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Exploring the factors related to adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status
Fen Chu-Ko1,2,
Meng-Ling Chong3,
Chi-Jung Chung2,
Chun-Chi Chang1,
Hsin-Yi Liu1 &
Li-Chi Huang4
Health literacy has been concerned a key factor for determining the use of health information and promoting health. The study aimed to explore adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status and related factors.
A cross-sectional study design was used; 918 first year junior college students were recruited in Taiwan. The measurements were the Chinese Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-C-Q), the Chinese Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-S), and the Health Status Questionnaire.
The mean score for health literacy was 36.15 (±6.21), with 30.17% of the participants having insufficient or problematic health literacy. Further, 19.9% of participants were obese and 11.2% experienced emotional instability. Health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile showed significant positive and negative correlations with perceived health status and depression, respectively (p < 0.05). An exercise frequency of ≥3 times/week was a predictor of health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and emotional stability.
Adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status require careful consideration. In adolescents, developing regular exercise may increase health literacy, thereby developing healthy lifestyle profiles and ameliorating obesity and depression-related issues.
The concept of health literacy was first proposed by Simonds (1974) in Health Education as Social Policy, which emphasized the importance of health literacy on national health and the provision of the most basic health literacy education for students in schools [1]. Further, Baker (2006) proposed that health literacy is an important predictor of health status and outcomes [2]. Health literacy has been considered a key factor for determining the effective use of health information and making choices for promoting health [3]. Individuals with low health literacy have a limited understanding of health information and low health self-management ability, which increases hospitalization and medical expenses and causes high mortality [4]. Good health-promoting behavior and lifestyle habits are developed during adolescence, a vital developmental stage, which involves physical, psychological, and social changes that will affect the adolescents' quality of life in adulthood [5]. Early health literacy can aid in individuals gaining an understanding of health information and promoting interaction with the healthcare system, thereby providing positive health outcomes in the future [6]. Therefore, understanding the health literacy of adolescents is crucial for personal health. The health behavior of an adolescent plays an important role in developing a healthy lifestyle, which may affect his/her lifelong health. However, several studies of health literacy have focused on elucidating the effects of poor health literacy on adult health and few studies have involved adolescents [4, 7, 8]. A study of adolescents using an online survey in Germany found 8.4% of participants had difficulty understanding the health information and 22.7% of adolescent had a low level of health knowledge [8]. However, in a systemic review of 17 studies on adolescent health literacy, the definitions of health literacy were inconsistent across studies because different conceptual frameworks and assessment tools were used [9]. Adolescence is the good opportunity period for learning and improving health literacy during development. Thus, an understanding of factors related to adolescents' health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status is essential for promoting adolescent health.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed that health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills that determine the motivation and ability of individuals to access, understand, and use information for promoting and maintaining good health [10]. Sørensen et al. (2012) proposed a comprehensive definition of health literacy as entailing individuals' knowledge, motivation, and competences to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information for making decisions in everyday life concerning healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion for better quality of life [3]. Health literacy further affects healthcare and medical expenses, health behavior, and care effectiveness in individuals as well as public participation and empowerment and is associated with the issues of fairness and sustainability [11].
In 2011–2012, the European Consortium Health Literacy Project employed the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q) to conduct a large-scale health literacy survey in eight European countries. The survey results reported that 12% of participants had insufficient health literacy and 47% had limited (insufficient or problematic) health literacy [12]. Duong et al. (2017) conducted a health literacy survey with 10,024 general public participants and found that the mean health literacy of the people in each country was: Indonesia 31.4; Kazakhstan 31.6; Malaysia 32.9; Myanmar 31.3; Taiwan 34.4; and Vietnam 29.6, show that, with the exception of Taiwan, most people in these countries lacked health literacy based on a problematic health literacy score of ≤ 34 [13]. Hence, health literacy was found to be typically insufficient in the general public in different countries. However, there is a lack of research data on health literacy in adolescents.
Studies found that age, gender, education level, family income, and occupation were the demographic variables correlated with adults' health literacy [12, 14]. Loer et al. (2020) also found that age, gender, education, social support and self-efficacy were associated with adolescents' health literacy [8]. In addition, health literacy is associated with smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and health behavior in the adult population [10, 12, 13]. Studies found that higher health literacy is associated with higher ability to pay for medication, higher self-perceived social status, and higher community involvement in adults [12,13,14,15,16]. Lee, Lee, and Moon (2016) found that health literacy can directly affect self-care activities in diabetics [17]. People with low health literacy have poorer health and lack self-related health knowledge and self-care ability.
Health-promoting lifestyle profile
The WHO organized the first international conference on health promotion in 1986 [18]. In the resulting Ottawa Charter, a definition was proposed for health promotion: "Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants and thereby improve their health". Walker, Sechrist, and Pender (1987) defined health-promoting lifestyle profile as a multi-dimensional pattern of self-initiated actions and perceptions that serve to maintain or enhance the level of wellness, self-actualization, and fulfillment of the individual [19]. These dimensions include self-actualization, health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management, and exercise, which is a framework used in several subsequent studies [20].
Factors related to health-promoting lifestyle profile include gender and age [20]. Married individuals have higher health-promoting lifestyle profile than single individuals. With age, the health responsibility score increases, whereas the stress management score decreases [21]. The health-promoting lifestyle profile of university students significantly differs according to their academic major, education level, age, and financial status, and this profile has an important correlation with health status [22]. An individual's lifestyle profile is developed during whole lifespan. Thus, effective health promotion and disease prevention strategies are crucial for development during adolescence.
The lifestyle profile of adolescents is inevitably affected by emerging technology and obsession with electronic equipment has become threat to their health and growth. An unhealthy lifestyle characterized by the lack of physical exercise is widespread in adolescents. Bhatti et al. (2020) surveyed adolescents aged 16–18 years and found that 15% of adolescents smoked, 21% were overweight or obese, 80% did not achieve the daily required intake of vegetables and fruits, and 90% did not take enough daily exercise in the UK [23]. Moreover, 55% of adolescents do not have sufficient daily sleep or experience insomnia, 52% do not have an exercise habit, and 3% experience anxiety or depression in Taiwan [24]. Nevertheless, surveys have shown that the amount of physical activity is less in adolescents and most adolescents' age of 15 years did not follow the WHO recommendations of ≥60 min of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily [25].
