primary interest is in literary Urdu are advised to seek out any of a number of language courses carried out through the medium of Urdu script. Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman Barker's A Course in Urdu, 3 vols. (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1975), is particularly recommended.
Preface v
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations xv
1.1 The Hindi Language; 1.2 The Lingusitic Status of Hindi; 1.3 Dialects of Hindi 1.4 Hindi, Urdu and Hindustani 1.5 Strata of Hindi Vocabulary
Chapter 2 The Devanagari writing System and Hindi pronunciation 8
2.1 Introduction, 2.2 Basic Principles of Devanagari, 2.3 Pronunciation of Hindi Vowels, 2.4 Devanagari Vowel Signs, 2.5 Exercises
Chapter 3 The Devanagari writing of System and Hindi pronunciation (Cont.) 14
3.1 Introduction to the Hindi Consonant System, 3.2 Devangari Simple Consonant Signs, 3.3 Supplemental Hindi Consonants, 3.4 Further aspects of Hindi pronunciation 3.5 Exercises
Chapter 4 The Devanagari writing System and Hindi Pronunciation (cont.) 23
4.1 Conjunct Consonants 4.2 Anusvara before consonants, 4.3 Devanagari Numerals, 4.4 Punctuation, 4.5 Abbreviations; 4.6 The Alphabetic order of Devanagari 4.7 Exercise
Chapter 5 31
5.1 The Noun , 5.2 Masculine nouns, 5.3 Postpositions, 5.4 Questions words. 5.5 Negative Marker nahi, 5.6 hai, 5.7 Basic word order 5.8 Vocabulary, 5.9 Exercise
3.1 Feminine Nouns, 6.2 Adjective 6.3 Personal Pronouns, 6.4 The Verb hona to be 6.5 bahut and bara, 6.6 vocabulary 6.7 Exercise
7.1 presumptive and subjuctive froms of hona to be 7.2 Demonstrative Pronouns, 7.3 Possessive construction, 7.4 Compound postpositions 7.5 Honorific Usages 7.6 kuch and koi, 7.7 Vocabulary 7.8 Exercise
8.1 The Overall structure of the Hindi Verb, 8.2 Habitual Verb forms, 8.3 Some uses of ko, 8.4 oblique forms of pronouns 8.5 hi and bhi 8.6 Vocabulary, 8.7 Exercise
9.1 Progressive Verb forms, 9.2 Objects of Verbs of motion, 9.3 Oblique forms of kya and kaun, 9.4 hi with Demonstrative pronouns 9.5. The Pronoun kai, 9.6 Expressions Using kuch and koi, 9.7 the indefinite adverb kabhi, 9.8 Vocabulary, 9.9 Exercise
Chapter 10 68
10.1 Perfective Verb Forms, 10.2 Possessive Pronouns 10.3 Adverbs, 10.4 word order (cont.) 10.5 Vocabulary, 10.6 Exercises
11.1 The Perfective of Transitive verbs, 11.2 Cardinal Numbers, 11.3 Ordinal Numbers, 11.4 Vocabulary , 11.5 Exercises
12.1 Imperatives 12.2 Uses of Vala, 12.3 Conjunctive construction 12.4 the Conjunction ki, 12.5 Vocabulary, 12.6 Exercises
13.1 The Subjective, 13.2. The Future, 13.3 The Reflexive Possessive form apna, 13.4 multiplicative, 13.5 the suffix hara, 13.6 The Suffixes and iyo, 13.7 Indefinite numbers, 13.8 fractions 13.9 Vocabulary 13.10 Exercises
Chapter 14 104
14.1 The Auxiliaries Sakna pana and cukna, 14.2 Deictic used of Rahna and hona, 14.3 comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives, 14.4 Expressions of greeting 14.5 further honorific Usages 14.6 Vocabulary, 14.7 Exercises
15.1 Indirect Verb Constructions, 15.2 Sets of Related adverbs and other forms, 15.3 Relationship between certain adjectives and adverbs, 15.4 Some Expressions of thanks, 15.5 inceptive expressions, 15.6 Vocabulary, 15.7 Exercises
16.1 Infinitives 16.2 Uses of Milna, 16.3 Expressions for to seem appear 16.4 Vocative forms of nouns, 16.5 interjections 16.6 the expressions and chala jana, 16.7 Vocabulary, 16.8 Exercises
