text:
\section{Introduction}}
\sectionnum=1
Strongly correlated electronic systems are currently intensely studied
in relation with high $T_c$ superconductivity. Recently there has been
a renewed interest in the one-dimensional t-J model as an integrable
low dimensional version of a strongly correlated electronic system.
The t-J model was proposed by F.C. Zhang and T.M. Rice\upref zhri/.
P.W. Anderson claimed that two-dimensional systems may share features
of one-dimensional systems\upref pw2/, which could imply a certain
relevance of some results obtained for the one-dimensional t-J model
to high $T_c$ superconductivity.

The model describes electrons on a one-dimensional lattice with a
Hamiltonian that includes nearest neighbour hopping (t) and nearest
neighbour spin exchange and charge interactions (J). The Hilbert space
of the model is constrained to exclude double occupancy of any single
site, which corresponds to an infinite on-site repulsion.

Electrons on a lattice are described by operators $c_{j,\sigma}\ $,
$j=1,\ldots,L$, $\sigma=\pm 1$, where $L$ is the total number
of lattice sites. These are canonical Fermi operators with
anti-commutation relations given by $\{ c^\dagger_{i,\sigma} ,
c_{j,\tau} \} = \delta_{i,j} \delta_{\sigma,\tau}$. The state
$|0\rangle $ (the Fock vacuum) satisfies $c_{i,\sigma} |0\rangle = 0$.
Due to the constraint excluding double occupancy there are three
possible electronic states at a given lattice site $i$
$$\putequation{config}$$
By $n_{i,\sigma}= c^\dagger_{i,\sigma} c_{i,\sigma}$ we denote the number
operator for electrons with spin $\sigma$ on site $i$ and we write
$n_i=n_{i,1} + n_{i,-1}$. The spin-operators $S=\sum_{j=1}^L
S_j$, $S^\dagger =\sum_{j=1}^L S^\dagger_j$, $S^z=\sum_{j=1}^L S^z_j$,
$$\putequation{spin}$$
form an $su(2)$ algebra and they commute with the hamiltonian
that we consider below. [We shall always give local expressions
${\cal O}_j$ for symmetry generators, implying that the global ones
are obtained as ${\cal O} = \sum_{j=1}^L {\cal O}_j$.]
The Hamiltonian on a lattice of $L$ sites is given by the following
expression :
$$\putequation{h}$$
The projectors $(1-n_{j,-\sigma})$ in the kinetic energy terms ensure
that $H$ acts within the constrained Hilbert space, {\sl i.e.} does not
create states with double occupancy.
A equivalent expression for $H$ is
$$\putequation{hugly}$$
where ${\cal P}$ is the projector on the subspace of non-doubly occupied
states.
It was shown in [{\putref{Schlotti}] that the model described by
(\putlab{h}) is integrable and can be solved by coordinate space Bethe
Ansatz. In addition it is possible to map it onto the integrable
quantum lattice gas of Lai and Sutherland{\upref Lai,Bill/}.

The thermodynamics of the model were treated in [\putref{Schlotti,
Sarkar}] and the ground state properties and excitation spectrum were
investigated in [\putref{BarBlO,BarBl,Bares}].

As the number operator for electrons $\hat N = \sum_{j=1}^L
\sum_{\sigma = \pm 1} n_{j,\sigma}$ commutes with $H$, we can add a
term $2\ \hat N-L$ to the hamiltonian without changing the set of
eigenvectors.
Physically this just amounts to a shift of the chemical potential.
For the special value\footnote{The case $-J=2t$ can be
obtained from $J=2t$ {\sl via} the transformation \hfill\break
$c_j\rightarrow (-1)^j c_j\ ,\quad c^\dagger_j\rightarrow (-1)^j
c^\dagger_j$} $J=2t=2$ the shifted hamiltonian now exhibits a number
of interesting properties:\hfill\break
Firstly it is supersymmetric, {\sl i.e.} it commutes with all nine
generators of the superalgebra $u(1|2)$\upref Sarkar,BarBlO/.
Secondly it can be written as a graded permutation operator\upref
Sarkar,BarBlO/:
$$\putequation{hpi}$$
The operator $\Pi ^{j,j+1}$ permutes
the three possible configurations (\putlab{config})
between the sites $j$ and $j+1$, picking up a minus sign if both of
the permuted configurations are fermionic, {\sl i.e.}
$$\putequation{perm}$$
It is clear that this form of interaction conserves the individual
numbers $N_\uparrow$ and $N_\downarrow$ of electrons with spin up
and spin down, and due to the constraint of no double
occupancy the number $N_h$ of empty sites (or ``holes'') is also
conserved.\vskip .5cm

The outline of the paper is as follows :\hfill\break
In section $2$ we give a discussion of the supersymmetry of the model
and express the hamiltonian (\putlab{hpi}) in a way most suitable for
the analysis of section $5$.
In section $3$ we perform a detailed construction of the
Algebraic Bethe Ansatz of the model.
We derive three different forms for the Bethe Ansatz Equations (BAE)
and the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix.
Two of these solutions have previously been obtained by
various authors\upref Schlotti,Lai,Bill,Kul/, whereas our third
solution, presented in section $4$, is new.
Our expression for the BAE seems to be
particularly simple and we hope that it will be useful in clarifying
the physical features of the model. The direct physical
consequences of our new solution (like the structure of the ground
states and classification of excitations and correlations) are
currently under investigation\upref{ek}/ and will presented in a
future publication.
The graded Quantum Inverse Scattering Method (QISM), discussed in
section $3$, enables us to obtain expressions for (an infinite
number of) higher conservation laws at the quantum level. These
conserved charges are of interest, because physical interactions,
although of short range, are not generally well approximated by
interactions involving only nearest neighbours.
The charges under consideration involve interactions of longer range
(next nearest neighbours, next next nearest {\sl etc.})
and can be added to the hamiltonian without spoiling the
integrability of the model. Thus it is possible to construct
integrable models with longer range interactions by using higher
conservation laws\upref Frahm/.
The first nontrivial higher integral of motion is for example given by
the expression
$$\putequation{hintro}$$
where $H^{k,k+1}$ is the density of the hamiltonian defined in
(\putlab{hpi}).
Section $5$ is devoted to the derivation of explicit formulas for
higher conservation laws.
{\bfs \section{Supersymmetry of the t-J model}}
For $J=2t$ the t-J model exhibits a (global) $u(1|2)$ invariance
on the constrained Hilbert space. In the literature this symmetry
algebra has frequently been denoted by $spl(2,1)$\upref BarBlO/. The relation
between $spl(2,1)$ and $su(1|2)$ (neglecting the trivial $u(1)$ factor
for the time being) is as follows :\hfill\break
The algebra $su(1|2)$ is a real form of the complex Lie-superalgebra
$sl(1,2;{\Odoubled C})$, whereas $spl(2,1)$ is an equivalent notation for
$sl(1,2;{\Odoubled C})$. For our purposes it is more convenient to work
with a real base field, so that we will work in a representation of
$u(1|2)$.
The generators of the $u(1|2)$ algebra are given by \upref sup/ (we
write ${\cal O} = \sum_{j=1}^L {\cal O}_j$)

$$\putequation{u12}$$

The operators $S,\ S^\dagger,\ S^z,\ Q_1,\ Q^\dagger_1,\ Q_{-1},\
Q^\dagger_{-1},\ T$ generate the $su(1|2)$ subalgebra of $u(1|2)$.

In the fundamental representation there exists an invariant,
nondegenerate bilinear form $K_{\alpha\beta}$ on $u(1|2)$, which is
given as the supertrace over two generators \upref Cornwell/
$$\putequation{kab}$$
and which is explicitly computed in Appendix A.
Note that the nondegeneracy of $K_{\alpha\beta}$ is a feature of the
fundamental representation and does not generally hold for other
representations, because $u(1|2)$ is not semisimple.
For later use we define the structure constants of $u(1|2)$ as
$$\putequation{f}$$
where $\epsilon_\alpha$ are the Grassmann parities of the generators
$J_{k,\alpha}$ ({\sl i.e. }$\epsilon =1$ for the fermionic generators $J_4\ldots
J_7$ and $\epsilon=0$ for the rest).

The Hamiltonian of the t-J model on the constrained Hilbert space can
now be expressed in terms of the densities $J_{k,\alpha}$
as
$$\putequation{H}$$
where we have used (\putlab{u12}) and the explicit expression for
$K_{\alpha\beta}$ given in Appendix A.
In this form the global $u(1|2)$ invariance of the hamiltonian is
easily confirmed
$$\putequation{inv}$$
The ``manifestly supersymmetric'' expression for the hamiltonian
(\putlab{H}) in terms of the Killing form will enable us to express
the higher conservation laws we derive in section $4$, in an $u(1|2)$
invariant way.
{\bfs\section{Graded Quantum Inverse Scattering Method}}
In this section we construct the enveloping spin model of the
hamiltonian of the one-dimensional supersymmetric t-J model, using
the Quantum Inverse Scattering Method (QISM).
Due to the fact that we are dealing with a supersymmetric theory it is
necessary to modify the QISM along the lines discussed
in [\putref{Kul, SklKul}].
Below we give a summary of the ``graded'' version of the QISM.
We start with an $R$-matrix, obeying a graded Yang Baxter
equation, and construct from it a ``fundamental'' spin model ({\sl
i.e.} the $L$-operator is constructed directly from the $R$-matrix).
We then show that the trace identities of the corresponding
transfer matrix give rise to the hamiltonian of the t-J model.
Finally we construct a set of simultaneous eigenstates of the
transfer matrix and the hamiltonian, using a nested Algebraic Bethe
Ansatz\footnote{For a general introduction to the Algebraic
Bethe Ansatz we refer to the publications
(\putref{Vlad,FT,FT2}).}(NABA)\upref Kul,KulRe,KulRe2,Taktajan/.
Due to the grading there exist three choices for the $R$-matrix, all
of them describing the same physical system, but leading to different
(yet equivalent as shown in Appendix C) forms of the NABA.
Two of these possibilities of performing a Bethe
Ansatz analysis are equivalent to the coordinate space Bethe Ansatz
solutions of Lai and Sutherland. We reproduce their respective
periodic boundary conditions and expressions for energy eigenvalues of
the hamiltonian.