Adolescence is a period of intense changes during life expansion, with drastic changes in both physiological and psychological growth, which affects an individual's lifestyle profile and health behavior, thereby affecting health in adulthood [26]. Therefore, elucidating health literacy of adolescents is crucial for both a healthy lifestyle profile and health. The aim of this study was to explore adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, health status and related factors. Specifically, the research question guiding the study was: 'What are the demographic factors related to health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status in adolescents in Taiwan?'
Participants and setting
A cross-sectional study design was employed. Participants, who were freshmen in junior college in September 2019 in central Taiwan, were recruited by purposive sampling. Participants' inclusion criteria were first year junior college students. The sample size was estimated by using multiple regression. G-power calculations, type I error was set as α = 0.05, power was 0.95, the number of independent variables was 10, effect size was 0.03 (small), and estimated sample size was 823. Considering attrition, a 20% excess of participants was added and a total of 988 questionnaires were distributed; 968 were returned (97.98%) and 50 invalid questionnaires were excluded. The completion rate was 92.9% with 918 valid questionnaires remained. This high response rate could be because the survey was distributed to freshmen at the enrollment stage of school.
The questionnaire comprised four parts: demographic data; health literacy; health promotion lifestyle profile; and health status. General information included academic major, gender, age, place of residence, ethnicity, family income, medical history, smoking history, alcohol consumption history, and exercise history.
Health literacy scale
The HLS-EU-Q developed by Sørensen et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the ability to obtain, understand, analyze, and apply information related to practice health related issues [3]. The instrument was translated and had valuable validity and reliability [13]. The questionnaire comprised 47 questions, and 4-point Likert scale was constructed, with 4 indicating easy and 1 indicating difficult. A total score of 0–25, ≧26–33, ≧34–42, and ≧43–50 points represented insufficient, problematic, sufficient, and excellent health literacy, respectively. Duong et al. (2017) conducted a survey in six Asian countries and demonstrated that the HLS-EU-Q47 has good construct validity, high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90), with good convergent validity and absence of ceiling and floor effects [13].
Health-promoting lifestyle profile scale
This scale measures the six dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle profile, self-actualization, health responsibility, nutrition, interpersonal support, stress management, and exercise, which proposed by Walker, Sechrist, and Pender (1987) [19]. The Chinese simplified health-promoting lifestyle profile scale (HPLP-S) was used in this study [27]. There were four questions for each dimension, resulting in 24 questions. A four-point Likert scalewas used, with 4 being "always" to 1 being "never". The internal consistency of e HPLP-S was Cronbach's α 0.69 to 0.73 for the subscales and 0.90 for the entire scale; the convergent validity of subscales was good [27].
Health status measurement
This scale contained physical data, self-reported health status and psychological health scale, which represented the health status of students. The self-reported health status represents the perceived health status and the score ranged from excellent (5) to extremely poor (1). The physical data included body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage. The BMI was calculated using the formula of weight divided by height2, and body fat was measured using a body fat meter. Tung's Depression Inventory for college students was used to measure psychological health. Items related to depression syndrome and sign such as: 'I feel sad'; 'No one cares about me'; 'My chest is tight and stuffy' were included. This scale contained 32 questions and scores range "never or extremely rare – less than one day" (0), to "often or always – five to seven days" (3) weekly. A total score of ≤28, 29–35, 36–51, and ≥ 52 represent stable emotions, floating emotions, heavy mood, and depressive emotions, respectively. These concepts are dichotomized into two dimensions, stable emotions (≤ 28) and unstable emotions (≥ 29). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was 0.95 and test-retest reliability was 0.84 [28].
After questionnaires were collected, compiled, and decoded, SPSS Windows 25 was used for statistical analyses. A significance level of α = .05 was used. The frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to present descriptive statistics for demographics, health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status data. Pearson's correlation was used to test the correlation between variables. An independent t-test was used to compare the means of two groups while one-way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons. Multiple linear regression was used to test factors benefiting the outcome measurements and logistical regression was use for those outcomes where data were categorical.
Most participants were majoring in nursing (48.91%, n = 49) and most were female 79.08% (n = 726). The mean age was 15.49 ± 0.52 years, range 15–17 years. Most students (56.64%, n = 520) lived in a dormitory. Most participants' families were of a moderate financial status (70.48%, n = 647). Furthermore, 2.72% (n = 25) of participants experienced chronic disease, 1.96% (n = 18) were smokers, and only 19.28% (n = 177) exercised twice a week (Table 1).
Table 1 Demographic characteristics (n = 918)
The mean score of health literacy of 918 participants was 36.15 (±6.21), of which 2.07% (n = 19), 28.11% (n = 258), 50.76% (n = 466), and 19.06% (n = 175) had insufficient, problematic, sufficient, and excellent health literacy, respectively. Therefore, participants with insufficient and problematic health literacy accounted for approximately 30% of participants (Table 1). The mean score for understanding health information was the highest, whereas that for appraising health information was the lowest (Table 2).
Table 2 Health Literacy Scale
Health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP)
The mean score for health-promoting lifestyle profile was 60.76 (±11.88), which was considered moderate. A standard deviation above and below the mean score was used as cutoff points [25]. Accordingly, 7.41% (n = 68), 84.97% (n = 780), and 7.63% (n = 70) of participants were in the high, moderate, and low health-promoting lifestyle profile groups, respectively. Among the six dimensions of HPLP, the interpersonal support was the highest, whereas that for health responsibility was the lowest (Table 3).