17.1 construction 17.2 Infinitive, 17.3 Infinitive, 17.4 another construction indicating obligation or necessity 17.5 the passive 17.6 Vocabulary 17.7 Exercises
18.1 Conjunct verbs, 18.2 Conjunct Verbs with 18.3 Conjunct Verbs with, 18.4 Relationship between conjunct Verbs with and those with, 18.5 Conjunct Verbs not Employing 18.6 Postpositions other than in Conjunct verbs 18.7 Vocabulary 18.8 Exercises
19.1 Compound Verbs 19.2 Compounds with 19.3 Compound with, 19.4 Compounds with , 19.5 Compounds with , 19.6 Syntactic properties of V1 V2 compound 19.7 Dates according to western Calendar 19.8 The Expressions and 19.9 Vocabulary 19.10 Exercises
20.1 Compounds with 20.2 Compounds with 20.3 Compound with 20.4 Compounds with, 20.5 Compounds with, 20.6 Compound with, 20.7 Compound with , 20.8 Compound with 20.9 Compound with 20.10 other Compound Verbs 20.11 The Vikrama dating system 20.12 Vocabulary 20.13 Exercises
21.1 Uses of the Infinitive 21.2 the Expression 21.3 The construction 21.4 Relative Constructions with 21.5 The Saka Dating System 21.6 Vocabulary 21.7 Exercises
22.1 Other Relative Pronouns and corresponding Correlative Pronouns 22.2 Time Expressions, 22.3 Divisions of the day 22.4 Other time Expressions 22.5 Elapsing of Time 22.6 Vocabulary 22.7 Exercises
23.1 Subordinating Conjunctions 23.2 A further use of 23.3. Expressions for Opinions and Intentions 23.4 Oblique Infinitive 23.5 Expressions for the English verb to have 23.6 and 23.7 Vocabulary, 23.8 Exercises
24.1 Conditional Sentences 24.2 Contrary to face conditional Sentences 24.3 Some Expressions Involving 24.4 Further Reflective forms 24.5 Further uses 24.6 A Usage of 24.7 Vocabulary 24.8 Exercises
25.1 Other contrary to face constructions 25.2 Narrative Uses of verb stem 25.3 Inverted postpositions 25.4 The suffixes and 25.5 the particle 25.6 Echo constructions 25.7 Vocabulary 25.8 Exercises
26.1 Causative Verbs 26.2 Sets of Related Verbs 26.3 Uses of 26.4 Vocabulary 26.5 Exercises
27.1 Imperfective Participles 27.2 Kinship Terms 27.3 vocabulary 27.4 Exercises
28.1 Perfective participles 28.2 Reduplicative Expressions 28.3 Combinations of Postpositions 28.4 onomatopoetic Expressions 28.5 A further Use of 28.6 Interrogatives used as exclamations 28.7 Clause Final and 28.8 vocabulary 28.9 Exercises
29.1 Participles 29.2 Indirect commands 29.3 Stylistic Shifts of word order 29.4 Politeness formulae 29.5 and 29.6 Expressions of compulsion 29.7 vesey to 29.8 Vocabulary
30.1 do, 30.2 Indirect Quotation 30.3 Unexpressed General Nouns 30.4 Further properties of 30.5 Compound Subjects 30.6 Intensive Compound verb Constructions 30.7 Vocabulary
31.1 Imperfective Participle 31.2 A construction with 31.3 Some Arithmetic Formulae 31.4 Relative Correlative compound 31.5 The use of English In Hindi 31.6 Derivational Suffixes Denoting Gender 31.7 Vocabulary
Supplementary Reading Passages 247
Guide to Further Study 251
Hindi English Glossary 255
GUIDE TO FURTHER STUDY
HINDI-ENGLISH GLOSSARY
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AboutIslam Exclusive: A Visit to Rohingya Refugees in Malaysia
KUALA LUMPUR – Escaping humiliation and killing in their home country, Burma's Rohingya Muslims are finding a new home in Malaysia, where NGOs work to offer a hand to help families escaping ethnic cleansing.
