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Un-Research
Studying Research
Research is not a basic skill
Information Literacy is everywhere / Teaching
On NYT's textbook story and the Our Virginia incident
January 15, 2020 January 15, 2020 ahosierLeave a comment
Image by Olya Adamovich from Pixabay
This week, the New York Times published an article called "Two States. Eight Textbooks. Two American Stories" exploring how textbooks in the state of Texas tell the story of United States history versus how textbooks from the state of California do it. If you know anything about the politics in either of those states, there are some predictable differences.
As the article mentions, this isn't a new thing. In fact, until very recently, I used the controversy surrounding a fourth grade textbook in Virginia as a case study in my information literacy courses. In that case, the textbook in question (which was called Our Virginia) included a number of egregious historical errors, like one about how slaves fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War, something that's not supported by historical evidence. When asked about the errors, the textbook author, who was not a historian, said that she based her writing on information she found on the internet. Information authored by a group called the Sons of Confederate Veterans.
This was 2010, so the main reaction at the time was basically everyone laughing at this author for basing the research for her book on something she found on the internet. No one seemed to consider the possibility that the issue might be more complicated than that.
As an information literacy case study, I've gotten a lot of mileage out of this example by asking students who they feel is most to blame for what happened: the textbook author, the publisher, the Board of Education that approved the book, or the Sons of Confederate Veterans for promoting a view of history that's not supported by evidence. Their answers are revealing. Of course, a lot blame the author herself for not doing proper research. Others blame the publisher for not fact-checking thoroughly enough. Others feel that the Board of Education should have done more to vet the book before allowing it to be taught in classrooms.
Almost none blame the Sons of Confederate Veterans.
Actually, that's not true. One student did.
This was during the few years I spent living and teaching in South Carolina at a school where a debate on campus about whether to fly the Confederate flag in public was "won" by a student who suggested that if LGBTQ people can fly their flag, which she found offensive, she should be able to fly the Confederate flag, a point one of the Philosophy department faculty members who was leading the debate felt he couldn't argue with. Even as someone who grew up in a very red area of New York state, I felt very out of place, culturally speaking. Witnessing the debate (which took place in the campus library) was just very surreal to me.
So when I got to the Our Virginia case study in my information literacy class, I had no idea how it would be received in this particular context. I was surprised when the students in my class engaged in a debate that was very similar to the ones I'd led in Albany, NY, on the relatively liberal campus where I'd previously taught. In fact, it was a richer conversation because many of these students had firsthand experience being taught a version of history similar to the one that caused controversy in the case study. It was one of the best class discussions I've ever had.
One student, though, seemed particularly upset by the discussion. He was an older gentleman in his seventies, the only nontraditional student in the class. When he got a chance to speak, he revealed that he himself was a member of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and made it clear that, in his personal opinion, they deserved the most blame for what had happened. In fact, he declared that he was ashamed at the part they had played in this particular story.
To this day, he's the only student I've taught who felt that the Sons of Confederate Veterans deserved any blame for what happened.
Why is this? The most common reason students give when asked why they don't blame this group for spreading a lot of what is, objectively, misinformation, they generally say that the Sons of Confederate Veterans, as information creators, have the right to publish whatever they want to and it's the responsibility of the information user to do the necessary work to decide whether to believe that information. If the user falls for it, it's the own fault. But when I ask them if they think anyone actually takes the time to evaluate information this thoroughly, especially the fourth graders for whom this textbook was intended, they don't know.
To be clear, the cases the New York Times writes about are different from this one in the sense that the various textbooks they studied don't appear to have historical inaccuracies like the ones found in Our Virginia. They just tell the story of American history through very different lenses, with very different emphases and occasional omissions that reflect very different political views. It goes without saying that if the Times had examined science textbooks in these same states, they probably would have found something similar.
The funny thing is that I recently retired my lesson on Our Virginia in part because the story (though not the issue) was getting old and also because I now teach primarily online where it's much harder to have meaningful discussions. Now I'm second guessing that decision.
Because this is so clearly an information literacy issue. So many college students I meet still think that textbooks are above reproach when it comes to factual information—after all, isn't that why tests are based on them? They don't realize that they are subject to the same biases as any other piece of information. That's why students in middle school and high school need to be taught to think critically about the information they encounter: so they don't fall into the same trap.
Information Literacy is everywhere, Teaching
Beyond 10 Books: Thoughts on Plot & Structure by James Scott Bell
Off for the holidays
Teaching evaluating sources from a research-as-subject perspective
Selected Resources: A Short History of CRAAP
10 books project ACRL 2019 ACRL IS Essential posts general posts Information Literacy is everywhere Librarianship New publications pop culture Research-as-subject Research in fiction writing Selected resources Skillshare Studies of research Teaching


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11 Common Items That Are Disappearing from Our Everyday Lives
As another year fades into the past, we thought it was a good time to look at a few things that are also becoming history. Some of these familiar items are almost gone, while others are just starting to vanish.
Neighborhood Mail Boxes
As mail volume is dropping, the U.S. Postal Service is adjusting their operations, and part of that move means taking out local drop boxes. Over 12,000 have been removed in the past five years.
U.S. Mailbox (Shutterstock)
The move to fluorescent and LED bulbs was accelerated in 2014, when the manufacture of energy-inefficient incandescent bulbs was phased out. New LED bulbs last so much longer that General Electric, the company that introduced incandescents to the nation, has decided to leave the light bulb business. When first introduced, LEDs were pricey, but their price has dropped 90% since 2008, all but assuring the death of the incandescent for home use.
In its peak year, 2000, cable television had 68 million subscribers. According to The Atlantic, That number has now dropped to 49 million as more consumers cut the cord and turn to streaming video services like Netflix and Hulu (or old fashioned rabbit ears) for their entertainment.
Mobile banking has meant convenience for customers, but empty lobbies for banks. The top three national banks, Bank of America, J.P. Morgan Chase, and Wells Fargo, now have over 20 million depositors using mobile banking on their home computers or smart phones. In response, these banks have closed nearly 300 bank branches in the past year. More than 10,000 branches in total have shuttered since the financial crisis, according to The Economist.
Textbooks (Shutterstock)
Traditional college textbooks can cost more than $200 apiece. To cut costs, students are buying cheaper ebooks, professors are compiling their own course notes electronically, and publishers are offering online courseware. The trend is creeping down the educational chain, as educators replace textbooks in grade and high schools with online media.
It's significant that computer manufacturers, the people who made CDs and DVDs popular, are now backing away from the technology. Both Mac and PC computers are building units without optical disc drives. Since Windows 8, Microsoft's operating system no longer is programed to operate an internal DVD player. Consumers are moving their music and movies to cloud storage and relying more on streaming media companies for everything else. For better or worse, the corner video store is already a thing of the past.
K-Mart (Shutterstock)
Only two major department stores have shown growth over the past ten years: Kohl's and Nordstrom. Almost all the others are suffering. In the past ten years, J.C. Penney's revenues have dropped from $20 billion to $12 billion. Sears' revenues in the same period have dropped from $30 billion to $15 billion. In general, brick-and-mortar retailers are facing hard times. In 2016, 2,400 retail stores announced their closing. In 2017, the number was 5,000. It is expected to hit 7,000 in 2018.
In the future, you won't open your front door with a key but with your Bluetooth-enabled smart phone. Two of the biggest lock makers, Kwikset and Yale, are already working on keyless security systems. Auto manufacturers are also developing secure systems for your phone that will unlock and start your car.
Today, more than half of American households rely on cellphones instead of landlines. But don't expect hard-wired phones to disappear too quickly. Businesses that have millions of dollars invested in their phone systems will keep landlines around until they can afford to go cellular.
Restaurant Servers
Kiosks as McDonalds (Shutterstock)
With Americans happy to order anything online, restaurant owners are starting to replace workers at their front counters with self-service kiosks. Panera Bread is already replacing cashiers with these devices. Some McDonalds have installed touch-screen technology to let customers order their meal or custom-build their burger. Wendy's is planning to go in the same direction. Olive Garden now has tabletop tablets that allow diners to order and pay at their table without waiting for a server.
Blockbuster Video (Shutterstock)
With hundreds of their former stores standing empty across the country, Blockbuster Video is considered one of the country's most noticeable business deaths. Yet the Blockbuster name hasn't completely vanished. There are 10 operated Blockbuster stores in America; seven are in Alaska.
Featured image: Shutterstock
Meet the Cartoonist: Harley Schwadron
"Sorry, but 'What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas' is not a recognized legal precedent."
From May/Jun 2009
There's that guy in the pin-striped suit! You'll see him in The Wall Street Journal, Barrons, and Harvard Business Review—and very often in The Saturday Evening Post. "I started doing business cartoons because I was following the lure of the existing cartoon markets," says Schwadron (pronounced "Sway-dron"). So the character I've dubbed "pin-stripe guy" has been good to him.
"U.S. Postal Service: When it absolutely positively has to be there this year!"
From Oct 1984
Ouch. The poor post office gets no respect. "My first big cartoon sale when I was starting out was to The Saturday Evening Post!" says Harley. I wonder if it was this one from 1984.
"House protected by not having anything of value inside."
From Sep/Oct 2010
"I've been drawing cartoons since I was eight years old," Schwadron reports. "However, I never thought I could earn a living at it." So he got a master's degree in journalism and worked as a reporter and later editor for Michigan News Service. He drew cartoons in his spare time and "in 1985 I took a chance and started doing cartoons full-time. I've been happily at it ever since!"
"The correct response is 'I do'—not 'it's worth a try.'"
From Jan/Feb 2008
Maybe we can place bets on how long this union will last. "There are a lot of rejections," in the cartoon business, Harley says. "My routine is to turn out a regular amount of cartoons each day, send them out, and hope for the best."
"Someone in our neighborhood must have won the lottery."
From Jul/Aug 2007
Good guess based on the appearance of the three major news networks and the IRS. Harley may not have won the lottery, but as a cartoonist, he has arrived: "I recently built a studio on the back of my house. You have to be a 'serious' cartoonist to go to the expense and stress of building a home studio." Another perk of the job: "If I feel like it, I can work in my pajamas and no one cares."
"This is your captain. In the event of a drop in cabin air pressure, the oxygen mask will drop down, and you will be billed $2 per breath."
I hesitate to show this cartoon from last year, lest it give the airlines ideas. "My niche seems to be business and topical cartoons," Harley says. He advises aspiring cartoonists to "do the kind of cartoons you like and to find a niche that you enjoy doing."
"I don't care if you're tired, Gerald. Get down at once!"
From Mar/Apr 1998
Harley lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan, (where, presumably, he behaves himself in grocery stores) with his wife, a psychiatric social worker. They have two grown children.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Poorism takes a life
October 24, 2017 October 24, 2017 imblacknitravel Comment is Closed
A Spanish tourist in Rio de Janeiro is shot dead at a military police checkpoint while touring one of the city's infamous hill slums called favelas. It calls into question the practice of using poverty as a tourist attraction.
It happened this week. The victim was a 67-year-old woman whose car failed to stop at a military police checkpoint while touring Rocinha, the largest of Rio's notorious favelas.
With her were two relatives, another tourist and a tour guide. The other officers realized that the car was on a favela tour and held their fire, but by then, the unfortunate visitor was already mortally wounded.
She was the fourth tourist shot in a favela in less than a year, and the third to die. The other shootings were blamed on drug gangs and at least one victim was thought to have wandered into a favela on his own.
It comes only a month after military police had been assigned to Rocinha, the scene of almost daily shoot-outs between rival drug gangs, as well as gangs and police.
PUSHED OUT, KEPT OUT
Roughly one in five of Rio de Janeiro's 6 million residents lives in one of its 1,000 ad hoc hillside shantytowns known as favelas. They are home for Brazil's urban poor, who are pushed out — and itas rural poor, who are kept out — of the city's urban core.
Rio's favelas are hardly the only ones in Brazil, but theirs are the best known. The 1959 film "Black Orpheus" and the Michael Jackson music video "They Don't Care About Us" each were shot in a Rio favela.
Most are controlled by ruthless drug gangs, some of them armed heavily enough to occasionally shoot down a police helicopter. Efforts by the police and the army to "pacify" these neighborhoods yield little lasting success.
Whether in Brazil's favelas, South Africa's all-Black townships like Soweto, Palestinian refugee camps or Paris housing projects known as banlieues, organized tours of poor communities have become a kind of cottage industry within international travel.
Nor is the United States immune from this trend. You can find ghetto tours in from Harlem and the Bronx in New York City to Chicago to Los Angeles. There also were the disaster tours in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina.
The Rocinha shooting calls into question the whole phenomenon of treating poor communities as tourist attractions, cultural Disneylands for affluent tourists.
(And let's be clear: In the eyes of the poor whose neighborhoods you visit, if you can afford to fly to another part of the world purely for enjoyment, you are affluent, regardless of how you feel about your bank statement.)
There are varying names for this phenomenon — poverty tourism, slum tourism, ghetto tourism. It's even evolved its own term within the travel industry:
"Poorism."
Its advocates contend that such tours are the only way to get well-heeled tourists from the West — and increasingly, from China — to relate to some of the world's most desperately impoverished citizens.
RECREATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Only subjecting them to this kind of full-immersion shock treatment, they argue, will trigger any empathy for their fellow human beings. They need an honest, unblinking look at what's real in the world — and let's face it, a lot of what's real is anything but pretty.
Critics counter that all this is little more than recreational anthropology, one slippery step above the human zoos of years gone by. Far from offering any real insight, they're just letting tourists pay for the — wait for it — privilege of feeling superior.
Even if some of these slum tour operators have the best intentions, the critics insist, they can't control the attitudes their clients bring to these tours.
Regardless of which side of the argument anyone comes down on, it's time for the travel industry to hold an honest — and probably painful — conversation about poorism.
Preferably before some other hapless tourist returns home in a box.
Travel for the Senses: Taste
Ghana: Your introduction to Africa