\subsection{3.1.\ \sl Yang Baxter Equation}

Consider the graded linear space $V^{(m|n)}= V^m \oplus V^n $, where
$m$ and $n$ denote the dimensions of the ``even'' ($V^m$) and ``odd''
($V^n$) parts, and $\oplus$ denotes the direct sum.
Let $\lbrace e_1,\ldots ,e_{m+n}\rbrace$ be a basis of $V^{(m+n)}$,
such that $\lbrace e_1,\ldots ,e_m\rbrace$ is a basis of $V^m$ and
$\lbrace e_{m+1},\ldots ,e_{m+n}\rbrace$ is a basis of $V^n$.
The Grassmann parities of the basis vectors are given by $\epsilon_1=\ldots
=\epsilon_m =0$ and $\epsilon_{m+1}=\ldots =\epsilon_{m+n} =1$.
Linear operators on $V^{(m|n)}$ can be represented in block form ($M\in
End(V^{(m|n)})$)
$$\putequation{linops}$$
The supertrace is defined as
$$\putequation{str}$$
where the traces on the r.h.s. are the usual operator traces in $V^m$
and $V^n$.
We now define the graded tensor product space $V^{(m|n)}\otimes
V^{(m|n)}$ in terms of its basis vectors $\lbrace e_a\otimes
e_b|a,b=1,\ldots, m+n\rbrace$ as follows
$$\putequation{tensorprod}$$
Compared to the ``ordinary'' tensor product the additional factor
$(-1)^{\epsilon_{v_a}\epsilon_b}$ occurs, which originates in passing $v_a$ past
$e_b$.
The action of the right linear operator $F\otimes G$ on the vector
$v\otimes w$ in $V^{(m|n)}\otimesV^{(m|n)}$ is given by
$$\putequation{linop}$$
Therefore its matrix elements are of the form
$$\putequation{linopmat}$$
The identity operator in $V^{(m|n)}\otimesV^{(m|n)}$ is given by
$I^{a_1 b_1}_{a_2 b_2} = \delta_{a_1b_1}\delta_{a_2b_2} $
and the matrix $\Pi$ that permutes the individual linear spaces in the
tensor product space, is of the form
$$\putequation{pigr}$$
The physical relevance of the above construction is as follows :
If we consider a lattice gas of $m$ species of bosons and $n$ species
of fermions, then $V^{(m|n)}$ denotes the space of configurations at
every site of the lattice. For the example of the t-J model we have
$m=1,\ n=2$ and the three allowed configurations are given by
(\putlab{config}). The tensor product space $V^{(1|2)}\otimesV^{(1|2)}$
describes two neighbouring sites, and owing to the fermionic nature of
some of the configurations, the tensor product has to carry a grading.
$\Pi$ permutes configurations on neighbouring
sites, and we pick up a minus sign if we permute two fermions.

A matrix $R(\l{})$ (depending on a spectral parameter $\l{}$) is said
to fulfill a graded Yang-Baxter-equation, if the
following identity on $V^{(m|n)}\otimes V^{(m|n)}\otimes V^{(m|n)}$ holds
$$\putequation{YBE1}$$
In components this identity reads
$$\putequation{YBE}$$
Note that despite the fact that the tensor product in (\putlab{YBE1})
carries a grading, there are no extra signs in (\putlab{YBE}) compared
to the nongraded case.
It is easily checked that the R-matrix
$$\putequation{Rgen}$$
fulfills equation (\putlab{YBE}).

\subsection{3.2.\ \sl Construction of the Transfer matrix}
\subsectionnum=2

By multiplying (\putlab{YBE}) by
$\Pi^{f_3 e_3}_{f_1 a_1}\ \Pi^{e_2 a_2}_{e_3 a_3}$
from the left one can derive the equation
$$\putequation{int}$$
In matrix notation (\putlab{int}) reads
$$\putequation{YBE2}$$
where the indices $1,2,3$ indicate in which of the spaces $V^{(m|n)}$ in
the tensor product space $V^{(m|n)}\otimes V^{(m|n)}\otimes V^{(m|n)}$ the matrices
act nontrivially.
The tensor product in (\putlab{YBE2}) is between the spaces $1$ and
$2$.  We now call the third space ``quantum space''and the first two
spaces ``matrix spaces''.
The physical interpretation of the quantum space is as the Hilbert
space over a single site of a one-dimensional lattice. We now consider
the situation, where intertwining relations of the type
(\putlab{YBE2}) hold for all sites of a lattice of length $L$. The
quantum space index ``$3$'' now gets replaced by an index labelling
the number of the site.
We define the $L$-operator (on site $n$) as a linear operator on
${\cal H}_n\otimes V^{(m|n)}_{matrix}$ (where ${\cal H}_n\simeq V^{(m|n)}$
is the Hilbert space over the $n^{th}$ site, and $V^{(m|n)}_{matrix}$ is
a matrix space)
$$\putequation{LR}$$
$L_n$ is a quantum operator valued $(m+n)\times (m+n)$ matrix, with
quantum operators acting nontrivially in the $n^{th}$ quantum space
(of the direct product Hilbert space over the complete lattice
$\otimes_{j=1}^L {\cal H}_j$).
The greek indices are the ``quantum indices'' and the roman indices
are the ``matrix indices''.
Equation (\putlab{YBE2}) for the $n^{th}$ quantum space can now be
rewritten as the operator equation
$$\putequation{int1}$$
In matrix notation (\putlab{int1}) takes the form
$$\putequation{int2}$$
Here the graded tensor product is between the two matrix spaces and
$R$ only acts in the matrix spaces.
The intertwining relation (\putlab{int2}) enables us to construct an
integrable spin model as follows :\hfill\break
We first define the monodromy matrix $T_L(\l{})$ as the matrix product
over the $L$-operators on all sites of the lattice, {\sl i.e.}
$$\putequation{mon}$$
$T_L(\l{})$ is a quantum operator valued $(m+n)\times (m+n)$ matrix
that acts nontrivially in the graded tensor product of all quantum
spaces of the lattice and by construction fullfills the same
intertwining relation as the $L$-operators (as can be proven by
induction over the length of the lattice)
$$\putequation{intT}$$
The transfer matrix $\tau (\l{})$ of the integrable spin model is now
given as the matrix supertrace of the mondromy matrix
$$\putequation{tau}$$
As a consequence of (\putlab{intT}) transfer matrices with different
spectral parameters commute. This condition implies that
the transfer matrix is the generating functional of
the hamiltonian and of an infinite number of ``higher'' conservation
laws of the model.

\subsection{3.3.\ \sl Trace Identities}
\subsectionnum=3

Taking logarithmic derivatives of the transfer matrix at a special
value of the spectral parameter, one can generate higher conservation
laws\upref{Vlad}/.
For our specific case at hand, {\sl i.e.} the $R$-matrix
(\putlab{Rgen}), the corresponding hamiltonian is obtained by taking
the first logarithmic derivative at zero spectral parameter
$$\putequation{trid1}$$
The proof of this identity can be carried out in the same way as for
the ungraded case, the main difference being the grading
of the tensor product of the quantum spaces (see (\putlab{mon})).
By shifting the energy eigenvalues by a constant we
obtain the expression (\putlab{hpi}) for the hamiltonian of the t-J
model
$$\putequation{trid2}$$
if we choose our underlying graded vector space to have signature
$(1,2)$, {\sl i.e.} to have a basis with two fermionic and one bosonic
state.
This shows that the transfer matrix constructed from the $L$-operator
(\putlab{LR}) and $R$-matrix (\putlab{Rgen}) is indeed the correct
transfer matrix for the one-dimensional supersymmetric t-J model.
Higher conservation laws are obtained as the coefficients of the power
series
$$\putequation{hcl}$$
There exists however a simpler method for the construction of higher
integrals of motion than taking logarithmic derivatives, which we will
discuss in section $5$.

\subsection{3.4.\ \sl Algebraic Bethe Ansatz with a bosonic background
(FFB grading)\hfill\break \null\qquad Lai solution}

Due to the constraint of no double occupancy there are three different
configurations per site for the t-J model.
Thus the Hilbert space at the $k^{th}$ site of the lattice is
isomorphic to ${\Odoubled C}^3$ and is spanned by
the three vectors $e_1 = \pmatrix{1&0&0\cr}^T$, $e_2 =
\pmatrix{0&1&0\cr}^T$ and $e_3 = \pmatrix{0&0&1\cr}^T$.
In this section we consider a grading such that
$e_1$ and $e_2$ are fermionic (representing spin down/spin up
electrons respectively) and $e_3$ is bosonic (empty site).
In terms of the Grassmann parities this means that $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_2=1$ and
$\epsilon_3 = 0$.
We pick the reference state in the $k^{th}$ quantum space $|0\rangle _k$,
and the vacuum $|0\rangle$ of the complete lattice of $L$ sites, to
be purely bosonic, {\sl i.e.}
$$\putequation{vacuum}$$
This choice of grading implies that $R(\mu ) =b(\mu ) I + a(\mu ) \Pi$
is given by the following expression
{\baselineskip=12pt $$\putequation{R}$$}
The $L$-operator is defined by (\putlab{LR}) and is of the form
$$\putequation{Lop}$$
where $e_n^{ab}$ are quantum operators in the $n^{th}$ quantum space
with matrix representation $(e_n^{ab})_{\alpha\beta} = \delta _{a\alpha}\delta
_{b\beta}$.
The monodromy matrix (\putlab{mon}) is a quantum operator valued
$3\times 3$ matrix, which we represent as
$$\putequation{T}$$
The transfer matrix is then given as
$$\putequation{tau2}$$
The action of $L_k(\l{})$ on the reference state on the $k^{th}$ site
is
$$\putequation{Lvac}$$
Using (\putlab{mon}) and (\putlab{Lvac}) we determine the action of
the monodromy matrix on the reference state to be
$$\putequation{Tvac}$$
We will now construct a set of eigenstates of the transfer matrix
using the technique of the NABA.
Inspection of (\putlab{Tvac})
reveals that $C_1(\lambda )$ and $C_2(\lambda )$ are creation operators (of
odd Grassmann parity) with respect to our choice of reference state.
This observation leads us to the following Ansatz for the eigenstates
of $\tau(\mu )$
$$\putequation{state1}$$
where the indices $a_j$ run over the values $1,2$, and
$F^{a_n\ldots a_1}$ is a function of the spectral parameters $\l{j}$.
The action of the transfer matrix on states of the form
(\putlab{state1}) is determined by (\putlab{Tvac}) and the
intertwining relations (\putlab{intT}).
The components of the intertwining relations (\putlab{intT}) needed
for the construction of the NABA are
$$\putequation{AC}$$
where
$$\putequation{r}$$
Here ${\Pi^{(1)}}^{ab}_{cd} = -\delta_{ad}\ \delta_{bc}$ is the
$4\times 4$ permutation matrix corresponding to the grading
$\epsilon_1=\epsilon_2=1$.
$r(\mu)$ can be seen to fulfill a (graded) Yang-Baxter equation on its
own
$$\putequation{ybe}$$
and can be identified with the $R$-matrix of a fundamental spin model
describing two species of fermions.
Using (\putlab{AC}) we find that
the diagonal elements of the monodromy matrix act on the states
(\putlab{state1}) as follows
$$\putequation{Dstate}$$
$$\putequation{Astate}$$
where
$$\putequation{tau1}$$
$L^{(1)}$ and $r(\mu)$ can be
interpreted as $L$-operator and $R$-matrix of a fundamental spin model
($r$ fullfills the Yang-Baxter equation (\putlab{ybe})), describing two
species of fermions. Hence $T_n^{(1)}(\mu )$ and $\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$
are the monodromy matrix and transfer matrix of the corresponding
{\sl inhomogeneous} model.
Inspection of (\putlab{Dstate}) and (\putlab{Astate}) together with
(\putlab{tau2}) shows that the eigenvalue condition
$$\putequation{ew}$$
leads to the requirements that $F$ ought to be an eigenvector of the
``nested'' transfer matrix $\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$, and that the ``unwanted
terms'' cancel, {\sl i.e.}
$$\putequation{unw}$$
The relative sign in (\putlab{unw}) is due to the supertrace in
(\putlab{tau2}) and (\putlab{ew}).
The quantities $\Lambda_k$ and $\tilde\Lambda_k$ are computed in
Appendix A. Using their explicit expressions in (\putlab{unw}) we
obtain the following conditions on the spectral parameters
$\l{j}$ and coefficients $F$, which are necessary for (\putlab{ew}) to
hold
$$\putequation{PBC}$$
This completes the first step of the NABA. In the next step we will
now solve the nesting.
The condition that $F$ ought to be an eigenvector of $\tau ^{(1)}(\mu )$
requires the diagonalisation of $\tau ^{(1)}(\mu )$, which can be carried
out by a second, ``nested'' Bethe Ansatz.
{}From (\putlab{ybe}) and (\putlab{tau1}) the following intertwining
relation is easily derived
$$\putequation{intnest}$$
If we write
$$\putequation{T1}$$
then (\putlab{intnest}) and (\putlab{r}) imply that
$$\putequation{intnest2}$$
As the reference state for the nesting we pick
$$\putequation{vacnest}$$
The action of the nested monodromy matrix $T^{(1)}_n(\mu )$on the
reference state $|0\rangle^{(1)} $ is determined by (\putlab{tau1}) and we find
$$\putequation{tvac}$$
We now make the following Ansatz for the eigenstates of
$\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$
$$\putequation{state2}$$
These states can be related to the coefficients $F^{a_n\ldots
a_1}$ in the following way :\hfill\break
The state ${|\1l{1},\ldots , \1l{n_1}\rangle}$ ``lives'' on a lattice
of $n$ sites and is thus an element of a direct product over $n$
Hilbert spaces. In components it reads ${|\1l{1}\ldots
\1l{n_1}\rangle}_{a_n\ldots a_1}$, which can be directly identified
with $F^{a_n,\ldots ,a_1}$.