"There are around 150,000 Rohingya refugees in Malaysia, most of who arrived three years ago before the outbreak of the current crisis," Ustadh Mohammad Burhanuddin, an Arabic teacher for Rohingya refugees in Malaysia, told AboutIslam.net.
"Those refugees used to take the route to Thailand, before embarking on their journey to Malaysia. Now, they cannot even leave their camps in Bangladesh."
Burhanuddin works at Rainbow of Love Informal School for Refugees, a school affiliated with Humanitarian Aid Selangor Society.
Ex-stewardess and her angels of mercy for Rohingyas
KUALA LUMPUR – December 5, 2016: Badariah Abdul Hamid used to spend her days up in the sky, tending to the needs of those en route to various destinations.
Eighteen years later, the former air stewardess is still looking after the needs of others but with her feet firmly on the ground.
Unlike her previous care who were always going somewhere, those within the Selayang-based Rohingya community she has been taking care of over the last three years are not planning to go anywhere.
Malaysian NGO Hosts 'Ramadan Garage Giveaway
In Malaysia, the holy month of Ramadan is known for its spirit of giving and sharing. Everyone from ordinary folks to employees and managers at companies spread this spirit in the majority Muslim nation by providing less fortunate people, such as orphans and homeless citizens, meals with which to break their daily fasts.
Now, several Malaysian NGOs and individuals are shifting the focus of their Ramadan-time charity to refugees. This week, the Malaysian International Welfare and Humanitarian Organization (MyWelfare), a local NGO, opened its doors to some 500 Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, who have fled religious persecution in that country and are among 151,560 refugees and asylum seekers registered in Malaysia, according to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
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Customer and contractor in construction
Invite a subcontractor directly
The role of the customer in the supply of equipment
List of powers
The current role of the customer as a figure of a certain type in construction is regulated by regulatory documents. The customer in construction is the person who manages the process. According to the characteristic features of the activity and functions, it can be equated to a developer, and in terms of the amount of work performed - to an investor or general contractor. The Civil Code has a special provision on the customer during construction, which sets out in detail the target tasks of the authorized person, as well as the pen alties provided for in violation of the law.
The customer can be both a legal entity and an individual, to whom investors have given authority to implement the project. The customer in construction is the entity that manages the construction entrusted to him.
The activities of contractors and relations between all interested parties are organized by the customer. He can act on behalf of the investor, and on behalf of the developer.The work is aimed at fulfilling all items of project documentation, regulating the progress of construction, as well as engineering pen alties.
The functions of the customer in construction can be performed by the one who invests in construction, and the one who acts as a customer. These two definitions can be identified or separated. Investors are people who attract their own or other people's money to the project. It is this factor that is the key difference between the concepts of the customer and the investor. Those who act as a hired person and in the course of the project are given the authority to manage the construction. At the same time, they are vested with the rights to own capital investments and use them during the term of authority, which is prescribed in the contract. When the terms of the agreement are violated by the investor, the customer has the right to suspend the fulfillment of the assigned obligations.
For the period of implementation of the construction project, the developer has a certain responsibility on the part of the customer. All obligations are specified in the contract. The role of the customer and the developer can be performed by one person. In order for the combined functions of the customer in construction to be documented, the customer must be a legal entity, have the right of ownership or be a tenant of a land plot. And also have the authority to make decisions on the implementation of the construction program. This is the only way to get permission for:
construction;
commissioning of the building;
registration of ownership.
According to the Civil Code, one of the main requirements for customers for the construction of facilities is the timely provision of a land plot.
The customer is a person who intends to carry out the construction or restoration work of a particular architectural object. In this case, he needs to have a project executed according to the architectural and planning assignment by a licensed architect. The customer can contact a specific specialist or announce the selection of designers with the definition of technical specifications. He must conclude an agreement with the general designer, whose task is to subsequently attract subcontractors. It is noteworthy that the issues of obtaining approval and other related permits for surveys and design work are the responsibility of the customer.
