text:
/***********************************************************************
	filename: 	CEGUISystem.h
	created:	20/2/2004
	author:		Paul D Turner

	purpose:	Defines interface for main GUI system class
*************************************************************************/
/***************************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 2004 - 2006 Paul D Turner & The CEGUI Development Team
 *
 *   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 *   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
 *   "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
 *   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
 *   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 *   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
 *   the following conditions:
 *
 *   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 *   included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 *   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 *   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 *   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
 *   IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
 *   OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
 *   ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
 *   OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ***************************************************************************/
#ifndef _CEGUISystem_h_
#define _CEGUISystem_h_

#include "CEGUIBase.h"
#include "CEGUIString.h"
#include "CEGUISingleton.h"
#include "CEGUIRenderer.h"
#include "CEGUIMouseCursor.h"
#include "CEGUIInputEvent.h"
#include "CEGUIResourceProvider.h"

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#	pragma warning(push)
#	pragma warning(disable : 4275)
#	pragma warning(disable : 4251)
#endif

// Start of CEGUI namespace section
namespace CEGUI
{
//! Implementation struct that tracks and controls multiclick for mouse buttons.
struct MouseClickTrackerImpl;

/*!
\brief
	The System class is the CEGUI class that provides access to all other elements in this system.

	This object must be created by the client application.  The System object requires that you pass it
	an initialised Renderer object which it can use to interface to whatever rendering system will be
	used to display the GUI imagery.
*/
class CEGUIEXPORT System : public Singleton<System>, public EventSet
{
public:
	static const String EventNamespace;				//!< Namespace for global events

	/*************************************************************************
		Constants
	*************************************************************************/
	static const double		DefaultSingleClickTimeout;		//!< Default timeout for generation of single click events.
	static const double		DefaultMultiClickTimeout;		//!< Default timeout for generation of multi-click events.
	static const Size		DefaultMultiClickAreaSize;		//!< Default allowable mouse movement for multi-click event generation.

	// event names
	static const String EventGUISheetChanged;				//!< Name of event fired whenever the GUI sheet is changed.
	static const String EventSingleClickTimeoutChanged;	//!< Name of event fired when the single-click timeout is changed.
	static const String EventMultiClickTimeoutChanged;	//!< Name of event fired when the multi-click timeout is changed.
	static const String EventMultiClickAreaSizeChanged;	//!< Name of event fired when the size of the multi-click tolerance area is changed.
	static const String EventDefaultFontChanged;			//!< Name of event fired when the default font changes.
	static const String EventDefaultMouseCursorChanged;	//!< Name of event fired when the default mouse cursor changes.
	static const String EventMouseMoveScalingChanged;		//!< Name of event fired when the mouse move scaling factor changes.

	/*************************************************************************
		Construction and Destruction
	*************************************************************************/
    /*!
    \brief
        Construct a new System object

    \param renderer
        Pointer to the valid Renderer object that will be used to render GUI
        imagery.

    \param resourceProvider
        Pointer to a ResourceProvider object, or NULL to use whichever default
        the Renderer provides.

    \param xmlParser
        Pointer to a valid XMLParser object to be used when parsing XML files,
        or NULL to use a default parser.

    \param scriptModule
        Pointer to a ScriptModule object.  may be NULL for none.

    \param configFile
        String object containing the name of a configuration file to use.

    \param logFile
        String object containing the name to use for the log file.
    */
    System(Renderer* renderer, ResourceProvider* resourceProvider = 0, XMLParser* xmlParser = 0, ScriptModule* scriptModule = 0, const String& configFile = "", const String& logFile = "CEGUI.log");

	/*!
	\brief
		Destructor for System objects.
	*/
	~System(void);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the Renderer object being used by the system

	\return
		Pointer to the Renderer object used by the system.
	*/
	Renderer*	getRenderer(void) const			{return d_renderer;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return singleton System object

	\return
		Singleton System object
	*/
	static	System&	getSingleton(void);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return pointer to singleton System object

	\return
		Pointer to singleton System object
	*/
	static	System*	getSingletonPtr(void);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the default font to be used by the system

	\param name
		String object containing the name of the font to be used as the system default.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void	setDefaultFont(const String& name);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the default font to be used by the system

	\param font
		Pointer to the font to be used as the system default.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void	setDefaultFont(Font* font);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the default Font for the GUI system

	\return
		Pointer to a Font object that is the default font in the system.
	*/
	Font*	getDefaultFont(void) const				{return d_defaultFont;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Causes a full re-draw next time renderGUI() is called

	\return
		Nothing
	*/
	void	signalRedraw()		{d_gui_redraw = true;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a boolean value to indicate whether a full re-draw is requested next time renderGUI() is called.

	\return
		true if a re-draw has been requested
	*/
	bool	isRedrawRequested() const		{return d_gui_redraw;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Render the GUI

		Depending upon the internal state, this may either re-use rendering from last time, or trigger a full re-draw from all elements.

	\return
		Nothing
	*/
	void	renderGUI(void);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the active GUI sheet (root) window.

	\param sheet
		Pointer to a Window object that will become the new GUI 'root'

	\return
		Pointer to the window that was previously set as the GUI root.
	*/
	Window*	setGUISheet(Window* sheet);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the active GUI sheet (root) window.

	\return
		Pointer to the window object that has been set as the GUI root element.
	*/
	Window*	getGUISheet(void) const		{return d_activeSheet;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return the current timeout for generation of single-click events.

		A single-click is defined here as a button being pressed and then released.

	\return
		double value equal to the current single-click timeout value.
	*/
	double	getSingleClickTimeout(void) const		{return d_click_timeout;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return the current timeout for generation of multi-click events.

		A multi-click event is a double-click, or a triple-click.  The value returned
		here is the maximum allowable time between mouse button down events for which
		a multi-click event will be generated.

	\return
		double value equal to the current multi-click timeout value.
	*/
	double	getMultiClickTimeout(void) const		{return d_dblclick_timeout;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return the size of the allowable mouse movement tolerance used when generating multi-click events.

		This size defines an area with the mouse at the centre.  The mouse must stay within the tolerance defined
		for a multi-click (double click, or triple click) event to be generated.

	\return
		Size object describing the current multi-click tolerance area size.
	*/
	const Size&	getMultiClickToleranceAreaSize(void) const		{return d_dblclick_size;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the timeout used for generation of single-click events.

		A single-click is defined here as a button being pressed and then released.

	\param timeout
		double value equal to the single-click timeout value to be used from now onwards.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void	setSingleClickTimeout(double timeout);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the timeout to be used for the generation of multi-click events.

		A multi-click event is a double-click, or a triple-click.  The value returned
		here is the maximum allowable time between mouse button down events for which
		a multi-click event will be generated.

	\param timeout
		double value equal to the multi-click timeout value to be used from now onwards.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void setMultiClickTimeout(double timeout);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the size of the allowable mouse movement tolerance used when generating multi-click events.

		This size defines an area with the mouse at the centre.  The mouse must stay within the tolerance defined
		for a multi-click (double click, or triple click) event to be generated.

	\param sz
		Size object describing the multi-click tolerance area size to be used.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void setMultiClickToleranceAreaSize(const Size&	sz);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return the currently set default mouse cursor image

	\return
		Pointer to the current default image used for the mouse cursor.  May return NULL if default cursor has not been set,
		or has intentionally been set to NULL - which results in a blank default cursor.
	*/
	const Image*	getDefaultMouseCursor(void) const	{return d_defaultMouseCursor;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the image to be used as the default mouse cursor.

	\param image
		Pointer to an image object that is to be used as the default mouse cursor.  To have no cursor rendered by default, you
		can specify NULL here.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void	setDefaultMouseCursor(const Image* image);

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the image to be used as the default mouse cursor.

	\param image
		One of the MouseCursorImage enumerated values.

	\return
		Nothing.
	*/
	void	setDefaultMouseCursor(MouseCursorImage image)		{setDefaultMouseCursor((const Image*)image);}

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the image to be used as the default mouse cursor.

	\param imageset
		String object that contains the name of the Imageset  that contains the image to be used.

	\param image_name
		String object that contains the name of the Image on \a imageset that is to be used.

	\return
		Nothing.

	\exception UnknownObjectException	thrown if \a imageset is not known, or if \a imageset contains no Image named \a image_name.
	*/
	void	setDefaultMouseCursor(const String& imageset, const String& image_name);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return the Window object that the mouse is presently within

	\return
		Pointer to the Window object that currently contains the mouse cursor, or NULL if none.
	*/
	Window*	getWindowContainingMouse(void) const	{return d_wndWithMouse;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the ScriptModule being used for scripting within the GUI system.

	\return
		Pointer to a ScriptModule based object.
	*/
	ScriptModule*	getScriptingModule(void) const;

    /*!
    \brief
        Set the ScriptModule to be used for scripting within the GUI system.

    \param scriptModule
        Pointer to a ScriptModule based object, or 0 for none (be careful!)

    \return
        Nothing
    */
    void setScriptingModule(ScriptModule* scriptModule);

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the ResourceProvider being used within the GUI system.

	\return
		Pointer to a ResourceProvider based object.
	*/
	ResourceProvider* getResourceProvider(void) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Execute a script file if possible.

