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Building Bridges Across the Mediterranean Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Barcelona+10
Tenth Anniversary Summit Underlines Maturity of Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Benita Ferrero-Waldner
Barcelona 2005: The Democratic Issue Comes into the Picture Álvaro Vasconcelos
Challenges and Opportunities of the Working Programme from the Algerian Point of View Hassan Benatallah
Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and Terrorism: From Rhetoric to Action Yasar A. Qatarneh
Middle East at the Crossroads
Israel's Disengagement Plan: Conception and Implementation Jonathan Spyer
Syria Withdraw from Lebanon Walid Choucair
Elections and Constitution Writing in Iraq, 2005 Joost R. Hiltermann
Frontiers and Identities in Europe
The New EU Strategy for Africa Louis Michel
Euroscepticism in Turkey : European ambiguity fuels nationalism Claire Visier
The Jolt Evolution of European Islam Felice Dassetto
Governability and Democracy
The Euro-Mediterranean Community of Democratic States Pedro Courela
The 'Spring of Arab Reform' Has Yet to Bloom Nader Fergany
Islam, Democracy and Secularisation Mohamed Cherif Ferjani
The Arab World and Democratisation Gema Martín Muñoz
The European Democracy-Promotion Policy in the Mediterranean Region Dorothée Schmid
Let Them Democratise Themselves? The Common Dilemmas in the Mediterranean Regarding the Processes of Democratic Deepening and Social Transformation Joan Subirats
The Euro-Mediterranean Non-Discourse on Political Participation of Mediterranean Immigrants in the EU Ricard Zapata-Barrero ,Elisabet González
Spain and the Mediterranean Senén Florensa
The British Presidency of the European Union and the Mediterranean in 2005 George Joffé
The Barcelona Process Ten Years On. An Assessment from the Point of View of Civil Society Gemma Aubarell,Helena Oliván ,Marta Rovira
The Doctrine of Human Security in the Mediterranean Pol Morillas,Eduard Soler i Lecha
International Terrorism and Islamic Politics in the Mediterranean Region Fred Halliday
Consolidation of the European Defence Policy Martín Ortega
The European Union in 2005: Internal Crisis, Lack of External Projection José Ignacio Torreblanca ,Alicia Sorroza
Violence in France: A Borderline Case Michel Wieviorka
Turkish Membership of the EU and the Fears of European Public Opinion Eduard Soler i Lecha
Western Sahara: A Difficult Crisis to Resolve Khadija Mohsen-Finan
The Algerian National Reconciliation Referendum of 2005 Rafael Bustos
Provisional Balance of the Justice and Reconciliation Commission Laura Feliu Martinez
The Coup d'Etat in Mauritania and the Repercussions on its Relationship with the EU Seyid Ouldbah
Palestinian Municipal Elections: A Gradual Change Hassan Balawi
Egypt: The Year of the Elections and Elusive Political Reforms Emad El-Din Shahin
Political Evolution and the State of Reforms in Syria Bassam Haddad
Lebanon 2005 Nadim Shehadi
EU Relations with Croatia in 2005 Visnja Samardzija
Turkey and the European Union in 2005 Atila Eralp
Female Employment in Mediterranean Arab Countries: Much More Than An Economic Issue Iván Martín
Microfinance South of the Mediterranean- The Arab Region's Perspective Ahmed El-Ashmawi
Libya Looks to a Bright Future Post-Sanctions Gawdat Bahgat
The Role of Gas in Mediterranean Integration Aurèlia Mañé Estrada
The Consequences of Trade Liberalization in the Textiles and Clothing Sector in Mediterranean Countries Can Erbil
The Emergence of the "Multi Meda" Multinationals Iñigo Moré
Multilateral Trade Negotiations and Euro-Mediterranean Trade Gonzalo Escribano
The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development: A Framework for Regional Partnership Arab Hoballah
Kyoto in the Mediterranean: Climatic Risks, International Agreements and Economic Opportunities Oriol Costa
GAP: A Grand Design for Sustainable Development Aysegul Kibaroglu
The Great Challenges of Mediterranean Cities Jean-Claude Tourret
Decentralized Cooperation in the Mediterranean: Perspectives for the Period 2007-2013 Philippe Chichowlaz
The Millennium Development Goals and the Mediterranean Region Adib Nehmeh,Sonya Knox
The Millennium Development Goals in the Arab Region Ahmed Hussein
Strengthen Women's Role in Society Maria-Àngels Roque
Press Freedom in a Complex Context Aidan White
Mediterranean Social Forum 2005: A First Step in the Process Mónica Sabata
The External Dimension of the UE Immigration Policy. Relations with the Countries of Origin and Transit Gemma Pinyol
Migrations within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Catherine Wihtol de Wenden
Ceuta and Melilla: Security, Human Rights and Frontier Control Pietro Soddu
Immigration: Let's Listen to what our Southern Neighbours Have to Tell Us Philippe Fargues
The Alliance of Civilizations. The Double Meaning of the Palma de Mallorca Meeting Máximo Cajal
Arab Media: What Has this to Do with Europe? Noha Mellor
Chronology of Events: Israel-Palestine
Other Co-operation Initiatives in the Mediterranean
Country Abbreviations List Used in Graphics and Maps
Consolidation of the European Defence Policy
Martín Ortega
European Union Institute for Security Studies, Paris
The 2005 European panorama will be remembered for the blockade of the European Constitution in the French and Dutch Referendums; with regards to the Mediterranean, for Gaza's Israeli withdrawal, a decision led by Ariel Sharon; and in the Euro-Mediterranean dialogue, the Tenth Anniversary Conference in November will focus on these reports. In 2005 there wasn't much news on European security and defence. There was no major war or crisis, including in the Balkans, there was no spectacular operation, not even any disagreements like the disruption over in Iraq in 2003. That lack of news was a good sign in itself, because it allowed the quiet consolidation of numerous means of action to take place regarding the European Union defence. Slowly, and without kicking up a fuss, the Union placed itself in the centre of the European security scene, and this took place in spite of the constitutional setback.
The year started with President George W. Bush heading up the second term of office, who a little time after, made a historic trip to Europe, in which for the first time he made an official visit to the Brussels institutions. The atmosphere on both sides of the Atlantic was positive, since nobody wanted a repeat of the public disagreements from two years before. This new atmosphere favoured reinforced cooperation in a crucial operation led by NATO in Afghanistan, in which numerous European forces are working alongside the Americans. Equally, the institutional agreement between the EU and NATO made progress and the transatlantic agreement on the different Balkan files was impeccable. But the intention to rebuild the transatlantic relationship ran into specific questions with regards to different interpretations of some main principles, like for example, transferring prisoners through European airports, and once again problems in Iraq hindered an attempt to reach an adequate political agreement that would have permitted the involvement of all Europeans.
Different Types of Operations
Meanwhile, in Brussels, they continued working to establish one of the most evident successes on European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in the European Union: military and civil operations for crisis management and peacekeeping. In 2005, the tendency to diversify these missions was confirmed. Given that the Union covers a very wide spectrum of duties and has at its disposal a wide range of means of actions, as already pointed out in Javier Solana's "European Security Strategy" in December 2003, it is logical that the Union carries out all different kinds of operations, which is very much appreciated by foreign spokesmen. Up to eleven operations of the European Union were in process during 2005, which can be classified in the following areas: (a) military, (b) police force, (c) security sector reform, (d) law, (e) financing, (f) observation and (g) border assistance.
The most important Military Operation was, of course, Althea in Bosnia-Herzegovina, with more than 6,000 military forces from member states of the European Union and some foreign countries, Morocco and Turkey amongst some of them. This mission was carried out in cooperation with NATO. Two police operations also took place in the Balkans, Bosnia and in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia. In both cases, the forces under European command had similar assignments to carry out: to help establish a local police force taking into consideration a criterion of quality, fairness and respectfulness to basic human rights, and to contribute to fighting against organized crime. A European police force was present in another different kind of setting: in Kinshasa, the Capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, to help carry out different tasks, including organizing the elections. Lastly, within this area of police assistance in states in reconstruction, a new opportunity opened up with the mission of collaborating with the Palestinian Authority police force in Gaza (the so-called EUPOL COPPS). This operation, which counted on the Quartet Members' consent and on the Israeli Government, set a very important precedent, since in the future the Middle East region will very much need similar support.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, a new type of operation was initiated: the security and armed forces sector reform. By working together with the United Nation's operations in this country, the European mission promotes the modernization of the Congolese armed forces, with the aim of integrating different splinter groups. Another means of action are the "law and order" operations, or legal assistance operations, which were directed towards Georgia (Eujust Themis) and to Iraq (Eujust Lex), where more than 700 Iraqi civil servants were trained as judges, public prosecutors and legal investigators. In Sudan the European Union financed the African Union's efforts to maintain peace. The EU also decided in 2005 to go to Asia for the first time with an observation mission in Aceh, Indonesia, after the political agreement between the concerned parties, which the ex-Finnish President Marti Ahtisaari had managed to achieve. In the end, both border assistance operations took place on the Rafah crossing, between Gaza and Egypt, and at the border between Moldova and the Ukraine. All of these operations took place following, and in close conjunction with United Nation's orders, and in agreement with local government's requests.
Establishment of Civil and Military Capacities
The European Union continued its work in the following areas: Battlegroups and the acquisition of military and civil capacities necessary to carry out future operations. As we saw throughout 2005, the demand is growing, and this requires the reinforcement of capacities. On the horizon, a larger presence could be seen in Kosovo, the need to continue making progress in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the previous assistance to the Palestinian police, which can open the door to other operations in the Middle East region.
The military force's objectives for 2010 (Headline goal) are still being completed, and in 2005 the EU's Member States presented new offers of forces appointments. In November, a conference coordinating the battlegroups took place, which will be put into operation in January 2007. The new European Defence Agency started its work in Brussels, with its main function of advising Member States on the provision of defence assets, common needs and the investigation and development of this matter.
Civil capacities, especially police forces, were equally objected to a continuous study and to advances to reach the threshold in 2008. In turn, the countries that rely on police forces of the gendarmerie kind (Spain, France, Holland, Italy and Portugal) created Eurogenfor. The arrival of illegal immigrants on the southern coasts of Europe continued to be a problem throughout 2005, as the spectacular images showed of those native Africans from western Sahel jumping the walls of Ceuta and Melilla. Taking the Spanish initiative to deal with this problem, the EU prepared the establishment of integrated police and humanitarian Units.
Euro-Mediterranean Transparency
It is very important that the Mediterranean partners of the EU are regularly informed of all of these developments, by means of the Barcelona Process and through multiple contacts. The EU civil and military authorities in Brussels are committed to presenting information on the ESDP to the Mediterranean partners. As a member of NATO, Turkey has a special relationship with the European Security and Defence Policy. Numerous seminars and meetings with those in charge of Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defence and the armed forces (like the meeting which takes place in Barcelona since 2002) took place during 2005, and the five-year Euro-Mediterranean working programme adopted in the Tenth Anniversary Conference insists on the importance of this transparency.
Furthermore, the Euro-Mediterranean dialogue on cooperation regarding civil protection to face natural catastrophes like tidal waves was continued. Other possible areas of cooperation that were also addressed within the framework of the Barcelona Process were for example, the removal of land mines, monitoring sea space, the fight against terrorism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction, and the protection of the environment. Many point to the great potential of Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in the security sector reform and in the training.
To finish off, it is worth mentioning the successful initiative taken up by the Ministers of Defence of Group 5 + 5, launched in December 2004. During 2005, they continued to work within the framework of this initiative with meetings in Argel and in Paris.
To summarize, in 2005 European security continued to concentrate on well-known threats as the fight against terrorism, spread, illegal flux and organised crime, without detecting military threats of a different kind. This allowed the Europeans to be able to concentrate on civil and military crisis management in its neighbourhood and beyond. The European Union adopted a main role in Crisis Management, since both the institutional structures and the capacitites created to jointly support the Union started to prove their effectiveness in numerous operations. The problem that was foreseen in 2005 and which projects to the future is whether or not there will be enough resources to face the increasing foreign demand and the crisis in which solution Europeans consider they should be involved.