Conclusion of a contract with a general contractor to perform construction work is not a rare planned action by the customer, which requires him to control subcontractors. Such a generally accepted scheme does not always satisfy the customer due to the fact that he initially does not have the necessary information about who will be involved in the construction as a result - there can be many subcontractors. To reduce the likelihood of such ignorance,the contract with the general contractor prescribes in a separate clause that he must personally perform the key and most basic work (indicated by the transfer). Thus, the general contractor does not have the right to transfer a significant part of the construction work to the subcontractor.
In practice, non-compliance with deadlines for even seemingly insignificant work can disrupt the schedule. Often, in order to be sure of the general contractor, the customer for the construction of houses coordinates the lists of subcontractors. With this approach, he initially approves the subcontractors in writing.
Integrated: when bidding, the general contractor provides a list of subcontractors who will work on the project. Thus, the customer is initially aware of who will carry out the work, and makes an informed choice.
Localized: during the work, potential candidates for the post of subcontractor are agreed.
When choosing the second option, it is recommended to deal with the approval of the subcontractor before signing the contract. If this has not been done, the customer is not responsible for the unilateral refusal by the general contractor to work with the subcontractor, and all responsibility will fall on the lead contractor.
A customer in construction is a person who has the right to engage a subcontractor, bypassing the general contractor. Agreements can be signed for the performance of specific works. With such a development of relations, the parties bearresponsibility to each other for compliance with all clauses of the contract, including direct payment. But not every construction can take place in this way. Some projects have their own specifics, which do not allow deviating from the generally accepted "classic" format of relationships between the customer, the general contractor and the subcontractor.
Working as a customer in construction is building the right and mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers. Previously, they resorted to standard relationship patterns, now, with the development of technology, the increase in certain needs and the level of requirements, 2 models are common:
Narrow, in which the customer is associated only with equipment suppliers. Those who supply inventory items, structures and raw materials sign a contract with contractors directly.
Extended - represents a relationship when the customer can partially decide on the purchase of raw materials and materials for construction. In such cases, suppliers work directly with the customer, subcontractors and the general contractor.
In both situations, the Civil Code en titles the private and public construction customer to control the quality of materials purchased by the contractor. Such a process requires complex coordination of actions, but as a result, constant supervision and signed sales contracts with suppliers, which spell out all the possible nuances of the relationship,contribute to the completion of construction work on time.
In order for all stages of the construction process to proceed without failures, it is necessary to have an idea of the functions of the technical customer in construction, which are formed depending on the stages of the work being carried out:
Preliminary design preparation. It includes developing a business plan, agreeing and obtaining all necessary permits, processing available data to generate project documentation, holding tenders, signing contracts with subcontractors, resolving issues with investors, analyzing risks and choosing an insurance company.
Preparation of all the necessary components of the construction site. This may include the selection of a territory for the construction of a building, obtaining permission from the relevant authorities, the formation of documentation, the coordination of resources and communications, the selection of responsible persons, the creation of a geodetic base, the breakdown of routes, the organization of a special place for the export and import of soil, negotiations on the demolition of an existing dilapidated building on the considered site, calculation of the residual value, control over the condition of buildings located near the potential structure.
Control over the construction process. This is the approval of responsible persons and authorized organizations on behalf of the customer, who will carry out quality control of equipment, structures, materials. Only approved and recorded persons can suspend construction, carry out workhigh-risk, take on the balance of the building, materials, approve work schedules, conserve the facility, deal with the documentation of the commissioning of the facility, control the availability of licenses and certificates from contractors.
The customer in construction is an authorized person who is responsible to the investor not only for compliance with all documentation, but also for the timely commissioning of the facility.
In the construction process, we must not forget about the accounting side, which is the opening of a bank account, analysis of invested funds, control over payment terms (interim, compensatory, bonus, advance and other forms of calculation), operational and statistical accounting, comparison invested funds and costs, organizing an audit and reporting to investors.
In this process, the client's capital management responsibilities are project-specific and documented in agreements.
In the work of the customer, it is important to separate the roles of the performer and the controller, as well as to observe all public and unspoken rights and functions.