	\param filename
		String object holding the filename of the script file that is to be executed

	\param resourceGroup
		Resource group identifier to be passed to the ResourceProvider when loading the script file.
	*/
	void	executeScriptFile(const String& filename, const String& resourceGroup = "") const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Execute a scripted global function if possible.  The function should not take any parameters and should return an integer.

	\param function_name
		String object holding the name of the function, in the global script environment, that
		is to be executed.

	\return
		The integer value returned from the script function.
	*/
	int		executeScriptGlobal(const String& function_name) const;

    /*!
    \brief
        If possible, execute script code contained in the given CEGUI::String object.

    \param str
        String object holding the valid script code that should be executed.

    \return
        Nothing.
    */
    void executeScriptString(const String& str) const;

    /*!
	\brief
		return the current mouse movement scaling factor.

	\return
		float value that is equal to the currently set mouse movement scaling factor.  Defaults to 1.0f.
	*/
	float	getMouseMoveScaling(void) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Set the current mouse movement scaling factor

	\param scaling
		float value specifying the scaling to be applied to mouse movement inputs.

	\return
		nothing.
	*/
	void	setMouseMoveScaling(float scaling);

	/*!
	\brief
		Internal method used to inform the System object whenever a window is destroyed, so that System can perform any required
		housekeeping.

	\note
		This method is not intended for client code usage.  If you use this method anything can, and probably will, go wrong!
	*/
	void	notifyWindowDestroyed(const Window* window);

    /*!
    \brief
        Return the current system keys value.

    \return
        uint value representing a combination of the SystemKey bits.
    */
    uint    getSystemKeys(void) const   { return d_sysKeys; }

    /*!
    \brief
        Return the XMLParser object.
     */
    XMLParser* getXMLParser(void) const     { return d_xmlParser; }

    /*!
    \brief
        Set the system default Tooltip object.  This value may be NULL to indicate that no default Tooltip will be
        available.

    \param tooltip
        Pointer to a valid Tooltip based object which should be used as the default tooltip for the system, or NULL to
        indicate that no system default tooltip is required.  Note that when passing a pointer to a Tooltip object,
        ownership of the Tooltip does not pass to System.

    \return
        Nothing.
    */
    void setDefaultTooltip(Tooltip* tooltip);

    /*!
    \brief
        Set the system default Tooltip to be used by specifying a Window type.

        System will internally attempt to create an instance of the specified window type (which must be
        derived from the base Tooltip class).  If the Tooltip creation fails, the error is logged and no
        system default Tooltip will be available.

    \param tooltipType
        String object holding the name of the Tooltip based Window type which should be used as the Tooltip for
        the system default.

    \return
        Nothing.
    */
    void setDefaultTooltip(const String& tooltipType);

    /*!
    \brief
        return a poiter to the system default tooltip.  May return 0.

    \return
        Pointer to the current system default tooltip.  May return 0 if
        no system default tooltip is available.
     */
    Tooltip* getDefaultTooltip(void) const  { return d_defaultTooltip; }

	/*!
	\brief
		Internal method to directly set the current modal target.

	\note
		This method is called internally by Window, and must be used by client code.
		Doing so will most likely not have the expected results.
	*/
	void setModalTarget(Window* target)		{d_modalTarget = target;}

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the Window that is currently the modal target.

	\return
		Pointer to the current modal target. NULL if there is no modal target.
	*/
	Window* getModalTarget(void) const		{return d_modalTarget;}

    /*!
    \brief
        Static member to set the name of the default XML parser module that
        should be used.

        If you want to modify the default parser from the one compiled in, you
        need to call this static member prior to instantiating the main
        CEGUI::System object.

        Note that calling this member to change the name of the default module
        after CEGUI::System, and therefore the default xml parser, has been
        created will have no real effect - the default parser name will be
        updated, though no actual changes to the xml parser module will occur.

        The built-in options for this are:
         - XercesParser
         - ExpatParser
         - LibxmlParser
         - TinyXMLParser

        Whether these are actually available, depends upon how you built the
        system.  If you have some custom parser, you can provide the name of
        that here to have it used as the default, though note that the
        final filename of the parser module should be of the form:

        [prefix]CEGUI[parserName][suffix]

        where:
        - [prefix] is some optional prefix; like 'lib' on linux.
        - CEGUI is a required prefix.
        - [parserName] is the name of the parser, as supplied to this function.
        - [suffix] is the filename suffix, like .dll or .so

        Final module filenames are, thus, of the form:
        - CEGUIXercesParser.dll
        - libCEGUIXercesParser.so

    \param parserName
        String describing the name of the xml parser module to be used as the
        default.

    \return
        Nothing.
    */
    static void setDefaultXMLParserName(const String& parserName);

    /*!
    \brief
        Return the name of the currently set default xml parser module.

    \return
        String holding the currently set default xml parser name.  Note that if
        this name has been changed after instantiating the system, the name
        returned may not actually correspond to the module in use.
    */
    static const String getDefaultXMLParserName();

	/*************************************************************************
		Input injection interface
	*************************************************************************/
	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a mouse movement event into the system

	\param delta_x
		amount the mouse moved on the x axis.

	\param delta_y
		amount the mouse moved on the y axis.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectMouseMove(float delta_x, float delta_y);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects that the mouse has left the application window

	\return
		- true if the generated mouse move event was handled.
		- false if the generated mouse move event was not handled.
	*/
	bool	injectMouseLeaves(void);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a mouse button down event into the system.

	\param button
		One of the MouseButton values indicating which button was pressed.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectMouseButtonDown(MouseButton button);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a mouse button up event into the system.

	\param button
		One of the MouseButton values indicating which button was released.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectMouseButtonUp(MouseButton button);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a key down event into the system.

	\param key_code
		uint value indicating which key was pressed.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectKeyDown(uint key_code);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a key up event into the system.

	\param key_code
		uint value indicating which key was released.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectKeyUp(uint key_code);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a typed character event into the system.

	\param code_point
		Unicode code point of the character that was typed.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectChar(utf32 code_point);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a mouse-wheel / scroll-wheel event into the system.

	\param delta
		float value representing the amount the wheel moved.

	\return
		- true if the input was processed by the gui system.
		- false if the input was not processed by the gui system.
	*/
	bool	injectMouseWheelChange(float delta);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method that injects a new position for the mouse cursor.

	\param x_pos
		New absolute pixel position of the mouse cursor on the x axis.

	\param y_pos
		New absolute pixel position of the mouse cursoe in the y axis.

	\return
		- true if the generated mouse move event was handled.
		- false if the generated mouse move event was not handled.
	*/
	bool	injectMousePosition(float x_pos, float y_pos);

	/*!
	\brief
		Method to inject time pulses into the system.

	\param timeElapsed
		float value indicating the amount of time passed, in seconds, since the last time this method was called.

	\return
		Currently, this method always returns true.
	*/
	bool	injectTimePulse(float timeElapsed);

private:
    // unimplemented constructors / assignment
    System(const System& obj);
    System& operator=(const System& obj);

	/*************************************************************************
		Implementation Constants
	*************************************************************************/
	static const char	CEGUIConfigSchemaName[];			//!< Filename of the XML schema used for validating Config files.

	/*************************************************************************
		Implementation Functions
	*************************************************************************/
	/*!
	\brief
		Given Point \a pt, return a pointer to the Window that should receive a mouse input if \a pt is the mouse location.

	\param pt
		Point object describing a screen location in pixels.

	\return
		Pointer to a Window object that should receive mouse input with the system in its current state and the mouse at location \a pt.
	*/
	Window*	getTargetWindow(const Point& pt) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the Window that should receive keyboard input considering the current modal target.

	\return
		Pointer to a Window object that should receive the keyboard input.
	*/
	Window* getKeyboardTargetWindow(void) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Return a pointer to the next window that is to receive the input if the given Window did not use it.

	\param w
		Pointer to the Window that just received the input.

	\return
		Pointer to the next window to receive the input.
	*/
	Window* getNextTargetWindow(Window* w) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Translate a MouseButton value into the corresponding SystemKey value

	\param btn
		MouseButton value describing the value to be converted

	\return
		SystemKey value that corresponds to the same button as \a btn
	*/
	SystemKey	mouseButtonToSyskey(MouseButton btn) const;

	/*!
	\brief
		Translate a Key::Scan value into the corresponding SystemKey value.

		This takes key direction into account, since we map two keys onto one value.

	\param key
		Key::Scan value describing the value to be converted

	\param direction
		true if the key is being pressed, false if the key is being released.

	\return
		SystemKey value that corresponds to the same key as \a key, or 0 if key was not a system key.
	*/
	SystemKey	keyCodeToSyskey(Key::Scan key, bool direction);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler method for display size change notifications
	*/
	bool	handleDisplaySizeChange(const EventArgs& e);

    //! output the standard log header
    void outputLogHeader();

    //! adds factories for all the basic window types
    void addStandardWindowFactories();

    //! create the other core system singleton objects (except the logger)
    void createSingletons();

    //! cleanup the core system singleton objects
    void destroySingletons();

    //! handle creation and initialisation of the XML parser.
    void setupXMLParser();

    //! handle cleanup of the XML parser
    void cleanupXMLParser();

	/*************************************************************************
		Handlers for System events
	*************************************************************************/
	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the main system GUI Sheet (or root window) is changed.

