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Home › Ratos de Porao "Crucificados Pelo Sistema" LP
Ratos de Porao "Crucificados Pelo Sistema" LP
In October of 1983 four Brazilian punks who went by the name of Ratos de Porao were invited to record a single financed in it's entirety by Fabio (from Olho Seco, one of the Brazils first punk bands). Evidently the young punks took advantage of the offer and laid down tracks for 16 songs in two days, providing the single biggest headache of the studio technicians career of course he didnt know that he had just recorded one of the most classic records, both representative and indispensable in the history of punk worldwide.
Crucificados pelo sistema contains all the fury, the frustration, the rage, and the pain of those four young ones, against the system in a country that was in the midst of a change from Third World to trying to fitting into the new social order. The projected image of Brazil with its beautiful mulatas, exotic beaches, and tropical fruit drinks filled them with disgust, living there in one of the most dangerous cities in Latin America. Their reality was brutally different and they wanted to scream it at the entire world.
These 16 songs were formed on the same base as what would later be called D-beat. The Finnish bands from the 80s were really important in the Brazilian punk scene, just as Discharge was. Simple, fast, and to the point.
Two classic songs have been added for this special occasion, recorded for the classic comp Ataque sonoro (which also contained Brazilian heavy-hitters: Virus 27, Colera, Armagedom, and Lobotomia amongst others).
180 gram vinyl. Gatefold with photos and musings by Gordo. Reissued by Beat Generation


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Q: What purpose does an empty gif (1x1 pix) file serve? I've seen a few random pages mention using empty gif images to somehow increase performance. I've also found the nginx has a module for just this purpose. What I can't figure out, is exactly how serving this small file is supposed to boost performance or perceived responsiveness from a web server. Can anyone help me understand the benefits?

A: I'm not sure about increasing performance, but 1x1 pixel images are commonly used in tracking.  Commonly known as a web bug (or beacon), this image causes the browser to make an HTTP request to the server from which the image originates.  This request can then be examined for tracking information (e.g. IP, browser, referrer, etc).

A: 1x1 gif files are used by some websites to set spacing between elements (particularly on older websites, made when browsers' interpretations of HTML/CSS were more divergent cough IE cough
They are also used more often today as a request target for "tracking pixels", which are used as a tool for gathering usage stats, etc., especially for email/marketing campaigns.
The reason you'd provide a special module for this file is that (a) it's requested often, and (b) it returns the same thing every time, so you don't want to have to go to disk for the file if you can avoid it.

A: Doing a Google search for "one pixel gif" or "single pixel gif" returns many articles that discuss the technique of using that file for positioning elements of a web page.
From Optimizing Design: One-pixel GIFs (January 1, 2000):

In the early days of web design, HTML limitations inspired designers to find all sorts of workarounds in order to have control over the layout of pages. One of the most significant of these workarounds was the single pixel GIF trick, using a single pixel GIF and modifying it with the height, width, hspace, and vspace attributes of the IMG tag.
The GIF itself is tiny and requires virtually no download time. And, depending on whether the single pixel is transparent or not, the result can be used as a spacer, or as a horizontal or vertical rule.

A: Including 1x1 images doesn't increase performance, it decreases it - it's an extra HTTP request, a small amount of extra bandwidth, etc.
That module is simply intended to make the decrease in performance smaller (by serving the image more efficiently), as the 1x1 pixel technique for positioning elements on the page can be useful.

A: They are also used for image spriting; a small transparent image is used as the src attribute of an image tag, and the real image is a CSS background image. The performance advantage comes from the CSS background being only part of a single image which combines many images from the page, reducing the number of overall requests.
See for example:

*

*http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_image_sprites.asp

*http://spriteme.org/faq.php#def

A: All great answers above. There is another use for the module.
When you want to block ads from being displayed in your network, if you simply deny the URLs requested the browser load times suffer (or you get a block message displayed on the page). The solution then is to redirect browser traffic to an internal site serving a blank image (rather than deny the request URL).
Some tricks that can be used to do the redirect are Dnsmasq and Squid rewrite rules.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Do you have unfinished projects that you are unsure of how to complete?
Starting something new and need help with techniques?
Want to learn how to do a certain quilting technique?
New in the area or just want to join in to meet other sewists?
Come to our open sewing classes and take advantage of years of experience in the sewing world.
Quilting, dressmaking or craft sewing can be done with help.


14x18" Acrylic on canvas. Stormy clouds sweep over the Swiss alps in this abstract painting. Inspired by a recent trip to the alps of Switzerland, this painting captures the deep browns and blues of a summer storm.


Casinos offer an assortment of games for their benefactors to play. This isn't only an approach to growing their benefits; it's likewise an approach to give those supporters an expanded gaming knowledge in Malaysia online casino. In case if you are all over the place in a clubhouse and simply hoping to have a fabulous time, possibly attempt your hand at a couple of various games, you will need tips on the real games with the goal that you're prepared when you stroll up to these games. Knowing some responsible gambling tips for Casino Players will permit you to be better arranged for the assortment of games offered for your gambling entertainment.
– Do not utilize the scorecard. Scorecards are utilized by players to track the aftereffects of past rounds of casino game baccarat. Players trust that they will have the capacity to spot designs and can conform their gambling in like manner, and gambling clubs will empower this. The reason you would prefer not to track the results of past rounds is on account of each round is autonomous of the last. At the end of the day, the round that simply completed has no effect on the following. Club might want you to trust that you can spot designs with the expectation that you will give yourself false certainty, raise your bets and after sometime lose more cash to them.
– Use a fundamental methodology graph on how to play blackjack online, particularly in the event that this is not a game you play regularly. A fundamental procedure diagram lets you know the best measurable play for every hand add up to that you can have versus every merchant's up card. This graph is lawful to use in the club, and some will hand them out. They propagate the conviction that this diagram will permit you to win each hand when as a general rule it won't; they are trusting that you will lose two or three hands and hurl the outline aside. The truth of the fundamental procedure graph is that, while you won't win each hand, you will win more after some time; and if you play every one of your hands as per the outline's plays, you can bring down the house edge from 2%-5% down to 0.5%. This is the best methodology apparatus for any blackjack player, whether you are a solid player or a fledgling.
– Do not take protection. Protection is just offered when the merchant's up card is an Ace. The gambling club's appearance for this is you are protecting your wager if the merchant has a characteristic blackjack with the goal that you won't lose your whole wager. In any case, this is truly a side wager on regardless of whether the opening card is a ten quality card. Over the long haul, you will lose more cash by taking protection since you are really putting down two wagers: one on regardless of whether you will wager the merchant and another on what the opening card is. Save your cash, turn down the protection and take the bet.
– If you are hoping to make put down wagers, the two with the best paybacks are the 6 and the 8. Put down wagers offer the more strong method for making an arrival on your wagers. In any case, there is a distinction between the 6 and 8 put down wagers and the Big 6 and Big 8 wagers. Club are putting money on players who are simply making a trip to play one of the games with a charming picture and won't know the distinction between the two. They trust that in obliviousness you will make wagers on the Big 6 and 8 as opposed to the put-down wagers.
– One other thing not to get confounded at the Craps table: purchasing the 4 and 10 will be less unreasonable than attempting to place them. Notwithstanding, attempting to put alternate numbers is less expensive than purchasing them. So. Purchase 4 and 10, and spot alternate numbers. This will likewise expand your odds of making an arrival on your bets.
– The one thing that you should recall as to Keno is that it is a genuine round of shot. There is no real way to anticipate what numbers will be drawn. What's more, the past round won't impact the following. This game is implied as unadulterated gambling excitement. The best thing that you can do is to pick an arrangement of numbers and not transform them. In the end, you may win. Keno can be compared to state lotteries: you purchase in and possibly your numbers are drawn and perhaps not.


At Mifa, students and pupils of technological universities and schools get the opportunity to further develop their talents. We offer students and pupils the opportunity to get acquainted with our profession: aluminium technology, and precision extrusion in particular. To accomplish this we undertake various activities in collaboration with universities and technical schools, including Delft University of Technology, Fontys University of Applied Sciences' International Campus Venlo and Eindhoven Campus (Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics study programmes), Gilde Opleidingen senior secondary vocational school in Venlo, and the machining programme at Scholengemeenschap Harlindis en Relindis senior secondary school in Maaseik, Belgium.
Work placements/work placement assignments in which you can get acquainted with the profession and so too with a job opportunity at Mifa.
Final projects. A potential job upon graduation/finishing school.
A guided tour at Mifa.
Presentation at school, provided by our employees.