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South Schuylkill News
Berks Country
Ask the Eagle
Berks Game Day
Fightin Phils
Reading Royals
Business Spotlight Form
Newsmakers Form
How To Leave Feedback
Newspapers in Education contest
Here is where trout are being stocked in Berks…
NewsEnvironment
Here is where trout are being stocked in Berks County this fall and winter
Scott's Run, Antietam Lake, Tulpehocken Creek and Kaercher Creek in Berks County are being stocked with rainbow trout
Alan Carl puts a net load of rainbow trout into the lake.(BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
By Lisa Scheid | Reading Eagle
While most anglers only think of trout stocking ahead of the popular spring trout fishing season, when more than 3 million trout are stocked statewide, the state Fish and Boat Commission also stocks dozens of waterways in the fall and winter months.
Recently, Fish and Boat stocked Antietam Lake in Lower Alsace Township with rainbow trout. In October, the commission stocked rainbow trout in the Tulpehocken Creek between Rebers Bridge Road and the mouth of the creek and in Scott's Run Lake in French Creek State Park in Union Township.
Antietam Lake is a reservoir within the 643-acre Antietam Lake Park. The lake was formerly owned by the city of Reading. It was purchased by Berks County in 2006.
Scott's Run in Union Township is a 22-acre cold water lake that Department of Environmental Resources and Conservation says offers excellent trout and other cold water species fishing.
The Tulpehocken Creek is a popular fly fishing destination that has been the focus of years of restoration efforts and in 1996 was named Pennsylvania's River of the Year (along with the Clarion River.)
In December, the commission plans to stock at Kaercher Creek Dam. Located at the eastern edge of Hamburg, Kaercher Creek Lake is a 31-acre impoundment owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and managed by the Fish and Boat Commission for public fishing and boating. Once a beloved county park, it now is mostly an attraction for fishing.
From October through December, the PFBC will stock approximately 130,000 trout into some of the most popular lakes and creeks, providing a chance to enjoy fishing amid cool temperatures, beautiful fall scenery, and with fewer crowds of competing anglers.
While the trout stocked now will provide immediate fishing opportunities in the fall, many of the trout will replenish lakes that are popular for ice fishing during winter 2021 and into early 2022. A complete fall and winter trout stocking schedule is available at www.fishandboat.com.
FallStockingSchedule-2021
Bass fishing to be allowed in Leaser Lake
Since 2013, anglers at Leaser Lake were limited to only trout, but the Fish and Boat Commission recently learned the bass and panfish populations are improving. The black bass and panfish populations were evaluated from 2016 through May 2021 to monitor progress towards development of a high-quality, warm-water and cool-water fishery.
Sportfish abundance and population size structure have steadily improved to
levels where populations can now sustain limited harvest, the commissioners were told at the agency's October meeting.
Leaser Lake, a 117-acre impoundment owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and managed by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission is located in Lynn Township, Lehigh County, not too far from the Berks County line.
The dam impounds two unnamed tributaries to Ontelaunee Creek. This reservoir was completely drained in 2009 to complete dam and spillway repairs and modifications. Following completion of these repairs and modifications, refill occurred in 2013, and the Commission resumed annual adult trout stocking to provide immediate angling opportunities. Additionally, the Commission stocked the lake from 2013 through 2020
with select fish species to establish a high-quality, warm-water and cool-water fishery.
Alan Carl holds the hose in place in the water as a load of fish comes through from the truck. parked at the top of the bank at Antietam Lake reservoir in Lower Alsace Township. (BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
From left are Frank Mehalko, a Waterways Conservation officer, and Richard Carl, a volunteer, setting up the hose system that they'll use to move the fish from the truck down the bank into the lake. (BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
Eric Stosius, with a net of rainbow trout from the tanker truck. (BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
At Antietam Lake reservoir in Lower Alsace Township, Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission employees, with the help of volunteers, stocked rainbow trout. (BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
Fish come out of the end of the hose from the truck.(BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
From left are Eric Stosius, with the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Frank Mehalko, a Waterways Conservation officer, and Alan Carl, a volunteer, get the hose system set up. (BEN HASTY — READING EAGLE)
Teens come out for newly created Kutztown Banned Book Club
Snow causing trouble on local roads as storm begins
Berks County real estate transactions for Jan. 16
'Potpourri of precipitation' for Berks in downgraded forecast
Kemerton Refill & Refresh looks to reduce waste
Reading man sentenced to 2 to 7 years in prison for choking his ex-girlfriend
Little need for snow shovels, but get ready for heavy wind in Berks and the region
Wanted in Berks, January 16, 2022
Homicide victim discovered at Ninth and Chestnut streets in Reading
Berks Places: Leinbachs takes its name from prominent family, 1848 hotel still stands
Lisa Scheid | Reporter
Lisa Scheid has been a reporter and editor for the Reading Eagle for more than two decades. She's written for teens and about business, municipal government, schools and agriculture. Her agriculture reporting earned state press award award for consumer beat reporting and local recognition as Agriculture Journalist of the Year. She now reports on the environment and outdoors and writes a weekly newsletter.
Blue Oyster Cult coming to Reading for April concert
When it comes to families, life and love persist [opinion]
Television: Rick Williams will be right fit to replace Jim Gardner on Channel 6 at 11 p.m. [Opinion]
Here are some winter bucket list travel ideas
The Trentonian


Umobile (ümobile), is an ad-funded mobile service owned by Smart Communications, that will be offering free load to its subscribers that agree to receive advertisements on their cell phones. There was already a similar service in Europe called Blyk, but Umobile is the first and only ad-funded mobile service provider in the Philippines and rest of Asia.
Umobile is targeting the 15 to 35 age bracket or the 'youth and yuppies' sector in the Philippines. Customers get P0.50 worth of pre-paid load each time a mobile ad message is received. As of now, membership is by invite only.
Their prefix number is 0999.
Change mobile number anytime, anywhere online. First change in number is FREE. Succeeding changes is only P50.00/change.
Send invite codes to friends.
They have partnered with fring, a VoIP (www.fring.com). This enables customers to make VOIP calls, chat and interact with friends all over the world from his mobile to another PC and vice-versa. With ümobile, you only have to pay for data minutes.
Soon, they will be offering a product that will allow you to make calls and send/receive texts via PC to another ümobile account and vice-versa with ümobile's virtual phone service.


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Q: How do I test a value against multiple lists nested in a dict I am trying to test if my string appears in multiple lists nested in a dict...
if value1 in any[myDict['nested1']['list1'], myDict['nested2']['list2']]:

this is what i'm trying to do, but I can't seem to make it work
thanks for your help

A: You can make a list or tuple with all the items you may want to check, then using in you can check if value1 is inside it:
if value1 in (*myDict['nested1']['list1'], *myDict['nested2']['list2']):