Table 3 Health-promoting lifestyle profile scale
Regarding self-reported health status, 9.37% (n = 86) and 5.77% (n = 53) of participants reported excellent and extremely poor health status, respectively. Approximately 20% of participants perceived poor and extremely poor health. The results of physiological health showed obesity in 19.93% (n = 183) by body mass index. Further, 29.30% (n = 269) and 8.93% (n = 82) of female and male participants, respectively, were obese as measured by body fat. Regarding psychological health, the results of Tung's Depression Inventory showed that a minority of participants (11.22%, n = 103) experienced unstable emotions (Table 1).
Health literacy only showed significant differences by frequency of exercise (p < 0.05) (S1); the higher the health literacy score, the higher the weekly frequency of exercise. Health-promoting lifestyle profile showed significant differences by gender, family financial status, and frequency of exercise (p < 0.05) (S2). The perceived health status and physical data did not show any statistically significant with participants' characteristics. Only emotional status significant differences by place of residence and frequency of exercise (p < 0.05) by depression scale (S3). Health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile showed significant positive and negative correlation with perceived health status and depression, respectively (p < 0.05).
The regression analysis was designed to investigate which demographic factors related to the adolescents who participated in the study influenced health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status. All of discussion were based on descriptive data and final multivariate findings.
Health literacy only showed significant differences by weekly frequency of exercise.
The exercise frequency of ≥3 times weekly was a predictor of health literacy by linear regression analysis (p < 0.005). Variables predicted to affect health-promoting lifestyle profile included coming from a middle class family (p < 0.05) and exercise 1–2 times weekly (p < 0.001) and ≥ 3 times weekly (p < 0.0001) (Table 4).
Table 4 Factors of health-promoting lifestyle profile
The participants who lived at home were 1.8 times more likely to experience emotional stability compared with those who live in dormitory or rented accommodation by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). Participants taking exercise 1–2 times/week were 1.7 times more likely to experience emotional stability than those who did not exercise (p < 0.05); furthermore, participants with exercise ≥3 times/week were 2.1 times more likely to experience emotional stability than those who did not exercise (p < 0.05; Table 5).
Table 5 Factors of emotional stability
The participants were from a junior college in central Taiwan, of which 80% were females and most participants were from the nursing department. These participants were freshmen aged 15–17 years, 80% were from central Taiwan. Approximately half (56.6%) of these students lived in a dormitory and most were living outside of their homes for the first time. Only 20% of participants exercised ≥3 times per week. The WHO (2010) recommends that children and adolescents aged 15–17 years should do moderate-to-vigorous exercise for at least 60 min daily. An exercise duration of > 60 min can provide additional health benefits. However, only 13.6% of students in Taiwan exercise for at least 60 min daily per week [29]. A global survey found that less than 20% of adolescents aged 13–15 years having moderate-to-vigorous exercise 60 min daily and do not exercise increases with age [30]. Adolescents who regularly participate in physical activities are likely to accept health behaviors and have better academic performance in school [29]. Cultivating the habit of physical activity seems an essential step of physical, psychological, cognitive, and social health benefits for adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the amount of physical activities in adolescents because this can develop better health behavior at a younger age.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore adolescent health literacy and related factors in Taiwan. The results showed that approximately 30% of participants had insufficient or problematic health literacy. This findings is consist with results of other studies, approximately 40% of university students have insufficient or problematic health literacy in Taiwan [31]; 47% of participants had insufficient or problematic health literacy in European [12]. Loer et al., (2020) also found that 22.7% of adolescents in Germany had a low level of health knowledge [9]. Therefore, it can be deduced that there exists insufficient or problematic health literacy in different countries or age groups. However, the question was raised that HLS-EU-Q was developed for adults, and some items would be difficult for adolescents because of lack of experience in their lives [32]. Domanska et al., (2018) suggested either modifying the tool or seeking parents' assistance for improving the validity of the measurement [32].
In this study, health information appraisal was the lowest aspect of health literacy. But Fleary et al., (2018) found inconsistent relationship between media health literacy and health information-seeking behaviors among adolescents based on the different health literacy instrument used [8]. Nutbeam (2000) mentioned that is critical and analytical health literacy is a higher level cognitive and social skills that applied in the critical analysis of information for better elucidation of events in life [33]. Most health information is transmitted by the Internet. If adolescents lack the ability to appraise and judge health information, this could affect health behavior and health [34]. Schools could adapt the concept of organizational health literacy to embed health literacy in the curriculum and make it easier for adolescents [35]. Thus, educating adolescents to recognize and detect health information needs to be addressed [9].
One of the lowest scores was for participants knowing which vaccinations they may need. Studies have shown that university students have negative attitudes towards and insufficient knowledge about vaccination [36, 37]. Since infectious/epidemic diseases have rapidly become common diseases in the twenty-first century, vaccines should not be overlooked. Adolescents are a vulnerable population considering that they are undergoing a difficult transition period in life [38]. It is essential to strengthen awareness of emerging epidemic diseases, such as coronavirus 2019, influenza, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, to protect the health of adolescents.
The mean score for interpersonal support was the highest score in the health-promoting lifestyle profile. This result was consistent with results of other studies where interpersonal support scores were the highest [39, 40]. This factor could affects teenagers' motivation for activity participation, which switches from parents and teachers to peers [41]. Thus, the influence of peers on health behavior in adolescents is considerably greater than from parents, teachers, or healthcare professionals [41]. Peer influence would be a key to improve the health-promoting lifestyle profile of adolescents.
Health responsibility had the lowest score in the health-promoting lifestyle profile, which echos the studies of Musavian (2014) in Iran and Tang et al. (2015) in Taiwan [20, 40]. Our study showed that the lowest scores were "measurement of own blood pressure and knowing one's blood pressure" and "discussing personal health matters with professional medical staff" in the health responsibility dimension. This may be attributed to the younger age of adolescents, most of whom had never experienced a disease, and to the fact that only 19.28% of participants had self-perceived poor health but did not require special attention on health [40].