Nurturing childcare for infants and children aged between 0 and 14 whose parent is in treatment or recovery from substance misuse.
Housed in our Young Oasis Centre on Morley Street, the creche is spacious, colourful and well equipped with a cot, toys, books, sand and water trays and arts and crafts activities.
We share a healthy mid-session snack, and there is a nappy change area as well as bottle warming and sterilising facilities.
On average, we see between 3 and 6 children per session and we have a high staff to child ratio to ensure that we can provide the best possible care for children whist they are in the crèche.
The creche team offer a wealth of childcare experience as well as therapeutic skills. The team is qualified to work with children of all ages and with a variety of different needs.
Booking a crèche space is really easy – simply let us know when you call to make an appointment or tell your keyworker and we will book you in.
Let us know your child's care needs when you arrive, and we will ask you to complete a registration form at your first appointment.
Please feel free to call and arrange an advance visit to have a look around if you would like to.
We ask that parents / carers provide nappies and any bottle feeds that the child requires whilst they will be in the crèche.


Scientists use the term bioenergetics to describe the concept of energy flow (Figure 4.2) through living systems, such as cells. Cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Just as living things must continually consume food to replenish their energy supplies, cells must continually produce more energy to replenish that used by the many energy-requiring chemical reactions that constantly take place. Together, all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that consume or generate energy, are referred to as the cell's metabolism.
Figure 4.2 Ultimately, most life forms get their energy from the sun. Plants use photosynthesis to capture sunlight, and herbivores eat the plants to obtain energy. Carnivores eat the herbivores, and eventual decomposition of plant and animal material contributes to the nutrient pool.
Both of these reactions involve many steps.
The processes of making and breaking down sugar molecules illustrate two examples of metabolic pathways. A metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions that takes a starting molecule and modifies it, step-by-step, through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding a final product. In the example of sugar metabolism, the first metabolic pathway synthesized sugar from smaller molecules, and the other pathway broke sugar down into smaller molecules. These two opposite processes—the first requiring energy and the second producing energy—are referred to as anabolic pathways (building polymers) and catabolic pathways (breaking down polymers into their monomers), respectively. Consequently, metabolism is composed of synthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) (Figure 4.3).
It is important to know that the chemical reactions of metabolic pathways do not take place on their own. Each reaction step is facilitated, or catalyzed, by a protein called an enzyme. Enzymes are important for catalyzing all types of biological reactions—those that require energy as well as those that release energy.
Figure 4.3 Catabolic pathways are those that generate energy by breaking down larger molecules. Anabolic pathways are those that require energy to synthesize larger molecules. Both types of pathways are required for maintaining the cell's energy balance.
Thermodynamics refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter. The matter relevant to a particular case of energy transfer is called a system, and everything outside of that matter is called the surroundings. For instance, when heating a pot of water on the stove, the system includes the stove, the pot, and the water. Energy is transferred within the system (between the stove, pot, and water). There are two types of systems: open and closed. In an open system, energy can be exchanged with its surroundings. The stovetop system is open because heat can be lost to the air. A closed system cannot exchange energy with its surroundings.
Biological organisms are open systems. Energy is exchanged between them and their surroundings as they use energy from the sun to perform photosynthesis or consume energy-storing molecules and release energy to the environment by doing work and releasing heat. Like all things in the physical world, energy is subject to physical laws. The laws of thermodynamics govern the transfer of energy in and among all systems in the universe.
In general, energy is defined as the ability to do work, or to create some kind of change. Energy exists in different forms. For example, electrical energy, light energy, and heat energy are all different types of energy. To appreciate the way energy flows into and out of biological systems, it is important to understand two of the physical laws that govern energy.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant and conserved. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may be transferred from place to place or transformed into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy take place around us all the time. Light bulbs transform electrical energy into light and heat energy. Gas stoves transform chemical energy from natural gas into heat energy. Plants perform one of the most biologically useful energy transformations on earth: that of converting the energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored within organic molecules (Figure 4.2). Some examples of energy transformations are shown in Figure 4.4.
The challenge for all living organisms is to obtain energy from their surroundings in forms that they can transfer or transform into usable energy to do work. Living cells have evolved to meet this challenge. Chemical energy stored within organic molecules such as sugars and fats is transferred and transformed through a series of cellular chemical reactions into energy within molecules of ATP. Energy in ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. Examples of the types of work that cells need to do include building complex molecules, transporting materials, powering the motion of cilia or flagella, and contracting muscle fibers to create movement.
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. All energy transfers and transformations are never completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that is not work. For example, when a light bulb is turned on, some of the energy being converted from electrical energy into light energy is lost as heat energy. Likewise, some energy is lost as heat energy during cellular metabolic reactions.
An important concept in physical systems is that of order and disorder. The more energy that is lost by a system to its surroundings, the less ordered and more random the system is. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. Molecules and chemical reactions have varying entropy as well. For example, entropy increases as molecules at a high concentration in one place diffuse and spread out. The second law of thermodynamics says that energy will always be lost as heat in energy transfers or transformations.
Living things are highly ordered, requiring constant energy input to be maintained in a state of low entropy.
When an object is in motion, there is energy associated with that object. Think of a wrecking ball. Even a slow-moving wrecking ball can do a great deal of damage to other objects. Energy associated with objects in motion is called kinetic energy (Figure 4.5). A speeding bullet, a walking person, and the rapid movement of molecules in the air (which produces heat) all have kinetic energy.
Now what if that same motionless wrecking ball is lifted two stories above ground with a crane? If the suspended wrecking ball is unmoving, is there energy associated with it? The answer is yes. The energy that was required to lift the wrecking ball did not disappear, but is now stored in the wrecking ball by virtue of its position and the force of gravity acting on it. This type of energy is called potential energy (Figure 4.5). If the ball were to fall, the potential energy would be transformed into kinetic energy until all of the potential energy was exhausted when the ball rested on the ground. Wrecking balls also swing like a pendulum; through the swing, there is a constant change of potential energy (highest at the top of the swing) to kinetic energy (highest at the bottom of the swing). Other examples of potential energy include the energy of water held behind a dam or a person about to skydive out of an airplane.
Potential energy is not only associated with the location of matter, but also with the structure of matter. Even a spring on the ground has potential energy if it is compressed; so does a rubber band that is pulled taut. On a molecular level, the bonds that hold the atoms of molecules together exist in a particular structure that has potential energy. Remember that anabolic cellular pathways require energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones and catabolic pathways release energy when complex molecules are broken down. The fact that energy can be released by the breakdown of certain chemical bonds implies that those bonds have potential energy. In fact, there is potential energy stored within the bonds of all the food molecules we eat, which is eventually harnessed for use. This is because these bonds can release energy when broken. The type of potential energy that exists within chemical bonds, and is released when those bonds are broken, is called chemical energy. Chemical energy is responsible for providing living cells with energy from food. The release of energy occurs when the molecular bonds within food molecules are broken.
Visit the site and select "Pendulum" from the "Work and Energy" menu to see the shifting kinetic and potential energy of a pendulum in motion.
If energy is released during a chemical reaction, then the change in free energy, signified as ∆G (delta G) will be a negative number. A negative change in free energy also means that the products of the reaction have less free energy than the reactants, because they release some free energy during the reaction. Reactions that have a negative change in free energy and consequently release free energy are called exergonic reactions. Think: exergonic means energy is exiting the system. These reactions are also referred to as spontaneous reactions, and their products have less stored energy than the reactants. An important distinction must be drawn between the term spontaneous and the idea of a chemical reaction occurring immediately. Contrary to the everyday use of the term, a spontaneous reaction is not one that suddenly or quickly occurs. The rusting of iron is an example of a spontaneous reaction that occurs slowly, little by little, over time.
If a chemical reaction absorbs energy rather than releases energy on balance, then the ∆G for that reaction will be a positive value. In this case, the products have more free energy than the reactants. Thus, the products of these reactions can be thought of as energy-storing molecules. These chemical reactions are called endergonic reactions and they are non-spontaneous. An endergonic reaction will not take place on its own without the addition of free energy.
Look at each of the processes shown and decide if it is endergonic or exergonic.
There is another important concept that must be considered regarding endergonic and exergonic reactions. Exergonic reactions require a small amount of energy input to get going, before they can proceed with their energy-releasing steps. These reactions have a net release of energy, but still require some energy input in the beginning. This small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to occur is called the activation energy.
Watch an animation of the move from free energy to transition state of the reaction.
A substance that helps a chemical reaction to occur is called a catalyst, and the molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions are called enzymes. Most enzymes are proteins and perform the critical task of lowering the activation energies of chemical reactions inside the cell. Most of the reactions critical to a living cell happen too slowly at normal temperatures to be of any use to the cell. Without enzymes to speed up these reactions, life could not persist. Enzymes do this by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to make the chemical bond-breaking and -forming processes take place more easily. It is important to remember that enzymes do not change whether a reaction is exergonic (spontaneous) or endergonic. This is because they do not change the free energy of the reactants or products. They only reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to go forward (Figure 4.7). In addition, an enzyme itself is unchanged by the reaction it catalyzes. Once one reaction has been catalyzed, the enzyme is able to participate in other reactions.
Figure 4.7 Enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction but do not change the free energy of the reaction.
The chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds are called the enzyme's substrates. There may be one or more substrates, depending on the particular chemical reaction. In some reactions, a single reactant substrate is broken down into multiple products. In others, two substrates may come together to create one larger molecule. Two reactants might also enter a reaction and both become modified, but they leave the reaction as two products. The location within the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the enzyme's active site. The active site is where the "action" happens. Since enzymes are proteins, there is a unique combination of amino acid side chains within the active site. Each side chain is characterized by different properties. They can be large or small, weakly acidic or basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, positively or negatively charged, or neutral. The unique combination of side chains creates a very specific chemical environment within the active site. This specific environment is suited to bind to one specific chemical substrate (or substrates).