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City and Colour – Solo Tour Apr 02 @ 7:30PM | Tidemark Theatre | Campbell River
Advance: $57.75.
More Concerts In Campbell River
For someone who brings comfort to so many, Dallas Green sure is good at being sad. From the visceral hardcore of Alexisonfire to the wis...
City and Colour Unveils "Astronaut" Video
City and Colour (a.k.a. Alexisonfire's Dallas Green) has released a video for the recent single "Astronaut." The track appears on City a...
City and Colour Announces New Album 'A Pill for Loneliness'
City and Colour (a.k.a. Dallas Green of Alexisonfire) has revealed plans for his next album. Titled A Pill for Loneliness, the LP will arriv...
City and Colour Shares New Song "Strangers"
Dallas Green has released a new City and Colour single called "Strangers." The track follows "Astronauts" and will also appear on the si...
City and Colour Unveils New Song "Astronaut," Maps Out Canadian Tour
City and Colour has teased an upcoming album with a new single called "Astronaut," and he's mapped out a North American run of dates that in...
Alice In Chains / City & Colour Burton Cummings Theatre, Winnipeg MB, April 17
Alice In Chains could have crumbled 17 years ago when original singer Layne Staley was found dead of an overdose. The band had already been...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


PVC Class 1 Power Cable Duct bends are manufactured by Emtelle from a solid wall duct and provide the ability to change direction and/or depth on a ducted network.
The PVC cable duct is also able to meet the termination of the cable at the point of use (Hockey Stick) and manufactured to industry standard ENATS12-24 Class 1.
All cable duct bends come with an interference fit socket as standard, with the opposable end being a spigot. Interference ring seal sockets are available in 110mm, 160mm, 200mm & 250mm OD sizes.
All the bends for this specific power cable duct are long radius to meet the requirement of LV MV & HV cable protection and are specified to meet EF450-014.
It is strongly recommended to check the bend radius of the cable before specifying the bend size. PVC bends are supplied in either non-returnable woven polypropylene sacks which are biodegradable or strapped. The sacks are designed to be stored on an even, dry and stable area – they are not to be stacked upon.
Also available with class 2 protection please see PVC Class 2 Power Cable Duct (LINK).
Raw materials are PVC resin and other additives suitable for the required properties of the finished product.
Standard colours of cable duct are Black & Red.
38mm Hockey Sticks are available in white.
Other Non-Standard cable duct bends may be available upon request.
200mm OD sizes and above are designed taking into account safe cable bend radius.
Thorne & Derrick distribute a complete range of cable ducts for the protection of Low (LV), Medium (MV) and High (HV) cables.
The PVC class 1 power cable duct forms part of Emtelle's Powerprotect+ duct systems that are now specified for all major DNO's within UK and Ireland including UK Power Networks, Electricity North West, Northern Powergrid, Western Power Distribution, Scottish Power Electricity Networks, Scottish & Southern Electricity, Electricity Northern Ireland and Electricity Supply Board Ireland.
Emtelle cable duct provides underground cable protection to LV-HV cables, including UK DNO approved Class 1 PVC cable duct for 33kV high voltage power cable protection.
Thorne & Derrick distribute an extensive range of Cable Pulling & Laying Equipment to enable the safe installation of fibre and copper cables within the LV MV HV power and telecommunications industry. Safely installed cables reduce operational and maintenance requirements to the network and reduced service interruption to power and telecom cables, wires, ducts, cabinets and exchanges – products include cable spiking tools, conduit rods, cable lubricant, cable socks and cable rollers for LV, MV (11kV/33kV) and HV (66kV/132kV) cables.


My wife Pat and I retired in December, 2006. We have now enjoyed enough years of retirement that I think we like it. We plan to escape the Texas heat each summer for as long as we can - searching for birds and beautiful photos.


This one will be worth going to I am going to do my best to be at this myself. It will mean getting someone to cover my class and I might even try to get my class to attend if I can. Documentary Photographer Martin Parr was inspired by Tony Ray-Jones and I think this talk will be very interesting as I think the two people in conversation with Martin Parr will be able to engage him in an interesting debate.
Martin Parr reflects on the profound influence Tony Ray-Jones's practice has had on his work and their shared interest in documenting English social ritual and behaviour, with Kate Fox, social anthropologist and author of Watching the English, and Sean O'Hagan, writer on art, culture and photography for the Guardian and Observer.
Please arrive at the Science Museum Groups Entrance on Imperial College Road.
Entry from 19.15, event starts at 19.45.
Allow 10 minutes to walk from the Groups Entrance to the IMAX Theatre.


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Q: How to animate a image from a collection view cell to move to full screen by tapping on it I have a horizontal scroll single section collection view of images
When you tap on first image in the collectionview, the image should "grow" with a smooth transition to take up the full screen while the screen behind fades to full black.  Tapping the image or the "x" in the top right corner fades this screen out and returns you to your previous screen.
I can get the image from this method
-(void)collectionView:(UICollectionView *)collectionView didSelectItemAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath *)indexPath
How can this kind of animation be achieved?
Following is the sample image,

A: Try the following code:
[UIView animateWithDuration:1 animations:^{

     //if u want to move it to center before you make it big use all code
     imgView.center = self.view.center;

} completion:^(BOOL finished) {

    [UIView animateWithDuration:1 animations:^{

        //just use this if you want it to move to full screen
        imgView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, self.view.frame.size.width, self.view.frame.size.height);
    }];
}];

Hope this helps !


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HE | 02-5899-555
Yamit's Covenant
We characterize ourselves as people of action. Our Company's profile is expressed by the tens of our employees in the field in the variety of services that we provide to our customers: major institutions and private customers. What motivates us is the manner in which our end users experience our diverse services, and above all, our ability to grant our customers the peace of mind that allows them to engage in what is really important to them.
We are Jerusalemites, and all which that implies. We are ethical people: people of work and action instead of words – we are the pepole who do. On these foundations, the Yamit company was founded in 1978, on Shammai Street in the city's center. In the beginning, the Company was engaged in providing protection and security for numerous major institutions, among them state institutions and government ministries as well as hospitals, and also for private companies. Over the years, we have grown and our activities have expanded to providing comprehensive services in the areas of parking, cleaning and maintenance, in which we have become the market leaders.
In the parking sector, our Company operates numerous automated parking facilities, which we maintain via computerized control systems and closed circuit video cameras, and which are controlled by a center that is active 24/7 in Jerusalem and the center of the country. The most prominent ones are the Ben Gurion Airport parking lots which include in excess of 17,000 parking spaces (from 02/2010 through 03/2016), the Jerusalem Municipality's parking lots, hospital parking lots, the Royal Beach Hotel's parking lot in Tel Aviv (a member of the Isrotel chain), etc. In addition, our Company operates many commercial parking lots in the center of Jerusalem, some of which are owned by us and others which are under long term leases. Currently, we are operating and responsible for in excess of 4,000 parking spaces.
Yamit has all of the know-how, experience and tools that are required to renovate, upgrade and establish parking lots at international standards, which includes repairing concrete pavement, epoxy coating in a variety of finishes, marking of parking booths and accessible parking spaces, and traffic signs and directions as well as the installation of smart and cost-effective lighting and smart parking direction systems ("red-green") and advanced digital signs. Our Company has a fleet of tow trucks which supply towing and rescue services for municipal bodies, and until recently also for the Airports Authority at the entire site of Ben Gurion Airport.
In the security sector, our Company provides its services to major institutional bodies such as the Hadassah Hospitals at Ein Kerem and Mount Scopus, the Beit Avichai Association, and in the past, also for the Jewish Agency, and was responsible for the establishment, management and operation of the security unit of the public transportation in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 2000s. All of this, among other things, through the security and control center (Seeing and Hearing) which is active 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and site inspectors and patrols.
Yamit specializes in the planning, designing and installation of closed circuit camera systems (from private homes to industrial plants and commercial sites) while making use of the best technological means available in today's market, the planning, designing and installation of wired and wireless alarm systems, the planning and installation of advanced analog and digital two -way communications systems (intercoms) (VOIP), the planning and design of WLAN and LAN communication and computer networks, etc.
In the cleaning sector, our Company provides its services to major and leading international hi-tech institutions in the market. Among our customers in this sector can be found Intel Israel, at its offices around the country (development centers in Haifa, Yakum, Petah Tiqwa and Jerusalem) as well as at its production facility in Kiryat Gat. Also among our customers in the cleaning sector are Facebook Israel, Stratasys, JLL etc.
Our expertise is in providing cleaning services prior to occupation and cleaning during construction and renovations. In addition, beside every "routine" project, Yamit has the ability to respond and react quickly and efficiently to any challenge via an assortment of instruments, preparations and cleaning machines, for any surface, at any site and at any time.
We currently employ over 700 workers, all of whom are people of action, at a wide variety of sites, in various positions and sectors, all around the country. We are proud to collaborate with the SHEKEL - Community Services for People with Special Needs organization, the leading NGO in Israel for integrating people with special needs, through which are integrated into Yamit, with full equality, employees with various handicaps and disabilities. We are currently located in a three-story building designated for preservation at 8 Rabbi Akiva St. in Jerusalem, which is owned by us and underwent a comprehensive restoration and renovation which we carried out.
We at Yamit believe that the most important thing is to remember that at the end of every project imposed on us, large or small, there are the end-customers, the ordinary people, that in their daily routine encounter our achievements for a fleeting moment: the security guard at the entrance of a building, the cleaning and maintenance people at the office, the attendant at the parking lot at his workplace, the customer service system on the telephone or email, while speaking on an intercom with the service representatives at the control center or in a meeting with any of the Company's supervisors and managers. Our experience also indicates that none of this could exist without devotedly maintaining and special observance of our employees' rights, without any exception, and an ongoing concern for their welfare.
That is the engine of our growth and success and that of our customers.
Head Office 02-5899-555
Parking Customer Service 02-5899-550
24/7 Control Center 02-5899-519
Yamit F.S.
Design by Wicked
Developed by INEX
Built with Craft