Customer is en titled to:
defending the interests of the investor in government agencies and private, as well as other supervisory services;
appearing in court as a plaintiff or defendant on behalf of an investor;
obtaining a conclusion on compliance with building standards;
taking the construction order forgovernment and commercial needs;
selection of contractors and subcontractors, conclusion of an agreement with them;
disposal of finances and resources allocated by the investor;
approval of working documentation;
approval of the estimate, taking into account costing;
monitoring the quality control of used equipment, materials, structures;
making a decision on the compliance of the finished structure with all norms and requirements;
acceptance of the facility and putting it into operation;
transfer of the completed object to the investor;
making a decision on the conservation of construction;
control of the construction process, the activities of the contractor and the supplier.
A customer in construction is a person who pursues 2 tasks in his work:
Fulfillment of TOR based on their technical documentation.
Preventing the qualification of the future structure as unauthorized construction.
The customer must monitor the possible mistakes of the contractor and point out to him the shortcomings found. Otherwise, in the future, he is deprived of the right to refer to these shortcomings in controversial issues.
The customer is the manager of the construction process. He can act both as an investor and also as a contractor. In order to avoid questions about the observance of all rights and obligations, it is recommended that everything be documented in contracts and agreements.


text:
package org.apache.dubbo.common.infra.support;

import org.apache.dubbo.common.infra.InfraAdapter;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;

public class CmdbAdapter implements InfraAdapter {

    public CmdbAdapter() {
        // init;
    }

    @Override
    public Map<String, String> getExtraAttributes(Map<String, String> params) {
        return Collections.emptyMap();
    }

    @Override
    public String getAttribute(String key) {
        return "";
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mr Donnachie has a specialist interest in unicompartmental knee replacement surgery. He was trained in this field at Wirral University Teaching Hospital, Aintree University Hospital and Wrightington Hospital before undertaking Fellowship training at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK and with John Bartlett at the Austin and Repatriation Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
Mr Donnachie specialises in both unicompartmental knee replacement and patello-femoral resurfacing for patients who have localised wear to specific areas of the knee joint and undertakes this surgery using a minimally invasive incision. This, coupled with a rapid rehabilitation program aids a swift return to full independence post-operatively.


The biggest problem that dealers run into with IP phones is dropped calls and poor call quality. This happens for one of two reasons: the dealer's IT infrastructure is incapable of supporting the phone system, or the phone system vendor relies on the public Internet to send and receive voice calls once they are converted into data packets.
Purchasing an IP phone system may require that you upgrade your IT infrastructure so it can support all the additional data flowing through your network. Be sure to have your phone system vendor assess the current state of your Internet connections, routers and switches to see if they will support their systems' requirements.
Find a vendor with experience servicing auto dealerships. Here's why experience matters. Recently a dealer signed on with a phone system vendor. During installation the vendor used some of the on-site equipment that belonged to the dealer's DMS provider. Unbeknown to the phone vendor, the dealer was in the process of switching DMS providers. Soon the phone equipment was shut off along with the rest of the DMS, and the phone system went completely down.
Auto dealerships are unique business eco-systems. Your partnerships and the way you use phones is different from other businesses. When you are vetting potential vendors, ask if they have other dealership clients. If they don't, keep looking.
In my experience it's better to sign a 36-month contract. Don't automatically renew with the same carrier! Bid your business out to competition.
Your phone system is your dealership's primary communications tool. When it's time to buy a new system take the time to become informed, do your research and vet several vendors. Your customers will thank you.


1970s | TODAY IN BIGFOOT HISTORY!
Sisters, Julie and Kirsten Parker, were camping in Unicoi State Park. Just after midnight on their last day in the Park, their campsite came under assault by a number of Bigfoot.
Julie was the first to hear the creatures rustling around their supplies. She peeked out and saw two large Bigfoot looking creatures throwing their pots and pans around and stamping on their fire pit.
Julie woke her sister. The two of them got flashlights and aimed the beams in the eyes of the Bigfoot creatures. The monsters were startled and ran into the woods.
The rest of the night the Parker Sisters' tent was pelted with pine cones and dirt clumps. Both sisters were incredibly frightened. As morning came, the Bigfoot seemed to grow bored or tired. By daybreak, the assault was completely over.