Active sites are subject to influences of the local environment. Increasing the environmental temperature generally increases reaction rates, enzyme-catalyzed or otherwise. However, temperatures outside of an optimal range reduce the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. Hot temperatures will eventually cause enzymes to denature, an irreversible change in the three-dimensional shape and therefore the function of the enzyme. Enzymes are also suited to function best within a certain pH and salt concentration range, and, as with temperature, extreme pH, and salt concentrations can cause enzymes to denature.
For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock and key" fashion. This model asserted that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a model called induced fit (Figure 4.8). The induced-fit model expands on the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic binding between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes a mild shift in the enzyme's structure that forms an ideal binding arrangement between enzyme and substrate.
View an animation of induced fit.
When an enzyme binds its substrate, an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. This complex lowers the activation energy of the reaction and promotes its rapid progression in one of multiple possible ways. On a basic level, enzymes promote chemical reactions that involve more than one substrate by bringing the substrates together in an optimal orientation for reaction. Another way in which enzymes promote the reaction of their substrates is by creating an optimal environment within the active site for the reaction to occur. The chemical properties that emerge from the particular arrangement of amino acid R groups within an active site create the perfect environment for an enzyme's specific substrates to react.
The enzyme-substrate complex can also lower activation energy by compromising the bond structure so that it is easier to break. Finally, enzymes can also lower activation energies by taking part in the chemical reaction itself. In these cases, it is important to remember that the enzyme will always return to its original state by the completion of the reaction. One of the hallmark properties of enzymes is that they remain ultimately unchanged by the reactions they catalyze. After an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction, it releases its product(s) and can catalyze a new reaction.
Figure 4.8 The induced-fit model is an adjustment to the lock-and-key model and explains how enzymes and substrates undergo dynamic modifications during the transition state to increase the affinity of the substrate for the active site.
It would seem ideal to have a scenario in which all of an organism's enzymes existed in abundant supply and functioned optimally under all cellular conditions, in all cells, at all times. However, a variety of mechanisms ensures that this does not happen. Cellular needs and conditions constantly vary from cell to cell, and change within individual cells over time. The required enzymes of stomach cells differ from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive organ cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so must the amounts and functionality of different enzymes.
Since the rates of biochemical reactions are controlled by activation energy, and enzymes lower and determine activation energies for chemical reactions, the relative amounts and functioning of the variety of enzymes within a cell ultimately determine which reactions will proceed and at what rates. This determination is tightly controlled in cells. In certain cellular environments, enzyme activity is partly controlled by environmental factors like pH, temperature, salt concentration, and, in some cases, cofactors or coenzymes.
Enzymes can also be regulated in ways that either promote or reduce enzyme activity. There are many kinds of molecules that inhibit or promote enzyme function, and various mechanisms by which they do so. In some cases of enzyme inhibition, an inhibitor molecule is similar enough to a substrate that it can bind to the active site and simply block the substrate from binding. When this happens, the enzyme is inhibited through competitive inhibition, because an inhibitor molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site.
On the other hand, in noncompetitive inhibition, an inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an allosteric site, but still manages to block substrate binding to the active site. Some inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. This type of inhibition is called allosteric inhibition (Figure 4.9). Most allosterically regulated enzymes are made up of more than one polypeptide, meaning that they have more than one protein subunit. When an allosteric inhibitor binds to a region on an enzyme, all active sites on the protein subunits are changed slightly such that they bind their substrates with less efficiency. There are allosteric activators as well as inhibitors. Allosteric activators bind to locations on an enzyme away from the active site, inducing a conformational change that increases the affinity of the enzyme's active site(s) for its substrate(s) (Figure 4.9).
Figure 4.9 Allosteric inhibition works by indirectly inducing a conformational change to the active site such that the substrate no longer fits. In contrast, in allosteric activation, the activator molecule modifies the shape of the active site to allow a better fit of the substrate.
Enzymes are key components of metabolic pathways. Understanding how enzymes work and how they can be regulated are key principles behind the development of many of the pharmaceutical drugs on the market today. Biologists working in this field collaborate with other scientists to design drugs (Figure 4.10).
Consider statins for example—statins is the name given to one class of drugs that can reduce cholesterol levels. These compounds are inhibitors of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which is the enzyme that synthesizes cholesterol from lipids in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, the level of cholesterol synthesized in the body can be reduced. Similarly, acetaminophen, popularly marketed under the brand name Tylenol, is an inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. While it is used to provide relief from fever and inflammation (pain), its mechanism of action is still not completely understood.
How are drugs discovered? One of the biggest challenges in drug discovery is identifying a drug target. A drug target is a molecule that is literally the target of the drug. In the case of statins, HMG-CoA reductase is the drug target. Drug targets are identified through painstaking research in the laboratory. Identifying the target alone is not enough; scientists also need to know how the target acts inside the cell and which reactions go awry in the case of disease. Once the target and the pathway are identified, then the actual process of drug design begins. In this stage, chemists and biologists work together to design and synthesize molecules that can block or activate a particular reaction. However, this is only the beginning: If and when a drug prototype is successful in performing its function, then it is subjected to many tests from in vitro experiments to clinical trials before it can get approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be on the market.
Many enzymes do not work optimally, or even at all, unless bound to other specific non-protein helper molecules. They may bond either temporarily through ionic or hydrogen bonds, or permanently through stronger covalent bonds. Binding to these molecules promotes optimal shape and function of their respective enzymes. Two examples of these types of helper molecules are cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are inorganic ions such as ions of iron and magnesium. Coenzymes are organic helper molecules, those with a basic atomic structure made up of carbon and hydrogen. Like enzymes, these molecules participate in reactions without being changed themselves and are ultimately recycled and reused. Vitamins are the source of coenzymes. Some vitamins are the precursors of coenzymes and others act directly as coenzymes. Vitamin C is a direct coenzyme for multiple enzymes that take part in building the important connective tissue, collagen. Therefore, enzyme function is, in part, regulated by the abundance of various cofactors and coenzymes, which may be supplied by an organism's diet or, in some cases, produced by the organism.
Figure 4.11 Vitamins are important coenzymes or precursors of coenzymes, and are required for enzymes to function properly. Multivitamin capsules usually contain mixtures of all the vitamins at different percentages.
Molecules can regulate enzyme function in many ways. The major question remains, however: What are these molecules and where do they come from? Some are cofactors and coenzymes, as you have learned. What other molecules in the cell provide enzymatic regulation such as allosteric modulation, and competitive and non-competitive inhibition? Perhaps the most relevant sources of regulatory molecules, with respect to enzymatic cellular metabolism, are the products of the cellular metabolic reactions themselves. In a most efficient and elegant way, cells have evolved to use the products of their own reactions for feedback inhibition of enzyme activity. Feedback inhibition involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production (Figure 4.12). The cell responds to an abundance of the products by slowing down production during anabolic or catabolic reactions. Such reaction products may inhibit the enzymes that catalyzed their production through the mechanisms described above.
Figure 4.12 Metabolic pathways are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes. Feedback inhibition, where the end product of the pathway inhibits an upstream process, is an important regulatory mechanism in cells.
The production of both amino acids and nucleotides is controlled through feedback inhibition. Additionally, ATP is an allosteric regulator of some of the enzymes involved in the catabolic breakdown of sugar, the process that creates ATP. In this way, when ATP is in abundant supply, the cell can prevent the production of ATP. On the other hand, ADP serves as a positive allosteric regulator (an allosteric activator) for some of the same enzymes that are inhibited by ATP. Thus, when relative levels of ADP are high compared to ATP, the cell is triggered to produce more ATP through sugar catabolism.
Cells perform the functions of life through various chemical reactions. A cell's metabolism refers to the combination of chemical reactions that take place within it. Catabolic reactions break down complex chemicals into simpler ones and are associated with energy release. Anabolic processes build complex molecules out of simpler ones and require energy.
In studying energy, the term system refers to the matter and environment involved in energy transfers. Entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The physical laws that describe the transfer of energy are the laws of thermodynamics. The first law states that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer involves some loss of energy in an unusable form, such as heat energy. Energy comes in different forms: kinetic, potential, and free. The change in free energy of a reaction can be negative (releases energy, exergonic) or positive (consumes energy, endergonic). All reactions require an initial input of energy to proceed, called the activation energy.
Enzymes are chemical catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. Enzymes have an active site with a unique chemical environment that fits particular chemical reactants for that enzyme, called substrates. Enzymes and substrates are thought to bind according to an induced-fit model. Enzyme action is regulated to conserve resources and respond optimally to the environment.
Look at each of the processes shown in Figure 4.6 and decide if it is endergonic or exergonic.
Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation?
Which of the following is not true about enzymes?
They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.
They are usually made of amino acids.
They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions.
Each one is specific to the particular substrate(s) to which it binds.
Does physical exercise to increase muscle mass involve anabolic and/or catabolic processes? Give evidence for your answer.
Explain in your own terms the difference between a spontaneous reaction and one that occurs instantaneously, and what causes this difference.
With regard to enzymes, why are vitamins and minerals necessary for good health? Give examples.
A compost pile decomposing is an exergonic process. A baby developing from a fertilized egg is an endergonic process. Tea dissolving into water is an exergonic process. A ball rolling downhill is an exergonic process.
Physical exercise involves both anabolic and catabolic processes. Body cells break down sugars to provide ATP to do the work necessary for exercise, such as muscle contractions. This is catabolism. Muscle cells also must repair muscle tissue damaged by exercise by building new muscle. This is anabolism.
A spontaneous reaction is one that has a negative ∆G and thus releases energy. However, a spontaneous reaction need not occur quickly or suddenly like an instantaneous reaction. It may occur over long periods of time due to a large energy of activation, which prevents the reaction from occurring quickly.
Most vitamins and minerals act as cofactors and coenzymes for enzyme action. Many enzymes require the binding of certain cofactors or coenzymes to be able to catalyze their reactions. Since enzymes catalyze many important reactions, it is critical to obtain sufficient vitamins and minerals from diet and supplements. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a coenzyme necessary for the action of enzymes that build collagen.
4.1 Energy and Metabolism by Charles Molnar and Jane Gair is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.