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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class Sup {
  protected void f(int i){}
}
class Foo extends Sup {
  public void foo(int i){}
  public void g(int i){}
  protected void f(int i){}
}
class Sub extends Foo {
  public void g(int i){}
}

interface fff {
  void f(int ggggg);//
}
abstract class ab {
  public abstract void f(int ggggg);//
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This is a new gear for Radio Direction Finding (RDF) known as FOX HUNT or called Transmitter Hunting (T-Hunting) or Treassure Hunting. HAM clubs, all over the world, are conducting this SCIENTIFIC GAME occasionally, being which is the only one interesting game in HAM World. This game helps every HAMs and SWLs to get knowledge about radio direction finding, attenuation techniques and associated things like direct signal and reflected signal detection, orientation etc.
When the hidden transmitter (FOX) is at a distance of 30 Kms, we can able to find its direction by using 2-element or 3-element beam antenna (Yagi) as a direction finder to get FOX HOWL (Transmitted Signal - Direction) and we get the exact orientation. But when we are in close to the FOX (Hidden Transmitter), the 'S-Meter' reading on your hand held rig shows full scale reading even if the transmitter is running in low power. Due to this we can't get the proper orientation of the pin-point to the fox and it is because of the poor shielding (case) of the hand held rig. Normally every hunter using resistive attenuators (passive attenuators) to reduce the signal level to the hand held. But these passive attenuators can't work in shorter distance. In close distance the hand held rig will shows full s meter reading without any antenna !!! In this clever design we are shifting the exact fox howl - receiving frequency and then controlling the signal level. So there is no direct penetration of signals into the hand held. In this circuit, there are two major sections, one is the Local Oscillator (LO) and the other is a diode mixer with a level control, if we are selecting a LO frequency of 2 MHz and the fox howl frequency of 145 MHz, then the output from the circuit can be at 147 MHz or in 143 MHz.
This circuit is assembled by Pre-college Science Academy Students of NASA at Pasadena city College in California, built twenty attenuators and steel tape yagis during Saturday - morning session for their spring 2001 radio-orienteering project in August. The origin of the circuit is from PA0ZR. and K0 OV. In their design they used crystal controlled CMOS oscillator modules for LO frequency generation. These module oscillators are little bit costly and different types can't available in our market. Few months back, VU2ESH-Rajesh had provided me the original article for the reference. I reworked the LO frequency generating section lo be simple, flexible and coast effective. I changed the LO frequency module to pierce oscillator with 2MHz crystal. The entire circuit is made on a small PCB (I have made 2 cm / 8 cm PCBs) which can mounted on boom of a direction finding antenna. For power supply put a 9V battery (6F 22). Attaching this circuit in your RDF antenna you can easily control the signal level even one feet nearer to the fox. So guys, try this new weapon in the next FOXHUNT.


scraps that would do for a slightly more casual version.
One double-leaf shaped piece of green fabric - each of my leaves was about 1" long.
A long piece of elastic hair-tie, or black garter elastic- the length doesn't matter.
Note: For the calyxes and the leaves, I used some synthetic suede scraps I've had for a hundred years. It reminds me of the stuff they put on billiard/pool tables, but less radioactive-colored. You could use wool felt or anything that doesn't fray.
Fold one of the fabric pieces in half lengthwise, wrong sides facing.
Fold down a corner of the folded edge, and then fold a bit of the short edge over that. This is the middle of the rose bud.
Thread a needle, knot the thread, and sew down your fold, at the unfolded edge of the fabric strip.
Begin making a loose roll around the folded bit, stitching along the bottom. Of course you should use thread of a matching color, not, say, white thread on black fabric like I did. My weird thread color choice is purely for visibility in the photos.
This is not a rose bud - this is sushi.
Which is what you will get if you roll too tightly.
When you get to the end of the strip, tuck the short edge inwards and fold it down towards the bottom of the rose bud and stitch.
Made two small slits about 1.4" apart in the center of one calyx.
Slip the double-leaf through the slit, right sides of leaf and calyx facing.
Locate the middle of the length of elastic.
Slip the elastic through the loop on top of the leaf and position the calyx-leaf at the mid-point of the elastic.
Flip the calyx-leaf-elastic assembly over, and spread glue on the wrong side of the calyx.
Place rose bud centrally on the calyx and wrap the sepals (the petals of the calyx) around the bottom of the rose bud. Hold for a few seconds to let glue dry.
Make another rosebud from the other strip of fabric.
Make another pair of slits in the other calyx.
Thread the elastic through the calyx and tie both ends of the elastic together in a knot.
Position the calyx as close to the knot as possible.
I've mostly used mine at the end of a french braid.
your wrist when not in use, a la prom night.
This is a variation in Thai silk.
I love the two-toned sheen of Thai silk.
to achieve the same effect.
OK, I am really done with the hair things now. Really.
the next few days, so drop by again soon!
So fun. And yes, that Thai silk is incredible. Love the colors within it!
Oh wow! But lovely girly things to have. Sadly, I just gave my hair a nice good trim after I came back. Too hot! Good that I won't be tempted by any of your pretty hair stuff. But would you please make some of these for Adele when her hair grows out? :) In a year or two?


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Emma Thompson joins Greenpeace celebrations as Shell halt Arctic exploration
Tuesday 29 September 2015, 2:43pm
Actress Emma Thompson has taken part in celebrations outside the London headquarters of Shell to celebrate the announcement that the company is cancelling plans to drill in the Arctic.
Emma Thompson helps volunteer puppeteers move Aurora, the double decker bus sized polar bear, from in front of Shell HQ in London Credit: PA
Greenpeace has long been protesting against the petrochemicals giant's attempt to explore for new reserves of fossil fuels off the Alaskan coast.
ITV News correspondent Richard Pallot reports:
Demonstrations have included a huge polar bear puppet the size of a double-decker bus performing outside their central London HQ for the last month.
Shell said it would cease exploration in the region for the foreseeable future after failing to find sufficient signs of oil and gas to make further exploration worthwhile, blaming high costs and a "challenging and unpredictable regulatory environment".
Environmentalists claimed Shell had also suffered huge reputational damage as a result of its activity in the Arctic, with protests in the US and around the world, including activists scaling the Shard in London.
Emma Thompson said:
We said we'd keep her here as long as Shell was drilling. Now we've won, we kicked Shell out of the Arctic, so today this bear and this movement is declaring victory and starting out on a new journey.
A Dutch police boat passes the Greenpeace ship, the Rainbow Warrior. Credit: Reuters
Arctic offshore drilling is opposed by green campaigners because of fears over the difficulty of clearing up a major spill in the remote region, and the environmental impact it would have on wildlife.


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\section{Introduction and result}
\label{sec:intro}

Cosmological observations indicate that the expansion of the Universe is
presently in an accelerating phase~\cite{sn}. In a homogeneous and isotropic
universe, this can be obtained, if the energy density is dominated by
a component $x$ with $w_x =P_x/\rho_x < -1/3$; here $\rho_x$ is the
energy density of the component $x$ and $P_x$ is its pressure. The
simplest example of such a component which is compatible with
observations is a cosmological constant of the order of $\Lambda
\simeq 2H_0^2$, where $H_0$ is the present value of the Hubble
parameter. Apart from the smallness of this value which cannot be
explained by any sensible theory of fundamental interactions, it is
perturbing that the value of the cosmological constant should just be
such that it comes to dominate today.

In order to alleviate this coincidence problem quintessence~\cite{qu1}
and k-essence~\cite{ke1} have  been proposed. In these models a scalar
field has the property that at early times, in the radiation dominated
universe, its energy density 'tracks' the one of the cosmic fluid and
therefore naturally provides a sizeable fraction of the energy
density of the universe. Quintessence also tracks the matter energy
density during matter domination, but the mechanism which leads to the
domination of quintessence today is not clearly identified.

In the case of k-essence the situation is different.
Within a certain range of initial conditions, the energy density sharply drops
after the beginning of the  matter dominated era and assumes an
equation of state $P_k \simeq -\rho_k$ (de Sitter phase). Afterwards its
contribution can either rise to
dominate the energy density with an equation of state of $w_k =$
constant $ < 0$, or become comparable to that of
matter and start to 'track' the matter. The radiation
tracker, de Sitter phase and k-essence domination (or matter tracker) are all
attractor solutions of the k-essence evolution equation. The k-essence field
is driven from one to the other by the evolution of the
universe~\cite{ke1,ke+,mal}.
This looks promising as a solution to the coincidence
problem~\footnote{In Ref.~\cite{mal} it is, however, argued that the
  basin of attraction of the examples of Refs.~\cite{ke1,ke+}
  is disturbingly small.}.

However, in this letter we shall show that a k-essence field which behaves
in the way described above cannot emerge as the low energy limit of a
consistent, causal high energy  theory (be this a quantum field
theory or string theory, see Ref.~\cite{AA}).

The k-essence model is characterized by non-standard kinetic energy
terms \cite{ke1,ke+}. The problem of
acausalities in scalar field theories with non-quadratic Lagrangian
has also been addressed in Ref.~\cite{bek}.
The action of k-essence is given by
\begin{equation}\label{action}
 S = \int d^4x \sqrt{-g}\left[- \frac{R}{6} + P(\phi,X)\right]~,
\end{equation}
were $\phi$ is the k-essence field and
$X=\frac{1}{2}\nabla_\mu\phi\nabla^\mu\phi$.
We use units with $\frac{8\pi G}{3}=1$ and the metric signature is
$(+,-,-,-)$.  Furthermore, one assumes that the Lagrangian can be factorized
$P(\phi,X) =K(\phi)p(X)$ with $K(\phi)>0$. A standard scalar field with $ P(\phi,X)=X$ does
of course not have the behaviour we are looking for: one therefore allows
$p$ to be an arbitrary, monotonically growing function of $X$ \cite{ke+}.

Varying the above action with respect to the metric one obtains the
energy momentum tensor,
\begin{eqnarray}\label{em}
T_{\mu\nu} &=&
  \frac{\partial P(\phi,X)}{\partial X}\nabla_\mu\phi\nabla_\nu\phi -
  P(\phi,X)g_{\mu\nu}\\
 &=& (\rho_k +P_k)u_\mu u_\nu  -P_kg_{\mu\nu}
\end{eqnarray}
with $u_\mu =(2X)^{-1/2}\nabla_\mu\phi$, $\rho_k = 2X \frac{\partial
  P}{\partial X} -P$ and $P_k=P$
Note that in a homogeneous and isotropic universe
  $\nabla_\mu\phi$ is time-like, $X>0$.