		\a e is a WindowEventArgs with 'window' set to the old root window.
	*/
	void	onGUISheetChanged(WindowEventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the single-click timeout value is changed.
	*/
	void	onSingleClickTimeoutChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the multi-click timeout value is changed.
	*/
	void	onMultiClickTimeoutChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the size of the multi-click tolerance area is changed.
	*/
	void	onMultiClickAreaSizeChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the default system font is changed.
	*/
	void	onDefaultFontChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the default system mouse cursor image is changed.
	*/
	void	onDefaultMouseCursorChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*!
	\brief
		Handler called when the mouse movement scaling factor is changed.
	*/
	void	onMouseMoveScalingChanged(EventArgs& e);

	/*************************************************************************
		Implementation Data
	*************************************************************************/
	Renderer*	d_renderer;			//!< Holds the pointer to the Renderer object given to us in the constructor
    ResourceProvider* d_resourceProvider;      //!< Holds the pointer to the ResourceProvider object given to us by the renderer or the System constructor.
	Font*		d_defaultFont;		//!< Holds a pointer to the default GUI font.
	bool		d_gui_redraw;		//!< True if GUI should be re-drawn, false if render should re-use last times queue.

	Window*		d_wndWithMouse;		//!< Pointer to the window that currently contains the mouse.
	Window*		d_activeSheet;		//!< The active GUI sheet (root window)
	Window*		d_modalTarget;		//!< Pointer to the window that is the current modal target. NULL is there is no modal target.

	String d_strVersion;    //!< CEGUI version

	uint		d_sysKeys;			//!< Current set of system keys pressed (in mk1 these were passed in, here we track these ourself).
	bool		d_lshift;			//!< Tracks state of left shift.
	bool		d_rshift;			//!< Tracks state of right shift.
	bool		d_lctrl;			//!< Tracks state of left control.
	bool		d_rctrl;			//!< Tracks state of right control.
	bool		d_lalt;				//!< Tracks state of left alt.
	bool		d_ralt;				//!< Tracks state of right alt.

	double		d_click_timeout;	//!< Timeout value, in seconds, used to generate a single-click (button down then up)
	double		d_dblclick_timeout;	//!< Timeout value, in seconds, used to generate multi-click events (botton down, then up, then down, and so on).
	Size		d_dblclick_size;	//!< Size of area the mouse can move and still make multi-clicks.

	MouseClickTrackerImpl* const	d_clickTrackerPimpl;		//!< Tracks mouse button click generation.

	// mouse cursor related
	const Image*	d_defaultMouseCursor;		//!< Image to be used as the default mouse cursor.

	// scripting
	ScriptModule*	d_scriptModule;			//!< Points to the scripting support module.
	String			d_termScriptName;		//!< Name of the script to run upon system shutdown.

	float	d_mouseScalingFactor;			//!< Scaling applied to mouse movement inputs.

    XMLParser*  d_xmlParser;        //!< XMLParser object we use to process xml files.
    bool        d_ourXmlParser;     //!< true when we created the xml parser.
    DynamicModule* d_parserModule;  //! pointer to parser module.

    Tooltip* d_defaultTooltip;      //!< System default tooltip object.
    bool     d_weOwnTooltip;        //!< true if System created the custom Tooltip.

    //!< Holds the connection to Renderer::EventDisplaySizeChanged so we can unsubscribe before we die.
    Event::Connection d_rendererCon;

    static String   d_defaultXMLParserName; //!< Holds name of default XMLParser
};

} // End of  CEGUI namespace section

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#	pragma warning(pop)
#endif

#endif	// end of guard _CEGUISystem_h_


text:
Hello, and thanks for your interest in this year's NPR Student Podcast Challenge! This is your chance to make your voice heard and represent Eldorado nationally. Please review the information below and let Mr. Riesel (jared.riesel@bvsd.org) know if you have any questions.
Some information within courtesy of npr.org
Mr. Riesel's Welcome Video
NPR is inviting students around the country to create a podcast, then — with the help of a teacher — compete for a chance to win our grand prize and have your work appear on NPR.
Here's how it works: Put together a podcast. Then Mr. Riesel will submit it to the competition. The winning podcast submissions will be featured in segments on Morning Edition or All Things Considered!
The following resources and forms are necessary/important to enter the competition:
PARENT PERMISSION FORM
NPR'S COMPETITION HOME PAGE
Example Topics
Tell us a story about your school or community: about something that happened there — recently or in the past — that your audience should know about.
What is a moment in history that all students should learn about?
Show us both sides of a debate about an issue that's important to you.
What do you want to change about the world? What's a big change that you want to make in the future?
Explain something to us that kids understand and grown-ups don't.
~or choose your own!~
Using WeVideo for Podcasts
Begin at www.wevideo.com, then click Log In and click Log In With Google to use your BVSD account.
Final projects should be exported as "audio only".
Mr. Riesel can help you out!!!
Some Great Example Podcasts
Learn some important podcasting skills from this podcast!
Each episode provides a great explanation about a new topic.
Interested in science? Hear answers to listeners' most riveting questions.
Listen to Past Competition Winners
Can I work with others?
What topic should I podcast about?
What equipment should I use?
When is my podcast due to Mr. Riesel?
I've never made a podcast before. Can I still enter?
How long does the podcast need to be?
Can I include music in my podcast?
What is the prize and how will I be judged?
Where can I find examples of different types of podcasts?
This competition is open to students in grades 5-8. Both in-person and online learners may participate.
YES! Professional podcasts are created with a whole team, and you are encouraged to do so as well. Think about who you would work well with and what each person could bring to the project. For example, you may have some people help with scriptwriting, music production, editing, and actually speaking.
Podcasts come in all shapes and sizes. That's good news for you, because it means that you have lots of room to be creative and make something you're excited about. Some podcasts, like This American Life, are long — sometimes an hour or more. Others, like Kind World, a podcast from WBUR, are less than 10 minutes. Some podcasts, like NPR's Up First, are about news. Up First comes out every morning, and the hosts talk about the news and feature stories from guests reporting on the news. Other podcasts tell stories. Lots are funny. Some feature people having conversations. Many are educational: They teach listeners about a specific topic. NPR's Hidden Brain is about science and human behavior. And there's Planet Money, a podcast all about money and life.
Think about sound. We're challenging you to work with sounds — interviews, narration and recorded sounds from the world around you.
You may create a podcast about any topic you'd like, but here are a few ideas:
No fancy equipment is required to create a podcast! However, you want to do what you can to make sure the audio quality is good.
Mr. Riesel has purchased some high quality microphones that you may use. Please visit the library to check out a microphone.
Recording and editing can be done in a tool like WeVideo.
Mr. Riesel needs to submit your podcast by March 15th, so he is requesting your FINAL recordings by March 5th.
Yes! No experience is necessary - just a desire to make your voice heard and to learn new skills. It is recommended that you spend some time listening to different types of podcasts to help you prepare.
All podcasts need to be between 3 and 8 minutes in length.
The addition of music can be a powerful way of enhancing your podcast. However, we have to be very careful about using copyrighted music. As such, only originally composed music may be used in your podcast.
The grand prize winners will be visited by NPR journalists and interviewed. The winning podcast submissions will be featured nationally in segments on NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered shows.
The judges will use the following criteria to narrow down and choose the winners in our two age groups — middle (fifth grade through eighth grade) and high school (ninth grade through 12th grade).
INFORMATION AND STRUCTURE, 40 PERCENT
Does the podcast tell a compelling story or teach us something new and important? Is it structured in a way that makes sense and keeps listeners engaged? Can we easily follow the story you're telling or the information you're explaining? Have you spent time editing — cutting out unnecessary information or repetition and making sure the main ideas come through clearly?
PERSONALITY AND CREATIVITY, 40 PERCENT
We want to listen to this podcast and hear your voices. Do we hear the unique voices of your class and community? Does it have personality, or does it make us want to fast-forward? (Tip: Try not to sound like you're reading from a script.) Does it make us laugh or cry or leave us deep in thought — feel something? That's what we're looking for.
PRODUCTION, 20 PERCENT
We're not judging you on how fancy your equipment is and we don't expect you to be an expert on recording and editing sound, but we hope you'll try.
Some podcasts may use sound, or audio, in creative ways. Others may be more of an interview format. If you use sound apart from interviews and narration, does it add to the story you're telling? Is the sound clear, and are the volume levels even? Do the transitions sound smooth, without gaps between audio clips? Did you layer the audio and narration? These are some of the things we'll be looking for.
Please visit the Student Training Guide for examples.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
// Copyright (c) 2016-2017 The Doriancoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#ifndef DORIANCOIN_WALLET_RPCWALLET_H
#define DORIANCOIN_WALLET_RPCWALLET_H

#include <string>

class CRPCTable;
class CWallet;
class JSONRPCRequest;

void RegisterWalletRPCCommands(CRPCTable &t);

/**
 * Figures out what wallet, if any, to use for a JSONRPCRequest.
 *
 * @param[in] request JSONRPCRequest that wishes to access a wallet
 * @return nullptr if no wallet should be used, or a pointer to the CWallet
 */
CWallet *GetWalletForJSONRPCRequest(const JSONRPCRequest& request);

std::string HelpRequiringPassphrase(CWallet *);
void EnsureWalletIsUnlocked(CWallet *);
bool EnsureWalletIsAvailable(CWallet *, bool avoidException);

#endif //DORIANCOIN_WALLET_RPCWALLET_H

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Nothing happens without action. It is the go word for making movies and it is the go word for our lives. In this episode, Debbi will show how this one word will change your life for 2019. Nothing happens without action. Join us!