To what do we credit the distinct increase in children's books containing photography this year? I posed that very question to a group of children's book photographers not that long ago and the answers were telling. In the past, creating a book of high quality color photographs cost beaucoup de bucks. Plus children's books illustrated with photos were in black and white. Yet as color photography became more and more ubiquitous, publishers found that folks were unwilling to buy children's books that were black and white. The era of The Lonely Doll, J.T., and others was over. Yet prohibitive costs kept photos in children's books minimal. Then came the rise of digital photography and cheaper printing techniques on the part of publishers (see 100 Scopes Notes for the full round-up for 2014: http://100scopenotes.com/2014/08/01/the-state-of-photography-illustration-in-2014/). The floodgates consequently opened and what we're seeing now is a variety of different types of children's books that use everything from handmade models to wildlife to cut paper techniques. Few of these really harken back to the 1950s and 60s big books of photography. Few, that is, but Lulu and Pip. A companion of sorts to the author/artist's previous book Kiki and Coco in Paris, the book shouldn't work as well as it does. Yet all the elements align so perfectly that there is nothing to say except that it is undoubtedly the most charming work of pure photography in a children's book format that I've seen in years.
Meet Lulu. She's a girl. Meet Pip. She's a doll. The two are inseparable and that's a good thing since living in a big city like San Francisco can be intimidating. Then one day the two pack up their things. Today they're leaving the city for a campout in the wild and that means leaving behind all the toys, except Pip. Once there Lulu adjusts to the differences. She's wary of the donkey they meet and she realizes that she may have brought too much stuff. Still, next thing you know the twosome are cooking their food on a fire and getting a glorious view of the universe above. The next day it's all fishing, swimming, and exploring. But when Lulu and Pip get lost without a clue how to return to their campsite, they find help from an unexpected source.
I was in a wonderful independent bookstore when I first spotted this book. Because of the nature of my job I don't usually buy children's books all that often, but there was something unique about this title. The size, for one thing. Coming in at an impressive 9.8 x 12.8 inches, the book stands just slightly taller than the other picture books on your average bookshelf. It distinguishes itself. Then there's the arresting cover. Photography is too often the last bastion of the sentimental. Whether we're talking Anne Geddes or the art in the style of Nancy Tillman, there are those that believe that photography only works when its used in the service of the easy aww. The jacket image seen here of a little girl kissing a donkey would seem to support that belief, but that's a textbook case of judging a book by its cover. I had only to open the book to see that this wasn't the usual fare. Not by half.
First and foremost, the star of this book is photographer Stephanie Rausser who carries a particular talent for photographing kids and lifestyle types of images. The red-haired moppet that is her subject is a charmer. Cute but not cloying. The shots of her that pepper the book are carefully selected and cropped. As for the photos themselves, I took great joy in them. There's a shot of Lulu and Pip's feet in a stream, the sunlight filtering through the water that socks it to you. In books of this sort I'm not a huge fan of images that feel staged. I'd rather go about believing that the photographer is some kind of guerrilla-style rebel than a professional who sets up her shots. Still, because she has the lifestyle background, Rausser gets very natural shots out of her young muse. Only the occasional image (peeking around a tree, exiting her tent, etc.) feel like you've accidentally picked up a copy of Parents Magazine or something. For the most part, Rausser keeps it real.
What also struck me as remarkable on a fifth or sixth reading was how well the design of the book incorporates the text into these images. I don't know if Ms. Rausser took them while thinking in the back of her head about where the text was supposed to go. Illustrators are very keen on such matters, so photographers should be just as vigilant. As it stands, the book does a very good job of breaking the images into more than just full-page bleeds. Some pictures will appear only on the left or right hand side of the page. Other times the pictures will fill both pages in long horizontal spreads. Because of the nature of the shots the text changes from black to white and back again depending on the levels of contrast to be found. In spite of that, the book is easy to read and visually stimulating.
Full credit where credit is due to author Nina Gruener too. I don't know the background behind this book. I don't know if Ms. Rausser, in her capacity as a photographer, took these images first and then they were handed to Ms. Gruener to cobble together into some kind of story. If that was the case then she is to be commended. Such assignments often come off as feeling forced or false. Not so here. Gruener keeps the tone light and the storyline frisky. It is equally possible that Ms. Rausser was handed the text first and then took the pictures to match, of course. Or perhaps it was a bit of a combination of both. Whatever the case, the book reads very nicely. It's not swimming in purple prose or anything but neither is it austere or simplistic. It tells the story it has come to tell and tells it well. Nuff said.
Because my daughter is a city kid I was much taken with the plot of a urban child's first rural campout experience. As odd as it sounds, camping isn't a common activity in children's picture books. Not realistic camping sans bears anyway. And though the book does eschew the issue of mosquitoes, it's realistic in its portrayal of campfires, smores, tents, night sounds, hiking, and star filled skies. It fills a gap in library and bookstore sections everywhere and will be of great use to those parents trying to excite their kids with the prospect of sleeping beneath the stars. Mind you, it may raise expectations of certain kids a bit far. If they're hoping to bag a gigantic rainbow trout on their first fishing trip then they are bound to be woefully disappointed.
Perhaps Lulu & Pip marks the beginning of something. Maybe we'll be seeing large format picture books of fictional stories featuring real kids a lot more in the future. Maybe. Certainly Rausser takes care not to include much of anything that will significantly date this book. Technology and gadgets are nonexistent and Lulu herself is dressed in contemporary children's fashions that, with only a few exceptions (sneakers, etc.) won't be dated anytime soon either. There's a lot to love about this one-of-a-kind little book, and a lot to enjoy. With any luck, Rausser and Gruener will continue their partnership of creating great books and we the readers will be the lucky beneficiaries. Marvelous unique stuff.
Source: Copy purchased at The Book Beat.
Misc: Don't miss the outtakes. Ms. Rausser's site has additional photographs of this book. Some made the cut. Some did not.
Video: And finally, some more info on the book.