The action of $\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$ on the states (\putlab{state2}) can
be evaluated with the help of the intertwiners (\putlab{intnest2})
$$\putequation{ADstate1}$$
$$\putequation{ADstate2}$$

{}From (\putlab{ADstate1}) and (\putlab{ADstate2})
one can read off the eigenvalues of
$\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$
$$\putequation{eig}$$

Inserting this expression for the special value $\mu = \l{k}$ into
(\putlab{PBC}), we obtain the first set of Bethe equations
$$\putequation{PBC2}$$

The unwanted terms $\Lambda^{(1)}_k$ and $\tilde\Lambda^{(1)}_k$ are
computed in Appendix A and their cancellation (which ensures that the
states (\putlab{state2}) are eigenstates of the transfer matrix
$\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$ ) leads to the following set of Bethe equations for
the nesting
$$\putequation{pbc}$$

Due to our choice of grading $n$ and $n_1$ can be identified as the
total number of electrons and the number of spin down electrons
respectively, {\sl i.e.} $n=N_e=N_{\uparrow} +N_{\downarrow}$, and
$n_1 = N_{\downarrow}$.
If we define shifted spectral parameters according to
${\tilde\l{k}} = \l{k}+{i\over 2}$, we obtain
the Bethe equations in their ``generic'' form
$$\putequation{BE}$$
The eigenvalues of the transfer matrix (\putlab{ew}) are given by
$$\putequation{evtau}$$
Using the trace identities (\putlab{trid2}) it is possible to obtain
the energy eigenvalues from the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix and
we find
$$\putequation{energy}$$
where we have reparametrised ${\tilde\lambda}_j={1\over 2}cot({k_j\over 2})$.
The periodic boundary conditions (\putlab{BE}) and the energy
(\putlab{energy}) are in perfect agreement with the expressions
derived by Lai\upref Lai/ and by Schlottmann\upref Schlotti/.

\subsection{3.5.\ \sl Algebraic Bethe Ansatz with a fermionic background
I (BFF grading)\hfill\break \null\qquad Sutherland solution}

In this section we consider a grading such that
$e_2$ and $e_3$ are fermionic (representing spin down/spin up
electrons respectively) and $e_1$ is bosonic (empty site).
In terms of the Grassmann parities this means that $\epsilon_2=\epsilon_3=1$ and
$\epsilon_1 = 0$.
We pick the reference state in the $k^{th}$ quantum space $|0\rangle _k$
and the vacuum $|0\rangle$ of the complete lattice of $L$ sites to
be fermionic with all spins up, {\sl i.e.}
$$\putequation{vacuum2}$$
This choice of grading implies that $R$ is of the form
{\baselineskip=12pt $$\putequation{R2}$$}
The L-operator is
$$\putequation{Lop2}$$
The action of $L_k(\l{})$ on the reference state on site $k$ is
$$\putequation{Lvac2}$$
We partition the monodromy matrix as before in (\putlab{T}),
which implies that the transfer matrix is now given by
$$\putequation{tau22}$$
The action of the monodromy matrix on the reference state follows from
(\putlab{Lvac2})
$$\putequation{Tvac2}$$
and inspection of (\putlab{Tvac2}) reveals that $C_{1}(\lambda )$ and
$C_{2}(\lambda )$ are creation
operators of odd and even Grassmann parity respectively.
We make the following Ansatz for the eigenstates of $\tau(\mu )$
$$\putequation{state12}$$
The intertwining relations are found to be
$$\putequation{AC2}$$
where
$$\putequation{r2}$$
and $\Pi_{BF}$ and $\Pi_{FB}$ are the permutation matrices for the gradings
$\epsilon_1 = 0\ , \ \epsilon_2 =1$ and $\epsilon_1 =1\ ,\ \epsilon_2 =0$ respectively.
Using (\putlab{AC2}) we find that
the diagonal elements of the monodromy matrix act on the states
(\putlab{state12}) as follows
$$\putequation{Dstate2}$$
$$\putequation{Astate2}$$
where
$$\putequation{tausuth}$$
Here all indices $c_i$ and $c$ are summed over.
The expression for $\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$ is significantly different from
the one in the $FFB$ case treated in section $3.4.$, but
$\tau^{(1)}(\mu)$ can nonetheless be interpreted as the transfer
matrix of an inhomogeneous spin model on a lattice of $n$ sites. Our
reference state $|0\rangle$ is now of fermionic nature and we have to define a
new graded tensor product reflecting this fact
$$\putequation{newgrtp}$$
Effectively the new graded tensor product switches even and odd
Grassmann parities, {\sl i.e.} $\epsilon_a\longrightarrow \epsilon_a +1$.
In terms of this tensor product the transfer matrix $\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$
given by (\putlab{tausuth}) can be obtained as
$$\putequation{tau12}$$
In the second line of (\putlab{tau12}) we have explicitly written the
tensor product $\bar\otimes$ between the quantum spaces over the sites of the
inhomogeneous model (the $L$-operators are of course again multiplied
as matrices). As before $F^{a_n\ldots a_1}$ must be an eigenvector of
$\tau^{(1)}(\mu )$, if $|\l{1}\ldots \l{n}|F\rangle$ is to be an
eigenstate of $\tau (\mu)$.
The unwanted terms can be computed in a similar way to the ones
described for the $FFB$ grading in Appendix B.
The condition of the cancellation of the unwanted terms
$$\putequation{cancelbff}$$
leads to the conditions
$$\putequation{pbcbff1}$$
To solve the nesting we first have to note that because of our change
of tensor product, the L-operators $L^{(1)}(\lambda)$ are not intertwined
by the R-matrix $r(\mu)$ defined in (\putlab{r2}), but by the R-matrix
$$\putequation{otherr}$$
The intertwining relation
$$\putequation{intnestbff1}$$
together with the choice of vacuum
$$\putequation{vacnest2}$$
can be analysed along the same lines as for the nesting in section
$3.4$ . It can be shown that they represent a model of the permutation
type with $BF$ grading (describing one species of bosons and one
species of fermions).
The resulting Bethe equations are
$$\putequation{BE2}$$
The choice of grading implies that $n$ and $n_1$ are the number of
holes plus the number of spins down and the number of holes
respectively.
If we shift the spectral parameters according to
$$\putequation{shift}$$
we obtain Sutherland's form of the periodic boundary
conditions\upref{Bill}/ \footnote{For an odd number of lattice sites
Sutherland's equation $(62\alpha)$ should be corrected by a factor of
$-1$.}
$$\putequation{BE22}$$
The eigenvalues of the transfer matrix are
$$\putequation{taubff}$$
This results in energy eigenvalues
$$\putequation{ebff}$$
where we have reparametrised $\tl{j}={1\over 2} tan({k_j\over 2})$.

{\bfs\section{A new solution of the t-J model (FBF grading)}}
The third and last possibility of choosing the grading is $\epsilon_1 =
\epsilon_3 =1,\ \epsilon_2 = 0$, with $e_1$ representing spin down and $e_3$
spin up.
This case can be analysed in precisely the same way as
the BFF case so that we simply give the final results for the Bethe
equations and eigenvalues of the transfer matrix. The BAE are
$$\putequation{BE3}$$
We again shift the spectral parameters
$$\putequation{shift2}$$
to obtain the final expression for the new set of periodic boundary
conditions for the t-J model
$$\putequation{BE32}$$
The equivalence of the BAE (\putlab{BE32}) to the BAE (\putlab{BE22})
is demonstrated in Appendix C.
The eigenvalues of the transfer matrix are
$$\putequation{taufbf}$$
The energy eigenvalues can be obtained from (\putlab{taufbf}) in the
usual way by taking logarithmic derivatives
$$\putequation{efbf}$$
The string solutions of the BAE (\putlab{BE32}) are of a very
particular structure :\hfill\break
$n$ spectral parameters ${\tilde\lambda}_{n,j}$ ($j=1\ldots n$) combine
with $n-1$ spectral parameters $\lambda^{(1)}_{n-1,k}$ ($k=1\ldots n-1$)
of the nesting into one complex string solution
$$\putequation{strings}$$
Note that due to the symmetry of the hamiltonian under interchange of
spin-up and spin-down there are only three different NABA solutions,
as the other three solutions can be obtained {\sl via} the
substitution $N_\downarrow\leftrightarrow N_\uparrow$.
{\bfs\section{Higher Conservation Laws}}

In this section we derive explicit expressions for the conservation
laws $H_{(3)}$ and $H_{(4)}$ (which involve interactions between $3$
and $4$ neighbouring sites respectively), using a generalisation of
Tetel'man's method\upref Tetelman, Sklyanin/ to the
supersymmetric case.

Let us define the ``boost''-operator
$$\putequation{boost}$$
where $H_{(2)}^{n,n+1}$ is the density of the hamiltonian given by the
right hand side of (\putlab {trid1}).
This operator obviously violates periodicity on the finite chain, but
one can use it nonetheless in commutators which ``differentiate'' the
linear $n$-dependence and yield formally periodic expressions.