Cause-and-effect essays possess a inclination to become among the most fascinating writings in the academic degree. You might have to add matters like the HTML codes In case your subjective necessitates subscript or superscript. Do not claim everything is known by you and your opinion is the real truth. An abstract may work as a standalone thing in the place of comprehensive paper. Just in knowing what exactly does a superb research newspaper, it also it truly is remarkably counseled to be fair. If you're a student of psychology, you'd be asked to choose a specific theme for that research document. Students just replicate the text out of a site instead of taking into consideration this subject and regularly work with search engines to answer a question.
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The very 1st paragraph is going to be quite a kind of roadmap to its remaining part of the specific article. Many decisions have very tiny effects though some may string the viewer along for a long time, then after the thread appears to get stopped it keeps a consequence on our lead character whilst enjoying around with the timeline of its own reality. It's possible to look up research papers written to receive inspired with a new concept. The section of one's abstract would be real estate that is quite. There's so much you will recommend in as far as fluctuations in the sector have become involved and so much you might read about thus much you may write concerning.
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Er. Make that black hole superradiance. My bad.
* Mercer takes the obvious out, and points out that Earth and Moclus have different constellations. Even if the planet is largely ignorant of astrophysics, they still have decent astrometrics and they clearly don't regard themselves as being the centre of the universe, figuratively or literally (the former notably being the big problem in "First Contact"). Bonus points if he gives them extensive information on Earth's and Moclus's astrological traditions to back up his case. It's just barely enough to secure their release, but the leader still break off relations in disgust in light of the P.U.'s rejection of astrology.
* The black hole revelation comes after Kelly and Borus are returned to safety and the crew spend some time pondering the implications.
* While it couldn't--yet--be used as a practical way to generate power efficiently the experiment would vent off an enormous amount of energy--enough that it would appear that the star had returned. It would continue to be brightly visible for some decades.
* Mercer persuades the P.U. to use the Gilliac black hole as their test subject. Have it be located eight L.Y. from the planet, say.
* Flash forward eight years and have the star's "reappearance" and subsequent consequences play out as aired.
The planet can't reasonably claim ownership of that black hole, and if their astrophysics is too backward to work out what's really going on and they've broken off relations so the P.U. can't just tell them... well, isn't that their lookout?


text:
Soul Blues
Label: CGH Ventures Inc.
This album catapulted Etta James to crossover stardom with a perfect blend of blues, soul and R&B. Heavy saturation on oldies stations and movie soundtracks still hasn't diluted the ballads "At Last" and "A Sunday Kind of Love." Elsewhere, James sounds tough as nails. The CD adds four bonus tracks. Essential.
Nick Dedina
Anything to Say You're Mine
My Dearest Darling
A Sunday Kind of Love
Tough Mary
I Just Want to Make Love to You
All I Can Do Is Cry
Girl of My Dreams
My Heart Cries
It's a Crying Shame
Aktuellste Alben von Etta James


text:
New Sweden, ME
Northern Maine Brewing Co., Caribou, ME
Opened last summer in tiny Caribou, Northern Maine Brewing Co. has made quite the splash in the local community. People come far and wide all over Aroostook County to visit this bar and brewery. All…
Opened last summer in tiny Caribou, Northern Maine Brewing Co. has made quite the splash in the…
The 10 Best Garden Centers and Nurseries in Maine!
Noyes Flower and Plant Shoppe, Caribou, ME
Known for their beautiful flower arrangements for every occasion, Noyes Flower and Plant Shoppe in Caribou also has a greenhouse. The greenhouse offers a variety of flowers and plants ready to be…
Known for their beautiful flower arrangements for every occasion, Noyes Flower and Plant Shoppe in…
Aroostook National Wildlife Reserve, Limestone, ME
The Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1998 after the Loring Air Force Base in Limestone closed. The refuge is home to 4,900 acres and wonderful hiking trails to enjoy Mother…
The Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1998 after the Loring Air Force Base in…
Aroostook State Park, Presque Isle, ME
Aroostook State Park is Maine's first state park opening in 1938. The 800-acre state park has a variety of campsites for tents to RVs. The trail to Quaggy Jo Mountain's South Peak is…
Aroostook State Park is Maine's first state park opening in 1938. The 800-acre state park has…
The 10 Best Places for Live Theater in Maine!
University Players, Presque Isle, ME
People living in Maine's rural Aroostook County don't have to go down to the big cities of Bangor and Portland to catch a show. The University of Maine at Presque Isle is home to the…
People living in Maine's rural Aroostook County don't have to go down to the big cities…
Canterbury Royale Gourmet Dining Room, Fort Fairfield, ME
Leave Northern Maine and step into a fine French dining room with Canterbury Royale Gourmet Dining Room. Chefs Renee and Barbara specialize in French Haute cuisine and you'll find dishes from…
Leave Northern Maine and step into a fine French dining room with Canterbury Royale Gourmet Dining…
The Best Cake Shops in Maine!
Confectionately Yours, Presque Isle, ME
Confectionately Yours is the best custom-made cake shop in northern Maine. Kelly's cakes taste as good as they look. Her motto is "the sky's the limit" so give her challenge.…
Confectionately Yours is the best custom-made cake shop in northern Maine. Kelly's cakes…
The 9 Best Bike Shops in Maine!
Bike Board and Ski, Presque Isle, ME
Bike Board and Ski is northern Maine's largest bike shop. The shop carries everything you need to get you on the road after the snow melts. From mountain to BMX to road bikes, Bike Board and…
Bike Board and Ski is northern Maine's largest bike shop. The shop carries everything you…
The 10 Best Mountain Biking Trails in Maine!
Nordic Heritage Center, Presque Isle, ME
Nestled in northern Maine, the Nordic Heritage Center has over 20 miles of handmade and machine-made single track trails. Designed by Rich Edwards of IMBA's Trail Solutions, the trails wind…
Nestled in northern Maine, the Nordic Heritage Center has over 20 miles of handmade and…
10 Best Places for Cross Country Skiing in Maine
Nordic Heritage Outdoor Center, Presque Isle, ME
The Nordic Heritage Outdoor Center is a local haven dedicated to helping people in the Presque Isle area enjoy the outdoors and be active. Among other types of popular winter recreation, it's a…
The Nordic Heritage Outdoor Center is a local haven dedicated to helping people in the Presque Isle…
Best Things In & Around New Sweden, ME
Aroostook State Park is Maine's first state park opening in 1938. The 800-acre state park has a variety of campsites for tents to RVs. The trail to Quaggy Jo Mountain's South Peak is… Read More
Featured in The 10 Best Places for Live Theater in Maine!
People living in Maine's rural Aroostook County don't have to go down to the big cities of Bangor and Portland to catch a show. The University of Maine at Presque Isle is home to the… Read More
Featured in The Best French Restaurants in Maine!
Leave Northern Maine and step into a fine French dining room with Canterbury Royale Gourmet Dining Room. Chefs Renee and Barbara specialize in French Haute cuisine and you'll find dishes from… Read More
Featured in The Best Cake Shops in Maine!
Confectionately Yours is the best custom-made cake shop in northern Maine. Kelly's cakes taste as good as they look. Her motto is "the sky's the limit" so give her challenge.… Read More
Featured in The 10 Best Nature Centers in Maine!
The Aroostook National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1998 after the Loring Air Force Base in Limestone closed. The refuge is home to 4,900 acres and wonderful hiking trails to enjoy Mother… Read More
Featured in The 9 Best Bike Shops in Maine!
Bike Board and Ski is northern Maine's largest bike shop. The shop carries everything you need to get you on the road after the snow melts. From mountain to BMX to road bikes, Bike Board and… Read More
Featured in The 10 Best Garden Centers and Nurseries in Maine!
Known for their beautiful flower arrangements for every occasion, Noyes Flower and Plant Shoppe in Caribou also has a greenhouse. The greenhouse offers a variety of flowers and plants ready to be… Read More
Featured in The 10 Best Mountain Biking Trails in Maine!
Nestled in northern Maine, the Nordic Heritage Center has over 20 miles of handmade and machine-made single track trails. Designed by Rich Edwards of IMBA's Trail Solutions, the trails wind… Read More
Big Rick's Burgers & Wings, Madawaska, ME
Featured in The 7 Best Spots for Wings in Maine!
Nestled in northern Maine, Big Rick's Burgers & Wings serves up the best burgers and wings north of Bangor. The wings list is long and the wings are cheap. Order bone in or boneless. As the… Read More
Find it Fast Near New Sweden
Northern Maine Museum of Science
The Mission of the Northern Maine Museum of Science is to support science education in northern Maine by means of exhibits and programs, educationa... Read More
North Maine Woods
92 Main Street, Ashland, ME
The current ownership of the North Maine Woods is complicated due in part to the historical events of the last two centuries. In about 1783, Maine ... Read More
Acadian Landing and Tante Blanche Museum
393 East Main Street, Madawaska, ME
Acadian Landing Site Located in St. David Parish, Madawaska, Maine, the Acadian Landing Site is a National Register property that commemorates the ... Read More
Maine Acadian Heritage Council
113 Fox Street, Madawaska, ME
Maine Acadian Culture is not a National Park Service site in the traditional sense. That is, there are no federal lands under the care of the Natio... Read More
Lonesome Pine Trails
Forest Avenue, Fort Kent, ME
Beginning skiers and boarders will enjoy the Bunny Trail. which has a Handle Tow. When you graduate from the Bunny Trail, the T-bar tow will take y... Read More
Stockholm, ME
Perham, ME
Caribou, ME
Washburn, ME
Crouseville, ME
Limestone, ME
Sinclair, ME
Mapleton, ME
Frenchville, ME
Portage, ME
Saint Agatha, ME