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Q: VBA Excel Macro Run-time error '1004' when trying to .Find() i am new to macro, and wanted to find a text or part of text from a range in a worksheet, i researched and found this code:
Set aCell = .Columns(1).Find(What:="Custom ", LookIn:=xlValues, _
                LookAt:=xlPart, SearchOrder:=xlByRows, SearchDirection:=xlNext, _
                MatchCase:=False, SearchFormat:=False)

But when i run, it gives me 1004 error. So this is my full sub:
Sub kl()
    Dim ws As Worksheet
    Dim aCell As Range

    Set ws = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("te-dhenat")

    With ws
        Set aCell = .Columns(1).Find(What:="Custom ", LookIn:=xlValues, _
                    LookAt:=xlPart, SearchOrder:=xlByRows, SearchDirection:=xlNext, _
                    MatchCase:=False, SearchFormat:=False)
        If Not aCell Is Nothing Then
            aCell.Value = "Test"
        Else
            MsgBox "Not Found"
        End If
    End With

End Sub

i think the code looks good, so i don't know why excel is showing this error, please help, and thank you in advance

A: your code
aCell.Value = "Test"

will cause the event code to execute again!
Please see this page, look for the section "Preventing Event Loops".
If has other info that is worth reading.
So adding code similar this:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range)
    Application.EnableEvents = False
    Target.Value = Target.Value + 1
    Application.EnableEvents = True
End Sub

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


That's how long this Thanksgiving day potluck has been going on.
I haven't been there for all of them…but thirty years ago I came to my first, when Duncan was not quite two years old.
Thanksgiving 1989, the second year we came: Wuzband #2 on left, Duncan in red sweater, and me on the right.
Here are some 2018 photos—30 years later!
That same window seat is in the background, and we're just a tiny bit older, right?
Duncan is now 6'4″ almost 32 years old, which is just a bit younger that I was when I first came to the potluck!
The spread of food has become legendary, and this isn't all of it. The desserts are on a different table!
Over the years we have become more than friends. We have become family. At the end of the day, all us women gather for a photo to remember the years…and how we've changed.
That's me on the far left.
Here's to thirty six years and may there be many many more!
P.S. If you are enjoying the stories and recipes in Home Cooking, I'd be much obliged if you might consider sharing a few words in a review over on Amazon, or anywhere you bought it! Thanks ever so much!