The integrals of motion can now be sucessively obtained by commutation
with the boost-operator
$$\putequation{hcl2}$$
where
$$\putequation{boost2}$$

This can be seen as follows:\hfill\break
If we introduce the matrix
$$\putequation{Rtilde}$$
we can rewrite the intertwining relation (\putlab{int2}) as
$$\putequation{rllkul}$$
Here the $L$-operators are multiplied as quantum operators on both
sides of (\putlab{rllkul}).
If we interchange the roles of matrix and quatum spaces in
(\putlab{rllkul}), we obtain the ``$90$ degree rotated'' intertwining
relation
$$\putequation{90rot}$$
where the index ``$1$'' indicates the matrix space (which is the same
for both $L$'s, they are now multiplied as matrices) and $n$ and $n+1$ label
the quantum spaces. The tensor product is now between the quantum
spaces and $R_{n,n+1}$ is a quantum operator acting in both quantum
spaces. From now on we will drop the matrix space index
on the $L$-operators.
In components (\putlab{90rot}) reads
$$\putequation{90rot1}$$
Now we note that (\putlab{Rtilde}) implies that
$$\putequation{diff}$$
Multiplying (\putlab{90rot1}) by $\lambda -\mu +i$, differentiating with
respect to $\lambda$, setting $\lambda = \mu$, and finally acting on both
sides of the equation with
$\left(\Pi^{n,n+1}\right)^{\beta_1\sigma_1}_{\beta_2\sigma_2}\
(-1)^{\epsilon_{\alpha_1}\epsilon_{\alpha_2}+\epsilon_{\sigma_1}\epsilon_{\sigma_2}}$
from the right, we find
$$\putequation{suth}$$
The tensor product is once again between
quantum space and the dot denotes differentiation with respect to $\mu$.
{}From (\putlab{trid1}) it now follows that
$$\putequation{suth2}$$
Using (\putlab{suth}) it is easy to show that (up to the usual
``problems'' with periodicity)
$$\putequation{hcl-1}$$
and thus
$$\putequation{hcl0}$$
Expanding both sides of (\putlab{hcl0}) in powers of $\mu$ we obtain
(\putlab{hcl2}).
We will now use (\putlab{hcl2}) to obtain explicit
expressions for higher conservation laws.
According to (\putlab{H}) we can write the t-J Hamiltonian in terms of
$u(1|2)$ generators as
$$\putequation{Hagain}$$
$H_{(3)}$ can be obtained by commutation with the boost operator
$\tilde B$
$$\putequation{H3}$$
Using the expressions of the $u(1|2)$ generators
(\putlab{u12}) and the form of $K^{\alpha\beta} =
(K_{\alpha\beta})^{-1}$ given in Appendix A it is possible to rewrite
$H_{(3)}$ in terms of fermionic creation and annihilation operators
\vfill
$$\putequation{H3again}$$
The $u(1|2)$ generators $Q_{j,\sigma},\ Q^\dagger_{j,\sigma}$ are given by
(\putlab{u12}).
The next highest conservation law can be computed along similar lines
and we find
$$\putequation{H4}$$
where ${P}^{k-1,k+1}$ is a graded permuation operator between the
sites $k-1$ and $k+1$ with definition
$$\putequation{P}$$
Inspection of (\putlab{Hagain}) reveals the expressibility of the last
two terms in (\putlab{H4}) in terms of $u(1|2)$ generators
$J_{k,\alpha}$, but the physical nature of the interctions is less
obvious in the resulting expression.\hfill\break
The results for $H_{(3)}$ and $H_{(4)}$ given in (\putlab{H3}) and
(\putlab{H4}) generalise trivially to the case of a lattice gas with
an $u(m|n)$ symmetry\upref{eks}/.

\vskip 1cm
\centerline{\bfs Acknowledgements:}
\hfill\break
We thank P.A. Bares, S. Dasmahapatra, B.A.S. Peeters, N.Yu.
Reshetikhin, E.K. Sklyanin and especially K. Schoutens for
discussions. This paper was typeset in \jyTeX .
\sectionnumstyle{Alphabetic}
\sectionnum=0
\equationnum=0
\begin{appendices}
{\bfs\section{Appendix : The Fundamental Representation of u$(1|2)$}}
In this appendix we write down the fundamental matrix representation
of $u(1|2)$ and use it to compute the inverse Killing form $K^{\alpha\beta}$.
We consider the fundamental
matrix representation on site $k$, where we have chosen the fermionic
states to be
$\pmatrix{1&0&0\cr}^T$ (spin down electrons) and
$\pmatrix{0&1&0\cr}^T$ (spin up electrons) , and the bosonic state to
be $\pmatrix{0&0&1\cr}^T$ (empty site).
The generators are given by
$$\putequation{u12matrix}$$
The generators $J_{k,1},\ldots, J_{k,8}$ are seen to be
super-traceless, {\sl i.e.} $str(J) = J_{33}-J_{22}-J_{11} =0$.
The grading of the algebra is described in terms of Grassmann parities
$\epsilon _\alpha$, which are given by
$$\putequation{gp}$$
$K_{\alpha\beta} = \left(K^{\alpha\beta}\right)^{-1}$ is now given by the
following expression \upref Cornwell/
{\baselineskip=12pt $$\putequation{Kab}$$}
\vfill
{\bfs\section{Appendix : Computation of the ``unwanted terms'' for
the FFB grading}}
In this section we compute the so-called ``unwanted terms'' in the
expressions (\putlab{Dstate}), (\putlab{Astate}), (\putlab{ADstate1})
and (\putlab{ADstate2}).
The ``unwanted terms'' are characterised by containing a creation
operator $C$ with spectral parameter (SP) $\mu$ in place of a creation
operator with SP $\l{k}$ (or $\1l{k}$ for the nesting).
The condition of cancellation of these unwanted terms leads to the
Bethe equations.
In order to obtain the expression for ${\tilde \Lambda}_k$, we first
move the creation operator with SP $\l{k}$ to the first place in
(\putlab{state1}), using
(\putlab{AC})
$$\putequation{front}$$
To get an unwanted term, we now have to use the second term in
(\putlab{AC}) to move $D$ past $C_{b_k}(\l{k})$, and then always the
first term in (\putlab{AC}) to move $D$ (which now carries SP $\l{k}$)
to the very right, until it hits the vacuum, on which it acts according
to (\putlab{Tvac}).
This way we obtain
$$\putequation{laktilde}$$
The computation of $\Lambda_k$ is more complicated. We first derive an
expression for the contribution of $A_{11}(\mu )$, which we denote by
$\Lambda_{k,1}$. Proceeding along the same lines as in the computation
of ${\tilde \Lambda}_k$, we find
$$\putequation{lak1}$$
The $\delta_{d_{n-1},1}$ stems from the action of $A_{1,d_{n-1}}(\l{k})$
(which is what we get after moving $A$ past all the $C$'s) on the vacuum.
We also had to include a $\delta_{b_{k},1}$ due to the fact that in
(\putlab{Astate}) we denoted by $b_k$ the index of the $C$ with SP
$\mu$ (this means that on the l.h.s. of (\putlab{lak1}) $b_k$ is
really equal to $1$, too).
The contribution of $A_{22}(\mu )$ differs only in factors
$\delta_{b_{k},2}\delta_{d_{n-1},2}$ instead of
$\delta_{b_{k},1}\delta_{d_{n-1},1}$, so that the result for $\Lambda_k =
\Lambda_{k,1}+\Lambda_{k,2}$ is found to be
$$\putequation{lak2}$$
This expression can (and must be) simplified by carrying out the
contractions over the summation indices $c_1,\ldots ,c_k$.
Noting that
$$\putequation{invr}$$
we are able to perform all $c_i$-summations with the result
$$\putequation{Sr}$$
Now we transform the remaining $r$-matrices into $L$-operators, using
the identity
$$\putequation{raise}$$
The second equality holds, because $\epsilon_1=\epsilon_2=1$.
Thus we obtain our final form for the unwanted terms due to
$A_{11}(\mu )+A_{22}(\mu )$
$$\putequation{lak3}$$
We now insert (\putlab{lak3}) and (\putlab{laktilde}) into the
condition (\putlab{unw}) for the cancellation of the unwanted terms,
and multiply the resulting equation by the inverse of $S(\l{k})^{b_1\ldots
b_k}_{a_1\ldots a_k}$, which satisfies $\left(S^{-1}(\l{k})\right)^{p_1\ldots
p_k}_{b_1\ldots b_k}\ \times$ $\left(S(\l{k})\right)^{b_1\ldots
b_k}_{a_1\ldots a_k} = \prod_{i=1}^k \delta_{a_i,p_i}$, and which is
computed {\sl via}
(\putlab{invr}).
\vfill\hfill\break
After some trivial rearrangements we arrive at
$$\putequation{cancel}$$
This implies (\putlab{PBC}).\par
The unwanted terms (\putlab{ADstate1}) for the nesting can be computed
along similar lines and we easily find that
$$\putequation{1lak}$$
The cancellation of the unwanted terms for the nesting implies
(\putlab{pbc}).
{\bfs\section{Appendix : Equivalence of the BAE}}
In this appendix we establish the equivalence of our new set of BAE
(\putlab{BE32}) with the set obtained by Sutherland (\putlab{BE22}).
We use a method developed by Bares {\sl et.al.} in [\putref{Bares2}]
(see Appendix C of their paper) to show the equivalence of the
solutions of Sutherland and Lai (see also [\putref{Woynar}]).\par
We start by expressing the second set of our new BAE
$$\putequation{BAEnew}$$
as a polynomial equation of degree $N_h+N_\downarrow$
$$\putequation{pol}$$
Among the roots $w_j,\ j=1\ldots N_h+N_\downarrow$ of (\putlab{pol})
we consider $N_\downarrow$ roots $w_1,\ldots ,w_{N_\downarrow}$,
which we identify with $\1l{1},\ldots ,\1l{N_\downarrow}$.
The $N_h$ other roots of (\putlab{pol}) we denote by ${w^\prime}_j$.
Using the residue theorem we can derive the following equality
$$\putequation{res}$$
where $C_j$ is a small contour around $w_j$.
The branch cut of the logarithm extends from $z_n=\tl{l}+{i\over 2}$
to $z_p=\tl{l}-{i\over 2}$. By deforming the contours on the r.h.s. of
(\putlab{res}) we arrive the the following equality
$$\putequation{res2}$$
where the last term on the r.h.s. comes from integration around the
branch cut. The form of the polynomial $p$ now implies that
$$\putequation{cut}$$
Inserting (\putlab{cut}) into (\putlab{res2}) and exponentiating the
result we obtain the identity
$$\putequation{id}$$
Now we use (\putlab{id}) in the first set of BAE in (\putlab{BAEnew})
with the result
$$\putequation{BAEsuth1}$$
This is precisely the first set of BAE in the Sutherland form
(\putlab{BE22}), if we make the identification ${w^\prime}_k =
\2t{k}$. The second set of the BAE (\putlab{BE22}) is also fullfilled
by the spectral parameters $\2t{k}$, because they are roots of the
equivalent polynomial equation (\putlab{pol}) (this is because the BAE
of the nesting for the Sutherland solution and the new solution are
identical).
Thus we have established the equivalence of the BAE (\putlab{BE32})
and (\putlab{BE22}).
\end{appendices}
\begin{putreferences}
\centerline{\bfs REFERENCES}
\vskip .5cm
\reference{Cornwell}{J.F. Cornwell, {\it Group Theory in Physics,
Vol III: Supersymmetries and Infinite-Dimensional Algebras}, Academic
Press (1989). The algebras $SU(n|m)$ are discussed on page 270.}
\reference{HaBe}{H.Bethe,\ \ZP{71}{1931}{205}.}
\reference{Yang}{C.N.Yang,\ \PRL{19}{1967}{1312}.}
\reference{Vlad}{V.E. Korepin, G. Izergin and N.M. Bogoliubov,
  {\it Quantum Inverse Scattering Method, Correlation Functions
  and Algebraic Bethe Ansatz}, Cambridge University Press, 1992 }
\reference{FT}{L.D.Faddeev, L. Takhtajan, Zap.Nauch.Semin LOMI Vol 109
(1981)\ p.134.}
\reference{FT2}{L.D.Faddeev in {\it Recent Advances in Field Theory
and Statistical Mechanics, Les Houches 1982}, page 561-608.}
\reference{Kul}{P.P.Kulish,\ \JSM{35}{1985}{2648}.}
\reference{KulRe}{P.P.Kulish, N.Yu. Reshetikhin,\ \JPA{16}{1983}{L591}.}
\reference{KulRe2}{P.P.Kulish, N.Yu. Reshetikhin,\ \JETP{53}{1981}{108}.}
\reference{BarBl}{P.A.Bares, G.Blatter,\ \PRL{64}{1990}{2567}.}
\reference{BarBlO}{P.A.Bares, G.Blatter, M.Ogata,\ \PRB{44}{1991}{130}.}
\reference{Bares}{P.A.Bares,\ PhD thesis, ETH Z\"urich (1991)}
\reference{Bares2}{P.A.Bares, J.M.P.Carmelo, J.Ferrer, P.Horsch,\ MIT
preprint, February 1992.}
\reference{Bill}{Bill Sutherland,\ \PRB{12}{1975}{3795}.}
\reference{Billy}{Bill Sutherland,\ \PRL{20}{1968}{98}.}
\reference{Lai}{C.K.Lai,\ \JMP{15}{1974}{1675}.}
\reference{Sarkar}{S.Sarkar,\ \JPA{24}{1991}{1137},\ \JPA{23}{1990}{L409}.}
\reference{Schlotti}{P.Schlottmann,\ \PRB{36}{1987}{5177}.}
\reference{Wiegmann}{P.B.Wiegmann,\ \PRL{60}{1988}{821}.}
\reference{Sklyanin}{E.K.Sklyanin,\ Univ. of Helsinki preprint
HU-TFT-91-51, Oct.1991}
\reference{Tetelman}{M.G.Tetel'man,\ \JETP{55}{1982}{306}.}
\reference{Taktajan}{L.Takhtajan,\ \JSM{23}{1983}{2470}.}
\reference{SklKul}{P.P.Kulish, E.K. Sklyanin,\ \JSM{19}{1982}{1596}.}
\reference{sup}{I.Bars, M.G\"unaydin,\ \CMP{91}{1983}{31}.}
\reference{Frahm}{H.Frahm,\ \JPA{25}{1992}{1417}.}
\reference{eks}{F.H.L.E\char'31 ler, V.E.Korepin, K.Schoutens,\
Stony Brook preprint ITP-SB 92-03.}
\reference{pw}{P.W.Anderson,\ \sci{235}{1987}{1196}.}
\reference{pw2}{P.W.Anderson,\ \PRL{65}{1990}{2306}.}
\reference{zhri}{F.C.Zhang, T.M.Rice,\ \PRB{37}{1988}{3759}.}
\reference{ek}{F.H.L.E\char'31 ler, V.E.Korepin,\ in preparation.}
\reference{Woynar}{F.Woynarovich,\ \JPC{16}{1983}{6593}.}
\end{putreferences}
\bye