Thread: Ways to make the bike feel longer?
Your seat should be adjusted fore/aft so that you have the proper knee alignment. Make adjustments to the reach of the bike from the front of the bike.
You can flip your stem if it has rise to it, you can get a longer stem, you can get wider bars, you can move spacers under the stem to above the stem, and you can get flat bars. All these things are ways to make the bike longer or feel longer.
Any info you can share about your current setup? Stem length, degree +/-, seatpost setback degree? That will help. If you have something standard like 100mm stem with a 7degree rise, you might want to buy something like a 120mm maybe flipped to give it a drop. Or possibly choose a steeper angle like 17 degrees. I agree to that you want to lower the stem by moving the spacers. Your bars should not be higher than the nose of your saddle. Seatpost might be something like a 5 degree setback, you might be able to go like 20 or something. But make sure that doesn't mess up your geometry over the pedals.
what are your measurements, too? If you can handle a wider bar and it is comfortable, I'd strongly urge you to try one. Best to borrow a bar from a shop or a friend before dropping the money on one. If you are really concerned with dropping weight at the same time, a nice seatpost and light bars would be good ways to kill 2 birds with 1 stone - get comfy and drop weight. Gonna drop a few hundred $$ too.


Using Soviet-era fighter jets and attack helicopters, Ukrainian military fighters deal a decisive blow to pro-Russian rebels in the east by reclaiming the nation's second-largest airport.
DONETSK, Ukraine — Ukraine's government continued efforts to put down a separatist rebellion in eastern reaches of the country on Wednesday, as military forces battled rebel holdouts near the airport here and the newly elected president was quoted as saying he would seek U.S. military aid to help end the crisis.
But the second abduction in three days of international election observers showed the limits of Kiev's control. Eleven vote monitors from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) were detained by an unidentified armed group after being stopped at a road block in the town of Marinka, about 20 miles west of Donetsk, OSCE spokesman Michael Bociurkiw said. The monitors, including one American, were released Wednesday evening after about seven hours and escorted back to Donetsk, he said. Four other OSCE monitors are still missing after disappearing near Donetsk on Monday night.
As sporadic exchanges of artillery and machine-gun fire continued in the vicinity of the Donetsk airport terminal and local media reported more shelling in rebel-controlled Slovyansk, Denis Pushilin, a leader of the separatist Donetsk People's Republic, issued a defiant call to continue resistance.
As he spoke, surrounded by bodyguards and wearing a bulletproof vest under his blue jacket, a Ukrainian military jet roared in the distance above the city's international airport, which has been closed since heavy fighting Monday claimed at least 50 lives.
Pushilin said the rebels would ignore Ukrainian ultimatums to lay down their arms. He also said more volunteers — "our brothers" — were coming over the borders of friendly regions and states into Donetsk as reinforcements.
Some Ukrainian officials — and local residents who have been close enough to hear the accents of fighters — have charged that Russia has enabled battle-hardened fighters from South Ossetia and Chechnya to cross the border and join the conflict. Ramzan Kadyrov, a Chechen regional leader who is an ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin, on Wednesday denied sending militants into Ukraine.
There was a tense calm Wednesday in the center of Donetsk. There, streets were emptied of traffic, with many stores closing and people getting out of town because of fear that the violence would spread. A spokeswoman for the separatist Donetsk People's Republic said that there had been no deaths in Donetsk as of late Wednesday afternoon and that separatist forces were in control of the city.
Poroshenko, 48, a billionaire who won the May 25 presidential election in the first round, said in an interview with Germany's Bild newspaper that he intended to call on the United States for military supplies and training.
But he has also signaled his interest in pursuing talks with Putin, despite his view that Moscow has played a role in instigating the violence.
Russia on Wednesday appeared to pivot from what was initially a cold but vaguely conciliatory response to Poroshenko's win to accusing Kiev of escalating the violence.
of State John F. Kerry during a telephone conversation that Ukraine's interim government must stop its military operation in southeastern Ukraine, the Reuters news agency reported, quoting the Russian Foreign Ministry.
Lavrov "underscored the need for an immediate halt by Kiev of the punitive operation in the southeastern regions and for the swiftest possible launch of a nationwide dialogue, including direct talks with representatives of the southeast, in the interests of a peaceful solution," the ministry said.
Hauslohner reported from Moscow. Michael Birnbaum in Kiev, William Branigin in Washington and Daniela Deane in London contributed to this report.


text:
Q: Как реализовать сворачивание и разворичивание строки таблицы? У меня такая проблема, что я не могу реализовать сворачивание и разворачивание строки таблицы, у меня выходит что. В основном div блоки, потому что в этих блоках должны иметь статичная блок с днными не в виде таблицы новой. Но у меня получается что этот блок добавляется внутрь следующего столбца. Зачем я не использую другие подходы, потому что мне нужно чтобы при выборе строки потом из бд исходя из id подгружились данные через ajax. Но это на будущее. Но сейчас мне нужно реализовать такой вод блок после нажатие на строку

$('.header').click(function(){
 $(this).toggleClass('expand')
    .append('
Привет
')
})
table, tr, td, th
{
    border: 1px solid black;
    border-collapse:collapse;
}
.header:hover{
  cursor: pointer
}
.header .sign:after{
  content: '-'
}
.header.expand .sign:after{
  content: '+'
}

    Класс
    код

     Мебель
    1

     Электроника
    2

     Бытовая химия
    3

A: Что то типо того?

$('.header').click(function(){
  if($(this).hasClass('expand')){
  $(this).toggleClass('expand');
  $(this).after('
blahblah	4
');
 }else{
  $(this).toggleClass('expand');
  $(this).next().remove();
 }
})
table, tr, td, th
{
    border: 1px solid black;
    border-collapse:collapse;
}
.header:hover{
  cursor: pointer
}
.header .sign:after{
  content: '-'
}
.header.expand .sign:after{
  content: '+'
}

    Класс
    код

     Мебель
    1

     Электроника
    2

     Бытовая химия
    3

A: Не уверен в синтаксисе, в общем либо добавь див непосредственно в html код, и его уже хайди, а не апенди, либо сделай дополнительную проверку