text:
This archive holds all posts form December 2011.
Be creative by listening like a jazz musician
December 30, 2011 • Joseph Thornley • creativity, ideation, jazz
Spontaneous creativity is the beating heart of jazz music. Fans of jazz delight even more in the live performance than they do the studio recording. Why? Because no two jazz performances are alike. Jazz musicians are constantly improvising, building new ideas into what they play, finding inspiration in the moment.
How do great jazz musicians create something coherent and fresh each and every time they step onstage? In a recent TedTalk, Jazz vibraphonist Stefon Harris illustrates how attentive listening by individual players can spark creativity in an ensemble.
Business can learn a great deal from the spontaneous improvisation of jazz. All too often, we pay lip service to listening. In fact, many apparently skilled managers have made a fine art of the seemingly sincere, but ultimately empty acknowledgment of others' ideas. Harris and his group drive home that actually acting on the new and different idea can lead to something remarkable.
I'd recommend showing Harris' TEDTalk to your team at the beginning of a brainstorm. It's a great message that will surely put an end to the "yes but" mentality that can stifle creativity.
Also worth reading: Dannielle Blumenthal approaches the importance of being open to listen to different perspectives in her post, Are you secure enough to handle an engaged employee? Good advice for anyone leading an employee meeting.
Tony Clement talks Open Government
December 15, 2011 • Joseph Thornley • Canada, OpenGovernment, tonyclement
This afternoon, Tony Clement, the President of the Treasury Board and the Minister responsible for Open Government in Canada held a TweetChat as part of his consultation on Open Government. I captured what to me was the main line of discussion via Storify. Enjoy.
View the story "Tony Clement talks Open Government" on Storify]
TweetChat with Tony Clement about Open Government in Canada
December 13, 2011 • Joseph Thornley • Canada, Gov20, OpenGovernment, tonyclement
Tony Clement, Canada's Treasury Board President and the man in charge of introducing Open Government principles to the Government of Canada, is taking his talk where the online community is – on Twitter. On Thursday, December 15, he'll be hosting moderated TweetChats in English and French as part of the government's consultation about Open Government.
TweetChat: Where and When
The English TweetChat will run from 5:00 to 5:45 p.m on December 15. The hashtag for the English session is #opengovchat. Because it is a moderated discussion, the host account will be @TBS_Canada, not @tonyclementcpc. The Minister will be providing answers, but they will be typed by staff members.
A French language chat will be conducted an hour earlier, from 4:00 to 4:45 p.m. EST. The hashtag for the French session is #parlonsgouvert and discussion will be hosted by @SCT_Canada.
Canada's Open Government initiative
Canada's Open Government initiative consists of three elements:
open data, making data available in machine readable formats
open information, proactive disclosure about the work of government; and
open dialogue, providing citizens with greater opportunity to have a voice in government decisions. Web 2.0 technologies will be used in this initiative.
The Canadian government has been making steady progress on this initiative throughout 2011. In March, then-Treasury Board Minister Stockwell Day announced a twelve-month pilot project with the launch of an Open Data portal. In June, the newly re-elected government reaffirmed its intent to proceed with Open Government. On September 19, Foreign Minister John Baird signalled Canada's intent to join the International Open Government Partnership. On November 16, current Treasury Board President Tony Clement announced that completed access to information requests now will be posted online. Then, a big announcement on November 22: Tony Clement unveiled the Guideline for External Use of Web 2.0, the reference document that will be used by Canadian Public Servants in deciding whether they should or shouldn't. On December 2, Clement announced the addition of 4,000 data sets to the Open Data Portal.
Now, it's our turn to have our say
Finally, on December 6, Clement initiated a public consultation on Open Government. The consultation runs from December 6 to January 16. You can see the questions they government is asking and offer your input online. During the consultation, the government is posting what they've heard so far. And they have promised a final report in March 2012.
The Minister's TweetChat this week also is part of the consultation process. I plan to participate. If you care about achieving a more open government, I hope you too will participate.
Interested in diving deeper into gov 2.0 and open government?
Alex Howard writes about Defining Gov 2.0 and Open Government
Australian Senator Kate Lundy's keynote address The Path to Open Government: The Pillars of Gov 2.0
Jesse Brown interviews Tony Clement about Open Government in Canada.
How do you manage your organization's editorial calendar?
December 12, 2011 • Joseph Thornley • editorialcalendar
In the era of fragmented attention, we must publish content where our communities spend their time. That means that we must post content across a range of channels – blogs, Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, Google+, traditional newsletters and even media releases.
As I plan for the New Year, I'm wondering if there's a tool that I can use to help me manage my company team's publishing program. Ideally, this tool sould be collabrative to enable all team members to review it, add to and edit our editorial plan. It also should allow us to view content plans over time and to integrate real world events that we might want to note or cover.
Currently, I use the WordPress Editorial Calendar to plan what I will write about on my blog, Twitter and Google+. But I'm looking for something more sophisticated that can be used by a team publishing across media.
Lisa Gerber described the Editorial Calendar spreadsheet that she created in Excel to manage the editorial calendar of Spin Sucks Pro. I'm thinking of setting up an Excel spreadsheet along the lines of what Lisa has suggested. But Excel is an all-purpose tool that requires a lot of care and maintenance of the tool itself. I'd still prefer to find a good tool which someone else has created so that I can concentrate on my top priority – planning and managing our content creation and publishing process.
Do you use a dedicated tool to plan and manage your organization's editorial calendar? Would you recommend it for others to use?
Thanks for Ali Symons (see her comment below), I've discovered DivvyHQ – which seems to be exactly the tool I'm looking for. I've set up a Beta account and I'm adding my team members now. We'll test it over the next month and then I'll report about our experience in a future post. (I'm adding an entry in DivvyHQ to remind myself to write that post on January 12.)
December 2, 2011 • Joseph Thornley • GiniDietrich, InsidePR, JeffJarvis, MartinWaxman, PRSA, publicrelations
What do you think public relations is? For the past thirty years, the Public Relations Society of America has defined it as follows: "Public relations helps an organization and its publics adapt mutually to each other. Hunh?!?
The PRSA recognizes that this definition may not be meaningful to many people. It is surely outdated even for those who subscribe to it.
Gini Dietrich, Martin Waxman and I talk about the PRSA's initiative to develop a new definition of public relations on this week's Inside PR.
I'm not sure that they PRSA's "fill in the blanks" crowd-sourcing approach will yield the type of definition that truly reflects the enhanced role of PR in the era of social media. Sadly, I think it lends itself to a "we act on people" definition, not the "we are part of something" perspective that is more appropriate to the age of social media.
Hopefully, my fears are misplaced and the PRSA will come up with something much more sophisticated. To do so, they need look no farther than the definition developed by the Canadian Public Relations Society. The CPRS defines public relations as "the strategic management of relationships between an organization and its diverse publics through the use of communication to achieve mutual understanding, realize organizational goals and serve the public interest." In my opinion that's a much better definition.
Gini Dietrich suggests that whatever definition is adopted, it will only be useful if it can be readily understood by the general public. And she believes that right now most people believe that PR amounts to little more than media relations.
I agree. Seeing PR as media relations is too restricting. It puts the PR industry in a small box within marketing or communications. A more expansive definition is needed that captures PR's full role in the era of social media and meaningful online relationships.
Martin argues that the public relations profession should define itself through the lense applied by Jeff Jarvis when he asserts that "In a world of publicness which allows us to connect to each other, to information to actions and to transactions, links, i.e. linking up, help us organize new societies and redefine our publics."
You can listen to our full discussion on Inside PR
Inside PR 2.69 Defining PR and Divining Google+ [ 17:34 ] Play Now | Play in Popup | Download

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A few weeks ago, I interviewed Jeff Tredup, a cancer researcher at Bristol-Myers Squibb who is a member of the 2005 Tour of Hope National Team. I first met Jeff at the dedication of a segment of The Lawrence-Hopewell Trail that took place at BMS's campus in Hopewell, NJ. He lives in Pennington, NJ, which makes him the only member of the Tour of Hope National Team who lives in my home area.
I asked Jeff how he got into riding a bicycle? He said he started riding as a kid, and at the time he thought of riding a bike as his little bit of freedom on the road. He got into mountain biking in 1991 when he moved to New Jersey from Illinois. He joined the Princeton Freewheelers, a large local biking organization and more or less switched to road biking. Jay Stevenson of the 2003 Tour of Hope team is also a member of the Freewheelers.
Tredup said that he got into drug research after studying plant genetics in college. He started working in an immunology lab at the University of Illinois after graduation. He got his job at Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1991.
I said, "You were diagnosed with thyroid cancer more than four years ago and your bio says that you still have detectable cancer cells in your body. What does that mean in terms of your prognosis? Are you still under treatment?"
Jeff said that his thyroid cancer spread into his lymph nodes, which makes it very difficult to totally eliminate, but he's doing well enough today to participate in the Tour of Hope as a National Team member.
Tredup first applied for the Tour of Hope National Team in 2004, but had to widthdraw his application because he had a recurrence and had to go through a second round of radiation.
I was surprised to learn that Jeff hadn't participated in the Tour of Hope DC Fundraising Ride before, since the first two years of the ride were short and relatively easy to complete. He said that he didn't participate last year because he broke his collarbone while trying to recover from his second bout with cancer.
I recently moved to Bucks County, Pennsylvania, so I was curious where the Tour of Hope National Team rode when they had their first training camp in Princeton back in June. Tredup said that they rode over the Washington's Crossing Bridge on the Delaware River and into Bucks County. They also went into the area around Pennington, NJ. He wasn't anymore specific than that. I guess they might have ridden along many of the same roads that I did on my 23-mile ride on Tuesday that took me through towns like Newtown, Solebury, and New Hope.
Jeff said that Carmichael Training Systems has a web-based training journal where the National Team coaches post a series of workouts a week in advance. He doesn't upload data from his heart rate monitor, but has it available during discussions with his coaches. He had lost 20 pounds between mid-June and the last week in August as a result of his training.
The National Team was planning to taper off their riding in the last week before they left for San Diego. This was according to a plan which would have them arriving fresh and close to their peak fitness, rather than over-trained.
Jeff said that the National Team met in Madison, Wisconsin for a training camp in August. At that time they visited Trek's manufacturing facility and did a number of training rides. He said that the intensity level of those rides was much higher than the rides during the camp that they had in Princeton in June. The team members have come to know what they need to do in order to be ready for the Coast-to-Coast Ride.
He felt that the team had tremendous focus when they were together in Wisconsin. When they came together in June, many of them were still reacting to the sensations of being chosen for the team.
I got the impression through this interview that Jeff Tredup embodies all of the qualities that the Tour of Hope organizers look for in a National Team member: commitment to the cancer cause, athleticism, modesty, intensity, and excellent communications skills. It was an honor to interview him, and I hope that I've done a good job relating what he told me to the readers of Operation Gadget.
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Jeff seems to be a down to earth, excited, adventurous person and this interview seems to just prove it true. I do have a wall fireplace installed back in my home just recently and it looks just so amazing that I cannot stop gazing at it all night long because of it's beauty.
Jeff seems to be a wonderful person judging from his communication skills. Now I am going to get some customized essay writing service completing my research papers for me as soon as possible.
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text:
The LG CF360 is a cellular phone made by LG, and was sold basically for AT&T. It was released in December 2009, just before Christmas. It is a basic slide-up phone. In addition to the phone being black with blue numbers and accents, the phone is also in black with red numbers and accents.