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Solutions, prices and technologies depend on the particular ambient where the application is thinked (in-the-labeller machine or along the conveyor in case of barcodes' detection) and also on what has to be detected.
the content, the significance of a text or barcode, typically compared with a reference one, the solution has to be based on CCD or CMOS cameras along the conveyor or, in the Labeler machine.
BBD, barcodes and prints are recognized along the conveyor by mean of the application of a single-camera systems immediately after the Printer device. If codes resides on labels, it has to be (mechanically) assured the their constant orientation.
Bottles' constant orientation on a conveyor is rarely observed. It is easy to imagine how the relevance of this factor when trying to inspect barcode, BBD or print when containers are moving along a conveyor. Then, cheap systems base on single cameras are replaced by more expensive systems based on multiple-cameras. These last cover the entire 360º external surface of the bottle, assuring a correct inspection also on populations of containers whose rotation angle ranges until the extremal 360º.


1.Cut the raw tomatoes into 4 pieces each.
3.Fry for 5 min and cool it.
4.Make powder of roasted groundnuts.
to the fried tomatoes & chillies.
Note: Don't make it a very smooth paste, let it be little coarse.
Feel free to comment or share your thoughts on this Raw Tomato Chutney Recipe from Awesome Cuisine.


text:
Impact of the Advanced Microscopies in Material and Life Sciences
Prof Manuel Ricardo Ibarra García, Professor of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza; HKUST IAS Visiting Fellow
Date : 18 Sep 2018 (Tuesday)
Time : 11:00 am - 12:30 pm
Venue : IAS2042, 2/F, Lo Ka Chung Building, Lee Shau Kee Campus, HKUST
New microscopies based on the use of electron/ions sources and tunnel effect have allowed exploring the matter down to the scale of the constituent atoms. They also have established new processes for nanofabrication. Life sciences are increasing their capability to investigate cell structures, virus and proteins. The speaker will report some examples of how they influence in new therapies and diagnosis. They allow the fabrication of nanostructures giving rise to new physical phenomena that can provide new functionalities. In this lecture, the speaker will revise the impact of the aberration corrected electron microscopy to obtain information of the structure and chemical composition at atomic level.
Prof Manuel Ricardo Ibarra García received his BSc in Physics from the University of Granada in 1979 and his PhD in Physics from the University of Zaragoza in 1983. He is the Founding Director of the Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon, Director of the Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, President of the Spanish Integrated Infrastructure for Electron Microscopy of Materials, and Professor of Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Zaragoza, Spain. He also serves as the Head of the Magnetism Section of the European Physical Society and a managing partner of three spin-off companies.
Prof Ibarra's research excellence was recognized by the region of Aragon and the Spanish government. He has made major contributions in areas such as magnetic anisotropy in rare earth intermetallics, colossal magnetoresistance in mixed valent magnetic oxides, giant magnetocaloric effect alloys and the applications of nanoparticles in biomedicine and magnetoresistive sensors.
Prof Ibarra was awarded the Plaque of Honour AEC-2014 by the Spanish Scientists Association and the CSIC Honor Tribute (2009) by the Spanish National Research Council. He also received an honorary doctorate degree from the AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow, Poland (2008). In 2016, he was elected Academician of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical, Chemical and Natural Sciences of Zaragoza.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Sicyopus discordipinnis е вид бодлоперка от семейство Попчеви (Gobiidae).

Разпространение
Видът е разпространен в Австралия (Куинсланд), Индонезия, Папуа Нова Гвинея и Соломонови острови.

Описание
На дължина достигат до 3,4 cm.

Източници

Литература

Външни препратки
 Sicyopus discordipinnis в National Center for Biotechnology Information
 Sicyopus discordipinnis в  Global Biodiversity Information Facility
 Sicyopus discordipinnis в  FishBase

Sicyopus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


How could I not sing of You?
"Molded from the passion of this powerfully-melodic singer and songwriter, Clay is sure to touch the heart strings of all who have the blessing to hear it. Sally Klein O'Connor brings forth this wonderful collection of original and traditional songs as only this anointed singer can do. There are so many beautiful songs on this CD that it was hard to choose just a few of my favorites, but through it all some favorites from this release came to me. The title song, Clay exemplifies Sally's desire to be used by the Lord.


Raised as a wizard-priest in the church of the dark god Zon-Kuthon, Isiem escaped his sadistic masters and became a rebel, leaving behind everything he knew in order to follow his conscience. Now, his unique heritage makes him perfect for a dangerous mission into an ancient dungeon said to hold the magical Nightblade, a weapon capable of slaying devils by the thousands and freeing the world of their fiendish taint. Accompanied by companions ranging from a righteous paladin to mercantile mercenaries, Isiem will lead the expedition back into shadowed lands that are all-too familiar. And what the adventurers find at the dungeon's heart will change them all forever! From critically acclaimed author Liane Merciel comes a tale of horror and second chances, set in the award-winning world of the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game.


These Glass Eyes are an excellent collectible item. They are similar to those used by taxidermists to emulate real eyes. Each eye is of the highest quality and beauty, with irises of varying shades and patterns.
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text:
Ĝatumdug () was a Sumerian goddess worshiped in Lagash. The meaning of her name is unknown.

She was described as the mother of the city-state of Lagash, or as its divine founder. According to inscriptions of Gudea she assigned a lamma (tutelary protective deity) to him.

The early king Ur-Nanshe built a temple dedicated to her. Some of the later Lagashite kings, notably Enanatum I and Enmetena, designated her as their divine mother, though sometimes this role was fulfilled by a different local goddess, Bau, instead (as in the case of Eanatum, Lugalanda and Urukagina). It's possible both goddesses were later synretised.

She continued to be worshiped during the reign of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and documents list offerings of butter, cheese, flour and dates to her.