We found that 19.93% of participants were obese. That 12.6% of participants who were obese was found in the 2017 health behavior survey by the Health Promotion Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the United States showed that 20.6% of adolescents (aged 12–19 years) are obese and obesity rate has been steadily increasing during the 2015–2016 period [42]. Obesity is a global health issue, with the WHO listing obesity as one of the most important public health issues in the twenty-first century [43]. Simmonds (2016) found that the possibility of obese adolescents becoming obese adults is five times higher that of non-obese adolescents [44]. Obesity during adolescence will increase cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk in adulthood as well as cancer risk [45]. Therefore, adolescent obesity is an issue that should not be overlooked.
We found that 11.2% of adolescents experienced unstable emotions and depression. Studies have reported that anxiety and depression are common in adolescents and naturally occurs during adolescence [46]. Even at 18 years of age, more than 20% of adolescents may experience depressive episodes or anxiety [46]. Our study found that participants with high depression scores have lower health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile scores. The results are consistent with other studies where those with poorer lifestyle profile or low health literacy had higher rate of depression in junior high school [47]. Psychological health is highly related with health literacy in adolescents.
We found that adolescents who lived at home experienced emotional stability, whereas those who lived in dormitory or rented accommodation had poor emotional stability. Another study has reported that adolescents who lived outside of home often experienced stress and were unable to cope with stress [47]. The learning environment in the accommodation is vital to build interpersonal relationships, life values, and future life career. We recommend that school might need to pay more attention to students living outside of home to avoid maladjustment which may affect future health.
This study revealed that exercise significantly statistically differed with health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and depression. Participants who exercise more than three times per week have better health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile and greater emotional stability. This result echoes the findings that patients with poor health literacy exercised less and have poor health [15]. Others have suggested that regular exercise helps to decrease depressive tendencies in university students [48]. Cultivating interest in exercising and developing good exercise habits in adolescents is crucial for improving health literacy and health-promoting lifestyle profile and maintaining emotional stability. Physical education classes in tertiary educational institutions is the final opportunity for developing a regular exercise habit in their school life [49]. Identifying exercises that students prefer and mastering exercise techniques can assist in cultivating lifelong exercise habits [49]. We suggest that appropriate planning of physical education is significant for developing exercise habits and interest in adolescents.
First, the convenience sample was drawn from one school in the central district of Taiwan. Thus, the findings may not be generalized to all the adolescents in Taiwan. Second, the use of self-reported data may lead a reporting bias related to social desirability. Third, the HLS-EU-Q validity might be limited in an adolescent population and may need to be modified for better understanding adolescent health literacy. Furthermore, these data are cross sectional, longitudinal studies are needed to understand the modifiable factors as physical activity as potential target for better healthy lifestyle and health.
We found that approximately 30% of adolescents have insufficient or problematic health literacy and have poor health information analysis and appraisal ability. We suggest that understanding and detecting health information needs to be taught. Health providers need pay more attention on adolescents' knowledge about vaccination for better preventive health. Their health lifestyle profile was moderate and health responsibility was scored lowest. Adolescents should strengthen their ability to analyze and judge health information during their education and improve their health responsibilities. Health education should focus on using peer influence to improve the health-promoting lifestyle profile of adolescents.
Regarding health status, 19.93% of participants were obese and 11.2% of participants experienced poor emotional stability. A higher frequency of exercise corresponds to greater health literacy, better healthy lifestyle profile, and better psychological health status. Therefore, provision of suitable physical education training can allow adolescents to develop an exercise habit a crucial method for improving health literacy, developing a healthy lifestyle profile, and improving health.
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because of licensed but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
The data were used under license for this study and so are not publicly available.
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Dybsand LL, Hall KJ, Ulven JC, Carson PJ. Improving provider confidence in addressing the vaccine-hesitant parent: a pilot project of 2 contrasting communication strategies. Clin pediatr. 2020;59(1):87–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922819884572.
Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264.
Mehri A, Solhi M, Garmaroudi G, et al. Health promoting lifestyle and its determinants Among University students in Sabzevar, Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:65. https://doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.180411.
Tang FC, Su WL, Huang SL. The level of health-promoting lifestyle and related factors among undergraduate students in Central Taiwan. J Ergonomic Study. 2015;17(1):27–38. https://doi.org/10.6273/JES.2015.17(01).03.
Foley BC, Shrewsbury VA, Hardy LL, et al. Evaluation of a peer education program on student leaders' energy balance-related behaviors. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):695. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4707-8.
Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Qi X, Locke J, Rehman S. Childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a public health concern. Global Pediatric Health. 2019;6:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X19891305.
Tai Q, Tang KC, Yang F. Recent progress of inorganic perovskite solar cells. R Soc Chem. 2019;12:2375–405. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ee01479a.
Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Obesity. 2016;17:95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12334.
Weihrauch C, Opp C. Ecologically relevant phosphorus pools in soils and their dynamics: the story so far. Geoderma. 2018;325:183–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.047.
Aliza WS, Yael P, Alison LC, et al. School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;51:30–47.
Zhang SC, Yang R, Li DL, et al. Association of health literacy and sleep problems with mental health of Chinese students in combined junior and senior high school. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0217685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217685.
Chen YH, Lin TC. The study on students exercise behavior improved depressions level in Central Taiwan. J Manage Pract Principles. 2016;10(2):13–21. https://doi.org/10.29916/JMPP.
Chung CC. The relationship between the college students experience, learning satisfaction and the behavioral intention in physical education. J Sport Leisure Hospitality Res. 2008;3(3):53–67. https://doi.org/10.29429/JSLHR.200809_3(3).04.
We acknowledge the participants who completed the questionnaire and made this study possible. We also sincerely thank the China Medical University Hospital and Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, for financially supporting this research.
The China Medical University (CMU108-MF-123), Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 109–2410-H-039-008-SSS), and Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital (JCMNM108–003) in Taiwan.