In architecture, a gargoyle is a carved stone grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building. Preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls is important because running water erodes the mortar between the stone blocks.
Architects often used multiple gargoyles on buildings to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastic animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is thrown from the wall. When Gothic flying buttresses were used, aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.
The term originates from the French gargouille, originally "throat" or "gullet"; cf. Latin gurgulio, gula, gargula ("gullet" or "throat") and similar words derived from the root gar, "to swallow", which represented the gurgling sound of water (e.g., Spanish garganta, "throat"; Spanish g‡rgola, "gargoyle"). It is also connected to the French verb gargariser, which means "to gargle." The Italian word for gargoyle is doccione o gronda sporgente, an architecturally precise phrase which means "protruding gutter." The German word for gargoyle is Wasserspeier, which means "water spewer." The Dutch word for gargoyle is waterspuwer, which means "water spitter" or "water vomiter." A building that has gargoyles on it is "gargoyled."
A grotesque figure is a sculpture that does not work as a waterspout and serves only an ornamental or artistic function. These are also usually called gargoyles in layman's terminology, although the field of architecture usually preserves the distinction between gargoyles (functional waterspouts) and non-waterspout grotesques.
Chimeras are creatures that are mixes of different types of animal body parts to create a new creature. Some of the more notable chimeras are griffins, centaurs, harpies, and mermaids. Chimeras often served as a warning to people who underestimated the devil.
Gargoyles were viewed two ways by the church throughout history. Often gargoyles were used to assist the Church in conveying messages to the common people. Due to literacy being uncommon, images were the best way to constantly convey ideas. Gargoyles were used as a representation of evil. It is thought that they were used to scare people into coming to church, reminding them that the end of days is near. It is also thought that their presence assured congregants that evil is kept outside of the churchÕs walls. However, some medieval clergy viewed gargoyles as a form of idolatry.
In the 12th century a church leader named St. Bernard of Clairvaux was famous for speaking out against gargoyles.
"What are these fantastic monsters doing in the cloisters before the eyes of the brothers as they read? What is the meaning of these unclean monkeys, these strange savage lions, and monsters? To what purpose are here placed these creatures, half beast, half man, or these spotted tigers? I see several bodies with one head and several heads with one body. Here is a quadruped with a serpent's head, there a fish with a quadruped's head, then again an animal half horse, half goat... Surely if we do not blush for such absurdities, we should at least regret what we have spent on them."
The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Etruscans and Romans all used animal-shaped waterspouts. During the 12th century, when gargoyles appeared in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was growing stronger and converting many new people. Most of the population at this time were illiterate, and therefore images were very important to convey ideas. In the medieval world many creatures had mystical powers attributed to them. Also, human qualities were sometimes ascribed to specific animals - that is, the animals were anthropormorphized. This was especially common for pagans, and using these ideas helped conversion to Catholicism. Some animals (such as the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus) were unknown in western Europe during the Middle Ages so gargoyles of these species (such as the ones at Laon Cathedral) are modern gargoyles and therefore did not have symbolic meaning in Medieval times. Below is a list of some animals commonly used as gargoyles, and some of the meanings behind them.
Gargoyle in form of a lion Cathedral Saint-Etienne de Meaux.
Both lions and their female counterparts were a favorite choice for the makers of gargoyles. The lion was by far the most popular non-European animal to be used on churches and cathedrals in the middle ages. They were popular as gargoyles during older times (Pompeii is full of them) and they had symbolized the sun, with the golden mane representing the solar wreath of our life giving star.
This gargoyle above is found at the top of the Philippe le Bel tower in the ducal palace of Dijon again in France. As popular then as they are now, dogs were rarely kept simply as pets and were often given guardianship of a home at night. As such they were seen as clever, loyal and faithful. So on one point they can be seen as those stone animals given the role of protecting these buildings but there was another reason for their presence too. Dogs are always hungry and were often common thieves during these times and so were included on the sides of cathedrals to show that even such a faithful animal as the dog can fall prey to the temptation of the devil and commit the sin of greed.
Although the wolf was a feared creature in medieval times, it was also respected. Wolves have the ability to live and cooperate as a pack which gave rise to the metaphor that a wolf could be a leader of a pack and protect the members. This was linked to priests who would fight off the evil of the Devil for the common folk. The wolf was also linked to the deadly sin of greed.
Returning to Paris and this time the SacrŽ-Coeur, here is a fine example of the wolf as gargoyle. Although wolves too were linked to greed they were respected as an animal that lived through cooperation with its peers Ð and they gave rise to the ancient metaphor Ôthe leader of the packÕ. They were also linked to priests whose responsibility it was to protect the people from the devil Ð so the wolf was the protector of the lamb of God, as it were. Gargoyles come in packs too Ð and this was because the architects needed to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof. A single gargoyle would not be much good in a ferocious storm. Their strange elongation is also deliberate as the extra length will ensure that the water cascades as far away from the wall as possible.
A powerful bird who was said to be able to slay dragons. Eagles were respected for their ability to see far away objects, and were also said to renew themselves by looking into the sun (accounting for the glint always seen in the eagleÕs eye in paintings).
These were protectors of the buildings, particularly against dragon as it was said that they were one of the few animals capable of destroying a winged serpent. They were also highly respected for the vision (which was again used as a metaphor and seen as foresight) and legend had it they had Phoenix like qualities. They were, it was said, able to heal themselves by looking directly in to the sun which itself is an ancient symbol of deity.
From the story of Adam and Eve, the serpent represents a struggle between good and evil. The serpent was related to the deadly sin envy. They were also thought to be immortal due to the shedding of their skin. This gave rise to the symbol for immortality being the Ouroboros, a serpent with a tail in its mouth.
The serpent is associated with original sin and as such can be found (most often winged) all over the cathedrals of Europe. From the days of Adam and Eve the serpent has been the symbol for the continual struggle between good and evil. In terms of the seven deadly sins, the serpent represented envy. Scarily enough they were also thought to be immortal which meant that the daily struggle against the sins of the flesh would carry on for all eternity.
he goat had two viewpoints in medieval times. One perspective was that the goat was equated with Christ due to its ability to climb steep slopes and find edible food. On the other side it was seen as a symbol for lust and even linked to Satan.
Like many of the animals featured here it had a duality of nature in the eyes of medieval Christians. On one side they were thought to be Christ-like because of their ability to find food on steep mountainsides and nourish themselves from almost nothing (the Feeding of the Five Thousand springs immediately to mind as a parallel). On the other hand they were seen as quite venal creatures and were often seen as a symbol of lust Ð yet another one of those seven deadly sins. Plus, of course, which animal would you associate with Satan?
Monkeys were seen as what happened to humans when nature went awry. They were thought to be stupid creatures, and their intelligence was misrepresented as cunning. The monkey was linked to the deadly sin of ÔslothÕ.
Although not designed to drain water and therefore technically not gargoyles, the grotesques on modern structures are still considered by most people to be gargoyles. Grotesques were used as decoration on 19th- and early 20th-century buildings in cities such as New York (where the Chrysler Building's stainless steel gargoyles are celebrated), Minneapolis, and Chicago. Gargoyles can be found on many churches and other buildings.
One extensive collection of modern gargoyles can be found in Washington National Cathedral in Washington, DC. The cathedral, begun in 1908, is encrusted with the limestone demons. This collection also includes Darth Vader, a crooked politician, robots and many other modern spins on the ancient tradition.
The 20th Century collegiate form of the Gothic Revival produced many modern gargoyles, notably at Princeton University, Washington University in St. Louis, Duke University, and the University of Chicago.