The idea is of course, that $\phi$ is a low energy effective degree of freedom
of some fundamental high energy theory \cite{ke1,ke+,ke2} which
should satisfy basic criteria: among them, most importantly,
Lorentz invariance and causality. No
information should propagate faster than the speed of light $c=1$.
Let us translate this basic requirement to the low energy effective
degree of freedom $\phi$. We consider the cosmic background
solution with small fluctuations, $\phi = \phi_0(t)
+\delta\phi(t,{\mathbf x})$. It is then easy to derive an equation of motion for
the fluctuations $\delta\phi$ which is of the generic form~\footnote{In
  principle we would have to write the evolution equation for a gauge
  invariant quantity, like the Bardeen potential, but it has the same
  form and, more importantly, the same velocity of propagation, $c_s^2$.}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{fluc}
&&\ddot{\delta\phi} + \alpha\dot{\delta\phi} + \beta\delta\phi +c_s^2\triangle\delta\phi =0
\quad \mbox{ where } \quad \\
&&\triangle\delta\phi=g^{ij}\partial_i\partial_j(\delta\phi)~.\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Here an over-dot is a derivative w.r.t.~physical time $t$ and
$\alpha$, $\beta$ and $c_s^2$ are functions of $t$. In the case of the k-essence
field, from the action (\ref{action}) one finds~\cite{ke2}
\begin{equation}\label{cs}
c_s^2 = \frac{p'}{2Xp''+p'}~ \quad \quad '=\frac{d}{dX}~.
\end{equation}
If for some time $c_s^2>1$, the fluctuations $\delta\phi$ (or equivalently
the Bardeen potential) propagate faster than the speed of light and
are therefore acausal. Indeed, equation (\ref{fluc}) can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}\label{cone}
(G^{-1})^{\mu\nu}\partial_\mu(\delta\phi)\partial_\nu(\delta\phi)+\alpha\dot{\delta\phi} + \beta\delta\phi=0
\end{equation}
where we have defined
\begin{equation}
(G^{-1})^{\mu\nu}=g^{\mu\nu}-(1-c_s^2)g^{ij}\delta^{\mu}_i\delta^{\nu}_j
\end{equation}
as the inverse of the metric which governs the propagation of the
k-essence field. The characteristic cones of (\ref{cone}) are given
by $(G^{-1})^{\mu\nu}$ ~\cite{CH}, and the rays by the metric
\begin{equation}
G_{\mu\nu}=g_{\mu\nu}+ \frac{1-c_s^2}{c_s^2}g_{ij}\delta_{\mu}^i\delta_{\nu}^j~.
\end{equation}
If $c_s^2>0$, $G_{\mu\nu}$ is Lorentzian \cite{rendall}. However,
if we consider a vector $n^\mu$ lying on the light cone defined by the
Einstein metric $g_{\mu\nu}$, we have
\begin{equation}
G_{\mu\nu}n^\mu n^\nu=\frac{1-c_s^2}{c_s^2} g_{ij}n^in^j~.
\end{equation}
Since $g_{ij}n^in^j <0$, $c_s^2>1$ implies $G_{\mu\nu}n^\mu n^\nu>0$, i.e.
$n^{\mu}$ is time-like with respect to $G_{\mu\nu}$.
Therefore, the characteristic cone given by $G_{\mu\nu}$ is wider than
the light cone of causality defined by $g_{\mu\nu}$.

But a k-essence field value at some event $q_0= (\eta_0,{\mathbf x}_0)$ can be affected
by the values of all points inside the past characteristic
cone defined by $G_{\mu\nu}$ \cite{3femmes}. Let us now consider a point $q_1= (\eta_1,{\mathbf x}_1)$
which is inside the past characteristic cone, but outside the past
light cone of $q_0$. Since $c_s^2>1$ such points exist and, in general,
the field value at $q_1$ influences the value at
$q_0$. However, since $q_1$ is outside the past light cone of
$q_0$, the distance $q_0-q_1$ is space-like and there exists a boost such
that the boosted event $q_1'$ is in the future of $q_0'$.
In other words, the value of the field at $q_0'$ can be affected by its values in
the future; an evident a-causality. This is the well known consequence
of relativity. Whenever an event in $q$ is affected by something
outside its past light cone (defined by the metric which determines
causality, i.e.~the propagation of light and other standard model
particles), the present is affected by the future in some boosted
reference frame. In order for causality to be
respected, it is therefore not enough that the k-essence
field propagates inside the light cone of $G_{\mu\nu}$ (as suggested
in \cite{picon}). If this cone is wider than the one of the Einstein
metric, this leads to superluminal propagation of the k-essence field
perturbations which are not acceptable.

Similar arguments in the more complicated case of multi-component
fields have led Velo and Zwanziger to the exclusion of generic higher
spin theories~\cite{VZ}. On the other hand, Gibbons \cite{Gib} has
analyzed the tachyon in the effective field model proposed by Sen
\cite{Sen}, and by the same argument has concluded that ``the tachyon
is not a tachyon'', because the characteristic cone of the tachyon lies inside
or on the light cone of the Einstein metric. The tachyon is unstable
but it does not violate causality.
The causality argument is also at the basis
of Ref.~\cite{AA} where it is used to exclude certain Lagrangians
as possible low energy approximations of a sound high energy field
theory. There it is also shown that this argument is not alleviated if
we allow the high energy theory to be a string theory.
Therefore, the fluctuation equation (\ref{fluc}) leads to
acausalities if $c_s^2$ becomes larger than one (for an alternative view see \cite{bruneton}).

In the rest of the letter, we show that this is exactly what happens in
the case of successful k-essence models. We first present two examples from the
literature and then formulate a general proof showing that for a
successful k-essence model $c_s^2$ must become larger than one for some time.

The equation of motion of the k-essence field is derived from the action
(\ref{action}). In order to have tracking solutions one must require
$K(\phi)=1/\phi^2$ \cite{ke+}. Moreover,
to describe the dynamics of the k-essence field it is useful to consider
the new variable $y\equiv 1/\sqrt{X}$ and introduce the function $g(y)
= p(X)/\sqrt{X}$.  In the new variables the energy density becomes
$\rho_k=2X\frac{\partial P}{\partial X}-P = -g'/\phi^2$. Here a prime
denotes differentiation with respect to $y$.
Since $\rho_k$ has to be positive, $g$ is monotonically decreasing,
$dg/dy=g'<0$. Other useful relations are~\cite{ke1}
\begin{eqnarray}
w_k &=&\frac{P_k}{\rho_k} =\frac{p}{2Xp'-p}= \frac{-g}{yg'} \quad \mbox{ and } \quad \\
c_s^2 &=&\frac{p'}{2Xp''+p'} = \frac{g-g'y}{g''y^2}\label{cs_y}
\end{eqnarray}
(note that a prime on $p$ stands
for derivatives w.r.t.~$X$ while a prime on $g$ indicates
derivatives w.r.t.~$y$). The stability condition $c_s^2>0$ requires
$g''>0$ so that $g$ is convex~\cite{ke+}.

In a Friedman universe with $H^2 = \rho_{\rm tot} = \rho_r +\rho_d
+\rho_k$  and $\Omega_k=\rho_k/\rho_{\rm tot}$ ($\rho_r$ being the energy
density of  radiation and $\rho_d$ that of pressure-less matter, dust),
the k-essence equation of motion can be written in the form~\cite{ke1}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{eqmot}
\dot y &=&\frac{3(w_k(y)-1)}{2r'(y)}\left[ r(y)-\sqrt{\Omega_k}\right] \\
\dot\Omega_k &=& 3\Omega_k(1-\Omega_k)(w_m - w_k(y))~.\label{eqmot2}
\end{eqnarray}
Here a dot indicates the derivative w.r.t $N=\ln(a)$, where $a$ is the
scale factor, $w_m$ is the ratio
\begin{eqnarray}
w_m &=&\frac{1}{3}\frac{\rho_r}{\rho_r+\rho_d}~, \quad \mbox{ and}
\\
\label{r(j)}
r(y) &\equiv& \frac{3}{2\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{-g'}(1+w_k)y =
\frac{3}{2\sqrt{2}}\frac{(g-g'y)}{\sqrt{-g'}}~.
\end{eqnarray}
Fixed points, $y_f$ of the above system of equation are given by
$r^2(y_f) =\Omega_k =$ constant, and
either $w_k(y_f)=w_m$, or $\Omega_k=0$ or
$\Omega_k=1$. These either are stable or can be made stable with
small changes in the function $g$~\cite{ke+}.

The evolution of the universe
drives the k-essence field from one fixed point to another.
At early times, within a suitable range of initial conditions,
k-essence quickly approaches the radiation fixed point
$y_r$. In order not to violate the nucleosynthesis bound one requires
$r(y_r)=\sqrt{\Omega_k} \lesssim 0.1$. When the universe becomes matter
dominated, the radiation fixed point is lost and the k-essence energy
density decreases rapidly until the de Sitter attractor, $y_s$ with
$  0 \simeq \Omega_k =r(y_s)\ll r(y_r)$ is reached.
From there, the field evolves to the k-essence attractor $y_k$ with
$r(y_k)=\sqrt{\Omega_k}\simeq 1$ and $-1<w_k(y_k)<0$ or, if this
attractor does not exist, it evolves on to the dust attractor $y_d$
with $w_k(y_d)=w_m=0$.
At present, the field
is on its way from the de Sitter fixed point up to either the k-essence
or dust attractor.

Examples of Lagrangians $P(\phi,X)$ that can be found in the
literature are~\cite{ke1,ke+}
\begin{equation}
P(\phi,X) = \frac{1}{\phi^2}\Big(-2.01+2\sqrt{1+X}
+3\cdot10^{-17}X^3-10^{-24}X^4 \Big) \label{example_1}
\end{equation}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
P(\phi,X) &=& \frac{1}{\phi^2}\Big(-2.05+2\sqrt{1+f(X)}\Big) \quad
\mbox{ where } \quad \nonumber\\
f(X)&=&X-10^{-8}X^2+10^{-12}X^3-10^{-16}X^4 \nonumber\\
&&+10^{-20}X^5-10^{-24}X^6/2^6~.
\label{example_2}
\end{eqnarray}
The evolution of interesting physical quantities for the Lagrangian
(\ref{example_1}) are shown
in Figs.~\ref{fig:Om} and~\ref{fig:cs}. Example (\ref{example_2})
behaves similarly. In these examples, k-essence evolves to the final stage of
k-essence domination.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centerline{\epsfig{figure=Om_bis.eps,width=5.6cm,height=5.1cm}}
\caption{ \label{fig:Om} The ratio of k-essence to the total energy
  density $\Omega_k$ as function of
$1+z$ for the example (\ref{example_1}).
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centerline{\epsfig{figure=w_cs.eps,height=5.1cm}}
\caption{ \label{fig:cs} The equation of state parameter $w_k$  and
  sound velocity $c_s^2$ as functions of $1+z$ for the example
  (\ref{example_1}).
}
\end{figure}

Fig.~\ref{fig:cs} shows that $c_s^2$ becomes larger than $1$ during the
evolution from the radiation fixed point to the de Sitter fixed point and remains
slightly larger than $1$ in the future, when k-essence reaches the
k-attractor.

In Ref.~\cite{AA}, it is shown that for small values of $X$ superluminal
propagation of perturbations around a non-trivial background is related to the
sign of the coefficient in front of the leading higher-dimension
operator in the
Lagrangian: the absence of superluminal propagation requires a positive
coefficient. In both examples, expansion for small $X$ leads to
$p(X)=a+bX+dX^2+\mathcal{O}(X^3)$, with $d<0$. For small $X$,
$p''(X)=2d$ is negative, and Eq.~(\ref{cs}) hence gives $c_s^2>1$. In
both examples, the theory is acausal.
We note however that no problem arises in k-inflation, where the
coefficient in front of the term $X^2$ in the Lagrangian is
positive~\cite{ke2}.

We now demonstrate that $c_s^2>1$ is mandatory in every k-essence model
that aims to solve the coincidence problem and leads to accelerated
expansion of the universe today. From Eq.~(\ref{cs_y}),  $c_s^2>1$ is
equivalent to $g''y^2<g-g'y$. Using
\begin{equation}
 w_k = \frac{-g}{yg'}~,\label{wk} \quad
w'_k = \frac{gg'+gg''y-g'^2y}{(g'y)^2}~,
\end{equation}
and remembering that $g'<0$,
we conclude that $w_k>1$ is equivalent to $g+yg' >0$ and $w_k'<0$ is
equivalent to $gg'+gg''y-g'^2y<0$. If both
these conditions are fulfilled,
we necessarily have $ 0> gg'+gg''y-g'^2y>-g'(-g+g''y^2+g'y)$. In the
last unequal sign we have used $g>-yg'$ and $g''> 0$. Since $g'<0$
this implies $g''y^2<g-g'y$ and therefore $c_s^2>1$.