Nursing Department, Jenteh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan
Fen Chu-Ko, Chun-Chi Chang & Hsin-Yi Liu
Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Fen Chu-Ko & Chi-Jung Chung
Department of Nursing, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Meng-Ling Chong
School of Nursing, China Medical University; Adjunct Supervisor, Department of Nursing, China Medical University Children Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
Li-Chi Huang
Fen Chu-Ko
Chi-Jung Chung
Chun-Chi Chang
Hsin-Yi Liu
FCK, LCH, MLC and CJC contributed to design of the study. CCC and HYL collected research data. FCK, LCH, and CJC led on statistical analysis of the data and interpretation. FCK wrote the manuscript and LCH revised for important intellectual contents. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Li-Chi Huang.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the China Medical University Hospital (CRREC-107-081) in Taiwan. This study complied with the principles of ethics, fairness, and justice. The aim of study and study procedure were clearly explained to participants before the study was conducted. The individual and parental informed consent forms were both signed before the study was conducted. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
The authors declare that they have no completing interests.
Additional file 1: Supplement Table 1.
Correlation between participants' characteristics and health literacy.
Correlation between participants' characteristics and health promoting lifestyle profile (n = 918).
Correlation between Participants' characteristics and depression scale.
Chu-Ko, F., Chong, ML., Chung, CJ. et al. Exploring the factors related to adolescent health literacy, health-promoting lifestyle profile, and health status. BMC Public Health 21, 2196 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12239-w
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12239-w


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The man behind the jet suit paramedic concept will be the first speaker at a new networking group aimed at connecting Northern businesses.
The Great North Air Ambulance Service (GNAAS) will launch a business club next month to unite businesses from its region and give them the chance to hear from expert speakers.
Membership fees from the GNAAS Business Club (GBC) will go towards helping GNAAS continue to provide life-saving critical care to ill or injured patients in the region at a time when the charity has seen a slump in revenue from corporate supporters.
In 2019 the charity received £753,000 from businesses, however in 2020 this was down to £412,000.
Although the membership fee will help the charity, the main goal of GBC is to create a group for businesses to network and establish a sense of unity and togetherness, just like when the charity's own critical care team work together to save a life.
The first event will be a free taster session taking place virtually on 11 February, with guest speaker Andy Mawson, director of operations and paramedic at GNAAS.
He said: "I'm delighted to be the first speaker at our inaugural event for GNAAS' new business club.
At GNAAS we strive to stay at the forefront of pre-hospital care and are committed to a programme of research and development, so the first event will be focused on innovation.
"I will be talking about the launch of the jet suit paramedic which we trialled in September 2020, our response to the COVID-19 pandemic, what the future looks like for us, and my management style, among other things.
"It'd be great to see as many businesses as possible joining us, albeit virtually, and hopefully we can all meet in person later in the year once it's safe to do so."
Leya Baksh, corporate fundraising officer at the charity, said: "We're really looking forward to meeting local businesses at our launch event.
"It's a great opportunity for people to network and grow their connections as well as listen to interesting speakers. Membership fees will contribute towards our life-saving service, which is completely reliant on public donations."
Businesses of all industries and sizes are welcome to join GBC. The membership fee is £35 (excl VAT) per month per member (£420 per year VAT excl).
By becoming a member of GBC, members will be invited to networking events throughout the year and get access to exclusive benefits such as discounted rates on GNAAS' world class facilities hire.
In addition to this, members will receive online and social media support such as shout outs on LinkedIn, and the use of the GBC logo and GBC LinkedIn banner for corporate social responsibility purposes.
To find out more information about becoming a member of GBC please contact leya.baksh@gnaas.com or call 01325 487263.
To register for the first event visit: gna.as/gbc
January the 7th, 2021
Virtual Business Networking: A Forward-Thinking Approach
Thursday 11 February 10am-12.30pm
GNAAS Business Club

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Experience Pinehurst No.7 Course with Golf Tours Abroad. Designed by Rees Jones in 1986, this is one of longest Pinehurst ® golf courses measuring 7216 yards.
Pinehurst No. 7 was designed by Rees Jones in 1986 and is located on the site of a forgotten nine-hole employee course that was laid out by Donald Ross. At 7,216 yards, No. 7 is one of Pinehurst's longest tracks, unfolding over dramatic, hilly terrain that's dotted with wetlands in lower-lying areas. Elevated tees let you register the challenges that wait and elevated greens demand approaches struck with authority. No. 7 is renowned for its many colourful flourishes of scenery. Old bunkers from the employee course that Jones uncovered during initial routing adorn the tee of the Par-4 4th hole. One of the wetlands area called the "Devil's Gut," must be cleared on your approach to the short par-4 7th hole. Also look out for Jones' trademark "Fingers" bunkers that demand accuracy on hole 16.
Pinehurst No. 6 rests a few miles from the center of Pinehurst, and is also a departure from the first five courses in design and temperament. It's the first Pinehurst effort by Tom Fazio, who began work on No. 6 in 1975 with his uncle George, a famed designer in his own right. The result was a more rugged, undulating track that demands bigger drives and more aggressive approaches. Tom returned in 2005 to carve new bunkers, soften angles and seed faster greens. The addition of native wiregrass throughout the course gives it a distinctive Pinehurst feel. Between the water, bunkers, wetlands and woods, there are plenty of perils on this par-71 track. The back nine is among Pinehurst's most challenging halves.
Pinehurst No. 5 was designed in 1961 by Ellis Maples, a Donald Ross protégé. Maples believed that it was the designer's job to find the golf course that resided in the land's structure, and his faithfulness to the land is evident in No. 5's variety of holes that meander up and down, left and right, and over water. No. 5 has more water hazards than any of the other courses at Pinehurst. The combination of water carries, elevated greens and overall greater yardage favors longer hitters. No. 5 offers classic Pinehurst golf—more challenging than Nos. 1 and 3, but less taxing than No. 2. It won't disappoint.
The course closed for renovation by Gil Hanse and is set to reopen in the late Fall of 2018. Just as soon as the course is complete we'll update the details here.


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October 4, 2017 8:11 AM
Home2018 ElectionsPSC Chair Stan Wise Not Seeking Re-Election
PSC Chair Stan Wise Not Seeking Re-Election
By Charlie 2018 Elections, Public Service Commission, Republicans 1 Comment
The Atlanta Business Chronicle is reporting that the Chairman of Georgia's Public Service Commission is not seeking re-election.