Both Parker Sisters swore off camping forever.
Early in the morning, a disheveled and confused Bernice Rutenbar, stumbled out of the woods into a Conconully campsite. Rutenbar's clothes were in tatters and her hair was matted and full of twigs.
Rutenbar claimed that she had be grabbed out of her sleeping bag about 90 days ago by a Bigfoot. The creature took her to his lair, where it made her his wife. Rutenbar had to have relations with the beast, clean up, and prepare food that the monster brought back to the cave.
Rutenbar was unable to escape because the Bigfoot rolled a big boulder in front of the cave opening when it left for the day. After many days of torment and nights alone, Rutenbar was able to escape when the Bigfoot left a hole in the cave entrance.
Rutenbar wandered around for a day or two before finding the campsites. There was no physical evidence that Rutenbar had been violated by a Bigfoot, nor was she able to locate the cave she claims she escaped from. She was able to sell the rights of her story to a seedy paperback novelist who published a book called, "Bigfoot, My Husband," which was loosely based on the Rutenbar tale.
Denise and Joel Whitestein were sleeping in thier parked RV. It was the third and final night they were staying at Oasis Park in California.
But when the growling and scratching started at the side windows, Denise screamed and Joel finally got up. When he saw how violently the RV was rocking and heard the beast noises outside, he, too, was concerned. He crept over to the window and looked out. Joel claims to have seen a large ape man pushing on the side of the RV.
Joel and Denise cowered in the corner until the beast moved on.
The next morning the side of their RV was scratched up. Several other campers reported similar damage. Some of the campers thought it was hippies on drugs. Denise was certain it was a monster. A few suggested a Bigfoot. No one there had a plausible explanation.


I am using WinSCP 4.3.6.1655 to do automated file transfers via FTP between Windows hosts. I am using the synchronize script command with the speed option to try to throttle the transfers. The speed option says to specify a value in kibps (-speed=<kibps>). What exactly does kibps stand for? Kilobits, kilobytes, kibibits, kibibytes?


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Is Krona Above LT,Spectre,Lucifer and Michael?
Who is Marvel's Master of Disguise?
Who would be most effective when teamed up with their nemesis?
Galactus fed on 4 Jjupitor size planetslike earth!
Current DC cosmology, what is it? Omniverse or Multiverse?
Prep War! Dr. Sivana Vs M.O.D.O.K.


text:
Home Americas U.S 11 Republican senators to challenge Biden's presidential election win
11 Republican senators to challenge Biden's presidential election win
(FILES) In this file photo taken on June 16, 2020 Sen. Ted Cruz, R-Texas, asks a question during the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing titled Police Use of Force and Community Relations, in Dirksen Senate Office Building in Washington, DC. - US President Donald Trump released a list of potential Supreme Court justices on September 9, 2020 in an appeal to conservative voters ahead of the November election. The shortlist of potential nominees to the nation's highest court in the event of a vacancy included three Republican senators -- Ted Cruz of Texas, Tom Cotton of Arkansas and Josh Hawley of Missouri -- who are political allies of the Republican president. (Photo by Tom Williams / POOL / AFP) (Photo by TOM WILLIAMS/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)
Washington, Jan. 3, 2021 (dpa/Naija247news) A group of 11 Republican senators and senators-elect on Saturday said that they intend to appeal the upcoming certification of the results of the presidential election.
The group, led by Texas Senator Ted Cruz, in a joint statement said that they will vote against the certification of electors from states where U.S. President Donald Trump has disputed Democrat Joe Biden's win in the November election.
The 11 Republicans justified their plans by claiming that the election "featured unprecedented allegations of voter fraud, violations and lax enforcement of election law, and other voting irregularities.
"We intend to vote on Jan. 6 to reject the electors from disputed states as not 'regularly given' and 'lawfully certified' (the statutory requisite), unless and until (an) emergency 10-day audit is completed," they said in the statement.
In a separate action, Senator Josh Hawley had previously said he would join with some House Republicans to object to the certification of the election results.
The moves are expected to simply draw out the certification process.