We now show that such a situation always arises in k-essence
models which solve the coincidence problem. We first consider the
evolution of k-essence  from the
radiation fixed point $y_r$ to the
k-essence fixed point $y_k$. We then show that the same arguments hold if
the k-attractor is replaced by a late dust-attractor.

We remind that, at a fixed point, $r(y_f)=\sqrt{\Omega_k}$.
Moreover one always has $y_k>y_r$ since $g$
is monotonically decreasing, and $w_k(y_k)<0$, hence $g(y_k)<0$ while
 $g(y_r)>0$ (see Eq.~(\ref{wk})).
Eq.~(\ref{r(j)}) gives
\begin{equation} \label{r'}
\frac{dr}{dy} = \frac{3}{2\sqrt{8}}\frac{g''y}{\sqrt{-g'}}(w_k(y)-1)~,
\end{equation}
and since $g''>0$, $r(y)$ can increase only if
$w_k>1$. Since $r(y_k) > r(y_r)$, $r$ has to increase
from $y_r$ to $y_k$.
This implies that there exists an interval $y_0<y<y_2$, with
$y_r<y_0<y_2<y_k$, in which $w_k(y)>1$. Since $w_k(y_k)<0$ we can choose
without loss of generality $w_k(y_2)=1$.
For some part of the interval, say in $]y_1,y_2[$, $w_k$
has to decay: $w_k'<0$. Therefore, both
conditions necessary for $c_s^2>1$ are satisfied in $]y_1,y_2[$.
In other words, between two points $y_a<y_b$
with  $r(y_a)<r(y_b)$ and $w(y_a)<1,~ w(y_b)<1$ there exists necessarily an
interval with $c_s^2(y)>1$.

If the k-attractor is replaced by a late dust-attractor, the situation is
alike. Indeed, since $w_k(y_d)=0$ hence $g(y_d)=0<g(y_r)$ we must have
$y_r<y_d$. Furthermore, in order to have a period of accelerated expansion with
$w_k<-1/3$,  we need $r(y_d)>r(y_r)$. If $r(y_d)<r(y_r)$, the accelerating
phase is avoided because the k-essence fluid is attracted immediately to the
dust-attractor after matter-radiation equality~\cite{ke+}.
Therefore $r'(y)$ must be positive in an interval between $y_r$
and $y_d$ and the demonstration above holds also in this case.

The only behavior relevant for this result is the existence of a
radiation tracker which goes over into an accelerating phase
with $w_k<-1/3$ and a
relatively large value of $\Omega_k$, as we observe it today. During such
a phase $\Omega_k$ must increase according to~(\ref{eqmot2}) and, if it is to
reach a fixed point $y_f$ with $\Omega_k =r^2(y_f)$ and $y_f>y_r$, the
function $r(y)$ is bound to increase somewhere, which is sufficient for
$c_s^2>1$ as we have shown above.
On its way
from the radiation fixed point, $w_k(y_r)=1/3,~ \Omega_k =r^2(y_r)\ll 1$ to
the k-essence  fixed point with $w_k(y_k) <0,~\Omega_k =r^2(y_k) \simeq 1$ (or to
the dust fixed point with $w_k(y_d)=0,~\Omega_k=r^2(y_d)>r^2(y_r)$) the
k-essence fluid has to pass through an interval where $c_s^2>1$.

The fact that $w_k$ has to be larger than $1$ in some interval for a
successful k-essence model was already pointed out in
Ref.~\cite{ke+}. This means that there exists observers which see an
energy flow which is faster than the speed of light. But this does not
necessarily pose a problem for causality since the energy flow does not carry
information. However, $c_s^2$
represents the propagation velocity of the perturbations, at least in
the WKB limit which is always justified for large enough wave
numbers, and therefore it
really means that information can travel faster than light.

We have shown that k-essence which has the capacity to play the role
of dark energy and, especially, to address the coincidence problem
cannot result as a low energy effective theory from some meaningful,
causal high energy field theory, because it necessarily undergoes phases
where $c_s^2>1$. In the examples presented here,
$c^2_s>1$ also at late times. This means that
k-essence models which solve the coincidence problem are ruled out as
serious candidates for dark
energy. However, the k-essence model proposed in Ref.~\cite{scherer},
which does not solve the coincidence problem, does not have
$c_s^2>1$. Also the form of the Lagrangian needed for successful
k-inflation usually does not suffer from this problem and has causally
propagating fluctuations.

 This work is supported by the Swiss NSF.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Audi Super Bowl 2013 Ads – Audi
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Super Bowl 2013 Ads – Audi
The Countdown Begins: Starting at Midnight Tonight, Vote for How Audi's Super Bowl Spot Will End
Audi to let audiences choose the ending of its Super Bowl XLVII spot on YouTube
Voting to take place for 24 hours beginning at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Thurs., Jan. 24 and closing at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Fri., Jan. 25.
Final spot to be revealed online on Saturday, Jan. 26 and will also air during the big game on Super Bowl Sunday
To Cast your vote for the Best Super Bowl 2013 Audi Advertisement you can go to
https://www.youtube.com/user/audiofamerica
For the first time in its Super Bowl history, Audi will let audiences select the spot they want to see run during the big game. Audi will post three versions of its Super Bowl spot, each with a different ending, to its YouTube page and allow viewers to choose how they want the spot to end. The final spot will debut on YouTube in advance of the game and on CBS during Super Bowl XLVII in the first break after kickoff. Voting on YouTube will be open for 24 hours, beginning at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursday, January 24 and closing at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Friday, January 25.
In the spot, viewers will follow a nervous teenage boy as he embarks on one of the most pivotal moments of American adolescence: prom night. With no date and no confidence, the teen is discouraged until his father tosses him the keys to an all-new 2013 Audi S6. With the power of the Audi S6 at his fingertips, the teen is suddenly determined, inspired. When he enters the gymnasium, he heads directly towards the prom queen and kisses her. What happens next is up to the viewer to decide.
"Audi has a long history of experimentation with social media, especially during Super Bowl season," said Loren Angelo, General Manager of Brand Marketing, Audi of America. "This year, Audi – which is Latin for listen – is listening to our fans, allowing them to take part in the creative process and have a voice in how our spot should end."
Audi's Super Bowl spot was created by San Francisco-based Venables Bell & Partners.
Every year, Audi challenges the status quo with a Super Bowl spot that celebrates emotion and individuality. This year, Audi's ad salutes the unconventional bravery that propels people to take risks and pave their own paths. The spot will feature the 2013 Audi S6 performance sedan – a vehicle that stands for power, confidence and pushing limits.
Proven on the track, Audi's award-winning and progressive technologies such as TFSI engines and quattro® all-wheel drive inspire the new S6 and provide a driving experience that is engineered for the driver. The S6 is fitted with the 4.0T twin-turbo V8 – delivering 420 horsepower – and is fitted with a seven-speed double clutch S tronic® transmission and cylinder on demand technology. The S6 offers incredible interior design and craftsmanship such as Atlas carbon fiber inlays, diamond-stitched sport seats and the highest levels of technology through the Audi MMI Navigation plus system with Audi connect™.
Last year, Audi's entertaining spot "Vampire Party" showcased the power of progressive engineering with the brand's signature LED headlight technology. In 2011, Audi's "Release the Hounds," featuring the Audi A8 and a cameo by Kenny G, redefined luxury and became the first Super Bowl spot in history to use a Twitter hashtag. In 2010, Audi's Super Bowl ad showcased a soundtrack created by rock legends Cheap Trick and featured the A3 TDI "Green Car of the Year" showing how easy being green can be. The brand's 2009 spot featured actor Jason Statham in a series of high-speed chase scenes involving luxury competitors, sending the message that luxury is evolving. In 2008, the brand's first Super Bowl spot delivered a parody of the movie "The Godfather," signaling that Audi was ready to take on the perceived luxury leaders.
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text:
The New Edition Story, 2017
Sewela
It was the good, the bad and the ugly. Well that was what I got when I managed to watch the BET biopic miniseries depicting the life and times of the beloved R&B boy band, New Edition. Now, I'm going to be honest when I say this: Before watching the miniseries, I had no idea who New Edition were. I caught a glimpse of their performance during the 2017 BET awards and I figured out that they were musicians who have been in the music industry for 30 years. Had I known anything about them before that? No, no I haven't. Was I intrigued by their performance? Yes, yes, I was. Thus, began my quest on discovery who the New Edition band was and how they came to be.
The New Edition Story is a biographical three-part miniseries about New Edition depicting their rise to fame as a boy band from the projects to becoming a successful adult act. The series was written by Abdul Williams, directed by Chris Robinson and co-produced by all six members of New Edition.
The series featured Algee Smith as Ralph Tresvant, Woody McClain as Bobby Brown, Bryshere Y. Gray as Michael Bivins, Elijah Kelley as Ricky Bell, Keith Powers as Ronnie DeVoe and Luke James as Johnny Gill. Additionally, in the first part of the series, a young version of the members was featured with Jahi Di'Allo as Young Ralph, Tyler Marcel Williams as Young Bobby, Dante Hoagland as Young Michael, Caleb McLaughlin as Young Ricky and Myles Truitt as Young Ronnie.
Now that all the formalities are out of the way, the real review starts (and the crowd goes wild!):
The miniseries is the embodiment of #BlackBoyJoy. That to me was a pull factor. Who wouldn't want to see a group of talented black boys act in a series that doesn't depict them as thugs or doomed to always be a commercial stereotype despite how hard they worked? I know I would. Despite the numerous trials and tribulations we witnessed the members go through over the course of the series, their brotherhood remained intact throughout the years.
The casting was spot-on. From the young cast to the adult cast (From physical resemblance to vocal similarities down to their mannerisms) it couldn't have been more perfect.
The younger cast set the bar of the show and they set the bar high. I'm usually a sceptic when it comes to young actors and I tend to shy away from their performances but I was glad I was proven wrong when it came to their performance. The show wouldn't be what it is now had it not been for the younger cast.
The miniseries took a different route by having all the actors remake all the boy band's hit songs using their own vocals in the show instead of lip-syncing the original songs. It gave the show an authentic feel that was appreciated by die-hard fans and new fans alike and it also gave the actors who have a musical background a place to showcase their talent like singers Algee Smith and Luke James.
The show gave us the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. To put it into perspective, Bobby Brown's bad boy persona that was often depicted in tabloid magazines was literally the tip of the iceberg. The group kept up their appearances on stage but off stage it was a different ball game. From having to deal with bad contracts with labels to having to deal with management that cared more about the artwork instead of the actual artists.
All in all, the show is a must watch for anyone who is interested in getting to know the boy band. You won't be disappointed at all. The series was done perfectly. Although the hair and makeup was laughable at times but apart from that, it is an incredible series.