"There's an old saying that happiness doesn't come from doing easy work," Wise said in a statement. "I was sent here to make tough decisions, and I did my best to advance our state and its citizens. We have reliable utility services and abundant energy supplies and capacity. We haven't deferred infrastructure investment, which will keep rates more affordable over time. Businesses are more likely to choose Georgia because of the climate we have created, which means more jobs and prosperity. It brings me immense satisfaction to know I played a hand in that."
Wise, 65, said he does not plan to qualify for re-election when qualifying begins in March. He does plan on serving the remainder of his term, which expires Dec. 31, 2018.
Wise has served four six-year terms, joining the commission in 1995.
Publisher of GeorgiaPol.com UGA & GSU degrees in Economics Executive Director for PolicyBEST Interests are public policy solutions in Education, Science & Medicine, and Transportation that keep GA competitive and a great place to live.
Jack Fitz
Let me be the first to nominate Charlie Harper for District 5 Public Service Commissioner. If memory serves me I think you live in Cobb, and I definitely know you're from Fayette county. Barring statewide office, how else could you serve both your home AND hometown? Sounds like a win-win.


The spread of online stock trading and stock trading apps has finally made the financial system accessible to the masses in India. However, like lawyers, investors are often guilty of over-using jargon and writing in complicated terms, which makes gaining knowledge a daunting prospect for a beginner. Indeed, we found that this problem of over-complication begins from the very first step, i.e., while seeking the answer to 'How to begin Trading.' Search and see for yourself.
At MVT Live, we've endeavored to ensure that everything is explained in simple terms, accessible to someone's who's reading his first article on trading, yet without compromising on information. For those seeking the answer to the question "How to begin investing," we've created the following infographic that we hope will answer all your questions in a step-by-step and easy to understand manner. Hope you find it useful.
My Value Trade is an online stock trading platform and a stock trading app that combines simplicity with a choice between fixed brokerage and a per order charge. We have amongst the lowest brokerage in India.


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James W. "Jimmy" Hess, of Hornell (Town of Hornellsville)
May 14, 2020 Glenn Leaman Obituaries 0
HORNELL-James W. "Jimmy" Hess, 29, of 7146 Tobes Hill Road, Hornell (Town of Hornellsville) died Sunday evening (May 10, 2020) at his home, following a long & courageous battle with cancer.
Born in Hornell on October 23, 1990, he was the son of James & Angela (Caruso) Hess.
Jimmy grew up in Hornell and was a graduate of Hornell High School (class of 2008). He later received his Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration from Alfred State College (SUNY Alfred).
He was employed for several years at the Hornell Public Library and later assisted his father in the operation of Hess Tree Service. More recently, Jimmy was employed as a cashier at Wegman's Grocery in Hornell where he was well known for his warm & friendly personality and his ever-present smile.
Jimmy was a lifelong member of Hornell United Methodist Church and for many years served as Choir Director. His faith in God was immeasurable!! He had a deep love of music and was known and admired throughout the area for having a beautiful voice. Being as talented as he was, Jimmy actually auditioned for the nationally acclaimed TV shows, "America's Got Talent" and also "The Voice". Locally, he enjoyed karaoke and taking part in many plays & recitals.
For several years, Jimmy served as an announcer at Hornell Little League and Hornell Babe Ruth Games. He was an avid WWE wrestling fan and was a member of the Hornell YMCA and Maple City Physical Therapy. For several years, Jimmy enjoyed the time he spent taking karate lessons.
He was preceded in death by his paternal grandparents, Walter & Betty Hess; and also his maternal grandparents, Angelo & Ethel Caruso.
Surviving are his father, James "Jim" Hess of Hornell; his mother, Angela Caruso of Wellsville; his sister, Jessica Hess of Monroe, NC; his half-sister, Sierra Caruso of Wellsville; several aunts, uncles & cousins.
At Jimmy's request there will no calling hours. Private services will be held at the convenience of the family. A "Celebration of Life" will be held on a day & time to be announced.
Funeral arrangements are in care of the Dagon Funeral Home, 38 Church St., Hornell, NY.
Jimmy's family request that in lieu of flowers, memorial contributions in his name be made to either the American Cancer Society, 13 Beech St., Johnson City, NY 13790 or the Hornell YMCA, 18 Center St., Hornell, NY 14843 or the Hornell Community Arts Center, Broadway Mall, Hornell, NY 14843.
To leave an online condolence or share a memory, visit www.dagonfuneralhome.com.
Steuben County Phase One Statement
O'Mara Wants Independent Investigation Into NYS's Handling Of Nursing Homes
Natalie Ann Weyand, of Hornell
Barbara Anne "Barb" Larsen, of Alfred
Ezio Anthony Fiacco, of Hornell
Robert C. "Bob" D'Apice, of Arkport
Carroll Edward Simms, Jr., of Hornell


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Q: On limits of manifolds This question should be fairly elementary. I'd just like to check I'm not missing anything.
Let $\{M_n\}_{n\ge 0}$ be an inverse system of smooth manifolds with transition maps $f_{t,s} : M_t\to M_s$, $t\ge s$, that are local diffeomorphisms.
Let $M$ be the topological inverse limit.

For every $x\in M$, does there exist an open neighborhood $U\subset M$ of $x$, such that $U$ is homeomorphic to some smooth manifold that is diffeomorphic to an open subset of $M_n$ for some $n$?

A: In general, this will be false. Examples are found among solenoidal manifolds, defined by Sullivan. For example, 1-dimensional solenoids.
Many of these are obtained by taking the inverse limit of finite-sheeted covers of a fixed manifold. The universal such example is obtained by taking a manifold $M$ with infinite residually finite fundamental group $\pi_1(M)$, and taking its profinite completion $\widehat{\pi_1(M)}$. Let $\tilde{M}$ denote the universal cover of $M$. Then $(\tilde{M}\times \widehat{\pi_1(M)})/ \pi_1(M)$ is a solenoid, where the action is by covering translation on the left and coset action on the right where $\pi_1(M)\subset \widehat{\pi_1(M)}$.