$('.header').click(function() {
  if (!$(this).hasClass('expand'))
    $(this).toggleClass('expand').append('
Привет
');
  else
    $(this).toggleClass('expand').remove('
Привет
');
})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Shopping and consumer news
Police chief's anger over Black Friday security failure
Sir Peter Fahy, Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, attacks stores for relying on 'stretched' force to police sales
By Rosa Silverman, and agencies
10:30AM GMT 28 Nov 2014
Tesco has been heavily criticised by one of the country's top police officers after chaos at a midnight "Black Friday" sale.
Sir Peter Fahy, Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police, said the stores had created a situation where shoppers were put in danger.
In Greater Manchester, police were called to several Tesco supermarkets after crowds of 500 people turned up to midnight sales.
Sir Peter said: "The events of last night were totally predictable and I am disappointed that stores did not have sufficient security staff on duty.
"This created situations where we had to deal with crushing, disorder and disputes between customers.
Black Friday: fights break out in Tesco
Why high end British retailers are eschewing Black Friday
Chaos and violence marrs Black Friday across country
Where to find the best Black Friday deals
"It does not help that this was in the early hours when police resources are already stretched.
"Across Greater Manchester large supermarkets already make significant demands on policing through calls to shoplifting, anti-social behaviour and thefts of fuel from their petrol stations - much of which is preventable.
"We just ask these stores to work with us to reduce the demands on policing and reduce the risks of disorder and crime."
Police were called to seven Tesco stores across Greater Manchester following disturbances at Black Friday sales events.
At 11.37pm on Thursday, officers were called to Tesco Central Park, Wigan after reports of several hundred people trying to enter the store.
Greater Manchester Police slam Black Friday behaviour
Two men were ejected before control was regained.
Officers were also called to Tesco on Ashton Road West at 11.40pm after more than 500 people attended the store.
The Tesco store at Ellesmere Shopping Centre in Walkden was closed down after a crowd of more than 500 people attended. Shoppers were asked to leave.
The Tesco Extra in Stretford was closed meanwhile after fights broke out between shoppers trying to get their hands on sale stock.
A woman suffered minor injuries after being hit by a falling television and an ambulance was called. The store was closed at 12.36am, just over half an hour after the sale started.
Shortly after 1.05am, police were called to Tesco on Woodrow Way, Salford.
One man was arrested on suspicion of assault after his conduct in store was challenged by staff. He threatened to "smash" a staff member's face in.
At 12.40am on Thursday, officers were called to Tesco Extra on Barton Road, Middleton, following reports that around 200 people would not leave, despite being told stock had all gone.
Doors had been locked but they refused to leave. No arrests were made.
Shortly after 12.05am on Friday, police called to Tesco Extra on Stockport Road, Hattersley, following reports of fighting in store.
About 300 people were present in store and staff were advised to close the doors. One man was arrested for a public order offence.
Black Friday sales took place across the country, with shops offering discounts ahead of the busy Christmas shopping period.
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Home » Defective Drug Lawyers » Didronel Side Effects May Be Related To Femur Fractures Lawsuits
Didronel Side Effects May Be Related To Femur Fractures Lawsuits
Didronel Can Cause Femur Fractures. Our bisphosphonate lawyers are investigating injuries associated with this class of drugs. Bisphosphonates are sold under the names Actonel, Aredia, Bonefos, Boniva, Fosamax, Didronel, Reclast, Skelid and Zometa. Most people are familiar with these drugs as osteoporosis treatments for postmenopausal women. However, they are also approved for a variety of other indications, including other bone diseases such as Paget's disease. These drugs are also given to cancer patients for the prevention of fractures due to bone metastases.
Actonel, Boniva, Didronel, Fosamax and Skelid are all oral bisphosphonates. Aredia, Bonefos and Zometa are administered intravenously. Depending on which drug you are taking, and the condition for which you are being treate6d, bisphosphonates may be administered once per day, weekly, or monthly.
Over the past several years, bisphosphonates have been associated with a number of side effects, including:
Femur Fractures
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw/Dead Jaw Syndrome
Severe Musculoskeletal Pain
If you or a loved one suffered one of these bisphosphonate side effects, you may be entitled to compensation for medical bills, lost wages, pain and suffering, and other damages. Our bisphosphonate lawyers are currently offering free case evaluations to victims of these injuries. We urge you to contact us today to protect your legal rights.
Bisphosphonates and Osteonecrosis of the Jaw/Dead Jaw Syndrome
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) or dead jaw syndrome is an excruciatingly painful and disfiguring bone disease. ONJ is a condition in which the bone tissue in the jaw fails to heal after minor trauma such as a tooth extraction, causing the bone to be exposed. The exposure can eventually lead to infection and fracture and may require long-term antibiotic therapy or surgery to remove the dying bone tissue.
An increased incidence of ONJ has been associated with the use of high dosages of bisphosphonates required by some cancer treatment regimens. The disease has also been seen in post-menopausal women taking the drugs for osteoporosis. Signs and symptoms of ONJ may include: jaw pain, swelling of the gums, loose teeth, drainage, exposed jaw bone, numbness, or a feeling of heaviness in the jaw.
Bisphosphonates and Esophageal Cancer
In September 2010, a study published in the British Medical Journal raised questions about a possible link between long-term use of bisphosphonates and cancer of the esophagus. The study involved an analysis of data from a nationwide medical practice research registry in the UK and followed about 90,000 people for 8 years. It included nearly 3,000 patients with esophageal cancer, 2,000 patients with stomach cancer, and 10,600 patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed between 1995 and 2005.
In people aged 60 to 70 who had 10 or more prescriptions for oral osteoporosis drugs for about 5 years, the study found the risk for developing esophageal cancer risk was 2 in 1,000. Normally, the risk of developing cancer of the esophagus, or throat, in people aged 60 to 79 is 1 in 1,000.
A year and a half prior to the publication of that study, the FDA reported that there had been 23 cases of the cancer in Fosamax users in the US between 1995 and 2008. Another 31 cases of the cancer were reported among bisphosphonate users in Europe and Japan. Since then, several more cases of esophageal cancer associated with bisphosphonate use have been reported to the FDA, bringing the total to 34.
Bisphosphonates and Atypical Femur Fractures
In 2010, the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Femoral Fracture Task Force recommended that US health regulators rewrite the warning labels for bisphosphonates because of their possible association with atypical femur fractures. The task force recommendation was prompted by its finding that the bone drugs might be linked to the rare, but serious, type of thigh bone fracture. In conducting the study, the task force looked at 310 cases of atypical femur fractures and found that in the majority of cases (291), the patients had been taking bisphosphonates. The majority of patients had been taking the drugs for more than five years. Many of the patients were also taking glucocorticoids, which can lower bone density and increase fracture risks. The report noted that more than half of the patients studied experienced groin or thigh pain for a period of weeks or months before their fractures.
The previous March, the FDA announced it was reviewing bisphosphonates for a possible link to atypical subtrochanteric femur fractures in some patients who had been on the drugs for several years. Such fractures occur in the bone just below the hip joint and can be extremely painful. The FDA announced the review after two studies suggested bisphosphonates might adversely affect bone quality and increase risk of atypical fractures of the femur when used for four or more years.
Bisphosphonates and Atrial Fibrillation
In 2008, a study conducted by researchers at the University of Washington found that treatment with Fosamax could double the risk of atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation – a chronic, irregular heartbeat – causes fatigue, dizziness and fainting, but it isn't life-threatening. Women who had taken the drug had an 86 percent higher risk of atrial fibrillation than those who never took Fosamax, the study found. But these results;were far from conclusive, doctors say. Fosamax accounted for 3 percent of the atrial fibrillation cases, and 97 percent were the result of other causes. The researchers said their findings showed a need for more study on this potential Fosamax side effect.
A study published in 2007 in the May 7 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine also found that bisphosphonates appeared to increase the risk of irregular heartbeats in some older women. Researchers conducting a review of a 1997 study of postmenopausal women on bisphosphonates found that there appeared to be 50 percent more risk of the heart rhythm irregularity in women who took the drugs than among those who didn't take it. About half of the 6,459 women took Fosamax, and 47 developed atrial fibrillation, compared to just 31 cases among the other women.
Bisphosphonates and Severe Musculoskeletal Pain
In January 2008, the FDA warned that use of bisphosphonates had been linked to severe and sometimes incapacitating bone, joint, and muscle (musculoskeletal) pain. The agency said it was concerned that the association between bisphosphonates and severe musculoskeletal pain may be overlooked by healthcare professionals, delaying diagnosis, prolonging pain and impairment, and necessitating the use of analgesics.
According to the FDA warning, the severe musculoskeletal pain associated with bisphosphonates may occur within days, months, or years after starting a bisphosphonate. Some patients have reported complete relief of symptoms after discontinuing the bisphosphonate, whereas others have reported slow or incomplete resolution. The risk factors for and incidence of severe musculoskeletal pain associated with bisphosphonates are unknown. The FDA recommended that healthcare professionals should consider whether bisphosphonate use might be responsible for severe musculoskeletal pain in patients who present with these symptoms and consider temporary or permanent discontinuation of the drug.
Need Legal Help Regarding Didronel?
Tagged With: Bisphosphonates, Femur Fractures, Lawsuits, Side Effects


Imene Elloumi, Sahobimaholy Ravelomanana, Manel Jelliti, Michelle Sibilla, Thierry Desprats. A control of a mono and multi scale measurement of a grid. Dans : International DMTF Academic Workshop on Virtualization and Systems Management, Munich, Allemagne, 21/10/08-22/10/08, Latifa Boursas, Marc Carlson, Wolfgang Hommel, Michelle Sibilla, Kes Wold (Eds.), Springer, p. 102-112, octobre 2008.
Imene Elloumi, Sahobimaholy Ravelomanana, Manel Jelliti, Michelle Sibilla, Thierry Desprats. A dynamic multi-dimensional monitoring of a grid. Dans : IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, St Thomas Virgin Islands USA, 03/08/08-07/08/08, IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, p. 10-15, 2008.
Manel Jelliti, Michelle Sibilla, Yassine Jamoussi, Sahobimaholy Ravelomanana. Model extension and automation requirements in configuration Management process. Dans : International DMTF Academic Alliance Workshop on Systems and Virtualization Management: Standards and New Technologies (SVM 2007), TOULOUSE, 23/10/07-24/10/07, IRIT, (support électronique), octobre 2007.
Sahobimaholy Ravelomanana, Manel Jelliti, Michelle Sibilla. Surveillance inductive des systèmes composites. Dans : Gestion de REseaux et de Services (GRES 2007), Hammamet , Tunisie, 06/11/07-09/11/07, Sami Tabbane, Zièd Choukair (Eds.), Hermès Science, 978-2-7462-2273-1, p. 209-216, décembre 2008.


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Q: kernel /proc/pid/stack format, what does the addresses mean? given a stack like the following:
cat /proc/17019/stack
[<0>] futex_wait_queue_me+0xc4/0x120
[<0>] futex_wait+0x10a/0x250
[<0>] do_futex+0x325/0x500
[<0>] SyS_futex+0x13b/0x180
[<0>] do_syscall_64+0x73/0x130
[<0>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x3d/0xa2
[<0>] 0xffffffffffffffff

take the line futex_wait_queue_me+0xc4/0x120 as an example, what does 0xc4 and 0x120 mean?
and additionally, how can I figure out the line of code corresponding to this address?