References

Bibliography

Mesopotamian goddesses
Mother goddesses
Tutelary deities


Solar power costs have fallen dramatically over the last five years, thanks to lower module prices, lower balance of system costs, and increased competition at the development and EPC level. Financing costs have also decreased as investors recognize the low-risk profile of solar assets. As a result, solar power is now cheaper than most alternative power sources.
"For systems with the right economies of scale – 10 MegaWatt (MW) and above – solar power can now be generated at between US$70 and US$100/MWh. That price is more than four times lower than in 2009," says Thierry Lepercq, founder and president of France-based Solairedirect, a world leader in the development of large photovoltaic (PV) power plants with low levelized cost of energy (LCOE).
Within this price range, Saudi Arabia could offer some of the lowest LCOE levels, according to Lepercq, who will be speaking at the second edition of Desert Solar Saudi Arabia conference that will be held from 17-18 September. In particular, he will explore the business case for utility-scale solar plants.
Building on the success of the first Desert Solar conference held last year, the event is once again gathering distinguished stakeholders in the Saudi Arabian solar energy market, hosting more than 150 decision makers from across the industry.
The panel of speakers will include executives from Air Liquide MENA, E.ON, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), and Tokyo Electron Taiwan, as well as Skypower Fas Energy, Solairedirect and First Solar.
"Today in Saudi Arabia, it is possible to reach a solar LCOE of between US$70/MWh in the higher irradiation/elevation areas in the western part of the kingdom, and around US$90/MWh in the Gulf area," reveals Lepercq.
With such competitive costs, the Saudi solar market has been growing steadily. Earlier this year, Solar Frontier completed the 1 MW CPV power plant at the Nofa Equestrian Resort, near Riyadh. And in the next few months, Saudi Aramco's KAPSARC II project that will extend their existing solar plant from 3.5 MW to 5.3 MW should also come online.
"Recent developments in Saudi Arabia, such as the interest of local investors in financing PV projects and the growing amount of traction that EPC companies are gaining, are a clear indication of the Kingdom's potential to evolve into a sustainable solar energy market," said Dr. Raed Bkayrat, Vice President for Saudi Arabia at First Solar, a leading global solar energy solutions provider with over 9 gigawatts (GW) installed worldwide.
"With access to all the critical elements – low-cost finance, land availability, high solar irradiance and locally-based, skilled resources – there is no reason why Saudi Arabia cannot achieve some of the lowest PV levelized costs of electricity in the region," highlights Dr. Bkayrat, who will be sharing insights on solar-powered desalination solutions for Saudi Arabia at the Desert Solar conference.
In addition, "the local PV manufacturing sector, already under development leveraging KSA's excellent industrial infrastructure, with region-specific PV R and D initiatives at local institutions (i.e. KAUST, KACST), would provide a further boost not only to additional cost decrease but also to increased human capital development in the Saudi solar sector" according to Imtiaz Mahtab, a board member of the Saudi Arabia Solar Industry Association (SASIA).
Further cost reductions can be expected as all cost factors continue to improve, down to US$50-US$70/MWh by 2020, according to Lepercq. By then, solar PV power would be by far the cheapest energy in the world.
The Desert Solar Conference is part of a week-long trade mission offering international solar executives and investors the opportunity to meet with a high-level delegation of Saudi solar stakeholders. The event will be held from 14-18 September, 2014 and is jointly organized in by international solar conference organizer Solarplaza and the Saudi Arabia Solar Industry Association (SASIA).
Aiming to reduce both its greenhouse emissions and its use of hydrocarbons to generate power, Qatar is looking to embrace solar technology.
This could lead to the development of a local industry with the potential for exports in the longer term, Global Arab Network reports according to OBG.
On January 9 the international press reported that Qatar was looking to launch an initiative to support the development of alternative energy sources in the Gulf. The announcement was made by Mohammed bin Saleh Al Sada, the Minister of Economy and Energy, at an electricity conference in Doha. Al Sada said that Qatar would launch pilot schemes in the solar sector as part of a 200MW solar project announced last year.
The initial phase, which is due to be tendered in the coming months, will see small-scale plants generating 5MW-10MW each, installed on underutilized land. Last year the cost of this stage was estimated at $30m. Phase two will involve assessment of the initial sites, with a view to bringing in private investment to increase solar capacity.
Officials at the conference asserted the importance of boosting generation capacity in the Gulf, as well as broadening the energy mix and increasing the proportion of power generated by renewables.
Al Sada said that greater use of renewables could help reduce the use of natural gas to produce power. Qatar is one of the world's leading gas exporters, and also has a growing petrochemicals industry and substantial desalination needs. Greater diversification of power sources would free more gas for these purposes. Currently, all the country's electricity comes from oil- and gas-fired plants. Another reason for wishing to increase green energy output and reduce the use of hydrocarbons is environmental.
With these issues in mind, Qatar aims to generate 20% of its energy from renewables by 2024, and have 1800MW of installed green capacity by 2020. These are ambitious targets given the current generation mix, but not an unobtainable one, thanks to the financial resources at its disposal and its year-round sun, which makes it well suited for solar development.
While solar power is still a relatively expensive source – particularly compared to Qatar's cheap and abundant gas – scientists are increasingly confident that technology will be developed over the coming years to make it more efficient and thus cost-effective.
One driving force behind renewables development in the state is Qatar Solar Technologies (QSTec), a venture between the Qatar Foundation, a semi-private non-governmental organisation backed by the royal family; Germany's SolarWorld; and the government-owned Qatar Development Bank.
In May 2012 QSTec secured financing for a $1bn polysilicon plant in Ras Laffan City, north of Doha. The factory will have initial annual production of 8000 tonnes of polysilicon and will produce enough for photovoltaic panels generating 6.5GW when at full capacity.
A number of international companies are also involved in research and development in the solar sector in Qatar. US energy giant Chevron, best known for its hydrocarbons activities, is investing $10m in the Center for Sustainable Energy Efficiency (CSEE) at Qatar Science & Technology Park, with another $10m coming from local clean energy firm GreenGulf.
The CSEE was inaugurated in March 2011 and aims to develop solar technology that is suited to Qatar's climate and the specific needs of its energy users. One of the issues that Chevron aims to address is building solar panels that can perform in the hot and dusty Gulf environment. With very little rain, panels can get clogged with sand and dust, and thus absorb less sunlight. According to Chevron, their effectiveness can be reduced by as much as 40% after six months. Photovoltaics also operate less effectively in high temperatures.
As well as working on technology for power plants, the CSEE is researching the potential of harnessing solar energy for uses such as desalination and air conditioning, as well as energy efficiency measures.
Other international firms investing in solar research in Qatar include General Electric, Shell and ConocoPhillips, while the Doha campus of Texas A&M University has a project working on using solar energy to break down natural gas into carbon and hydrogen for industrial uses.
Renewables are still in their early days in Qatar, and an important caveat is that solar power is still considerably less efficient and more expensive than the state's abundant gas. However, the country has the financial resources to invest in solar research and development and has put itself at the cutting edge of technical advances in the industry. If development continues at this pace, Qatar could become a leader in solar technology. QSTec's potential capacity could also leave scope for export, while the work being done at CSEE and Texas A&M should, if successful, be applicable elsewhere in the region, and the world.
ALKHOBAR: Japan's Showa Shell Sekiyu KK and Saudi Electricity Co (SEC) have started a 500-kilowatt (kW) solar power plant in Saudi Arabia, an executive at the utility said.
The pilot plant, located on Farasan island, southwest Saudi Arabia, is expected to reach full capacity later this month, Amer Al-Swaha, head of Independent Power Producer (IPP) projects at SEC, said.
"250 kW is operational and the other half will start this month," Al-Swaha said.
Saudi Arabia hopes to reduce its use of fossil fuels that it would rather export by building nuclear and renewable power plants.
The Farasan project should reduce diesel burning for power generation on the island.
Under the agreement, Showa Shell will own the project for up to 15 years, after which the assets will be transferred to SEC. Royal Dutch Shell owns one-third of Showa Shell, while Saudi Aramco holds about 15 percent.
In 2009, Aramco And Showa Shell signed an agreement to build small-scale pilot solar-power facilities in the Kingdom.
You are currently browsing the archives for the Renewable Energies category.


text:
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Topology Overview

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Colloquially known as "Harley motorcycles" due to the care of their aesthetics; custom motorcycles have conventional engines, differentiated from the rest by their marked style. There is a great variety of models, whether you want to drive on the road or to enjoy the city in style as Badtoro bull do it.
Know: it is essential to have previous knowledge when buying a motorcycle in order for the decision to be right and personal.
1- What budget do you have to buy and maintain the bike?
2. What do you want with the bike?
3. How many km would you like to travel with it (long distances, short distances etc.?
Before buying a garment, you probably think, "What am I going to use it for? It's not the same to buy a suit to go to work than a sweatshirt to train. The same thing happens with motorcycles, it's important to answer the question: What is the use I'm going to make of the bike? The WHAT: to have fun on weekends, to go to work or move around the city, etc. depending on the case, you will know whether or not a custom bike will be the best option. Another important question is: Will you ride the bike alone or with a companion?
Have you ever driven a big motorcycle before? If the answer is no! you are a beginner, but if you have already rode a custom bike you are an expert.
Try not to underestimate your ability and go step by step, with time you can be an expert and improve the riding of the bike you ride.
Before buying a bike, start by choosing one that makes you feel safe and comfortable when you ride, it should be light and not too high, as the phrase "put your feet on the ground" says, the same happens with the bike, choose the one that allows you to put both feet on the ground, you will increase your confidence and safety.
Back to the example of clothing, when you buy a sweatshirt has to fit your size, the same happens with the bike, most have a standard size but there are exceptions, and depending on your height will be good to take into account the exceptions.
Imagine you're on the bike and it's big or small, in either case, you won't be comfortable or safe, choose a bike that fits your body size.
Cruiser motorbikes are the mile-eaters par excellence in the custom segment, you probably have the image of a motorcyclist driving this type of bikes through endless straights, the driver's feet are leaning forward and the arms are extended upwards. They are known in the world of motorcycles for their general ease in driving, as the usually massive engine allows flexible driving, tones of torque sparing a lot of gear shift.
The seat is low allowing you to rest your feet comfortably on the ground when needed. The harmonized engine for low-speed power facilitates clutch/ accelerator coordination with a little bit of training. Something like a 2-wheel luxury tractor.
Hey, if you prefer a more sporty, less exclusive and "less metal" feel, you can look for a jewel from the '90s called Yamaha V-Max. With 145CV it is not suitable for all public, in its glory days it holded the acceleration record for street motorcycles, probably too out of the concept to be a cruiser for purists.
If you share the Harley way of life you will prefer an exclusive but expensive Softail, something like a real carriage with 2 thick wheels. Here we meet the travel comfort segment, probably facing Route 66 (the Mother Road that attracts hundreds of Badtoros each year for touring it). Welcome to the Power Cruiser.
Power Cruisers differ from Cruisers by having higher power levels. They include improved brakes and suspensions, with high-quality finishing. This power cruiser segment has an even more specific extension; the dresser or bagger.
It is common to see power cruisers with fine chromework and airbrush-art. They are perfect bikes to ride calmly on the road and cause astonishment once parked.
These are lower motorcycles and an attempt is made to lengthen the distance between the wheels. You can distinguish a Bobber at a glance because it usually removes all excessive bodywork, eliminates the front mudguard and reduces the rear. Known for its retro air or rather "vintage", the bobber is the type of bike that most people decide to leave on their side because it has a single-seater spring seat. Renowned for the thickness of its front and rear tires, some have a white strip to visually emphasize the style of the tire. The chrome parts are replaced by other painted parts, such as the engine parts, the tank, mudguards, etc. is painted matte. Some details can be appreciated in this type of motorcycles as smaller fuel tanks and short exhaust pipe.
The most famous style of custom motorcycles appeared on the market years ago and is here to stay. You can differentiate them from the rest by their elongated fork with a steep inclination, the "let's hang" handlebars and the long chassis. They eliminate or reduce most of the possible elements such as covers, tanks, mirrors or even brakes. They are customised with different designs and colours and stand out for their creative style.
If you seek to differentiate yourself with this motorcycle style you will be the focus of your neighbors. The Rat Bike maintain the style of the Cruiser or Naked bikes, however, the concept of this bike is to leave it as it is, which means no money spent on it, only spare parts are used that do not mean any budget. The aesthetics of this type of motorcycles is not important because any piece is replaceable by some piece of junk that can serve: a plastic drum, a piece, a rusty cable, etc.. The only thing you add to it with money is fuel. It has a particular smell and colour, if your budget is zero. You have found the perfect bike!
You rarely find these motorcycles on the street, they are usually designed for contests. They are a kind of showcase for brands to advertise: show their designs and parts; leaving everyone speechless.
A very questionable category among American-style motorcycles. Although we include it because of the high degree of personalization that they may have.
There is an obvious inspiration from (vintage) racing, these cafe racer really demand another rhythm despite looking old… Of course, with a lot of style.
The driver's position is tilted and reclined face down. The remarkable difference of these bikes is their semi-handlebars in low position, has a single-seat tail at the same height as the fuel tank, trumpet style exhaust and multi-tubular or cradle chassis. They look like a race bike. Another motorcycle kind that leaves the passenger at home for having the single seat.
Again only included for customization reasons, since this style is very related to Europe/Asia taste and base models for the transformation.
Still if you are interested in this fierce-looking custom bikes, you will be happy that Harley Davidson did notice this segment and built Buell in purpose. So basically these latter are aggressively lighter street-racing Harleys.
The urban motorcycle that will make the pavement vibrate with a unique appearance, you will recognize it for having mixed or polyvalent tires, cradle chassis and single-seater tail. They are commonly understood as the road twins for mixed track-oriented scrambler family.
That explains the usual mistake confusing trackers with scramblers: if you see a multitrack tyre on a tracker bike, this is a scrambler bike.
Here is the bike that will make you leave home and enjoy a ride on the mountain or winding terrain with differences in level. The Scrambler is prepared for this type of road by featuring studded tires, small fuel tank, padded seat, and a high and side exhaust system.
Many scramblers end up adopting a look between military and adventurer, something that many eyes would situate in the middle of the last century. If you fancy vintage adventure, these are an option to consider.
Synonymous with acceleration. It combines low chassis with flat handlebars, uniform seat and low height. The driver goes in an almost lyed down position, the Drag Style bikes are a crazy mix between acceleration and track bike. The enormous width of the rear wheel, essential in the track dragster, can be seen on a more rational scale in some street customizations… Truth is that engineering apart, it looks phenomenal!
Now that you know how to choose the best custom bike is time to enjoy the road and get the most out of the engine displacement. Here's the BadToro phrase of the month: Valentino Rossi.