This space is locally homeomorphic to open subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n \times \widehat{\pi_1(M)}$. For an infinite residually finite group, $\widehat{\pi_1(M)} \cong \mathcal{C}$, the Cantor set. So there is a neighborhood basis of sets which are homeomorphic $\mathbb{R}^n \times \mathcal{C}$ where $\mathcal{C}$ is totally disconnected, since $\mathcal{C}$ has a neighborhood basis of sets homeomorphic to itself.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Edith Jane
Mackinaw Boat. Edith Jane. . The loose term "Mackinaw Boat" originally referred to any small sailing craft used in the Straits of Mackinac. The rather flat bottom and shallow draft allowed Mackinaw Boats to be pulled up on the beach, making them an ideal work boat when harbors and docks were scarce. . . Mackinaw Boats were remarkably seaworthy and were used to transport people or trade goods, to service commercial fisheries, for mail carrying and for carrying messages between steamships passing on the Straits. One story traces "Mackinaw Fishing Boats" back to the French fur traders, saying construction had been taken over by the Indians and the design had been handed down by them from generation to generation. . . The "Edith Jane" was built in St. Ignace about 1899 by the Chenier family who settled in this area around 1830. She is 18' 8" long, has a 6' 4" beam and a 1' 6" draft at post. She is carvel planked with 3/4" pine over sawn oak frames, displays a plumb stem, a strong sheer and a sharply raked sternpost. . . A typical Mackinaw Boat, the "Edith Jane" was originally rigged as a gaff-ketch; she was fitted with a centerboard and a jib set on a plank bow-sprit. She had a short foredeck. Later she was converted to power and her gaff-ketch rig, bow-sprit and jib were stripped, her centerboard case was replaced with an engine bed, and an inboard engine was installed. The tow ring was added at that time. . . Donated to the City of St. Ignace by: . The Michilimackinac Historical Society . This historical marker is in St. Ignace in Mackinac County Michigan
The loose term "Mackinaw Boat" originally referred to any small sailing craft used in the Straits of Mackinac. The rather flat bottom and shallow draft allowed Mackinaw Boats to be pulled up on the beach, making them an ideal work boat when harbors and docks were scarce.
Mackinaw Boats were remarkably seaworthy and were used to transport people or trade goods, to service commercial fisheries, for mail carrying and for carrying messages between steamships passing on the Straits. One story traces "Mackinaw Fishing Boats" back to the French fur traders, saying construction had been taken over by the Indians and the design had been handed down by them from generation to generation.
The "Edith Jane" was built in St. Ignace about 1899 by the Chenier family who settled in this area around 1830. She is 18' 8" long, has a 6' 4" beam and a 1' 6" draft at post. She is carvel planked with 3/4" pine over sawn oak frames, displays a plumb stem, a strong sheer and a sharply raked sternpost.
A typical Mackinaw Boat, the "Edith Jane" was originally rigged as a gaff-ketch; she was fitted with a centerboard
2. Mackinaw Boat and Marker
and a jib set on a plank bow-sprit. She had a short foredeck. Later she was converted to power and her gaff-ketch rig, bow-sprit and jib were stripped, her centerboard case was replaced with an engine bed, and an inboard engine was installed. The tow ring was added at that time.
Donated to the City of St. Ignace by:
The Michilimackinac Historical Society
Location. 45° 52.123′ N, 84° 43.609′ W. Marker is in St. Ignace, Michigan, in Mackinac County. Marker is at the intersection of North State Street (Business Interstate 75) and Central Hill, on the right when traveling north on North State Street. Touch for map. Marker is at or near this postal address: 322 North State Street, Saint Ignace MI 49781, United States of America. Touch for directions.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Civilian Conservation Corps (within shouting distance of this marker); a different marker also named Mackinaw Boat (within shouting distance of this marker); Native American Land Losses (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct line); Mooring Facilities (about 500 feet away); Fort de Buade (about 600 feet away); Diving into History (about 700 feet away); Michigan State Ferry (approx. 0.2 miles away); St. Ignace (approx. 0.2 miles away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in St. Ignace.
The boat and marker are in an enclosed exhibit in Conners Park.
Credits. This page was last revised on September 17, 2019. This page originally submitted on September 17, 2019, by Joel Seewald of Madison Heights, Michigan. This page has been viewed 104 times since then and 3 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3. submitted on September 17, 2019, by Joel Seewald of Madison Heights, Michigan.


LP Fergusson, who gained an MA in Creative Writing with Distinction from Oxford Brookes University in 2016, has signed a two-book deal with Canelo Publishing.
Her debut novel A Dangerous Act of Kindness caught the attention of literary agent Giles Milburn when it was highly commended by the panel of the Caledonian Novel Awards this year. It is due for publication in March 2019.
A Dangerous Act of Kindness begins in 1940 when a young widow finds an injured German pilot on her remote farm in Oxfordshire and makes the fateful decision to help him. It is primarily a story of love and romance but also tells "a parallel story of the horrors of war, the humanity of enemy soldiers and the psychology of collaboration." (LP Fergusson, 2018).
Stories of meteoric writing success hit the headlines simply because they're rare. For most of us, it's a long, hard slog of submissions, rejections and redrafts. Before I did my MA in Creative Writing, I gave up several times, overwhelmed with the struggle. Oxford Brookes changed all that. The tutors treated me like a writer and gave me the confidence to keep going. This, coupled with the continuing support of the writing buddies I made on the course, gave me the momentum to reach my goal and become a published writer.
LP Fergusson is currently busy writing her second novel, which is set to be published by Canelo in 2020. For more information on Fergusson's publication success please visit: www.canelo.co/company/blog/brand-new-canelo/.
For more information on the Oxford Brookes Department of English and Modern Languages and the full range of courses they offer please visit: www.brookes.ac.uk/english-languages/.