Features

 Media .NET
 Video Sharing
 Multimedia Messaging
 Mobile E-mail
 Camera Phone
 Bluetooth
 Mobile Games
 AT&T GPS
 3G Speed
 Text Messaging
 Hands Free Speakerphone
 USB Connectivity .

References

CF360

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Remembering the 19 Soldiers of the 24th Infantry Regiment
Nineteen black soldiers were hung on Dec. 11, 1917 in San Antonio. In spite of their military service, racial tensions took over their fate. However these men won't be forgotten by the Bexar County Buffalo Soldiers Association.
The local organization recently voted to pay homage to the 19 soldiers of the 24th infantry regiment by placing a commemorative plaque or monument in the Buffalo Soldier Peace Park at 1602 Wyoming Street – not too far where the soldiers faced death.
Famed actor, author, and former Army Reserve Ambassador James McEachin and Civil Rights leader Pastor Kyev Tatum teamed up to get approval from the Bexas County Buffalo Soldiers Association to collaborate on erecting a monument in recognition of the century old court-martial of 113 black soldiers and 19 hanged in the Alamo City – the largest in military history.
According to the Texas Historical Commission, the condemned men were not told their fate until two days before their execution, nor was time permitted to appeal for clemency. Instead, the execution was hastily carried out before dawn at a secluded edge of Camp Travis along Salado Creek. Their request to be shot had been denied. The gallows upon which they were hanged were gone by the time the news broke to the public. To read the full story of what happened, go here.
"This unique opportunity to recognize and remember the black soldiers lost because that resisted tyranny, rejected injustices and revolted against mistreatment at the hands of law enforcement in Houston, Texas over 100 years ago is a dream come true," says Pastor K.P. Tatum, president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in Fort Worth and Pastor of the New Mount Rose Missionary Baptist Church, also in Fort Worth.
Pastor Tatum and McEachin, a Korean War Veteran and Purple Heart and Silver Star recipient, are also working together to produce an event at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African-American History and Culture in Washington DC for next July 2019 in honor of the Buffalo Soldiers of America with special recognition given to the brave soldiers of the United States Army 24th Infantry Regiment.
"The US Senate and President George H.W. Bush declared July 28, 1992 as Buffalo Soldiers Day in America and it is only fitting that we honor them with a day at the new Smithsonian Institution National Museum of African-American History and Culture in 2019," Pastor Tatum said.
The two events are designed to continue the journey towards justice for the black soldiers that will lead to a presidential pardon.
"We believe these soldiers were protecting the fundamental fairness of freedom for all of us very similar to the brave Americans who fought at the Alamo in San Antonio. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., was right, 'Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.' You can not call the soldiers at the Alamo hereos without calling the men of the 24th Infantry Regiment heroes. They both stood up and resisted brutality, one foreign and the other domestic. Injustice is injustice. We are excited about the possibilities of honoring our faithful forefathers both in San Antonio and in Washington DC," says Pastor Tatum.
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The City of San Antonio is accepting applications for the SA: Ready to Work Advisory Board.
In November, San Antonio voters overwhelmingly approved SA: Ready to Work, a training and education initiative to assist San Antonio residents impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic. Last week, City Council approved the creation of a nine-member SA: Ready to Work Advisory Board to provide feedback on program objectives.
"During the campaign this fall, voters asked how this initiative would incorporate diverse community feedback and remain aligned with business and resident needs. The timely creation of this board establishes a transparent and inclusive process from the start as City Council considers the various policies associated with this workforce and training initiative," said Mayor Ron Nirenberg. "I encourage employers, participants and stakeholder organizations interested in playing a role in this important initiative to apply to serve."
This Board will consist of representatives from four local employers with in-demand occupations, two current/previous participants in the City of San Antonio workforce development programs, one trade or labor organization, one community organization, and one workforce training provider. In additional, two City Council members appointed by the Mayor will serve as liaisons to this Advisory Board.
Applications for the Advisory Board positions can be found at the City of San Antonio's Board and Commissions website (https://www.sanantonio.gov/Clerk/Legislative/BoardsCommissions#13319780-apply-for-a-board). Applications will be reviewed for eligibility beginning in mid-January and forward to City Council for review and potential appointment. Potential applicants are asked to consider that no appointed members of this Advisory Board may have direct relationships with entities that contract with the City for implementation of the SA Ready to Work program.
SA: Ready to Work will be tax supported through a 1/8th cent sales tax. This education and workforce program would begin serving San Antonio residents in fall 2021 and extend through December 2025. Each year of the initiative, up to 10,000 residents will be served with a total of up to 40,000 residents served over the four years.
The City of San Antonio's Department of Arts & Culture's Public Art Division is seeking applicants for the 2021 Public Art Pre-Qualified List for Artists and Support Services.
The Pre-Qualified List works as a roster of emerging and experienced individuals and organizations who are pre-qualified by City Council to work on designing, building, and promoting future projects within the Department of Arts & Culture's Public Art Program.
We are seeking professional qualifications from area, state, national, and international artists and arts organizations as well as individuals and businesses that provide support services including, but not limited to, consulting, curating, writing, project management, art history, art handling and shipping, art appraising, restoring and conserving art, art fabrication and installation, photo and video documentation, graphic and web-based design, and technical design.
· Deadline to Apply: January 18, 2021 at 4:30 p.m. CT
· Optional Virtual Informational Workshop: December 8, 2020 at 5:30 p.m. CT.
Register for the webinar here.
All Open Call details and application instructions can be found at http://www.sanantonio.gov/arts/open
Applying for the Pre-Qualified List allows applicants to be selected for future projects, inclusion does not guarantee selection for a public art contract.
The boxes are packed, the moving trucks are here, and the first CPS Energy employees are officially moving to the utility's new headquarters at 500 McCullough Avenue. While we will dearly miss our old home on Navarro Street, our big move signals a new era for us and the community we've loyally served for 160 years.
The old CPS Energy headquarters on Navarro Street are comprised of buildings that are 92 and 52 years old, respectively. The age of these buildings continually required escalating operating and maintenance costs to keep them safe and secure. Their sale will offset the cost of our new home and help us save money each year going forward. Once sold, the older buildings can be redeveloped by the next owner.
"The building is…attractive, but it's affordable," said Frank Almaraz, Chief Administrative and Business Development Officer, in an interview that took place on Sept. 11, 2020 with News 4 San Antonio's Jaie Avila. "We focused very, very much on making sure that we were spending these dollars in the most prudent way possible. We think it's going to be a fantastic place for us to base our operations out of. We are a 24/7/365 business that supports our community. In this time of COVID, everything's just gotten a little more complicated, but we know one day we will welcome our customers to our facility and they will see that we have done the right thing for the community."
Our new home will be more energy efficient and cost-effective. It is 60% more efficient that our older headquarters and we paid special attention to things like using recycled wood to create tables and fixtures, as well as having fewer offices that would block natural sunlight.
"Our customers are going to be better served with this new building with the lower cost that it takes to maintain it," said Frank. "It's 60 percent less energy intensive. With an [older building], everything is more expensive from an efficiency standpoint, but even just maintaining the exterior, it's gotten so cost-burdensome that really the only responsible thing to do is to consolidate our employees into something that's going to last us for many more decades [to come] and be more cost-effective."
Once it is safe to return to the office, nearly 1,200 of CPS Energy's 3,100 total employees will work at the new McCullough building, which will serve as a modest yet attractive addition to the Broadway corridor downtown and the downtown skyline. The total cost of the building will come in at $212 million, which is less than the company's original budget allocation of $215 million. Significant care was taken to ensure that every monetary decision, even down to each piece of furniture in the building, was made with discretion and with the community in mind.
"The cost of furnishings is a small fraction of the total amount of the project itself," said Frank. "We are taking over as much of the furniture that has an existing useful life in our current facilities…[but] it really is time for a refresh."
Expenditures to our competitively selected furniture vendor represent only 3.4% of the total project costs. ($7.3 million for furniture / $212.0 million for the total spend = 3.4%).
From the very beginning when the project formally began in 2017, CPS Energy obtained public input to come up with three key principles in making our decision for our future headquarters selection:
Stay in the downtown area,
Ensure the cost of the new headquarters would not drive an increase in customer rates, and
Take the opportunity to spur economic development in the selected area of downtown.
"We watched every penny as though it was our own," said Frank. "We know that, in the end, these are the dollars of our community and we were careful to only spend money that was cost-effective and prudent. I'm very comfortable with what the big team of people, who analyzed this to every penny, have produced and I think that we've been very, very reasonable."
We are confident that, in the years to come, the new McCullough building will serve as a beacon to our community.
For additional information about CPS Energy's new headquarters on McCullough, read this informational fact sheet.