There have been media reports that a group led by Sir Mark Sedwill is drawing up plans to kick-start the British economy in the event of a no-deal Brexit through options that range from cutting taxes and boosting investment to slashing tariffs. The plan has been referred to as "Project After".
Please publish all documents in relation to Project After.
Has the assurance to Nissan been extended to all car manufacturers in the U.K.?


Alex Magleby moves on from GM role with USA Rugby, to join newest MLR team in New England.
Magleby will complete contract with USA Rugby through end of 2018.
LAFAYETTE, CO – With the emergence of Major League Rugby (MLR) and the professional standard of the game on the rise, USA Rugby General Manager of National Teams and High-Performance Alex Magleby announced today his plans to finish out his contract with the organization through December 2018 and join the newly announced professional franchise in New England, the Free Jacks, as Chief Executive Officer.
An Eagle Alumnus and former captain and coach of the Men's Sevens team, Magleby moves on from his position with the NGB, but not his overall influence on the development of rugby.
Rugby for the last 18 years," noted Magleby, "I count myself very lucky to have been able to connect with and learn from hundreds of hard-working athletes, world class individuals in our coaching ranks, and a network of passionate, thoughtful supporters who have really made the difference for our national teams over the last few years.
A local to New England, Magleby joins MLR a month after the Free Jacks franchise was announced by the professional league. Along with Atlanta, New England will compete in their inaugural year starting the 2020 season – rounding out total competing teams to an even ten.
With the USA Rugby Board of Directors meeting this weekend in Glendale around the HSBC USA Women's Sevens, the leadership group will look to review the General Manager position and how the new hire will best integrate into the restructure of the governing body.
With time remaining on Magleby's contract, he will remain fully involved in the fall internationals and beginning of the HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series before working with New England in a full capacity.


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text:
Q: port pipes all requests to a php file how can I setup httpd.conf so that I can pipe all requests to that port go to a php file?
I am trying to make a socket connection from action script to localhost in flash.

A: You can use VirtualHosts...
To have a virtual host work specifically for that port, add the port number to the first line of the virtual host configuration. The first line should look something like the following:
<VirtualHost ip_address_of_your_server:12331>

You must also add
Listen 12331

to the httpd.conf
Now your server is listening to port 12331. In the VirtualHost configuration you can set the DirectoryIndex to route all default requests to a PHP file
<VirtualHost ip_address_of_your_server:12331>
DirectoryIndex myPhp.php
</VirtualHost>

In addition you could also use mod_rewrite and .htaccess files to route specific requests to the same PHP file as well.
I referred to: http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-7.2-Manual/ref-guide/s1-apache-virtualhosts.html

A: Set up your virtual host with your single php script as the only file in the web root, then add a 404 error handler to point to that file.
e.g.
ErrorDocument 404 /script.php

C.


text:
First Impressions: Shirley
Published on October 5, 2017 June 22, 2018 by 360International
First impressions aren't everything, but they are definitely something. The things you hear, you read, you see from afar: They are all building up to this one grand moment of finally getting there to experience it all for yourself. Going on exchange to a place I have never been to gave me plenty to be excited for, and without me even noticing, the expectations only grew as it got closer and closer to my departure date. And without spoiling the plot far too early, they all exceed those unnaturally high expectations and passed with flying colours.
Montreal can only be described as a vibrant, diverse and every moving place. There is so much to talk about already and without a doubt much more to come, which makes me glad that I can try to provide the best interpretation as I can throughout these upcoming posts instead of having an endless stream written down all in one go. It is constantly shifting and moving, ever jammed packed with activities to do, festivals and events to do attend and there is never a dull moment as long as you are willing to participate. And that kind of positive, fun-loving attitude completely transcends to the student life I have experienced so far at McGill University. To be honest, even more so. Because you can trust us young people to also take things a step further and make it an unforgettable moment, every day and every night.
So focusing on the orientation aspect of my journey so far, this is a part that I really noticed a difference from home. The whole purpose of the exchange for me was to gain a new perspective on what tertiary education could be like, to try and experience something perhaps more dynamic than at home simply because I would now be fully immersed in having everything that comes with being a student. And from the very first event, it was like a whirlwind had started and it has not stopped ever since. Being thrown in the midst of a huge stadium on the first day as a welcome didn't feel like the typical orientation, but that we were being initiated into part of something exciting. It made perfect sense to get the more informative segment of the week done early so we had a good understanding of where everything was, and while it doesn't seem particularly interesting, trust me that when there are a million things to sort out when you first get here, having people showing the way is a sweet blessing to get that ticked off the list.
I can't lie: What I have been highly anticipating with coming to McGill during this orientation week was the infamous Frosh week. Different faculties with their themes and colours have a myriad of activities planned all over the city. Together with our hyped up, enthusiastic leaders who seemed to take their job of giving us the best first McGillian experience seriously, we were all buzzing with excitement to start our four days of bonding and trying our hardest to make it to everything that was available to us. But the explosion of what was to come were nothing like what us 'froshies' expected at all, and our engineering 'The Frosh and the Furious' theme could not have found a more fitting way to portray it.
There is never a half effort with events held as part of frosh. Thing are turned up to maximum level without fail. Even if I were to describe the highlights of a select few, it would probably take days to finish reading about what had happened and what it felt like to be part of something so big and foreign to anything I had, or in fact any normal person, would have experienced. Plus, it's almost impossible to capture the atmosphere in words on a page, and the photos would probably do it more justice even though only a small portion of the electric vibe that lingered in the air and be felt through them. Obstacle courses, pre-event rallying, concert and club nights, park games, pub crawls, beach day, frat parties… If anybody had told me before that I would be doing all of that in the span of a couple of days in the most insane, unforgettable of ways, I doubt I would have believed it. The jokes and banter, the laughs and the thrill of meeting new friends every few moments thrust me into an electrifying state. With everything that happened though, even the smallest things like learning the university and faculty chants, singing and dancing to them like we didn't have a care in the world was something that struck me and will stay with me for a very long time to come.
It wouldn't be right to hide the fact that these four days were EXTREMELY intense. Collapsing in fatigue in the dead of night and waking up as early as 6am to get to the next event was no uncommon thing. It was hard on us, so hard that almost everybody got what we deem as 'frosh flu' as soon as it ended. But even with our sniffles and red noses, it was undeniably the most exhilarating experience that we had ever had. And I was part of all of that. With every vivid moment ingrained in me and a million more stories to tell, even just this very beginning part of the journey was worth it for me to be on exchange. And the prospect of having more to come? I think it's easy to guess how I feel about that.
Keep up to date with my adventures through Instagram (shirleyxjiang) and my personal travel blog (http://pageparisienne.blogspot.ca/)
Categories Canada, McGill University, Shirley - McGill University, Canada
Previous First Impressions: Bianca
Next First Impressions: Daryn