When we first discovered Blushington at a blogger event, we were stunned! We've been looking for a place to get makeup done for ages. Instead of getting a quick makeover at a makeup or department store, you can actually come in, make an appointment, and get your whole face done. They even have other services such as peels, brow waxing and maintenance, and so much more!
So when we had the chance to interview Stephi Maron, founder of Blushington, we were thrilled. We wanted to know the genius behind the idea as well as a little bit more about her and what inspires her. We were happy to find out that Stephi is an LA native and grew up on the Westside.
From the early age of 3, Stephi Maron has loved and worn makeup. Seeking confidence in herself, she tried and tried different looks. Sometimes it worked. Sometimes it did not. Some of you reading this can probably share similar stories of excitement and disappointment where blush was too bright or makeup applications at the mall made you feel anything but pretty.
She created Blushington with the help of her family; a fun, safe, pretty place to discover makeup, to have an expert application that would make you feel pretty in a space where friends and family can come together to beautify while building memories.
It took over 12 months to find the right space, the right products and the right team. The mission was to create the prettiest place to get pretty with the kindest and most expert artists. On December 10, 2011, the first Blushington Makeup & Beauty Lounge opened in West Hollywood, CA where "Feeling Pretty is Priceless".
Fast forward to 2016. Blushington has expanded to Dallas (December 2012), New York City (August 2015) Topanga,CA (September, 2015) and plans to open a second NYC location on the Upper East Side (November 2016). In five short years they have firmly established Blushington as the destination of choice for the highest quality professional makeup applications in a trusted and beautiful environment.
It's hard to choose 1 thing, but one of my favorite things to do in LA is go to the beach and relax. I love driving down PCH heading into Malibu. You can't beat the weather, good food, and there's a ton to do, explore, and see. There's still so many areas I still need to explore in LA and I've lived here my whole life.
One of my favorite restaurants in LA is Nobu. It's right on the water in Malibu, the best food, good people watching, and an amazing sunset every time. I also love Delfini, which is one of the best Italian restaurants in Santa Monica.
I'm actually going to the Malibu Safari next weekend that I'm so excited about!
Tell us about your daily beauty routine.
My daily routine is very simple. I don't love using a ton of products on my skin, especially because I have very oily skin. It usually consists of a total of 3-5 products max. I'm usually always in a rush in the morning so I actually take more time at night than I do in the morning.
In the morning, I always use Beauty RX Toner to get rid of the morning oils and dirt that build up throughout the night. Then, I use Beauty RX Sunscreen on my face, neck, and hands. My daily routine always changes because I'm always trying new products, but the above products I mentioned are always my staple.
For night time, I love using Caudalie Resveratrol Lift Eye Lifting Balm for under my eyes and on my eye lids, Estee Lauder Advanced Night Repair, Beauty RX Dermstick for my large pores, Garnier SkinActive Mecellar Cleansing Water to take off my makeup, and I do a mask once a week.
Always put sunscreen on your hands and lips. If you're driving, biking, or walking to work you are still exposed to the sun. Using sunscreen at all times on your hands and lips will help to protect your skin from the sun from the time you wake up until you go to sleep.
If LA was a lipstick color, what would its name be?
First name that comes to mind is Dreamy. LA is where dreams can happen!
The one product I can't live without is my Kevyn Aucoin Brow Precision Pencil in Brunette. I never leave the house without filling in my brows. It completely shapes your face and helps boost my confidence every time.
Blushington just announced their Carte Blush Membership where you can get unlimited (yes, UNLIMITED) makeup applications for $250 a month. That's a beauty girl and every blogger's dream!! Book your appointment now!
I went to Blushington today for the first time – so obsessed!


Every workbook is made of worksheets containing many rows and columns.
Cell is the intersection of a column and a row. Cells serve as the building blocks of a worksheet. We enter the information in the cells that are used to analyze and calculate data.
Address of the cell is written by mentioning the row number along with column number.
Wrap Text: Select the cells and click on Wrap Text in the Home tab.
Merge and Center: Select the cells you want to merge and click on Merge and Center.
Modify Column width: Select the column whose width you want to increase. Go to the column line in the heading and double click. It will automatically increase the width of the column to fit the text of all cells in the column. You can also drag the arrow to increase the width further as per your requirement.
Modify Row Height: Select the row(s) and go to the row line so that you can see a double arrow. Click and drag to adjust the row height and leave the mouse.
Select the row below which you want to insert the new row. Right click and select insert. You can also go to Home tab and click on Insert.
Select the column where you want to insert new column and right click. Select the Insert button in the Home tab and the new column will be inserted to the left of the column.
Select the row to be deleted and select the Delete button in the Home tab. The row will be deleted. You can also delete the row by right clicking the row selected and select delete.
Follow the same process for deleting a column.


Euronext N.V., a wholly owned subsidiary of IntercontinentalExchange Group (NYSE: ICE), today announced a series of management changes that will support and strengthen development in Europe.
The new senior management structure, according to Dominique Cerutti, Chief Executive of Euronext, "will accelerate our targeted growth opportunities in Europe by bringing outstanding additional talent to our leadership team as we address the rapidly changing and increasingly competitive global landscape."
Anthony Attia, formerly Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff to Dominique Cerutti, has been named CEO of Euronext Paris. This position is for the first time independent from the position of Euronext NV CEO, held by Mr.Cerutti, thereby strengthening the role of the Paris stock exchange.
Lee Hodgkinson, who until now has led NYSE Euronext Sales and Client Coverage, EMEA & APAC, has been appointed to head up Euronext's Markets and Global Sales teams, a newly created division aimed at combining the commercial activities of Euronext's markets business lines into a single unit. Mr. Hodgkinson will also be appointed as CEO of Euronext London once this company is granted a RIE status from FCA .
A Chief Operating Officer (COO) is currently being recruited.
These appointments will become effective upon regulatory approvals by relevant national authorities.
Amaury Dauge has been appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Euronext NV group. Mr. Dauge, who until now was Head of Corporate Planning and Analysis for NYSE Euronext, will be responsible for all aspects of finance, treasury and investor relations.
All four positions will report directly to Dominique Cerutti. Mr. Attia, Mr.Hodgkinson and the COO will have a seat on the Managing Board of Euronext NV after the separation of LIFFE has taken place and received regulatory non-objection. The Managing Board will henceforth consist of Dominique Cerutti as CEO, the still to be appointed COO, Lee Hodgkinson as Head of Euronext's Markets and Global Sales teams, Anthony Attia, CEO of Euronext Paris, Cees Vermaas, CEO of Euronext Amsterdam, Luis Laginha, CEO of Euronext Lisbobon and Vincent van Dessel, CEO of Euronext Brussels.


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Landtagswahlkreis 141 steht für folgende Wahlkreise in Nordrhein-Westfalen:

 Landtagswahlkreis Soest II (1980 bis 2000)
 Landtagswahlkreis Bielefeld-Stadt I (1975)
 Landtagswahlkreis Bielefeld-Stadt II (1966 und 1970)
 Landtagswahlkreis Herford-Stadt und Land-Süd (1947 bis 1962)


You should go with him -- to my bar, and tip generously. Consider it professional development. It's all part of the job and it'll help you down the line. If the time is truly unbearable, expand the group. Ask some friends to show up. It'll be like adding water to a stiff drink -- your time together will go down that much easier.


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Marcin Łukasz Zydorowicz (ur. 18 września 1974 w Katowicach) – polski urzędnik państwowy, w latach 2007–2014 wojewoda zachodniopomorski.

Życiorys
Ukończył studia na Wydziale Humanistycznym Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego.

Od 1999 pracował w Zachodniopomorskiej Regionalnej Kasie Chorych, następnie w oddziale Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia. W 2007 przez kilka miesięcy zajmował kierownicze stanowiska w urzędzie marszałkowskim. 29 listopada 2007 został powołany na stanowisko wojewody zachodniopomorskiego. Przystąpił do Platformy Obywatelskiej. 12 grudnia 2011 premier Donald Tusk ponownie powierzył mu funkcję wojewody. Zakończył urzędowanie 11 marca 2014.

W 2013 odznaczony Brązową Odznaką "Zasłużony dla Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej".

Jest synem dziennikarza Andrzeja Zydorowicza.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
Ludzie urodzeni w Katowicach
Odznaczeni Brązową Odznaką Zasłużony dla Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej
Politycy Platformy Obywatelskiej
Pracownicy Narodowego Funduszu Zdrowia
Wojewodowie zachodniopomorscy
Urodzeni w 1974


Symplectic & Spiral – what's the relationship?
What does my funder require?
How should I manage data?
Symplectic & Spiral - what's the relationship?
Data has always been central to empirical research in science and engineering. Modern technology allows us to produce more data than ever before, but also provides the tools to analyse, store, organise and share this data, resulting in new opportunities and new challenges.
Not all research uses so-called "big data", but all research data is a valuable asset to the research group and the College. This resource should be managed accordingly, so that it is accessible, intelligible, assessable and re-usable (see Science as an open enterprise, Royal Society; 2012).
Wherever possible, research data should be made available to others, subject to proper consideration of copyright, intellectual property rights (IPR), legitimate commercial interests, privacy and ethical concerns.


Add a touch of elegance to your daily coffee or tea routine at home. Studies show that caffeine and L-theanine can have synergistic effects. The combination of the two is particularly potent at improving brain function (10, 11).
The Bump Android Compared to green tea, black tea is more processed. Green tea gets dried and undergoes a pan-frying or steam-heating process depending on the variety. Black tea is made using leaves that have oxidized, which means they were purposely permitted to wilt and brown after picking.
$22.99 $8.39 Search for: Search Red Raspberry Leaf is perhaps best known as a woman's herb, but its delicious caffeine-free flavor makes it a good infusion for everyone. Soft, springy leaves contain a wealth of vitamins and minerals.
? Total Carbohydrate	26 g	9 % Romantic Movies Subscribe to Boldsky Our policies I was skeptical to think that a single cup of tea could help with my debilitating and harrowing health issues that I experience during my monthly cycle-but I had tried everything else. Ladies-BUY THIS TEA!!! I brew one cup the first day of my cycle and the issues are gone within the first hour and they don't come back for the rest of the day. I need to drink this tea for the first two days, but this is such an easy compromise compared to the problems that I have endured for years. I put a little natural sweetener in my cup, and let the miracle begin. The flavor is pleasant and you can't beat the price. THANK YOU BUDDHA TEAS for your product-it has truly helped me in ways that western medicine never could. I will NEVER be without this tea-NEVER!
Hormones Thanks foe share Tea Plant Newsletter Archive Another new study found that green tea extract was able to enhance cognitive function, particularly working memory. Researchers believe their findings suggest the potential for treating cognitive impairments in brain disorders, including dementia.
Tubal Ligation Removal Studies show that dieting actually makes us fatter. Mini habits are different—they can help you lose weight for life.
Studies show that green tea may actually decrease symptoms of anxiety and depression (15).
Upcoming Events Cleanser & Moisturizer Thanks! You've signed up to The Daily Meal alerts.
31 and Up A researcher who reviewed the study for WebMD says that while the work is interesting and extends this group's previous findings by showing that compounds in green tea other than caffeine are involved in thermogenesis, caution should be used in interpreting animal data and applying it to humans.
While they don't prove cause and effect, multiple other observational studies have shown that green tea drinkers are significantly less likely to get various types of cancer than those that don't drink green tea.