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Dec 23, 2021, 08:06am EST |
Omicron Reset: More Colleges Hit Pause Or Remote For Next Semester
Michael T. Nietzel
I am a former university president who writes about higher education.
The new Covid-19 Omicron variant has sent colleges scrambling to find the safest way to resume ... [+] classes for next semester.
With the omicron variant spreading at record speed, accounting for 73% of new U.S. Covid-19 infections for the week ending December 18, more colleges and universities are making major changes in how they will open for the Spring, 2022 semester.
Even though some public health experts are speculating that the omicron strain is less serious than earlier variants and will cause fewer deaths and lengthy hospitalizations, the sheer magnitude of likely infections has made campus administrators understandably cautious about how their institutions could cope with the size of the outbreak that's being anticipated for January.
Here's one example of the new variant's rapid spread in the U.S: Just one week earlier (ending December 11), omicron was detected in only 12.6% of positive Covid-19 cases so the most recent week's rate represents a six-fold increase.
And now a new analysis from the University of Washington (UW) predicts a virtual viral blizzard for January, with the potential of three billion people worldwide expected to become infected over the next few months. That's about 40% of the world's population.
The UW forecast predicts the omicron wave could infect more than 400,000 people a day in the U.S. when it hits its peak in about six weeks, a much higher figure than the daily peak of last winter.
Best Covid-19 Travel Insurance Plans
The responses of U.S. colleges to this latest surge span several mitigation strategies - from mandating vaccine booster shots to starting classes remotely next semester to postponing the start of the semester for a few weeks.
Booster Mandates
Each day brings news of more colleges announcing that they will require students and employees to have received a vaccine booster before returning to campus for next semester. Almost all of the nation's top-ranked universities have already issued booster mandates, including all the campuses at the University of California.
At California State University, the nation's largest four-year-public university, concerns about omicron prompted it to to say on Wednesday that it will require students and employees at its 23 campuses get booster shots by Feb. 28, or six months after the second dose of vaccination.
Remote Classes To Start The Semester
Several institutions have announced that they would begin the next semester with virtual classes. Harvard announced that it would conduct most of its classes and work remotely for the first three weeks of January.
Also this week, Stanford University, Columbia University, Duke University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Northwestern University, Temple University, the University of Washington and all the campuses in the University of California system have announced they will begin their spring semesters remotely.
In some cases, remote classes are being planned for periods of two to three weeks. In others, the switch to virtual is scheduled for only a few days, presumably to give institutions time to both assess their local situation and to ramp up testing protocols.
Delay The Start of The Semester
Other schools were electing to delay the opening of classes next year. Syracuse University will delay the start of its spring semester to Monday, January 24, 2022, one week later than initially planned. In a letter to the university, Chancellor Kent Syverud cited "the sharp increase in COVID cases, the rapid spread of the omicron variant and warnings from public health officials that the first three weeks of January will be the most challenging of this surge."
Yesterday, Yale University announced that it would delay the start of the spring semester for a week. To accommodate that delay, Yale's spring break will be shortened by one week. In addition most courses will be taught online from January 25 through February 4.
On December 23, University of Chicago Provost Ka Yee C. Lee and Katie Callow-Wright, Executive Vice President of the University and Chief of Staff to the president, sent a message to students and employees indicating that the university would delay the start of Winter Quarter for most schools and divisions by one week—to January 10, 2022. Additionally, a remote-only instructional format will be used for the first two weeks of the quarter, with a return to in-person instruction anticipated beginning on January 24.
Some universities were doubling up on the precautions, announcing, for example, like Stanford that they would require booster shots and open the semester with remote instruction.
Are these adjustments an overreaction to the omicron-driven spike? Some medical experts think so, as reported yesterday in Forbes. "We have to start focusing on serious disease and hospitalization, not cases," said infectious disease physician Amesh Adalja, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. "Campuses are fully vaccinated yet they are acting as if they're helpless in the face of Covid-19."
But the problem facing campus administrators is complicated, largely by the logistics of dealing with a major outbreak of the virus, even if it does not produce many severe illnesses.
Campus health centers would be overrun with cases, health care workers would get sick, depleting their already thin ranks, many classes would be canceled, on-campus events would be scrapped, staff and faculty would be at greater risk to be serious casualties, and local communities could face outbreaks that would swamp their health care systems.
Add to those factors, one fundamental uncertainty: there is still not enough evidence to know how dangerous the omicron variant may be.
So expect more administrators to take a cautious approach as they prepare for next semester. As a result, many more institutions will mandate boosters and/or alter their scheduling of classes. The task of containing Covid-19 remains a major higher education challenge for the foreseeable future.
Follow me on Twitter.


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Ford, News
Finally, A New Ford Expedition For 2018
It's been years since the Ford Expedition really got a complete overhaul. Sure, they've freshened it over the years. They've added a little tech and wrapped it in different sheet metal since it first came out, but it hasn't really changed all that much.
Until now, that is. Ford rolled out the all-new 2018 Ford Expedition at the Chicago Auto Show and showed what the future holds. That future looks pretty good for acolytes of Ford's mega-SUV.
Following in the footsteps of the aluminum alloy-bodied F150, the newest Expedition shed 300 pounds of body weight, allowing designers to reallocate those weight savings to other parts of the vehicle.
Today's SUVs are a far cry from your grandpa's Grand Wagoneer, and this one manages to cram in a lot of the latest tech.
The all-new Ford Expedition offers more than 40 new features and driver-assist technologies, including a Wi-Fi hotspot that supports as many as 10 devices at once, SYNC® 3, and power for passengers in every row, with four 12-volt power points, six USB chargers and a 110-volt power outlet.
The all-new Ford Expedition is equipped with an e-shifter, as well as a Terrain Management System™ that lets drivers select a drive mode that optimizes handling for different conditions, including loose terrain from grass, gravel and snow, or uneven surfaces such as mud and ruts.
A storage bin below the center stack is equipped with two USB ports and an available wireless charging pad that lets all-new Ford Expedition customers charge their compatible mobile device without the hassle of cords.
The roomy front row in the all-new Ford Expedition features an available wireless charging dock for convenient charging of compatible mobile devices, and a center console bin that is large enough to store most laptop computers.
The all-new Ford Expedition is the smartest, most capable and most adaptable Expedition ever, the ultimate full-size SUV to carry families through life's adventures.
An available advanced cargo manager makes efficient use of space in the rear cargo area. An adjustable shelf lets customers create a storage space that best suits the size and shape of the items they're hauling.
Ford claims more than forty features and driver aids "help make the journey as enjoyable as the destination." Some of these new features include lane-keeping, adaptive cruise, wireless charging and a wi-fi hotspot that works up to 50 feet away from the truck. Every row has power availability as well, with four 12-volt and six USB outlets.
Hustling the new Louisville, Kentucky-built body down the road is Ford's 3.5-liter EcoBoost V-6 engine – rumored to be rated at 400 hp and 480 lb-ft of torque – mated to their new 10-speed automatic. Ford expects this combination, combined with their Tow/Haul drive mode and Pro Trail Backup Assist, to be the best towing capability of any full-sized SUV on the market today.
All of this new sheet metal is expected to hit the streets this fall. Pricing hasn't been announced yet, but if pricing is anywhere close to where the current model is, expect it to start just south of $50,000 and top out somewhere above $70,000.
Grip The Wheel is operated in part thanks to Analogy.tech, your new home for the latest tech news, reviews and information breakdowns.
Scott Kirkham February 14, 2017 June 24, 2018 2018, all new, Aluminum, Expedition, Ford, New, suv
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