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BN Pac-10 Power Poll: Preseason
By Ryan Rosenblatt Aug 30, 2010, 12:00pm PDT
Share All sharing options for: BN Pac-10 Power Poll: Preseason
Several weeks ago, we took stock of the Pac-10 as training camps were opening around the conference. Now, with the first week of games staring us right in the face, we take another look at the Pac-10 with another power poll. BTW if you haven't seen it SBN's Pac-10 blogs also released its combine power poll thanks to Avinash's outstanding work at California Golden Blogs. That said let's move to what the frontpagers think on BN.
Several teams have had injuries, development with key players or a lack of development with other key players. Instead of taking guesses though, next time we do this power poll, we'll have actual games to take stock of as all ten teams are in actions this week.
Stat of the Week: 6- Cal's Kevin Riley has thrown for a combined six touchdowns in the Bear's last two season openers, both wins.
Game of the Week: Oregon St. vs. TCU (Arlington, Texas), 4:45 pm PDT, ESPN- In a rare sight, two top-25 teams will open the season playing each other at the gargantuan Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. TCU enters the season looking to be the non-BCS conference team that finally breaks through and plays for a title, but it will take a perfect record to do it and Oregon St. will look to end their hopes early. With Jacquizz and James Rodgers, the Beavers have the speed to give the Horned Frogs problems, but how the smaller TCU defense holds up versus the big Oregon St. offensive line will be especially interesting.
Pac-10 Power Poll
1) Arizona Wildcats (3 first place votes)- A year ago, Mike Stoops was on the hot seat. Now, his Wildcats have a chance to make it to the Rose Bowl. It's unlikely that Toledo gives Arizona too much of problem in their opener, but going on the road to start the season is always a bit of a trick. With the game on national TV, the Wildcats do have a chance to make an impression though so there is something on the line if they are dreaming big in 2010.
2) Oregon Ducks (1 first place vote)- It's a prep week for the Ducks as they welcome New Mexico to Autzen Stadium. Even without Jeremiah Masoli, Oregon has high expectations and playing the Lobos makes for a good time for LaMichael James to serve his one-game suspension. If the Ducks get through their opener, as planned, they get James back and then focus on their biggest non-conference game of the year, at Tennessee, where the Vols are tough to beat regardless of how good the team is.
3) Oregon St. Beavers (2 first place votes)- So close to winning the Pac-10 and getting that elusive Rose Bowl berth a year ago, the Beavers will set their sites on accomplishing what they just missed out on a year ago. While their opener won't matter in the race for the Rose Bowl, OSU's game versus TCU on Saturday will go a long ways to setting the tone for the season if they can get a win and as will be the case all season, it is the quarterback play that will decide Oregon St.'s fate. Can Ryan Katz do the job? The Beavers' opener and season may depend on it.
4) California Golden Bears (1 first place vote)- The last four years, Cal has opened their seasons with games against Maryland, Michigan St. and Tennessee (twice). This season, the Golden Bears open versus UC Davis so it's not quite the season early season test that they're used to. Kevin Riley has made a habit of strong starts to his season so it's expected that he'll have a big game versus Davis, but it's whether or not he can do it as the year goes on that will determine the Bears' fate.
5) Stanford Cardinal (1 first place vote)- The Toby Gerhart era in Palo Alto is over and now it's time to see how Jim Harbaugh's program does without the bruising running back. The center of attention at Stanford is still in the backfield, but now it's Andrew Luck who everyone will be watching. The darling of NFL scouts, Luck will be charged with leading the Cardinal, although it's unlikely that he feels too much pressure in Stanford's opener as they host Sacramento St.
6) USC Trojans- The talk of the college football off-season has been the Trojans and the penalties levied upon them by the NCAA so it's only fitting that USC open the college football season. It all begins on Thursday with the Trojans in Honolulu to play Hawaii, where USC crushed the Warriors a few years ago. That was before the sanctions and before Lane Kiffin took over as head coach though. USC still has talent, even if they're not as deep so what can Kiffin make of the Trojans? We get our first look on Thursday.
7) UCLA Bruins- Kevin Prince should be a very good Pac-10 quarterback, but you can only be so good from the sideline. The Bruins' quarterback is injured yet again and whether or not he can play when UCLA opens their season in Manhattan versus Kansas St. on Saturday is still up the air. What is not up in the air is that the Bruins will have to make due with a shaky offensive line that will be without three projected starters, either due to injury or suspension. With the possibility of a back-up quarterback, the Bruins will need a running game if they're to have a shot against K-State.
8) Washington Huskies- Jake Locker is the media's favorite, the NFL scouts' favorite and a favorite of just about anyone who watches football. After all, he's big, he can run, he's smart and has a big arm. Now, with more talent around him than ever before, Locker will have to prove that he's ready to go from great talent to great quarterback. It won't be an easy start for Locker or the Huskies as they hop on a plane to play always-tough BYU in Provo, Utah. Washington wants to take a big step forward this season and they get to make people take notice right from the get-go.
9) Arizona St. Sun Devils- With Arizona St. looking at a lot of losses in 2010, Sun Devil fans will get a chance to put a smile on their faces early on with a cupcake game to start the season versus Portland St. Vontaze Burfict leads a ferocious defense, but their defense was very good last year and it didn't help so much. Everything the Sun Devils hope for this season will depend on the offense's production, but all an opener versus Portland St. can do is build confidence. Week three at Wisconsin will be their first chance to prove anything.
10) Washington St. Cougars- 22 losses in two seasons doesn't leave many with high hopes and Washington St. isn't hoping for too much this season. Just a few wins would be a nice step up for the Cougars, but a trip to Oklahoma St. will make that first of a few very difficult. Jeff Tuel had a moment or two of quality last season and it will take a moment or six to get the Cougars a win in Stillwater. If they can put together a respectable performance versus the Cowboys, Washington St. will be in a good position to take games versus Montana St. and SMU in the following two weeks.


text:
Theope speciosa is een vlindersoort uit de familie van de prachtvlinders (Riodinidae), onderfamilie Riodininae.

Theope speciosa werd in 1897 beschreven door Godman & Salvin.

Prachtvlinders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


(CNN) -- Three people were killed and two injured Monday when a small plane crashed into a residential neighborhood in Riverside, California, said the city's Fire Chief Michael Moore.
Previously, he had said that four people had died when the plane crashed near Riverside Municipal Airport. After further investigation, Moore announced late Monday in a news conference that the death toll was now three.
A Cessna 310 crashed about a half-mile northeast of the Riverside Municipal Airport, according to Ian Gregor, a Federal Aviation Administration spokesman. It had departed from Riverside en route to San Jose.
The plane had five people on board, and split apart when it hit two Riverside homes, Moore said.
There were no victims on the ground or inside the homes, the fire chief said. But he added that they would do a secondary check Tuesday morning.
Of the five people on the plane, three had died and two were injured, the fire chief said.
One of the passengers was taken to the Riverside Community Hospital and another to the Arrowhead Regional Medical Center in Colton, Moore said. Both are women, he said, correcting previous information that one of the survivors had been a teenager.
Earlier in the evening, Moore had said one of the victims had been a resident, but later clarified that no one on the ground died. The fire chief said the people on the plane "were injected into the house" when the plane hit.
Moore said the pilot did not appear to be among the survivors.
The National Transportation Safety Board will continue its investigation in the morning, Moore said.
The people on the plane had been in Southern California for a cheerleading competition at Disneyland, and were heading back to San Jose, he said.
"It's horrible, coupled together that they were going to a cheer competition," Moore said. "This is supposedly a happy time and then just to have a tragic incident like this, and into one of these Riverside residences, it's really a sad case for us."
The block was evacuated, sending residents from about 20 homes to a shelter.
The crash occurred around 4:41 p.m. PT (7:41 p.m. ET) on Central and Streeter avenues, Lt. Charles Payne of the Riverside City Police Department said.
Witness Brian Marsh told CNN affiliate KTLA that he saw the plane fall from the sky while driving.
"As soon as it turned, it almost stalled," Marsh said. "It just turned and went straight toward the ground. It looked like they tried to pull out of it, but it was too late."
Traci Zamora who lives in the neighborhood, heard the crash.
"I was inside the house and it shook our whole house like an earthquake," she told CNN over Facebook. "It is all so surreal."
Another resident, Chloe Hirohata told CNN in an email, "I heard an explosion, witnessed a large plume of smoke coming from the scene and rushed over."
Riverside is about 54 miles southeast of Los Angeles.