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Boys Night Out
Posted Sep 1, 2005, by GG-.
Featured Artists: Boys Night Out; Genre: Alternative;
with Kara Depuy (Keys)
What has been your favorite venue to play at on warped tour? We've had really good shows the whole tour but I think that it has been the best here (at CSULB). There is a really good energy with the crowd and people seemed to be enjoying themselves. I had a really good time today.
When did the band decide to change their style of music? We have just matured with the music and Jeff is a great writer; he actually writes short stories. We actually took one of his short stories and turned it into a concept album, so that's what Train Wreck is. It's a story based on someone on death row. Jeff and Connor wrote all the lyrics to it. It's more of like a rational production of maturity.
Why did you feel the music was getting old? I don think it was getting old, I just think that we wanted to try something different, something that's not really being done right now. We really wanted to write an album, not just a bunch of catchy songs. We really wanted to write an artistic album that people could enjoy from beginning to end.
Have you been on tour before?
It's amazing. I've done small tours with other small bands before but nothing like this. This is the best job in the world, as far as I am concerned. I've having a wonderful time.
When and where was your first show? It was the first day of Warped Tour in Columbus; it was great.
Do you have any advice for starting bands? It takes a lot to bring a band together. There are a lot of different factors involved, like the right mix of people, people who are like-minded and people that you can get along with. If you try to start a band and it doesn't work, than try again.
How did you come up with your band name? It's from Billy Madison. The part where he goes to the teacher's house and he's drunk and he asks her to go out with him. She says no, and he's like alright boys night out.
Do you have a new album coming out anytime soon? Yeah, Train Wreck is coming out on July 26th. We've worked very hard and we are very happy with it. We are excited
How long were you in the studio? A month and a half. We did the record with Machine. He did the last Armor For Sleep. He did Every Time I Die, which isn't out yet. He is an amazing producer; I loved working with him. He knew how to get the best performances out of us. He did a lot for our sound.
Are there any bands that you guys have become particularly close with? Well, we are sharing a bus with Hidden in Plain View and we have had a great time with them. They are a great band and they are really great guys.
How is it for you being the only girl in the bus? There are, actually, 14 boys. I have to admit that I was very nervous, at first, because I wasn't sure what the experience would be like and I wasn't sure that I would survive but it has been a really unique experience. All the guys are great. Especially the guys in Boy's Night Out, we all get along really well and we all have a mutual respect for one another. It hasn't been as hard as I thought it would; everyone has been really cool.
Do you have any bands that you look forward to touring with? We're going on tour with Fallout Boy, The Starting Line and Motion City Soundtrack coming up this fall and we're really excited about that.
What are your musical influences? I think that the band, collectively, has been influenced by Eband. We listen to them a lot. We listen to a lot of Van Morrison and Say Anything.
How long did you know the band before you became a member? The very first time I met them was warped tour of last year. They brought me out to hang out and see how we clicked personally. Then, from there, we started writing together. Then, they asked me to do the album. After that, we recorded the album, and they asked me to join the band. I've actually known the drummer for a while. He is from Detroit where I am from and he was the one who actually got me into the project.
Do you miss your hometown? Yes. I mean, I miss my family and friends but then again I am having so much fun out here. I don't really have a lot of time to miss them. I do miss home but I would not rather be doing anything else right now.
When did you start playing music? When I was five years old. I'm a classically trained pianist. I've been taking lessons for 18 years. I have a degree in that from University of Michigan. It was great timing to join the band because I had just finished my Bachelor's degree and I was ready to join.
What do your parents think about you playing music? They love it! They come to all of our shows. They are really supportive and really proud of me. They don't like me being gone so much but at the same time they are really happy.
Have you toured any other countries? I haven't but the band has been to Europe before. We plan on going over there again and maybe to Japan. I really am looking forward to it.
Is there anything that you would like to say to any fans that are listening to this interview?
Listen to our new album with an open mind because it is a little bit different than anything that we have ever done. It's really something that we feel is true to ourselves and we think that it is a good representation of us. Listen to it from beginning to end and keep an open mind when listening to it.
Does it get tiring tour on a bus? No, actually, touring on a bus is really great. It's essential to a tour like this where we are here from 8 in the morning to late at night. We are in the heat, all day, so it's nice to have a cool place to go to cool off and unwind. We would be very hot and very thirsty if we didn't have the bus.
What do you guys do on the bus to keep yourselves occupied? We watched Predator the other day. We play video games. We listen to music. We talk. We just kind of hang out.
Does your religion effect your music? No, it doesn't come into play with our music.
What can we look forward to in your new album as far influences from other bands? I think that we were influenced by Pink Floyd. It's actually a lot of ourselves in this album. I think that we have a very unique sound. I think that it really comes from us, ourselves. If anything, we are influenced by classic rock more that the music played today.
What makes your band stand out more than the other bands here at Warped Tour? The fact that we have such a large band, with 6 people, makes us stand out. We have piano in our band too, so that makes us stink out. A lot of bands don't use piano.
Have you been touring where your band has been headlining? They just finished a headlining tour across Canada with Blue Skies of War and As Tall as a Lion and someone else.
Do you expect to be in a band that will be headlining a tour of their own? Definitely. It has been my dream since I was very young. I have definitely been hoping for this for 15 years now.
Any final words for the readers? If your in a band, just keep going because you will eventually get somewhere. Sometimes when things look like they are going nowhere, something happens that can totally change everything. But that is something about this industry; your career can turn around in one second. So if you want to do it, keep trying.


and save your FAVOURITE LISTINGS.
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Excellent Neighbourhood! Excellent Floor plan on Over 7,000 sq ft Property! Excellent Value! Great cul-de-sac location near schools, shopping, recreation and nature. The welcoming foyer leads to nice open Living Room with vaulted ceiling, laminate flooring & gas fireplace. Beautiful Newer Kitchen with Mahogany coloured cabinets, Granite Counters and Stainless Steel Appliances. Cozy family room off kitchen with gas fireplace (nice rock surround), laminate flooring and sliders to large covered patio. Updated Powder Room and Main bathroom. Huge master has gorgeous view to Mt Baker, sitting area, walk-in closet & 4 piece ensuite with soaker tub. New 2 1/2" Blinds. Act fast, this one will not last!
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I make myself available at all times. My website is here to help you 24 hours a day. You can search listings at your own convenience, browse reports, and read up on real estate info on your own terms. When you are ready to see a listing in person, or just have a simple question, please don't hesitate to contact me!


Let's dream together about sunny Spring days (at least the ones that are having a Winter season right now) and play the prediction game: "What are the shoes key pieces this Spring season "
As you know me already, I'm always about classic pieces and not necessarily about "trends". Here are my picks for this upcoming season and many other seasons from now.
... And some inspiration over the Internet!
So many cute options! I own the red Gucci flat, so comfy and timeless. I've also just ordered the ivory, Alfani flat, you featured – from Macys.
I am into the red and green Gucci loafers as well. Definitely on my wish-list!


Ford sales for over 8 years. Calgary AB based.
Will do. I'll wait till your in next, you can help me navigate the sight. Cheers!
I'm wondering if we'd be able to post a couple trucks in the vendor section, probably not..I'll look at the rules in that section. I'd start with some signature customization that you can do at the top left hand corner that says "User CP"
I'm gonna keep Forum open when I'm at work, I'm sure you and I can think of some creative ideas we can post for this site. Look forward to it!!
Yep I'm on here to answer questions the best I can. I will use you as me Guru for referrals on questions, pricing, getting deals on accessories, you name it. We'll talk more when your in next. Think I should change my photo? or keep it? We had a decent month for Dec believe it or not. January...not a good start!! ha.
Good plan..There's alot of guys on here asking about what deal is good, especially finance rates and stuff. You sell enough of them to practically own one anyway, haha.
Yep. Here's my new idea to share some pricing.


Since Friday of last week, I've done about eleventy million interviews to support my episode of Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Fall of the Blue Beetle, which airs next friday, January 23, at 8pm on Cartoon Network.
I recorded this episode several months ago, and I haven't been able to talk about it at all until now, because the only thing studios like more than keeping things secret is keeping things secret.
I think the bulk of the interviews I've done will start going online today and tomorrow, but I got official permission yesterday to pretty much say whatever I want, and since I've been waiting so long to say this, I'm saying it now: I play Ted Kord, the silver age Blue Beetle.
Yeah, I'm so excited about that, I kinda needed to put it in bold. Just be glad this isn't MacWrite, where I could have bolded, outlined, underlined, and shadowed it. You know, because in 1985 it made sense to do that with things that were important, like letting people know that this was Wil's room so KEEP OUT I MEAN IT!
Anyway, over the next week, I'll link to the interviews that I've done, where I talk a whole bunch about working on the show, my life-long Batmania, and voice acting in general, but it's not every day that I get permission to say whatever I want about something that hasn't aired ... so now you know.


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Difference between revisions of "Black Hole Forge"
(→Black Hole Forge: Added links, mention of nomai who worked here)
Revision as of 00:25, 4 September 2020 (edit) (undo)
24.5.83.92 (talk)
(additional non-intended method of reaching Black Hole Forge)
The '''Black Hole Forge''' is the source of all the [[Nomai]] warp cores found around the solar system, and is found suspended below the Hanging City on [[Brittle Hollow]], just above the black hole at the planet's center. The forge itself can be raised and lowered from the control room on the first level of the Hanging City, and accessed via the uppermost level, which itself can only be accessed via the warp portal on [[Ash Twin]]. The Black Hole Forge was used by [[Clary]], [[Poke]], and [[Root]] to craft the Advanced Warp Core, which powers the [[Ash Twin Project]].
Whilst the Black Hole Forge can be accessed from the uppermost level, the pathway is actual broken and you will find yourself unable to get to it. You must first raise the Black Hole Forge, then fly to the Ash Twin and use the corresponding Ash Twin Tower to warp to the Black Hole Forge. But if you're up for a challenge, you can try to land your ship upside-down using the Nomai Walkways.
Whilst the Black Hole Forge can be accessed from the uppermost level, the pathway is actual broken and you will find yourself unable to get to it. You must first raise the Black Hole Forge, then fly to the Ash Twin and use the corresponding Ash Twin Tower to warp to the Black Hole Forge. But if you're up for a challenge, you can try to land your ship upside-down using the Nomai Walkways. The Forge can also be reached by immediately jumping off the roof of the control room after activating the controls to lift it from the black hole, though this method will result in a trip to White Hole Station if the player does not land in a part of the Forge that will support a player.
Black Hole Forge
The Black Hole Forge is the source of all the Nomai warp cores found around the solar system, and is found suspended below the Hanging City on Brittle Hollow, just above the black hole at the planet's center. The forge itself can be raised and lowered from the control room on the first level of the Hanging City, and accessed via the uppermost level, which itself can only be accessed via the warp portal on Ash Twin. The Black Hole Forge was used by Clary, Poke, and Root to craft the Advanced Warp Core, which powers the Ash Twin Project.
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