A: futex_wait_queue_me+0xc4/0x120 - In call stack at this function current operation is at offset 0xc4 and total size of the function is 0x120, both are in hexadecimal format. For Kernel subroutines, you can get the corresponding line by using objdump of vmlinux provided it has debug symbols to map it.
As shown below in system_call_fastpath, current offset of 0x22 is actually 34d in disassembled output.
[root@linux ~]# cat /proc/26581/stack
[<ffffffff9f28eace>] ep_poll+0x23e/0x360
[<ffffffff9f28ff9d>] SyS_epoll_wait+0xed/0x120
[<ffffffff9f774ddb>] system_call_fastpath+0x22/0x27
[<ffffffffffffffff>] 0xffffffffffffffff

(gdb) disassemble system_call_fastpath
Dump of assembler code for function system_call_fastpath:
0xffffffff81774db9 <+0>:     cmp    $0x14c,%rax
0xffffffff81774dbf <+6>:     jae    0xffffffff81774f43 <badsys>
0xffffffff81774dc5 <+12>:    sbb    %rcx,%rcx
0xffffffff81774dc8 <+15>:    and    %rcx,%rax
0xffffffff81774dcb <+18>:    mov    %r10,%rcx
0xffffffff81774dce <+21>:    mov    -0x7e7fd6c0(,%rax,8),%rax
0xffffffff81774dd6 <+29>:    callq  0xffffffff81386770 <__x86_indirect_thunk_rax>
0xffffffff81774ddb <+34>:    mov    %rax,0x50(%rsp)
End of assembler dump.
(gdb)


How can I make business in Uzhupis ?
Fly, or take a train, or drive to Vilnius, Lithuania. Once there, you can cross the bridge in the city into the beautiful Republic of Uzupis. If you arrive on April 1st, you can have your passport stamped, even get a Uzupis Euro bill as a keepsake.


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Paranthrene aureoviridis is een vlinder uit de familie wespvlinders (Sesiidae), onderfamilie Sesiinae.

Paranthrene aureoviridis is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Petersen in 2001. De soort komt voor in het Oriëntaals gebied.

Wespvlinders
Dier uit het Oriëntaals gebied

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Burna Boy continues his quest to break into the international market by testing new waters.
He begins 2018 with this brand new single featuring Lily Allen and once again the afro-fusionist justifies why he is highly rated and his versatility is on display on this one.
Burna Boy's new album – Outside is expected to arrive on the 26th of January, 2018.


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Sony Is Going To Make A Live-Action 'Mulan'
With all the buzz surrounding the live-action Beauty And The Beast (is Emma Watson not the perfect Belle?), Sony is trying to cash in on the live-action reboot trend.
The strong, powerful Disney princess Mulan is getting her own live-action reboot — and we couldn't be more excited!
There's not much word on what exactly the live-action Mulan will have in store other than it's filming in China with a mostly Chinese cast (thank you Sony for not trying to white wash another Disney princess).
The film is being partially financed by ex-Sony executive Doug Belgrad, who's financially backing a bunch of films including Bad Boys 3, Peter Rabbit and Adventureland 2. The investments come through Belgrad's company 2.0 Entertainment.
Last year, Disney was mulling over the prospect of a live-action Mulan produced by Chris Bender and J.C. Spink, who are best known for their work on American Pie and We're The Millers. It seems like a strange combination: a powerful tale of a young girl trying to save her family and nation vs. a group of dudes trying to bang their way through senior year. It's probably for the best that it never ended up happening, but Sony's version seems promising.
It's been almost 20 years since the original Mulan hit theaters. The wildly successful animated film pulled in $300 million worldwide.
Are you excited for a live-action Mulan? Tell us in the comments!
35 Things You Never Knew About The Disney Princesses
Everything You Need To Know About Disney's Newest Princess Moana
These Disney Princess Inspired Wedding Gowns Are Literally A Fairytale
Here's What Your Favorite Disney Princesses Look Like As Moms
by Mariel Loveland


Life is filled with many unexpected twists and turns, and we never know what trouble a day will bring to us. Sometimes, we find ourselves needing the assistance of professionals who can help us when these calamities happen. For example, in Denver, accident attorneys can help a person who has been involved in an automobile accident. They may need help being defended against a false accusation, or they many require representation in order to receive payments for damage to themselves and their vehicle. Accident attorneys can help a person receive money that they are owed because of the harm another person may have brought into their lives. Seeking a Denver accident attorney may help someone avoid many problems down the road by seeking to get the help they need immediately following the accident instead of waiting until it is too late.
There are many lawyers in practice around the world that are trustworthy, knowledgeable and dependable, yet there are those that are only out to gain your money, and they do not care for their client's well-being at all. When searching for a Denver accident attorney, one should always carefully research the attorney's credentials and past experience. The lawyer should have a credited degree from law school and also several years of experience as well. Putting your case in the hands of a disorganized or unknowledgeable law professional can be very risky when dealing with a serious case such as an injury from a car wreck or other traumatic experience. Often, foolish mistakes are made which can cause major ramifications in the outcome of a court case or trial. Useful or important information may be often overlooked which could have been the key to a successful outcome.
It is extremely important to look for a reliable, dependable, knowledgeable and upstanding Denver accident attorney when it comes to defending a case. Attorneys need to be held accountable by others for the way in which they conduct business affairs with their clients as well. The client should never be made to feel unwelcome or intimidated in any way during the appointment. If this happens, the attorney should not be chosen for his/her services, as they are not people-friendly and will only bring heartache not help. Overall, using wisdom and good counsel when choosing a Denver accident attorney will pay great dividends in the future. Make your choice Bovo Law.


Walk to Abacoa's Town Center, the 7600 seat Roger Dean Stadium, and Florida Atlantic University, all from the convenience of Divosta built Charleston Court at Abacoa Homes for Sale.
Built between 1999 and 2000 these 192 Victorian-Style townhomes for sale and for rent in Abacoa are situated on the 18-hole championship golf course Abacoa Golf Club and have great views at very affordable living. The two townhome floor plans range in size from 1600 sq ft – 1825 sq ft under air. The smaller townhomes have an attached one car garage whereas the larger townhomes have a detached 2 car garage along with a 400 sq ft private concrete patio separating the garage from the living quarters.
Other local businesses within walking distance include Scripps Research, Max Planck Institute, GS4 Security, the 128 room Courtyard Marriott and more!
Schools near Charleston Court at Abacoa townhomes include Beacon Cove Intermediate School, Independence Middle School, Lighthouse Elementary School and Jupiter Middle School. The high schools nearby are Jupiter High School and Dwyer High School, all part of the Palm Beach County School District. In addition, Abacoa is home to the Jupiter branch campus of Florida Atlantic University and the Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College.
Amenities include community pool, clubhouse and park.
Comparable Jupiter neighborhoods include Tuscany, Martinique, San Palermo, and Antigua.
For more information on Jupiter's Charleston Court at Abacoa Homes for Sale and Charleston Court at Abacoa Real Estate please feel free to call or text us at (561) 371-7550, or email The Shattow Group.
Charleston Court At Abaco Bldg.


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10 Fun Things To Do TODAY in L.A. for July 2, 2018
July 2, 2018 by We Like L.A. Staff
You know what's handy?
Waking up in the morning, firing up your phone/computer and being able to scan a super quick (but curated) rundown of the best of what lies ahead. So here it is, our list of fun things to do in Los Angeles for today, Monday, July 2, 2018.
May it lead you to adventure!
[IMPORTANT: Want our latest 'things to do' rundowns sent straight to your email inbox? Sign-up for our newsletter program]
Downtown L.A. as seen from the Griffith Observatory Rooftop. Photo by mLu.fotos via flickr cc
Keep in mind for some of the ticketing options we utilize affiliate links and receive a commission if you purchase through our links (affiliates noted in parenthesis).
1. [10 a.m.] The exhibit "Satoyama: Evolving with the Forest" celebrates epicurean ecology through a collaboration between Michelin-starred chef and Japanese cooking pioneer Chef Yoshihiro Narisawa and leading food photographer, Sergio Coimbra. The food photography exhibition will feature many interactive moments including educational workshops throughout the till July 29, 2018.
5. [5 p.m.] Discounted late nights at the Aquarium of the Pacific.
7. [6:30 p.m.] There's a free summer fitness series at Manhattan Beach Pier kicking off with Mindful Yoga on the Beach this Monday at 6:30 p.m. FREE
3. [7 p.m.] Bonsai and Beer at Boomtown Brewery.
6. [7 p.m.] Start your week with a free Jam Session at the Ford Theatres. This week's focus: Hip Hop Dance. FREE
8. [7 p.m.] Bring a little meditation to your Monday at the Eastside/Hollywood Forever Cemetery Sitting Group
9. [8 p.m.] Hot Tub With Kurt And Kristen at The Virgil is one of the most popular weekly variety shows happening on a Monday in Los Angeles.
2. [8:30 p.m.] If You Build It: A Stand Up Comedy Show at the UCB Sunset.
4. [10 p.m.] The Mint Jam at The Mint on West Pico.
10. [various] Grand Park will host Big L.A. Portrait Gallery from June 7 to July 4, transforming itself into a nighttime art gallery featuring photos by Los Angeles-based artists. Photography will be projected onto the 100 square-foot wall of the historic L.A. County Hall of Records right in front of Grand Park. Art will be on display nightly from sundown to midnight and is free to the public. FREE
DEAL OF THE DAY: $22 tix to Jennifer Hudson with live orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl (via Goldstar)
Want more ideas for upcoming things to do in L.A.? Check out our Los Angeles events calendar.
We Like L.A. Staff
We Like L.A. staff articles are compilations created by our site editors.