text:
Here's How to Suck It Up and Ask Out Your Crush
Tuesday, February 20, 2018 - 11:45 AM
Whether you are nursing a breakup or have been single for a while, there is never a bad time to work up the courage to ask out a crush! According to the CEO of Master Matchmakers, Steven Ward, there is nothing wrong with asking out a stranger who has caught your eye. Ward is an expert on love, dating and relationships, whose services also includes coaching. Continue Reading
One year later, how Trump's election has changed the way we date
Tuesday, November 07, 2017 - 6:52 AM
Steve Ward, a Philly native and the 36-year-old CEO of the national matchmaking firm Master Matchmakers, said dating has become "much more polarizing" since the 2016 presidential election. He said these days, it's more often that politics takes precedence over traditional dating criteria like physical chemistry, religion, and geography. Continue Reading
First Evidence That Online Dating Is Changing the Nature of Society
Wednesday, October 11, 2017 - 6:30 PM
Dating websites have changed the way couples meet. Now evidence is emerging that this change is influencing levels of interracial marriage and even the stability of marriage itself. Continue Reading
Nico Tortorella Defends Being a Polyamorist
Wednesday, September 13, 2017 - 11:59 AM
The 29-year-old Younger star discusses his longtime open relationship on the premiere of Personal Space, Bravo's new, six-episode digital talk show about romance, relatives and relationships — and PEOPLE's got an exclusive sneak peek at his candid conversation. Continue Reading
What To Do? My Ex Never Gave My Stuff Back And I Really Want It Back
Friday, July 14, 2017 - 5:27 PM
Breakups are rarely easy. It's even more difficult when personal or shared items need to be returned after the relationship has ended. Personal Space sought out one of the top relationship experts and former Tough Love host, Steve Ward, to divulge exactly how to have those awkward conversations with an ex. Continue Reading
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Se Gostou Clique 2x no ❤ e 👭 Marque as pessoas que gostam de Crochê !!!
Lindo caminho de mesa .
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💞💗Tag us to get featured.
If your hair looks good, you can deal with anything.
Our representative will attend to your needs.
We are pleased to announce we will be exhibiting @returntoyourroots_khembes on the 4th and 5th of May.
Special thank you to @morgangenus and @returntoyourroots_khembes .
Ombre Goddess locs off for delivery!
If you would like to get your hair done this weekend, send us a DM let's get that sorted for you. .
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This princess right here joined the #DaraCrownStars when she was barely 1year 4months old.
Keep increasing in wisdom and statue.
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Perfect style for the summer. This style requires little to no maintenance. At night grab your bonnet and protect your curls, use a spray bottle of water only if your curls get frizzy.
Hair: 5 bags of Freetress Wavy Faux Locs & 1 bag of Freetress Beach Curl.
Before crochet braiding your hair, wash and condition your hair with O'Natreal Shampoo & Conditioner, towel dry, use our O'Natreal hair mud on your scalp and hair to prevent flakes, to also treat dry hair.


Featuring Anti-Clog Traction, the Nike Mercurial Vapor XI SG-Pro AC football boots provide next-level performance on soft ground surfaces thanks to its revolutionary technology.
THE SCIENCE OF SPEEDThe next generation Nike Mercurial Vapor is akin to a formula one car, utilising scientific innovations to ensure Eden Hazard, Willian and Franck Ribéry are the fastest players on the pitch.FITDeveloped around the idea of a racecar fit, the Vapor features a new V16 last, which is designed to engage the major metatarsal by shaping the outsole to the natural contours of your foot. This allows the metatarsals to sit lower in the boot while the big toe is slightly raised, increasing flex across the joint and allowing you to generate maximum power when sprinting off the mark.Constructed with a Teijin synthetic upper, the Vapor features a tongue less construction to wrap the foot for a snug fit, while the internal anti-skid sock liner eliminates any movement within the boot.TOUCHTo enhance your touch and feel, the Vapor features a new 3-D textured Speed Rib construction to ensure high-speed control. Applied with Nike's All Conditions Control (ACC) Technology, the Vapor's upper provides consistent levels of grip on the ball in wet and dry weather conditions.TRACTIONFeaturing Anti-Clog Traction, the Mercurial Vapor represents next level performance for football boots on soft ground surfaces. Preventing mud from clogging up and weighing you down, the soleplate features proprietary technology that works with the elements to shed mud and provide all-weather traction 每 allowing you to enjoy the beautiful game all year round.


A Marriage Visa is known as a Spouse Visa in the UK. To successfully apply for a UK Marriage Visa, there are certain requirements and conditions you must meet.
The UK Marriage Visa requirements are notoriously strict to satisfy. You are required to provide evidence that your marriage is genuine. The UK Home Office who assess your visa will be scrutinizing through your application to check that your marriage is not fraudulent.
Our immigration lawyers know exactly what the Home Office is looking for in your application. They will be able to assess every detail and piece of evidence before your UK Marriage Visa is submitted. The most common mistake applicants make is from failing to submit sufficient evidence. With our services, IAS will ensure your application is to the highest standard. We will also provide a Letter of Representation to accompany your application and maximize your chances of success. Get in touch with us today on +1844 290 6312 or make an online inquiry to start the process.
What are the UK Marriage Visa financial requirements?
Your spouse or partner in the UK will have to prove that they are earning at least £18,600 per year. If you have children, this amount increases per dependent.
You will also need to provide a copy of your marriage certificate. You and your UK partner must plan to be living together in the UK. There must also be sufficient space for you and any children you have in your joint home in the UK.
How long will a UK Marriage Visa last?
A UK Marriage Visa is granted for the first 30 months. Providing you don't break the conditions of your visa or commit any immigration crimes, you will be eligible to apply again for another 30 months.
Once you have accumulated five years' residency in the UK on a Marriage Visa, you may be able to switch your visa-type. You may be eligible for Indefinite Leave to Remain or even British Citizenship depending on your circumstances.
What are the necessary documents to satisfy the UK Marriage Visa requirements?
What are the Marriage Visa UK processing times?
Applying from the USA, your application could take a considerable amount of time. This is because the Home Office need to assess whether your marriage is genuine and credible.
Your UK Marriage Visa could take up to 3 months. If the Home Office experience a certain high volume of applications at one time, it could take longer. If there are complications or issues with your application then the processing times could also be affected. The Home Office could extend the process for 24 weeks.
To speed up the process, you could apply for a premium service through one of our qualified immigration lawyers.
A UK Marriage Visa has many requirements to fulfill. The application process can be confusing and challenging for these reasons.
An immigration lawyer at IAS will eliminate this stress by assisting you throughout your journey to achieve a Marriage Visa.
Liaising with the UK government for you.
Call us on +1844 290 6312 or get in touch online to talk about your plans to come to the UK with your partner.