Brisbane's own, Azura has returned with a magnificent music video for her sensational single, 'Yours'.
Azura delivers a track that swells with desires, forged through vivid vocals, a prosperous production, and vivacious imagery. 'Yours' morphs spacious synths, rich beats, and overarching angelic aspects into a superb symphony of audio visual pleasure. As the single progresses, Azura's alluring presence surges unbridled. Produced, directed, filmed and edited by Katy Roubin, the music video flourishes throughout its lush aesthetic. With each striking note and lavish lyric, Azura's determination, and attention to detail is perfectly paired with Roubin's artistic direction.
The 'Yours' music video is yet another teaser from Azura's forthcoming Mars Violet EP, that is set to drop on Friday, November 2.


text:
ANC wants Faith Muthambi axed
Hlengiwe Nhlabathi and Setumo Stone
GCIS
The dispute between Communications Minister Faith Muthambi and her bosses in the ANC has escalated to President Jacob Zuma's doorstep as party insiders question why Zuma ignored a deployment committee decision to axe Muthambi during last month's Cabinet reshuffle.
The public spat in the ANC comes as branch delegates at last week's national general council (NGC) "hammered" government deployees who were seen to ignore party decisions and conduct themselves in a manner that suggested they were bigger than the party, according to those who attended the sessions.
Emboldened by the tone of discussions at the general council, ANC communications subcommittee head Jackson Mthembu publicly lashed Muthambi for not consulting with the ANC when taking decisions about government's digital terrestrial television migration project.
Muthambi oversees the country's set-top box tender, but it has missed the June 17 deadline set by the International Telecommunication Union for the switchover.
Mthembu's rebuttal of Muthambi prompted a sharp response from her in which she claimed that the digital migration policy was not up for reversal and was not even discussed at the NGC. Subsequently, the ANC issued a strongly worded ANC statement condemning Muthambi's response as inaccurate. ANC secretary-general Gwede Mantashe also laid into Muthambi for saying that she had consulted all stakeholders. Mantashe said the ANC was not a stakeholder but the ultimate boss of all ministers. Now her job hangs in the balance after defying the ANC by speaking without being mandated to and accusing Mthembu of lying.
There was also unhappiness from the SA Communist Party about Zuma's reluctance to crack the whip on Muthambi, who is a close ally of SABC chief operating officer Hlaudi Motsoeneng. Among those who were expected to be affected by last month's Cabinet reshuffle were State Security Minister David Mahlobo (demotion), as well as Deputy Public Service and Administration Minister Ayanda Dlodlo (promotion).
But Zuma shifted Ngoako Ramatlhodi from mineral resources to public service and administration, and appointed the little-known Mosebenzi Zwane to replace Ramatlhodi. Both Mahlobo and Muthambi survived.
A national executive committee (NEC) member of the ANC told City Press this week there was "a serious battle" involving Muthambi within the party. The NEC member, who is sympathetic to Muthambi, said the battle was about whether the 5 million set-top boxes expected to be procured by government for the digital migration programme should be encrypted.
The ANC, which is said to be "fed up" with Muthambi, is in favour of encryption because it believes it will open up the pay TV market and create room for competition. Cabinet took a decision early this year that the boxes should have a control system, but will not be encrypted. These boxes will be provided for free to citizens who cannot afford them.
A source said the decision on digital migration had "passed through Cabinet and was announced. Zuma was there and that means the ANC knew. It is reckless for the ANC to say she never briefed them if it went to Cabinet."
Another ANC leader said Muthambi had anticipated that she would "get support from above" when she responded to Mthembu. The source said Muthambi and her group were "humiliated" by delegates at the general council and "lost the debate on the set-top boxes".
"The thing with some government officials is they tend to think that because they do business with Zuma's family, they have the ear of the president. That's a mistake."
A state official said Muthambi's term in office was on the line.
"To go to the extent of showing disrespect is what angered the ANC. She felt the NEC was nothing. She is not even in the NEC. There are people in NEC that are senior to her," said the source. City Press heard that the ANC deployment committee had wanted Mahlobo to be reshuffled and Dlodlo promoted. "That was the agreement, but everybody was caught by surprise," said an ANC insider.
"This guy from the Free State [Zwane] was only to be seconded as the deputy minister to Dlodlo. That was the agreement at the deployment committee and the recommendation by Zuma."
The plan with Mahlobo was either to "remove him and make him an ambassador or move him to another department that is less demanding"
ancfaith muthambi


text:
namespace boost {
namespace archive {

class BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE polymorphic_binary_iarchive :
    public detail::polymorphic_iarchive_route<binary_iarchive>
{
public:
    polymorphic_binary_iarchive(std::istream & is, unsigned int flags = 0) :
        detail::polymorphic_iarchive_route<binary_iarchive>(is, flags)
    {}
    ~polymorphic_binary_iarchive() BOOST_OVERRIDE {}
};

} // namespace archive
} // namespace boost

#ifdef BOOST_MSVC
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif

// required by export
BOOST_SERIALIZATION_REGISTER_ARCHIVE(
    boost::archive::polymorphic_binary_iarchive
)

#endif // BOOST_ARCHIVE_POLYMORPHIC_BINARY_IARCHIVE_HPP


text:
Environment, Research/PhD
Oceanographer Interview
Date: November 30, 2018Author: The Interview Portal 0 Comments
Please tell us about yourself
Oceanographer Amy MacFadyen had been in her position less than a year when she found herself supporting the emergency response to the largest marine oil spill ever to occur in U.S. waters — the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. She will never forget hearing the first reports from overflight observers flying over the spill source describing the magnitude of this incident, and realizing that she'd be providing critical information to support the massive emergency response.
https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/minds-behind-orr-meet-oceanographer-amy-macfadyen
Please tell us about your work
Amy first came to OR&R in 2009, joining the small team of scientists who provide emergency support to the U.S. Coast Guard for oil spill response in coastal waters and the Great Lakes. The majority of the spills that OR&R provides support for are relatively small — for example, frequent small diesel spills from recreational or fishing vessels. Fortunately, larger spills like the Deepwater Horizon are relatively rare. But for spills big or small, an essential piece of information for emergency response is an estimate of where the spilled oil will end up — an oil spill trajectory forecast. This information is used to determine what habitats and resources are at risk — such as threatened or endangered species, sensitive habitats, shorelines important for human use — and to direct response activities.
To produce oil spill trajectory forecasts, OR&R oceanographers have developed modeling tools (GNOME: the General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment) for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants (such as oil) spilled in water. These modeling tools are used for NOAA's spill response support and are also publicly available for use by the broader academic, response, and oil spill planning communities. In recent years, Amy has been part of the development team, updating GNOME's algorithms and user interface (WebGNOME: a new, web-based, modern interface for running and interacting with the model).
How did you end up in such an offbeat, unconventional and unusual career?
Amy didn't grow up wanting to be an oil spill modeler. She actually grew up in a rural lumber town in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada. Over the years, her home town of Nelson has transformed into a thriving arts and mountain sports mecca, but as a young adult, she couldn't wait to head for the metropolis of Vancouver, where she became enthralled with all things marine. She became an avid scuba diver in the chilly waters surrounding Vancouver and the islands of the Salish Sea. She began taking marine science courses at a local college and dreamed of becoming a marine biologist. With a strong aptitude for math and physics, she went on to complete a physical oceanography degree from the University of Victoria, and ultimately, a doctorate from the University of Washington.
Spending as much time as possible in, on, and around the ocean, it's no surprise that Amy's graduate studies focused on the coastal physical oceanography of the Pacific Northwest. She had the opportunity to be a true seafaring oceanographer, participating in numerous research cruises off the Washington and B.C. coasts and also venturing further afield to the equatorial Pacific and even the Southern Ocean. Many of her research partners throughout her graduate studies were from different NOAA offices and she aspired to one day work for NOAA. In 2009, she was excited to hear about a position with the Office of Response and Restoration in Seattle.
What do you love about your work?
Since joining OR&R, she has thoroughly enjoyed becoming more familiar with many other U.S. coastal regions — in particular, the Gulf Coast and the North Slope of Alaska — two regions she has since visited and learned a great deal about. Because she can be asked to work on spills anywhere in the U.S. or even internationally, establishing relationships with other NOAA offices and with regional experts is critical for success and she finds this part of the job very rewarding. Although it can be stressful having to provide information quickly for a spill potentially occurring anywhere in U.S. waters, she is excited to be putting her education and skills to use in such an important and much applied field.
Outside of work, Amy loves spending time outdoors, particularly backpacking and climbing with her husband in the Cascade Mountains. Recently, she and her husband have expanded their family through foster parenting and proudly saw their 5-year-old son off to kindergarten this fall.
algaecoastgulfmarineoceanographeroil spillphysicalvessel
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text:
Frygnowo () ist ein Dorf im Powiat Ostródzki (Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen) in der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren. Es gehört zur Gmina Grunwald (Landgemeinde Grünfelde), die ihren Sitz in Gierzwałd (Geierswalde) hat.

Geographische Lage
Frygnowo liegt im südlichen Westen der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren, 24 Kilometer südöstlich der Kreisstadt Ostróda ().

Geschichte

Ortsgeschichte
Erstmals erwähnt wurde Frögenau 1335 als Besitz der Ritter von Gilgenburg. Dieser Ort trug im Laufe der Geschichte verschiedene Ortsnamen. Nach 1410 hieß Frögenau Freudenaw. Die vorletzte deutsche Ortsbezeichnung erhielt dieser Ort im Rahmen der Umbenennung von Orten in Ostpreußen im Jahr 1938 und lautete Fregenau.

Im Jahr 1820 kam das Gut in den Besitz der Tannenberger Familie von Brandt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt besaß Frögenau eine baufällige Kirche, die später bis auf den Glockenturm abgetragen wurde. Die Familie von Brandt verkaufte Gut Frögenau 1857 weiter an Heinrich Freiherr von Eckhardtstein.

Am 7. Mai 1874 wurde Frögenau Amtsdorf und damit namensgebend für einen Amtsbezirk, der zum Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen im Regierungsbezirk Königsberg (ab 1905: Regierungsbezirk Allenstein) in der preußischen Provinz Ostpreußen gehörte.

1891 wurde die Molkereigenossenschaft gegründet. Im Jahre 1910 zählte Frögenau 579 Einwohner, von denen 297 zum Dorf (Landgemeinde) und 282 zum Gut (Gutsbezirk) gehörten.