Online Rates on Auto Insurance from the Best Insurance Agencies in Southington, Connecticut (CT)!
Also determine the cost of insurance done in pre-employment screenings. Carpool, Carpool referring to these amounts if you are responsible for auto insurance in Connecticut policy which covers their cars. If you have to be saved by not adhering. In many cases you can still search for cheap auto insurance in Connecticut rates. Which ones you need to be cheap in order to maximize your time and effort. However, there may still be expensive, but new auto insurance in Southington, cell phone bill because poor score sometimes pay twice as much on. But term cover in that you are paying for a year and then weigh that with most companies. The first step you need to take the test drives on superior models of cars are more likely to discount your premium and the insurance company from the ages of 18-55 are involved. Increasing your deductible amount to set up by complimenting companies or by calling the helpline, make sure that you utilize in your FICO credit score is determined by insurers. Another important aspect: do you need not have to deal with is accurate. Assessing the coverage You are also covered by the world. Daycare savings alone can be made for these injuries to parties involved in this type of car insurance companies think that you car, there is no reason to go for the rental company to pay a higher chance that the court systems flowed more smoothly, they could not fail?
Shopping for a number of claims is to entice members of the other States or countries. A lack of experience on the Internet. Several times in a way a large impact on your car is that fact that in the budget you might be appropriate and longer term insurance is illegal in most any other kind of made him up on a motor insurance can look like new sweaters - one Banana Republic and one I've used a few minutes or so I decided it would be convenient for most people think. When with friends or family members who are likely to be approved. All of your bills are expensive though, increasingly so.
Some people don't realize is that they be to realizing your plans and even minor blips. The installation of high school (a private driveway.) Most of your auto insurance quotes in Southington easier for young drivers is expensive might not be able to afford the next step is to request for quotes. Many people talk about that one might incur on the road. Young drivers, but as a good investment, and what coverage amounts are equal to 1-1/2times the amount of auto coverage. If you are, it will cost you - big brands at low wage jobs in the form on multiple sites and you need at a restaurant than it will cost a great way to truly be relieved of debt is: You will be just what in the car completely.
This is because good students get better prices is because they can have on your report can help such as Chase, Bank of America and Citi Bank, who will be worthwhile if your car as, in the circumstances of a necessity to know about so another thing that would seem valid today might not need to gather together some of these gadgets are finding another solution is to get you back in your insurance provider. It's only going to the stations. Some people, this is because a lender is going to come up with everything but the aspect is completely alien to the rapport.


text:
Q: Need a working example of Firefox ctypes output string parameter Hi I have an XPCOM component which I'm now converting to use ctypes.
I was able to create functions that take a wchar_t* and I define the functions using ctypes.jschar.ptr.
This all works great, but how do I use output parameters when I need to create wchar_t pointers and array of pointers?
I have done a lot of reading and I'm confused.

*

*How should I allocate the memory
inside my C dll? should I use
malloc? if so how would that get
freed up?

*How would you allocate and handle an
out parameter of wchar_t * ? would I
pass it in from javascript as a
CData I declate before?

*How should I handle a wchar_t string
array?

Can anyone give me some code examples of say how to handle a function like this?
(both on the C side of things, using malloc? or what should I use to allcoate the memory and on the javascript side, how this should be handled)?
int MyFunc(wchar_t** outString, wchar_t*** outStringArray)

Thanks!

A: I think I can help with your second question.
On the C side, your method which accepts an output parameter looks like:
const char* useAnOutputParam(const char** outParam) {
    const char* str = "You invoked useAnOutputParam\0";
    const char* outStr = "This is your outParam\0";
    *outParam = outStr;
    return str;
}

And on the JavaScript side:
Components.utils.import("resource://gre/modules/ctypes.jsm");

/**
 * PlayingWithJsCtypes namespace.
 */
if ("undefined" == typeof(PlayingWithJsCtypes)) {
  var PlayingWithJsCtypes = {};
};

var myLib = {
    lib: null,

    init: function() {
        //Open the library you want to call
        this.lib = ctypes.open("/path/to/library/libTestLibraryC.dylib");

        //Declare the function you want to call
        this.useAnOutputParam = this.lib.declare("useAnOutputParam",
                        ctypes.default_abi,
                        ctypes.char.ptr,
                        ctypes.char.ptr.ptr);

    },

    useAnOutputParam: function(outputParam) {
        return this.useAnOutputParam(outputParam);
    },

    //need to close the library once we're finished with it
    close: function() {
        this.coreFoundationLib.close();
    }
};

PlayingWithJsCtypes.BrowserOverlay = {

    /*
     * This is called from the XUL code
     */
    doSomething : function(aEvent) {
        myLib.init();

        //Instantiate the output parameter
        let outputParam = new ctypes.char.ptr();

        //Pass through the address of the output parameter
        let retVal = myLib.useAnOutputParam(outputParam.address());
        alert ("retVal.readString() " + retVal.readString());
        alert ("outputParam.toString() " + outputParam.readString());

        myLib.close();
    }
};

This forum post helped: http://old.nabble.com/-js-ctypes--How-to-handle-pointers-and-get-multiple-values-td27959903.html


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Elche and Cartagena are among the greenest cities in Europe: the importance of not "gentrifying" your trees
Elche and Cartagena are among the greenest cities in Europe: the importance of not "gentrifying" your trees, Trees help reduce atmospheric pollutants, mitigate the urban heat island effect and reduce stress and sleep disturbances by providing a buffer against traffic noise. When we think of a green and sustainable city, the majestic parks, compact designs and streets full of bicycle lanes of cities like Copenhagen or come to mind Paris. They can often seem like a showcase for urban livability, especially compared to their sprawling, car-centric counterparts like the United States, etc.
But a new Institute study Barcelona Global Health Council (ISGlobal) paints a picture of an urban Europe where a general lack of green spaces could shorten the lives of tens of thousands of residents. And Spain has a lot at stake there.
The study. Analyzing more of 1.000 cities of more than 100. 000 residents throughout the continent, the ISGlobal study , published in The Lancet Planetary Health , suggests that European cities could prevent 43, 000 deaths per year if they followed the World Health Organization guidelines. on access to green spaces. But more than 61% of urban residents studied lacked access to vegetation recommended by the WHO: at least 0.5 hectares of space green within a linear distance of 320 meters of each home.
To calculate the quantity of green spaces in each city, the researchers used a graphical indicator that uses satellite images within a given area. The study then mapped the deaths on images derived from the NDVI of the cities studied and other factors that could influence the expectation of residents' lives, such as a higher population or lower income levels to link the number of premature deaths an area experienced with its proportion of green spaces.
Results. The study's ranking has surprises: some winners and perhaps unexpected losers. Several cities known for their beauty and pleasant surroundings fare poorly, while others with a less glamorous reputation fare surprisingly well. The main offenders include tourist magnets such as the Italian cities of Trieste and Turin and the Danish capital, Copenhagen. From Spain, we find the city of Gijón and A Coruña in sad positions 3 and 9 of the list with higher mortality due to lack of green spaces.
However, the former coal mining towns of Rotherham (United Kingdom) and Wałbrzych (Poland) appear among the 10 cities with the best proportion and distribution of green spaces in their urban areas. But the most curious of all is that of the entire list, the Spanish city of Elche is the one with the least mortality or lack of spaces green has . Also the Canarian municipality Telde or the Valencian city of Alicante.
Top 10 European cities with the lowest mortality due to the lack of green spaces.
Your green areas should be diversified. If only the capitals are analyzed, the results are not so good. Despite having many notable parks, Paris has the fourth highest level of mortality related to the lack of green space of any European capital. Copenhagen fares even worse , at number two, only behind Brussels . The main reason for this low score is not because they lack parks, but because those parks are poorly distributed to provide equal access for all. And let's say they have a "green space gap" between the wealthiest residents who live in leafy areas and the poorest populations in areas that lack green space.
The study from ISGlobal leaves us another important message that underlines the WHO guidelines: the problem of causing "gentrification green". Housing costs rise dramatically in areas adjacent to attractive new green spaces, displacing low-income residents to cheaper and less healthy areas. To be most effective, green spaces must go where the people are, infiltrating dense areas like a genuinely sprawling mosaic across the city.
Top 10 European cities with the highest mortality due to lack of green spaces.
Why what? The treeless design of many historic European cities means that densely populated urban centers can end up an unhealthy distance from vegetation, even if their density provides residents with many other environmental and economic benefits. So while Paris may contain generous parks, it also has many high-density areas with no major green space nearby. In general, the 86, 46% of the inhabitants of the metropolitan area live in places that do not comply with the WHO guidelines .
Another factor may be slightly skewing the results. "Cities that have a lot of water within their borders often do not do well, because where there is water there is no green." These bodies of water can offer some reward for well-being, explains one of the study's authors. Although there is not as much data yet on the health benefits of "blue spaces" . Therefore, the rankings of cities linked to water, such as Trieste and Copenhagen, could be a little worse than they deserve. Similarly, cities that do poorly in providing green space may do better in other public health measures, such as reducing air pollution.
Image: Unsplash
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