text:
Neck circumference as an independent predictor for NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index
Jie Shi, Zixuan Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Yixin Niu, Ning Lin, Xiaoyong Li, and 6 more
published 17 Mar, 2021
Read the published version in Nutrition & Metabolism →
You are reading this older preprint version
Read the latest preprint version →
Neck circumference, a proxy for upper-body subcutaneous fat, is a unique and pathogenic fat depot that confers additional metabolic risk. The purpose of present study was to determine whether neck circumference associates with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in postmenopausal women with normal body mass index.
A cross-sectional survey (n = 2492) and a 3.1-year follow-up investigation (n = 1354) were conducted among Chinese postmenopausal women with normal BMI (18.5 to < 25 kg/m2). Neck circumference was measured horizontally at the lower margin of the laryngeal prominence.
In the cross-sectional analysis, large neck circumference was associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio 2.28; 95% CI 1.74–2.98; highest tertile versus lowest tertile) after adjustment for confounding factors. Among 1,354 subjects without the NAFLD at baseline, 429 (31.7%) incident NAFLD cases occurred at 3.1 years. Neck circumference was positively associated with triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein, and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and adiponectin. Individuals with large baseline neck circumference had a significantly higher risk of NAFLD than those with small neck circumference. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio was 1.42 (95% CI 1.15–1.97; p for trend = 0.004) for the highest versus the lowest tertile of neck circumference, and was 1.22 (95% CI 1.10–1.41; p = 0.006) per 1-standard deviation increment in neck circumference.
Among postmenopausal women with normal BMI, relatively large neck circumference levels are associated with an increased risk of NAFLD.
postmenopausal women
normal body mass index
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver with the absence of alcohol and other liver diseases. It is well established that adiposity is a major contributor to NAFLD. Data from epidemiological studies revealed that NAFLD occurrence in up to 70% of overweight adults worldwide [1] and in 90% of morbidly obese adults globally [2]. Nonetheless, a remarkable proportion of individuals having NAFLD with a relatively normal body mass index (BMI), a condition termed as ''non-obese" NAFLD. The prevalence of NAFLD was around 10% in nonobese adults in Western countries, and about 8–19% of Asians with BMI less than 25 kg/ m2 are also found to have NAFLD [3]. Given this trend, a reliable predictor of NAFLD in nonobese people is essential for its prevention and management.
As we best known, the larger the BMI, the higher the metabolic risk. However, individuals within the same BMI status could have considerable differences in the amount and distribution of regional fat depot, leading to variable metabolic risks [4, 5]. Numerous researches highlight the metabolic risk conferred by specific patterns of fat distribution, particularly upper body adiposity [6]. Notably, several studies have recently shown that upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue, estimated by neck circumference, is a unique fat depot that confer additional metabolic risks beyond generalized and abdominal adiposity [7, 8]. It is reported that neck circumference levels are significantly associated with hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance, especially in women [7]. All of these supported the investigation of a possible association of neck circumference with NAFLD.
Due, in part, to a transfer from subcutaneous to abdominal visceral fat, women after menopause are prone to metabolic changes [9]. Such metabolic alterations are associated with increased NAFLD risk among normal BMI populations. However, studies that assess neck fat accumulation, as a proxy for upper-body subcutaneous fat, and its relationship with NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI are still lacking. In the current study, we evaluated the relationship between neck circumference and NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI.
Participants were recruited from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study, a nationwide prospective cohort study investigating the associations of metabolic factors with specific clinical outcomes, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality [10, 11]. The data presented in this study are based on the subsamples from the Chongming District in Shanghai, China. From May to November 2011, a total of 2,765 postmenopausal women with normal BMI of Chinese origins were enrolled in the study. From June to December 2014, the subjects were invited for follow-up assessments. The cross-sectional survey included 2,492 subjects, and the follow-up investigation included 1,354 individuals without NAFLD at baseline (Figure 1). Subjects with the following conditions were excluded from this study: virus hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, current drinkers, ex-drinkers, presence of tumor, biliary obstructive diseases, thyroid dysfunction, total parenteral nutrition, Wilson's disease, severe renal insufficiency, significant hematologic disorders, and current treatment with systemic corticosteroids.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Clinical diagnosis of NAFLD
Guidelines for the diagnosis of NAFLD proposed by the Asia-Pacific Working Party were used [12]. NAFLD was clinically defined as manifestations of B-mode ultrasonography, after the exclusion of the habit of drinking and the history of specific diseases that could lead to fatty liver. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed by experienced ultrasonographers who were blinded to clinical presentation and laboratory data. Hepatic steatosis was defined as a diffuse increase of fine echoes in the liver parenchyma compared with that in the kidney or spleen parenchyma based on standard criteria.
Anthropometric and biochemical measurements
Neck circumference was measured horizontally at the lower margin of the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple), with head erect and eyes facing forward. BMI was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. Waist circumference was measured at the midpoint between the inferior costal margin and the superior border of the iliac crest on the midaxillary line.
Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase were measured on an autoanalyzer (Hitachi 7080; Tokyo, Japan). Venous plasma glucose level was determined by glucose oxidase method (ADVIA-1650 Chemistry System, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) and hemoglobin A1c was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (BIO-RAD, D10, CA). Fasting insulin was measured by RIA (Linco Research, St. Charles, MO). The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to assess insulin resistance, which was calculated using the following equation: HOMA-IR = insulin (uU/mL) * glucose (mmol/L)/22.5 [13]. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels were quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (DY1707, DY1065; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN).
The continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as means ± SDs. The continuous variables with skewed distribution are shown as medians (interquartile range) and log-transformed to approximate normality before analysis. Categorical variables are reported as frequencies (%). For comparisons between groups, we conducted an independent-samples Student t test for normally distributed variables and a Mann-Whitney U test for variables with highly skewed distributions. The Chi-squared test was performed to compare categorical variables. The correlation coefficients between neck circumference and metabolic parameters were calculated using the Pearson correlation analysis. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were run to evaluate the potential association between neck circumference and the incidence of NAFLD. We also used restricted cubic splines with five knots at percentiles 5%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 95% of the distribution to flexibly model to assess the association of neck circumference on a continuous scale and the incidence of NAFLD. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relationship between neck circumference and the incidence of NAFLD were generated with the Cox regression models.
A 2-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using R version 4.0.2 and SPSS software version 25.0.
Association between neck circumference and the presence of NAFLD in the cross-sectional survey
The clinical characteristics of the study subjects are shown in Table 1. Neck circumference was larger in individuals with NAFLD than those without NAFLD (33.4 ± 2.6 cm vs. 32.0 ± 2.4 cm, p < 0.001). When stratified by tertiles of neck circumference, the prevalence of NAFLD raised sharply from the lowest tertile to the highest tertile group (15.9%, 29.7%, 47.5%, respectively). According to logistic regression analyses, large neck circumference was associated with the presence of NAFLD (odds ratio, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.74-2.98; highest versus lowest tertile, p <0.001) after adjustment for age, smoking status, physical activity, educational attainment, BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, CRP, adiponectin, fasting plasma glucose, post-loading plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes (Table 2).
Association between baseline neck circumference and the incidence of NAFLD in the follow-up investigation
During a 3.1-year follow-up period, 429 participants developed NAFLD. The clinical characteristics of the study subjects are presented in Table 3. According to Pearson correlations analyses, the neck circumference was positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, HOMA-IR, and CRP. In contrast, neck circumference was negatively correlated with HDL-C and adiponectin (Table 4).
We used Cox regression analysis with the lowest neck circumference tertile group as a reference to assess the relationship between neck circumference and the risk of incident NAFLD. As presented in Table 5, the HRs for incident NAFLD was higher with increasing neck circumference tertiles. In the highest neck circumference tertile, the HR was 2.16 (95% CI 1.60-2.92; p for trend <0.001) for incident NAFLD after adjusting for age, smoking, physical activity, and educational attainment (model 1). Interestingly, further adjustment for BMI and waist circumference (model 2) only slightly reduced the magnitude of the HRs for incident NAFLD. Furthermore, there were still statistically significant (HR 1.42; 95% CI 1.15-1.97; p for trend =0.004) by additional adjustment for HOMA-IR, CRP, adiponectin, glucose parameters, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes (model 5). When neck circumference was considered as a continuous variable, the overall HR (95% CI) of having NAFLD was 1.22 (1.10-1.41) per 1-SD increment of neck circumference. A positive linear circumference-response relationship was evident in the cubic spline regression model (Figure 2, p for nonlinearity >0.1).
Considering the contribution of general obesity, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance to the development of NAFLD, we further evaluated the combined effect of neck circumference with BMI, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR on fatty liver, respectively. The positive association between neck circumference and risk of incident NAFLD remained consistent across a wide range of BMI, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR (Figure 3). And subjects with larger neck circumference combine with higher BMI, waist circumference, or HOMA-IR have a substantially increased incidence of NAFLD.
Subgroup analyses