Bekannt wurde das Dorf, weil hier General Paul von Hindenburg und Oberquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff mit seinem Stab der 8. Armee unter  am 28. und 29. August 1914 während der Schlacht bei Tannenberg die deutschen Truppen führte. In der Molkerei war der Gefechtsstand eingerichtet. Vom gegenüberliegenden Hügel aus beobachtete Hindenburg den Schlachtverlauf. An diesem Standort wurde nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg ein Denkmal errichtet. Bei der Einweihung pflanzte Hindenburg persönlich eine "Hindenburgeiche". Fortan trug dieses Gelände den Namen "Feldherrnhügel" und wurde zu einer Station der Tannenbergfahrt. Nach 1945 verfiel das Denkmal, der Hügel verwucherte und die Hindenburgeiche wurde gefällt. Seit 1989 ist der zentrale Findling verschwunden und das Denkmal nahezu abgeräumt.

Aufgrund der Bestimmungen des Versailler Vertrags stimmte die Bevölkerung im Abstimmungsgebiet Allenstein, zu dem Frögenau gehörte, am 11. Juli 1920 im Rahmen der Volksabstimmungen in Ost- und Westpreußen über die weitere staatliche Zugehörigkeit zu Ostpreußen und damit zum Deutschen Reich oder den Anschluss an Polen ab. In Frögenau (Dorf und Gut) stimmten 300 Einwohner für den Verbleib bei Ostpreußen, auf Polen entfielen keine Stimmen. Durch die Not der Nachkriegszeit und Deutschen Inflation 1914 bis 1923 musste das bisher ausschließlich landwirtschaftlich geführte Gut Frögenau an die Ostpreußische Landgesellschaft zu Siedlungszwecken verkauft werden.

Am 30. September 1928 schlossen sich der Gutsbezirk Frögenau und die Landgemeinde Frögenau zur neuen Landgemeinde Frögenau zusammen. Die Zahl der so veränderten  Landgemeinde belief sich 1933 auf 703 und 1939 auf 734.
Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Frögenau, das zu Kriegsbeginn 734 Einwohner hatte, im Januar 1945 von der Roten Armee eingenommen. Dabei wurden viele Gebäude zerstört, darunter das Gutshaus. An dieser Stelle steht heute die Schule. Nach Kriegsende wurde der Ort zusammen mit der südlichen Hälfte Ostpreußens unter polnische Verwaltung gestellt. Es begann nun die Zuwanderung von Polen und Ukrainern aus den an die Sowjetunion gefallenen Gebieten östlich der Curzon-Linie.

Als 1945 in Kriegsfolge das gesamte südliche Ostpreußen an Polen überstellt wurde, war auch Frögenau davon betroffen. Das Dorf erhielt die polnische Namensform "Frygnowo" und ist heute eine Ortschaft im Verbund der Gmina Grunwald (Landgemeinde Grünfelde) mit Sitz in Gierzwałd (Geierswalde) im Powiat Ostródzki (Kreis Osterode in Ostpreußen), bis 1998 der Woiwodschaft Olsztyn, seither der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren mit Sitz in Olsztyn (Allenstein) zugehörig.

Amtsbezirk Frögenau (1874–1945)
Zum Amtsbezirk Frögenau gehörten anfangs vier Orte, am Ende waren es noch zwei:

Kirche
Bis 1945 war Frögenau in die evangelische Kirche Tannenberg (polnisch Stębark) in der Kirchenprovinz Ostpreußen der Kirche der Altpreußischen Union, außerdem in die römisch-katholische Kirche Gilgenburg (polnisch Dąbrówno) im Bistum Ermland eingepfarrt.

Heute gehört Frygnowo zur katholischen Pfarrei Stębark (Tannenberg) im jetzigen Erzbistum Ermland sowie zur evangelischen Kirche Olsztynek (Hohenstein), einer Filialkirche von Ostróda (Osterode in Ostpreußen) in der Diözese Masuren der Evangelisch-Augsburgischen Kirche in Polen.

Verkehr
Frygnowo liegt im Kreuzungspunkt der beiden Woiwodschaftsstraßen 537 (Lubawa (Löbau in Westpreußen) – Pawłowo (Paulsgut)) und 542 (Działdowo (Soldau) – Rychnowo (Reichenau)). Außerdem führen Nebenstraßen aus Nachbarorten nach Frygnowo. Ein Bahnanschluss besteht nicht.

Weblinks

 Bildarchiv Ostpreußen: Diashow Frögenau/Frygnowo
 Bildarchiv Ostpreußen: Frögenau Kr. Osterode / Ostpr. (Ortsplan)

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1335
Ort der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren
Gmina Grunwald

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: why Is there no unique translation of source language into generated language in compilation process? Is there any algorithm or any compiler that translates exactly the source code into generated code when we compile our code?

A: You have stated two completely different questions and I will try to answer them one at a time. First, the question on why there i no unique transformation from source to target code when compiling. This is due to the fact that with most computer languages, as with natural languages, there is usually many ways to express the same idea or algorithm and, analogous with natural language, you choose the wording depending on the context. Thus when compiling you take the source code and transform it to target code by choosing the words that work best in the context that the target code should work in. If your program must be fast you choose target constructions that are fast and if your program must work in a memory-constrained environment you choose compact target constructions.
The answer to the second question, i.e. if there is any compiler that translates exactly the source code into target code, is that this is what all compilers aim to do and if they fail this is due to bugs. To generalize things a bit, this implies that for simple programs all compilers will translate the source into equivalent target code while they may fail on code that are using the more complex parts of the source language.


Mix atta with water and salt to make a dough.
Add minced ginger and green chillies and saute.
Add grated cabbage, grated carrot, capsicum and saute for few seconds.
Add salt, tomato ketchup, Schezwan sauce, vinegar and chilli sauce. Saute well till it is half cooked.
Take out4-5 portions of the dough and shape it into balls.
Roll out each portion into a thin round by dusting a little whole wheat flour.
Cook lightly both sides on a tawa.
Pour a little oil and spread the vegetables over the chappathis and roll it.


text:
Son dream meaning
Son dreams by DreamMean
To dream of your son, if you have one, as being handsome and dutiful, foretells that he will afford you proud satisfaction, and will aspire to high honors. If he is maimed, or suffering from illness or accident, there is trouble ahead for you.
For a mother to dream that her son has fallen to the bottom of a well, and she hears cries, it is a sign of deep grief, losses and sickness. If she rescues him, threatened danger will pass away unexpectedly.
Read All Here
Shrink back to shortened version
To dream about an imaginary son, represents your ideal, hopes and potential. If you see your son in your dream, then it is simply mirroring your waking life.
Spirits... (read all at source)
Your son was used as a symbol to drive home the idea that what you are considering giving up is very important, and that you will regret doing so. The decision will be hard to reverse, if it's possible at all, and in the meantime what you gave up will not be cared for. (read all at source)
I had a dream that my son was messing around like always. But in his fun of jump off the table he hit his headand fell down a well pipe full of water. He fell feet first with his head held looking up to the sky mouth open. He was lifeless . (read all at source)
Your real-life son, or someone who feels like a son to you, or someone you feel protective of or parental towards.
See also: family child... (read all at source)
Seeing your son in your dream means your ideal, hopes, potential, and the youthful part of yourself. On the other hand, to see your son in your dream might not have any significance and is simply mirroring your waking life. The dream may also be a pun on "sun". (read all at source)
Your son can indicate your male side or that you had issues with your father when you were the age of your son in the dream. We each have both male and female aspects to ourselves. Dreams encourage you to restore balance to this energy mix. In fact that is one of the main purposes of your life. (read all at source)
American, Unitarianism G. H. Miller
Dreaming of your son, if you have one, as being handsome and dutiful, foretells that he will afford you proud satisfaction, and will aspire to high honors. If he is maimed, or suffering from illness or accident, there is trouble ahead for you. (read all at source)
son typically represents your youthful, energetic, idealistic and masculine side; heroic; impulsive; protecting; defending; a waking life son; someone who is like a son to you. ( See sun) What message is your young, masculine part giving you? (read all at source)
Son of the fall (not to be confused with the fall in the moment of sleep) - a symbol of negative circumstances and experiences, failures and future worries, sudden and fatal knowledge. In women's dreams - ill feeling concession desires, social decline. (read all at source)
Descendant. Youth. Projection of self. There is something that has been denied to you.
Spanking... (read all at source)
Son - May not be symbolic at all; perhaps the dream was occasioned by your anxieties concerning your son. However, consider that the son figure represents some part of yourself. In a man it may represent his own youthful self. (read all at source)
My son (2 years) has been having nightmares every night. He is very articulate and tells me that the zebra bights him. He has screaming fits and will not go back to sleep in his own bed
Gr3g says:... (read all at source)
The Son Jesus, the Christ, the Saviour, the Lamb, the Lion, the King of Kings
The Holy Spirit, the Comforter
We are in the likeness or image of God, being one as well, yet three parts. (read all at source)
The three portrusions may also be symbolic of the three theological virtues found in first Corinthians 13:13... (read all at source)
My young son has a recurring nightmare of being chased through woods by a black, shadowy figure. How can I help him overcome his fears? M T- Perth Aust.
BEING CHASED PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING:... (read all at source)
Dream Symbols: son, surgery, blood, cutting, beating up nurse.
PAT'S DREAM:
Dream Symbols: dream is in black & white, hallway, shadows, skyscraper, door, shooting, dead, window, running, hospital, enemies, frozen, doctors, alley, car, death scream, red. (read all at source)
Son: See also daughter: Child of God; ministry that is your child in the Spirit; look at similar character traits in yourself; the child himself; prophesy; complacent; dutiful; characteristics of lust; ideal. (Ez 16: 44; Joel 2: 28; Proverbs 31: 29; Gen. 19: 30-38; Judges 11: 36-39; Is. (read all at source)
Croesus saw his son killed in a dream.
Petrarch saw his beloved Laura, in a dream, on the day she died, after which he wrote his beautiful poem, The Triumph of Death. (read all at source)
In the Bible, a son of David who staged a revolt against his father's kingship, and was defeated and killed in the ensuing battle, was named Absalom. To dream of Absalom it is significant of distressing incidents. (read all at source)
I want to thank my son Neal, who through sharing so much of his inner life with me while I working on a revised Dream Dictionary, reminded me of some fundamental truths. (read all at source)
"And, when he (his son) was old enough to walk with him, he said: "O my son! I have seen in a dream that I am slaughtering you (offering you in sacrifice to Allah). So look what you think!" He said: "O my father!... (read all at source)
Example dream : Grabbing her son in a dream symbolised her thoughts about good behaviour. She was at a funeral and looked around thinking that all the people would end up dead due to their wild behaviour. Grabbing therefore represented the need to prevent bad behaviour. (read all at source)
- Son and feeling proud - dream interpretation
- Flirting with other men - dream dictionary
- Dream interpretation about older brother
- Copperhead snake strikes - dream interpretation
- Young women on bus dream
- Wanting father to help - dream interpretation... (read all at source)
3-this is the number of the Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, Matt. 28:19
4-a symbol of the heavens, angels, or God's created intelli�gences, Ezek. 1:5
5-a symbol of fruitfulness and blessing, Gen. 1:20-23
6-this is the number for humanity, Gen. 1:26... (read all at source)
Cronos was a Titan, the son of Uranus and the father of Zeus (Jupiter). Cronos dethroned his father and was later dethroned by Zeus. Thus, from a psychoanalytic point of view, dreaming about Saturn may be symbolic of some aspects of the Oedipus complex. (read all at source)
my husband i notice that the garage door was slightly open and freaked out and told my hubby to keep the kids upstairs but just as was telling him that i heard my 18month old scream and when i went to see him i saw he had a snake bit on his hand between his thumb n pointer finger i handed my son to... (read all at source)
You may dream about your father, son, husband, or friend and should interpret the dream according to its details. A man, particularly the father figure, may represent collective consciousness and the traditional human spirit. (read all at source)
Mind, body, and spirit as in the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Celts saw the triad as signifying something with interlocking and inseparable views, such as life, art, gods, social order, culture, concepts, and actions. (read all at source)
It was widely believed that this symbol resulted from the Greek acronym for \"Jesus Christ, Son of God. (read all at source)
I had a dream that my son and I were shot twice in the upper chest and when I tried to call 911 no one would answer. I tried at least 4 times and gave up then I said to my son we don't need to go to the hospital anyway because we aren't bleeding anyway. (read all at source)
Three is best known as a religious symbol - the father, son and holy ghost. It often stands for power and authority, like the three parts of a democratic government. Look where the trio is in your dream - is it part of your group, giving you power? (read all at source)
For a mother to see her son an infant or small child again, foretells that old wounds will be healed and she will take on her youthful hopes and cheerfulness. If the child seems to be dying, she will fall into ill fortune and misery will attend her. (read all at source)
To admonish your child, or son, or some young person, denotes that your generous principles will keep you in favor, and fortune will be added to your gifts. (read all at source)
Young people encountered in your dream favors reconciliation of family disruptions and new beginnings. To see your son or daughter a small child again means you will soon have a cessation of worry and regain a youthful outlook on life. (read all at source)
I saw in the night-visions, and, behold, there came with the clouds of heaven one like unto a son of man, and he came even to the ancient of days, and they brought him near before him.
See also: Hair-dresser , Dance , Faeces , Baghavad Ghitta , Tannery
Dream-Dictionary INDEX:... (read all at source)
Matthew 16:27 "For the Son of man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his works." (GMR)... (read all at source)
see also: age baby daughter son
What Does Your Dream Mean?
About Dream Symbols... (read all at source)
Someone in authority takes her horse and gives it away to his son. Teh son begins to beat the horse which does not flinch. Instead the horse looks at my wife wth pleading eyes while it bleeds. (NOTE: my wife is a staunch lover of animals)... (read all at source)
The divinity of the self; wholeness; the source of life; immorality; vital energy or consciousness or enlightenment. It may be a pun for your son or that of another.
More on the meaning of "Sun, Sunlight, Light" in my dream
Swim, Swimming... (read all at source)
I'm sitting at a card table with people I don't know playing a game I don't understand. They are trying to teach me, but don't speak English. I get up to leave, but they take me home and treat me as their son. (read all at source)