text:
Volume 21, Issue 39 (September 29, 2019)
"Ready to Vanish Away"
By Kyle Pope
Preterists, who advocate the so-called "AD 70 Doctrine," argue that Mosaic Law continued after Jesus's death for Jews until it was finally brought to an end at the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. A passage they often cite in defense of their view is the phrase in Hebrews 8:13 that refers to the Law as "ready to vanish away." Interpreting this as if it is saying, "It was still in force, but ready to end," ignores the context and seriously misinterprets the force of the passage. The Hebrew writer has just quoted the great promise of Jeremiah 31:31-34 of the coming of and conditions under the "New Covenant" (Heb. 8:8-12). He then refers to what he has just quoted, pointing out, "In that He says, 'A new covenant,' He has made the first obsolete. Now what is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to vanish away" (Heb. 8:13, NKJV). The writer is addressing what "He" (i.e. God) said through Jeremiah. When God spoke these words to Jeremiah the Law was still in force. The Hebrew writer is describing conditions when God spoke to Jeremiah, not conditions in the first century. In Jeremiah's time it was "ready to vanish away," but when the Hebrew writer wrote it had already vanished away. This is clear from what is taught throughout the rest of the book.
For example, in the previous chapter he taught, "For the priesthood being changed, of necessity there is also a change of the law" (Heb. 7:12). Three chapters before this he taught, "Seeing then that we have a great High Priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast our confession. For we do not have a High Priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but was in all points tempted as we are, yet without sin" (Heb. 4:14-15). We should note that these were Jewish Christians, yet he identifies Christ as their High Priest. If the Law was still in force did they have two High Priests? No. So, either the Law had changed or Christ was not High Priest—but the Hebrew writer clearly says, "we HAVE a great High Priest" (emphasis mine). He doesn't say we will have (in AD 70). He says, "we HAVE A [singular] great High Priest" (emphasis mine). That means the Law had changed and was no longer in force.
He taught further, "For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never with these same sacrifices, which they offer continually year by year, make those who approach perfect" (Heb. 10:1). If the Law was still in force, it taught that those who offered sacrifices "shall be forgiven" (Lev. 4:20, 26, 31, 35; 5:10, 13, 16, 18; 6:7; 19:22). By contrast, the gospel taught, "in those sacrifices there is a reminder of sins every year" (Heb. 10:3). Christ became "the Mediator of the new covenant, by means of death, for the redemption of the transgressions under the first covenant" (Heb. 9:15). The fact that Christ had become Mediator and sacrifice made the old sacrifices imperfect and useless. He explains, "for the law made nothing perfect; on the other hand, there is the bringing in of a better hope, through which we draw near to God" (Heb. 7:19). If the Law was still in force the "better hope" had not yet come. Preterists agree that the writer is urging his Jewish readers not to go back to the Law as the means of justification, but then try to argue that it was still binding on Jewish Christians. That doesn't add up.
When did this "better hope" come? The Hebrew writer also makes this clear. He writes, "For where there is a testament, there must also of necessity be the death of the testator. For a testament is in force after men are dead, since it has no power at all while the testator lives" (Heb. 9:16-17). The New Covenant came into force at the cross—upon the "the death of the testator." Yet, we should note that the Hebrew writer explains that when he wrote, Christ had already "entered the holy places" which were in "heaven itself" (Heb. 9:24), at a time he identifies as "now, once at the end of the ages, He has appeared to put away sin by the sacrifice of Himself" (Heb. 9:26). Preterists argue that AD 70 was the "end of the ages." But, the Holy Spirit says Christ's death was "at the end of the ages." This is when the "better hope" came. This is when the Law changed—not at AD 70.
Finally, let's note some significant things the Hebrew writer taught. He speaks of the "annulling of the former commandment because of its weakness and unprofitableness" (Heb. 7:18). We have already discussed some ways in which Mosaic Law was imperfect, but note in this passage that he speaks of the "annulling of the former commandment." Remember, he is talking to Jewish Christians. The word translated "annulling" is athetēsis (ἀθέτησις) meaning "abolition, disannulling, put away, rejection" (Thayer). That which is abolished, annulled, or put away is no longer in force. He writes further, "For if that first covenant had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second" (Heb. 8:7). He refers to the New Covenant as "a second." Two chapters later he declares of Christ, "He takes away the first that He may establish the second" (Heb. 10:9). That suggests that in order to establish the "second" the "first" (i.e. the Mosaic Law) had to be taken away. If we argue that the first was still in place how can we say the second had come? Finally, in discussing ceremonial elements of Mosaic Law, he writes that they were, "concerned only with foods and drinks, various washings, and fleshly ordinances imposed until the time of reformation" (Heb. 9:10, emphasis mine). We should notice, they were "imposed until" what he calls "the time of the reformation." I assert that this happened at the cross, preterists say it didn't happen until what they call "The Gathering," which they contend happened in AD 70. This diminishes the value of Christ's sacrifice and the wonder He accomplished in calling all souls into submission unto Him, having taken away the Old Covenant and replacing it with the new.


Los Angeles – VP Records is proud to be a sponsor of the largest Caribbean-party tour festival, Beach Road Trip (BRT) Weekend that will take place at Cabrillo Beach in Los Angeles beginning this Thursday September 13-Sunday September 16th.
This go around, the star-studded BRT lineup features the best of Soca and Dancehall with Bunji Garlin and Alkaline. Special invited ambassador Marvin The Beast will be there to capture all of the moments for his impressive 303k following on Instagram. The event wouldn't be complete without a host of special celebrity DJs.
This weekend's parties and events will launch with a Warm-Up event on Thursday. Friday will include a Welcome Check-In Party and The V Maui Wowi Bonfire with Alkaline performing.
On Saturday, the Xtreme Wet N' Wild Party with a performance by Bunji Garlin and the VP Records branded/sponsored BRT Glow Eruption will be held.
The final day Sunday will close with the Jouvert Breakfast Party and the BRT All White "Grand Finale".
For those who want to keep the fun going well into the morning hours, there will be after parties held every night at various LA venues. See schedule here.
The 2018 BRT Weekend 2018 Tour also includes the Florida Keys November 1 -4. They will also land in Turks and Caicos for the first time Martin Luther King Weekend 2019.