Subgroup analyses were performed to examine potential effect modifiers, stratified by age (<65 years versus ≥65 years), BMI (<23 kg/m2 versus ≥23 kg/m2), waist circumference (<80 cm versus ≥80 cm), CRP (<3.0 mg/L versus ≥3.0 mg/L), diabetes status (No versus Yes), and physical activity (low versus moderate versus high). In the stratified analyses, the positive associations between neck circumference and the risk of incident NAFLD remained consistent across all subgroups (Figure 4). No interaction was observed with any of the variables (all p for interaction >0.1).
In the present study, we observed that relatively large neck circumference was associated with the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI. Higher neck fat accumulation was also associated with metabolic dysregulation and inflammation characterized by insulin resistance, elevated triglycerides, and CRP. Collectively, these findings indicate the importance of excessive neck fat accumulation to predict the development of NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI.
Epidemiological studies have shown that sex and menopause affect the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD [14]. In women, the relations between visceral fat accumulation and metabolic profile were greater than in men [15]. Furthermore, as age increases and estrogen levels decrease, women after menopause are prone to insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and visceral fat accumulation [16, 17], all of which are known risk factors for NAFLD. The robust protective role of estrogens was revealed in epidemiological studies, where the prevalence of NAFLD is lower in premenopausal women compared to men or postmenopausal women [18]. As the main circulating estrogen, 17β-estradiol has effects beyond reproductive health. In insulin-sensitive tissues like skeletal muscle, 17β-estradiol receptor α has a positive effect on insulin signaling and glucose transporter-4 expression [19], which indicates that 17β-estradiol may directly regulate insulin action. Meanwhile, another study showed that exposure to 17β-estradiol restores insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in high fat diet-fed ovariectomized mice [20]. In addition to insulin sensitivity, estrogens can also affect adipose tissue metabolism, energy expenditure, and hepatic glucogenesis [21]. Collectively, the protective effect of estrogen on NAFLD is a combination of multiple factors and its underlying mechanism remains to be further studied.
Previous researches reported that higher BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, elevated triglyceride levels, and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels were associated with NAFLD among non-obese individuals [22]. In our study, neck circumference was significantly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, and triglycerides, and negatively correlated with HDL-C, consistent with previous studies [7, 23]. Moreover, the positive association between neck circumference and incidence of NAFLD remained consistent across a wide range of BMI, waist circumference, and HOMA-IR among postmenopausal women with normal weight. Additionally, previous cross-sectional studies have shown that neck circumference was an independent predictor for NAFLD in the general population [24] and non-obese men [25]. Our strong evidence indicating the relation of neck circumference and incidence of NAFLD even in postmenopausal women with normal BMI may validate their results and provide valuable clues for further studies.
It is well established that obesity is a heterogeneous disorder. BMI is a common screening measure to identify subjects with abnormal body fat distribution. However, BMI cannot provide accurate information about the regional distribution of body fat. Moreover, subjects within the same BMI could have considerable differences in the amount and distribution of regional fat accumulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that differences in body fat distribution result in specific metabolic complications [26, 27]. Thus, neck circumference, a proxy of neck subcutaneous fat, began to show diagnostic value for evaluating metabolic disturbances.
As an alternative measurement of upper-body subcutaneous fat, neck circumference is a great indicator of ectopic fat distribution. Subcutaneous fat in the upper body accounts for a much greater proportion of systemic free fatty acids release and is more lipolytically active than lower body adipose tissue [7]. Large neck circumference means excessive accumulation of subcutaneous fat in neck, which contributes a greater flux of the free fatty acid released into the circulation. Subsequently, elevated free fatty acid contributes to increased synthesis and ectopic deposition of triglycerides, insulin resistance, and inflammation [28]. In addition, increased free fatty acids involved in impaired glucose homeostasis by inhibiting glucose uptake, oxidation, glycogen synthesis, and increasing output hepatic glucose [29]. Concomitantly, excessive free fatty acids could trigger oxidative stress, an early instigator of NAFLD [30], and endoplasmic reticulum stress which intersects with various inflammatory and stress signaling pathways through unfolded protein response [31]. The excessive free fatty acids release derived from neck subcutaneous adipose might be a potential link between neck circumference and NAFLD.
In our study, neck circumference was positively correlated with C-reactive protein, and negatively correlated with adiponectin. As we best known, the abnormal accumulation of fat is associated with adipose tissue metabolic capacities, endocrine, and immune function, which along with altered lipid mediators, adipokines, pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines, and impaired signaling pathways that involved in metabolic abnormalities [32]. In addition to being a depot of fat, the adipose tissue is also a highly active endocrine organ, secreting various biologically active molecules, collectively termed adipokines [33]. When adipose tissue expands, the capacity of adipocytes to act as endocrine cells and secrete a variety of adipokines is altered in subjects with NAFLD [34]. These altered kinds and levels of adipokine are associated with dysregulation of triglyceride, fatty acids metabolism, and insulin resistance [35]. Moreover, due to excessive fat accumulation and substantial infiltration of immune cells, a specific crown-like disposition of macrophages around single necrotic adipocytes occurs in subjects with NAFLD [36]. Subsequently, proinflammatory pathways were activated, and a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were overflowed that contribute to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance [32]. In general, adipose dysfunctions, inflammation, and stress partly linking neck obesity to insulin resistance and NAFLD.
Several potential limitations of the current study should also be noted. First, we did not quantify the tissue composition of the neck. The use of neck circumference to assess the neck subcutaneous fat was a convenient and practical way but was unable to quantify the fat accumulation and muscle mass. Hence, the amount and size of subcutaneous adipocyte and muscle fat are unclear. Second, due to ultrasonographic examination was performed to determine the presence of NAFLD, the sensitivity of liver ultrasonography may vary depending on the hepatic fat content. Nevertheless, when performed properly, ultrasonography has been reported to detect as little as ≥ 5% hepatic fat content. Although as discussed above, liver ultrasonography offers several strengths including the non-invasive nature of the test, portability, low cost, and simplicity of use, make it further applicable and acceptable in large-scale epidemiological studies, particularly in developing countries. Third, given the diagnosis of NAFLD was based on ultrasound imaging, NAFLD patients in our study were in at least a moderate stage of the disease. Therefore, in the present study, we were unable to determine the relationship between neck circumference and mild-stage NAFLD.
Large neck circumference was significantly associated with an increased risk of NAFLD among postmenopausal women with normal BMI. Measurement of neck circumference may provide a more complete understanding of NAFLD risk associated with variation in fat distribution among postmenopausal women with normal BMI.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PPG, postprandial plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference.
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81970669, 81873565, 81670743, 81370953), the National Key Research and Development Plan 'Precision Medicine Research' (2017YFSF090203), the Shanghai Health System Outstanding Young Talents Training Program (XYQ2013098), the Shanghai Sailing Program (18YF1415800), the Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission (21740173).
JS, ZW, and WZ drafted the manuscript and performed the experiments. ZY, JF, QS, LQ, and GN conceived and designed the study. WZ, YN, XL, HZ, and NL recruited the subjects, processed samples, and contributed to the acquisition of data. JS and ZY analyzed the data. ZY revised the manuscript.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the study participants, study staff, and partner organizations participating in the baseline survey and follow-up investigation.
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Table 1. Characteristics of subjects according to the presence or absence of the nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases at baseline
Non-NAFLD
(n = 1,724)
(n = 768)
58.7 ± 5.6
BMI (kg/m2)
22.22 ± 1.61
Waist circumference (cm)
SBP (mmHg)
127.77 ± 18.13
DBP (mmHg)
FPG (mmol/L)
6.00 ± 1.36
PPG (mmol/L)
HbA1c (%)
HOMA-IR
1.49 (1.16-1.93)
HDL-C (mmol/L)
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
ALT (U/L)
AST (U/L)
GGT (U/L)
CRP (mg/L)
Adiponectin (mg/L)
Neck circumference (cm)
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GGT, γ-Glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PPG, postprandial plasma glucose; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Table 2. Presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in relation to neck circumference tertiles (n = 2,492)
Tertile 1
p for trend
Prevalence of NAFLD (%)
132 (15.9)
Model 1 OR (95% CI)
Model 1 was adjusted for age, smoking status, physical activity, and educational attainment. Model 2 was further adjusted for BMI and waist circumference. Model 3 was further adjusted for HOMA-IR, CRP, and adiponectin. Model 4 was further adjusted for model 3 variables and fasting glucose, post-loading plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure. Model 5 was further adjusted for lipid profiles and liver enzymes.
Table 3. Baseline characteristics of subjects with or without development of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases at 3.1 years.
Table 4. Pearson correlations of baseline neck circumference with metabolic characteristics
< 0.001
HDL-C
Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.
Table 5. Incidence of NAFLD in relation to neck circumference (n = 1,354)
highest tertile vs. lowest tertile
per 1 SD, as continuous variable
HR (95% CI)
Editorial decision: Major revision


text:
Q: cakephp session timeout not working I have cakephp site, I was having problem that was after being idle for about >= 1 hour it gets log-out automatically
so I googled to extend timeout for that I wrote the following in core.php
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I want to keep a logged in user logged-in even after being idle for less than 8hours
but this is not working
how can I sort out this?

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Regarding the setting not work, I think maybe you could try to clean the cakePHP cache files / restart web server or change the debug level to 2 for troubleshooting?
CakePHP 2.0 manual sessions

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A: I had the same problem in CakePHP 1.3
The problem was that CakePHP was using the settings defined in php.ini instead of the one I was defining in core.php
So I had to change in core.php:
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to
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And it worked like a charm!


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