text:
Landsat Missions+
Landsat Missions
Landsat Updates
Volume 11 Issue 1 - January 2017
Back to Landsat Updates
Landsat Mission News
Landsat 9 Status
Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Data Acquisition Status
Landsat Science Team Winter 2017 Meeting
Landsat Level-1 Collection 1 Processing
Upcoming Landsat 8 Data Unavailability and Landsat 7 Satellite Maneuver
Landsat 7 and Landsat 4-5 Processing Status
Landsat 8 Processing Schedule
TIRS Stray Light Correction Implementation
Landsat Collection 1 Higher-Level Status
Landsat Mission Website News
Landsat Missions Website Unveils New Look
Landsat in Action
Recently Promoted Landsat Images
Connect/Interact/Contact
Landsat 9 remains on schedule for a December 2020 launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. NASA is responsible for developing the space and launch segments, while the USGS is responsible for developing the ground segment and operating the mission after launch. We are currently updating the USGS Landsat website with Landsat 9 mission information, which will be available soon. Until then, please visit NASA's Landsat 9 website for further details about the mission and the instruments it will carry.
The Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites collect about 1,200 new scenes per day. In addition, the Landsat Global Archive Consolidation effort continues to add numerous international scenes to the archive. The entire USGS Landsat archive now holds over 6.8 million scenes! All Landsat data is available for download at no charge from EarthExplorer, GloVis, or the LandsatLook Viewer.
The Landsat Science Team (LST) met January 10–12, 2017, at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. The topics of the meeting included future Landsat capabilities, continuity/backward compatibility, improvements to temporal frequency, spatial and radiometric resolution, signal-to-noise ratios, and new spectral bands. The team received Landsat 9 development updates and USGS Landsat initiative status, specifically Collections and analysis-ready data (ARD). LST presentations will be made available on the Landsat Science Team webpage by Friday, February 10, 2017.
Upcoming Landsat 8 Data Unavailability and Landsat 7 Satellite Maneuver Tuesday, February 7 and Wednesday, February 8, 2017.
Landsat 8 Data Access
In order to implement Landsat 8 Collection 1 Level-1 data processing into the USGS systems, Pre-Collection Landsat 8 processing and data distribution will be unavailable on Tuesday, February 7, and Wednesday, February 8, 2017.
However, Pre-Collection Landsat 1-7 and Landsat 4-7 Collection 1 Level-1 data will remain available from EarthExplorer, GloVis, or the LandsatLook Viewer.
Landsat 8 Pre-Collection Level-1 data will be made available again on Thursday, February 9, 2017.
NOTE: Landsat 8 Collection 1 Level-1 products will start becoming available for download by the end of February.
The ESPA interface will remain available for Landsat 4-7 orders; however orders containing Landsat 8 scenes will not be accepted until Thursday, February 9, 2017.
Landsat 7 Delta Inclination Maneuver (Delta-I)
At approximately 6:15 am CST on Tuesday, February 7, 2017, Landsat 7 operations will be suspended in preparation for the satellite's final Delta-Inclination (Delta-I) maneuver. No data will be acquired during this maneuver. Normal operations and data acquisition are expected to resume by 9:30 pm CST on Wednesday, February 8, 2017.
We apologize for any inconvenience these two events may cause.
Landsat Collection 1 Level-1 processing started in August and has completed over 1.6 million Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scenes and 1.6 million Landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes that are now available to download from EarthExplorer. Processing of these entire datasets will be complete in spring 2017. Visit the Landsat Missions webpage to view the Landsat Collection 1 Processing status.
The processing of Landsat 8 scenes into Collection 1 Level-1 data products is scheduled to begin in February 2017, with data becoming available for download from EarthExplorer by the end of the month. Landsat 8 Collection 1 processing will begin in reverse chronological order with the most recently acquired Landsat scenes being processed initially. Scenes collected over the conterminous United States will be processed and made available first, followed by the rest of the globe.
During Collection 1 processing, a number of changes are being made to Landsat data. For Landsat 8, new software and a new algorithm will also be incorporated to mitigate the impact of stray light in the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). (Background about TIRS stray light can be found in Appendix A of the Landsat 8 Data Users Handbook.)
Detected shortly after launch in February 2013, stray light allows unwanted light to enter the optical system and reduces the accuracy of temperature measurements of the Earth's surface. In areas of extreme temperatures, such as Antarctica or desert regions, errors can reach as high as 10 degrees Celsius.
When standard calibration techniques failed to accurately adjust the data, scientists at the Rochester Institute of Technology developed an algorithm which estimates the amount of extra light in each scene and calculates how much light should be removed to make the temperature more accurate. Further investigations may determine if the reprocessed thermal data results in more accurate results using split-window methods.
The image below illustrates the stray light effect on Landsat 8 TIRS data acquired November 5, 2013. The top row indicates Band 10; the bottom row, Band 11. The left column shows the original Landsat 8 TIRS image before any algorithm corrections are applied. The middle column shows the results when Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) out-of-field data are applied, and the right column results are based on TIRS-only data being applied. The contrast scale is in units of spectral radiance _W∕m2∕sr∕μm_ and has been stretched to show the banding in the water.
Image courtesy of Matthew Montanaro, Aaron Gerace, and Scott Rohrbach,"Toward an operational stray light correction for the Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Sensor," Appl. Opt. 54, 3963-3978 (2015)
The ability to request Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ Collection 1 Higher-level data products (such as surface reflectance) from the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center Science Processing Architecture (ESPA) On-demand interface became available on January 12, 2017. ESPA accepts orders for not only surface reflectance but also top-of-atmosphere reflectance, brightness temperature, and CFMask outputs, along with multiple spectral indices derived from surface reflectance data. ESPA allows users to customize output formats, map reprojection, and pixel resizing. Surface reflectance and other higher-level science data products are processed and delivered directly from the ESPA on-demand interface. The ESPA User Guide provides further information on how to place an order through ESPA.
Processing requests from EarthExplorer (for surface reflectance data only) will become available at a later date.
Landsat Missions Website News
In December 2016, the Landsat Missions Website received a new look. Since web addresses may now be different, bookmarked URLs may not work and will need to be updated. Please contact us if you have issues locating content on the new site, or if you have any comments or suggestions about the new website.
A new page called "Landsat in Action" has been added to the Landsat Missions Website that highlights how Landsat data is being used in various research applications and data delivery interfaces to help improve understanding of the environment. If you feel the work you do with Landsat data makes an interesting story, let us know!
West Africa Atlas Details Efforts to Manage, Preserve Okomu Forest. A new atlas named Landscapes of West Africa: A Window on a Changing World tells the story of transformations and trends across many lands in West Africa, including this look at the threat of human activities in the Okomu Forest Reserve in southern Nigeria.
Wildfires Scorch Pampas Region of Argentina. Since mid-December 2016, roughly two dozen wildfires in the Pampas region of Argentina have consumed almost 2.5 million acres while unleashing giant plumes of dense smoke above the rural landscapes.
Marree Man Geoglyph in Australia Does Reappearing Act. In June 1998, a pilot discovered a strange sight in the Australian outback that wasn't there before—a huge outline of what appeared to be an Aboriginal man throwing either a boomerang or a stick. It turned out to be a geoglyph, which is a design on the ground typically made of natural elements and best viewed from above.
Rare Snow Falls at the Edge of Sahara Desert. In mid-December 2016, a rarity occurred on the edge of the Sahara Desert in northwest Africa. It snowed.
Expansion at the Port of Rotterdam. A large infrastructure project has changed the shape of the coastline of the Netherlands while increasing the cargo capacity at Europe's largest port.
As Glaciers Worldwide Are Retreating, One Defies the Trend. Many glaciers around the world are losing ice mass and retreating. One such area is the Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) in Chile. However, one glacier in the SPI is actually defying the worldwide trend.
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Landsat Update 2017 Volume 11 Issue 1
Landsat Update 2017 Volume 1 Issue 1
Visit the Landsat Updates page to see more issues.
Attribution: National Land Imaging Program
USGS EROS Customer Services
Email: custserv@usgs.gov


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