Trump, with the support of many congressional Republicans, has been promoting unfounded claims that the election was rigged against him, but has provided no proof that swayed any court to his side.
His legal team has lost dozens of cases in the courts, and cases brought by his allies to the Supreme Court were also rejected.
The U.S. Electoral College has voted to confirm Biden as the next president, while some Republicans have also recently acknowledged the Democrat's win after weeks of allowing Trump to spread false claims of widespread voter fraud.
Congress is mandated to certify the results on Wednesday before Biden is inaugurated on Jan. 20.
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Naija247news Media, New York - August 8, 2020
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ReLeafing Our Streets
There will be 60 new Ojai street trees soaking up the winter rains after a new tree planting initiative takes place starting this fall. They'll be the right trees planted in the right place providing shade, decreasing the heat island effect, and increasing rainwater capture in the years to come. Do you want one?
"Ojai Trees will be partnering with The Center for Regenerative Agriculture and CREW to plant them," said Garrett Clifford, president of Ojai Trees. "David White, CRA's Executive Director, obtained this important grant from Cal ReLeaf to plant street trees in Ojai and Ventura."
According to White the project, "Ventura County ReLeaf," uses Prop 68 monies made available through CalFire to areas which suffered from extreme weather events, including the Paradise, Redding and Ventura County.
"CRA was already doing Thomas Fire regeneration work across Ventura County with grant support from the Ojai Women's Fund and Patagonia." said White, who reached out to Cal ReLeaf for tree planting funds. "It took over a year and a half from an initial conversation with CalReLeaf representatives to sign the paperwork. The main grant partners are CRA, CREW, the Cities of Ventura and Ojai, Ojai Trees, Restore Ventura, and the Ventura Land Trust."
According to White, the new grant is for the planting of over 300 trees throughout western Ventura and Ojai.
That's where local organizations like Ojai Trees come in. White partnered with Ojai Trees because of their grass-roots approach, working with people who want trees and their experience planting over 60 street trees in 2008.
Ojai Trees was a 2019 recipient of a Ojai Women's Fund Grant which made the school plantings possible under the program, "Shade for Ojai's Children." That program plants free trees in schools, pre-schools and community center grounds around the Ojai Valley, providing a cooler place to play, work, and learn for local children.
"This October alone 45 new Ojai trees went into the ground," said Clifford. "This included two beautiful 24" box Tipus that we planted at Monica Ros School. We are looking forward to working with David to plant more trees in Ojai."
All tree requests will go through Ojai Trees; their trained foresters will visit homes that request a street tree and help select the best tree for the location. Ojai Trees will also review the homeowner's responsibility to care for the tree. "It's similar to adopting a pet from the County Animal Shelter", said Clifford, "we want to make sure these trees are going to families who'll care for them". "The care requirements are primarily during the first 5 years, as all the trees are natives and eventually can survive independently".
"We will plant the trees using the CREW," said White. "CREW is a great local resource. They train young people to provide labor for environmental restoration and tree planting projects. The bonus is green-collar jobs for youth and contributions to our restoration economy."
"With this grant, people can plant a tree and participate in a nature-based environmental solution," said White. "It's carbon banking, watershed protection and increasing community resilience with so many other positive effects. Over the last 500 years, we have a lost a tremendous amount of trees which has accelerated the drying of our landscape. Tree planting is key to using nature to slow climate change."
This grant takes another step toward reforesting the Ojai Valley. If you are interested in a street tree in your yard please contact Ojai Trees at trees@ojaitrees.com.
Trees Do The Work To Fight Climate Change..If We Let Them
Helping to Re-Oak Ojai
OJAI TREES BOARD MEMBERS INSPIRED BY OLDEST LIVING TREES


Every Monday our animation team promotes a tour with all clients of Real Marina Hotel & Spa and Real Marina Residence so they can get to know some of the city's sights while walking the dogs.
And if you do not have your best friend with you, don't worry, we share to you a dog from association "ADAPO - Associação Defesa dos Animais e Plantas de Olhão" *, to take the walk. In this way you can participate in the tour and still provides a different day to one of ADAPO's dogs.
Directly at Hotel reception or through the contacts below.